Чувашская республика как правильно пишется

Всего найдено: 18

Ответьте, пожалуйста, на вопрос: в словосочетании «Чувашская республика», слово республика пишется с большой или маленькой буквы и правомерно ли такое словосочетание, не правильнее ли будет написать «Республика Чувашия»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _Чувашская Республика_. Это полное официальное название, краткое — _Чувашия_.

«….жители Чувашии, недовольные работой правоохранительных органов…»

Не следует ли в данном случае писать «не» раздельно?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно как слитное, так и раздельное написание (раздельное — при противопоставлении).

Объясните, пожалуйста, этимологию слова чуматарин. В Поволжье приезжие так называют аборигенов. Есть одна версия, что это слово произошло от слов «ЧУваши», «МОрдва», «ТАтары». Так ли это? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

К сожалению, сведений о происхождении этого слова в доступных нам источниках не содержится.

Чувашская Республика
Чӑваш Республики

Флаг Чувашии Герб Чувашии
Столица	Чебоксары
Площадь — Всего — % водн. пов.	74-я 18 300 км² 1,5
Население — Всего — Плотность	41-я 1 290 000 (2007) 70,5 чел./км²
ВРП — Всего, в текущих ценах — На душу населения	69,5 млрд руб. (2007) 53,6 тыс. руб.
Федеральный округ	Приволжский
Экономический район	Волго-Вятский
Государственный язык	чувашский, русский
Президент	Николай Фёдоров
Председатель Кабинета Министров	Сергей Гапликов
Председатель Государственного Совета	Михаил Михайловский
Гимн	Гимн Чувашии
Автомобильный код	21, 121
Часовой пояс	MSK (UTC+3, летом UTC+4)

Чува́шская Респу́блика (Чува́шия) (чув. Чӑва́ш Республики́) — субъект Российской Федерации^[1], государство с президентской республиканской формой правления, унитарной формой государственного устройства, демократическим политическим режимом. Республика имеет свою конституцию и законодательство. Осуществляет собственное правовое регулирование, включая принятие законов и иных нормативных правовых актов, регулирующих взаимоотношения в политической, экономической и культурной сферах жизни общества, в пределах, установленных Конституцией РФ.

На всей территории Чувашской Республики, вне пределов ведения Российской Федерации и полномочий Российской Федерации по предметам совместного ведения Российской Федерации и Чувашской Республики, высшую юридическую силу имеет Конституция Чувашской Республики^[2].

Государственными языками Чувашской Республики являются чувашский и русский языки^[3].

Столицей Чувашской Республики является г. Чебоксары^[4].

География

Чувашская Республика расположена на востоке Восточно-Европейской равнины, преимущественно на правобережье Волги, между её притоками Сурой и Свиягой.

Граничит с Нижегородской областью на западе, с Республикой Марий Эл на севере, с Татарстаном на востоке и с Мордовией и Ульяновской областью на юге.

Территория

История административного деления

Первоначально Чувашская АО делилась на 3 уезда: Чебоксарский, Цивильский и Ядринский. Вскоре в составе Цивильского уезда был образован Ибресинский район. В 1921 Ибресинский район был выведен из состава Цивильского уезда и преобразован в Батырёвский (в ряде источников — Ибресинский) уезд.

21 апреля 1925 Чувашская АО была преобразована в АССР. При этом в её состав из Ульяновской губернии была передана территория, на которой образован Новоалатырский (с 1926 — Алатырский) уезд.

В 1927 уезды были упразднены. Вместо них образованы 17 районов: Алатырский, Аликовский, Большебатырёвский, Вурнарский, Ибресинский, Канашский, Козловский, Красночетайский, Малояльчиковский, Мариинско-Посадский, Порецкий, Татаркасинский, Урмарский, Цивильский, Чебоксарский, Шемуршинский и Ядринский.

В 1929 образован Шихирдановский татарский национальный район.

В 1935 Большебатырёвский район переименован в Батырёвский, а Малояльчиковский в Яльчикский. В том же году образованы новые районы: Ишлейский, Кувакинский, Тархановский, Траковский, Шихазановский, Шумерлинский и Янтиковский. Значительные изменения произошли в 1939 году: упразднены Батырёвский и Шихирдановский татарский национальный районы, образованы Калининский, Комсомольский, Октябрьский, Советский и Чкаловский (с 1957 — Батырёвский) районы. Тархановский район переименован в Первомайский, а Татаркасинский в Сундырский. Через год Траковский район был переименован в Красноармейский. В 1944 были образованы Моргаушский и Чуракчинский районы.

