Часовые пояса как правильно пишется

Часовой пояс — time zone.

Наше время впереди/позади вашего на … часов.
Our time is … hours ahead of/behind yours.
Our time is ahead of/behind yours by … hours.

Часто при международном телефонном разговоре возникает этот вопрос — а который час сейчас в вашей стране? — What time is it now in your country?
Ответ — как обычно, например: It’s 4:25 A.M. И Вашему собеседнику станет понятно, почему у Вас несколько заспанный и недовольный голос.

Следует различать астрономические часовые пояса и часовые зоны, установленные законодательно.

Часовые пояса и зоны имеют буквенные обозначения. Московское время — MSK.
Нулевой часовой пояс (Гринвичское время) — Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) или Universal Time Coordinated (UTC).

Летнее время (в тех странах, где оно используется) — Daylight Saving Time (DST)

Time zones in North America
ADT — Atlantic Daylight Time
AKDT — Alaska Daylight Time
AKST — Alaska Standard Time
AST — Atlantic Standard Time
CDT — Central Daylight Time
CST — Central Standard Time
EDT — Eastern Daylight Time
EGST — Eastern Greenland Summer Time
EGT — East Greenland Time
EST — Eastern Standard TimeHADT — Hawaii-Aleutian Daylight Time
HAST — Hawaii-Aleutian Standard Time
MDT — Mountain Daylight Time
MST — Mountain Standard Time
NDT — Newfoundland Daylight Time
NST — Newfoundland Standard Time
PDT — Pacific Daylight Time
PMDT — Pierre & Miquelon Daylight Time
PMST — Pierre & Miquelon Standard Time
PST — Pacific Standard Time
WGST — Western Greenland Summer Time
WGT — West Greenland Time

Когда человек быстро перемещается из одного часового пояса в другой с большой разницей во времени, у него возникает состояние, которое называется «jet lag» — сбой суточного ритма. В той стране, куда он прилетел, все бодрствуют, а ему хочется спать, потому что в стране, из которой он улетел, сейчас ночь.

Большая Советская энциклопедия → Что такое Московское время, что означает и как правильно пишется

Часовые пояса России

Территория нашей страны очень велика и поэтому в России целых одиннадцать часовых поясов.

Карта часовых поясов России:

На карте часовых поясов России цифрами обозначена разница во времени с Москвой.

Каждый из нас слышал выражение, что когда москвичи просыпаются, на Дальнем Востоке уже собираются спать. Происходит это потому, что эти два города находятся в разных районах страны и живут по разным часовым поясам с максимальной разницей. Основным считается московское время – по Москве объявляют отправление поездов с вокзалов во всех городах, по московскому времени дикторы телевидения сообщают нам о демонстрации фильмов. Все остальные регионы должны высчитывать разницу между московским и местным временем самостоятельно.

Одиннадцать часовых поясов России обусловлены огромной территорией нашей страны. На вопрос: «Сколько времени?” нет определённого ответа, ведь в разных городах и странах в этот момент совершенно разное время, в зависимости от того, в каком часовом поясе находится город или страна.

Текущее время сейчас в городах России:

Существует огромное количество карт часовых поясов, они составляются для удобства людей. Посмотрев на такую карту, можно наглядно увидеть, в каком часовом поясе вы проживаете и какая разница между вашим местным временем и, например, московским. Поэтому нет необходимости держать в голове сведения о часовых поясах России или другой страны. Можно в любой момент открыть нужную страницу сайта и узнать всю информацию, которая нас интересует.

Разница во времени между городами России:

Алфавитный список часовых поясов городов России и разницей во времени с Москвой:

Часовой пояс Абакана  UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Анадыря UTC +12: 00 MSK +09: 00
Часовой пояс Анапы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Ангарска UTC +08: 00 MSK +05: 00
Часовой пояс Армавира UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Архангельска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Астрахани UTC +04: 00 MSK +01: 00
Часовой пояс Барнаула UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Белгорода UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Бийска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Биробиджана UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Благовещенска UTC +09: 00 MSK +06: 00
Часовой пояс Братска UTC +08: 00 MSK +05: 00
Часовой пояс Брянска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Великого Новгорода UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Владивостока UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Владикавказа UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Владимира UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Волгограда UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Волжского UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Вологды UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Воркуты UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Воронежа UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Гатчины UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Горно-Алтайска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Грозного UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Дмитрова UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Екатеринбурга UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Ессентуки UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Иваново UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Ижевска UTC +04: 00 MSK +01: 00
Часовой пояс Иркутска UTC +08: 00 MSK +05: 00
Часовой пояс Йошкар-Олы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Казани UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Калининграда UTC +02: 00 MSK -01: 00
Часовой пояс Калуги UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Кемерово UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Кирова UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Кисловодска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Коломны UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Комсомольска-на-Амуре UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Королёва UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Костромы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Краснодара UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Красноярска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Кургана UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Курска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Кызыла UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Липецка UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Магадана UTC +11: 00 MSK +08: 00
Часовой пояс Магнитогорска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Майкопа UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Махачкалы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Минеральных Вод UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Мирного UTC +09: 00 MSK +06: 00
Часовой пояс Москвы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Мурманска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Мурома UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Набережных Челнов UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Нальчика UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Нарьян-Мара UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Находки UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Нижневартовска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Нижнекамска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Нижнего Новгорода UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Нижнего Тагила UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Новокузнецка UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Новороссийска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Новосибирска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Нового Уренгоя UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Норильска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Оймякона UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Омска UTC +06: 00 MSK +03: 00
Часовой пояс Оренбурга UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Орла UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Орска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Пензы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Переславля-Залесского UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Перми UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Петрозаводска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Петропавловска-Камчатского UTC +12: 00 MSK +09: 00
Часовой пояс Пскова UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Пятигорска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Ростова Великого UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Ростова-на-Дону UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Рязани UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Салехарда UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Самары UTC +04: 00 MSK +01: 00
Часовой пояс Санкт-Петербурга UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Саранска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Саратова UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Севастополя UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Сергиева Посада UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Симферополя UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Смоленска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Сочи UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Среднеколымска UTC +11: 00 MSK +08: 00
Часовой пояс Ставрополя UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Старого Оскола UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Стерлитамака UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Суздаля UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Сургута UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Сыктывкара UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Таганрога UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Тамбова UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Твери UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Тобольска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Тольятти UTC +04: 00 MSK +01: 00
Часовой пояс Томска UTC +07: 00 MSK +04: 00
Часовой пояс Тулы UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Тюмени UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Углича UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Улан-Удэ UTC +08: 00 MSK +05: 00
Часовой пояс Ульяновска UTC +04: 00 MSK +01: 00
Часовой пояс Уфы UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Хабаровска UTC +10: 00 MSK +07: 00
Часовой пояс Ханты-Мансийска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Чебоксар UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Челябинска UTC +05: 00 MSK +02: 00
Часовой пояс Череповца UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Черкесска UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Читы UTC +09: 00 MSK +06: 00
Часовой пояс Элисты UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00
Часовой пояс Южно-Сахалинска UTC +11: 00 MSK +08: 00
Часовой пояс Якутска UTC +09: 00 MSK +06: 00
Часовой пояс Ярославля UTC +03: 00 MSK +00: 00

См. также:

Время:

Карты:

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13.00 или 13:00

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Сообщений: 8 • Страница1из1

13.00 или 13:00

Alena » 07 ноя 2014, 12:52

Вопрос № 279202
Здравствуйте.

Меня интересует вопрос оформления программы мероприятий для сайта. Например:

12.00 Обед
13.00 Выступление генерального директора компании по вопросам:
— повышение заработной платы <…>
Александра
Alexandrin88

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Лучше так:

12.00 – обед
13.00 – выступление генерального директора компании по вопросам:

<…>

_________________
А как же рекомендация время писать через двоеточие? 13:00 и т. п.Alena Сообщений:566Зарегистрирован:
12 янв 2010, 11:35

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

fililog » 07 ноя 2014, 13:12

Рекомендация писать время через двоеточие существует для технических и официальных текстов. В художественных и неофициальных (как сайт) можно писать (и часто пишут) с точкой, как рекомендовала Справка.
Вопрос № 237484
Как правильно указывать в официальных документах обозначение времени?
Например:
9:00 или 9,00 или 9.00, 9:00ч., 9ч.00м. либо другой вариант…
и еще… как обозначить, что это именно время?
Например время работы:
с 9:00 до 21:00, 9:00 — 21:00, либо другой вариант.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Возможные варианты: в 9 часов, в 9 ч., с 9 ч.

