Аддис абеба как пишется

«Sheger» redirects here. For Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse, see Shergar.

Addis Ababa አዲስ አበባ (Amharic)
Capital and chartered city
From top, left to right: Skyline of Meskel Square; Monument to the Lion of Judah; St. George’s Cathedral; Addis Ababa University; Sheraton Addis; Sheger Park; Addis Ababa Light Rail Vehicle and Holy Trinity Cathedral
Flag Seal
Nicknames:  City of Humans, Sheger, Adu Genet
Addis Ababa Location within Ethiopia Addis Ababa Location within the Horn of Africa Addis Ababa Location within Africa
Coordinates: 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°ECoordinates: 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°E
Country	Ethiopia
Founded	1886
Incorporated as capital city	1889
Founded by	Menelik II Taytu Betul
Government
• Mayor	Adanech Abebe
Area
• Total	527 km2 (203 sq mi)
• Land	527 km2 (203 sq mi)
	[1]
Elevation	2,355 m (7,726 ft)
Population  (2007)[2]
• Total	2,739,551
• Estimate  (2021)[3]	3,774,000
• Density	5,165.1/km2 (13,378/sq mi)
Demonym	Addis Ababan
Time zone	UTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Area code	(+251) 11
HDI (2019)	0.722[4] High · 1st of 11
Website	cityaddisababa.gov.et

Addis Ababa (;^[5] Amharic: አዲስ አበባ, lit. ‘new flower’ [adˈdis ˈabəba] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia.^[6][7][8] In the 2007 census, the city’s population was estimated to be 2,739,551 inhabitants.^[2] Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial and administrative centre of Ethiopia.^[9]

Addis Ababa was portrayed in the 15th century as a fortified location called «Barara» that housed the emperors of Ethiopia at the time. Prior to Emperor Dawit II, Barara was completely destroyed during the Ethiopian–Adal War and Oromo expansions. The founding history of Addis Ababa dates back in late 19th-century by Menelik II, Negus of Shewa, in 1886 after finding Mount Entoto unpleasant two years prior.^[10] At the time, the city was a resort town; its large mineral spring abundance attracted nobilities of the empire and led them to establish permanent settlement. It also attracted many members of the working classes — including artisans and merchants — and foreign visitors. Menelik II then formed his imperial palace in 1887.^[11][12] Addis Ababa became the empire’s capital in 1889, and subsequently international embassies were opened.^[13][14] Addis Ababa urban development began at the beginning of the 20th century, and without any preplanning.^[10]

Addis Ababa saw a wide-scale economic boom in 1926 and 1927, and an increase in the number of buildings owned by the middle class, including stone houses filled with imported European furniture. The middle class also imported newly manufactured automobiles and expanded banking institutions.^[13] During the Italian occupation, urbanization and modernization steadily increased by a master plan which they hoped Addis Ababa would be more colonial city and continued after their occupation. Consequent master plans were designed by French and British consultants from the 1940s onwards focusing on monumental structures, satellite cities and inner-city. Similarly, the Italo-Ethiopian master plan also projected in 1986 concerning only urban structure and accommodating service, which was later adapted by the 2003 master plan.

Addis Ababa remains federal chartered city in accordance with the Addis Ababa City Government Charter Proclamation No. 87/1997 in the FDRE Constitution.^[15] Called «the political capital of Africa» due to its historical, diplomatic, and political significance for the continent, Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of major international organizations such as the African Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.^[16]

The city lies a few kilometres west of the East African Rift, which splits Ethiopia into two, between the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate.^[17] The city is surrounded by the Special Zone of Oromia and is populated by people from the different regions of Ethiopia. It is home to Addis Ababa University. The city has a high human development index and is known for its vibrant culture, strong fashion scene, high involvement of young people, thriving arts scene, and for having the fastest economic growth of any country in the world.^[18]

History[edit]

Prehistory[edit]

A study based on DNA evidence from almost 1,000 people around the world suggests that all humans spread out from a place close to current Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.^[19] The research indicated that genetic diversity decreases steadily the further one’s ancestors travelled from Addis Ababa.^[20]

Middle Ages[edit]

Mount Entoto, a high tableland to the north of current Addis Ababa, is one of a handful of sites put forward as a possible location for a medieval imperial capital known as Barara. This permanent fortified city was established during the early-to-mid 15th century, and it served as the main residence of several successive emperors up to the early 16th-century reign of Libne Dengel.^[21] The city was depicted standing between Mount Zuqualla and Menegasha on a map drawn by the Italian cartographer Fra Mauro in around 1450, and it was razed and plundered by Ahmed Gragn while the imperial army was trapped on the south of the Awash River in 1529, an event witnessed and documented two years later by the Yemeni writer Arab-Faqih. The suggestion that Barara was located on Mount Entoto is supported by the very recent discovery of a large medieval town overlooking Addis Ababa located between rock-hewn Washa Mikael and the more modern church of Entoto Maryam, founded in the late 19th century. Dubbed the Pentagon, the 30-hectare site incorporates a castle with 12 towers, along with 520 meters of stone walls measuring up to 5-meter high.^[22]

Foundation[edit]

Initial settlements[edit]

The city’s immediate predecessor as the capital of Ethiopia, Entoto, was established by Menelik II in 1884. In addition, he had used it for garrison base.^[10] Menelik, initially the King of the Shewa province, had found Mount Entoto a useful base for military operations in the south of his realm, and in 1879 he visited the reputed ruins of the medieval town and the unfinished rock church. His interest in the area grew when his wife Taytu began work on a church on Mount Entoto, and Menelik endowed a second church in the area.^[21][22] It was given that Menelik had strong interest to settle in the area due to partly influenced by establishing his old empire and serving as metropolis.^[10] After some time, Entoto was found to be unsatisfactory as capital because of its cold climate, lack of water, and an acute shortage of firewood.^[23]

Founding[edit]

In 1886, settlement began in the valley south of the mountain in a place called Finfinne in Oromo, a name which refers to the presence of hot springs. The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. Initially, she built a house for herself near the «Filwuha» hot mineral springs, where she and members of the Shewan Royal Court liked to take mineral baths. Other nobility and their staff and households settled in the vicinity, and Menelik expanded his wife’s house to become the Imperial Palace in 1887 which remains the seat of government in Addis Ababa today.^[24] In 1886, the city was renamed to Addis Ababa as the capital of Menelik’s kingdom of Shewa. It become the capital of Ethiopia in 1889, when Menelik became Emperor.^[25] The town grew by leaps and bounds. Not only for noble, but also the site attracted to numerous working class in sort: the artisans, merchant, and foreign visitors.

Early residential dwelling typically made of circular huts; walls were constructed with mud (Amharic: ጭቃ, cheka) and straw plastered on wooden frame, and thatched roofs. Addis Ababa growth rate began in early marked by rapid urbanization without preplanned intention. This was the time where nobilities embarked concentrated permanent settlement, and altered by social pattern; i.e. each neighborhoods (sefer) was located in higher grounds, sorted by noncontiguous from adjacent settlements. The early social milieu contributed the contemporary admixture of classic neighborhood. One of Emperor Menelik’s contributions that are still visible today is the planting of numerous eucalyptus trees along the city streets.^[26][10]

Moreover, the city held strong social organizations pattern prior Italian invasion. According to Richard Pankhurst (1968), the city accelerated population growth due to factors of provisional governors and their troops, the 1892 famine, eventually the Battle of Adwa. Another include the 1907 land act, municipal administration in 1909, and railway and modernized transportation system boom beginning in the 20th century, culminating in continual growth. Additional supplements, for example the laid of Ethio-Djibouti Railways and topographical factors more led the city’s boundary to expand southward.^[10]

20th-century[edit]

Pre-Italian occupation (1916–1935)[edit]

Gebrehiwot Baykedagn took major administrative division post, and Addis Ababa–Djibouti railways in 1916,^[27] which also connects Addis Ababa with French Somaliland port of Djibouti.^[28] Ras Tafari Mekonnen, later became Emperor Haile Selassie I was the most powerful figure in the city following his appointment in 1917. He transformed the city by recognizing an importance of modernization and urbanization, he distributed wealth to support emerging class. From this point, Ras Tafari gained a legitimate power as regency council in 1918.

By 1926 and 1927, a large-scale economic revolution occurred, a surplus of coffee production began growing as a result to capital accumulation. Profited from this wealth, the bourgeoisie benefited the city by constructing new, stone-fitted houses with imported European furniture and an importation of the latest automobiles, and expansion of banks across the locales. The total register of automobiles were 76 in 1926 and went to 578 in 1930. The first popular road transportation opened between Addis Ababa and Djibouti, about 97 miles northward in the direction of Dessie. Initially intended to connect Italian occupied Assab with Addis Ababa in the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928, the road was considered for motor vehicle route. The highway seemingly important to French railway of Djibouti with freight rate was very high wherein lack of competition, and increase of cargo between Ethiopia and Assab.^[29]

In 1930, the Emperor was crowned and proceeded with new technologies and building infrastructure. Among them, he installed power lines and telephones, and erected several monuments (such as Meyazia 27 Square).

During Italian occupation (1936–1941)[edit]

Following all the major engagements of their invasion, the Italian troops from the colony of Eritrea entered Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936. Along with Dire Dawa, the city had been spared the aerial bombardment (including the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas) practiced elsewhere in Ethiopia. This also allowed its railway to Djibouti to remain intact. After the occupation, the city served as the Duke of Aosta’s capital for unified Italian East Africa until 1941, when it was abandoned in favor of Amba Alagi and other redoubts during the Second World War’s East African Campaign. According to Soviet estimates, 15,000 Ethiopians casualties were victim of chemical weapons, especially by sulfur mustard.^[30]

The Italian ambition regarding Addis Ababa was to create a beautified colonial capital city along with a new master plan launched by seven architects such as Marcello Piacentini, Alessandro Bianchi, Enrico Del Debbio, Giuseppe Vaccaro, Le Corbusier, Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle. Despite contradictory and different ideas for each other, the plan was intended to focus the general architectural plan of the city. Two preparations were approved from the master plan: the Le Corbusier and Guidi and Valle. During an invitation to Mussolini, the French Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated the master plan in a guideline sketch involving traversing route monumental structure by a grand boulevard across the city from north to south, as he extracted from his 1930–1933 Radiant City concept. His two counterparts, Guildi and Valle prepared the master plan in summer 1936 likely emphasizing fascist ideology with monumental structure and no native Ethiopian participation in designing sector. Two parallel axis were drawn in European character connecting Arada/Giyorgis with the railway station to the south end five kilometers long and varied width spanning from 40 to 90 meters.^[31]

On 5 May 1941, the city was liberated by Major Orde Wingate and Emperor Haile Selassie for Ethiopian Gideon Force and Ethiopian resistance in time to permit Emperor Haile Selassie’s return on 5 May 1941, five years to the day after he had left.

Post-Italian occupation (1941–1974)[edit]

In aftermath, Addis Ababa suffered from economic stagnation and rapid population growth, the inner-city affected by urban morphology initiated by Italian occupation and the peripheral area were in urban sprawl. In 1946, Haile Selassie invited famous British master planner Sir Patrick Abercrombie with goals of modelling beautifying the city to become the capital for Africa. By organizing module, Abercrombie launched the master plan with neighborhood units surrounded by green parkways, and he was encouraged to draw ring roads characterized by radial shapes to channel traffic pathway from central area.^[31]

His careful master plan of major traffic route was completed by segregating neighborhood units, as he extracted from his 1943 London traffic problem. In 1959, the British consultant team named Bolton Hennessy and Partners commissioned an improvement of Abercrombie’s 1954–1956 satellite towns. From the place, they did not incorporated outer area like Mekenissa and West of the old Air Port in the proposal, while Rapi, Gefersa, Kaliti and Kotebe proposed as outlet of Jimma, Ambo and Dessie respectively (the four regional highways). The Hennessy and Partners illustration would be physically larger to current size of Addis Ababa with surrounded satellite towns. In 1965, the French Mission for Urban Studies and Habitat led by Luis De Marien launched another master plan responsible to create monumental axis through Addis Ababa City Hall with an extension across Gofa Mazoria in the southern part of the city. Marien’s difference to the previous Italian master plan was the use of single monumental axis while they used the double one.^[31]

Haile Selassie also helped to form the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, which was later dissolved in 2002 and replaced by the African Union (AU), which is also headquartered in the city, airports and industrial parks. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa founded in 1958, also has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa was also the site of the Council of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1965. Pankhurst (1962) noted in a survey of total land of 212 square kilometers, 58% owned by 1,768, owing to 10,000 square meters, and 12% were given to church whereas other small areas were still acquired in the name of posthumous nobilities such as Dejazemach Wube Haile Mariam, Fitawrari Aba Koran, and a bridge named «Fitawrari Habtegiorgis» after Habte Giyorgis Dinagde.^[32] According to 1965 master plan, the city covered the area of 21,000 hectares and would increased to 51,000 hectares by 1984 master plan.^[31]

In 1965, the first student march took place in response to the feudal imperial government of Haile Selassie, in which they chanted «Land for the Tiller», culminating in a Marxist–Leninist movement in Ethiopia. In addition, the 1973 oil crisis heavily impacted the city. 1,500 peasants in Addis Ababa marched to plead for food to be returned by police, and intellectual from Addis Ababa University forced the government to take a measure against the spreading famine, a report which Haile Selassie government denounced as «fabrication». Haile Selassie responded later «rich and poor have always existed and will, Why? Because there are those that work…and those that prefer to do nothing…Each individual is responsible for his misfortunes, his fate.» Students around the city gathered to protest in February 1974, eventually Haile Selassie was successfully deposed from office in 1974 by group of police officers. Later, the group named themselves Derg, officially «Provisional Military Administrative Council» (PMAC).^[33] The city had only 10 woredas.^[31]

The Derg administration (1974–1991)[edit]

After the Derg came to power, roughly two-third of housing stock transferred to rental housing. The population growth declined from 6.5% to 3.7%. In 1975, the Derg nationalized «extra» rental structures built by private stockholders. As a result, the Proclamationon No. 47/1975 issued weakened buildings with small amount of living was administered by kebele units, while rental houses with large quality fell under Agency for Rental Housing Administration (ARHA). If those rental properties value less than 100 birr (US$48.31), they would be put under kebele administration.^[10] The administrative divisions showed an increase of woredas to 25 and 284 kebeles.^[31]

Hungarian architect C.K. Polonyi was the first person to embark the city’s master plan during the Derg period with assistance of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. He used two formula concentrating an integration Addis Ababa with suburbs of rural areas and developing inner-city. Polonyi also worked to redesign Meskel Square, which was renamed Abiyot Square by the time, implemented immediately after the name change.^[31]

In 1986, the Italo-Ethiopian master plan was set up by 45 Ethiopian professional along with 75 Italian experts with 207 sectorial reports documented as references. The plan dealt with a balanced urban system and services in urban area such as water supply. Akaki incorporated to Addis Ababa to supply industrial and freight terminal services. The bureaucratic rule of the Derg postponed the master plane for eight years until 1994, which caused failure of basic issues in public service and unplanned development.^[31]

Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)[edit]

On 28 May 1991, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition party in course of overthrowing the Derg, seized Addis Ababa. They entered Menelik II Avenue and ordering a curfew for 24 hours. According to witness, residents of Addis Ababa were totally ignorant and not terrible by the event. One of the militants told them «We think it’s safe now». The military went to central place of the city such as Hilton Hotel. They displayed a slogan banner «Peace, Solidarity, Friendship». At 5:30 am, they took control of presidential place and large-scale tanks were seen overrun the area.^[34]

A new constitution was adapted in 1994 and enacted year later; while all cities in Ethiopia accountable rule by regional authority, Addis Ababa (Proclamation No 87/1997) and Dire Dawa (Proclamation No 416/2004) remain chartered city, mandates for self-governing and developmental center.^[35] The Proclamation No. 112/1995 legitimized privatization of government houses except few, and the kebele houses was remained in tenture. The kebele dwelling and their largely unplanned settings continued to incorporated core areas of Addis Ababa.^[10]

21st-century[edit]

From the end of 1998, new project was launched by Addis Ababa City Administration naming Office for Revision of Addis Ababa Master Plan (ORAAMP), covering from 1999 to 2003. The plan goal was to meet the standard of market economy with favorable political system resembles the revised 1986 master plan in terms of urban area.^[31]

2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan[edit]

A controversial plan to expand the boundaries of Addis Ababa, by 1.1 million hectares into the Oromia special zone in April 2014,^[36][37] sparked the Oromo protests on 25 April 2014 against expansion of the boundaries of Addis Ababa. The government responded by shooting at and beating peaceful protesters.^[38] This escalated to full blown strikes and street protests on 12 November 2015 by university students in Ginchi town, located 80 km southwest of Addis Ababa city, encircled by Oromia Region.^[39][40][41] The controversial master plan was cancelled on 12 January 2016. By that time, 140 protesters were killed.^[42][43][44]

Recent history[edit]

United Nations Population Projections estimated the population of metro area of Addis Ababa to be 5,228,000 in 2022, a 4.43% increase from 2021.^[45] During Abiy Ahmed’s premiership, Addis Ababa and its vicinities underwent Beautifying Sheger. This project is aimed to enhance the green coverage and beauty of the city. In 2018, Abiy initiated a project called «Riverside» planned to expand riverbanks for 56 kilometres (35 mi), from the Entoto Mountains to the Akaki river.^{[46][47][48][49][50]}

Relation with Oromia Regional State[edit]

Addis Ababa is located in the heart of the Oromia state^[51][52] and the major ecosystem services to the city provided by Oromia state.^[53] The city was abandoned by the Oromo since the late 19th century due to its conquest by Menelik. Oromos were physically removed from the vicinity of the city during the Haile Selassie and Derg eras.^[54] Article 49(5) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states:^[55][56]

«The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the utilization of natural resources and other similar matters, as well as joint administrative matters arising from the location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.»

