Австралийский доллар как пишется

Australian dollar

A$, AU$

ISO 4217
Code AUD (numeric: 036)
Subunit 0.01
Unit
Unit dollar
Symbol $
Denominations
Subunit
1100 cent
Symbol
 cent c
Banknotes
 Freq. used $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
 Rarely used $1, $2 (no longer in production)
Coins
 Freq. used 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, $1, $2
 Rarely used 1c, 2c (no longer in production)
Demographics
Date of introduction 14 February 1966
Replaced Australian pound
User(s)  Australia

7 external territories

  • Ashmore and Cartier Islands
    Australian Antarctic Territory
     Christmas Island
     Cocos (Keeling) Islands
    Coral Sea Islands Territory
    Heard Island and McDonald Islands
     Norfolk Island

3 other countries

  •  Kiribati (alongside Kiribati dollar)
     Nauru
     Tuvalu (alongside Tuvaluan dollar)
Issuance
Central bank Reserve Bank of Australia
 Website www.rba.gov.au
Printer Note Printing Australia
 Website www.noteprinting.com
Mint Royal Australian Mint
 Website www.ramint.gov.au
Valuation
Inflation 7.8% (Australia only)
 Source Reserve Bank of Australia, December 2022.
Pegged by Tuvaluan dollar and Kiribati dollar at par

The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the official currency and legal tender of Australia, including its external territories, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island, and three independent sovereign Pacific Island states: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[1][2][3][4] Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.[5][6] The $ symbol precedes the amount. It is subdivided into 100 cents.

The Australian dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966 to replace the pre-decimal Australian pound, with the conversion rate of two dollars to the pound.

In 2016, the Australian dollar was the fifth-most-traded currency in world foreign exchange markets, accounting for 6.9% of the world’s daily share. In the same year, there were A$71.12 billion in Australian currency in circulation, or A$2,932 per person in Australia,[7] which includes cash reserves held by the banking system and cash in circulation in other countries or held as a foreign exchange reserve.

Constitutional basis[edit]

Section 51(xii) of the Constitution of Australia gives the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament the power to legislate with respect to «currency, coinage, and legal tender».

The currency power must be read in conjunction with other parts of the Australian Constitution. Section 115 of the Constitution provides: «A State shall not coin money, nor make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts.»[8]

Under this provision the Perth Mint, owned by the Western Australian government, still produces gold and silver coins with legal tender status,[citation needed] the Australian Gold Nugget and Australian Silver Kookaburra. These, however, although having the status of legal tender, are almost never circulated or used in payment of debts, and are mostly considered bullion coins. Australian coins are now produced at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.

History[edit]

«Australian Royal» redirects here. For Australian royalty, see Monarchy of Australia.

Early moves towards decimalisation[edit]

Before the adoption of the current Australian dollar in 1966, Australia’s currency was the Australian pound, which like the British pound sterling was divided into 20 shillings and each shilling was divided into 12 pence, making a pound worth 240 pence. The Australian pound was introduced in 1910 at par with the pound sterling or A£1 = UK£1 until 1931, when it was devalued to A£1 = UK£0.8 or 16 shillings UK.[9]

In 1902, a select committee of the House of Representatives, chaired by George Edwards, had recommended that Australia adopt a decimal currency with the pound divided into ten florins and the florin into 100 cents.[10] In 1937, the Banking Royal Commission[note 1] appointed by the Lyons Government had recommended that Australia adopt «a system of decimal coinage … based upon the division of the Australian pound into 1000 parts».[11]

Adoption of the dollar[edit]

In February 1959, Treasurer Harold Holt appointed a Decimal Currency Committee, chaired by Walter D. Scott, to examine the merits of decimalisation. The committee reported in August 1960 in favour of decimalisation and recommended that a new currency be introduced in February 1963, with the adoption to be modelled on South Africa’s replacement of the South African pound with the rand worth 10 shillings or 12 pound. The Menzies Government announced its support for decimalisation in July 1961, but delayed the process in order to give further consideration to the implementation process.[12] In April 1963, Holt announced that a decimal currency was scheduled to be introduced in February 1966, with a base unit equal to 10 shillings, and that a Decimal Currency Board would be established to oversee the transition process.[11]

A public consultation process was held in which over 1,000 names were suggested for the new currency. In June 1963, Holt announced that the new currency would be called the «royal». This met with widespread public disapproval, and three months later it was announced that it would instead be named the «dollar».[13]

The Australian pound was replaced by the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966[14] with the conversion rate of A$2 = A£1. Since Australia was still part of the fixed-exchange sterling area, the exchange rate was fixed to the pound sterling at a rate of A$1 = 8 U.K. shillings (or UK£1 = A$2.50, and in turn UK£1 = US$2.80). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar from US$2.80 to US$2.40, but the Australian dollar chose to retain its peg to the US dollar at A$1 = US$1.12 (hence appreciating in value versus sterling).

The Australian dollar is legal tender in its external territories: Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island; and is also official currency in Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. It was legal tender in Papua New Guinea until 31 December 1975 when it was replaced by the Papua New Guinean kina, and in Solomon Islands until 1977 when it was replaced by the Solomon Islands dollar.

Coins[edit]

In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 and 2 cents (bronze); 5, 10, and 20 cents (cupronickel; 75% copper, 25% nickel); and 50 cents (silver, then cupronickel). The 50-cent coins in 80% silver were withdrawn after a year when the intrinsic value of the silver content was found to considerably exceed the face value of the coins. Aluminium bronze (92% copper, 6% aluminium, 2% nickel) 1 dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by aluminium bronze 2 dollar coins in 1988, to replace the banknotes of that value. 1 and 2 cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation in 1992; since then cash transactions have been rounded to the nearest 5 cents.

Australian coins[15]

Value Image Technical parameters Description Date of first minting
Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Weight Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
1c 17.65 mm >1.4 mm 2.60 g 97% copper
2.5% zinc
0.5% tin
Plain Queen Elizabeth II Feathertail glider 1966-1991 (no longer issued)
2c 21.59 mm <1.9 mm 5.20 g Frill-necked lizard
5c 19.41 mm 1.3 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel
75% copper
25% nickel
Reeded Queen
Elizabeth II
Echidna 1966
10c 23.60 mm 2.0 mm 5.65 g Superb lyrebird
20c 28.65 mm 2.5 mm 11.3 g Platypus
50c 31.65 mm (across flats) 2.5 mm 15.55 g Plain Coat of arms 1969
$1 25.00 mm 2.8 mm 9.00 g 92% copper
6% aluminium
2% nickel
Interrupted
milled
Queen
Elizabeth II
Five kangaroos 1984
$2 20.50 mm 3.0 mm 6.60 g Aboriginal elder and Southern Cross 1988

Australia’s coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, which is located in the nation’s capital, Canberra. Since opening in 1965, the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins, and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day, or more than 600 million coins per year.

Current Australian 5, 10 and 20 cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling, and two shilling (florin) coins. Pre-decimal Australian coins remain legal tender for 10 cents per shilling. Before 2006 the old New Zealand 5, 10 and 20 cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, and vice versa, and therefore circulated in both countries. The UK replaced these coins with smaller versions from 1990 to 1993, as did New Zealand in 2006. Still, some confusion occurs with the larger-denomination coins in the two countries; Australia’s $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand’s $2 coin, and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia’s $2 coin.

With a mass of 15.55 grams (0.549 oz) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres (1+14 in), the Australian 50-cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today.

Commemorative coins[edit]

The Royal Australian Mint also has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins. It has first issued commemorative 50-cent coins in 1970, commemorating James Cook’s exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent, followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee, the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981, the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982, and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century, responding to collector demand. Commemorative designs have also been featured on the circulating two dollar, one dollar, and 20 cent coins.

In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one- and two-cent coins. In early 2013, Australia’s first triangular coin was introduced to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House. The silver $5 coin is 99.9% silver, and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards.[16]

Banknotes[edit]

First series[edit]

The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966. The $1, $2, $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound notes. The $5 note was issued in 1967, the $50 was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984.[17]

The $1 banknote was replaced by a $1 coin in 1984, while the $2 banknote was replaced by a smaller $2 coin in 1988.[18] Although no longer printed, all previous notes of the Australian dollar are still considered legal tender.[19]

Shortly after the changeover, substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected. This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, culminating in the introduction of the first polymer banknote in 1988.

First polymer series[edit]

Australia was the first country to produce polymer banknotes,[20] more specifically made of polypropylene polymer, which were produced by Note Printing Australia. These revolutionary polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes, are more durable and easily recyclable.

The first polymer banknote was issued in 1988 as a $10 note[21] commemorating the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint, with other elements of Aboriginal culture. On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet, with a background of Sydney Cove, as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years.

The first polymer series was rolled out starting 1992 and featured the following persons:

  • The $100 note features world-renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), and the distinguished soldier, engineer and administrator General Sir John Monash (1865–1931).[22]
  • The $50 note features Aboriginal writer and inventor David Unaipon (1872–1967), and Australia’s first female parliamentarian, Edith Cowan (1861–1932).[23]
  • The $20 note features the founder of the world’s first aerial medical service (the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia), the Reverend John Flynn (1880–1951), and Mary Reibey (1777–1855), who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792 and went on to become a successful shipping magnate and philanthropist.[24]
  • The $10 note features the poets AB «Banjo» Paterson (1864–1941) and Dame Mary Gilmore (1865–1962). This note incorporates micro-printed excerpts of Paterson’s and Gilmore’s work.[25]
  • The $5 note features Queen Elizabeth II and Parliament House, Canberra, the national capital.[26]

A special centenary issue of the $5 note featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence in 2001. In 2015–2016 there were petitions to feature Fred Hollows on the upgraded $5 note, but failed to push through when the new note was introduced on 1 September 2016.[27][28][29]

Australia also prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries through Note Printing Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate[30] for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh, Brunei, Chile, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology.

Second polymer series[edit]

On 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new future proof security features
[31]
and include tactile features like Braille dots for ease of use of the visually impaired.
[32][33] All persons featured on the first polymer series were retained on the second polymer series.

Banknote series since 2016[34][35]

Note Obverse Reverse Dimensions (mm) Main colour Embossing Issued
$5 Queen Elizabeth II Parliament House 130 × 65 Violet, purple Federation star 1 September 2016[29]
$10 Banjo Paterson Dame Mary Gilmore 137 × 65 Blue Pen nib 20 September 2017[36]
$20 Mary Reibey Reverend John Flynn 144 × 65 Red/Orange Compass 9 October 2019[37]
$50 David Unaipon Edith Cowan 151 × 65 Yellow Book 18 October 2018[38]
$100 Dame Nellie Melba Sir John Monash 158 × 65 Green Fan 29 October 2020[39][40]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Exchange rates[edit]

Exchange rate history[edit]

The cost of one Euro in Australian Dollar.

Prior to 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. The Australian pound was initially at par from 1910 with the British pound or A£1 = UK£1; from 1931 it was devalued to A£1 = UK£0.8 or 16 shillings sterling. This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound.

From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967 at UK£1 = A£1.25 = A$2.50 = US$2.80. In 1967 Australia did not follow the pound sterling devaluation and remained fixed to the U.S. dollar at A$1 = US$1.12.

With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar. In September 1974, Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index (TWI) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar.[41] The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation.

The highest valuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar was during the period of the peg to the U.S. dollar. On 9 September 1973, the peg was adjusted to US$1.4875, the fluctuation limits being changed to US$1.485–US$1.490;[42] on both 7 December 1973 and 10 December 1973, the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one dollar.[43]

1983 ABC news report on the first day of trading with a floating Dollar.

In December 1983, the Australian Labor government led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments as well as supply and demand on international money markets. The decision was made on 8 December 1983 and announced on 9 December 1983.[44]

In the two decades that followed, its highest value relative to the US dollar was $0.881 in December 1988. The lowest ever value of the dollar after it was floated was 47.75 US cents in April 2001.[45] It returned to above 96 US cents in June 2008,[46] and reached 98.49 later that year. Although the value of the dollar fell significantly from this high towards the end of 2008, it gradually recovered in 2009 to 94 US cents.

On 15 October 2010, the dollar reached parity with the US dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency, trading above US$1 for a few seconds.[47] The currency then traded above parity for a sustained period of several days in November, and fluctuated around that mark into 2011.[48] On 27 July 2011, the dollar hit a record high since floating, at $1.1080 against the US dollar.[49] Some commentators speculated that its high value that year was related to Europe’s sovereign debt crisis, and Australia’s strong ties with material importers in Asia and in particular China.[50]

Since the end of the China’s large-scale purchases of Australian commodities in 2013, however, the Australian dollar’s value versus the US dollar has since plunged to $0.88 as of end-2013, and to as low as $0.57 in March 2020. As of 2021, it has traded at a range of $0.71 to $0.80.

Determinants of value[edit]

In 2016, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in world foreign exchange markets, accounting for 6.9% of the world’s daily share (down from 8.6% in 2013)[51] behind the United States dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen and the pound sterling.