Перевод «Московскому времени» на английский

до 21 ч., с 9:00 до 21:00, 9:00 — 21:00. Варианты с двоеточием употребляются, как правило, в научно-технических документах.
fililog Сообщений: 10199Зарегистрирован:
25 окт 2013, 06:31Откуда: Москва

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

Alena » 07 ноя 2014, 15:19

fililog писал(а):Рекомендация писать время через двоеточие существует для технических и официальных текстов. В художественных и неофициальных (как сайт) можно писать (и часто пишут) с точкой, как рекомендовала Справка.
Вопрос № 237484
Как правильно указывать в официальных документах обозначение времени?
Например:
9:00 или 9,00 или 9.00, 9:00ч., 9ч.00м. либо другой вариант…
и еще… как обозначить, что это именно время?
Например время работы:
с 9:00 до 21:00, 9:00 — 21:00, либо другой вариант.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Возможные варианты: в 9 часов, в 9 ч., с 9 ч. до 21 ч., с 9:00 до 21:00, 9:00 — 21:00. Варианты с двоеточием употребляются, как правило, в научно-технических документах.
В этом ответе нет варианта 21.00Alena Сообщений:566Зарегистрирован:
12 янв 2010, 11:35

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

Марго » 07 ноя 2014, 16:47

fililog писал(а):Рекомендация писать время через двоеточие существует для технических и официальных текстов.
Так программа мероприятия и есть официальный текст.
Марго Сообщений:16211Зарегистрирован:
28 дек 2009, 16:42Откуда:Москва

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

adada » 07 ноя 2014, 17:08

А вот это попадание — в точку, в каждую точку двоеточия!
adada Сообщений:39062Зарегистрирован:
28 дек 2009, 14:00

Откуда:тупик между Доном и Сяном

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

fililog » 07 ноя 2014, 17:13

Alena писал(а):В этом ответе нет варианта 21.00
Вопрос № 213306
Написание времени цифрами, только через двуеточие или можно использовать и точку?

12:05, 12.05
Prusac Aleksandar
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Международный стандарт обозначения времени — через двоеточие. Однако второй вариант написания тоже часто встречается.
Вопрос № 259611
Здравствуйте!
Пару дней назад задавала вопрос, но так и не получила ответа.
Какое написание времени в русском языке считается верным: через точку или двоеточие? Например: 12.46 или 12:46?
Спасибо!
katjakolesina
Ответ справочной службы русского языка
Для обозначения времени дня в научно-технических документах требуется постановка двоеточия: 12:46.
fililog Сообщений: 10199Зарегистрирован:
25 окт 2013, 06:31Откуда: Москва

Re: 13.00 или 13:00

adada » 07 ноя 2014, 17:20

Без двоеточия, наверно, не обойтись, когда в состав лаконичной отметки времени включаются не только часы и минуты (и секунды), но и месяцы и дни (и годы).
adada Сообщений:39062Зарегистрирован:
28 дек 2009, 14:00Откуда:тупик между Доном и Сяном

Re: 13.00 и 13:00

fililog » 07 ноя 2014, 18:56

Если в научно-популярных журналах пишут по ГОСТ ИСО 8601–2001 «Представление дат и времени. Общие требования», то в глянце можно и через точку. На сайте президента должно писаться через двоеточие, а на сайте компании можно и через точку. Ошибки в этом нет, главное — выбрать один формат для сайта или журнала и его придерживаться.
fililog Сообщений:10199Зарегистрирован:
25 окт 2013, 06:31Откуда:Москва Сообщений: 8 • Страница1из1

Иногда можно услышать, как дикторы новостей на радио или телевидении, приветствуя зрителя, называют точное время, говоря обычно что-то вроде «сейчас полдень по Москве». Что такое это самое «московское время», знают даже дети, которые уже учат географию в школе, а вот многие взрослые забывают и вспоминают, только когда надо позвонить в Красноярск или лететь в Токио.

Московское время — это главный часовой пояс, стандартное время России. Другие часовые пояса отсчитываются от него, а в расписаниях поездов московское время и вовсе используется по всей стране.

Часовой пояс: МСК+2, Мск+2 или мск+2 — Говорим и пишем правильно

Например, когда в Москве полночь, во Владивостоке — MSK+7, или семь утра, а полдень в Красноярске — это восемь утра «по Москве».

Московское время, в свою очередь, отличается от всемирного координационного времени (UTС) на четыре часа и пишется как (UTС+4). Когда Москвичи просыпаются в семь утра, чтобы успеть на работу, жители Лондона, время которого без отклонений от Гринвича, ещё спят в кроватях, так как «всего три часа ночи».

Интересно, что технически точное Московское время находится между UTС+2 и UTС+3. Сквозь Москву проходит меридиан 37°30’ восточной долготы, являющийся границей 2-го и 3-го географических часовых поясов. А если еще точнее, то с точки зрения географии московское время выглядит так: UTC+02:30:48. Так Москва и жила до 1919 года, но история не щадит даже время. Сначала в 1919 году СНК РСФСР ввёл в стране международную систему часовых поясов, и Москва была неправильно отнесена ко 2-му поясу (UTC+2).

Потом, спустя 21 год, 16 июня 1930, вместе с отменой перехода на летнее время Москва перешла на один «декретный» час вперёд, и в Москве установилось самое близкое к природному время UTC+3, но и это не навсегда. Последнее изменение произошло относительно недавно: в середине 2011 года вместе с отменой перехода на летнее время Москва одновременно перешла ещё на один час, и было установлено время UTC+4.

Долго говорили о возврате на зимнее время, и вот, наконец, 26 октября 2014 года в 02:00, в ночь с субботы на воскресенье, стрелки переводятся на час назад. Надолго ли — неизвестно, то самое «Точное Московское» вновь может измениться. Но пока об этом говорить не время.

В русском языке имена существительные имеют категорию рода: мужского, среднего, женского или общего, могут быть одушевленными или неодушевленными, собственными или нарицательными, а также изменяться по числам и падежам. Изменение падежных окончаний соответствует определенному типу склонения, в котором учитываются все перечисленные характеристики. Правописание существительного время в форме косвенных падежей подчиняется особым правилам. Знание этих правил позволит избежать ошибки в ответе на вопрос о том, как нужно писать: время или времени?

Существительное время относится к среднему роду, но в единственном числе изменяется по падежам не по II типу склонения, как, например, существительные море, окно, озеро, а по так называемому разносклоняемому типу. Он объединяет 10 существительных среднего рода, оканчивающихся  на –мя: время, темя, вымя, стремя, знамя, семя, имя, пламя, племя, бремя, и одно существительное мужского рода путь. В родительном, дательном, творительном и предложном падежах, кроме устойчивых окончаний -и, -ем, они приобретают суффикс –ен-, а в именительном и винительном полностью совпадают по форме написания:

Падеж, вопрос                Существительные на -мя
И. (что?) время   темя  знамя
Р. (чего?) времени темени знамени
Д. (чему?) времени темени знамени
В. (что?) время  темя знамя
Т. (чем?) временем теменем знаменем
П. (о чем?) (о) времени       (о) темени   (о) знамени

В зависимости от того, в каком падеже употребляется существительное время, в предложении оно может иметь только одну из трех форм: время, времени или временем.

Пришло время собирать урожай яблок. (Им. п.)

Несмотря на позднее время, все еще было светло. (Вин. п.)

Сколько времени утекло с тех пор! (Род. п.)

Надо доверять своему времени. (Дат. п.)

Тем временем в зрительном зале происходило что-то странное. (Твор. п.)

Что вспоминать о былом времени! (Пр. п.)

При выборе нужной падежной формы время или времени следует обращать внимание на вопрос, который можно поставить к слову. Вопросу что? соответствует форма время, вопросам чего? чему? о чем? – форма времени.

Часовые пояса как правильно пишется

TheDifference.ru дает следующие рекомендации по образованию и употреблению в речи падежных форм время и времени:

  1. В именительном и винительном падежах правильно употреблять форму время. В родительном, дательном и предложном употребляется форма времени.
  2. Существительное время в предложении выступает в роли подлежащего или прямого дополнения. Форма времени может быть дополнением или обстоятельством.
  3. С вопросительным местоимением сколько и наречием много сочетается форма родительного падежа: сколько времени; много времени.
Источник

A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

All time zones are defined as offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), ranging from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00. The offsets are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India, South Australia and Nepal.

Some areas of higher latitude use daylight saving time for about half of the year, typically by adding one hour to local time during spring and summer.

List of UTC offsets

In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC offset when DST is not in effect. When DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for Lord Howe Island, where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period California observes UTC−07:00 and the United Kingdom observes UTC+01:00.