Начиная с 1956 число районов стало уменьшаться. Первыми были упразднены Калининский, Кувакинский, Советский и Шихазановский районы. В 1959 упразднили Ишлейский, Моргаушский, Октябрьский, Первомайский и Чуракчинский районы; в 1962 — Аликовский, Ибресинский, Козловский, Комсомольский, Красноармейский, Красночетайский, Мариинско-Посадский, Порецкий, Сундырский, Шемуршинский, Яльчикский и Янтиковский.

В 1964 году вновь начался процесс увеличения числа районов: сначала восстановили Моргаушский район, в 1965 появились Аликовский, Ибресинский, Козловский, Комсомольский, Красноармейский, Красночетайский, Мариинско-Посадский, Порецкий, Шемуршинский, Яльчикский и Янтиковский районы. Шумерлинский район в 1965 был упразднён, но уже в 1966 восстановлен. С тех пор районное деление Чувашии остаётся без изменений.

Современное административное деление

Основная статья: Административно-территориальное деление Чувашии

В Чувашской Республике насчитывается 21 административный район, 9 городов, 8 поселков городского типа, около 1700 сельских населенных пунктов.

Населённые пункты

Население

Население республики — 1 290 000 чел. (2007). Плотность населения — 70,5 чел./км² (2007), удельный вес городского населения — 61,0 % (2006).

Возрастно-половой состав

По данным переписи 2002 г. по сравнению с переписью 1989 г. возрастная структура населения изменилась в сторону увеличения доли лиц старше трудоспособного возраста (17,6 % в 1989 г. и 19,6 % в 2002 г.) и уменьшения лиц моложе трудоспособного возраста (26,9 и 19,9 % соответственно). Доля лиц трудоспособного возраста увеличилась в целом по республике с 55,5 % в 1989 г. до 60,3 % в 2002 г.

Половая структура населения характеризуется преобладанием женщин, причем наблюдается тенденция снижения доли женщин в общей численности населения. Так, по данным переписи населения 1959 года эта доля составляла 57,3 %, а по переписи 2002 года — 53,7 %. Таким образом, наблюдается процесс выравнивания соотношении мужчин и женщин.

Миграция

Уменьшение численности населения Чувашии идет не только за счет естественного движения (рождаемости и смертности), но и за счет миграции населения. Основными регионами выбытия населения Чувашии являются г. Москва, Московская область, Республика Татарстан, Нижегородская область. Из регионов, откуда население более всего прибывает, можно отметить Ульяновскую область.

Национальный состав прибывающих в Чувашию из регионов России характеризуется приблизительно равным количеством чувашей и русских. В количестве убывающих из Чувашии русских почти в 2 раза больше, чем чувашей.

По источникам средств к существованию

Брачная структура

Этнический состав

По данным переписи 2002 года, на территории республики проживали представители 106 этносов, среди которых более двух третей составляли чуваши и более четверти — русские:

Народ	Численность в 2002 году, тыс. (*)
Чуваши	889,3 (67,69 %)
Русские	348,5 (26,53 %)
Татары	36,4 (2,77 %)
Мордва	16,0 (1,22 %)
Украинцы	6,4 (0,49 %)
Марийцы	3,5 (0,27 %)
Белорусы	1,9
Армяне	1,3
показаны народы c численностью более 1000 человек

Чуваши в Чувашии

Основная статья: Расселение чуваш в России

Русские в Чувашии

Основная статья: Расселение русских в России

Татары в Чувашии

Татары компактно проживают в Батыревском, Козловском, Комсомольском, Шемуршинском, Яльчикском районах. В Чувашии 24 татарских, 5 смешанных населённых пуктов. Имеется 19 школ с преподаванием татарского языка, 24 мечети (на 1997). Работают Всетатарский общественный центр Чувашии (Чебоксары, с 1992), Татарский общественно-культурный центр Чувашии (с. Шыгырдан Батыревского района, с 1993). Издаётся газета «Вакыт (газета Чувашии)» (с 1996). Выступают Татарский народный театр (д. Полевые Бикшики Батыревского района, с 1965), фольклорно-эстрадный ансамбль «Мижар» (с. Урмаево Комсомольского района)^[5].