The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia’s economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle.[52]

Economists posit that commodity prices are the dominant driver of the Australian dollar, and this means changes in exchange rates of the Australian dollar occur in ways opposite to many other currencies.[53] For decades, Australia’s balance of trade has depended primarily upon commodity exports such as minerals and agricultural products. This means the Australian dollar varies significantly during the business cycle, rallying during global booms as Australia exports raw materials, and falling during recessions as mineral prices slump or when domestic spending overshadows the export earnings outlook. This movement is in the opposite direction to other reserve currencies, which tend to be stronger during market slumps as traders move value from falling stocks into cash.

The Australian dollar is a reserve currency and one of the most traded currencies in the world.[52] Other factors in its popularity include a relative lack of central bank intervention, and general stability of the Australian economy and government.[54] In January 2011 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Alexey Ulyukaev announced that the Central Bank of Russia would begin keeping Australian dollar reserves.[55]

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[56]

  • v
  • t
  • e
Rank Currency ISO 4217
code
Symbol or
abbreviation
Proportion of
daily volume,
April 2019
Proportion of
daily volume,
April 2022

1

U.S. dollar

USD

US$

88.3% 88.5%

2

Euro

EUR

32.3% 30.5%

3

Japanese yen

JPY

¥ / 円

16.8% 16.7%

4

Sterling

GBP

£

12.8% 12.9%

5

Renminbi

CNY

¥ / 元

4.3% 7.0%

6

Australian dollar

AUD

A$

6.8% 6.4%

7

Canadian dollar

CAD

C$

5.0% 6.2%

8

Swiss franc

CHF

CHF

5.0% 5.2%

9

Hong Kong dollar

HKD

HK$

3.5% 2.6%

10

Singapore dollar

SGD

S$

1.8% 2.4%

11

Swedish krona

SEK

kr

2.0% 2.2%

12

South Korean won

KRW

₩ / 원

2.0% 1.9%

13

Norwegian krone

NOK

kr

1.8% 1.7%

14

New Zealand dollar

NZD

NZ$

2.1% 1.7%

15

Indian rupee

INR

1.7% 1.6%

16

Mexican peso

MXN

$

1.7% 1.5%

17

New Taiwan dollar

TWD

NT$

0.9% 1.1%

18

South African rand

ZAR

R

1.1% 1.0%

19

Brazilian real

BRL

R$

1.1% 0.9%

20

Danish krone

DKK

kr

0.6% 0.7%

21

Polish złoty

PLN

0.6% 0.7%

22

Thai baht

THB

฿

0.5% 0.4%

23

Israeli new shekel

ILS

0.3% 0.4%

24

Indonesian rupiah

IDR

Rp

0.4% 0.4%

25

Czech koruna

CZK

0.4% 0.4%

26

UAE dirham

AED

د.إ

0.2% 0.4%

27

Turkish lira

TRY

1.1% 0.4%

28

Hungarian forint

HUF

Ft

0.4% 0.3%

29

Chilean peso

CLP

CLP$

0.3% 0.3%

30

Saudi riyal

SAR

0.2% 0.2%

31

Philippine peso

PHP

0.3% 0.2%

32

Malaysian ringgit

MYR

RM

0.1% 0.2%

33

Colombian peso

COP

COL$

0.2% 0.2%

34

Russian ruble

RUB

1.1% 0.2%

35

Romanian leu

RON

L

0.1% 0.1%

Other 2.2% 2.5%
Total[note 2] 200.0% 200.0%

Current exchange rates[edit]

Current AUD exchange rates
From Google Finance: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From XE.com: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From OANDA: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD

Legal tender[edit]

Within Australia[edit]

Australian notes are legal tender throughout Australia by virtue of the Reserve Bank Act 1959, s.36(1),[1] without an amount limit. Part IV of the Currency Act 1965[57] similarly provides that Australian coins intended for general circulation are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts:

  • 1c and 2c coins (withdrawn from circulation from February 1992, but still legal tender): for payments not exceeding 20¢
  • 5c, 10c, 20c and 50c (of any combination): for payments not exceeding $5
  • $1 coins: for payments not exceeding $10
  • $2 coins: for payments not exceeding $20
  • Non-circulating $10 coins: for payments not exceeding $100 [58]
  • Coins of other denominations: no lower limit

Although the Reserve Bank Act 1959 and the Currency Act 1965 establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. A provider of goods or services may specify the payment method before a «contract» is entered into, such as in the case of online transactions. If a provider of goods or services specifies another means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably may have legal consequences.[59][60]

Outside Australia[edit]

Australian notes and coins are also legal tender in the independent sovereign states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[2][3][4] Nauru never had its own currency. Tuvalu and Kiribati additionally had their respective Tuvaluan and Kiribati dollars at par with the Australian dollar. They are legal tender in their respective countries but not in Australia. However, both countries no longer produce coinage since the 1990s and have never produced their own banknotes. As a result, the Australian dollar is the dominant currency in both countries.

Tuvalu also issues non-circulating commemorative bullion coins produced by the Perth Mint.[61][62]

See also[edit]

  • Banking in Australia
  • Brass razoo
  • Coins of Australia
  • Economy of Australia
  • Note Printing Australia
  • Section 51 (xii) of the Constitution of Australia

Other main currencies[edit]

  • United States dollar
  • Euro
  • Japanese yen
  • Pound sterling
  • Canadian dollar
  • Swiss franc

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ In full, the «Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the monetary and banking systems at present in operation in Australia»
  2. ^ The total sum is 200% because each currency trade always involves a currency pair; one currency is sold (e.g. US$) and another bought (€). Therefore each trade is counted twice, once under the sold currency ($) and once under the bought currency (€). The percentages above are the percent of trades involving that currency regardless of whether it is bought or sold, e.g. the US dollar is bought or sold in 88% of all trades, whereas the euro is bought or sold 32% of the time.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Reserve Bank Act 1959, s.36(1) Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, and Currency Act 1965, s.16 Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b «Currency». The Government of the Republic of Nauru. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b «Tuvalu country brief». Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b «Kiribati country brief». Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  5. ^ McGovern, Gerry; Norton, Rob; O’Dowd, Catherine (2002). The Web content style guide: an essential reference for online writers … FT Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-273-65605-0. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  6. ^ The Canadian Style. Dundurn Press/Translation Bureau. 1997. ISBN 1-55002-276-8. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  7. ^ Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (October 2017). Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries, Figures for 2016. Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ «COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT – SECT 115 States not to coin money». Austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  9. ^ «Banknotes of the 1930s». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  10. ^ «Report from the Select Committee on Coinage» (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. 3 April 1902. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  11. ^ a b «A New Currency». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  12. ^ «Report of the 1959 Decimal Currency Committee». Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1959. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  13. ^ «The Introduction of Decimal Currency: How We Avoided Nostrils and Learned to Love the Bill». Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  14. ^ «Introducing the New Decimal Banknotes». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  15. ^ «Coin Types | Royal Australian Mint». www.ramint.gov.au. Royal Australian Mint. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  16. ^ «Triangular coin celebrates Parliament House’s birthday». ABC News. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  17. ^ History of Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/history/ Archived 25 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ «The Reserve Bank and Reform of the Currency: 1960–1988, Inflation and the Note Issue». Reserve Bank of Australia Music um. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  19. ^ «DELIBERATE DAMAGE». Legal. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. All Australian banknotes, present and all past issues, are lawfully current in Australia.
  20. ^ «Wi-fi, dual-flush loos and eight more Australian inventions». BBC News. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  21. ^ «Other Banknotes». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  22. ^ «$100 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  23. ^ «$50 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  24. ^ «$20 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  25. ^ «$10 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  26. ^ «$5 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  27. ^ «Campaign to put Fred Hollows on Australian $5 note». Stuff. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  28. ^ Vernon, Jackson; Dalzell, Stephanie (25 January 2016). «‘Put Fred on a fiver’: Call for Australian great to feature on banknote». ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  29. ^ a b «Next Generation of Banknotes: $5 Banknote Design Reveal». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  30. ^ «Paying with Polymer: Developing Canada’s New Bank Notes» (PDF). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  31. ^ Media Release: R.B.A.: Upgrading Australia’s Banknotes http://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2012/mr-12-27.html Archived 3 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ «Next Generation Banknotes: Additional Feature for the Vision Impaired». www.rba.gov.au (Press release). Media Office-Reserve Bank of Australia. 13 February 2015.
  33. ^ Haxton, Nance (19 February 2015). «RBA to introduce tactile banknotes after 13yo blind boy Connor McLeod campaigns for change». ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  34. ^ «A Complete Series of Polymer Banknotes: 1992–1996». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  35. ^ «RBA Banknotes: Banknote Features». Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  36. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: $10 Design Reveal». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  37. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: $20 Enters General Circulation». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  38. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: Circulation Date for the New $50 Banknote». www.rgba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018.
  39. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: Circulation Date for the New Banknote». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  40. ^ «Australia’s new $100 banknote enters circulation». 9 News Australia. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  41. ^ «1350.0 – Australian Economic Indicators, Mar 1998». Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  42. ^ Cowitt, Philip P., ed. (1985). World Currency Yearbook, 1984. International Currency Analysis. p. 75. ISBN 0-917645-00-6.
  43. ^ «U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate». Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  44. ^ «20 years since Aussie dollar floated». Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 December 2003. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  45. ^ «Global risk weighs on Howard’s agenda». CNN. 12 November 2001. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  46. ^ «Dollar Falls Before RBA Meeting: New Zealand’s Drops». Bloomberg. 30 June 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  47. ^ «Dollar hits parity vs US dollar». Reuters. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  48. ^ Davis, Bradley (4 November 2010). «Dollar hits new post-float high after US central bank move». The Australian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  49. ^ «AUD/USD Slides After Topping 1.10 Level – Westpac». Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  50. ^ «Sky News: Aussie dollar hits new highs». Sky News. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  51. ^ Desjardins, Jeff (29 December 2016). «Here are the most traded currencies in 2016». Business Insider. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  52. ^ a b Yeates, Clancy (2 September 2010). «Aussie now fifth most traded currency». The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  53. ^ «Westpac Market Insights March 2011» (PDF). Westpac. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  54. ^ Dorsch, Gary (14 February 2006). «Analyzing the Dollar – Up, Down, and Under». SafeHaven.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  55. ^ «Russia to Keep Dollar Reserves From February». Davos, Switzerland: RIA Novosti. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  56. ^ «Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022» (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  57. ^ «Currency Act 1965». www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  58. ^ «Currency Act 1965». Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  59. ^ «RBA Banknotes: Legal Tender». rba.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.
  60. ^ «Reserve Bank of Australia – Home Page». rba.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  61. ^ «Explaining Tuvalu’s role in modern coins». Perth Mint. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  62. ^ «Why the tiny Pacific nation of Tuvalu wants a bigger share of the collectable coin market». ABC News. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

Sources[edit]

  • Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
  • Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.

External links[edit]

  • Sound recording of 1966 Decimal Currency radio advertisement held at the National Archives of Australia
  • Reserve Bank of Australia: Current Banknotes
  • The Perth Mint is Australia’s precious metals mint, making non-circulating/collector coins in silver, gold, and platinum.
  • Note Printing Australia is the printer of Australia’s notes, and also inventor of the abovementioned polymer banknotes, and world exporter of this technology.
  • The Money Tracker site allows users to track Australian banknotes as they circulate around Australia.
  • Images of historic and modern Australian bank notes
  • Reserve Bank of Australia – daily value of AUD against 13 currencies, special drawing right and trade weighted index
  • Reserve Bank of Australia – historical data of AUD since 1969 (various .xls files)
  • [1] – historical exchange rates of AUD/USD (from the year 1800 to present time).
  • [2] – historical chart of AUD/USD (from the year 1800 to present time).
  • The banknotes of Australia (in English and German)
Australian dollar

A$, AU$

ISO 4217
Code AUD (numeric: 036)
Subunit 0.01
Unit
Unit dollar
Symbol $
Denominations
Subunit
1100 cent
Symbol
 cent c
Banknotes
 Freq. used $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
 Rarely used $1, $2 (no longer in production)
Coins
 Freq. used 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c, $1, $2
 Rarely used 1c, 2c (no longer in production)
Demographics
Date of introduction 14 February 1966
Replaced Australian pound
User(s)  Australia

7 external territories

  • Ashmore and Cartier Islands
    Australian Antarctic Territory
     Christmas Island
     Cocos (Keeling) Islands
    Coral Sea Islands Territory
    Heard Island and McDonald Islands
     Norfolk Island

3 other countries

  •  Kiribati (alongside Kiribati dollar)
     Nauru
     Tuvalu (alongside Tuvaluan dollar)
Issuance
Central bank Reserve Bank of Australia
 Website www.rba.gov.au
Printer Note Printing Australia
 Website www.noteprinting.com
Mint Royal Australian Mint
 Website www.ramint.gov.au
Valuation
Inflation 7.8% (Australia only)
 Source Reserve Bank of Australia, December 2022.
Pegged by Tuvaluan dollar and Kiribati dollar at par

The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the official currency and legal tender of Australia, including its external territories, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands and Norfolk Island, and three independent sovereign Pacific Island states: Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[1][2][3][4] Within Australia, it is almost always abbreviated with the dollar sign ($), with A$ or AU$ sometimes used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies.[5][6] The $ symbol precedes the amount. It is subdivided into 100 cents.

The Australian dollar was introduced on 14 February 1966 to replace the pre-decimal Australian pound, with the conversion rate of two dollars to the pound.