UTC offset Locations that do not use DST Locations that use DST
UTC−12:00

 Baker Island
 Howland Island
UTC−11:00

 American Samoa
 Jarvis Island
 Kingman Reef
 Midway Atoll
 Niue
 Palmyra Atoll
UTC−10:00

 Cook Islands

 French Polynesia (most)

 Johnston Atoll
 United States: Hawaii

  United States: Andreanof Islands, Islands of Four Mountains, Near Islands, Rat Islands (Aleutian Islands, Alaska)
UTC−09:30  French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands
UTC−09:00  French Polynesia: Gambier Islands  United States: Alaska (most)
UTC−08:00  Clipperton Island
 Pitcairn Islands

 Canada: British Columbia (most)
 Mexico: Baja California
 United States: California, Idaho (north), Nevada (most), Oregon (most), Washington
UTC−07:00  Canada: British Columbia (northeast), Yukon
 Mexico: Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most), Sinaloa, Sonora
 United States: Arizona (most) 		 Canada: Alberta, British Columbia (southeast), Northwest Territories, Nunavut (west)
 Mexico: Chihuahua (northwest border)
 United States: Colorado, Idaho (most), Kansas (west), Montana, Nebraska (panhandle), New Mexico, Nevada (West Wendover), North Dakota (southwest), Oregon (east), South Dakota (west), Texas (west), Utah, Wyoming
UTC−06:00

 Belize
 Canada: Saskatchewan (most)
 Costa Rica

 Ecuador: Galápagos

 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Mexico (most)
 Nicaragua

 Canada: Manitoba, Nunavut (central), Ontario (west)
 Chile: Easter Island
 Mexico (northeast border)

 United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (panhandle), Illinois, Iowa, Kansas (most), Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska (most), North Dakota (most), Oklahoma, South Dakota (most), Tennessee (most), Texas (most), Wisconsin
UTC−05:00

 Brazil: Acre
 Canada: Atikokan, Mishkeegogamang, Southampton Island
 Cayman Islands
 Colombia
 Ecuador (most)
 Jamaica
 Mexico: Quintana Roo
 Navassa Island
 Panama
 Peru

 Bahamas
 Canada: Nunavut (east), Ontario (most), Quebec (most)
 Cuba
 Haiti
 Turks and Caicos Islands

 United States: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida (most), Georgia, Indiana (most), Kentucky (most), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan (most), New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
UTC−04:00

 Anguilla
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Aruba
 Barbados
 Bolivia
 Brazil: Amazonas (most), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima
 British Virgin Islands
 Canada: Quebec (east)
 Caribbean Netherlands
 Curaçao
 Dominica

 Dominican Republic

 Grenada
 Guadeloupe
 Guyana
 Martinique
 Montserrat
 Puerto Rico
 Saint Barthélemy
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Martin
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Sint Maarten
 Trinidad and Tobago
 U.S. Virgin Islands
 Venezuela

  Bermuda
 Canada: Labrador (most), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
 Chile (most)
 Greenland: Thule Air Base
 Paraguay
UTC−03:30  Canada: Newfoundland, Labrador (southeast)
UTC−03:00

 Argentina
 Brazil (most)
 Chile: Magallanes
 Falkland Islands
 French Guiana
 Suriname
 Uruguay

  Greenland (most)
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
UTC−02:00  Brazil: Fernando de Noronha
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00  Cape Verde

 Greenland: Ittoqqortoormiit
 Portugal: Azores
UTC±00:00

 Burkina Faso
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Greenland: Danmarkshavn
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Iceland
 Ivory Coast
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Togo

  Faroe Islands
 Guernsey
 Ireland
 Isle of Man
 Jersey
 Portugal (most)
 Spain: Canary Islands
 United Kingdom
UTC+01:00

 Algeria
 Angola
 Benin
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Congo

 Democratic Republic of the Congo: Équateur, Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Kwango, Kwilu, Mai-Ndombe, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, Tshuapa

 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Morocco[a]
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Tunisia
 Western Sahara[a]

 Albania
 Andorra
 Austria
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 France (metropolitan)
 Germany
 Gibraltar
 Hungary
 Italy
 Kosovo
 Liechtenstein
 Luxembourg
 Malta
 Monaco
 Montenegro
 Netherlands (European)
 North Macedonia
 Norway
 Poland
 San Marino
 Serbia
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Spain (most)
 Sweden
 Switzerland
  Vatican City
UTC+02:00

 Botswana
 Burundi
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (most)
 Eswatini
 Lesotho
 Libya
 Malawi
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 Russia: Kaliningrad
 Rwanda
 South Africa (most)
 South Sudan
 Sudan
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
 Bulgaria
 Cyprus
 Egypt
 Estonia
 Finland
 Greece
 Israel
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Lithuania
 Moldova
 Northern Cyprus
 Palestine
 Romania
 Transnistria
 Ukraine (most)
UTC+03:00

 Abkhazia
 Bahrain
 Belarus
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Scattered Islands[4]
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kenya
 Kuwait
 Madagascar
 Mayotte
 Qatar
 Russia (most of European part)
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Somaliland
 South Africa: Prince Edward Islands
 South Ossetia
 Syria
 Tanzania
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine: occupied territories
 Yemen
UTC+03:30  Iran
UTC+04:00

 Armenia
 Artsakh
 Azerbaijan
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Crozet Islands[4]
 Georgia
 Mauritius
 Oman
 Russia: Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov, Udmurtia, Ulyanovsk
 Réunion
 Seychelles
 United Arab Emirates
UTC+04:30  Afghanistan
UTC+05:00

 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Kerguelen Islands, Saint Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Atyrau, Baikonur, Kyzylorda, Mangystau, West Kazakhstan
 Maldives
 Pakistan
 Russia: Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Khanty-Mansi, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Yamalia
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
UTC+05:30

 India
 Sri Lanka
UTC+05:45  Nepal
UTC+06:00

 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 British Indian Ocean Territory
 Kazakhstan (most)
 Kyrgyzstan
 Russia: Omsk
UTC+06:30

 Cocos Islands
 Myanmar
UTC+07:00

 Cambodia
 Christmas Island
 Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
 Laos

 Mongolia: Bayan-Ölgii, Khovd, Uvs

 Russia: Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tuva
 Thailand
 Vietnam
UTC+08:00

 Australia: Western Australia (most)
 Brunei
 China
 Hong Kong

 Indonesia: South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands

 Macau
 Malaysia
 Mongolia (most)
 Philippines
 Russia: Buryatia, Irkutsk
 Singapore
 Taiwan
UTC+08:45  Australia: Eucla
UTC+09:00

 East Timor
 Indonesia: Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea
 Japan
 North Korea
 Palau
 Russia: Amur, Sakha (most), Zabaykalsky
 South Korea
UTC+09:30  Australia: Northern Territory  Australia: South Australia
UTC+10:00

 Australia: Queensland
 Guam
 Micronesia: Chuuk, Yap

 Northern Mariana Islands

 Papua New Guinea (most)

 Russia: Jewish, Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Sakha (central-east)

  Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales (most), Tasmania, Victoria
UTC+10:30  Australia: Lord Howe Island
UTC+11:00

 Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei
 New Caledonia

 Papua New Guinea: Bougainville

 Russia: Magadan, Sakha (east), Sakhalin
 Solomon Islands
 Vanuatu

  Norfolk Island
UTC+12:00

 Fiji
 Kiribati: Gilbert Islands
 Marshall Islands
 Nauru

 Russia: Chukotka, Kamchatka

 Tuvalu
 Wake Island
 Wallis and Futuna

  New Zealand (most)
UTC+12:45  New Zealand: Chatham Islands
UTC+13:00

 Kiribati: Phoenix Islands
 Samoa
 Tokelau
 Tonga
UTC+14:00  Kiribati: Line Islands
  1. ^ a b Observes UTC±00:00 around Ramadan.[1][2][3]

History

The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus solar time, varies by location due to the spherical shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four minutes of time for every degree of longitude, so for example when it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in Bristol, which is about 2.5 degrees to the west.[5]

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, founded in 1675, established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in England kept a different time.

Railway time

Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America

In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.[6] This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time.

Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain’s public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island’s legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.[7]

On November 2, 1868, the then British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.[8] It was based on longitude 172°30′ east of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.[9]

Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad’s train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.[10]

1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd’s system was never accepted by North American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler’s Official Railway Guide.[11] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called «The Day of Two Noons»,[12] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.