In 2000, Oromia’s capital was moved from Addis Ababa to Adama.^[57] Because this move sparked considerable controversy and protests among Oromo students, the Oromo Peoples’ Democratic Organization (OPDO), part of the ruling EPRDF coalition, on 10 June 2005, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa.^[58] Due to the historical and natural connection between the city and the Oromo people, the Oromia Government has asserted its ownership of Addis Ababa.^[59][60] Both the current mayor of Addis Ababa, Adanech Abebe, and the former mayor, Takele Uma Banti are from the former ruling party of Oromia.^[61]

Geography[edit]

Addis Ababa lies at an elevation of 2,355 metres (7,726 ft) and is a grassland biome, located at 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°E.^[62] The city lies at the foot of Mount Entoto and forms part of the watershed for the Awash. From its lowest point, around Bole International Airport, at 2,326 metres (7,631 ft) above sea level in the southern periphery, Addis Ababa rises to over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the Entoto Mountains to the north.

Subdivision[edit]

The city is divided into 10 boroughs, called subcities (Amharic: ክፍለ ከተማ, kifle ketema), and 99 wards (Amharic: ቀበሌ, kebele).^[63][64] The 10 subcities are:

Nr	Subcity	Area (km2)	Population	Density	Map
1	Addis Ketema[65]	7.41	271,644	36,659.1
2	Akaky Kaliti[66]	118.08	195,273	1,653.7
3	Arada[67]	9.91	225,999	23,000
4	Bole[68]	122.08	328,900	2,694.1
5	Gullele[69]	30.18	284,865	9,438.9
6	Kirkos[70]	14.62	235,441	16,104
7	Kolfe Keranio[71]	61.25	546,219	7,448.5
8	Lideta[72]	9.18	214,769	23,000
9	Nifas Silk-Lafto[73]	68.30	335,740	4,915.7
10	Yeka[74]	85.46	337,575	3950.1

*Lemi-Kura sub-city was added as the eleventh sub-city of Addis Ababa in 2020

Addis Ababa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D 13 24 7 30 25 9 58 25 11 82 25 11 84 25 11 138 23 11 280 21 11 290 21 11 149 22 11 27 24 9 7 23 7 7 23 7 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: NMAE[75]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D 0.5 75 45 1.2 77 48 2.3 77 52 3.2 77 52 3.3 77 52 5.4 73 52 11 70 52 11 70 52 5.9 72 52 1.1 75 48 0.3 73 45 0.3 73 45 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Climate[edit]

Addis Ababa has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) with precipitation varying considerably by the month.^[76] The city has a complex mix of alpine climate zones, with temperature differences of up to 10 °C (18 °F), depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the city’s position near the equator means that temperatures are very constant from month to month. As such the climate would be maritime if its elevation was not taken into account, as no month is above 22 °C (72 °F) in mean temperatures.

Mid-November to January is a season for occasional rain. The highland climate regions are characterised by dry winters, and this is the dry season in Addis Ababa. During this season the daily maximum temperatures are usually not more than 23 °C (73 °F), and the night-time minimum temperatures can drop to freezing. The short rainy season is from February to May. During this period, the difference between the daytime maximum temperatures and the night-time minimum temperatures is not as great as during other times of the year, with minimum temperatures in the range of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). At this time of the year, the city experiences warm temperatures and pleasant rainfall. The long wet season is from June to mid-September; it is the major winter season of the country. This period coincides with summer, but the temperatures are much lower than at other times of year because of the frequent rain and hail and the abundance of cloud cover and fewer hours of sunshine. This time of the year is characterised by dark, chilly and wet days and nights.^{[citation needed]} The autumn which follows is a transitional period between the wet and dry seasons.

The highest temperature on record was 30.6 °C (87.1 °F) 26 February 2019, while the lowest temperature on record was 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on multiple occasions.^[77]

Demographics[edit]

As of the 2007 population census conducted by the Ethiopian national statistics authorities, Addis Ababa has a total population of 2,739,551 urban and rural inhabitants. For the capital city 662,728 households were counted living in 628,984 housing units, which results in an average of 5.3 persons to a household. Although all Ethiopian ethnic groups are represented in Addis Ababa because it is the capital of the country, the largest groups include the Amhara (47.05%), Oromo (19.51%), Gurage (16.34%), Tigrayan (6.18%), Silt’e (2.94%), and Gamo (1.68%). Languages spoken as mother tongues include Amharic (70.99%), Afaan Oromo (10.72%), Gurage (8.37%), Tigrinya (3.60%), Silt’e (1.82%) and Gamo (1.03%). The religion with the most believers in Addis Ababa is Ethiopian Orthodox with 74.66% of the population, while 16.21% are Muslim, 7.77% Protestant, and 0.48% Catholic.^[2]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the city’s population was reported to be 2,112,737, of whom 1,023,452 were men and 1,089,285 were women. At that time not all of the population were urban inhabitants; only 2,084,588 or 98.7% were. For the entire administrative council there were 404,783 households in 376,568 housing units, with an average of 5.2 persons per household. The major ethnic groups included the Amhara (48.27%), Oromo (19.24%), Gurage (13.54%; 9.40% Sebat Bet, and 4.14% Sodo), Tigrayan 7.65%, Silt’e 3.98%, and foreigners from Eritrea 1.34%. Languages spoken included Amharic (72.64%), Afaan Oromo (10.01%), Gurage (6.45%), Tigrinya (5.41%), and Silt’e 2.29%. In 1994 the predominant religion was also Ethiopian Orthodox with 82.0% of the population, while 12.67% were Muslim, 3.87% Protestant, and 0.78% Catholic.^[81]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1984	1,412,575	—
1994	2,112,737	+49.6%
2007	2,739,551	+29.7%
2015	3,273,000	+19.5%
source:[82]

Languages[edit]

Standard of living[edit]

According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the housing units of Addis Ababa had access to safe drinking water, while 14.9% had flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated and unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities.^[83] In 2014, there were 63 public toilets in the city, with plans to build more.^[84] Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Addis Ababa as of 2005 include the following: 0.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 93.6% and for women 79.95%, the highest in the nation for both sexes; and the civic infant mortality rate is 45 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.^[85]

The city is partially powered by water at the Koka Reservoir.

Economy[edit]

The economic activities in Addis Ababa are diverse. According to official statistics from the federal government, some 119,197 people in the city are engaged in trade and commerce; 113,977 in manufacturing and industry; 80,391 homemakers of a different variety; 71,186 in civil administration; 50,538 in transport and communication; 42,514 in education, health and social services; 32,685 in hotel and catering services; and 16,602 in agriculture. In addition to the residents of rural parts of Addis Ababa, the city dwellers also participate in animal husbandry and the cultivation of gardens. 677 hectares (1,670 acres) of land is irrigated annually, on which 129,880 quintals of vegetables are cultivated.^{[citation needed]} It is a relatively clean and safe city, with the most common crimes being pickpocketing, scams and minor burglary.^[86] The city has recently been in a construction boom with tall buildings rising in many places. Various luxury services have also become available and the construction of shopping malls has recently increased. According to Tia Goldenberg of IOL, area spa professionals said that some people have labelled the city, «the spa capital of Africa.»^[87]

The Ethiopian Airlines has its headquarters on the grounds of Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa.^[88]

Development[edit]

The city hosts the We Are the Future centre, a child care centre that provides children with a higher standard of living. The centre is managed under the direction of the mayor’s office, and the international NGO Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser and program planner and coordinator for the WAF child centre in each city. Each WAF city is linked to several peer cities and public and private partners to create a unique international coalition.

Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Mr Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies.

Tourism[edit]

Tourism is a growing industry within Addis Ababa and Ethiopia as a whole. In July 2015, the European Council on Tourism and Trade named Ethiopia the best nation for inbound tourism.^[89] The COVID-19 pandemic and Tigray War caused a decrease in tourism.

Zoo[edit]

Addis Ababa Zoo kept 15 lions in 2011. Their hair samples were used in a genetic analysis, which revealed that they were genetically diverse. It was therefore proposed to include them in a captive breeding programme.^[90]

Law and government[edit]

Government[edit]

Under the Ethiopian Constitution of 1995, the city of Addis Ababa is one of the two federal cities that are accountable to the Federal Government of Ethiopia. The other city with the same status is Dire Dawa in the east of the country and both are federal cities. Earlier, following the establishment of the federal structure in 1991 under the Transitional Charter of Ethiopia, the City Government of Addis Ababa was one of the then-new 14 regional governments. However, that structure was changed by the federal constitution in 1995 and as a result, Addis Ababa does not have statehood status.

The administration of Addis Ababa city consists of the Mayor, who leads the executive branch, and the City Council, which enacts city regulations. However, as part of the Federal Government, the federal legislature enacts laws that are binding in Addis Ababa. Members of the City Council are directly elected by the residents of the city and the council, in turn, elects the Mayor among its members. The term of office for elected officials is five years. However, the Federal Government, when it deems necessary, can dissolve the City Council and the entire administration and replace it with a temporary administration until elections take place next. Residents of Addis Ababa are represented in the federal legislature, the House of Peoples’ Representatives. However, the city is not represented in the House of Federation, which is the federal upper house constituted by the representatives of the member states. The executive branch under the Mayor comprises the City Manager and various branches of civil service offices.

Adanech Abebe is serving as the Mayor of Addis Ababa since 2020, preceded by Takele Uma Banti. She is the first woman to hold mayorship since its creation in 1910. Before Takele, the Federal Government appointed Berhane Deressa to lead the temporary caretaker administration that served from 9 May 2006 to 30 October 2008 following the 2005 election crisis. In the 2005 national election, the ruling EPRDF party suffered a major defeat in Addis Ababa. However, the opposition who won in Addis Ababa did not take part in the government both on the regional and federal levels. This situation forced the EPRDF-led Federal Government to assign a temporary administration until a new election was carried out. As a result, Berhane Deressa, an independent citizen, was appointed.

Some of the notable past mayors of Addis Ababa are Arkebe Oqubay (2003–06), Zewde Teklu (1985–89), Alemu Abebe (1977–85) and Zewde Gebrehiwot (1960–69).

Crime[edit]

Addis Ababa is considered to be extremely safe in comparison to the other cities in the region.^[91] However, there are a number of crimes within the city including theft, scams, mugging, robbery and others. Rural-urban migration and unemployment has been preliminary factors affecting the city by elevating crime rate.^[92]

The Addis Ababa Federal Police is the main department of the Federal Police established in 2003.^[93]

Places of worship[edit]

Among the places of worship, there are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Seventh-day Adventist Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (Lutheran World Federation), Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church, Ethiopian Catholic Archeparchy of Addis Ababa (Catholic Church), Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers’ Church^[94] and also Muslim mosques.

In most churches, Emperor Haile Selassie employed political propagandic panel that demonstrate his imperial power, cult of personality and ultranationalist views. Saint George’s Cathedral has central of subjects involving incident of Second Italo-Ethiopian War that he struggled for independence. This church named after an Ark (tabot) carried during Battle of Adwa.^[95] It was once ruined by Fascist Italian government in 1937 but was immediately reconstructed after liberation of Ethiopia in 1941. The church, located at the northern end of Churchill Road—is unique octagonal architecture—has a museum of imperial weaponry including swords and tridents and giant helmets made from the manes of lions which was used during the Italian invasion. Holy Trinity Cathedral also sits in the city serving as the headquarter of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. As a largest and highest cathedral in the country, Holy Trinity Cathedral was founded in commemoration of victory against the Italian invasion, and second most important place after the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum. Before reign of Emperor Menelik II, the church was monastery. The church served burial of major prominent people in Ethiopia, also tombs of imperial family such as Haile Selassie and his wife Menen Asfaw, the third patriarch Abuna Tekle Haymanot and Abune Paulos. Former Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi also interred to this church. Other include British Ethiopianist and suffragate Sylvia Pankhurst also entombed here. The Ba’etta Mariam Orthodox Church embodies Menelik Palace and Mausoleum and the biggest church around the place with smaller churches stand in front of it. It is frequently visited church. The other nearby church is Gebbi Gabriel which has unique decorated cross at the dome of the church and at its entrance.^[96]

From mosque, the most notable is the Grand Anwar Mosque, which was located in Merkato, at the heart of the city. It was built in 1922 by the order of Italian government.^[97] Nur Mosque counted as an oldest Islamic temple recently rebuilt with Islamic architecture characterized by the use of domes, towers and piers.^[96]

Architecture[edit]

A financial district is under construction in Addis Ababa.^[98]

Former mayor Kuma Demeksa embarked on a quest to improve investment for the buildings in the city. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union.^[99]

Notable taller architecture in Addis Ababa includes the CBE headquarters, NIB international bank, Zemen bank, Hibret bank, Huda Tower, Nani Tower, Bank Misr Building, as well as the approved Angola World Trade Center Tower, Abyssinia Bank Tower, Mexico Square Tower, and the $200m AU Conference Center and Office Complex.^[100]

Notable buildings include St George’s Cathedral (founded in 1896 and also home to a museum), Holy Trinity Cathedral (once the largest Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral and the location of Sylvia Pankhurst’s tomb) as well as the burial place of Emperor Haile Selassie and the Imperial family, and those who fought the Italian invasion during World War II.

In the Merkato district, which is the largest open market in Africa, is the Grand Anwar Mosque, the biggest mosque in Ethiopia built during the Italian occupation. A few meters to the southwest of the Anwar Mosque is the Raguel Church built after the liberation by Empress Menen. The proximity of the mosque and the church has symbolized the long peaceful relations between Christianity and Islam in Ethiopia. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family is also in the Merkato district. Near Bole International Airport is the new Medhane Alem (Savior of the World) Orthodox Cathedral, which is the second-largest in Africa.

The Entoto Mountains start among the northern suburbs. Suburbs of the city include Shiro Meda and Entoto in the north, Urael and Bole (home to Bole International Airport) in the east, Nifas Silk in the south-east, Mekanisa in the south, and Keraniyo and Kolfe in the west. Kolfe was mentioned in Nelson Mandela’s Autobiography «A Long Walk to Freedom», as the place he got military training.

Addis Ababa has a distinct architectural style. Unlike many African cities, Addis Ababa was not built as a colonial settlement. This means that the city has not a European style of architecture. This changed with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936. The Piazza district in the city centre is the most evident indicator of Italian influence. The buildings are very much Italian in style and there are many Italian restaurants, as well as small cafes, and European-style shopping centres.^[101]

Parks include the Africa Park, which is situated along Menelik II Avenue and Unity Park at the Palace.^[102]

Other features of the city include the large Mercato market, the Jan Meda racecourse, Bihere Tsige Recreation Centre and a railway line to Djibouti.

The city is home to the Ethiopian National Library, the Ethiopian Ethnological Museum (and former Guenete Leul Palace), the Addis Ababa Museum, the Ethiopian Natural History Museum, the Ethiopian Railway Museum and National Postal Museum.

There is also Menelik’s old Imperial palace which remains the official seat of government, and the National Palace formerly known as the Jubilee Palace (built to mark Emperor Haile Selassie’s Silver Jubilee in 1955) which is the residence of the President of Ethiopia. Jubilee Palace was also modeled after Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom. Africa Hall is located across Menelik II avenue from this Palace and is where the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa is headquartered as well as most UN offices in Ethiopia. It is also the site of the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which eventually became the African Union (AU). The African Union is now housed in a new headquarters built on the site of the demolished Akaki Prison, on land donated by Ethiopia for this purpose in the southwestern part of the city. The Hager Fikir Theatre, the oldest theatre in Ethiopia, is located in the Piazza district. Near Holy Trinity Cathedral is the art deco Parliament building, built during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, with its clock tower. It continues to serve as the seat of Parliament today. Across from the Parliament is the Shengo Hall, built by the Derg regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam as its new parliament hall. The Shengo Hall was the world’s largest pre-fabricated building, which was constructed in Finland before being assembled in Addis Ababa. It is used for large meetings and conventions. Itegue Taitu Hotel, built-in 1898 (Ethiopian Calendar) in the middle of the city (Piazza), was the first hotel in Ethiopia.

Meskel Square is one of the noted squares in the city, serving as the site for the annual Meskel at the end of September annually when thousands gather in celebration.