In 2016, the Australian dollar was the fifth-most-traded currency in world foreign exchange markets, accounting for 6.9% of the world’s daily share. In the same year, there were A$71.12 billion in Australian currency in circulation, or A$2,932 per person in Australia,[7] which includes cash reserves held by the banking system and cash in circulation in other countries or held as a foreign exchange reserve.

Constitutional basis[edit]

Section 51(xii) of the Constitution of Australia gives the Commonwealth (federal) Parliament the power to legislate with respect to «currency, coinage, and legal tender».

The currency power must be read in conjunction with other parts of the Australian Constitution. Section 115 of the Constitution provides: «A State shall not coin money, nor make anything but gold and silver coin a legal tender in payment of debts.»[8]

Under this provision the Perth Mint, owned by the Western Australian government, still produces gold and silver coins with legal tender status,[citation needed] the Australian Gold Nugget and Australian Silver Kookaburra. These, however, although having the status of legal tender, are almost never circulated or used in payment of debts, and are mostly considered bullion coins. Australian coins are now produced at the Royal Australian Mint in Canberra.

History[edit]

«Australian Royal» redirects here. For Australian royalty, see Monarchy of Australia.

Early moves towards decimalisation[edit]

Before the adoption of the current Australian dollar in 1966, Australia’s currency was the Australian pound, which like the British pound sterling was divided into 20 shillings and each shilling was divided into 12 pence, making a pound worth 240 pence. The Australian pound was introduced in 1910 at par with the pound sterling or A£1 = UK£1 until 1931, when it was devalued to A£1 = UK£0.8 or 16 shillings UK.[9]

In 1902, a select committee of the House of Representatives, chaired by George Edwards, had recommended that Australia adopt a decimal currency with the pound divided into ten florins and the florin into 100 cents.[10] In 1937, the Banking Royal Commission[note 1] appointed by the Lyons Government had recommended that Australia adopt «a system of decimal coinage … based upon the division of the Australian pound into 1000 parts».[11]

Adoption of the dollar[edit]

In February 1959, Treasurer Harold Holt appointed a Decimal Currency Committee, chaired by Walter D. Scott, to examine the merits of decimalisation. The committee reported in August 1960 in favour of decimalisation and recommended that a new currency be introduced in February 1963, with the adoption to be modelled on South Africa’s replacement of the South African pound with the rand worth 10 shillings or 12 pound. The Menzies Government announced its support for decimalisation in July 1961, but delayed the process in order to give further consideration to the implementation process.[12] In April 1963, Holt announced that a decimal currency was scheduled to be introduced in February 1966, with a base unit equal to 10 shillings, and that a Decimal Currency Board would be established to oversee the transition process.[11]

A public consultation process was held in which over 1,000 names were suggested for the new currency. In June 1963, Holt announced that the new currency would be called the «royal». This met with widespread public disapproval, and three months later it was announced that it would instead be named the «dollar».[13]

The Australian pound was replaced by the Australian dollar on 14 February 1966[14] with the conversion rate of A$2 = A£1. Since Australia was still part of the fixed-exchange sterling area, the exchange rate was fixed to the pound sterling at a rate of A$1 = 8 U.K. shillings (or UK£1 = A$2.50, and in turn UK£1 = US$2.80). In 1967, Australia effectively left the sterling area when the pound sterling was devalued against the US dollar from US$2.80 to US$2.40, but the Australian dollar chose to retain its peg to the US dollar at A$1 = US$1.12 (hence appreciating in value versus sterling).

The Australian dollar is legal tender in its external territories: Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, and Norfolk Island; and is also official currency in Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. It was legal tender in Papua New Guinea until 31 December 1975 when it was replaced by the Papua New Guinean kina, and in Solomon Islands until 1977 when it was replaced by the Solomon Islands dollar.

Coins[edit]

In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1 and 2 cents (bronze); 5, 10, and 20 cents (cupronickel; 75% copper, 25% nickel); and 50 cents (silver, then cupronickel). The 50-cent coins in 80% silver were withdrawn after a year when the intrinsic value of the silver content was found to considerably exceed the face value of the coins. Aluminium bronze (92% copper, 6% aluminium, 2% nickel) 1 dollar coins were introduced in 1984, followed by aluminium bronze 2 dollar coins in 1988, to replace the banknotes of that value. 1 and 2 cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn from circulation in 1992; since then cash transactions have been rounded to the nearest 5 cents.

Australian coins[15]

Value Image Technical parameters Description Date of first minting
Obverse Reverse Diameter Thickness Weight Composition Edge Obverse Reverse
1c 17.65 mm >1.4 mm 2.60 g 97% copper
2.5% zinc
0.5% tin
Plain Queen Elizabeth II Feathertail glider 1966-1991 (no longer issued)
2c 21.59 mm <1.9 mm 5.20 g Frill-necked lizard
5c 19.41 mm 1.3 mm 2.83 g Cupronickel
75% copper
25% nickel
Reeded Queen
Elizabeth II
Echidna 1966
10c 23.60 mm 2.0 mm 5.65 g Superb lyrebird
20c 28.65 mm 2.5 mm 11.3 g Platypus
50c 31.65 mm (across flats) 2.5 mm 15.55 g Plain Coat of arms 1969
$1 25.00 mm 2.8 mm 9.00 g 92% copper
6% aluminium
2% nickel
Interrupted
milled
Queen
Elizabeth II
Five kangaroos 1984
$2 20.50 mm 3.0 mm 6.60 g Aboriginal elder and Southern Cross 1988

Australia’s coins are produced by the Royal Australian Mint, which is located in the nation’s capital, Canberra. Since opening in 1965, the Mint has produced more than 14 billion circulating coins, and has the capacity to produce more than two million coins per day, or more than 600 million coins per year.

Current Australian 5, 10 and 20 cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling, and two shilling (florin) coins. Pre-decimal Australian coins remain legal tender for 10 cents per shilling. Before 2006 the old New Zealand 5, 10 and 20 cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, and vice versa, and therefore circulated in both countries. The UK replaced these coins with smaller versions from 1990 to 1993, as did New Zealand in 2006. Still, some confusion occurs with the larger-denomination coins in the two countries; Australia’s $1 coin is similar in size to New Zealand’s $2 coin, and the New Zealand $1 coin is similar in size to Australia’s $2 coin.

With a mass of 15.55 grams (0.549 oz) and a diameter of 31.51 millimetres (1+14 in), the Australian 50-cent coin is one of the largest coins used in the world today.

Commemorative coins[edit]

The Royal Australian Mint also has an international reputation for producing quality numismatic coins. It has first issued commemorative 50-cent coins in 1970, commemorating James Cook’s exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent, followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee, the wedding of Charles, Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer in 1981, the Brisbane Commonwealth Games in 1982, and the Australian Bicentenary in 1988. Issues expanded into greater numbers in the 1990s and the 21st century, responding to collector demand. Commemorative designs have also been featured on the circulating two dollar, one dollar, and 20 cent coins.

In commemoration of the 40th anniversary of decimal currency, the 2006 mint proof and uncirculated sets included one- and two-cent coins. In early 2013, Australia’s first triangular coin was introduced to mark the 25th anniversary of the opening of Parliament House. The silver $5 coin is 99.9% silver, and depicts Parliament House as viewed from one of its courtyards.[16]

Banknotes[edit]

First series[edit]

The first paper issues of the Australian dollar were issued in 1966. The $1, $2, $10 and $20 notes had exact equivalents in the former pound notes. The $5 note was issued in 1967, the $50 was issued in 1973 and the $100 was issued in 1984.[17]

The $1 banknote was replaced by a $1 coin in 1984, while the $2 banknote was replaced by a smaller $2 coin in 1988.[18] Although no longer printed, all previous notes of the Australian dollar are still considered legal tender.[19]

Shortly after the changeover, substantial counterfeiting of $10 notes was detected. This provided an impetus for the Reserve Bank of Australia to develop new note technologies jointly with the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation, culminating in the introduction of the first polymer banknote in 1988.

First polymer series[edit]

Australia was the first country to produce polymer banknotes,[20] more specifically made of polypropylene polymer, which were produced by Note Printing Australia. These revolutionary polymer notes are cleaner than paper notes, are more durable and easily recyclable.

The first polymer banknote was issued in 1988 as a $10 note[21] commemorating the bicentenary of European settlement in Australia. The note depicted on one side a young male Aboriginal person in body paint, with other elements of Aboriginal culture. On the reverse side was the ship Supply from the First Fleet, with a background of Sydney Cove, as well as a group of people to illustrate the diverse backgrounds from which Australia has evolved over 200 years.

The first polymer series was rolled out starting 1992 and featured the following persons:

  • The $100 note features world-renowned soprano Dame Nellie Melba (1861–1931), and the distinguished soldier, engineer and administrator General Sir John Monash (1865–1931).[22]
  • The $50 note features Aboriginal writer and inventor David Unaipon (1872–1967), and Australia’s first female parliamentarian, Edith Cowan (1861–1932).[23]
  • The $20 note features the founder of the world’s first aerial medical service (the Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia), the Reverend John Flynn (1880–1951), and Mary Reibey (1777–1855), who arrived in Australia as a convict in 1792 and went on to become a successful shipping magnate and philanthropist.[24]
  • The $10 note features the poets AB «Banjo» Paterson (1864–1941) and Dame Mary Gilmore (1865–1962). This note incorporates micro-printed excerpts of Paterson’s and Gilmore’s work.[25]
  • The $5 note features Queen Elizabeth II and Parliament House, Canberra, the national capital.[26]

A special centenary issue of the $5 note featured Sir Henry Parkes and Catherine Helen Spence in 2001. In 2015–2016 there were petitions to feature Fred Hollows on the upgraded $5 note, but failed to push through when the new note was introduced on 1 September 2016.[27][28][29]

Australia also prints polymer banknotes for a number of other countries through Note Printing Australia, a wholly owned subsidiary of the Reserve Bank of Australia. Note Printing Australia prints polymer notes or simply supplies the polymer substrate[30] for a growing number of other countries including Bangladesh, Brunei, Chile, Kuwait, Malaysia, Mexico, Nepal, New Zealand, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka and Vietnam. Many other countries are showing a strong interest in the new technology.

Second polymer series[edit]

On 27 September 2012, the Reserve Bank of Australia stated that it had ordered work on a project to upgrade the current banknotes. The upgraded banknotes would incorporate a number of new future proof security features
[31]
and include tactile features like Braille dots for ease of use of the visually impaired.
[32][33] All persons featured on the first polymer series were retained on the second polymer series.

Banknote series since 2016[34][35]

Note Obverse Reverse Dimensions (mm) Main colour Embossing Issued
$5 Queen Elizabeth II Parliament House 130 × 65 Violet, purple Federation star 1 September 2016[29]
$10 Banjo Paterson Dame Mary Gilmore 137 × 65 Blue Pen nib 20 September 2017[36]
$20 Mary Reibey Reverend John Flynn 144 × 65 Red/Orange Compass 9 October 2019[37]
$50 David Unaipon Edith Cowan 151 × 65 Yellow Book 18 October 2018[38]
$100 Dame Nellie Melba Sir John Monash 158 × 65 Green Fan 29 October 2020[39][40]
These images are to scale at 0.7 pixel per millimetre. For table standards, see the banknote specification table.

Exchange rates[edit]

Exchange rate history[edit]

The cost of one Euro in Australian Dollar.

Prior to 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. The Australian pound was initially at par from 1910 with the British pound or A£1 = UK£1; from 1931 it was devalued to A£1 = UK£0.8 or 16 shillings sterling. This reflected its historical ties as well as a view about the stability in value of the British pound.

From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the U.S. dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to sterling until 1967 at UK£1 = A£1.25 = A$2.50 = US$2.80. In 1967 Australia did not follow the pound sterling devaluation and remained fixed to the U.S. dollar at A$1 = US$1.12.

With the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted the traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the US dollar. In September 1974, Australia valued the dollar against a basket of currencies called the trade weighted index (TWI) in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the US dollar.[41] The daily TWI valuation was changed in November 1976 to a periodically adjusted valuation.

The highest valuation of the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar was during the period of the peg to the U.S. dollar. On 9 September 1973, the peg was adjusted to US$1.4875, the fluctuation limits being changed to US$1.485–US$1.490;[42] on both 7 December 1973 and 10 December 1973, the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one dollar.[43]

1983 ABC news report on the first day of trading with a floating Dollar.

In December 1983, the Australian Labor government led by Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payments as well as supply and demand on international money markets. The decision was made on 8 December 1983 and announced on 9 December 1983.[44]

In the two decades that followed, its highest value relative to the US dollar was $0.881 in December 1988. The lowest ever value of the dollar after it was floated was 47.75 US cents in April 2001.[45] It returned to above 96 US cents in June 2008,[46] and reached 98.49 later that year. Although the value of the dollar fell significantly from this high towards the end of 2008, it gradually recovered in 2009 to 94 US cents.

On 15 October 2010, the dollar reached parity with the US dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency, trading above US$1 for a few seconds.[47] The currency then traded above parity for a sustained period of several days in November, and fluctuated around that mark into 2011.[48] On 27 July 2011, the dollar hit a record high since floating, at $1.1080 against the US dollar.[49] Some commentators speculated that its high value that year was related to Europe’s sovereign debt crisis, and Australia’s strong ties with material importers in Asia and in particular China.[50]

Since the end of the China’s large-scale purchases of Australian commodities in 2013, however, the Australian dollar’s value versus the US dollar has since plunged to $0.88 as of end-2013, and to as low as $0.57 in March 2020. As of 2021, it has traded at a range of $0.71 to $0.80.