The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time.[13] A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

Worldwide time zones

Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called «longitudinal days», the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death.[14][15]

Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 — see Sandford Fleming § Inventor of worldwide standard time. The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.[16] He advocated his system at several international conferences, including the International Meridian Conference, where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming’s system.[17]

World map of time zones in 1928

By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.[18]

All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.[19] In Russia, which has 11 time zones, two time zones were removed in 2010[20][21] and reinstated in 2014.[22]

Notation

ISO 8601

ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.[23]

If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a «Z» is added directly after the time without a separating space. «Z» is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. «09:30 UTC» is therefore represented as «09:30Z» or «0930Z». Likewise, «14:45:15 UTC» is written as «14:45:15Z» or «144515Z».[24] UTC time is also known as «Zulu» time, since «Zulu» is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter «Z».[24]

Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be «+01:00», «+0100», or simply «+01». This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or «Z», as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, is «−06:00» for the winter (Central Standard Time) and «−05:00» for the summer (Central Daylight Time).[25]

Abbreviations

Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as «EST», «WST», and «CST», but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, «CST» can mean (North American) Central Standard Time (UTC−06:00), Cuba Standard Time (UTC−05:00) and China Standard Time (UTC+08:00), and it is also a widely used variant of ACST (Australian Central Standard Time, UTC+09:30).[26]

Conversions

Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

«time in zone A» − «UTC offset for zone A» = «time in zone B» − «UTC offset for zone B»,

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

«time in zone B» = «time in zone A» − «UTC offset for zone A» + «UTC offset for zone B».

For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC offset= −05:00). In California (PST, UTC offset= −08:00) and India (IST, UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in California = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;
time in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.

These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for the area becomes a function of UTC time.

The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00).

The table «Time of day by zone» gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.

Time of day by zone
UTC offset Monday
UTC−12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
UTC−11:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
UTC−10:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00
UTC−09:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30
UTC−09:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00
UTC−08:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00
UTC−07:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
UTC−06:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00
UTC−05:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00
UTC−04:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00
UTC−03:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30
UTC−03:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00
UTC−02:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30
UTC−02:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00
UTC−01:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
UTC±00:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00
UTC+01:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
UTC+02:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00
UTC+03:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00
UTC+03:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30
UTC+04:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
UTC+04:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
UTC+05:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
UTC+05:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30
UTC+05:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45
UTC+06:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
UTC+06:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30
UTC+07:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
UTC+08:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
UTC+08:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45
UTC+09:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
UTC+09:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30
UTC+10:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00
UTC+10:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30
UTC+11:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
UTC+12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
UTC+12:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45
UTC+13:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
UTC+13:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45
UTC+14:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00
UTC offset Tuesday Wednesday

Nautical time zones

Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time zones consist of gores of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.[27][28][29]

However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at a convenient time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a certain longitude.[30] Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip.[31]

Skewing of time zones

Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:

1h ± 30 min behind
0h ± 30m
1h ± 30 m ahead
2h ± 30 m ahead
3h ± 30 m ahead

  DST observed

  DST formerly observed

  DST never observed

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.[32] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed «Amsterdam Time», which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians is to allow the more efficient use of afternoon sunlight.[33] Some of these locations also use daylight saving time (DST), further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator.[34] Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.[35]

A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.[36]
Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has two sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.[37]

China extends as far west as 73°E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar «noon» can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang.[38] The Afghanistan-China border marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan’s UTC+4:30 and China’s UTC+08:00.

A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar time in different locations. In blue areas, clock time lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is true. The two are synchronized in the white areas.

Daylight saving time

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn («spring forward», «fall back»). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight there is minimal.

Computer systems

Many computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[39] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[40] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note «datetime».

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[41] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender’s time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message’s date and time of sending in the recipient’s local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.

Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer’s time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.[42] Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,[43] although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).

Operating systems

Unix

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) that have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970.[44] By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the TZ environment variable.[45] This allows users in multiple time zones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[46] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages

Java

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own time zone database. This database is updated whenever time zone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[47]

As an alternative to the time zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[48] This library includes its own time zone data based on the IANA time zone database.[49]

As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting time zones.
Java 8 Date Time

JavaScript

Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.

ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.[50] However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.[51]

Perl

The DateTime object in Perl supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[52]

PHP

The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[53] As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python

The standard module datetime included with Python stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.[54] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.[55]

Smalltalk

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[56]

Time in outer space

Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour period. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate the time with respect to the Sun and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control, synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[57][58]

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark.[59]

See also

  • Daylight saving time
  • ISO 8601
  • Jet lag
  • Lists of time zones
  • Metric time
  • Time by country
  • Time in Europe
  • Time zone abolition
  • World clock
  • International Date Line

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  48. ^ «Joda-Time». Joda-time.sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on December 3, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  49. ^ «tz database». Twinsun.com. December 26, 2007. Archived from the original on June 23, 2012. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  50. ^ «ECMAScript 2015 Internationalization API Specification». ecma-international.org. ECMA International. June 2015. Archived from the original on October 26, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  51. ^ «Internationalization Support». Node.js v12.10.0 Documentation. Archived from the original on August 28, 2019. Retrieved September 4, 2019.
  52. ^ «DateTime». METACPAN. Archived from the original on March 29, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  53. ^ «DateTime». Php.net. Archived from the original on November 22, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  54. ^ «pytz module». Pytz.sourceforge.net. Archived from the original on November 30, 2011. Retrieved December 5, 2011.
  55. ^ «zoneinfo module». www.python.org. Archived from the original on February 7, 2021. Retrieved February 8, 2021.
  56. ^ Chronos Date/Time Library Archived April 5, 2014, at the Wayback Machine
  57. ^ «Ask the Crew: STS-111». National Aeronautics and Space Administration. June 19, 2002. Archived from the original on September 28, 2015. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  58. ^ Lu, Ed (September 8, 2003). «Day in the Life». National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Archived from the original on September 1, 2012. Retrieved September 10, 2015.
  59. ^ New Tricks Could Help Mars Rover Team Live on Mars Time Archived August 12, 2014, at the Wayback Machine, Megan Gannon, Space.com, September 28, 2012.

Further reading

  • Biswas, Soutik (February 12, 2019). «How India’s single time zone is hurting its people». BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • Maulik Jagnani, economist at Cornell University (January 15, 2019). «PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production» (Job Market Paper). Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT» (Video). BBC News. August 14, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «How time zones confused the world». BBC News. August 7, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • Lane, Megan (May 10, 2011). «How does a country change its time zone?». BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «A brief history of time zones» (Video). BBC News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • The Time Zone Information Format (TZif). doi:10.17487/RFC8536. RFC 8536.

External links

  • Media related to Time zones at Wikimedia Commons
Источник

A time zone is an area which observes a uniform standard time for legal, commercial and social purposes. Time zones tend to follow the boundaries between countries and their subdivisions instead of strictly following longitude, because it is convenient for areas in frequent communication to keep the same time.

All time zones are defined as offsets from Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), ranging from UTC−12:00 to UTC+14:00. The offsets are usually a whole number of hours, but a few zones are offset by an additional 30 or 45 minutes, such as in India, South Australia and Nepal.

Some areas of higher latitude use daylight saving time for about half of the year, typically by adding one hour to local time during spring and summer.

List of UTC offsets

In the table below, the locations that use daylight saving time (DST) are listed in their UTC offset when DST is not in effect. When DST is in effect, approximately during spring and summer, their UTC offset is increased by one hour (except for Lord Howe Island, where it is increased by 30 minutes). For example, during the DST period California observes UTC−07:00 and the United Kingdom observes UTC+01:00.

UTC offset Locations that do not use DST Locations that use DST
UTC−12:00

 Baker Island
 Howland Island
UTC−11:00

 American Samoa
 Jarvis Island
 Kingman Reef
 Midway Atoll
 Niue
 Palmyra Atoll
UTC−10:00

 Cook Islands

 French Polynesia (most)

 Johnston Atoll
 United States: Hawaii

  United States: Andreanof Islands, Islands of Four Mountains, Near Islands, Rat Islands (Aleutian Islands, Alaska)
UTC−09:30  French Polynesia: Marquesas Islands
UTC−09:00  French Polynesia: Gambier Islands  United States: Alaska (most)
UTC−08:00  Clipperton Island
 Pitcairn Islands

 Canada: British Columbia (most)
 Mexico: Baja California
 United States: California, Idaho (north), Nevada (most), Oregon (most), Washington
UTC−07:00  Canada: British Columbia (northeast), Yukon
 Mexico: Baja California Sur, Nayarit (most), Sinaloa, Sonora
 United States: Arizona (most) 		 Canada: Alberta, British Columbia (southeast), Northwest Territories, Nunavut (west)
 Mexico: Chihuahua (northwest border)
 United States: Colorado, Idaho (most), Kansas (west), Montana, Nebraska (panhandle), New Mexico, Nevada (West Wendover), North Dakota (southwest), Oregon (east), South Dakota (west), Texas (west), Utah, Wyoming
UTC−06:00

 Belize
 Canada: Saskatchewan (most)
 Costa Rica

 Ecuador: Galápagos

 El Salvador
 Guatemala
 Honduras
 Mexico (most)
 Nicaragua

 Canada: Manitoba, Nunavut (central), Ontario (west)
 Chile: Easter Island
 Mexico (northeast border)