The fossilized skeleton and a plaster replica of the early hominid Lucy (known in Ethiopia as Dinkinesh) is preserved at the National Museum of Ethiopia.

Culture[edit]

Addis Ababa is a melting pot of different communities throughout the country’s regions, along with Dire Dawa.^[103] In Addis Ababa, cultural assimilation is ubiquitous and widely known.^[104]

Arts and museums[edit]

The National Museum of Ethiopia hosts many artifacts and artistic treasures in Ethiopia. It is also home of archaeological exhibition. The partial specimen of Australopithecus afarensis, and its successor Selam are noteworthy among viewed galleries in the museum. The museum also has wide-range ceremonial costumes of Solomonic dynasty, which was initiated in 1936. Arts include mostly works of Afewerk Tekle, one of the most renowned gallery, and the depiction of meeting between Solomon and Queen of Sheba.^[105]

Theatres and cinemas[edit]

Addis Ababa is home of many theatres, including the long run Hager Fikir Theatre, which served many prominent figures performance. In addition, the Ethiopian National Theatre is also located in the city’s hub. It was founded by Emperor Haile Selassie in 1955, who eponymously renamed it. Historically, the Amhara culture dominated the country’s art scene; rituals connected to priesthood based on Coptic church, most often using improvised art such as shinsheba and qene.

Tekle Hawariat introduced modern European dramas based on La Fontaine‘s fable around 1916.^[106] Mattewos Bekele and Iyoel Yohannes became famous playwright, and Makonnen Endalkachew’s David and Orion and King David III was renowned by that time. In the Derg era, propagandic communist pieces often conceded and several new theatres were opened until the successive government under EPRDF altered new form of cultural life with continuation of development.^[107]

Notable modern cinemas including:^[108]

• Children Youth Theatre
• Agona Cinema
• Haile & Alem Inter
• Cinema Yoftahe
• Sebastopol
• Matin Multiplex

Science and technology[edit]

There are variety of scientific and research institutes in Addis Ababa. The Addis Ababa Science and Technology University has a goal of to bring «Ethiopia economically and industrialized state». The university was founded in 2011 under Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011. The city is home of various scientific organizations notably the Science and Technology Information Center. Addis Ababa has a science museum built by MadaTech’s exhibition crew. The national museum is 250 square foot with 30 interactive images of scientific objects. The museum was launched by Jewish-American businessman Mark Gelfand, who spent his money more than in MadaTech and sought resurrection of science museum in all over of the world.^[109] Some prominent facilities of scientific and technology include the Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, while the National Intelligence and Security Service also headquartered in Addis Ababa responsible for upholding national security of the country.

Media[edit]

Addis Ababa has the largest mass media concentration in the country. Radio stations generally state-owned with 50 community licensed by the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority, with four licensing opts for 29 local languages. The Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation is a public broadcaster which has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Private television commenced with the launch of EBS TV in 2008, and many private channels grew in the beginning of 2016. For example, Kana TV, Fana TV, LTV and JTV Ethiopia. As of October 2016, the Ethiopian Broadcasting Agency licensed with Fana Broadcasting Corporate, Walta Information Center and Arki Broadcasting Service and Ed Stelar Training as commercial FM stations. There were reached eight analogue and nine television stations in Ethiopia. Nine stations were available in Addis Ababa and were public owned.^[110]

Sport[edit]

Addis Ababa serves major sporting events, notably the Jan Meda International Cross Country. It hosts four races, with senior and junior (under-20) for both sexes. The city is known for annual 10 km road event called the Great Ethiopian Run, created by athlete Haile Gebrselassie, Peter Middlebrook and Abi Masefield in late October 2000. Yet, course records were broken by Deriba Merga (28:18.61 in 2006) and Yalemzerf Yehualaw (31:55 in 2019) of both men and women respectively.

Addis Ababa is home to Addis Ababa Stadium, Abebe Bikila Stadium, named after Shambel Abebe Bikila, and Nyala Stadium. The 2008 African Championships in Athletics were held in Addis Ababa.

Education[edit]

Emperor Menelik II started modernizing Addis Ababa by introducing new educational scheme in the early 20th century. He replaced this by centuries old traditional Christian schools with secular one. The first school was opened in 1906. However Menelik faced disapprobation by general populace who adapted traditional element, though he encouraged to expand educational institution, forced parents to send their children to school.^[111]

Addis Ababa University was founded in 1950 and was originally named «University College of Addis Ababa», then renamed in 1962 for the former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I who had donated his Genete Leul Palace to be the university’s main campus in the previous year. It is the home of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies and the Ethnological Museum. The city also has numerous public universities and private colleges including Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopian Civil Service University, Admas University College, St. Mary’s University, Unity University, Kotebe Metropolitan University and Rift Valley University.

In 2022 the new Abrehot Library was completed on former parkland opposite the Parliament Building. It is the largest library in Ethiopia.
Researches indicate that an increase of private education sector in Addis Ababa is as a result of demand of quality education. In 2002/2003, the number of privately owned school accounted for 98, 78, 53, 41, and 67 percent of preschool, primary, secondary, technical and vocational and colleges institutions compared to survey of 1994. Adequate enrollment to school however frequently met with problematic, parents often prefer their children to enroll private school than governmental. Those primary schools always successful at resourcing, business and financial management, and educational protocol that do not offer more bureaucratic administrations.^[112]

Private school often raise school fee that thought to be an exploitative practice without reasonable price. For example, it was observed in Unity University that led to protest. There is an improvement of school expansion in all sorts.

Transport[edit]

Public transport is through public buses from three different companies (Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise, Sheger, Alliance), Light Rail or blue and white taxis. The taxis are usually minibuses that can seat at most twelve people, which follow somewhat pre-defined routes. The minibus taxis are typically operated by two people, the driver and a weyala who collects fares and calls out the taxi’s destination. Sedan taxis work like normal taxis and are driven to the desired destination on demand. In recent years, new taxi companies have appeared, which use other designs, including one large company using yellow sedan taxis and a few ride-hailing companies (Ride taxi, Feres, etc.) have become widely accessible in the city.

Road[edit]

The construction of the Addis Ababa Ring Road was initiated in 1998 to implement the city master plan and enhance peripheral development. The Ring Road was divided into three major phases that connect all the five main gates in and out of Addis Ababa with all other regions (Jimma, Bishoftu, Dessie, Gojjam and Ambo). For this project, China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) was the partner of Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA).^[113] The Ring Road has greatly helped to decongest and alleviate city traffic.

Intercity bus service is provided by the Lion City Bus Services.

Air[edit]

The city is served by Addis Ababa Bole International Airport, where a new terminal opened in 2003.

Railway[edit]

Addis Ababa originally had a railway connection with Djibouti City, with a picturesque French-style railway station, but this route has been abandoned. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway started operation in September 2016, running parallel to the route of the original railway line.

Light rail[edit]

Addis Ababa opened its light rail system to the public on 20 September 2015. The system is the first of its kind in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Ethiopian Railway Corporation reached a funding agreement worth millions of dollars with the Export and Import Bank of China in September 2010 and the light rail project was completed in January 2015. The route is a 34.25-kilometre (21.28 mi) network with two lines; the operational line running from the centre to the south of the city. Upon completion, the east–west line will run from Ayat to the Torhailoch ring-road, and from Menelik Square to Merkato Bus Station, Meskel Square and Akaki.^[114]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Addis Ababa is twinned with:^[115][116]

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Arat Kilo monument

• 

  Addis Ababa Sheger Park

• 

  Unity Park Addis Ababa

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Ethiopian Radio and Television station

• 

  Headquarters of the Ethiopian Federal Police

• 

  Light rail overpass at Mexico Square

Notable people[edit]

• Ephraim Isaac: Scholar of Ancient Semitic Studies^[117]
• Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi: richest person in Ethiopia (worth $8.1 billion)^[118]
• Haile Gebrselassie: Ethiopian long-distance runner
• Kenenisa Bekele: Ethiopian long-distance runner
• Tedros Adhanom: Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
• Saladin Said: Ethiopian soccer player
• Mahder Assefa: Actress
• Mulatu Astatke: Ethiopian Jazz musician
• Mahmoud Ahmed: Ethiopian singer
• Teddy Afro: Ethiopian singer
• Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu: Founder of Sole Rebels^[119]
• Eténèsh Wassié: Ethiopian azmari
• Ruth Negga: Actress^[120]

See also[edit]

• Oromia Region
• Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
• Zewditu Hospital
• ALERT (medical facility)
• Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Pankhurst, Richard (2001). The Ethiopians: A History (Peoples of Africa). Wiley-Blackwell; New Ed edition. ISBN 0-631-22493-9.

External links[edit]

• Addis Ababa City Administration

«Sheger» redirects here. For Irish-bred Thoroughbred racehorse, see Shergar.

Addis Ababa አዲስ አበባ (Amharic)
Capital and chartered city
From top, left to right: Skyline of Meskel Square; Monument to the Lion of Judah; St. George’s Cathedral; Addis Ababa University; Sheraton Addis; Sheger Park; Addis Ababa Light Rail Vehicle and Holy Trinity Cathedral
Flag Seal
Nicknames:  City of Humans, Sheger, Adu Genet
Addis Ababa Location within Ethiopia Addis Ababa Location within the Horn of Africa Addis Ababa Location within Africa
Coordinates: 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°ECoordinates: 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°E
Country	Ethiopia
Founded	1886
Incorporated as capital city	1889
Founded by	Menelik II Taytu Betul
Government
• Mayor	Adanech Abebe
Area
• Total	527 km2 (203 sq mi)
• Land	527 km2 (203 sq mi)
	[1]
Elevation	2,355 m (7,726 ft)
Population  (2007)[2]
• Total	2,739,551
• Estimate  (2021)[3]	3,774,000
• Density	5,165.1/km2 (13,378/sq mi)
Demonym	Addis Ababan
Time zone	UTC+3 (East Africa Time)
Area code	(+251) 11
HDI (2019)	0.722[4] High · 1st of 11
Website	cityaddisababa.gov.et

Addis Ababa (;^[5] Amharic: አዲስ አበባ, lit. ‘new flower’ [adˈdis ˈabəba] (listen)) is the capital and largest city of Ethiopia.^[6][7][8] In the 2007 census, the city’s population was estimated to be 2,739,551 inhabitants.^[2] Addis Ababa is a highly developed and important cultural, artistic, financial and administrative centre of Ethiopia.^[9]

Addis Ababa was portrayed in the 15th century as a fortified location called «Barara» that housed the emperors of Ethiopia at the time. Prior to Emperor Dawit II, Barara was completely destroyed during the Ethiopian–Adal War and Oromo expansions. The founding history of Addis Ababa dates back in late 19th-century by Menelik II, Negus of Shewa, in 1886 after finding Mount Entoto unpleasant two years prior.^[10] At the time, the city was a resort town; its large mineral spring abundance attracted nobilities of the empire and led them to establish permanent settlement. It also attracted many members of the working classes — including artisans and merchants — and foreign visitors. Menelik II then formed his imperial palace in 1887.^[11][12] Addis Ababa became the empire’s capital in 1889, and subsequently international embassies were opened.^[13][14] Addis Ababa urban development began at the beginning of the 20th century, and without any preplanning.^[10]

Addis Ababa saw a wide-scale economic boom in 1926 and 1927, and an increase in the number of buildings owned by the middle class, including stone houses filled with imported European furniture. The middle class also imported newly manufactured automobiles and expanded banking institutions.^[13] During the Italian occupation, urbanization and modernization steadily increased by a master plan which they hoped Addis Ababa would be more colonial city and continued after their occupation. Consequent master plans were designed by French and British consultants from the 1940s onwards focusing on monumental structures, satellite cities and inner-city. Similarly, the Italo-Ethiopian master plan also projected in 1986 concerning only urban structure and accommodating service, which was later adapted by the 2003 master plan.

Addis Ababa remains federal chartered city in accordance with the Addis Ababa City Government Charter Proclamation No. 87/1997 in the FDRE Constitution.^[15] Called «the political capital of Africa» due to its historical, diplomatic, and political significance for the continent, Addis Ababa serves as the headquarters of major international organizations such as the African Union and the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa.^[16]

The city lies a few kilometres west of the East African Rift, which splits Ethiopia into two, between the Nubian Plate and the Somali Plate.^[17] The city is surrounded by the Special Zone of Oromia and is populated by people from the different regions of Ethiopia. It is home to Addis Ababa University. The city has a high human development index and is known for its vibrant culture, strong fashion scene, high involvement of young people, thriving arts scene, and for having the fastest economic growth of any country in the world.^[18]

History[edit]

Prehistory[edit]

A study based on DNA evidence from almost 1,000 people around the world suggests that all humans spread out from a place close to current Addis Ababa 100,000 years ago.^[19] The research indicated that genetic diversity decreases steadily the further one’s ancestors travelled from Addis Ababa.^[20]

Middle Ages[edit]

Mount Entoto, a high tableland to the north of current Addis Ababa, is one of a handful of sites put forward as a possible location for a medieval imperial capital known as Barara. This permanent fortified city was established during the early-to-mid 15th century, and it served as the main residence of several successive emperors up to the early 16th-century reign of Libne Dengel.^[21] The city was depicted standing between Mount Zuqualla and Menegasha on a map drawn by the Italian cartographer Fra Mauro in around 1450, and it was razed and plundered by Ahmed Gragn while the imperial army was trapped on the south of the Awash River in 1529, an event witnessed and documented two years later by the Yemeni writer Arab-Faqih. The suggestion that Barara was located on Mount Entoto is supported by the very recent discovery of a large medieval town overlooking Addis Ababa located between rock-hewn Washa Mikael and the more modern church of Entoto Maryam, founded in the late 19th century. Dubbed the Pentagon, the 30-hectare site incorporates a castle with 12 towers, along with 520 meters of stone walls measuring up to 5-meter high.^[22]

Foundation[edit]

Initial settlements[edit]

The city’s immediate predecessor as the capital of Ethiopia, Entoto, was established by Menelik II in 1884. In addition, he had used it for garrison base.^[10] Menelik, initially the King of the Shewa province, had found Mount Entoto a useful base for military operations in the south of his realm, and in 1879 he visited the reputed ruins of the medieval town and the unfinished rock church. His interest in the area grew when his wife Taytu began work on a church on Mount Entoto, and Menelik endowed a second church in the area.^[21][22] It was given that Menelik had strong interest to settle in the area due to partly influenced by establishing his old empire and serving as metropolis.^[10] After some time, Entoto was found to be unsatisfactory as capital because of its cold climate, lack of water, and an acute shortage of firewood.^[23]

Founding[edit]

In 1886, settlement began in the valley south of the mountain in a place called Finfinne in Oromo, a name which refers to the presence of hot springs. The site was chosen by Empress Taytu Betul. Initially, she built a house for herself near the «Filwuha» hot mineral springs, where she and members of the Shewan Royal Court liked to take mineral baths. Other nobility and their staff and households settled in the vicinity, and Menelik expanded his wife’s house to become the Imperial Palace in 1887 which remains the seat of government in Addis Ababa today.^[24] In 1886, the city was renamed to Addis Ababa as the capital of Menelik’s kingdom of Shewa. It become the capital of Ethiopia in 1889, when Menelik became Emperor.^[25] The town grew by leaps and bounds. Not only for noble, but also the site attracted to numerous working class in sort: the artisans, merchant, and foreign visitors.

Early residential dwelling typically made of circular huts; walls were constructed with mud (Amharic: ጭቃ, cheka) and straw plastered on wooden frame, and thatched roofs. Addis Ababa growth rate began in early marked by rapid urbanization without preplanned intention. This was the time where nobilities embarked concentrated permanent settlement, and altered by social pattern; i.e. each neighborhoods (sefer) was located in higher grounds, sorted by noncontiguous from adjacent settlements. The early social milieu contributed the contemporary admixture of classic neighborhood. One of Emperor Menelik’s contributions that are still visible today is the planting of numerous eucalyptus trees along the city streets.^[26][10]

Moreover, the city held strong social organizations pattern prior Italian invasion. According to Richard Pankhurst (1968), the city accelerated population growth due to factors of provisional governors and their troops, the 1892 famine, eventually the Battle of Adwa. Another include the 1907 land act, municipal administration in 1909, and railway and modernized transportation system boom beginning in the 20th century, culminating in continual growth. Additional supplements, for example the laid of Ethio-Djibouti Railways and topographical factors more led the city’s boundary to expand southward.^[10]

20th-century[edit]

Pre-Italian occupation (1916–1935)[edit]

Gebrehiwot Baykedagn took major administrative division post, and Addis Ababa–Djibouti railways in 1916,^[27] which also connects Addis Ababa with French Somaliland port of Djibouti.^[28] Ras Tafari Mekonnen, later became Emperor Haile Selassie I was the most powerful figure in the city following his appointment in 1917. He transformed the city by recognizing an importance of modernization and urbanization, he distributed wealth to support emerging class. From this point, Ras Tafari gained a legitimate power as regency council in 1918.