Determinants of value[edit]

In 2016, the Australian dollar was the fifth most traded currency in world foreign exchange markets, accounting for 6.9% of the world’s daily share (down from 8.6% in 2013)[51] behind the United States dollar, the euro, the Japanese yen and the pound sterling.

The Australian dollar is popular with currency traders, because of the comparatively high interest rates in Australia, the relative freedom of the foreign exchange market from government intervention, the general stability of Australia’s economy and political system, and the prevailing view that the Australian dollar offers diversification benefits in a portfolio containing the major world currencies, especially because of its greater exposure to Asian economies and the commodities cycle.[52]

Economists posit that commodity prices are the dominant driver of the Australian dollar, and this means changes in exchange rates of the Australian dollar occur in ways opposite to many other currencies.[53] For decades, Australia’s balance of trade has depended primarily upon commodity exports such as minerals and agricultural products. This means the Australian dollar varies significantly during the business cycle, rallying during global booms as Australia exports raw materials, and falling during recessions as mineral prices slump or when domestic spending overshadows the export earnings outlook. This movement is in the opposite direction to other reserve currencies, which tend to be stronger during market slumps as traders move value from falling stocks into cash.

The Australian dollar is a reserve currency and one of the most traded currencies in the world.[52] Other factors in its popularity include a relative lack of central bank intervention, and general stability of the Australian economy and government.[54] In January 2011 at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Alexey Ulyukaev announced that the Central Bank of Russia would begin keeping Australian dollar reserves.[55]

Most traded currencies by value
Currency distribution of global foreign exchange market turnover[56]

  • v
  • t
  • e
Rank Currency ISO 4217
code
Symbol or
abbreviation
Proportion of
daily volume,
April 2019
Proportion of
daily volume,
April 2022

1

U.S. dollar

USD

US$

88.3% 88.5%

2

Euro

EUR

32.3% 30.5%

3

Japanese yen

JPY

¥ / 円

16.8% 16.7%

4

Sterling

GBP

£

12.8% 12.9%

5

Renminbi

CNY

¥ / 元

4.3% 7.0%

6

Australian dollar

AUD

A$

6.8% 6.4%

7

Canadian dollar

CAD

C$

5.0% 6.2%

8

Swiss franc

CHF

CHF

5.0% 5.2%

9

Hong Kong dollar

HKD

HK$

3.5% 2.6%

10

Singapore dollar

SGD

S$

1.8% 2.4%

11

Swedish krona

SEK

kr

2.0% 2.2%

12

South Korean won

KRW

₩ / 원

2.0% 1.9%

13

Norwegian krone

NOK

kr

1.8% 1.7%

14

New Zealand dollar

NZD

NZ$

2.1% 1.7%

15

Indian rupee

INR

1.7% 1.6%

16

Mexican peso

MXN

$

1.7% 1.5%

17

New Taiwan dollar

TWD

NT$

0.9% 1.1%

18

South African rand

ZAR

R

1.1% 1.0%

19

Brazilian real

BRL

R$

1.1% 0.9%

20

Danish krone

DKK

kr

0.6% 0.7%

21

Polish złoty

PLN

0.6% 0.7%

22

Thai baht

THB

฿

0.5% 0.4%

23

Israeli new shekel

ILS

0.3% 0.4%

24

Indonesian rupiah

IDR

Rp

0.4% 0.4%

25

Czech koruna

CZK

0.4% 0.4%

26

UAE dirham

AED

د.إ

0.2% 0.4%

27

Turkish lira

TRY

1.1% 0.4%

28

Hungarian forint

HUF

Ft

0.4% 0.3%

29

Chilean peso

CLP

CLP$

0.3% 0.3%

30

Saudi riyal

SAR

0.2% 0.2%

31

Philippine peso

PHP

0.3% 0.2%

32

Malaysian ringgit

MYR

RM

0.1% 0.2%

33

Colombian peso

COP

COL$

0.2% 0.2%

34

Russian ruble

RUB

1.1% 0.2%

35

Romanian leu

RON

L

0.1% 0.1%

Other 2.2% 2.5%
Total[note 2] 200.0% 200.0%

Current exchange rates[edit]

Current AUD exchange rates
From Google Finance: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From XE.com: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD
From OANDA: CAD CHF CNY EUR GBP HKD JPY USD JPY USD

Legal tender[edit]

Within Australia[edit]

Australian notes are legal tender throughout Australia by virtue of the Reserve Bank Act 1959, s.36(1),[1] without an amount limit. Part IV of the Currency Act 1965[57] similarly provides that Australian coins intended for general circulation are also legal tender, but only for the following amounts:

  • 1c and 2c coins (withdrawn from circulation from February 1992, but still legal tender): for payments not exceeding 20¢
  • 5c, 10c, 20c and 50c (of any combination): for payments not exceeding $5
  • $1 coins: for payments not exceeding $10
  • $2 coins: for payments not exceeding $20
  • Non-circulating $10 coins: for payments not exceeding $100 [58]
  • Coins of other denominations: no lower limit

Although the Reserve Bank Act 1959 and the Currency Act 1965 establishes that Australian banknotes and coins have legal tender status, Australian banknotes and coins do not necessarily have to be used in transactions and refusal to accept payment in legal tender is not unlawful. A provider of goods or services may specify the payment method before a «contract» is entered into, such as in the case of online transactions. If a provider of goods or services specifies another means of payment prior to the contract, then there is usually no obligation for legal tender to be accepted as payment. This is the case even when an existing debt is involved. However, refusal to accept legal tender in payment of an existing debt, where no other means of payment/settlement has been specified in advance, conceivably may have legal consequences.[59][60]

Outside Australia[edit]

Australian notes and coins are also legal tender in the independent sovereign states of Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu.[2][3][4] Nauru never had its own currency. Tuvalu and Kiribati additionally had their respective Tuvaluan and Kiribati dollars at par with the Australian dollar. They are legal tender in their respective countries but not in Australia. However, both countries no longer produce coinage since the 1990s and have never produced their own banknotes. As a result, the Australian dollar is the dominant currency in both countries.

Tuvalu also issues non-circulating commemorative bullion coins produced by the Perth Mint.[61][62]

See also[edit]

  • Banking in Australia
  • Brass razoo
  • Coins of Australia
  • Economy of Australia
  • Note Printing Australia
  • Section 51 (xii) of the Constitution of Australia

Other main currencies[edit]

  • United States dollar
  • Euro
  • Japanese yen
  • Pound sterling
  • Canadian dollar
  • Swiss franc

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ In full, the «Royal Commission appointed to inquire into the monetary and banking systems at present in operation in Australia»
  2. ^ The total sum is 200% because each currency trade always involves a currency pair; one currency is sold (e.g. US$) and another bought (€). Therefore each trade is counted twice, once under the sold currency ($) and once under the bought currency (€). The percentages above are the percent of trades involving that currency regardless of whether it is bought or sold, e.g. the US dollar is bought or sold in 88% of all trades, whereas the euro is bought or sold 32% of the time.

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ a b Reserve Bank Act 1959, s.36(1) Archived 16 June 2019 at the Wayback Machine, and Currency Act 1965, s.16 Archived 9 May 2019 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b «Currency». The Government of the Republic of Nauru. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  3. ^ a b «Tuvalu country brief». Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  4. ^ a b «Kiribati country brief». Australian Government – Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Retrieved 12 February 2023.
  5. ^ McGovern, Gerry; Norton, Rob; O’Dowd, Catherine (2002). The Web content style guide: an essential reference for online writers … FT Press. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-273-65605-0. Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  6. ^ The Canadian Style. Dundurn Press/Translation Bureau. 1997. ISBN 1-55002-276-8. Retrieved 30 July 2010.
  7. ^ Committee on Payments and Market Infrastructures (October 2017). Statistics on payment, clearing and settlement systems in the CPMI countries, Figures for 2016. Archived 1 November 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  8. ^ «COMMONWEALTH OF AUSTRALIA CONSTITUTION ACT – SECT 115 States not to coin money». Austlii.edu.au. Archived from the original on 11 November 2009. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  9. ^ «Banknotes of the 1930s». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  10. ^ «Report from the Select Committee on Coinage» (PDF). Commonwealth of Australia. 3 April 1902. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
  11. ^ a b «A New Currency». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Archived from the original on 29 November 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  12. ^ «Report of the 1959 Decimal Currency Committee». Australian Bureau of Statistics. 1959. Archived from the original on 22 December 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  13. ^ «The Introduction of Decimal Currency: How We Avoided Nostrils and Learned to Love the Bill». Museum of Australian Democracy. Archived from the original on 20 December 2019. Retrieved 17 October 2019.
  14. ^ «Introducing the New Decimal Banknotes». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  15. ^ «Coin Types | Royal Australian Mint». www.ramint.gov.au. Royal Australian Mint. 8 January 2016. Archived from the original on 11 September 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  16. ^ «Triangular coin celebrates Parliament House’s birthday». ABC News. 8 May 2013. Archived from the original on 11 May 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  17. ^ History of Banknotes http://banknotes.rba.gov.au/australias-banknotes/history/ Archived 25 October 2015 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ^ «The Reserve Bank and Reform of the Currency: 1960–1988, Inflation and the Note Issue». Reserve Bank of Australia Music um. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 27 April 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  19. ^ «DELIBERATE DAMAGE». Legal. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 4 March 2015. Retrieved 9 February 2015. All Australian banknotes, present and all past issues, are lawfully current in Australia.
  20. ^ «Wi-fi, dual-flush loos and eight more Australian inventions». BBC News. 8 November 2012. Archived from the original on 8 November 2012. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  21. ^ «Other Banknotes». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  22. ^ «$100 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  23. ^ «$50 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  24. ^ «$20 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  25. ^ «$10 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  26. ^ «$5 Banknote». Reserve Bank of Australia Banknotes. Archived from the original on 10 October 2021. Retrieved 10 October 2021.
  27. ^ «Campaign to put Fred Hollows on Australian $5 note». Stuff. 25 January 2016. Archived from the original on 27 January 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  28. ^ Vernon, Jackson; Dalzell, Stephanie (25 January 2016). «‘Put Fred on a fiver’: Call for Australian great to feature on banknote». ABC News. Archived from the original on 18 August 2020. Retrieved 25 August 2019.
  29. ^ a b «Next Generation of Banknotes: $5 Banknote Design Reveal». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 12 April 2016. Archived from the original on 12 April 2016. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  30. ^ «Paying with Polymer: Developing Canada’s New Bank Notes» (PDF). Bank of Canada. 20 June 2011. p. 4. Archived (PDF) from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 12 August 2015.
  31. ^ Media Release: R.B.A.: Upgrading Australia’s Banknotes http://www.rba.gov.au/media-releases/2012/mr-12-27.html Archived 3 April 2013 at the Wayback Machine
  32. ^ «Next Generation Banknotes: Additional Feature for the Vision Impaired». www.rba.gov.au (Press release). Media Office-Reserve Bank of Australia. 13 February 2015.
  33. ^ Haxton, Nance (19 February 2015). «RBA to introduce tactile banknotes after 13yo blind boy Connor McLeod campaigns for change». ABC News. Archived from the original on 19 February 2015. Retrieved 19 February 2015.
  34. ^ «A Complete Series of Polymer Banknotes: 1992–1996». Reserve Bank of Australia Museum. Reserve Bank of Australia. Archived from the original on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 31 December 2015.
  35. ^ «RBA Banknotes: Banknote Features». Archived from the original on 7 July 2022. Retrieved 9 April 2018.
  36. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: $10 Design Reveal». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 17 February 2017. Archived from the original on 17 February 2017. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  37. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: $20 Enters General Circulation». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 8 October 2019. Archived from the original on 8 November 2019. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  38. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: Circulation Date for the New $50 Banknote». www.rgba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 5 September 2018. Archived from the original on 29 December 2018.
  39. ^ «Next Generation of Banknotes: Circulation Date for the New Banknote». www.rba.gov.au. Reserve Bank of Australia. 30 September 2020. Archived from the original on 17 October 2020. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  40. ^ «Australia’s new $100 banknote enters circulation». 9 News Australia. 29 October 2020. Archived from the original on 31 March 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  41. ^ «1350.0 – Australian Economic Indicators, Mar 1998». Australian Bureau of Statistics. 8 December 2006. Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  42. ^ Cowitt, Philip P., ed. (1985). World Currency Yearbook, 1984. International Currency Analysis. p. 75. ISBN 0-917645-00-6.
  43. ^ «U.S. / Australia Foreign Exchange Rate». Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Archived from the original on 2 January 2016. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  44. ^ «20 years since Aussie dollar floated». Australian Broadcasting Corporation. 8 December 2003. Archived from the original on 11 October 2010. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  45. ^ «Global risk weighs on Howard’s agenda». CNN. 12 November 2001. Archived from the original on 15 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  46. ^ «Dollar Falls Before RBA Meeting: New Zealand’s Drops». Bloomberg. 30 June 2008. Archived from the original on 11 May 2011. Retrieved 14 October 2010.
  47. ^ «Dollar hits parity vs US dollar». Reuters. 15 October 2010. Archived from the original on 18 October 2010. Retrieved 15 October 2010.
  48. ^ Davis, Bradley (4 November 2010). «Dollar hits new post-float high after US central bank move». The Australian. Archived from the original on 22 January 2011. Retrieved 25 January 2011.
  49. ^ «AUD/USD Slides After Topping 1.10 Level – Westpac». Archived from the original on 14 January 2023. Retrieved 2 May 2011.
  50. ^ «Sky News: Aussie dollar hits new highs». Sky News. 28 March 2011. Archived from the original on 28 July 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  51. ^ Desjardins, Jeff (29 December 2016). «Here are the most traded currencies in 2016». Business Insider. Archived from the original on 7 July 2017. Retrieved 30 June 2017.
  52. ^ a b Yeates, Clancy (2 September 2010). «Aussie now fifth most traded currency». The Sydney Morning Herald. Archived from the original on 5 April 2011. Retrieved 19 April 2011.
  53. ^ «Westpac Market Insights March 2011» (PDF). Westpac. p. 4. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 March 2011. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  54. ^ Dorsch, Gary (14 February 2006). «Analyzing the Dollar – Up, Down, and Under». SafeHaven.com. Archived from the original on 31 October 2010. Retrieved 8 April 2011.
  55. ^ «Russia to Keep Dollar Reserves From February». Davos, Switzerland: RIA Novosti. 26 January 2012. Archived from the original on 12 June 2012. Retrieved 27 January 2012.
  56. ^ «Triennial Central Bank Survey Foreign exchange turnover in April 2022» (PDF). Bank for International Settlements. 27 October 2022. p. 12. Archived (PDF) from the original on 27 October 2022. Retrieved 29 October 2022.
  57. ^ «Currency Act 1965». www.legislation.gov.au. Archived from the original on 3 June 2022. Retrieved 25 September 2022.
  58. ^ «Currency Act 1965». Archived from the original on 9 May 2019. Retrieved 24 July 2018.
  59. ^ «RBA Banknotes: Legal Tender». rba.gov.au. Archived from the original on 13 December 2014.
  60. ^ «Reserve Bank of Australia – Home Page». rba.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2 May 2010. Retrieved 3 May 2010.
  61. ^ «Explaining Tuvalu’s role in modern coins». Perth Mint. 27 August 2019. Retrieved 11 February 2023.
  62. ^ «Why the tiny Pacific nation of Tuvalu wants a bigger share of the collectable coin market». ABC News. 31 May 2020. Retrieved 11 February 2023.