 United States: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida (panhandle), Illinois, Iowa, Kansas (most), Louisiana, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska (most), North Dakota (most), Oklahoma, South Dakota (most), Tennessee (most), Texas (most), Wisconsin
UTC−05:00

 Brazil: Acre
 Canada: Atikokan, Mishkeegogamang, Southampton Island
 Cayman Islands
 Colombia
 Ecuador (most)
 Jamaica
 Mexico: Quintana Roo
 Navassa Island
 Panama
 Peru

 Bahamas
 Canada: Nunavut (east), Ontario (most), Quebec (most)
 Cuba
 Haiti
 Turks and Caicos Islands

 United States: Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida (most), Georgia, Indiana (most), Kentucky (most), Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan (most), New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia
UTC−04:00

 Anguilla
 Antigua and Barbuda
 Aruba
 Barbados
 Bolivia
 Brazil: Amazonas (most), Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Rondônia, Roraima
 British Virgin Islands
 Canada: Quebec (east)
 Caribbean Netherlands
 Curaçao
 Dominica

 Dominican Republic

 Grenada
 Guadeloupe
 Guyana
 Martinique
 Montserrat
 Puerto Rico
 Saint Barthélemy
 Saint Kitts and Nevis
 Saint Lucia
 Saint Martin
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
 Sint Maarten
 Trinidad and Tobago
 U.S. Virgin Islands
 Venezuela

  Bermuda
 Canada: Labrador (most), New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island
 Chile (most)
 Greenland: Thule Air Base
 Paraguay
UTC−03:30  Canada: Newfoundland, Labrador (southeast)
UTC−03:00

 Argentina
 Brazil (most)
 Chile: Magallanes
 Falkland Islands
 French Guiana
 Suriname
 Uruguay

  Greenland (most)
 Saint Pierre and Miquelon
UTC−02:00  Brazil: Fernando de Noronha
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands
UTC−01:00  Cape Verde

 Greenland: Ittoqqortoormiit
 Portugal: Azores
UTC±00:00

 Burkina Faso
 Gambia
 Ghana
 Greenland: Danmarkshavn
 Guinea
 Guinea-Bissau
 Iceland
 Ivory Coast
 Liberia
 Mali
 Mauritania
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha
 Senegal
 Sierra Leone
 São Tomé and Príncipe
 Togo

  Faroe Islands
 Guernsey
 Ireland
 Isle of Man
 Jersey
 Portugal (most)
 Spain: Canary Islands
 United Kingdom
UTC+01:00

 Algeria
 Angola
 Benin
 Cameroon
 Central African Republic
 Chad
 Congo

 Democratic Republic of the Congo: Équateur, Kinshasa, Kongo Central, Kwango, Kwilu, Mai-Ndombe, Mongala, Nord-Ubangi, Sud-Ubangi, Tshuapa

 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Morocco[a]
 Niger
 Nigeria
 Tunisia
 Western Sahara[a]

 Albania
 Andorra
 Austria
 Belgium
 Bosnia and Herzegovina
 Croatia
 Czech Republic
 Denmark
 France (metropolitan)
 Germany
 Gibraltar
 Hungary
 Italy
 Kosovo
 Liechtenstein
 Luxembourg
 Malta
 Monaco
 Montenegro
 Netherlands (European)
 North Macedonia
 Norway
 Poland
 San Marino
 Serbia
 Slovakia
 Slovenia
 Spain (most)
 Sweden
 Switzerland
  Vatican City
UTC+02:00

 Botswana
 Burundi
 Democratic Republic of the Congo (most)
 Eswatini
 Lesotho
 Libya
 Malawi
 Mozambique
 Namibia
 Russia: Kaliningrad
 Rwanda
 South Africa (most)
 South Sudan
 Sudan
 Zambia
 Zimbabwe

 Akrotiri and Dhekelia
 Bulgaria
 Cyprus
 Egypt
 Estonia
 Finland
 Greece
 Israel
 Latvia
 Lebanon
 Lithuania
 Moldova
 Northern Cyprus
 Palestine
 Romania
 Transnistria
 Ukraine (most)
UTC+03:00

 Abkhazia
 Bahrain
 Belarus
 Comoros
 Djibouti
 Eritrea
 Ethiopia
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Scattered Islands[4]
 Iraq
 Jordan
 Kenya
 Kuwait
 Madagascar
 Mayotte
 Qatar
 Russia (most of European part)
 Saudi Arabia
 Somalia
 Somaliland
 South Africa: Prince Edward Islands
 South Ossetia
 Syria
 Tanzania
 Turkey
 Uganda
 Ukraine: occupied territories
 Yemen
UTC+03:30  Iran
UTC+04:00

 Armenia
 Artsakh
 Azerbaijan
 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Crozet Islands[4]
 Georgia
 Mauritius
 Oman
 Russia: Astrakhan, Samara, Saratov, Udmurtia, Ulyanovsk
 Réunion
 Seychelles
 United Arab Emirates
UTC+04:30  Afghanistan
UTC+05:00

 French Southern and Antarctic Lands: Kerguelen Islands, Saint Paul Island, Amsterdam Island
 Heard Island and McDonald Islands
 Kazakhstan: Aktobe, Atyrau, Baikonur, Kyzylorda, Mangystau, West Kazakhstan
 Maldives
 Pakistan
 Russia: Bashkortostan, Chelyabinsk, Khanty-Mansi, Kurgan, Orenburg, Perm, Sverdlovsk, Tyumen, Yamalia
 Tajikistan
 Turkmenistan
 Uzbekistan
UTC+05:30

 India
 Sri Lanka
UTC+05:45  Nepal
UTC+06:00

 Bangladesh
 Bhutan
 British Indian Ocean Territory
 Kazakhstan (most)
 Kyrgyzstan
 Russia: Omsk
UTC+06:30

 Cocos Islands
 Myanmar
UTC+07:00

 Cambodia
 Christmas Island
 Indonesia: Sumatra, Java, West Kalimantan, Central Kalimantan
 Laos

 Mongolia: Bayan-Ölgii, Khovd, Uvs

 Russia: Altai Krai, Altai Republic, Kemerovo, Khakassia, Krasnoyarsk, Novosibirsk, Tomsk, Tuva
 Thailand
 Vietnam
UTC+08:00

 Australia: Western Australia (most)
 Brunei
 China
 Hong Kong

 Indonesia: South Kalimantan, East Kalimantan, North Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Lesser Sunda Islands

 Macau
 Malaysia
 Mongolia (most)
 Philippines
 Russia: Buryatia, Irkutsk
 Singapore
 Taiwan
UTC+08:45  Australia: Eucla
UTC+09:00

 East Timor
 Indonesia: Maluku Islands, Western New Guinea
 Japan
 North Korea
 Palau
 Russia: Amur, Sakha (most), Zabaykalsky
 South Korea
UTC+09:30  Australia: Northern Territory  Australia: South Australia
UTC+10:00

 Australia: Queensland
 Guam
 Micronesia: Chuuk, Yap

 Northern Mariana Islands

 Papua New Guinea (most)

 Russia: Jewish, Khabarovsk, Primorsky, Sakha (central-east)

  Australia: Australian Capital Territory, Jervis Bay Territory, New South Wales (most), Tasmania, Victoria
UTC+10:30  Australia: Lord Howe Island
UTC+11:00

 Micronesia: Kosrae, Pohnpei
 New Caledonia

 Papua New Guinea: Bougainville

 Russia: Magadan, Sakha (east), Sakhalin
 Solomon Islands
 Vanuatu

  Norfolk Island
UTC+12:00

 Fiji
 Kiribati: Gilbert Islands
 Marshall Islands
 Nauru

 Russia: Chukotka, Kamchatka

 Tuvalu
 Wake Island
 Wallis and Futuna

  New Zealand (most)
UTC+12:45  New Zealand: Chatham Islands
UTC+13:00

 Kiribati: Phoenix Islands
 Samoa
 Tokelau
 Tonga
UTC+14:00  Kiribati: Line Islands
  1. ^ a b Observes UTC±00:00 around Ramadan.[1][2][3]

History

The apparent position of the Sun in the sky, and thus solar time, varies by location due to the spherical shape of the Earth. This variation corresponds to four minutes of time for every degree of longitude, so for example when it is solar noon in London, it is about 10 minutes before solar noon in Bristol, which is about 2.5 degrees to the west.[5]

The Royal Observatory, Greenwich, founded in 1675, established Greenwich Mean Time (GMT), the mean solar time at that location, as an aid to mariners to determine longitude at sea, providing a standard reference time while each location in England kept a different time.

Railway time

Plaque commemorating the Railway General Time Convention of 1883 in North America

In the 19th century, as transportation and telecommunications improved, it became increasingly inconvenient for each location to observe its own solar time. In November 1840, the Great Western Railway started using GMT kept by portable chronometers.[6] This practice was soon followed by other railway companies in Great Britain and became known as Railway Time.