Эрзяне в Чувашии

Основная статья: Расселение эрзян в России

История

• Основная статья: История Чувашии

Чувашская автономная область образована 24 июня 1920 года. 21 февраля 1925 года переименована в Чувашскую АССР. С 1992 года — Республика Чувашия.

До 2001 чувашское название «Чӑваш Республики» входило в полное официальное название субъекта на русском языке, включенное в Конституцию РФ (ст. 65). В 2001 оно было изменено на «Чувашская Республика — Чувашия».

Культура

Музеи

см. Музеи Чувашии

Театры

см. Театры Чувашии

Средства массовой информации

см. Средства массовой информации Чувашии

Политика

Политические институты:

• Президент Чувашской Республики;
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики;
• Кабинет Министров Чувашской Республики;
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики;
• Арбитражный суд Чувашской Республики;
• Верховный Суд Чувашской Республики.

На территории Чувашской Республики Полномочным представителем Президента Российской Федерации является Полномочный представитель Президента Российской Федерации в Приволжском федеральном округе.

Спорт

Экономика

Природные ресурсы

• Гидроэлектропотенциал реки Волги в республике неполностью реализован на Чебоксарской ГЭС.
• Ценные чернозёмные почвы расположены на юго-востоке по границе с Республикой Татарстан, на юго-западе, к западу от течения р. Сура и в междуречье рек Большого и Малого Цивиля.

Полезные ископаемые

Месторождения фосфоритов с запасами руд в 148,7 млн т, горючих сланцев с запасами в 199,1 млн т, месторождения торфа.

Промышленность

Машиностроение и металлообработка

• ОАО «Комбинат автомобильных фургонов» г. Шумерля
• ОАО «Шумерлинский завод специализированных автомобилей»
• ОАО «Текстильмаш»
• ОАО «Канашский завод электропогрузчиков»
• ОАО «Чебоксарский завод промышленных тракторов»
• ОАО «Чебоксарский агрегатный завод»
• ОАО «Канашский автоагрегатный завод»
• АООТ «Козловский комбинат автофургонов»

Электротехнические изделия

• Чебоксарский приборостроительный завод — ОАО НПК «Элара»
• Чебоксарский электроаппаратный завод Электроприбор»
• ОАО «Завод электроники и механики»
• АО «Чебоксарский завод кабельных изделий Чувашкабель»
• Кабельный завод в г. Мариинский Посад
• ЗАО «Чебоксарский электромеханический завод»
• ЗАО «Чебоксарский электроаппаратный завод»

Химическая промышленность

• Чебоксарское ПО «Химпром»

Лёгкая промышленность

• АО «Лента»
• ОАО «Новочебоксарская хлопкопрядильная фабрика „Пике“»
• ООО «Паха тере»
• ОАО « Корпорация «Чебоксарский хлопчатобумажный комбинат»

Энергетика

• Чебоксарская ГЭС 800 МВт (проектная мощность 1404 МВт)
• Чебоксарская ТЭЦ-2 (установленная мощность 460 МВт, 1270 Гкал/час)
• Новочебоксарская ТЭЦ-3 (430 МВт, 1339 Гкал/час)
• Чебоксарская ТЭЦ-1 (12 МВт, 260 Гкал/час)
• Алатырская ТЭЦ (40 Гкал/час)

Транспорт

• Аэропорт Чебоксары (Чебоксарское авиапредприятие)
• Автомобильная дорога М7 «Волга»
• Автомобильная дорога Чебоксары — Ульяновск, Цивильск — Казань и республиканские дороги протяженностью 2342 км
• «Южное» направление Транссиба с однопутными тепловозными ветками от депо Канаш на Чебоксары и через депо Алатырь на Красный узел (Мордовия)
• Судоходство по Суре (не поддерживается) и Волге по всему протяжению в пределах республики, Чебоксарский речной порт
• Нефтепровод Альметьевск — Нижний Новгород-2,3 138000 тонн/сутки
• Нефтепродуктопровод Нижнекамский НПЗ — Альметьевск — Нижний Новгород-1 2500 тонн/сутки
• Сеть магистральных газопроводов Ямбург — Западная граница, Ямбург — Елец-1,2, Уренгой — Ужгород, Уренгой — Центр-1,2, Ямбург — Тула-1,2 и Нижняя Тура — Пермь — Нижний Новгород. Общая производительность составляет 810 млн м³/сек
• Дальнемагистральная ЛЭП Костромская ГРЭС — Нижний Новгород — Казань — Заинская ГРЭС