Sources[edit]

  • Krause, Chester L.; Clifford Mishler (1991). Standard Catalog of World Coins: 1801–1991 (18th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0873411501.
  • Pick, Albert (1994). Standard Catalog of World Paper Money: General Issues. Colin R. Bruce II and Neil Shafer (editors) (7th ed.). Krause Publications. ISBN 0-87341-207-9.

External links[edit]

  • Sound recording of 1966 Decimal Currency radio advertisement held at the National Archives of Australia
  • Reserve Bank of Australia: Current Banknotes
  • The Perth Mint is Australia’s precious metals mint, making non-circulating/collector coins in silver, gold, and platinum.
  • Note Printing Australia is the printer of Australia’s notes, and also inventor of the abovementioned polymer banknotes, and world exporter of this technology.
  • The Money Tracker site allows users to track Australian banknotes as they circulate around Australia.
  • Images of historic and modern Australian bank notes
  • Reserve Bank of Australia – daily value of AUD against 13 currencies, special drawing right and trade weighted index
  • Reserve Bank of Australia – historical data of AUD since 1969 (various .xls files)
  • [1] – historical exchange rates of AUD/USD (from the year 1800 to present time).
  • [2] – historical chart of AUD/USD (from the year 1800 to present time).
  • The banknotes of Australia (in English and German)

The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia (including its territories), Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. It is subdivided into 100 cents (symbol: ¢). Within Australia, it is most commonly abbreviated with the dollar sign, though A$ is also used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It was first issued on February 14, 1966.

Introduction[]

Main article: Australia

Australia’s flag during its colonial period.

The first people to settle on Australia are believed to have arrived between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago. The first authenticated European landing on Australia was in 1606, by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon and his crew, though there are arguments as to whether this is accurate. In 1788, British settlers founded Port Jackson and the land of modern-day Australia was divided into several penal colonies. These colonies were united in 1901, into the Commonwealth of Australia, and the country received full sovereignty in 1931.

During the 18th century, Australia imported British, Dutch, Indian, Portuguese, and Spanish coins to be used as currency. The territory’s first coinage was introduced in 1813, including a 15 pence and 5 shilling coin (known as the «Holey dollar»). The pound sterling was later introduced, followed by the Australian pound in 1909.

History[]

The pound was replaced by the dollar.

On February 14, 1966, the dollar was adopted, replacing the Australian pound. Beforehand, there were several suggestions as to what the expected currency would be called. In 1965, Prime Minister Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the kwid, the dinkum, and the ming. As a result of Menzies’ influence, the name royal was chosen, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia. However, the choice for the name was unpopular, and was later dropped in favor of the dollar.

Coins[]

Early coins of the dollar.

In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. The original 50 cent coins had a high silver content and were withdrawn after a year, for fear that the value of the silver content would exceed the face value of the coins. In 1984, 1 dollar coins were introduced, followed by 2 dollar coins in 1988. The 1 and 2 cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn. In 2000, some were melted down and turned into bronze medals for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents. As with most public changes to currency systems, there has been a significant amount of seignorage of the discontinued coins.

All Australian dollar coins produced thus far bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, as she has been the reigning Sovereign since the dollar was established. However, the portrait has changed several times to match changing official portraits of the Queen as she ages. The first change was made the year the dollar was introduced, in 1966. The next came in 1985, with a new crown and pose, and finally, the most recent, in 1999, showing a more age-appropriate portrait of Elizabeth. In 2000, the Royal Australian Mint circulated a commemorative 50 cent coin marking the Royal Visit of Queen Elizabeth II, bearing a different portrait than those on other Australian coins in circulation at the time. It was the first instance that an Australian coin bore a representation of the Sovereign which was not synchronous with that used in the other Commonwealth Realms. In 2001, the typical portrait was restored.

Current Australian 5, 10, and 20 cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins. In 1990, the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions, and New Zealand followed in 2006. In circulation, New Zealand 5, 10, and 20 cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, as a result of their identical size and shape.

Commemorative coins[]

Main article: Commemorative coins of Australia

A commemorative 1 dollar coin of 2011.

The first Australian dollar commemorative coin was minted in 1970, with a denomination of 50 cents, commemorating James Cook‘s exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent. This was followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee. In 1986, the first commemorative 1 dollar coin was issued, marking the International Year of Peace. In 1995, the first commemorative 20 cent coins were introduced. Today, the 20 cent, 50 cent, and 1 dollar denominations are the most commonly used for commemorative coinage. However, commemoratives with denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 55 cents, 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 1000, 3000, and 1,000,000 dollars have been issued. All Australian commemorative coins are legal tender within the country, but are hardly ever found in circulation.

Banknotes[]

First series[]

An Australian dollar note from 1968.

The first series of Australian dollar notes was issued in 1966, with denominations of 1, 2, 10, and 20 dollars. In 1967, the 5 dollar note was introduced, after the public had become familiar with decimal currency.

In 1973, the 50 dollar banknote was introduced, followed by the 100 dollar note. In 1984, the 1 dollar note was replaced by a coin, and the same happened to the 2 dollar note in 1988. All notes of the first series were printed on paper.

Second series[]

A polymer 5 dollar note.

In 1988, after a significant amount of research and development by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the Reserve Bank of Australia issued their second banknote series, which contained notes composed of polypropylene polymer. They were printed to commemorate the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. In 1996, Australia became the first country to have a full set of circulating polymer banknotes in all denominations.

These banknotes are sized according to denomination, for the visually impaired. They are all the same height, but different widths in order of their value; the 5 dollar note is the smallest, and the 100 dollar note is the largest. In addition, the notes are also color-coded: $5 pink; $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.

For security, these notes bear a transparent window with an image of Captain James Cook. Also, every note has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side as well as a watermark of the Australian coat of arms.

Value[]

The Australian dollar was initially pegged to the U.S. dollar.

When the Australian dollar was introduced in 1966, its international currency relationships were maintained under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system using a U.S. dollar standard. The Australian dollar, was effectively pegged to the pound sterling at an equivalent value of about 1 gram of gold.

The highest valuation of the Australian dollar to the United States dollar was during its period of being pegged to the U.S. dollar. On September 9, 1973, the peg was adjusted to US$1.4875, the fluctuation limits being changed to US$1.485 — US$1.490. On December 7 and December 10, 1973, the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one Australian dollar.

On October 25, 2010, the Australian dollar’s value became equal to that of the United States dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency, trading above US$1 for a few seconds. The latter then traded above parity for a period of several days in November, and fluctuated around that mark into 2011. On July 27, 2011, the Australian dollar traded at $1.1080 against the United States dollar, a record since 1983. Some suggest that in 2014, the dollar could rise to as high as 1.70 USD.

Though the dollar is not considered a reserve currency, its volatility and unusual movement in exchange rates has contributed to its status as one of the most traded currencies in the world. Other factors include a relative lack of central bank intervention, and general stability of the Australian economy and government. In January 2011, it was announced by the World Economic Forum that the Central Bank of Russia would begin using AUD currency reserves.

Exchange rates[]

Before 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the United States dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to the pound sterling until 1967.

Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted its traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the United States dollar. During September 1974, Australia valued its currency against a number of currencies in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the U.S. dollar.

On December 12, 1983, Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payment.

 v · d · e

Current AUD exchange rates

From Google Finance [1]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance [2]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OzForex [3]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com [4]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA.com [5]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

References[]

  1. Reserve Bank of Australia

Template:Australian dollar

The Australian dollar (sign: $; code: AUD) is the currency of the Commonwealth of Australia (including its territories), Kiribati, Nauru, and Tuvalu. It is subdivided into 100 cents (symbol: ¢). Within Australia, it is most commonly abbreviated with the dollar sign, though A$ is also used to distinguish it from other dollar-denominated currencies. It was first issued on February 14, 1966.

Introduction[]

Main article: Australia

Australia’s flag during its colonial period.

The first people to settle on Australia are believed to have arrived between 40,000 and 70,000 years ago. The first authenticated European landing on Australia was in 1606, by Dutch navigator Willem Janszoon and his crew, though there are arguments as to whether this is accurate. In 1788, British settlers founded Port Jackson and the land of modern-day Australia was divided into several penal colonies. These colonies were united in 1901, into the Commonwealth of Australia, and the country received full sovereignty in 1931.

During the 18th century, Australia imported British, Dutch, Indian, Portuguese, and Spanish coins to be used as currency. The territory’s first coinage was introduced in 1813, including a 15 pence and 5 shilling coin (known as the «Holey dollar»). The pound sterling was later introduced, followed by the Australian pound in 1909.

History[]

The pound was replaced by the dollar.

On February 14, 1966, the dollar was adopted, replacing the Australian pound. Beforehand, there were several suggestions as to what the expected currency would be called. In 1965, Prime Minister Robert Menzies, a monarchist, wished to name the currency the royal. Other proposed names included the austral, the oz, the boomer, the roo, the kanga, the emu, the digger, the kwid, the dinkum, and the ming. As a result of Menzies’ influence, the name royal was chosen, and trial designs were prepared and printed by the Reserve Bank of Australia. However, the choice for the name was unpopular, and was later dropped in favor of the dollar.

Coins[]

Early coins of the dollar.

In 1966, coins were introduced in denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, and 50 cents. The original 50 cent coins had a high silver content and were withdrawn after a year, for fear that the value of the silver content would exceed the face value of the coins. In 1984, 1 dollar coins were introduced, followed by 2 dollar coins in 1988. The 1 and 2 cent coins were discontinued in 1991 and withdrawn. In 2000, some were melted down and turned into bronze medals for the 2000 Summer Olympics in Sydney. Cash transactions are rounded to the nearest five cents. As with most public changes to currency systems, there has been a significant amount of seignorage of the discontinued coins.

All Australian dollar coins produced thus far bear a portrait of Queen Elizabeth II on the obverse, as she has been the reigning Sovereign since the dollar was established. However, the portrait has changed several times to match changing official portraits of the Queen as she ages. The first change was made the year the dollar was introduced, in 1966. The next came in 1985, with a new crown and pose, and finally, the most recent, in 1999, showing a more age-appropriate portrait of Elizabeth. In 2000, the Royal Australian Mint circulated a commemorative 50 cent coin marking the Royal Visit of Queen Elizabeth II, bearing a different portrait than those on other Australian coins in circulation at the time. It was the first instance that an Australian coin bore a representation of the Sovereign which was not synchronous with that used in the other Commonwealth Realms. In 2001, the typical portrait was restored.

Current Australian 5, 10, and 20 cent coins are identical in size to the former Australian, New Zealand, and British sixpence, shilling and two shilling (florin) coins. In 1990, the UK replaced these coins with smaller versions, and New Zealand followed in 2006. In circulation, New Zealand 5, 10, and 20 cent coins were often mistaken for Australian coins of the same value, as a result of their identical size and shape.