Around August 23, 1852, time signals were first transmitted by telegraph from the Royal Observatory. By 1855, 98% of Great Britain’s public clocks were using GMT, but it was not made the island’s legal time until August 2, 1880. Some British clocks from this period have two minute hands, one for the local time and one for GMT.[7]

On November 2, 1868, the then British Colony of New Zealand officially adopted a standard time to be observed throughout the colony.[8] It was based on longitude 172°30′ east of Greenwich, that is 11 hours 30 minutes ahead of GMT. This standard was known as New Zealand Mean Time.[9]

Timekeeping on North American railroads in the 19th century was complex. Each railroad used its own standard time, usually based on the local time of its headquarters or most important terminus, and the railroad’s train schedules were published using its own time. Some junctions served by several railroads had a clock for each railroad, each showing a different time.[10]

1913 time zone map of the United States, showing boundaries very different from today

Charles F. Dowd proposed a system of hourly standard time zones for North American railroads around 1863, although he published nothing on the matter at that time and did not consult railroad officials until 1869. In 1870 he proposed four ideal time zones having north–south borders, the first centered on Washington, D.C., but by 1872 the first was centered on meridian 75° west of Greenwich, with natural borders such as sections of the Appalachian Mountains. Dowd’s system was never accepted by North American railroads. Instead, U.S. and Canadian railroads implemented a version proposed by William F. Allen, the editor of the Traveler’s Official Railway Guide.[11] The borders of its time zones ran through railroad stations, often in major cities. For example, the border between its Eastern and Central time zones ran through Detroit, Buffalo, Pittsburgh, Atlanta, and Charleston. It was inaugurated on Sunday, November 18, 1883, also called «The Day of Two Noons»,[12] when each railroad station clock was reset as standard-time noon was reached within each time zone.

The North American zones were named Intercolonial, Eastern, Central, Mountain, and Pacific. Within a year 85% of all cities with populations over 10,000 (about 200 cities) were using standard time.[13] A notable exception was Detroit (located about halfway between the meridians of Eastern and Central time), which kept local time until 1900, then tried Central Standard Time, local mean time, and Eastern Standard Time (EST) before a May 1915 ordinance settled on EST and was ratified by popular vote in August 1916. The confusion of times came to an end when standard time zones were formally adopted by the U.S. Congress in the Standard Time Act of March 19, 1918.

Worldwide time zones

Italian mathematician Quirico Filopanti introduced the idea of a worldwide system of time zones in his book Miranda!, published in 1858. He proposed 24 hourly time zones, which he called «longitudinal days», the first centred on the meridian of Rome. He also proposed a universal time to be used in astronomy and telegraphy. However, his book attracted no attention until long after his death.[14][15]

Scottish-born Canadian Sir Sandford Fleming proposed a worldwide system of time zones in 1876 — see Sandford Fleming § Inventor of worldwide standard time. The proposal divided the world into twenty-four time zones labeled A-Y (skipping J), each one covering 15 degrees of longitude. All clocks within each zone would be set to the same time as the others, but differed by one hour from those in the neighboring zones.[16] He advocated his system at several international conferences, including the International Meridian Conference, where it received some consideration. The system has not been directly adopted, but some maps divide the world into 24 time zones and assign letters to them, similarly to Fleming’s system.[17]

World map of time zones in 1928

By about 1900, almost all inhabited places on Earth had adopted a standard time zone, but only some of them used an hourly offset from GMT. Many applied the time at a local astronomical observatory to an entire country, without any reference to GMT. It took many decades before all time zones were based on some standard offset from GMT or Coordinated Universal Time (UTC). By 1929, the majority of countries had adopted hourly time zones, though some countries such as Iran, India, Myanmar and parts of Australia had time zones with a 30-minute offset. Nepal was the last country to adopt a standard offset, shifting slightly to UTC+05:45 in 1986.[18]

All nations currently use standard time zones for secular purposes, but not all of them apply the concept as originally conceived. Several countries and subdivisions use half-hour or quarter-hour deviations from standard time. Some countries, such as China and India, use a single time zone even though the extent of their territory far exceeds the ideal 15° of longitude for one hour; other countries, such as Spain and Argentina, use standard hour-based offsets, but not necessarily those that would be determined by their geographical location. The consequences, in some areas, can affect the lives of local citizens, and in extreme cases contribute to larger political issues, such as in the western reaches of China.[19] In Russia, which has 11 time zones, two time zones were removed in 2010[20][21] and reinstated in 2014.[22]

Notation

ISO 8601

ISO 8601 is a standard established by the International Organization for Standardization defining methods of representing dates and times in textual form, including specifications for representing time zones.[23]

If a time is in Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), a «Z» is added directly after the time without a separating space. «Z» is the zone designator for the zero UTC offset. «09:30 UTC» is therefore represented as «09:30Z» or «0930Z». Likewise, «14:45:15 UTC» is written as «14:45:15Z» or «144515Z».[24] UTC time is also known as «Zulu» time, since «Zulu» is a phonetic alphabet code word for the letter «Z».[24]

Offsets from UTC are written in the format ±hh:mm, ±hhmm, or ±hh (either hours ahead or behind UTC). For example, if the time being described is one hour ahead of UTC (such as the time in Germany during the winter), the zone designator would be «+01:00», «+0100», or simply «+01». This numeric representation of time zones is appended to local times in the same way that alphabetic time zone abbreviations (or «Z», as above) are appended. The offset from UTC changes with daylight saving time, e.g. a time offset in Chicago, which is in the North American Central Time Zone, is «−06:00» for the winter (Central Standard Time) and «−05:00» for the summer (Central Daylight Time).[25]

Abbreviations

Time zones are often represented by alphabetic abbreviations such as «EST», «WST», and «CST», but these are not part of the international time and date standard ISO 8601. Such designations can be ambiguous; for example, «CST» can mean (North American) Central Standard Time (UTC−06:00), Cuba Standard Time (UTC−05:00) and China Standard Time (UTC+08:00), and it is also a widely used variant of ACST (Australian Central Standard Time, UTC+09:30).[26]

Conversions

Conversion between time zones obeys the relationship

«time in zone A» − «UTC offset for zone A» = «time in zone B» − «UTC offset for zone B»,

in which each side of the equation is equivalent to UTC.

The conversion equation can be rearranged to

«time in zone B» = «time in zone A» − «UTC offset for zone A» + «UTC offset for zone B».

For example, the New York Stock Exchange opens at 09:30 (EST, UTC offset= −05:00). In California (PST, UTC offset= −08:00) and India (IST, UTC offset= +05:30), the New York Stock Exchange opens at

time in California = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (−08:00) = 06:30;
time in India = 09:30 − (−05:00) + (+05:30) = 20:00.

These calculations become more complicated near the time switch to or from daylight saving time, as the UTC offset for the area becomes a function of UTC time.

The time differences may also result in different dates. For example, when it is 22:00 on Monday in Egypt (UTC+02:00), it is 01:00 on Tuesday in Pakistan (UTC+05:00).

The table «Time of day by zone» gives an overview on the time relations between different zones.

Time of day by zone
UTC offset Monday
UTC−12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
UTC−11:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
UTC−10:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00
UTC−09:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30
UTC−09:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00
UTC−08:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00
UTC−07:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00
UTC−06:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00
UTC−05:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00
UTC−04:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00
UTC−03:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30
UTC−03:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00
UTC−02:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30
UTC−02:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00
UTC−01:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00
UTC±00:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00
UTC+01:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00
UTC+02:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00
UTC+03:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00
UTC+03:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30
UTC+04:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00
UTC+04:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30
UTC+05:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00
UTC+05:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30
UTC+05:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45
UTC+06:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00
UTC+06:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30
UTC+07:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00
UTC+08:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00
UTC+08:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45
UTC+09:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00
UTC+09:30 21:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30
UTC+10:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00
UTC+10:30 22:30 23:30 00:30 01:30 02:30 03:30 04:30 05:30 06:30 07:30 08:30 09:30 10:30 11:30 12:30 13:30 14:30 15:30 16:30 17:30 18:30 19:30 20:30 21:30
UTC+11:00 23:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00
UTC+12:00 00:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00
UTC+12:45 00:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45
UTC+13:00 01:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00
UTC+13:45 01:45 02:45 03:45 04:45 05:45 06:45 07:45 08:45 09:45 10:45 11:45 12:45 13:45 14:45 15:45 16:45 17:45 18:45 19:45 20:45 21:45 22:45 23:45 00:45
UTC+14:00 02:00 03:00 04:00 05:00 06:00 07:00 08:00 09:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 00:00 01:00
UTC offset Tuesday Wednesday

Nautical time zones

Since the 1920s, a nautical standard time system has been in operation for ships on the high seas. As an ideal form of the terrestrial time zone system, nautical time zones consist of gores of 15° offset from GMT by a whole number of hours. A nautical date line follows the 180th meridian, bisecting one 15° gore into two 7.5° gores that differ from GMT by ±12 hours.[27][28][29]

However, in practice each ship may choose what time to observe at each location. Ships may decide to adjust their clocks at a convenient time, usually at night, not exactly when they cross a certain longitude.[30] Some ships simply remain on the time of the departing port during the whole trip.[31]

Skewing of time zones

Difference between sun time and clock time during daylight saving time:

1h ± 30 min behind
0h ± 30m
1h ± 30 m ahead
2h ± 30 m ahead
3h ± 30 m ahead

  DST observed

  DST formerly observed

  DST never observed

Ideal time zones, such as nautical time zones, are based on the mean solar time of a particular meridian located in the middle of that zone with boundaries located 7.5 degrees east and west of the meridian. In practice, however, many time zone boundaries are drawn much farther to the west, and some countries are located entirely outside their ideal time zones.