By 1926 and 1927, a large-scale economic revolution occurred, a surplus of coffee production began growing as a result to capital accumulation. Profited from this wealth, the bourgeoisie benefited the city by constructing new, stone-fitted houses with imported European furniture and an importation of the latest automobiles, and expansion of banks across the locales. The total register of automobiles were 76 in 1926 and went to 578 in 1930. The first popular road transportation opened between Addis Ababa and Djibouti, about 97 miles northward in the direction of Dessie. Initially intended to connect Italian occupied Assab with Addis Ababa in the Italo-Ethiopian Treaty of 1928, the road was considered for motor vehicle route. The highway seemingly important to French railway of Djibouti with freight rate was very high wherein lack of competition, and increase of cargo between Ethiopia and Assab.^[29]

In 1930, the Emperor was crowned and proceeded with new technologies and building infrastructure. Among them, he installed power lines and telephones, and erected several monuments (such as Meyazia 27 Square).

During Italian occupation (1936–1941)[edit]

Following all the major engagements of their invasion, the Italian troops from the colony of Eritrea entered Addis Ababa on 5 May 1936. Along with Dire Dawa, the city had been spared the aerial bombardment (including the use of chemical weapons such as mustard gas) practiced elsewhere in Ethiopia. This also allowed its railway to Djibouti to remain intact. After the occupation, the city served as the Duke of Aosta’s capital for unified Italian East Africa until 1941, when it was abandoned in favor of Amba Alagi and other redoubts during the Second World War’s East African Campaign. According to Soviet estimates, 15,000 Ethiopians casualties were victim of chemical weapons, especially by sulfur mustard.^[30]

The Italian ambition regarding Addis Ababa was to create a beautified colonial capital city along with a new master plan launched by seven architects such as Marcello Piacentini, Alessandro Bianchi, Enrico Del Debbio, Giuseppe Vaccaro, Le Corbusier, Ignazio Guidi and Cesare Valle. Despite contradictory and different ideas for each other, the plan was intended to focus the general architectural plan of the city. Two preparations were approved from the master plan: the Le Corbusier and Guidi and Valle. During an invitation to Mussolini, the French Swiss architect Le Corbusier illustrated the master plan in a guideline sketch involving traversing route monumental structure by a grand boulevard across the city from north to south, as he extracted from his 1930–1933 Radiant City concept. His two counterparts, Guildi and Valle prepared the master plan in summer 1936 likely emphasizing fascist ideology with monumental structure and no native Ethiopian participation in designing sector. Two parallel axis were drawn in European character connecting Arada/Giyorgis with the railway station to the south end five kilometers long and varied width spanning from 40 to 90 meters.^[31]

On 5 May 1941, the city was liberated by Major Orde Wingate and Emperor Haile Selassie for Ethiopian Gideon Force and Ethiopian resistance in time to permit Emperor Haile Selassie’s return on 5 May 1941, five years to the day after he had left.

Post-Italian occupation (1941–1974)[edit]

In aftermath, Addis Ababa suffered from economic stagnation and rapid population growth, the inner-city affected by urban morphology initiated by Italian occupation and the peripheral area were in urban sprawl. In 1946, Haile Selassie invited famous British master planner Sir Patrick Abercrombie with goals of modelling beautifying the city to become the capital for Africa. By organizing module, Abercrombie launched the master plan with neighborhood units surrounded by green parkways, and he was encouraged to draw ring roads characterized by radial shapes to channel traffic pathway from central area.^[31]

His careful master plan of major traffic route was completed by segregating neighborhood units, as he extracted from his 1943 London traffic problem. In 1959, the British consultant team named Bolton Hennessy and Partners commissioned an improvement of Abercrombie’s 1954–1956 satellite towns. From the place, they did not incorporated outer area like Mekenissa and West of the old Air Port in the proposal, while Rapi, Gefersa, Kaliti and Kotebe proposed as outlet of Jimma, Ambo and Dessie respectively (the four regional highways). The Hennessy and Partners illustration would be physically larger to current size of Addis Ababa with surrounded satellite towns. In 1965, the French Mission for Urban Studies and Habitat led by Luis De Marien launched another master plan responsible to create monumental axis through Addis Ababa City Hall with an extension across Gofa Mazoria in the southern part of the city. Marien’s difference to the previous Italian master plan was the use of single monumental axis while they used the double one.^[31]

Haile Selassie also helped to form the Organisation of African Unity in 1963, which was later dissolved in 2002 and replaced by the African Union (AU), which is also headquartered in the city, airports and industrial parks. The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa founded in 1958, also has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Addis Ababa was also the site of the Council of the Oriental Orthodox Churches in 1965. Pankhurst (1962) noted in a survey of total land of 212 square kilometers, 58% owned by 1,768, owing to 10,000 square meters, and 12% were given to church whereas other small areas were still acquired in the name of posthumous nobilities such as Dejazemach Wube Haile Mariam, Fitawrari Aba Koran, and a bridge named «Fitawrari Habtegiorgis» after Habte Giyorgis Dinagde.^[32] According to 1965 master plan, the city covered the area of 21,000 hectares and would increased to 51,000 hectares by 1984 master plan.^[31]

In 1965, the first student march took place in response to the feudal imperial government of Haile Selassie, in which they chanted «Land for the Tiller», culminating in a Marxist–Leninist movement in Ethiopia. In addition, the 1973 oil crisis heavily impacted the city. 1,500 peasants in Addis Ababa marched to plead for food to be returned by police, and intellectual from Addis Ababa University forced the government to take a measure against the spreading famine, a report which Haile Selassie government denounced as «fabrication». Haile Selassie responded later «rich and poor have always existed and will, Why? Because there are those that work…and those that prefer to do nothing…Each individual is responsible for his misfortunes, his fate.» Students around the city gathered to protest in February 1974, eventually Haile Selassie was successfully deposed from office in 1974 by group of police officers. Later, the group named themselves Derg, officially «Provisional Military Administrative Council» (PMAC).^[33] The city had only 10 woredas.^[31]

The Derg administration (1974–1991)[edit]

After the Derg came to power, roughly two-third of housing stock transferred to rental housing. The population growth declined from 6.5% to 3.7%. In 1975, the Derg nationalized «extra» rental structures built by private stockholders. As a result, the Proclamationon No. 47/1975 issued weakened buildings with small amount of living was administered by kebele units, while rental houses with large quality fell under Agency for Rental Housing Administration (ARHA). If those rental properties value less than 100 birr (US$48.31), they would be put under kebele administration.^[10] The administrative divisions showed an increase of woredas to 25 and 284 kebeles.^[31]

Hungarian architect C.K. Polonyi was the first person to embark the city’s master plan during the Derg period with assistance of the Ministry of Urban Development and Housing. He used two formula concentrating an integration Addis Ababa with suburbs of rural areas and developing inner-city. Polonyi also worked to redesign Meskel Square, which was renamed Abiyot Square by the time, implemented immediately after the name change.^[31]

In 1986, the Italo-Ethiopian master plan was set up by 45 Ethiopian professional along with 75 Italian experts with 207 sectorial reports documented as references. The plan dealt with a balanced urban system and services in urban area such as water supply. Akaki incorporated to Addis Ababa to supply industrial and freight terminal services. The bureaucratic rule of the Derg postponed the master plane for eight years until 1994, which caused failure of basic issues in public service and unplanned development.^[31]

Federal Democratic Republic (1991–present)[edit]

On 28 May 1991, the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF), a coalition party in course of overthrowing the Derg, seized Addis Ababa. They entered Menelik II Avenue and ordering a curfew for 24 hours. According to witness, residents of Addis Ababa were totally ignorant and not terrible by the event. One of the militants told them «We think it’s safe now». The military went to central place of the city such as Hilton Hotel. They displayed a slogan banner «Peace, Solidarity, Friendship». At 5:30 am, they took control of presidential place and large-scale tanks were seen overrun the area.^[34]

A new constitution was adapted in 1994 and enacted year later; while all cities in Ethiopia accountable rule by regional authority, Addis Ababa (Proclamation No 87/1997) and Dire Dawa (Proclamation No 416/2004) remain chartered city, mandates for self-governing and developmental center.^[35] The Proclamation No. 112/1995 legitimized privatization of government houses except few, and the kebele houses was remained in tenture. The kebele dwelling and their largely unplanned settings continued to incorporated core areas of Addis Ababa.^[10]

21st-century[edit]

From the end of 1998, new project was launched by Addis Ababa City Administration naming Office for Revision of Addis Ababa Master Plan (ORAAMP), covering from 1999 to 2003. The plan goal was to meet the standard of market economy with favorable political system resembles the revised 1986 master plan in terms of urban area.^[31]

2014 Addis Ababa Master Plan[edit]

A controversial plan to expand the boundaries of Addis Ababa, by 1.1 million hectares into the Oromia special zone in April 2014,^[36][37] sparked the Oromo protests on 25 April 2014 against expansion of the boundaries of Addis Ababa. The government responded by shooting at and beating peaceful protesters.^[38] This escalated to full blown strikes and street protests on 12 November 2015 by university students in Ginchi town, located 80 km southwest of Addis Ababa city, encircled by Oromia Region.^[39][40][41] The controversial master plan was cancelled on 12 January 2016. By that time, 140 protesters were killed.^[42][43][44]

Recent history[edit]

United Nations Population Projections estimated the population of metro area of Addis Ababa to be 5,228,000 in 2022, a 4.43% increase from 2021.^[45] During Abiy Ahmed’s premiership, Addis Ababa and its vicinities underwent Beautifying Sheger. This project is aimed to enhance the green coverage and beauty of the city. In 2018, Abiy initiated a project called «Riverside» planned to expand riverbanks for 56 kilometres (35 mi), from the Entoto Mountains to the Akaki river.^{[46][47][48][49][50]}

Relation with Oromia Regional State[edit]

Addis Ababa is located in the heart of the Oromia state^[51][52] and the major ecosystem services to the city provided by Oromia state.^[53] The city was abandoned by the Oromo since the late 19th century due to its conquest by Menelik. Oromos were physically removed from the vicinity of the city during the Haile Selassie and Derg eras.^[54] Article 49(5) of the Constitution of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia states:^[55][56]

«The special interest of the State of Oromia in Addis Ababa, regarding the provision of social services or the utilization of natural resources and other similar matters, as well as joint administrative matters arising from the location of Addis Ababa within the State of Oromia, shall be respected. Particulars shall be determined by law.»

In 2000, Oromia’s capital was moved from Addis Ababa to Adama.^[57] Because this move sparked considerable controversy and protests among Oromo students, the Oromo Peoples’ Democratic Organization (OPDO), part of the ruling EPRDF coalition, on 10 June 2005, officially announced plans to move the regional capital back to Addis Ababa.^[58] Due to the historical and natural connection between the city and the Oromo people, the Oromia Government has asserted its ownership of Addis Ababa.^[59][60] Both the current mayor of Addis Ababa, Adanech Abebe, and the former mayor, Takele Uma Banti are from the former ruling party of Oromia.^[61]

Geography[edit]

Addis Ababa lies at an elevation of 2,355 metres (7,726 ft) and is a grassland biome, located at 9°1′48″N 38°44′24″E / 9.03000°N 38.74000°E.^[62] The city lies at the foot of Mount Entoto and forms part of the watershed for the Awash. From its lowest point, around Bole International Airport, at 2,326 metres (7,631 ft) above sea level in the southern periphery, Addis Ababa rises to over 3,000 metres (9,800 ft) in the Entoto Mountains to the north.

Subdivision[edit]

The city is divided into 10 boroughs, called subcities (Amharic: ክፍለ ከተማ, kifle ketema), and 99 wards (Amharic: ቀበሌ, kebele).^[63][64] The 10 subcities are:

Nr	Subcity	Area (km2)	Population	Density	Map
1	Addis Ketema[65]	7.41	271,644	36,659.1
2	Akaky Kaliti[66]	118.08	195,273	1,653.7
3	Arada[67]	9.91	225,999	23,000
4	Bole[68]	122.08	328,900	2,694.1
5	Gullele[69]	30.18	284,865	9,438.9
6	Kirkos[70]	14.62	235,441	16,104
7	Kolfe Keranio[71]	61.25	546,219	7,448.5
8	Lideta[72]	9.18	214,769	23,000
9	Nifas Silk-Lafto[73]	68.30	335,740	4,915.7
10	Yeka[74]	85.46	337,575	3950.1

*Lemi-Kura sub-city was added as the eleventh sub-city of Addis Ababa in 2020

Addis Ababa
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D 13 24 7 30 25 9 58 25 11 82 25 11 84 25 11 138 23 11 280 21 11 290 21 11 149 22 11 27 24 9 7 23 7 7 23 7 Average max. and min. temperatures in °C Precipitation totals in mm Source: NMAE[75]
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D 0.5 75 45 1.2 77 48 2.3 77 52 3.2 77 52 3.3 77 52 5.4 73 52 11 70 52 11 70 52 5.9 72 52 1.1 75 48 0.3 73 45 0.3 73 45 Average max. and min. temperatures in °F Precipitation totals in inches

Climate[edit]

Addis Ababa has a subtropical highland climate (Köppen: Cwb) with precipitation varying considerably by the month.^[76] The city has a complex mix of alpine climate zones, with temperature differences of up to 10 °C (18 °F), depending on elevation and prevailing wind patterns. The high elevation moderates temperatures year-round, and the city’s position near the equator means that temperatures are very constant from month to month. As such the climate would be maritime if its elevation was not taken into account, as no month is above 22 °C (72 °F) in mean temperatures.

Mid-November to January is a season for occasional rain. The highland climate regions are characterised by dry winters, and this is the dry season in Addis Ababa. During this season the daily maximum temperatures are usually not more than 23 °C (73 °F), and the night-time minimum temperatures can drop to freezing. The short rainy season is from February to May. During this period, the difference between the daytime maximum temperatures and the night-time minimum temperatures is not as great as during other times of the year, with minimum temperatures in the range of 10–15 °C (50–59 °F). At this time of the year, the city experiences warm temperatures and pleasant rainfall. The long wet season is from June to mid-September; it is the major winter season of the country. This period coincides with summer, but the temperatures are much lower than at other times of year because of the frequent rain and hail and the abundance of cloud cover and fewer hours of sunshine. This time of the year is characterised by dark, chilly and wet days and nights.^{[citation needed]} The autumn which follows is a transitional period between the wet and dry seasons.

The highest temperature on record was 30.6 °C (87.1 °F) 26 February 2019, while the lowest temperature on record was 0 °C (32 °F) recorded on multiple occasions.^[77]

Demographics[edit]

As of the 2007 population census conducted by the Ethiopian national statistics authorities, Addis Ababa has a total population of 2,739,551 urban and rural inhabitants. For the capital city 662,728 households were counted living in 628,984 housing units, which results in an average of 5.3 persons to a household. Although all Ethiopian ethnic groups are represented in Addis Ababa because it is the capital of the country, the largest groups include the Amhara (47.05%), Oromo (19.51%), Gurage (16.34%), Tigrayan (6.18%), Silt’e (2.94%), and Gamo (1.68%). Languages spoken as mother tongues include Amharic (70.99%), Afaan Oromo (10.72%), Gurage (8.37%), Tigrinya (3.60%), Silt’e (1.82%) and Gamo (1.03%). The religion with the most believers in Addis Ababa is Ethiopian Orthodox with 74.66% of the population, while 16.21% are Muslim, 7.77% Protestant, and 0.48% Catholic.^[2]

In the previous census, conducted in 1994, the city’s population was reported to be 2,112,737, of whom 1,023,452 were men and 1,089,285 were women. At that time not all of the population were urban inhabitants; only 2,084,588 or 98.7% were. For the entire administrative council there were 404,783 households in 376,568 housing units, with an average of 5.2 persons per household. The major ethnic groups included the Amhara (48.27%), Oromo (19.24%), Gurage (13.54%; 9.40% Sebat Bet, and 4.14% Sodo), Tigrayan 7.65%, Silt’e 3.98%, and foreigners from Eritrea 1.34%. Languages spoken included Amharic (72.64%), Afaan Oromo (10.01%), Gurage (6.45%), Tigrinya (5.41%), and Silt’e 2.29%. In 1994 the predominant religion was also Ethiopian Orthodox with 82.0% of the population, while 12.67% were Muslim, 3.87% Protestant, and 0.78% Catholic.^[81]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1984	1,412,575	—
1994	2,112,737	+49.6%
2007	2,739,551	+29.7%
2015	3,273,000	+19.5%
source:[82]

Languages[edit]

Standard of living[edit]

According to the 2007 national census, 98.64% of the housing units of Addis Ababa had access to safe drinking water, while 14.9% had flush toilets, 70.7% pit toilets (both ventilated and unventilated), and 14.3% had no toilet facilities.^[83] In 2014, there were 63 public toilets in the city, with plans to build more.^[84] Values for other reported common indicators of the standard of living for Addis Ababa as of 2005 include the following: 0.1% of the inhabitants fall into the lowest wealth quintile; adult literacy for men is 93.6% and for women 79.95%, the highest in the nation for both sexes; and the civic infant mortality rate is 45 infant deaths per 1,000 live births, which is less than the nationwide average of 77; at least half of these deaths occurred in the infants’ first month of life.^[85]

The city is partially powered by water at the Koka Reservoir.