Commemorative coins[]

Main article: Commemorative coins of Australia

A commemorative 1 dollar coin of 2011.

The first Australian dollar commemorative coin was minted in 1970, with a denomination of 50 cents, commemorating James Cook‘s exploration along the east coast of the Australian continent. This was followed in 1977 by a coin for Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee. In 1986, the first commemorative 1 dollar coin was issued, marking the International Year of Peace. In 1995, the first commemorative 20 cent coins were introduced. Today, the 20 cent, 50 cent, and 1 dollar denominations are the most commonly used for commemorative coinage. However, commemoratives with denominations of 1, 2, 5, 10, and 55 cents, 2, 5, 8, 10, 15, 25, 30, 50, 100, 200, 300, 1000, 3000, and 1,000,000 dollars have been issued. All Australian commemorative coins are legal tender within the country, but are hardly ever found in circulation.

Banknotes[]

First series[]

An Australian dollar note from 1968.

The first series of Australian dollar notes was issued in 1966, with denominations of 1, 2, 10, and 20 dollars. In 1967, the 5 dollar note was introduced, after the public had become familiar with decimal currency.

In 1973, the 50 dollar banknote was introduced, followed by the 100 dollar note. In 1984, the 1 dollar note was replaced by a coin, and the same happened to the 2 dollar note in 1988. All notes of the first series were printed on paper.

Second series[]

A polymer 5 dollar note.

In 1988, after a significant amount of research and development by the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization (CSIRO), the Reserve Bank of Australia issued their second banknote series, which contained notes composed of polypropylene polymer. They were printed to commemorate the 200th anniversary of European settlement in Australia. In 1996, Australia became the first country to have a full set of circulating polymer banknotes in all denominations.

These banknotes are sized according to denomination, for the visually impaired. They are all the same height, but different widths in order of their value; the 5 dollar note is the smallest, and the 100 dollar note is the largest. In addition, the notes are also color-coded: $5 pink; $10 blue; $20 red; $50 yellow; and $100 green.

For security, these notes bear a transparent window with an image of Captain James Cook. Also, every note has a seven-pointed star which has only half the printing on each side as well as a watermark of the Australian coat of arms.

Value[]

The Australian dollar was initially pegged to the U.S. dollar.

When the Australian dollar was introduced in 1966, its international currency relationships were maintained under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system using a U.S. dollar standard. The Australian dollar, was effectively pegged to the pound sterling at an equivalent value of about 1 gram of gold.

The highest valuation of the Australian dollar to the United States dollar was during its period of being pegged to the U.S. dollar. On September 9, 1973, the peg was adjusted to US$1.4875, the fluctuation limits being changed to US$1.485 — US$1.490. On December 7 and December 10, 1973, the noon buying rate in New York City for cable transfers payable in foreign currencies reached its highest point of 1.4885 U.S. dollars to one Australian dollar.

On October 25, 2010, the Australian dollar’s value became equal to that of the United States dollar for the first time since becoming a freely traded currency, trading above US$1 for a few seconds. The latter then traded above parity for a period of several days in November, and fluctuated around that mark into 2011. On July 27, 2011, the Australian dollar traded at $1.1080 against the United States dollar, a record since 1983. Some suggest that in 2014, the dollar could rise to as high as 1.70 USD.

Though the dollar is not considered a reserve currency, its volatility and unusual movement in exchange rates has contributed to its status as one of the most traded currencies in the world. Other factors include a relative lack of central bank intervention, and general stability of the Australian economy and government. In January 2011, it was announced by the World Economic Forum that the Central Bank of Russia would begin using AUD currency reserves.

Exchange rates[]

Before 1983, Australia maintained a fixed exchange rate. From 1946 to 1971, Australia maintained a peg under the Bretton Woods system, a fixed exchange rate system that pegged the United States dollar to gold, but the Australian dollar was effectively pegged to the pound sterling until 1967.

Following the breakdown of the Bretton Woods system in 1971, Australia converted its traditional peg to a fluctuating rate against the United States dollar. During September 1974, Australia valued its currency against a number of currencies in an effort to reduce the fluctuations associated with its tie to the U.S. dollar.

On December 12, 1983, Prime Minister Bob Hawke and Treasurer Paul Keating floated the dollar, with the exchange rate reflecting the balance of payment.

 v · d · e

Current AUD exchange rates

From Google Finance [1]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From Yahoo! Finance [2]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OzForex [3]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From XE.com [4]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD
From OANDA.com [5]: CAD CHF EUR GBP HKD JPY USD

References[]

  1. Reserve Bank of Australia

Template:Australian dollar

Австралийский доллар  (рус.)

Australian Dollar  (англ.)
Dollar australien  (фр.)

100 долларов
100 долларов
Коды и символы
Коды ISO 4217 AUD (036)
Символы $ • A$
Территория обращения
Эмитент Flag of Australia.svg Австралия
Официально Flag of Kiribati.svg Кирибати
Flag of Nauru.svg Науру
Flag of Tuvalu.svg Тувалу
Производные и параллельные единицы
Дробные Цент (1100)
Монеты и банкноты в обращении
Монеты 5c, 10c, 20c, 50c , $1, $2
Банкноты $5, $10, $20, $50, $100
История
Введена 14.02.1966
Валюта-предшественник Австралийский фунт
Производство монет и банкнот
Эмиссионный центр Резервный банк Австралии
www.rba.gov.au
Монетный двор Королевский монетный двор Австралии
www.ramint.gov.au
Монетный двор в Перте
www.perthmint.com.au
Курсы на 14 декабря 2012 года
1 RUB = 0,03092 AUD
1 USD = 0,9488 AUD
1 EUR = 1,241 AUD
1 GBP = 1,529 AUD
1 JPY = 0,01131 AUD
Курсы обновляются автоматически на основе данных МВФ, ЕЦБ, ЦБ РФ и являются примерными соотношениями валют. Официальные курсы см. на сайте центрального банка, рыночные — в разделе «Режим валютного курса».
Commons logo optimized.svg Австралийский доллар на Викискладе

Австрали́йский до́ллар (знак: $; код: AUD) — валюта Австралийского Союза, включая Острова Рождества, Кокосовых островов и Острова Норфолк, а также независимых тихоокеанских государств Кирибати, Науру и Тувалу. Делится на 100 центов. Обыкновенно сокращается знаком доллара ($), но существуют и другие варианты обозначения: A$, $A, AU$ и $AU.

Австралийский доллар является шестой самой торгуемой валютой мира (после доллара США, евро, иены, фунта стерлингов и швейцарского франка)[1], занимая 5 % мировых валютных операций. Популярность среди торговцев валютой вызвана высокой процентной ставкой в Австралии, относительной свободой валютного рынка от правительственного вмешательства, общей стабильностью австралийской экономики и политической системы.[2]

Для изготовления банкнот с 1988 года используется не бумага, а специальный тонкий пластик.

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Монеты
  • 3 Банкноты
  • 4 Режим валютного курса
  • 5 См. также
  • 6 Примечания
  • 7 Литература
  • 8 Ссылки

История

Австралийский доллар, который является десятичной валютой, был введён в обращение 14 февраля 1966 года и заменил двенадцатеричный австралийский фунт.[3]

Введение новой национальной валюты было инициировано Резервным банком Австралии ещё в 1960 году. На протяжении длительного времени в стране велась подготовка, разработка макетов нового денежного знака. За это время было сделано более тысячи предложений по поводу названия валюты. В 1965 году премьер-министр Австралии Роберт Мензис предложил название «the royal». Однако оно не получило поддержки среди населения, поэтому валюта была названа долларом.[3] На жаргоне трейдеров австралийский доллар называется «осси» (aussy)[4].

В 1988 году была выпущена первая пластиковая банкнота.[5]

Монеты

В 1966 году в обращение были введены монеты достоинством 1, 2, 5, 10, 20 и 50 центов. Однодолларовая монета была выпущена в 1984 году, а монета в два доллара — в 1988 году.[6] Монеты достоинством 1 и 2 цента были выведены из обращения в 1991 году. Наличные расчёты ведутся округлением суммы по стандартным правилам округления до ближайшей суммы, кратной 5 центам.

Все австралийские доллары в виде монет имеют на аверсе изображение Елизаветы II и выпускаются Королевским австралийским монетным двором (англ. Royal Australian Mint).

Австралия регулярно выпускает памятные монеты достоинством 50 центов. Первая была выпущена в 1970 году в память исследования Джеймсом Куком восточного побережья австралийского континента. Затем последовали монета 1977 года, посвящённая серебряному юбилею Елизаветы II, монета 1981 года в честь свадьбы принца Чарльза и Дианы, монета 1982 года в честь Игр Содружества в Брисбене и так далее. Был также осуществлён специальный выпуск монет достоинством 20 центов и 1 доллар.

Австралийские монеты [1]
Изображение Номинал Технические параметры Описание Дата
первой чеканки
Диаметр Толщина Вес Состав Края Аверс Реверс

(вышла из обращения)
17,53 мм 2,59 г 97 % медь
2,5 % цинк
0,5 % олово
Королева
Елизавета II
Перохвостый акробат 1966

(вышла из обращения)
21,59 мм 5,18 г Плащеносная ящерица
19,41 мм <1,3 мм 2,83 г Мельхиор
75 % медь
25 % никель
Гуртованная Королева
Елизавета II
Ехидна 1966
Australian Ten Cents.jpg 10¢ 23,60 мм <2 мм 5,60 г Большой лирохвост
Australian Twenty Cents.jpg 20¢ 28,52 мм <2,5 мм 11,30 г Утконос
Australian Fifty Cents.jpg 50¢ Додекагон
самая короткая:
31,51 мм
самая длинная:
32,00 мм
3 мм 15,55 г Ровная Герб Австралии 1969
Australian One Dollar.jpg $1 25,00 мм <3 мм 9,00 г 92 % медь
6 % алюминий
2 % никель
Гуртованная
частями
Королева
Елизавета II
Пять кенгуру 1984
Australian Two Dollar.jpg $2 20,50 мм <3,2 мм 6,60 г Австралийский абориген 1988
Масштаб изображений — 0,7 пикселя на миллиметр.

Банкноты

Выпуск первых бумажных банкнот австралийских долларов был осуществлён в 1966 году. Банкноты достоинством 1, 2, 10 и 20 долларов были эквивалентами бывших австралийских фунтов. Пятидолларовая банкнота была выпущена в 1967 году, после того как население ознакомилось с десятичной денежной системой.

В 1984 году банкнота достоинством 1 доллар была заменена монетой, а банкнота достоинством 2 доллара — в 1988 году. 50-долларовая банкнота была введена в 1973 году, а 100-долларовая — в 1984 году. Все австралийские банкноты имеют одинаковую высоту, но разную длину.

В 1988 году была выпущена первая пластиковая банкнота (она была посвящена двухсотлетию европейского заселения Австралии). В настоящее время все купюры сделаны из специального пластика.