For example, even though the Prime Meridian (0°) passes through Spain and France, they use the mean solar time of 15 degrees east (Central European Time) rather than 0 degrees (Greenwich Mean Time). France previously used GMT, but was switched to CET (Central European Time) during the German occupation of the country during World War II and did not switch back after the war.[32] Similarly, prior to World War II, the Netherlands observed «Amsterdam Time», which was twenty minutes ahead of Greenwich Mean Time. They were obliged to follow German time during the war, and kept it thereafter. In the mid-1970s the Netherlands, as other European states, began observing daylight saving (summer) time.

One reason to draw time zone boundaries far to the west of their ideal meridians is to allow the more efficient use of afternoon sunlight.[33] Some of these locations also use daylight saving time (DST), further increasing the difference to local solar time. As a result, in summer, solar noon in the Spanish city of Vigo occurs at 14:41 clock time. This westernmost area of continental Spain never experiences sunset before 18:00 clock time, even in winter, despite lying 42 degrees north of the equator.[34] Near the summer solstice, Vigo has sunset times after 22:00, similar to those of Stockholm, which is in the same time zone and 17 degrees farther north. Stockholm has much earlier sunrises, though.[35]

A more extreme example is Nome, Alaska, which is at 165°24′W longitude – just west of center of the idealized Samoa Time Zone (165°W). Nevertheless, Nome observes Alaska Time (135°W) with DST so it is slightly more than two hours ahead of the sun in winter and over three in summer.[36]
Kotzebue, Alaska, also near the same meridian but north of the Arctic Circle, has two sunsets on the same day in early August, one shortly after midnight at the start of the day, and the other shortly before midnight at the end of the day.[37]

China extends as far west as 73°E, but all parts of it use UTC+08:00 (120°E), so solar «noon» can occur as late as 15:00 in western portions of China such as Xinjiang.[38] The Afghanistan-China border marks the greatest terrestrial time zone difference on Earth, with a 3.5 hour difference between Afghanistan’s UTC+4:30 and China’s UTC+08:00.

A visualization of the mismatch between clock time and solar time in different locations. In blue areas, clock time lags behind solar time; in red areas, the reverse is true. The two are synchronized in the white areas.

Daylight saving time

Many countries, and sometimes just certain regions of countries, adopt daylight saving time (DST), also known as summer time, during part of the year. This typically involves advancing clocks by an hour near the start of spring and adjusting back in autumn («spring forward», «fall back»). Modern DST was first proposed in 1907 and was in widespread use in 1916 as a wartime measure aimed at conserving coal. Despite controversy, many countries have used it off and on since then; details vary by location and change occasionally. Countries around the equator usually do not observe daylight saving time, since the seasonal difference in sunlight there is minimal.

Computer systems

Many computer operating systems include the necessary support for working with all (or almost all) possible local times based on the various time zones. Internally, operating systems typically use UTC as their basic time-keeping standard, while providing services for converting local times to and from UTC, and also the ability to automatically change local time conversions at the start and end of daylight saving time in the various time zones. (See the article on daylight saving time for more details on this aspect).

Web servers presenting web pages primarily for an audience in a single time zone or a limited range of time zones typically show times as a local time, perhaps with UTC time in brackets. More internationally oriented websites may show times in UTC only or using an arbitrary time zone. For example, the international English-language version of CNN includes GMT and Hong Kong Time,[39] whereas the US version shows Eastern Time.[40] US Eastern Time and Pacific Time are also used fairly commonly on many US-based English-language websites with global readership. The format is typically based in the W3C Note «datetime».

Email systems and other messaging systems (IRC chat, etc.)[41] time-stamp messages using UTC, or else include the sender’s time zone as part of the message, allowing the receiving program to display the message’s date and time of sending in the recipient’s local time.

Database records that include a time stamp typically use UTC, especially when the database is part of a system that spans multiple time zones. The use of local time for time-stamping records is not recommended for time zones that implement daylight saving time because once a year there is a one-hour period when local times are ambiguous.

Calendar systems nowadays usually tie their time stamps to UTC, and show them differently on computers that are in different time zones. That works when having telephone or internet meetings. It works less well when travelling, because the calendar events are assumed to take place in the time zone the computer or smartphone was on when creating the event. The event can be shown at the wrong time. For example, if a New Yorker plans to meet someone in Los Angeles at 9 AM, and makes a calendar entry at 9 AM (which the computer assumes is New York time), the calendar entry will be at 6 AM if taking the computer’s time zone. There is also an option in newer versions of Microsoft Outlook to enter the time zone in which an event will happen, but often not in other calendar systems. Calendaring software must also deal with daylight saving time (DST). If, for political reasons, the begin and end dates of daylight saving time are changed, calendar entries should stay the same in local time, even though they may shift in UTC time. In Microsoft Outlook, time stamps are therefore stored and communicated without DST offsets.[42] Hence, an appointment in London at noon in the summer will be represented as 12:00 (UTC+00:00) even though the event will actually take place at 13:00 UTC. In Google Calendar, calendar events are stored in UTC (although shown in local time) and might be changed by a time-zone changes,[43] although normal daylight saving start and end are compensated for (similar to much other calendar software).

Operating systems

Unix

Most Unix-like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X, keep system time in time_t format, representing the number of seconds (excluding leap seconds) that have elapsed since 00:00:00 Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) on Thursday, January 1, 1970.[44] By default the external representation is as UTC (Coordinated Universal Time), though individual processes can specify time zones using the TZ environment variable.[45] This allows users in multiple time zones to use the same computer, with their respective local times displayed correctly to each user. Time zone information most commonly comes from the IANA time zone database. In fact, many systems, including anything using the GNU C Library, can make use of this database.

Microsoft Windows

Windows-based computer systems prior to Windows 2000 used local time, but Windows 2000 and later can use UTC as the basic system time.[46] The system registry contains time zone information that includes the offset from UTC and rules that indicate the start and end dates for daylight saving in each zone. Interaction with the user normally uses local time, and application software is able to calculate the time in various zones. Terminal Servers allow remote computers to redirect their time zone settings to the Terminal Server so that users see the correct time for their time zone in their desktop/application sessions. Terminal Services uses the server base time on the Terminal Server and the client time zone information to calculate the time in the session.

Programming languages

Java

While most application software will use the underlying operating system for time zone information, the Java Platform, from version 1.3.1, has maintained its own time zone database. This database is updated whenever time zone rules change. Oracle provides an updater tool for this purpose.[47]

As an alternative to the time zone information bundled with the Java Platform, programmers may choose to use the Joda-Time library.[48] This library includes its own time zone data based on the IANA time zone database.[49]

As of Java 8 there is a new date and time API that can help with converting time zones.
Java 8 Date Time

JavaScript

Traditionally, there was very little in the way of time zone support for JavaScript. Essentially the programmer had to extract the UTC offset by instantiating a time object, getting a GMT time from it, and differencing the two. This does not provide a solution for more complex daylight saving variations, such as divergent DST directions between northern and southern hemispheres.

ECMA-402, the standard on Internationalization API for JavaScript, provides ways of formatting Time Zones.[50] However, due to size constraint, some implementations or distributions do not include it.[51]

Perl

The DateTime object in Perl supports all time zones in the Olson DB and includes the ability to get, set and convert between time zones.[52]

PHP

The DateTime objects and related functions have been compiled into the PHP core since 5.2. This includes the ability to get and set the default script time zone, and DateTime is aware of its own time zone internally. PHP.net provides extensive documentation on this.[53] As noted there, the most current time zone database can be implemented via the PECL timezonedb.