См. также

• Чуваши.
• Список известных чувашей

Персоналии Чувашии

• Аксаков, Анатолий Геннадьевич — депутат Государственной думы Российской Федерации.
• Ашмарин, Николай Иванович — языковед.
• Гапликов, Сергей Анатольевич — Председатель Кабинета Министров Чувашской Республики.
• Григорьева, Лидия Николаевна — Мастер спорта международного класса, член сборной команды России по лёгкой атлетике (10000 км).
• Егорова, Валентина Михайловна — олимпийская чемпионка.
• Иакинф (Бичурин) — востоковед, один из основоположников синологии
• Иванов, Константин Васильевич — поэт.
• Ильин, Виктор Алексеевич — руководитель фракции КПРФ в Государственном Совете Чувашской Республики.
• Козлов, Михаил Алексеевич — биолог.
• Михайловский, Михаил Алексеевич — председатель Государственного Совета Чувашской Республики.
• Николаев, Андриян Григорьевич — советский космонавт. Дважды Герой Советского Союза. Генерал-майор авиации.
• Николаева, Елена Николаевна — олимпийская чемпионка.
• Овчинников, Николай Васильевич — выдающийся советский художник.
• Патмар, Эдисон Иванович — писатель, поэт.
• Федоров, Николай Васильевич — Президент Чувашской Республики.
• Хузангай, Пётр Петрович — народный поэт Чувашии
• Юрьев, Элли Михайлович — народный художник Чувашии
• Чапаев, Василий Иванович — командир Красной Армии, участник Первой Мировой и Гражданской войны в России.
• Иванова Олимпиада Владимировна- заслуженный мастер спорта РФ по легкой атлетике.
• Андреев, Владимир Васильевич- заслуженный мастер спорта РФ по легкой атлетике.
• Костина, Майя Петровна- заслуженный мастер спорта СССР по парашютному спорту.
• Пашкова Надежда Николаевна — мастер спорта СССР международного класса по велосипедному спорту.

Источники

• Конституция Российской Федерации;
• Конституция Чувашской Республики;
• Указ Президента России № 849 «О полномочном представителе Президента Российской Федерации в федеральном округе» от 13 мая 2000.

Ссылки

• Официальный портал органов власти Чувашской Республики;
• Карта Чувашии на «Карты Google»;
• Краткая чувашская энциклопедия.

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Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia
Republic
Чувашская Республика — Чувашия
Other transcription(s)
• Chuvash	Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен
• Transliteration	Chăvash Respubliki — Chăvash Yen
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Chuvash Republic»[3]
Coordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°ECoordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Volga[1]
Economic region	Volga-Vyatka[2]
Capital	Cheboksary
Government
• Body	State Council[4]
• Head[6]	Oleg Nikolayev[5]
Area [7]
• Total	18,300 km2 (7,100 sq mi)
• Rank	74th
Population  (2010 Census)[8]
• Total	1,251,619
• Estimate  (2018)[9]	1,231,117 (−1.6%)
• Rank	41st
• Density	68/km2 (180/sq mi)
• Urban	58.8%
• Rural	41.2%
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
ISO 3166 code	RU-CU
License plates	21, 121
OKTMO ID	97000000
Official languages	Russian;[11] Chuvash[12]
Website	http://www.cap.ru

Chuvashia (Russian: Чувашия; Chuvash: Чӑваш Ен, romanized: Chăvash Yen), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia,^{[note 1]} is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619.^[8]

Geography[edit]

The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of European Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka economic region, mostly to the west of the Volga River, in the Volga Upland. It borders with the Mari El Republic in the north, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west, the Republic of Mordovia in the southwest, Ulyanovsk Oblast in the south, and the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and southeast. There are over two thousand rivers in the republic—with the major ones being the Volga, the Sura, and the Tsivil—as well as four hundred lakes. Some of the Volga River valley reservoirs are in the north of the republic, and the Sura River flows towards the Volga along much of the republic’s western boundary.