Economy[edit]

The economic activities in Addis Ababa are diverse. According to official statistics from the federal government, some 119,197 people in the city are engaged in trade and commerce; 113,977 in manufacturing and industry; 80,391 homemakers of a different variety; 71,186 in civil administration; 50,538 in transport and communication; 42,514 in education, health and social services; 32,685 in hotel and catering services; and 16,602 in agriculture. In addition to the residents of rural parts of Addis Ababa, the city dwellers also participate in animal husbandry and the cultivation of gardens. 677 hectares (1,670 acres) of land is irrigated annually, on which 129,880 quintals of vegetables are cultivated.^{[citation needed]} It is a relatively clean and safe city, with the most common crimes being pickpocketing, scams and minor burglary.^[86] The city has recently been in a construction boom with tall buildings rising in many places. Various luxury services have also become available and the construction of shopping malls has recently increased. According to Tia Goldenberg of IOL, area spa professionals said that some people have labelled the city, «the spa capital of Africa.»^[87]

The Ethiopian Airlines has its headquarters on the grounds of Addis Ababa Bole International Airport in Addis Ababa.^[88]

Development[edit]

The city hosts the We Are the Future centre, a child care centre that provides children with a higher standard of living. The centre is managed under the direction of the mayor’s office, and the international NGO Glocal Forum serves as the fundraiser and program planner and coordinator for the WAF child centre in each city. Each WAF city is linked to several peer cities and public and private partners to create a unique international coalition.

Launched in 2004, the program is the result of a strategic partnership between the Glocal Forum, the Quincy Jones Listen Up Foundation, and Mr Hani Masri, with the support of the World Bank, UN agencies and major companies.

Tourism[edit]

Tourism is a growing industry within Addis Ababa and Ethiopia as a whole. In July 2015, the European Council on Tourism and Trade named Ethiopia the best nation for inbound tourism.^[89] The COVID-19 pandemic and Tigray War caused a decrease in tourism.

Zoo[edit]

Addis Ababa Zoo kept 15 lions in 2011. Their hair samples were used in a genetic analysis, which revealed that they were genetically diverse. It was therefore proposed to include them in a captive breeding programme.^[90]

Law and government[edit]

Government[edit]

Under the Ethiopian Constitution of 1995, the city of Addis Ababa is one of the two federal cities that are accountable to the Federal Government of Ethiopia. The other city with the same status is Dire Dawa in the east of the country and both are federal cities. Earlier, following the establishment of the federal structure in 1991 under the Transitional Charter of Ethiopia, the City Government of Addis Ababa was one of the then-new 14 regional governments. However, that structure was changed by the federal constitution in 1995 and as a result, Addis Ababa does not have statehood status.

The administration of Addis Ababa city consists of the Mayor, who leads the executive branch, and the City Council, which enacts city regulations. However, as part of the Federal Government, the federal legislature enacts laws that are binding in Addis Ababa. Members of the City Council are directly elected by the residents of the city and the council, in turn, elects the Mayor among its members. The term of office for elected officials is five years. However, the Federal Government, when it deems necessary, can dissolve the City Council and the entire administration and replace it with a temporary administration until elections take place next. Residents of Addis Ababa are represented in the federal legislature, the House of Peoples’ Representatives. However, the city is not represented in the House of Federation, which is the federal upper house constituted by the representatives of the member states. The executive branch under the Mayor comprises the City Manager and various branches of civil service offices.

Adanech Abebe is serving as the Mayor of Addis Ababa since 2020, preceded by Takele Uma Banti. She is the first woman to hold mayorship since its creation in 1910. Before Takele, the Federal Government appointed Berhane Deressa to lead the temporary caretaker administration that served from 9 May 2006 to 30 October 2008 following the 2005 election crisis. In the 2005 national election, the ruling EPRDF party suffered a major defeat in Addis Ababa. However, the opposition who won in Addis Ababa did not take part in the government both on the regional and federal levels. This situation forced the EPRDF-led Federal Government to assign a temporary administration until a new election was carried out. As a result, Berhane Deressa, an independent citizen, was appointed.

Some of the notable past mayors of Addis Ababa are Arkebe Oqubay (2003–06), Zewde Teklu (1985–89), Alemu Abebe (1977–85) and Zewde Gebrehiwot (1960–69).

Crime[edit]

Addis Ababa is considered to be extremely safe in comparison to the other cities in the region.^[91] However, there are a number of crimes within the city including theft, scams, mugging, robbery and others. Rural-urban migration and unemployment has been preliminary factors affecting the city by elevating crime rate.^[92]

The Addis Ababa Federal Police is the main department of the Federal Police established in 2003.^[93]

Places of worship[edit]

Among the places of worship, there are predominantly Christian churches and temples: Seventh-day Adventist Church, Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church, Ethiopian Evangelical Church Mekane Yesus (Lutheran World Federation), Ethiopian Kale Heywet Church, Ethiopian Catholic Archeparchy of Addis Ababa (Catholic Church), Ethiopian Full Gospel Believers’ Church^[94] and also Muslim mosques.

In most churches, Emperor Haile Selassie employed political propagandic panel that demonstrate his imperial power, cult of personality and ultranationalist views. Saint George’s Cathedral has central of subjects involving incident of Second Italo-Ethiopian War that he struggled for independence. This church named after an Ark (tabot) carried during Battle of Adwa.^[95] It was once ruined by Fascist Italian government in 1937 but was immediately reconstructed after liberation of Ethiopia in 1941. The church, located at the northern end of Churchill Road—is unique octagonal architecture—has a museum of imperial weaponry including swords and tridents and giant helmets made from the manes of lions which was used during the Italian invasion. Holy Trinity Cathedral also sits in the city serving as the headquarter of Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. As a largest and highest cathedral in the country, Holy Trinity Cathedral was founded in commemoration of victory against the Italian invasion, and second most important place after the Church of Our Lady Mary of Zion in Axum. Before reign of Emperor Menelik II, the church was monastery. The church served burial of major prominent people in Ethiopia, also tombs of imperial family such as Haile Selassie and his wife Menen Asfaw, the third patriarch Abuna Tekle Haymanot and Abune Paulos. Former Ethiopian Prime Minister Meles Zenawi also interred to this church. Other include British Ethiopianist and suffragate Sylvia Pankhurst also entombed here. The Ba’etta Mariam Orthodox Church embodies Menelik Palace and Mausoleum and the biggest church around the place with smaller churches stand in front of it. It is frequently visited church. The other nearby church is Gebbi Gabriel which has unique decorated cross at the dome of the church and at its entrance.^[96]

From mosque, the most notable is the Grand Anwar Mosque, which was located in Merkato, at the heart of the city. It was built in 1922 by the order of Italian government.^[97] Nur Mosque counted as an oldest Islamic temple recently rebuilt with Islamic architecture characterized by the use of domes, towers and piers.^[96]

Architecture[edit]

A financial district is under construction in Addis Ababa.^[98]

Former mayor Kuma Demeksa embarked on a quest to improve investment for the buildings in the city. Addis Ababa is the headquarters of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa and the African Union.^[99]

Notable taller architecture in Addis Ababa includes the CBE headquarters, NIB international bank, Zemen bank, Hibret bank, Huda Tower, Nani Tower, Bank Misr Building, as well as the approved Angola World Trade Center Tower, Abyssinia Bank Tower, Mexico Square Tower, and the $200m AU Conference Center and Office Complex.^[100]

Notable buildings include St George’s Cathedral (founded in 1896 and also home to a museum), Holy Trinity Cathedral (once the largest Ethiopian Orthodox Cathedral and the location of Sylvia Pankhurst’s tomb) as well as the burial place of Emperor Haile Selassie and the Imperial family, and those who fought the Italian invasion during World War II.

In the Merkato district, which is the largest open market in Africa, is the Grand Anwar Mosque, the biggest mosque in Ethiopia built during the Italian occupation. A few meters to the southwest of the Anwar Mosque is the Raguel Church built after the liberation by Empress Menen. The proximity of the mosque and the church has symbolized the long peaceful relations between Christianity and Islam in Ethiopia. The Roman Catholic Cathedral of the Holy Family is also in the Merkato district. Near Bole International Airport is the new Medhane Alem (Savior of the World) Orthodox Cathedral, which is the second-largest in Africa.

The Entoto Mountains start among the northern suburbs. Suburbs of the city include Shiro Meda and Entoto in the north, Urael and Bole (home to Bole International Airport) in the east, Nifas Silk in the south-east, Mekanisa in the south, and Keraniyo and Kolfe in the west. Kolfe was mentioned in Nelson Mandela’s Autobiography «A Long Walk to Freedom», as the place he got military training.

Addis Ababa has a distinct architectural style. Unlike many African cities, Addis Ababa was not built as a colonial settlement. This means that the city has not a European style of architecture. This changed with the Italian invasion of Ethiopia in 1936. The Piazza district in the city centre is the most evident indicator of Italian influence. The buildings are very much Italian in style and there are many Italian restaurants, as well as small cafes, and European-style shopping centres.^[101]

Parks include the Africa Park, which is situated along Menelik II Avenue and Unity Park at the Palace.^[102]

Other features of the city include the large Mercato market, the Jan Meda racecourse, Bihere Tsige Recreation Centre and a railway line to Djibouti.

The city is home to the Ethiopian National Library, the Ethiopian Ethnological Museum (and former Guenete Leul Palace), the Addis Ababa Museum, the Ethiopian Natural History Museum, the Ethiopian Railway Museum and National Postal Museum.

There is also Menelik’s old Imperial palace which remains the official seat of government, and the National Palace formerly known as the Jubilee Palace (built to mark Emperor Haile Selassie’s Silver Jubilee in 1955) which is the residence of the President of Ethiopia. Jubilee Palace was also modeled after Buckingham Palace in the United Kingdom. Africa Hall is located across Menelik II avenue from this Palace and is where the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa is headquartered as well as most UN offices in Ethiopia. It is also the site of the founding of the Organisation of African Unity (OAU), which eventually became the African Union (AU). The African Union is now housed in a new headquarters built on the site of the demolished Akaki Prison, on land donated by Ethiopia for this purpose in the southwestern part of the city. The Hager Fikir Theatre, the oldest theatre in Ethiopia, is located in the Piazza district. Near Holy Trinity Cathedral is the art deco Parliament building, built during the reign of Emperor Haile Selassie, with its clock tower. It continues to serve as the seat of Parliament today. Across from the Parliament is the Shengo Hall, built by the Derg regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam as its new parliament hall. The Shengo Hall was the world’s largest pre-fabricated building, which was constructed in Finland before being assembled in Addis Ababa. It is used for large meetings and conventions. Itegue Taitu Hotel, built-in 1898 (Ethiopian Calendar) in the middle of the city (Piazza), was the first hotel in Ethiopia.

Meskel Square is one of the noted squares in the city, serving as the site for the annual Meskel at the end of September annually when thousands gather in celebration.

The fossilized skeleton and a plaster replica of the early hominid Lucy (known in Ethiopia as Dinkinesh) is preserved at the National Museum of Ethiopia.

Culture[edit]

Addis Ababa is a melting pot of different communities throughout the country’s regions, along with Dire Dawa.^[103] In Addis Ababa, cultural assimilation is ubiquitous and widely known.^[104]

Arts and museums[edit]

The National Museum of Ethiopia hosts many artifacts and artistic treasures in Ethiopia. It is also home of archaeological exhibition. The partial specimen of Australopithecus afarensis, and its successor Selam are noteworthy among viewed galleries in the museum. The museum also has wide-range ceremonial costumes of Solomonic dynasty, which was initiated in 1936. Arts include mostly works of Afewerk Tekle, one of the most renowned gallery, and the depiction of meeting between Solomon and Queen of Sheba.^[105]

Theatres and cinemas[edit]

Addis Ababa is home of many theatres, including the long run Hager Fikir Theatre, which served many prominent figures performance. In addition, the Ethiopian National Theatre is also located in the city’s hub. It was founded by Emperor Haile Selassie in 1955, who eponymously renamed it. Historically, the Amhara culture dominated the country’s art scene; rituals connected to priesthood based on Coptic church, most often using improvised art such as shinsheba and qene.

Tekle Hawariat introduced modern European dramas based on La Fontaine‘s fable around 1916.^[106] Mattewos Bekele and Iyoel Yohannes became famous playwright, and Makonnen Endalkachew’s David and Orion and King David III was renowned by that time. In the Derg era, propagandic communist pieces often conceded and several new theatres were opened until the successive government under EPRDF altered new form of cultural life with continuation of development.^[107]

Notable modern cinemas including:^[108]

• Children Youth Theatre
• Agona Cinema
• Haile & Alem Inter
• Cinema Yoftahe
• Sebastopol
• Matin Multiplex

Science and technology[edit]

There are variety of scientific and research institutes in Addis Ababa. The Addis Ababa Science and Technology University has a goal of to bring «Ethiopia economically and industrialized state». The university was founded in 2011 under Directive of the Council of Ministers No. 216/2011. The city is home of various scientific organizations notably the Science and Technology Information Center. Addis Ababa has a science museum built by MadaTech’s exhibition crew. The national museum is 250 square foot with 30 interactive images of scientific objects. The museum was launched by Jewish-American businessman Mark Gelfand, who spent his money more than in MadaTech and sought resurrection of science museum in all over of the world.^[109] Some prominent facilities of scientific and technology include the Ethiopian Biotechnology Institute, while the National Intelligence and Security Service also headquartered in Addis Ababa responsible for upholding national security of the country.

Media[edit]

Addis Ababa has the largest mass media concentration in the country. Radio stations generally state-owned with 50 community licensed by the Ethiopian Broadcasting Authority, with four licensing opts for 29 local languages. The Ethiopian Broadcasting Corporation is a public broadcaster which has its headquarters in Addis Ababa. Private television commenced with the launch of EBS TV in 2008, and many private channels grew in the beginning of 2016. For example, Kana TV, Fana TV, LTV and JTV Ethiopia. As of October 2016, the Ethiopian Broadcasting Agency licensed with Fana Broadcasting Corporate, Walta Information Center and Arki Broadcasting Service and Ed Stelar Training as commercial FM stations. There were reached eight analogue and nine television stations in Ethiopia. Nine stations were available in Addis Ababa and were public owned.^[110]

Sport[edit]

Addis Ababa serves major sporting events, notably the Jan Meda International Cross Country. It hosts four races, with senior and junior (under-20) for both sexes. The city is known for annual 10 km road event called the Great Ethiopian Run, created by athlete Haile Gebrselassie, Peter Middlebrook and Abi Masefield in late October 2000. Yet, course records were broken by Deriba Merga (28:18.61 in 2006) and Yalemzerf Yehualaw (31:55 in 2019) of both men and women respectively.

Addis Ababa is home to Addis Ababa Stadium, Abebe Bikila Stadium, named after Shambel Abebe Bikila, and Nyala Stadium. The 2008 African Championships in Athletics were held in Addis Ababa.

Education[edit]

Emperor Menelik II started modernizing Addis Ababa by introducing new educational scheme in the early 20th century. He replaced this by centuries old traditional Christian schools with secular one. The first school was opened in 1906. However Menelik faced disapprobation by general populace who adapted traditional element, though he encouraged to expand educational institution, forced parents to send their children to school.^[111]

Addis Ababa University was founded in 1950 and was originally named «University College of Addis Ababa», then renamed in 1962 for the former Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie I who had donated his Genete Leul Palace to be the university’s main campus in the previous year. It is the home of the Institute of Ethiopian Studies and the Ethnological Museum. The city also has numerous public universities and private colleges including Addis Ababa Science and Technology University, Ethiopian Civil Service University, Admas University College, St. Mary’s University, Unity University, Kotebe Metropolitan University and Rift Valley University.

In 2022 the new Abrehot Library was completed on former parkland opposite the Parliament Building. It is the largest library in Ethiopia.
Researches indicate that an increase of private education sector in Addis Ababa is as a result of demand of quality education. In 2002/2003, the number of privately owned school accounted for 98, 78, 53, 41, and 67 percent of preschool, primary, secondary, technical and vocational and colleges institutions compared to survey of 1994. Adequate enrollment to school however frequently met with problematic, parents often prefer their children to enroll private school than governmental. Those primary schools always successful at resourcing, business and financial management, and educational protocol that do not offer more bureaucratic administrations.^[112]

Private school often raise school fee that thought to be an exploitative practice without reasonable price. For example, it was observed in Unity University that led to protest. There is an improvement of school expansion in all sorts.

Transport[edit]

Public transport is through public buses from three different companies (Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise, Sheger, Alliance), Light Rail or blue and white taxis. The taxis are usually minibuses that can seat at most twelve people, which follow somewhat pre-defined routes. The minibus taxis are typically operated by two people, the driver and a weyala who collects fares and calls out the taxi’s destination. Sedan taxis work like normal taxis and are driven to the desired destination on demand. In recent years, new taxi companies have appeared, which use other designs, including one large company using yellow sedan taxis and a few ride-hailing companies (Ride taxi, Feres, etc.) have become widely accessible in the city.