Python

The standard module datetime included with Python stores and operates on the time zone information class tzinfo. The third party pytz module provides access to the full IANA time zone database.[54] Negated time zone offset in seconds is stored time.timezone and time.altzone attributes. From Python 3.9, the zoneinfo module introduces timezone management without need for third party module.[55]

Smalltalk

Each Smalltalk dialect comes with its own built-in classes for dates, times and timestamps, only a few of which implement the DateAndTime and Duration classes as specified by the ANSI Smalltalk Standard. VisualWorks provides a TimeZone class that supports up to two annually recurring offset transitions, which are assumed to apply to all years (same behavior as Windows time zones). Squeak provides a Timezone class that does not support any offset transitions. Dolphin Smalltalk does not support time zones at all.

For full support of the tz database (zoneinfo) in a Smalltalk application (including support for any number of annually recurring offset transitions, and support for different intra-year offset transition rules in different years) the third-party, open-source, ANSI-Smalltalk-compliant Chronos Date/Time Library is available for use with any of the following Smalltalk dialects: VisualWorks, Squeak, Gemstone, or Dolphin.[56]

Time in outer space

Orbiting spacecraft may experience many sunrises and sunsets, or none, in a 24-hour period. Therefore, it is not possible to calibrate the time with respect to the Sun and still respect a 24-hour sleep/wake cycle. A common practice for space exploration is to use the Earth-based time of the launch site or mission control, synchronizing the sleeping cycles of the crew and controllers. The International Space Station normally uses Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).[57][58]

Timekeeping on Mars can be more complex, since the planet has a solar day of approximately 24 hours and 40 minutes, known as a sol. Earth controllers for some Mars missions have synchronized their sleep/wake cycles with the Martian day, because solar-powered rover activity on the surface was tied to periods of light and dark.[59]

See also

  • Daylight saving time
  • ISO 8601
  • Jet lag
  • Lists of time zones
  • Metric time
  • Time by country
  • Time in Europe
  • Time zone abolition
  • World clock
  • International Date Line

References

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Further reading

  • Biswas, Soutik (February 12, 2019). «How India’s single time zone is hurting its people». BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • Maulik Jagnani, economist at Cornell University (January 15, 2019). «PoorSleep: Sunset Time and Human Capital Production» (Job Market Paper). Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «Time Bandits: The countries rebelling against GMT» (Video). BBC News. August 14, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «How time zones confused the world». BBC News. August 7, 2015. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • Lane, Megan (May 10, 2011). «How does a country change its time zone?». BBC News. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • «A brief history of time zones» (Video). BBC News. March 24, 2011. Retrieved February 12, 2019.
  • The Time Zone Information Format (TZif). doi:10.17487/RFC8536. RFC 8536.

External links

  • Media related to Time zones at Wikimedia Commons
Источник

Всего найдено: 4

Здравствуйте! Как будет звучать выражение «маршрут опоясывает весь земной шар» в будущем времени? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Глагол совершенного вида – опоясать: маршрут опояшет весь земной шар.

балтийское море история названия

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Есть две версии происхождения названия Балтийского моря. Согласно первой, _Балтика_ — из литов. baltas, латыш. balts ‘белый’, что может быть связано с цветом песчаных берегов этого моря. По другой версии название образовано от лат. balteus ‘пояс’ (ср. швед., дат., норв. bälte ‘пояс’), и связано это с тем, что это море продолжает цепочку морей, опоясывающих материковую Европу.

1) Когда употребляется слово «поясА», а когда «поясЫ«?
2) Употребляется ли вообще в современном русском языке слово «поясЫ«, как множественное число слова «пояс»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильная форма: _пояса_. Форма _поясы_ считается устаревшей.

Как правильно:
часовые поясА или часовые поясЫ? В энциклопедии пишется первый ваиант, в тестах по русскому языку федерального центра тестирования — второй.
Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _часовые пояса_.

Источник
  • Понятие часово́й по́яс имеет два основных значения:

    Географический часово́й по́яс — условная полоса на земной поверхности шириной ровно 15° (± 7,5° относительно среднего меридиана). Средним меридианом нулевого часового пояса считается гринвичский меридиан.

    Административный часово́й по́яс — участок земной поверхности, на котором в соответствии с некоторым законом установлено определённое официальное время. Как правило, в понятие административного часового пояса включается ещё и совпадение даты — в этом случае, например, пояса UTC−10:00 и UTC+14:00 будут считаться различными, хотя в них действует одинаковое время суток.

    Формирование часовых поясов (часовых зон — time zones) связано со стремлением, с одной стороны, учитывать вращение Земли вокруг своей оси, а с другой стороны, определить территории (временные зоны) с примерно одинаковым местным солнечным временем таким образом, чтобы различия по времени между ними были кратны одному часу. В результате было достигнуто решение, что должно быть 24 административных часовых пояса и каждый из них должен более или менее совпадать с географическим часовым поясом. Точкой отсчёта был принят гринвичский меридиан, нулевой меридиан, средний меридиан нулевого часового пояса.

    Сейчас время устанавливается при помощи всемирного координированного времени (UTC), которое было введено взамен времени по Гринвичу (GMT). Шкала UTC базируется на равномерной шкале атомного времени (TAI) и является более удобной для гражданского использования. Часовые пояса вокруг земного шара относительно нулевого меридиана выражаются как положительное (к востоку) и отрицательное (к западу) смещение от UTC. Для территорий часового пояса, где используется перевод часов на летнее время, смещение относительно UTC на летний период меняется.

    В России с 2011 года законодательно установлено понятие часовая зона.

    • Источник
    В Википедии есть статья «часовой пояс».

    Содержание

    • 1 Русский
      • 1.1 Тип и синтаксические свойства сочетания
      • 1.2 Произношение
      • 1.3 Семантические свойства
        • 1.3.1 Значение
        • 1.3.2 Синонимы
        • 1.3.3 Антонимы
        • 1.3.4 Гиперонимы
        • 1.3.5 Гипонимы
      • 1.4 Этимология
      • 1.5 Перевод

    Русский[править]

    Тип и синтаксические свойства сочетания[править]

    часовой пояс

    Устойчивое сочетание (термин). Используется в качестве именной группы.

    Произношение[править]

    • МФА: [t͡ɕɪsɐˈvoɪ̯ ˈpo(ɪ̯)ɪs]

    Семантические свойства[править]

    Часовые пояса

    Значение[править]

    1. регион Земли, в каждой точке которого действует одинаковое местное время ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

    Синонимы[править]

    1. —

    Антонимы[править]

    1. —

    Гиперонимы[править]

    1. зона

    Гипонимы[править]

    Этимология[править]

    Перевод[править]

    Список переводов
    • Английскийen: time zone
    Статья нуждается в доработке.

    Это незаконченная статья. Вы можете помочь проекту, исправив и дополнив её.

    В частности, следует уточнить сведения о:

    • семантике

    (См. Общепринятые правила).

    Источник

    UTC – всемирное координатное время.

    Вся планета Земля разделена вертикальными линиями от северного до южного полюса. Эти линии образуют 24 часовых пояса. Каждый часовой пояс имеет свое значение от -12 до +12.  Это значение показывает, на сколько часов в конкретном часовом поясе больше или меньше, чем в нулевом поясе — поясе отсчета. Нулевой пояс это Гринвичский меридиан.

    Примеры

    • Москва находится в UTC +3. Это значит, что в Москве на 3 часа больше, чем в Лондоне. Поэтому когда в Лондоне 08:00, то в Москве 11:00.
    • Великобритания и Марокко находится в UTC +0. Поэтому в обеих странах одинаковое время, хотя страны находятся на расстоянии в несколько тысяч километров друг от друга.

    Тахограф записывает на карту водителя время в UTC +0.  В распечатке тахограф указывает время в этом же часовом поясе. Постоянно «в уме» пересчитывать время в свой часовой пояс утомительно.

    Чтобы вам было удобнее, мы автоматически определяем ваш часовой пояс и можем показать смены водителя в вашем часовом поясе. Однако, иногда нужно взглянуть на активность водителя из другого часового пояса. К примеру, автоколонна повезла груз в город, который находится в другом часовом поясе. Для этого часовой пояс можно сменить и все показатели времени будут сразу пересчитаны.

    Инструкция

    1. Откройте раздел «Профиль» 

    Откройте раздел «Профиль» 

    2. В открывшейся вкладке «Главное» найдите пункт «Часовой пояс»

    В открывшейся вкладке «Главное» найдите пункт «Часовой пояс»

    3. Снимите галочку

    Снимите галочку

    4. Выберите необходимый часовой пояс

    Выберите необходимый часовой пояс

    5. Также вы можете перейти к изменению часового пояса, например, из вкладки «Смены»

    Также вы можете перейти к изменению часового пояса, например, из вкладки "Смены"

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