The climate is moderately continental, with the average temperatures ranging from −13 °C (9 °F) in January to +19 °C (66 °F) in July. Annual precipitation varies between 450 and 700 millimeters (18 and 28 in), but is uneven from one year to another. Natural resources include gypsum, sand, clay, sapropel deposits, phosphorite, and peat. There are oil and natural gas deposits, although their extraction has not yet been commercially pursued. Forests, mostly in the south along the Sura River, cover approximately 30% of the land.^[14]

History[edit]

The ancestors of the Chuvash were Bulgars and Suars, Turkic tribes residing in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, a part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with local Slavs, they established the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region (see Volga Bulgaria), where the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam formed the foundation of the Chuvash people.^[14]

During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, the steppe-dwelling Suar migrated north, where Volga Finnic tribes, such as the Mordvins and Mari lived. The Chuvash claim to be the descendants of these Suars who assimilated with the Mari. In 1242, they became vassals of the Golden Horde. Later Mongol and Tatar rulers did not intervene in local internal affairs as long as tribute was paid annually to Sarai. When the power of the Golden Horde began to diminish, local Mişär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to govern the Chuvash area.

During Ivan the Terrible’s war of conquest against the Khanate of Kazan, in August 1552, the Chuvash Orsai and Mari Akpar Tokari princes swore their loyalty to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy at Alatyr on the Sura River. Between 1650 and 1850, the Russian Orthodox Church sent Chuvash-speaking missionaries to try to convert the Chuvash to the Orthodox faith. A group of these missionaries created a written Chuvash language. Most of the Chuvash who stayed in the area became Orthodox Christians, but some remained pagan.

On May 15, 1917, the Chuvash joined the Idel-Ural Movement and in December 1917 joined the short-lived Idel-Ural State, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representatives to draw the eastern border of Chuvashia at the Sviyaga River. In 1918–1919, the Russian Civil War encompassed the area. This ended with victory for the Bolsheviks. To gain support from the local population, Lenin ordered the creation of a Chuvash state within the Russian SFSR. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was formed, which was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR in April 1925.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

Until 2012, the Chuvash Republic officially had the status of a state. In the constitution of Chuvashia (version 6 — dated September 13, 2011 No. 46), the following was fixed: «The Chuvash Republic is a republic (state) within the Russian Federation.»

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Chuvashia CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Republic of Chuvashia is the fundamental law of the region. The State Council of the Chuvash Republic is the republic’s regional standing legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Republic’s Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters.

Demographics[edit]

Despite not being large, the republic is one of the most densely populated regions in the Russian Federation.^{[citation needed]} Population: 1,251,619 (2010 Census);^[8] 1,313,754 (2002 Census);^[15] 1,336,066 (1989 Census).^[16]

The capital (and largest city) is Cheboksary (population 464,000 in 2010). Cheboksary is situated mostly on the southern bank of the Volga in the northern part of the republic (one northern bank district was added in the second part of the 20th century), approximately 650 kilometers (400 mi) east of Moscow. Nearby to the east is the next largest city, Novocheboksarsk (population 124,000 in 2010).