Road[edit]

The construction of the Addis Ababa Ring Road was initiated in 1998 to implement the city master plan and enhance peripheral development. The Ring Road was divided into three major phases that connect all the five main gates in and out of Addis Ababa with all other regions (Jimma, Bishoftu, Dessie, Gojjam and Ambo). For this project, China Road and Bridge Corporation (CRBC) was the partner of Addis Ababa City Roads Authority (AACRA).^[113] The Ring Road has greatly helped to decongest and alleviate city traffic.

Intercity bus service is provided by the Lion City Bus Services.

Air[edit]

The city is served by Addis Ababa Bole International Airport, where a new terminal opened in 2003.

Railway[edit]

Addis Ababa originally had a railway connection with Djibouti City, with a picturesque French-style railway station, but this route has been abandoned. The new Addis Ababa-Djibouti Railway started operation in September 2016, running parallel to the route of the original railway line.

Light rail[edit]

Addis Ababa opened its light rail system to the public on 20 September 2015. The system is the first of its kind in sub-Saharan Africa.

The Ethiopian Railway Corporation reached a funding agreement worth millions of dollars with the Export and Import Bank of China in September 2010 and the light rail project was completed in January 2015. The route is a 34.25-kilometre (21.28 mi) network with two lines; the operational line running from the centre to the south of the city. Upon completion, the east–west line will run from Ayat to the Torhailoch ring-road, and from Menelik Square to Merkato Bus Station, Meskel Square and Akaki.^[114]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Addis Ababa is twinned with:^[115][116]

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Arat Kilo monument

• 

  Addis Ababa Sheger Park

• 

  Unity Park Addis Ababa

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Ethiopian Radio and Television station

• 

  Headquarters of the Ethiopian Federal Police

• 

  Light rail overpass at Mexico Square

Notable people[edit]

• Ephraim Isaac: Scholar of Ancient Semitic Studies^[117]
• Mohammed Hussein Al Amoudi: richest person in Ethiopia (worth $8.1 billion)^[118]
• Haile Gebrselassie: Ethiopian long-distance runner
• Kenenisa Bekele: Ethiopian long-distance runner
• Tedros Adhanom: Director-General of the World Health Organization (WHO)
• Saladin Said: Ethiopian soccer player
• Mahder Assefa: Actress
• Mulatu Astatke: Ethiopian Jazz musician
• Mahmoud Ahmed: Ethiopian singer
• Teddy Afro: Ethiopian singer
• Bethlehem Tilahun Alemu: Founder of Sole Rebels^[119]
• Eténèsh Wassié: Ethiopian azmari
• Ruth Negga: Actress^[120]

See also[edit]

• Oromia Region
• Large Cities Climate Leadership Group
• Zewditu Hospital
• ALERT (medical facility)
• Oromia Special Zone Surrounding Finfinne

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Pankhurst, Richard (2001). The Ethiopians: A History (Peoples of Africa). Wiley-Blackwell; New Ed edition. ISBN 0-631-22493-9.

External links[edit]

• Addis Ababa City Administration

Адди́с-Абе́ба (амх. አዲስ አበባ) — столица Эфиопии и Африканского союза, а также его предшественника — Организации африканского Единства. С населением 3 041 002 жителей (2012)^[1] является крупнейшим в мире городом, расположенным в стране, не имеющей выхода к морю. Имеет статус отдельного региона Эфиопии.

Основан в 1886 году императором Менеликом II по просьбе его жены — императрицы Таиту.

Аддис-Абебу часто называют «столицей Африки» или «Парижем Африки» в связи с его историческим, политическим и дипломатическим значением для континента. Город населяют люди множества национальностей из разных регионов Эфиопии: амхара, оромо, Тиграи, сомали и многие другие. Богат также конфессиональный состав населения: здесь живут монофизиты, мусульмане, иудеи, православные христиане, протестанты и приверженцы традиционных африканских верований.

Аддис-Абеба — это одна из самых высокогорных столиц в мире. Самая нижняя точка города — 2326 м, расположена на юге города, где находится аэропорт Боле. Самая высокая точка — гора Энтото с высотой 3000 м, расположенная на севере города.

История

Аддис-Абеба была основана императором Эфиопии Менеликом II. Первоначальное название города звучало как Финфин, что на языке оромо означает «горячие источники». Менелик II, который в это время был царем государства Шева, считал окрестности горы Энтото удобной базой для военных операций на юге его царства. В 1879 году он посетил руины известного средневекового города и остатки церкви в этом районе. Его интерес к этому региону возрос после того, как императрица Таиту начала строительство церкви на горе Энтото. Однако природные условия не позволяли строить город в непосредственной близости от горы. В 1886 году строительство началось к югу от гор.

Первоначально Таиту построила дом для себя в окрестностях минеральных источников «Филуоха», где она и члены Королевского суда любили принимать минеральные ванны. Другие знатные люди селились рядом с домом Таиту. Когда поселение расширилось, Менелик II перестроил дом Таиту во дворец, где сегодня располагается правительство Эфиопии. Современное название — Аддис-Абеба, что в переводе с амхарского языка означает Новый цветок, и титул столицы Эфиопии город принял, когда Менелик II стал императором Эфиопии. До сих пор можно увидеть эвкалипты вдоль городских улиц, посаженные императором Менеликом II.

5 мая 1936 года в ходе Второй итало-эфиопской войны итальянские войска заняли город. В период с 1936 по 1941 год Аддис-Абеба была столицей Итальянской Восточной Африки. За этот период около миллиона эфиопов были убиты горчичным газом. После победы британских войск и эфиопских повстанцев над итальянской армией в Эфиопии император Хайле Селассие вернулся в столицу и сразу начал работы по восстановлению города и прежней жизни.

При поддержке Хайле Селассие в 1963 была создана Организация Африканского Единства, штаб-квартира которой разместилась в Аддис-Абебе. В 2002 году ОАЕ была распущена, а вместо неё был организован Африканский Союз со штаб-квартирой в Аддис-Абебе. Также в городе расположена Экономическая комиссия ООН для Африки. А в 1965 году в Аддис-Абебе был проведен Совет Восточных православных церквей.

Климат

Город имеет целый комплекс сложных климатических явлений, так как расположен на высокогорье. В зависимости от высоты и преобладающего ветра температура может отличаться на 10 °C. В целом температура в течение года примерно одинаковая, без резких колебаний. Среднемесячная температура меняется от +16 до +19 °C в зависимости от времени года. Расположение вблизи экватора обеспечивает достаточно тепла, несмотря на высокогорное положение. Растительность в пределах города довольно бедная, представлена пустынными и полупустынными кустарниками и травами. Колебаний температуры в течение года практически нет. В городе не бывает палящего зноя и почти не бывает холодов, редко — заморозки.

Климат Аддис-Абебы
Показатель	Янв.	Фев.	Март	Апр.	Май	Июнь	Июль	Авг.	Сен.	Окт.	Нояб.	Дек.	Год
Абсолютный максимум, °C	28,8	28,4	30,0	29,5	30,0	29,0	26,8	26,4	26,2	27,0	27,8	28,0	30,0
Средний максимум, °C	21,9	22,8	23,5	23,0	23,5	21,8	19,6	19,4	20,4	21,6	21,6	21,3	21,7
Средняя температура, °C	16,4	17,5	18,5	18,4	18,9	17,5	16,2	16,1	16,4	16,6	16,0	15,4	17,0
Средний минимум, °C	10,0	11,0	12,6	13,2	13,3	12,5	12,0	12,3	11,6	10,4	9,1	9,1	11,4
Абсолютный минимум, °C	1,0	0,0	4,4	6,0	6,0	6,4	6,2	6,1	4,0	2,0	1,0	0,0	0,0
Норма осадков, мм	11	38	52	82	69	107	229	232	142	34	5	11	1010
Источник: Погода и Климат

Демография

Основываясь на данных Центрального статистического агентства Эфиопии, опубликованных в 2012 году, население Аддис-Абебы составляло 3 041 002 жителей, из них 1 449 002 мужчин и 1 592 000 женщин^[1]. В настоящее время на территории Аддис-Абебы не существует сельских районов, поэтому 100 % населения — городское. Здесь проживает 23 % всего городского населения Эфиопии. Площадь города — 526,99 км² и плотность населения составляет 5 770,5 чел./км². Город разделён на 10 административных районов, в самом из густонаселённых (Аддис-Кетема) плотность населения составляет 38 255,3 чел./км², а самом редко населённом (Акаки-Калити) — 1 704,1 чел./км².

Со времени последней переписи населения Эфиопии, которая прошла в 2007 году, население Аддис-Абебы выросло более чем на 300 тысяч жителей. В 2007 году население столицы составляло 2 738 248 жителей^[2].

В столице проживают представители множества национальностей. Среди них выделяются: амхара — 48,3 % населения, оромо — 19,2 %, гураге — 17,5 %, тиграи — 7,6 %. монофизиты составляют 82 % населения, мусульмане — 12,7 %, протестанты — 3,9 %, католики — 0,8 %.

Динамика численности населения Аддис-Абебы:

• 1900 — 80 000 жителей
• 1958—400 000 жителей
• 1968—664 000 жителей
• 2002 — 1 700 000 жителей.
• 2012 — 3 041 002 жителей^[1]

Экономика

В Аддис-Абебе присутствует разнообразная экономическая деятельность. Согласно официальной статистике федерального правительства, около 119 197 человек заняты в торговле и коммерции, 113 977 человек — в промышленности, 80 391 человек имеют свое домохозяйство, 71 186 человек заняты в администрации, 50 538 человек — в транспорте и коммуникациях, 42 514 человек — в области социального обеспечения, 32 685 человек заняты в гостиничном хозяйстве и туризме, а 16 602 человек работают в сельском хозяйстве.

Множество бедных эфиопов из сельских районов приезжают в Аддис-Абебу в поисках заработка и заполняют улицы эфиопской столицы. Хотя в последнее время число нищих уменьшилось благодаря обеспечению их образованием и работой. Сегодня Аддис-Абеба относительно чистый и безопасный город чёрной Африки, где наиболее распространены такие преступления как мошенничество, мелкие кражи и воровство сумок.

В последнее время растет количество высотных зданий и дорогих гостиниц. Ведется строительство торговых центров и развлекательных клубов. Аддис-Абебу все чаще называют «Курортной столицей Африки».

Транспорт

Общественный транспорт состоит из автобусов и маршрутных такси синего или белого цветов. Маршрутные такси это, как правило, микроавтобусы, вмещающие около 12 пассажиров. В каждом маршрутном такси есть кондуктор, собирающий плату за проезд.

В начале 2008 года в сотрудничестве с Россией был открыт первый троллейбусный маршрут — «Геородис — Адису Гебея». В настоящее время маршрут правда уже не работает.

Международный аэропорт Боле обслуживает Аддис-Абебу и ближайшие города, и является главными воздушными воротами страны. В 2003 году здесь был открыт новый международный пассажирский терминал — один из самых современных в Африке. Также планируется открыть воздушное сообщение Аддис-Абебы с Москвой^[3]. На западе города расположен старый аэропорт Лидета, используемый в настоящее время для военных целей и небольших самолетов.

Также Аддис-Абеба имеет железнодорожное сообщение с Джибути и Дыре-Дауа. Вокзал города построен в живописном французском стиле.

Правительство

С 2003 года до мая 2005 года мэром города был Аркэбэ Окубай. 31 мая 2005 года он был назван «Африканским мэром 2005». Тогда же он передал полномочия новому мэру — Берхану Нега. Сегодня мэром города является Берхану Дэрэса.

Образование

Университет Аддис-Абебы был основан в 1950 году и первоначально носил название «Университетский колледж Аддис-Абебы». В 1962 году он был переименован в Университет Аддис-Абебы. Здесь расположено 6 университетских городков и 1 кампус находится в городе Дэбрэ-Зейт. Также во многих городах Эфиопии расположены филиалы этого университета.

В Аддис-Абебе расположен Институт эфиопских исследований и этнографический музей. Также есть множество частных колледжей.

Достопримечательности

В Национальном музее хранится гипсовая копия Люси — австралопитека, найденного на территории Эфиопии. На сегодняшний день это древнейший человек, чьи останки были найдены.

Также здесь расположена Эфиопская национальная библиотека и этнографический музей, музей Аддис-Абебы, музей Эфиопии и музей естественной истории. Богатые коллекции находятся в железнодорожном музее и почтовом музее.

Примечательным является здание Георгиевского собора, основанного в 1896 году. В Свято-Троицком соборе находится захоронение императора Хайле Селассие. Крупнейшим католическим собором является собор Святого Семейства. Здесь расположена крупнейшая мечеть Эфиопии — Анвар.

Другая достопримечательность города — рынок Меркато, основанный в период итальянского господства в Эфиопии.

Крупнейшее спортивное сооружение — стадион Аддис-Абебы, где в 2008 году был проведен чемпионат Африки по легкой атлетике.

Люди, связанные с городом

• Никос Папатакис (род. 1918) — греческий режиссёр. Родился и детство провел в Аддис-Абебе.
• Лия Кебеде (род. 1978) — эфиопская актриса
• Моше Абебе (род. 1989) — эфиопский актёр. Снялся в фильме «Приди, увидь и стань» (2005).
• Дененеш Зудэ (род. 1966) — актёр, снялся в более чем 21 фильме.
• Сенэт Ашенафи (род. 1966) — актриса и деятель культуры Эфиопии.
• Гумилёв, Николай Степанович — его стихи «Аддис-Абеба» город роз посвящены этому городу.
• Ганнибал, Абрам Петрович — родственник писателя Пушкина.

Города-побратимы

Примечания

Ссылки

	Аддис-Абеба на Викискладе?

• http://www.addisababacity.gov.et/
• http://www.ethiopar.net/English/basinfo/infoadds.html
• http://report.globalintegrity.org/ethiopia
• http://www.macalester.edu/courses/geog61/kshively/intro.html
• http://jimmatimes.com/Directory/p_Categories.cfm?categoryID=316&submitted=1&category=122
• http://www.citymayors.com/mayors/addis_mayor.html
• http://clpmag.org/content/contentpages/2008/blogs/sarah/Stuteville_Dawn.php
• http://www.addismap.com/

Административное деление Эфиопии первого уровня
Регионы	Афар • Амхара • Бенишангул-Гумуз • Гамбела • Харари • Оромия • Сомали • Регион Народов и народностей юга • Тыграй
Города-регионы	Аддис-Абеба • Дыре-Дауа
Провинции (до 1995)	Арси • Бале • Гамо-Гофа • Годжам • Гондэр • Харэрге • Иллубабор • Кэфа • Шоа • Сидамо • Тиграй • Уоллега • Уолло • Асэб • Эритрея • Аддис-Абеба

Города Эфиопии
Столица	Аддис-Абеба
Города	Аддис-Абеба | Асоса | Ауаса | Бахр-Дар | Гондэр | Джиджига | Джимма | Дыре-Дауа | Дэбрэ-Маркос | Комболча | Мэкэле | Назрет | Харар

Столицы Африки
Абуджа • Аддис-Абеба • Аккра • Алжир • Антананариву • Асмэра • Бамако • Банги • Банжул • Бисау • Браззавиль • Бужумбура • Виктория • Виндхук • Габороне • Дакар • Джибути • Джуба • Додома • Каир • Кампала • Кигали • Киншаса • Конакри • Либревиль • Лилонгве • Ломе • Луанда • Лусака • Масеру • Малабо • Мапуту • Мбабане • Могадишо • Монровия • Морони • Найроби • Нджамена • Ниамей • Нуакшот • Порт-Луи • Порто-Ново • Прая • Претория • Рабат • Сан-Томе • Триполи • Тунис • Уагадугу • Фритаун • Хараре • Хартум • Ямусукро • Яунде
Прочих территорий	Джеймстаун • Сен-Дени
Непризнанных государств	Бир-Лелу • Гароуэ • Тимбукту • Харгейса • Эль-Аюн

Столица Эфиопии

Зарегистрированный город в Эфиопии

Аддис-Абеба. አዲስ አበባ (амхарский ) Финфинне (Оромо )
Чартерный город
По часовой стрелке сверху: линия горизонта Аддис-Абебы, Памятник Иудейскому льву, Собор Святой Троицы, ул..Собор Святого Георгия, Университет Аддис-Абебы, Аддис-Абебский легкорельсовый транспорт автомобиль
Флаг Печать
Прозвища: Город людей, Шегер
Аддис-Абеба Местоположение в Эфиопии Показать карту Эфиопии Аддис-Абеба Аддис-Абеба (Африка) Показать карту Африки
Координаты: 9 ° 1′48 ″ N 38 ° 44′24 ″ E / 9,03000 ° N 38,74000 ° E / 9,03000; 38,74000 Координаты : 9 ° 1′48 ″ N 38 ° 44′24 ″ E / 9,03000 ° N 38,74000 ° E / 9,03000; 38,74000
Страна	Эфиопия
Зарегистрированный	1886
Правительство
• Мэр	Такеле Ума Банти
Площадь
• Зарегистрированный город	527 км (203 кв. Мили)
• Земля	527 км (203 кв. Мили)
Высота	2355 м (7726 футов)
Население (2008)
• Зарегистрированный город	3,384,569
• Плотность	5,165,1 / км (13,378 / кв. Миль)
• Городской	3,384,569
• Метро	4,567,857
Часовой пояс	UTC + 3 (Восточноафриканское время )
Код (а) области	(+ 251) 11
HDI (2018)	0,697. средний · 1-й
Веб-сайт	Официальный веб-сайт

Аддис-Абеба (Амхарский : አዲስ አበባ, Аддис-Абаба IPA: (слушайте ), «новый цветок») и также известен как Finfinne (Оромо : Финфинне «природный источник») — столица и самый большой город Эфиопии. По переписи 2007 года в городе проживает 2 739 551 человек. Как зарегистрированный город, Аддис-Абеба также является столицей региона Оромия. Здесь находится штаб-квартира Африканского союза и базируется его предшественница Организация африканского единства (ОАЕ). Здесь также находится штаб-квартира Экономической комиссии ООН для Африки (ЭКА), а также различных других континентальных и международных организаций. Поэтому Аддис-Абеба часто называют «политической столицей Африки» из-за его исторического, дипломатического и политического значения для континента. Город расположен в нескольких милях к западу от Восточноафриканского разлома, который разделяет Эфиопию на две части: Нубийская плита и Сомалийская плита. люди из разных регионов Эфиопии. Здесь находится Университет Аддис-Абебы.