Австралийские банкноты [2]
Изображение Номинал Размеры
(мм)
Основной цвет Описание Дата
Аверс Реверс Аверс Реверс Окно прозрачности печати выпуска
AustraliaP50a-5Dollars-(1992-)-donated f.jpg AustraliaP50a-5Dollars-(1992)-donated b.jpg Оригинальные $5 130×65 Бледно-розовый[7] Елизаветы II Современное и старое здание австралийского парламента Цветок эвкалипта 1992 7 июля 1992
5 Australian Dollars Queen front.jpg 5 Australian Dollars Queen back.jpg $5 с изменённым цветом лиловый/розовый В центре — портрет Елизаветы II; слева — ветка эвкалипта (вид лат. Eucalyptus haemastoma); справа — виньетка с изображением цветка эвкалипта. В центре — изображения современного здания австралийского парламента и старого здания; слева — ландшафтный проект нового парламентского здания; справа — геометрические фигуры, отражающие архитектурные черты нового здания парламента. В наст.вр. 24 апреля 1995
Australian 5note front (new).jpg Australian 5note back (new).jpg $5 В центре — портрет Сэра Генри Паркса; слева — изображение школы искусств в Тентерфилде, где Генри Паркс произнёс свою речь о необходимости создания национального парламента и федеративной Австралии; отрывок из этой речи, его подпись, а также изображения государственных эмблем; справа — сцена с картины австралийского художника Тома Робертса «Открытие первого парламента Австралийского Союза», изображение Павильона Федерации, расположенного в одном из парков Сиднея, а также Королевского выставочного центра в Мельбурне. В центре — портрет Кэтрин Хелен Спенс, подпись Спенс, микропечать со словами австралийского гимна; слева — здание государственного детского департамента, Южный Крест; справа — уменьшенные портреты пяти исторических лиц, боровшихся за создание федерации, изображение солнечных лучей, ветка акации. Окно в форме листка 2001 1 января 2001
10 Australian dollars front.jpg 10 Australian dollars back.jpg $10 137×65 Голубой В центре — портрет Банджо Патерсона, отрывок из поэмы Патерсона «Парень со Снежной реки» (микропечать); слева — лошадь с наездником (проводится параллель с поэмой Патерсона «Парень со Снежной реки»), виньетка с ветряной мельницей; справа — бегущие необъезженные лошади, надпись «Waltzing Matilda» (австралийская народная песня, называемая «неофициальным гимном Австралии» и слова к которой написаны Патерсоном). В центре — портрет Мэри Гилмор, слева от него — портрет постаревшей Гилмор, написанный Уильямом Добеллом, отрывки из поэмы «Никогда врагу не собирать наш урожай» (микропечать); слева — изображение волов, перевозящих шерсть, а также сельской женщины и сельской местности; справа — подпись Мэри Гилмор. Ветряная мельница В наст.вр. 1 ноября 1993
20 Australian dollars front.jpg 20 Australian dollars back.jpg $20 144×65 Красный В центре — портрет Мэри Рейби; слева — шхуна «Mercury», принадлежавшая Рейби, виньетка с изображением компаса; справа — дом на Джордж-стрит в Сиднее, принадлежавший Рейби, её подпись. В центре — портрет Джона Флинна[en]; слева — санитарный самолёт «Victory», на котором летал Флинн, педальный генератор, медицинская диаграмма «Где болит?»; справа — верблюд и наездник (верблюды использовались Флинном во время своей миссии в центральной Австралии). Компас и 20 В наст.вр. 31 октября 1994
50 Australian Dollars front.jpg 50 Australian dollars back.jpg $50 151×65 Жёлтый В центре — портрет Дэвида Унайпона, схема прибора для стрижки овец, запатентованного Унайпоном, введение, написанное рукой Унайпона, к своему рассказу «Легендарные истории австралийских аборигенов»; слева — миссионерская церковь и семейная пара австралийских аборигенов; справа — виньетка с изображением созвездия Южного Креста. В центре — портрет Эдит Коуэн, изображение матери и приёмных детей; слева — здание парламента Западной Австралии (Коуэн была депутатом этого парламента); справа — изображение Коуэн за кафедрой, читающей свою речь, посвящённую правам женщин и благополучию детей. Южный Крест и 50 В наст.вр. 4 октября 1995
Australian 100note front.jpg 100 Australian dollars back.jpg $100 158×65 Зелёный В центре — портрет Нелли Мельба; слева — изображение убранства театра, в котором играла Мельба во время своей концертной программы 1902 года, изображение актрисы на сцене, подпись Мельбы; справа — виньетка с изображением лирохвоста. В центре — портрет Джона Монаша, его подпись; слева — изображение нагрудного знака Восходящего Солнца, Джона и осла (изображение на основе памятника в Мельбурне), кавалерия; справа — солдаты и пушка Лирохвост и 100 В наст.вр. 15 мая 1996
Масштаб изображений — 0,7 пикселя на миллиметр.

Режим валютного курса

В настоящее время в Австралии используется режим свободно плавающего валютного курса. Критерием эффективности курсовой политики (курсовой якорь) выступают показатели инфляции.

Текущие курсы обмена валюты
Google Finance:

RUB USD EUR GBP JPY CHF

Yahoo! Finance: RUB USD EUR GBP JPY CHF
XE.com: RUB USD EUR GBP JPY CHF
OANDA.com: RUB USD EUR GBP JPY CHF

См. также

  • Центральные банки и валюты Океании
  • Памятные монеты Австралии — 1 доллар

Примечания

  1. Australian Dollar. Forex. Архивировано из первоисточника 3 июня 2012. Проверено 19 ноября 2008.
  2. The Australian Dollar. Yahoo! Finance. Архивировано из первоисточника 3 июня 2012. Проверено 19 ноября 2008.
  3. 1 2 Australian dollar. CRN India. Архивировано из первоисточника 3 июня 2012. Проверено 19 ноября 2008.
  4. Корнелиус Лука , 2005, с. 80
  5. Our Currency. Australian Government. Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade. Архивировано из первоисточника 3 июня 2012. Проверено 19 ноября 2008.
  6. Circulating Coin Designs. Royal Australian Mint.(недоступная ссылка — история) Проверено 20 ноября 2008.
  7. Renniks Australian Coin and Banknote Values / Ian W. Pitt. — 19th ed.. — Chippendale, N.S.W.: Renniks Publications, 2000. — P. 168. — ISBN ISBN 0-9585574-4-6

Литература

  • Корнелиус Лука Торговля на мировых валютных рынках = Trading in the Global Currency Markets. — М.: Альпина Паблишер, 2005. — 716 с. — ISBN 5-9614-0206-1

Ссылки

  • Резервный банк Австралии
  • Монеты Австралии
  • Images of Australian banknotes and coins
  • Монета 1 австралийский доллар
  • Галерея монет мира Дона Норриса — Австралия (англ.)
  • Галерея бумажных денег мира Рона Вайза — Австралия Зеркало (англ.)
  • Таблицы современных денежных систем Курта Шулера — Австралия Зеркало (англ.)
  • Всемирная история денежного обращения — Австралия (англ.)
  • Global Financial Data — Австралийский Доллар (USD за AUD) (англ.)
  • Таблица истории мировых валют сайта Global Financial Data (Crystal 128 kspread.png в формате Microsoft Excel) (англ.)
 Просмотр этого шаблона Валюты Океании
Меланезия Кина Папуа — Новой Гвинеи | Доллар Соломоновых Островов | Вату | Доллар Фиджи | Французский тихоокеанский франк (Новая Каледония )
Микронезия Доллар США (Гуам (США), Маршалловы Острова, Микронезия и Палау) | Австралийский доллар (Кирибати и Науру)
Полинезия Доллар США (Гавайи (США) и Восточное Самоа (США)) | Новозеландский доллар (Доллар Островов Кука, Доллар Островов Питкэрн) | Французский тихоокеанский франк (Французская Полинезия, Уоллис и Футуна) | Тала | Чилийский песо (Остров Пасхи) | Паанга | Доллар Тувалу | Австралийский доллар (Тувалу)
 Просмотр этого шаблона Валюты со словом «доллар» в названии
В обращении Австралийский доллар · Багамский доллар · Барбадосский доллар · Белизский доллар · Бермудский доллар · Брунейский доллар · Восточно-карибский доллар · Гайанский доллар · Гонконгский доллар · Доллар Каймановых островов · Доллар Кирибати · Доллар Намибии · Доллар Ниуэ · Доллар Островов Кука · Доллар Островов Питкэрн · Доллар Соломоновых Островов · Доллар США · Доллар Тринидада и Тобаго · Доллар Тувалу · Доллар Фиджи · Канадский доллар · Либерийский доллар · Новозеландский доллар · Сингапурский доллар · Суринамский доллар · Новый тайваньский доллар · Ямайский доллар · Паанга (доллар Тонги) · Тала (доллар Самоа)
Вышли из обращения Континентальный доллар · Гавайский доллар · Доллар Зимбабве · Доллар КША · Доллар Северного Борнео · Доллар Саравака · Доллар Малайи и Британского Борнео · Доллар Проливов · Монгольский доллар · Японский оккупационный доллар · Торговый доллар США · Доллар Антигуа[en] · Доллар Британской Колумбии[en] · Доллар Британской Западной Индии[en] · Доминиканский доллар[en] · Гренадский доллар[en] · Доллар Цзяо-Чжоу (Циндао) · Малайский доллар · Доллар Маврикия[en] · Невисский доллар[en] · Доллар Нью-Брансуика[en] · Ньюфаундлендский доллар[en] · Доллар Новой Шотландии[en] · Доллар Пинанга[en] · Доллар Острова Принца Эдварда[en] · Пуэрториканский доллар[en] · Родезийский доллар · Доллар Сент-Китса[en] · Доллар Сент-Люсии[en] · Доллар Сент-Винсента[en] · Доллар Сьерра-Леоне[en] · Доллар Суматры[en] · Старый тайваньский доллар · Техасский доллар[en] · Доллар Тринидада[en] · Доллар Тобаго[en]
См. также Символ доллара · Евродоллар · Нефтедоллары · Международный доллар · Диснеевский доллар[en] · Антарктический доллар · Талер · Ефимок
 Просмотр этого шаблона Коллективные и союзные валюты
Существующие
(в обращении)

Австралийский доллар Восточно-карибский доллар • Датская крона • Доллар США • Евро • Индийская рупия • Нидерландский антильский гульден • Новозеландский доллар • Сингапурский доллар • Франк КФА BCEAO • Франк КФА BEAC • Франк КФП • Фунт стерлингов • Швейцарский франк • Южноафриканский ранд

Существующие
(расчётные)

АМУ • Европейская составная единица EURCO[en] Европейская валютная единица EMU-6[en] Европейская расчётная единица EUA-9[en] Европейская расчётная единица EUA-17[en] Расчётная единица ADB • СДР • Сукре

Существующие
(аналитические)

Вокю (Wocu) • Международный доллар

Исторические

Австро-венгерская крона • Восточноафриканский шиллинг • Золотой франк • Переводной рубль • Рубль СССР / Российский рубль • Талер Марии Терезии • Французский франк • ЭКЮ

Обсуждаемые

Амеро • Афро • Валюта Евразийского союза («евразийский рубль») • Карибский гульден[en] Восточноафриканский шиллинг (новый) • Халиджи («динар Залива») • Эко

Валютные союзы

Вендский монетный союз • Еврозона (евро) Единая валютная зона (рэнд) Зона франка (французский франк) Западноафриканский экономический и валютный союз (франк КФА BCEAO) Золотой блок (золотой стандарт) Латинский валютный союз (биметаллический стандарт) Организация Восточно-карибских государств (восточно-карибский доллар) Рублёвая зона (рубль СССР / российский рубль) Скандинавский валютный союз (золотой стандарт) Совет экономической взаимопомощи (переводной рубль) Стерлинговая зона (фунт стерлингов) Экономическое сообщество стран Центральной Африки (франк КФА BEAC)

См. также

Банкор • Долларизация • Международная расчётная единица

Австралийские доллары: какая валюта в Австралии, название бумажных денег и фото

10.10.2020

15 минут

  • Предыстория
  • Номинал и дизайн
  • Доллар
  • Монеты
  • Банкноты Австралии
  • Полимерные серии
  • Стоимость AUD
  • Валютная политика
  • Заключение

Что объединяет Кокосовые острова, Норфолк, независимые государства Тувалу, Науру, Кирибати? Правильно – австралийские доллары, именно они являются официальным платежным средством на целом материке, а также на многих других землях Океании. Шестая по объему продаж, эта условная единица уступает лишь евро и «баксу», иене, британскому фунту и швейцарскому франку, а ее доля в глобальном обороте составляет 4—5%. В чем причина такой популярности? Трейдерам нравятся высокие учетные ставки, и они могут относительно спокойно торговать, ведь экономика островной страны стабильна, и правительство не стремится жестко контролировать рынок обмена. Также дензнак существенно влияет на Азию и дает инвестору определенную степень диверсификации (то есть позволяет распределить риски вложений).

Предыстория

С 1910 по 1966 год национальной валютой в государстве был австралийский фунт. Резервный банк страны, или Центробанк, занимающийся эмиссией национальных денежных средств, долго готовился к вводу новых денег в обращение – в течение шести лет. Столь внушительный срок объясняется тем, что правительство предусмотрительно приняло меры по ознакомлению общественности с новой, десятичной, системой счета, для чего вся необходимая информация широко освещалась в СМИ. Новые дензнаки были введены в оборот 14 февраля 1966 года. Причем денежные единицы номинальной стоимостью 1, 2, 10 и 20 AUD были эквивалентны старым фунтовым. 5–ти долларовая появилась год спустя.

Номинал и дизайн

Сегодня у австралийской валюты плавающий курс по отношению к доллару США. В обращении находятся денежные единицы достоинством в 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 AUD. Одно– и двухдолларовые купюры были заменены на монеты в 1984-м первая и в 1988 году вторая, соответственно. В 1973-м появилась 50-долларовый дензнак, а стодолларовый – в 1984-м.

Палитра банкнот Австралии яркая и насыщенная, цвета контрастируют между собой. Например, «двадцатка» выполнена преимущественно в красных тонах. На ней изображен портрет Мэри Рэйби (1777—1855), талантливой предпринимательницы и мецената, и Джона Флинна (1880—1951) на обороте, основателя санитарной авиации.

изображение женщин на купюрах

20 австралийских баксов

Стодолларовый номинал – зеленого цвета. Украшает его портрет Нелли Мелба (1861—1931), австралийской оперной певицы, популярной в конце 19 начала 20 века. На обратной стороне – Джон Монаш (1865—1931), военачальник Первой мировой войны.

100 долларов Австралии

купюры яркой расцветки

Выбор контрастных цветов не случаен. Сделано это было для того, чтобы избежать путаницы во время взаиморасчетов. Случайно дать 100 $A зеленого цвета вместо 20 красного цвета практически невозможно.

Примечательно, что все эти логичные и правильные нововведения в вопросе оформления обусловлены тем, что народ весьма прохладно воспринял предыдущую версию дензнака.

Доллар

Именно так австралийские деньги стали гордо именоваться с 14.02.1966. Тогда и был назначен официальный курс в 2,5 AUD = 1 GBP (или 8 шиллингов). Хотя первый же отступ от зоны влияния стерлинга случился уже очень скоро – в 1967-м. Британский фунт девальвировал по отношению к «баксу», а A$ сохранил свои позиции, в том числе и потому, что к этому было сразу несколько серьезных предпосылок:

  • он не составлял серьезной конкуренции для USD,
  • в самой стране все было стабильно в плане экономики – никаких кризисов;
  • им только начали активно пользоваться такие участники Союза, как, например, остров Рождества.