Содержание

• 1 История
• 2 География
  • 2.1 Подразделение
  • 2.2 Климат
• 3 Демография
  • 3.1 Языки
  • 3.2 Стандарт жизнь
• 4 Экономика
• 5 Туризм
• 6 Зоопарк
• 7 Закон и правительство
  • 7.1 Правительство
  • 7.2 Преступность
• 8 Места отправления культа
• 9 Архитектура
• 10 Спорт
  • 10.1 Развитие
  • 10.2 Галерея
• 11 Образование
• 12 Транспорт
  • 12.1 Автомобильный транспорт
  • 12.2 Воздушный транспорт
  • 12.3 Железнодорожный транспорт
  • 12.4 Легкорельсовый транспорт
• 13 Побратимы — города-побратимы
• 14 Известные люди
• 15 См. Также
• 16 Ссылки
• 17 Дополнительная литература
• 18 Внешние ссылки

История

Менелик II Конный спорт Памятник в честь победы эфиопы в битве при Адве, посвященной Менелику II, императору Эфиопии 1 марта 1896 г.

Энтото — один из немногих места, выдвинутые как возможное место для средневековой имперской столицы, известной как Барара. Этот постоянный укрепленный город был основан в период с начала до середины 15 века, и он служил главной резиденцией нескольких последовательных императоров до начала 16 века правления Лебны Денгель. Город был изображен стоящим между горами Зиквала и Менегаша на карте, нарисованной итальянским картографом Фра Мауро примерно в 1450 году, и он был разрушен и разграблен Ахмедом Грэгном во время правления императорской армии Захваченный в ловушке на юге реки реки Аваш в 1529 году, событие было засвидетельствовано и задокументировано двумя годами позже йеменским писателем Араб-Факихом. Предположение о том, что Барара находилась на горе Энтото, подтверждается недавним открытием большого средневекового города с видом на Аддис-Абебу, расположенного между высеченным в скале Ваша Микаэль и более современной церковью Энтото Марьям, основанной в конце 19 века императором Менелик. Названный Пентагоном, участок площадью 30 га включает замок с 12 башнями и 520 метров каменных стен высотой до 5 метров.

Аддис-Абеба была выбрана императрицей Тайту. Бетул и город был основан в 1886 году императором Менеликом II. Менелик, первоначально будучи королем провинции Шева, нашел гору Энтото полезной базой для военных операций на юге своего королевства, а в 1879 году он посетил известные руины средневековый город и недостроенная скальная церковь, свидетельствующие о наличии столицы средневековой империи в этом районе до походов Ахмада ибн Ибрихима. Его интерес к этой местности возрос, когда его жена Тайту начала работу над церковью на горе Энтото, а Менелик построил вторую церковь в этом районе.

Мавзолей Теека Негист в дворце Менелик в Аддис-Абебе., 1934.

Однако близлежащая территория не способствовала основанию города из-за отсутствия дров и воды, поэтому поселение фактически началось в долине к югу от горы в 1886 году. Первоначально Тайту построил дом для нее возле горячих минеральных источников «Филвоха», где она и члены Королевского двора Шоуана любили принимать минеральные ванны. Другая знать, их сотрудники и домашние хозяйства поселились поблизости, и Менелик расширил дом своей жены, превратив его в Императорский дворец, который остается резиденцией правительства в Аддис-Абебе сегодня. Название изменилось на Аддис-Абеба и стала столицей Эфиопии, когда Менелик II стал императором Эфиопии. Город рос не по дням, а по часам. Один из вкладов императора Менелика, который сохранился до сих пор, — это посадка множества эвкалиптов на улицах города.

Император Хайле Селассие Эфиопии и президент Гамаль Абдель Насер Египта в Аддис-Абебе на саммите Организации африканского единства, 1963.

После всех основных сражений их вторжения, итальянских войск из колонии Эритрея вошла в Аддис-Абебу 5 мая 1936 года. Наряду с Дыре-Дава город избежал воздушных бомбардировок (включая применение химического оружия например, горчичный газ ) применялся в другом месте, а железная дорога до Джибути осталась нетронутой. После оккупации город служил столицей герцога Аосты объединенной итальянской Восточной Африки до 1941 года, когда он был заброшен в пользу Амба Алаги и другие редуты во время Второй мировой войны и Восточноафриканская кампания. Город был освобожден майором Ордом Вингейтом и негусом Хайле Селассие для эфиопских Сил Гидеона и эфиопского сопротивления вовремя, чтобы позволить императору Хайле Селассие вернуться 5 мая 1941 года, через пять лет после его отъезда. После реконструкции Хайле Селассие помог сформировать Организацию африканского единства в 1963 году и предложил новой организации сохранить штаб-квартиру в Аддис-Абебе. ОАЕ была распущена в 2002 году и заменена Африканским союзом (AU), штаб-квартира которого также находится в городе. Экономическая комиссия Организации Объединенных Наций для Африки также имеет штаб-квартиру в Аддис-Абебе. Аддис-Абеба также была местом проведения Совета восточных православных церквей в 1965 году.

Эфиопию часто называли родиной человечества из-за различных открытий окаменелостей гуманоидов, таких как Австралопитеки Люси. Северо-Восточная Африка и, в частности, регион Афар были в центре внимания этих заявлений до тех пор, пока недавние данные ДНК не указали на происхождение в южно-центральных регионах Эфиопии, таких как современная Аддис-Абеба. Проанализировав ДНК почти 1000 человек по всему миру, генетики и другие ученые заявили, что люди распространились из нынешней Аддис-Абебы 100000 лет назад. Исследование показало, что генетическое разнообразие неуклонно уменьшается по мере того, как предки путешествовали дальше из Аддис-Абебы, Эфиопия.

География

Аддис-Абеба и окрестности (спутниковое изображение в искусственных цветах): это полоса урбанизации, соединяющая Аддис-Абебу и Дебре-Зейит город (в правом нижнем углу изображения) Аддис-Абеба, вид со спутника SPOT Карта района Аддис-Абебы

Аддис-Абеба находится на высоте 2355 метров (7726 футов) и представляет собой луга биом, расположенный на 9 ° 1′48 ″ с.ш., 38 ° 44′24 ″ в.д. / 9,03000 ° с.ш. 38,74000 ° в.д. / 9.03000; 38.74000. Город расположен у подножия горы Энтото и является частью водораздела Аваша. От самой нижней точки, около международного аэропорта Боле, на высоте 2326 метров (7631 фут) над уровнем моря на южной периферии, Аддис-Абеба поднимается на высоту более 3000 метров (9800 футов) в горах Энтото на север.

Подразделение

Город разделен на 10 районов, называемых субгородами (амхарский : ክፍለ ከተማ, kifle ketema) и 99 районов (амхарский : ቀበሌ, кебеле ). Это 10 подгородов:

Nr	Подгород	Площадь (км)	Население	Плотность	Карта
1	Аддис Кетема	7,41	271,644	36,659,1
2	Акакий Калити	118,08	195,273	1,653,7
3	Арада	9,91	225,999	23,000
4	Боле	122,08	328,900	2,694,1
5	Гуллеле	30,18	284,865	9,438,9
6	Киркос	14,62	235,441	16,104
7	Колфе Керанио	61,25	546219	7,448,5
8	Lideta	9,18	214,769	23,000
9	Nifas Silk-Lafto	68,30	335,740	4,915,7
10	Йека	85,46	337,575	3950,1

Климат

Аддис-Абеба
Климатическая карта (пояснение )
J F M A M J J A S O N D 13247 30259 582511 822511 842511 138 2311 280 2111 290 2111 149 2211 27249 7237 7237 Средняя максимальная и минимальная температура в ° C Сумма осадков в мм Источник: NMAE
Имперская конверсия J F M A M J J A S O N D 0,5 7545 1,2 7748 2,3 7752 3,2 7752 3,3 7752 5,4 7352 117052 117052 5,9 7252 1,1 7548 0,3 7345 0,3 7345 Средняя максимальная и минимальная температура в ° F Сумма осадков в дюймах

В Аддис-Абебе есть subtr оптический климат высокогорья (Köppen : Cwb) с осадками, значительно меняющимися в зависимости от месяца. В городе сложное сочетание высокогорных климатических зон с перепадами температур до 10 ° C (18 ° F), в зависимости от высоты и преобладающих ветров. На большой высоте температура умерена круглый год, а расположение города около экватора означает, что температуры очень постоянны от месяца к месяцу. Таким образом, климат был бы морским, если бы его высота не была принята во внимание, поскольку ни один месяц не превышает 22 ° C (72 ° F) при средней температуре.

С середины ноября по январь бывает сезон дождей. Для высокогорных климатических регионов характерны сухие зимы, а в Аддис-Абебе сейчас сухой сезон. В течение этого сезона дневные максимальные температуры обычно не превышают 23 ° C (73 ° F), а минимальные ночные температуры могут опускаться до нуля. Короткий сезон дождей — с февраля по май. В этот период разница между максимальными дневными температурами и минимальными ночными температурами не так велика, как в другое время года, с минимальными температурами в диапазоне 10–15 ° C (50–59 ° F). В это время года в городе теплые температуры и приятные дожди. Продолжительный влажный сезон с июня до середины сентября; это главный зимний сезон в стране. Этот период совпадает с летом, но температура намного ниже, чем в другое время года, из-за частых дождей и града, обилия облачности и меньшего количества солнечных часов. Это время года характеризуется темными, прохладными и влажными днями и ночами. Следующая осень — это переходный период между влажным и сухим сезонами.

Самая высокая температура за всю историю наблюдений составила 30,6 ° C (87,1 ° F) 26 февраля 2019 г., а самая низкая температура за всю историю наблюдений была 0 ° C (32 ° F), зафиксированная несколько раз.

Климатические данные для Аддис-Абеба (1981–2010, крайности с 1898 года по настоящее время)
Месяц	Янв	Фев	Мар	Апр	Май	июн	июл	авг	сен	октябрь	ноя	декабрь	Год
Рекордно высокое ° C (° F)	28,8. (83,8)	30,6. (87,1)	30,0. (86,0)	30,2. (86,4)	29,5. (85,1)	29,0. (84,2)	29,1. (84,4)	28,0. (82,4)	25,6. (78,1)	27,1. (80,8)	29,5. (85,1)	26,5. (79,7)	30,6. (87,1)
Средняя высокая ° C (° F)	24. (75)	24. (75)	25. (77)	24. (75)	25. (77)	23. (73)	21. (70)	21. (70)	22. ( 72)	23. (73)	23. (73)	23. (73)	23. (74)
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F)	16,0. (60.	16,8. (62,2)	17,8. (64,0)	17,8. (64,0)	18,2. (64,8)	16,8. (62,2)	15,5. (59,9)	15,6. (60,1)	16,1. (61,0)	16,1. (61,0)	15,4. (59,7)	15,2. (59,4)	16,4. (61,5)
Средняя низкая ° C (° F)	8. (46)	9. (48)	10. (50)	11. (52)	11. (52)	10. (50)	10. (50)	10. (50)	10. (50)	9. (48)	7. (45)	7. (45)	9. (49)
Записать низкое значение ° C (° F)	0,0. (32,0)	0,1. (32,2)	0,0. (32,0)	2,5. (36,5)	4,0. (39,2)	4,2. (39,6)	5,4. (41,7)	5,7. (42,3)	3,9. (39,0)	0,0. (32,0)	0,0. (32,0)	0,0. (32,0)	0,0. (32,0)
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймов)	13. (0,5)	30. (1,2)	58. (2.3)	82. (3.2)	84. (3.3)	138. (5.4)	280. (11.0)	290. (11,4)	149. (5,9)	27. (1,1)	7. (0,3)	7. (0,3)	1,165. (45,9)
Среднее количество дождливых дней (≥ 0,1 мм)	3	5	7	10	10	20	27	26	18	4	1	1	132
Средняя относительная влажность (%)	52	51	53	59	55	68	78	80	75	57	53	53	62
Среднемесячное значение солнечные часы	266,6	206,2	241,8	210,0	238,7	174,0	111,6	133,3	162,0	248,0	267,0	288,3	2547,5
Среднесуточное солнечные часы	8,6	7,3	7,8	7,0	7,7	5,8	3,6	4,3	5,4	8,0	8,9	9,3	7,0
Источник 1: Весь мир Метеорологическая организация (средние высокие и низкие, а также количество осадков)
Источник 2: Deutscher Wetterdienst (средняя температура температуры 1961–1990, влажность 1951–1990 и солнце 1985–1998) Метеоклимат (рекордные максимумы и минимумы)

Демография

По данным последней переписи населения 2007 года, проведенной национальными статистическими органами Эфиопии, Аддис Общая численность городского и сельского населения Абебы составляет 2 739 551 человек. В столице было подсчитано 662 728 домашних хозяйств, проживающих в 628 984 жилищных единицах, что дает в среднем 5,3 человека на домашнее хозяйство. Хотя все эфиопские этнические группы представлены в Аддис-Абебе, поскольку это столица страны, самые крупные группы включают амхара (47,0%), оромо (19,5%), Гураж (16,3%), Тиграян (6,18%), Силтье (2,94%) и Гамо (1,68%). В качестве родных языков используются следующие языки: амхарский (71,0%), афан оромо (10,7%), гураге (8,37%), тигринья (3,60%), Silt’e (1,82%) и Gamo (1,03%). Религия с наибольшим количеством верующих в Аддис-Абебе — эфиопские православные с 74,7% населения, в то время как 16,2% составляют мусульмане, 7,77% протестанты и 0,48% католики.

языки Аддис-Абебы по данным переписи 2007 года

амхарский (71,0%) оромо (10,7%) гураге (8,37%) Тигриня (3,60%) Силтье (1,82%) Гамо (1,03%) Другое (3,48%)

В предыдущей переписи, проведенной в 1994 году численность населения города составляла 2 112 737 человек, из которых 1 023 452 мужчины и 1 089 285 женщин. В то время не все население было городским; только 2 084 588 или 98,7% были. На весь административный совет приходилось 404 783 домашних хозяйства в 376 568 единицах жилья, в среднем 5,2 человека на домашнее хозяйство. Основные этнические группы включали амхара (48,3%), оромо (30,2%), гураге (13,5%; 2,3% Sebat Bet и 0,8% Содо ), Тиграян 7,64%, Сильте 3,98% и иностранцы из Эритреи 1,33%. Знание языков включает амхарский (51,6%), афан оромо (32,0%), гураге (6,54%), тигринья (5,41%)), и Сильте 2,29%. В 1994 г. преобладающей религией также была эфиопская православная с 82,0% населения, в то время как 12,7% были мусульманами, 3,87% протестантами и 0,78% Католики.

Год	Население	±%
1984	1,412,575	—
1994	2,112,737	+ 49,6%
2007	2,739,551	+ 29,7%
2015	3,273,000	+ 19,5%
источник:

Историческое население

языки

Уровень жизни

Согласно национальной переписи населения 2007 года, 98,64% жилых единиц Аддис-Абебы имели доступ к безопасной питьевой воде, в то время как 14,9% имели туалеты со смывом, 70,7% — туалеты с выгребной ямой. (как вентилируемые, так и невентилируемые), а 14,3% не имели туалетов. В 2014 году в городе было 63 общественных туалета, планируется построить еще больше. Значения других общих показателей уровня жизни для Аддис-Абебы по состоянию на 2005 г. включают следующее: 0,1% жителей попадают в квинтиль с самым низким уровнем благосостояния; Грамотность взрослого населения составляет 93,6% для мужчин и 79,95% для женщин, что является самым высоким показателем в стране для обоих полов; а гражданский коэффициент младенческой смертности составляет 45 младенческих смертей на 1000 живорождений, что меньше, чем в среднем по стране (77); по крайней мере половина этих смертей произошла в первом месяце жизни младенцев.