Эти причины предопределили успех AUD, а выгодное географическое положение, уникальная природа и богатые туристические традиции государства только способствовали его укреплению.

Монеты

мелкие австралийские деньги

Чтобы дополнить повествование о том, какая валюта в Австралии в обращении сейчас, нужно упомянуть историю первой чеканки, ведь та же 50 центовая монета из дебютной серии в обороте до сих пор, и дизайн ее не менялся:

  • Стартовая эмиссия состоялась в 1966-м, с номиналом в 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 центов.
  • В 1984-м появились 1 AUD, а в 1988-м – 2 A$ из меди с добавками алюминия и никеля.
  • В 1991-м 1 и 2 ¢ упразднили и перестали выпускать.

Следует понимать, что все эти нововведения связаны со спецификой обращения условных единиц. Мелочь обладала слишком высокой себестоимостью, и со временем оказалось, что для Казначейства чересчур накладно ее выпускать. Плюс, тогда было банально выгоднее округлить все наличные сделки до 5 ¢.

австралийские монеты номиналом

Мы уже знаем, как называются деньги в Австралии, а теперь давайте посмотрим, как выглядят классические чеканные доллары и центовики.

Особенности дизайна следующие:

  • 1 ¢ – сделана из 97% Cu, 2,5% Zn и 0,5% Sn, с гладкими краями. На реверсе – карликовая летяга Перохвостый акробат.
  • 2 ¢ – выполнена из такого же состава, что и предыдущая, но тяжелее ее (5,18 г против 2,59) и больше по диаметру (21,59 мм по сравнению с 17,53 мм). На оборотной стороне – плащеносная ящерица.
  • 5 ¢ – чеканится из мельхиора, 19,41 мм в ширину, чуть меньше 1,3 мм в толщину. Сзади изображение ехидны.
  • 10 ¢ – ее изготавливают из сплава меди (75%) и никеля (25%), с обработанными кромками, по размеру достаточно внушительная (23 мм). На ее реверсе выбит большой лирохвост – очень интересно выглядящая птица.
  • 20 ¢ – состав тот же, в диаметре целых 28,52 мм, весит 11,3 г, ее край все еще гуртованный. На оборотной стороне – один из самых известных эндемиков страны, утконос.
  • 50 ¢ – выполнена в форме додекагона, поэтому в ширину и 31,51 и 32 мм; самая тяжелая в серии – 15,55 г. Ее кромка уже ровная, а сзади нанесен официальный герб государства.
  • 1 $A – из сплава 92% меди, 6% алюминия и 2% никеля, частично гуртованная, весом 9 г. На ее реверсе – пятерка кенгуру, всем известный символ австралийского доллара и государства в целом.
  • 2 $A – состав такой же, но при этом она чуть толще (3,2 мм против 3 мм) и легче (6,6 г), кромка идентичная предыдущей; разница есть в дизайне оборотной стороны – там изображен абориген.
  • Мы намеренно не упоминали о реверсе, ведь он у всех монет серии одинаков – на нем выбит портрет Его Величества королевы Елизаветы Второй. Кстати, в честь серебряного юбилея ее правления в 1977-м была сделана юбилейная чеканка дензнаков номиналом в 50 ¢.

    50 центов Австралии Елизавета 2 на деньгах

    До этого в 1970-м отдали дань уважения капитану Куку с его знаменитым плаванием, после в 1981-м отметили свадьбу Дианы и Чарльза и в 1988-м двухсотлетие страны.

    юбилейные монеты профиль ЕлизаветыII

    королевская семья на денежных номиналах юбилейные деньги Австралии

    ценные памятные знаки дензнаки к юбилею в коллекцию

    Огромное количество событий, «перенесенных на медь», произошло уже в XXI веке. И обычно для празднования выбирали пятидесятицентовики. Хотя выпускались и алюминиевые, и бронзовые монеты достоинством в 5 AUD, и даже золотые с серебряными, уже на вес. Причем все они продолжают оставаться официальными платежными средствами, хотя их коллекционная и фактическая ценность в разы выше, чем их номинал.

    Интересно, что остающиеся в ходу 5, 10, 20 ¢ по размерам совпадают с уже вышедшими из оборота пенсами, шиллингами и флоринами. И последняя тройка не то чтобы устарела – просто Британия и Зеландия начали экономить металл и выпускать более мелкие по диаметру варианты. В результате чего 50-центовый додекагон со своими 32 мм ширины стал одной из самых крупных монет, сохранивших актуальность.

    Банкноты Австралии

    один австралийский доллар

    купюра 1966 года

    20-долларовая бона

    коллекция дензнаков для бонист

    наши предложения нумизматам

    AUS0040ar.jpg

    коллекционные денежные единицы

    двадцатидолларовый номинал

    Первую их серию выпустили в 1966-м, еще по фунтовой системе, то есть номиналами в 1, 2, 10, 20 AUD – так, чтобы они совпадали с какими-то целыми значениями GBP. Через год, когда народ уже хорошо воспринимал десятичное исчисление, к этому ряду добавили еще и 5 A$.

    5 австралийских фунтов

    пятифунтовый реверс Австралии

    С течением времени не обходилось без изменений. Одни из них объяснялись влиянием инфляции, другие – спецификой взаиморасчетов. Так, бумажный 1 $A в 1984-м заменили на медный, та же участь постигла и 2 $A, но уже в 1988-м, а все из-за того, что ими часто давали сдачу, а значит требовалось платежное средство, которое будет изнашиваться не так быстро.

    Но как же обстоят дела сегодня? Рассмотрим актуальные купюры Австралии – особенности их дизайна следующие:

    5 $A (2019 г.) – выполнена в сиреневых тонах. Аверс украшен очень богато: справа цветок эвкалипта, слева – его ветка, а прямо по центру – изображение прославленной Елизаветы Второй. Реверс тоже не уступает в плане эффектности: там вы увидите и здание национального парламента, и архитектурные формы. На просвет видны лепестки вечнозеленого растения.

    Британская королева на австралийских купюрах

    обратная сторона пятидолларовой банкноты

    10 $A (2017 г.) – банкнота выполнена в голубых тонах, 137 мм в длину и 65 – в высоту. На этой валюте Австралии изображен видный поэт страны – Банджо Патерсон, автор поэмы с названием «Парень со Снежной реки», на фоне лошади с наездником, птицы обитающие на континенте, а также ветка акации. На обороте – поэтесса, активистка Мэри Гилмор на фоне сельского дома. В качестве вотермарки – ветряная мельница.

    коллекционные бумажные деньги

    писатели и поэты на банкнотах

    20 $A (2019 г.) – ярко-красная, 144 на 65 мм. На ее аверсе изображена Мэри Рейби. Эта женщина для многих своих соотечественников была и является до сих пор примером для подражания. В юности будучи осужденной за кражу, она была сослана в Сидней. По истечению срока наказания, Мэри не вернулась на родину в Англию, а осталась вместе с мужем на континенте. Вскоре супруги развили здесь успешный бизнес. После смерти мужа Мэри значительно приумножила свои доходы. На обратной стороне – Джон Флинн, пресвитерианский министр, занимавшейся поддержкой населения, проживающего на отдалении от крупных городов. Ему также принадлежит инициатива задействования летательных аппаратов для оказания скорой медицинской помощи людям из глубинок – в память об этом рядом с портретом преподобного Джона Флинна изображен самолет.

    исторические деятели на австралийских банкнотах

    20 долларов Австралии

    50 $A (2020 г.) – желтого цвета, 151 мм в длину и 65 – в высоту. Изображение на банкноте австралийского доллара знакомит нас с изобретателем и по совместительству писателем Дэвидом Юнайпоном, чей портрет расположен на аверсе, а также с Эдит Коуэн, первой женщины, ставшей членом парламента в Австралии на фоне здания парламента на реверсе.

    Боны зарубежных стран

    бумажные деньги для коллекции

    100 $A (2020 г.) – нежно-зеленого цвета, 158 на 65 мм. На аверсе – Нелли Мелба и театр, в котором проходили ее выступления, сцены из ее гастролей, виньетка с лирохвостом. На реверсе – Джон Монаш, на фоне Храма памяти в Мельбурне, при строительстве которого он принимал активное участие. Уже упомянутая птица является еще и водяным знаком.

    подарочные наборы для бонист

    символика на дензнаках

    Дизайн пестрый, разнообразный. Для слабовидящих нанесены специальные условные обозначения, которые различаются на ощупь. Теперь, зная, как выглядит и обозначается австралийский доллар, вы можете заметить, что банкноты разного достоинства отличаются между собой еще и размерами. И это тоже сделано специально – чтобы их нельзя было случайно перепутать, и при взаиморасчетах между людьми возникало меньше недопонимания.

    Резервный банк регулярно внедрял меры по защите своих печатных знаков. В частности, в 2016 году при выпуске 5-долларовой купюры стали применять специальную банкнотную подложку, на основе полимерного субстрата Guardian, которую практически невозможно подделать. Также на дензнаке появились несколько прозрачных окошек, внутри которых нанесены защитные элементы с детальными голографическими изображениями. В 2020 вышла обновленная версия платежных средств номинальной стоимостью 50 и 100 AUD с рельефным узором, специальным волокном и другими секретами, позволяющими исключить подделывание. По-прежнему используются способы ультрафиолетовой, инфракрасной и магнитной защиты.

    Полимерные серии

    платежные средства из полимера

    банкноты из пластика

    Австралия 10 долларов 1988 год. Первая полимерная банкнота

    Первый опыт введения пластиковых денег был предпринят в 1983 году в центральноамериканских странах Коста-Рика, Гаити и на острове Мэн. Попытка не увенчалась успехом – краска на денежных знаках не выдержала климатических особенностей местности и попросту «слезла».

    В 1988 году перейти на новый денежный формат попыталась и Австралия, используя при этом усовершенствованный материал полипропилена Guardian. Причиной тому послужило большое число фальшивок. Пластиковый вариант денег, который подразумевает множество элементов защиты, подделать сложно. Так, первой полимерной австралийской банкнотой стала 10-долларовая купюра, приуроченная к 200-летию появления на континенте колонистов из Европы. Изюминка дизайна – прозрачное окно, в котором портрет Джеймса Кука выступал в роли вотермарки и зрительно изменялся под разными углами. Note Printing Australia стала первой типографией в мире, использовавшей такую технологию. Прошло 30 лет, и теперь все печатные знаки в стране изготавливаются из полимера.

    Стоимость AUD

    Говоря о том, как называются бумажные деньги в Австралии, под каким названием они выступали раньше, стоит упомянуть также и о динамике курса австралийского доллара. Пик его пришелся на 14.03.1984 – тогда за 1 $A давали 0,96 $. В 2001-м, когда курс составлял 1 к 0,4775. Но с того времени $AU стал неуклонно укрепляться.

    Интересный факт: сразу после выпуска его привязали к еще действовавшему тогда золотому стандарту. И если в 1966-м 1 $A был эквивалентен 980 г драгоценного металла, то в 2008-м – уже только 80 г. Что же обуславливает подобные изменения?

    Валютная политика

    До 1971-го страна ориентировалась на Бреттон-Вудскую систему международных взаиморасчетов (1944—1976), деятельность которой способствовала тому, чтобы денежная единица США была признана межгосударственной расчетной валютой, а также средством хранения резервов. После ее краха правительство Австралии сменило фиксированные ставки на плавающие. А в 1974-м пришла к TWI, пытаясь минимизировать за счет этого индекса все колебания и риски. В 1978-м правительство пробовало идти по противоположному пути и регулировало фактическое соотношение пар.

    А с 1983-го значок австралийского доллара в графе котировок прозрачно отражает стабильность государства в экономическом плане. Он укреплялся при глобальных подъемах торговли и слабел в период кризисов и падения цен на ресурсы. Но все равно пережил многие платежные средства и остался актуальным. Сегодня он сохраняет престижное звание одного из наиболее торгуемых, уверенно входя в пятерку, и в ближайшие годы ситуация вряд ли изменится. Это к тому, во что вкладываться при случае в нашу нелегкую пору финансовых потрясений.

    Как записывается австралийский доллар: обозначение, коды и символы

    За более чем полвека у денежного знака Австралии появилось несколько общепринятых сокращений, например, AUD, согласно коду ISO 4217, или A$, по международной классификации. Также в быту ходили вариации вроде $A или $AU. Все они актуальны по сей день.

    Страны обращения

    Официальный и национальный статус он имеет на территории всего Содружества, то есть не только во всех штатах Зеленого континента (включая Танзанию), но и на островах Рождества, Кокосовых, Норфолк, в государствах Кирибати, Тувалу, Науру. Активному обмену способствует практичность физического носителя: как вы помните, изготавливается он из полипропилена, сравнительно стойкого к износу, истиранию, потере цвета.

    Заключение

    австралийские банкноты для коллекции

    Теперь, когда вы знаете, как называется валюта в Австралии, как она выглядит и какой историей может похвастать, самое время задуматься об увлекательном путешествии и о пополнении своей коллекции новыми банкнотами.

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АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 1 АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 2

В наличии

АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 1 АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 2

В наличии

АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 1 АВСТРАЛИЯ 100 ДОЛЛАРОВ 2

В наличии


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