Город частично питается водой от водохранилища Кока.

Экономика

Центр города Дембель

Экономическая деятельность в Аддис-Абебе разнообразна. Согласно официальной статистике федерального правительства, около 119 197 человек в городе занимаются торговлей и коммерцией; 113 977 человек в обрабатывающей промышленности и промышленности; 80 391 домохозяйка разного сорта; 71 186 в гражданской администрации; 50 538 — транспорт и связь; 42 514 человек — в сфере образования, здравоохранения и социальных услуг; 32 685 человек в сфере гостиничного и общественного питания; и 16 602 человека в сельском хозяйстве. Помимо жителей сельских районов Аддис-Абебы, горожане также участвуют в животноводстве и выращивании садов. Ежегодно орошается 677 гектаров (1 670 акров) земли, на которых выращивается 129 880 центнеров овощей. Это относительно чистый и безопасный город, где самыми распространенными преступлениями являются карманные кражи, мошенничество и мелкие кражи со взломом. В последнее время в городе наблюдается строительный бум, во многих местах возводятся высокие здания. Также стали доступны различные роскошные услуги, и в последнее время увеличилось строительство торговых центров. По словам Тиа Гольденберг из IOL, специалисты по региональным спа-курортам сказали, что некоторые люди называют город «курортной столицей Африки».

Ethiopian Airlines имеет штаб-квартиру на территории международного аэропорта Боле в Аддис-Абебе.

Туризм

Общественный парк Аддис-Абебы

Туризм — это растущая отрасль в Аддис-Абебе и Эфиопии в целом. За последнее десятилетие в стране наблюдался рост туризма на 10%, что впоследствии привело к притоку туристов в Аддис-Абебу. В 2015 году Европейский совет по туризму и торговле назвал Эфиопию туристическим местом номер один в мире.

Зоопарк

Самец льва в зоопарке Аддис-Абебы

Зоопарк Аддис-Абебы в 2011 году содержали 15 львов. Образцы их волос были использованы в генетическом анализе, который показал, что они генетически разнообразны. Поэтому было предложено включить их в программу разведения в неволе.

Закон и правительство

Правительство

Согласно Конституции Эфиопии 1995 года, город Аддис-Абеба является одним из двух федеральных городов, которые подотчетны федеральному правительству Эфиопии. Другой город с таким же статусом — Дыре-Дауа на востоке страны, и оба они являются городами федерального значения. Ранее, после создания федеральной структуры в 1991 году в соответствии с Переходной хартией Эфиопии, правительство города Аддис-Абеба было одним из 14 новых региональных правительств. Однако эта структура была изменена федеральной конституцией в 1995 году, и в результате Аддис-Абеба не имеет статуса штата.

Администрация города Аддис-Абеба состоит из мэра, который возглавляет исполнительную ветвь власти, и городского совета, который принимает городские правила. Однако как часть федерального правительства федеральный законодательный орган принимает законы, имеющие обязательную силу в Аддис-Абебе. Члены городского совета избираются непосредственно жителями города, а совет, в свою очередь, избирает мэра из своих членов. Срок полномочий выборных должностных лиц составляет пять лет. Однако федеральное правительство, когда сочтет это необходимым, может распустить городской совет и всю администрацию и заменить их временной администрацией до следующих выборов. Жители Аддис-Абебы представлены в федеральном законодательном органе, Палате народных представителей. Однако город не представлен в Палате Федерации, которая является федеральной верхней палатой, состоящей из представителей государств-членов. Исполнительная власть при мэре состоит из городского менеджера и различных отделений государственных служб.

Мэр Аддис-Абебы — инженер Такеле Ума Бенти из Демократической партии Оромо, бывшей ODP (OPDO), которая является членом правящей коалиции эфиопских народов. Революционно-демократический фронт (РДФР). Инженер Такеле Ума вступил в должность в 2018 году. Его предшественники, г-н Диррибаа Кумаа и Кумаа Даммаксаа (также оба из ODP), были мэрами города до Такеле. До этого федеральное правительство назначило г-на Берхане Дерессу руководителем временной временной администрации, которая работала с 9 мая 2006 г. по 30 октября 2008 г. после кризиса на выборах 2005 г. На национальных выборах 2005 года правящая партия EPRDF потерпела крупное поражение в Аддис-Абебе. Однако оппозиция, победившая в Аддис-Абебе, не участвовала в правительстве ни на региональном, ни на федеральном уровне. Эта ситуация вынудила федеральное правительство под руководством EPRDF назначить временную администрацию до проведения новых выборов. В результате был назначен независимый гражданин г-н Берхане Дересса.

Некоторые из известных прошлых мэров Аддис-Абебы: Аркебе Окубай (2003–06), Зевде Теклу (1985–89), Алему Абебе (1977–85) и Зевде Гебрехивот (1960). –69).

Криминал

Аддис-Абеба считается чрезвычайно безопасным городом по сравнению с другими городами региона. По индексу преступности Аддис-Абеба имеет 44,28 балла, что означает умеренный уровень преступности. Карманные кражи и мелкие кражи без оружия более распространены в городе. Коррупция и взяточничество — чрезвычайно распространенные преступления в Аддис-Абебе. Очень маловероятно, что в городе произойдут тяжкие преступления.

Храмы

Среди культовых сооружений это преимущественно христианские церкви и храмы: эфиопская православная церковь Тевахедо, эфиопская евангелическая церковь Мекане Йесус (Всемирная лютеранская федерация ), эфиопская церковь Кале Хейвет, Эфиопская католическая архепархия Аддис-Абеба (Католическая церковь ), Эфиопская церковь верующих полного Евангелия, а также мусульманские мечети.

Архитектура

Финансовый район строится в Аддис-Абебе.

Мэр Кума Демекса приступил к поиску увеличения инвестиций в здания в город. Аддис-Абеба является штаб-квартирой Экономической комиссии ООН для Африки и Африканского союза.

. Известная более высокая архитектура в Аддис-Абебе включает штаб-квартиру CBE, международный банк NIB, банк Zemen, банк Hibret, Башня Худа, Башня Нани, Здание Банка Миср, а также утвержденная Башня Всемирного торгового центра Анголы, Башня Банка Абиссинии, Башня Мехико-Сквер, а также конференц-центр и офисный комплекс AU за 200 млн долларов .

Среди известных зданий — Собор Святого Георгия (основан в 1896 году, здесь же находится музей), Собор Святой Троицы (когда-то самый большой эфиопский православный собор и местонахождение Сильвии Панкхерст ), а также место захоронения императора Хайле Селассие и императорской семьи, а также тех, кто боролся с итальянским вторжением во время Второй мировой войны.

в районе Меркато, который является крупнейшим открытым рынком в Африке, это Большая мечеть Анвар, самая большая мечеть в Эфиопии, построенная в е Итальянская оккупация. В нескольких метрах к юго-западу от мечети Анвар находится церковь Рагуэля, построенная после освобождения императрицей Менен. Близость мечети и церкви символизировала давние мирные отношения между христианством и исламом в Эфиопии. Римско-католический собор Святого Семейства также находится в районе Меркато. Рядом с международным аэропортом Боле находится новый православный собор Медхане Алем (Спасителя мира), который является вторым по величине в Африке.

Горы Энтото начинаются среди северных окраин. Пригороды города включают Широ Меда и Энтото на севере, Ураэль и Боле (где находится международный аэропорт Боле) на востоке, Нифас Шелк на юге. -Восток, Меканиса на юге, и Керанийо и Колфе на западе. Колфе упоминается в автобиографии Нельсона Манделы «Долгий путь к свободе» как место, где он проходил военную подготовку.

Аддис-Абеба имеет особый архитектурный стиль. В отличие от многих африканских городов, Аддис-Абеба не была построена как колониальное поселение. Это означает, что в городе не европейский стиль архитектуры. Ситуация изменилась с итальянским вторжением в Эфиопию в 1936 году. Район Пьяцца в центре города является наиболее очевидным показателем итальянского влияния. Здания очень итальянские по стилю, здесь много итальянских ресторанов, а также небольшие кафе и торговые центры в европейском стиле.

Парки включают Африканский парк, расположенный вдоль Проспект Менелика II.

Другие особенности города включают большой рынок Меркато, ипподром Ян Меда , центр отдыха Бихере Циге и железнодорожную ветку, ведущую в Джибути.

В городе находятся Национальная библиотека Эфиопии, Эфиопский этнологический музей (и бывший дворец Гуенете Леуль ), Аддис-Абебский музей, эфиопский Музей естественной истории, Эфиопский железнодорожный музей и Национальный почтовый музей.

Здесь также старый Императорский дворец Менелика, который остается официальной резиденцией правительства, и Национальный дворец, ранее известный как Юбилейный. Дворец (построен в честь серебряного юбилея императора Хайле Селассие в 1955 году), который является резиденцией президента Эфиопии. Юбилейный дворец также был смоделирован по образцу Букингемского дворца в Соединенном Королевстве. Зал Африки расположен напротив проспекта Менелика II от этого дворца, где находится штаб-квартира Экономической комиссии ООН для Африки, а также большинство офисов ООН в Эфиопии. Это также место основания Организации африканского единства (ОАЕ), которая в конечном итоге стала Африканским союзом (АС). Африканский Союз теперь размещается в новой штаб-квартире, построенной на месте снесенной тюрьмы Акаки на земле, подаренной Эфиопией для этой цели в юго-западной части города. Театр Хагера Фикир, старейший театр Эфиопии, расположен в районе Пьяцца. Рядом с собором Святой Троицы находится здание Парламента в стиле ар-деко, построенное во время правления императора Хайле Селассие, с башней с часами. Сегодня он продолжает служить резиденцией парламента. Напротив Парламента находится Зал Шенго, построенный режимом Дерга при Менгисту Хайле Мариам как новый зал Парламента. Зал Шенго был самым большим в мире сборным зданием, которое было построено в Финляндии, а затем было собрано в Аддис-Абебе. Он используется для больших встреч и конвенций. Itegue Taitu Hotel, построенный в 1898 году (Эфиопский календарь ) в центре города (Пьяцца), был первым отелем в Эфиопии.

Площадь Мескель — одна из самых известных площадей города и место проведения ежегодного Мескель, ежегодно проводимого в конце сентября, когда тысячи людей собираются на празднование.

Ископаемый скелет и гипсовая копия древнего гоминида Люси (известного в Эфиопии как Динкинеш) хранятся в Национальном музее Эфиопии.

Спорт

Спортивные сооружения включают Аддис-Абеба и стадионы Ньялы. Чемпионат Африки по легкой атлетике 2008 года прошел в Аддис-Абебе.

Развитие

В городе действует центр «Мы — будущее» — детский сад, обеспечивающий детям более высокий уровень жизни. Центр управляется под руководством мэрии, а международная неправительственная организация Glocal Forum выполняет функции по сбору средств, а также занимается планированием программ и координатором детских центров WAF в каждом городе. Каждый город WAF связан с несколькими городами-аналогами, а также с государственными и частными партнерами для создания уникальной международной коалиции.

Запущенная в 2004 году программа является результатом стратегического партнерства между Glocal Forum, Фондом Куинси Джонса Listen Up Foundation и г-ном Хани Масри при поддержке Всемирный банк, агентства ООН и крупные компании.

Галерея

• 

  Памятник Арат Кило

• 

  Коммерческий Банк Эфиопии

• 

  Площадь Мескель

• 

  Собор Святого Георгия

• 

  Театр Хагер Фикир (апрель 2006 г.)

• 

  Эфиопская радио- и телевизионная станция

• 

  Штаб эфиопской федеральной полиции

• 

  Эстакада легкорельсового транспорта на площади Мехико, Аддис-Абеба

Образование

Аддис-Абебский университет

Аддис-Абебский университет был основан в 1950 году и первоначально назывался «Университетский колледж Аддис-Абебы», а затем переименован в 1962 году в честь бывшего эфиопского императора Хайле Селассие I, который в предыдущем году пожертвовал свой дворец Genete Leul Palace в качестве главного кампуса университета. Здесь находятся Институт эфиопских исследований и Этнологический музей. В городе также есть множество государственных университетов и частных колледжей, в том числе Аддис-Абебский научно-технический университет, Эфиопский университет государственной службы, Университетский колледж Адмаса, St. Университет Мэри, Университет Юнити, Столичный университет Котебе и Университет Рифт-Валли.

Транспорт

международный аэропорт Боле

Общественный транспорт обслуживается общественными автобусами трех разных компаний (Anbessa City Bus Service Enterprise, Sheger, Alliance), Light Rail или бело-голубые такси. Такси обычно микроавтобусы, вмещающие не более двенадцати человек, которые следуют по заранее определенным маршрутам. Такси-микроавтобусы обычно обслуживают два человека: водитель и вейла, которые собирают плату за проезд и называют место назначения такси. Седан-такси работает как обычное такси и по запросу доставляется в желаемый пункт назначения. В последние годы появились новые компании такси, использующие другие конструкции, в том числе одна крупная компания, использующая желтые такси-седаны.

Дорога

Строительство кольцевой дороги Аддис-Абебы было начато в 1998 году с целью реализации генерального плана города и улучшения периферийного развития. Кольцевая дорога была разделена на три основных этапа, которые соединяли все пять главных ворот в Аддис-Абебу и из него со всеми другими регионами (Джимма, Бишофту, Десси, Годжам и Амбо ). В этом проекте Китайская дорожно-мостовая корпорация (CRBC) была партнером Управления автомобильных дорог Аддис-Абебы (AACRA). Кольцевая дорога очень помогла разгрузить городское движение и облегчить его движение.

Междугородние автобусные перевозки предоставляются компанией Lion City Bus Services.

Air

Город обслуживает международный аэропорт Аддис-Абеба Боле, где в 2003 году открылся новый терминал. Старый аэропорт Лидета в западном районе «Старый аэропорт» используется в основном небольшими судами, военными самолетами и вертолетами.

Железная дорога

Аддис-Абеба первоначально имела железнодорожное сообщение с городом Джибути, с живописный вокзал во французском стиле, но этот маршрут был заброшен. Новая железная дорога Аддис-Абеба-Джибути начала работу в сентябре 2016 года и проходит параллельно маршруту первоначальной железнодорожной линии.

Легкорельсовый транспорт

Эстакада легкорельсового транспорта на станции Лидета, Аддис-Абеба

Аддис-Абеба открыла для общественности свою систему легкорельсового транспорта 20 сентября 2015 года. Эта система является первой из своего рода в Африке к югу от Сахары.

Эфиопская железнодорожная корпорация достигла соглашения о финансировании на миллионы долларов с Экспортно-импортным банком Китая в сентябре 2010 года, и проект легкорельсового транспорта был завершен в январе 2015 года. 34,25-километровая (21,28 миль) сеть с двумя линиями; оперативная линия, идущая из центра на юг города. После завершения линия восток-запад будет проходить от Аят до кольцевой дороги Торхайлоч и от площади Менелик до автовокзала Меркато, площади Мескель и Акаки.

Города-побратимы — города-побратимы

Аддис-Абеба является побратимом :

• Анкара, Турция
• Беэр-Шева, Израиль
• Пекин, Китай
• Чхунчхон, Южная Корея
• Хараре, Зимбабве
• Йоханнесбург, Южная Африка
• Хартум, Судан
• Лейпциг, Германия
• Лусака, Замбия
• Лион, Франция
• Найроби, Кения
• Вашингтон, округ Колумбия, США

Известные люди

• Эфраим Исаак : исследователь древних семитских исследований
• Мохаммед Хусейн Аль Амуди : самый богатый человек в Эфиопии (состояние 8,1 миллиарда долларов)
• Хайле Гебрселасси : эфиопский бегун на длинные дистанции
• Кенениса Бекеле : эфиопский бегун на длинные дистанции
• Тедрос Адханом : генеральный директор Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ)
• Саладин Саид : эфиопский футболист
• Мулату Астатке : Эфиопский джазовый музыкант
• Махмуд Ахмед : эфиопский певец
• Тедди Афро : эфиопский певец
• Вифлеем Тилахун Алему : основатель Sole Rebels
• Этенеш Вассие : эфиоп азмари

См. Также

• Портал Африки

• Группа лидеров по климату крупных городов
• Аддис-Абеба лев
• Больница Зевдиту
• ПРЕДУПРЕЖДЕНИЕ (медицинское учреждение)

Ссылки

Дополнительная литература

• Ричард Панкхерст (2001). Эфиопы: История (Народы Африки). Вили-Блэквелл; Новое издание Ed. ISBN 0-631-22493-9.

Внешние ссылки

• Администрация города Аддис-Абеба
• Аддис-Абеба

Толковый словарь русского языка. Поиск по слову, типу, синониму, антониму и описанию. Словарь ударений.

аддис-абеба

аддис-абебский