Settlements[edit]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (× 1,000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates
1970	1,227	22,465	10,993	11,472	18.3	9.0	9.3
1975	1,266	22,956	12,450	10,506	18.1	9.8	8.3
1980	1,302	22,612	13,908	8,704	17.4	10.7	6.7
1985	1,311	24,385	13,913	10,472	18.6	10.6	8.0
1990	1,339	21,116	13,545	7,571	15.8	10.1	5.7	2.12
1991	1,342	19,113	13,459	5,654	14.2	10.0	4.2	1.96
1992	1,346	16,673	14,141	2,532	12.4	10.5	1.9	1.72
1993	1,347	14,410	16,876	−2,466	10.7	12.5	−1.8	1.48
1994	1,345	14,498	18,003	−3,505	10.8	13.4	−2.6	1.48
1995	1,345	13,842	17,727	−3,885	10.3	13.2	−2.9	1.41
1996	1,343	13,542	16,880	−3,338	10.1	12.6	−2.5	1.37
1997	1,341	12,822	16,762	−3,940	9.6	12.5	−2.9	1.30
1998	1,339	13,300	15,957	−2,657	9.9	11.9	−2.0	1.34
1999	1,337	12,129	17,997	−5,868	9.1	13.5	−4.4	1.22
2000	1,331	12,363	18,640	−6,277	9.3	14.0	−4.7	1.25
2001	1,324	11,986	18,980	−6,994	9.1	14.3	−5.3	1.20
2002	1,314	12,956	19,808	−6,852	9.9	15.1	−5.2	1.30
2003	1,304	13,171	19,978	−6,807	10.1	15.3	−5.2	1.32
2004	1,295	13,734	19,371	−5,637	10.6	15.0	−4.4	1.38
2005	1,286	13,133	19,682	−6,549	10.2	15.3	−5.1	1.32
2006	1,277	13,291	18,900	−5,609	10.4	14.8	−4.4	1.34
2007	1,269	14,835	18,642	−3,807	11.7	14.7	−3.0	1.50
2008	1,262	14,967	18,436	−3,469	11.9	14.6	−2.7	1.51
2009	1,257	16,103	17,492	−1,389	12.8	13.9	−1.1	1.63
2010	1,252	16,174	18,186	−2,012	12.9	14.5	−1.6	1.65
2011	1,249	16,165	16,923	−758	12.9	13.6	−0.7	1.67
2012	1,245	17,472	16,607	865	14.0	13.3	0.7	1.83
2013	1,242	17,351	16,324	1,027	14.0	13.1	0.9	1.85
2014	1,240	17,224	16,535	689	13.9	13.3	0.6	1.88
2015	1,237	17,138	16,266	872	13.8	13.1	0.7	1.91
2016	1,236	16,403	16,258	145	13.3	13.1	0.2	1.87
2017	1,233	13,947	15,571	−1,624	11.3	12.6	-1.3	1.65
2019		11,624	15,196	−3,572	9.5	12.4	-2.9
2020		11,305	18,845	−7,540	9.3	15.5	-6.2

Note: TFR^[17]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Chuvash make up 67.7% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (26.9%), Tatars (2.8%), Mordvins (1.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.^[8]

Ethnic group	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census1	2021 census[18]
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chuvash	667,695	74.6%	777,202	72.2%	770,351	70.2%	856,246	70.0%	887,738	68.4%	906,922	67.8%	889,268	67.7%	814,750	67.7%	684,930	57.7%
Russians	178,890	20.0%	241,386	22.4%	263,692	24.0%	299,241	24.5%	338,150	26.0%	357,120	26.7%	348,515	26.5%	323,274	26.9%	329,991	27.8%
Tatars	22,635	2.5%	29,007	2.7%	31,357	2.9%	36,217	3.0%	37,573	2.9%	35,689	2.7%	36,379	2.8%	34,214	2.8%	29,092	2.5%
Mordvins	23,958	2.7%	22,512	2.1%	23,863	2.2%	21,041	1.7%	20,276	1.6%	18,686	1.4%	15,993	1.2%	13,014	1.1%	7,707	0.6%
Others	1,301	0.1%	6,703	0.6%	8,596	0.7%	10,930	0.9%	14,874	1.3%	19,606	1.4%	23,599	1.8%	18,298	1.6%	23,085	1.9%
Ethnicity not stated																	112,104	9.4%
1 48,069 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[19]

Genetics[edit]

Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000^[20] worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Chuvashia (1 of every 3,500–4,000 newborns) due to genetic traits of the Chuvash people.^[21][22]

Religion[edit]

According to a 2012 survey,^[23] 64.7% of the population of Chuvashia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 3% of the population (mostly Tatars) follow Islam, 3% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% follow indigenous faiths (Vattisen Yaly, Chuvash folk religion). In addition, 24% of the population declares to be «spiritual but not religious», 1% is atheist and 2.3% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.^[23] There is a growing population of Jehovah’s Witnesses among the people despite the official ban by the Russian Government.

Study of religion is compulsory for schoolchildren in Chuvashia. Of the students, approximately 76.9% are enrolled for Orthodox Studies, 16.0% for Secular Studies, 15.7% for World Religions Studies and 1.4% for Islamic Studies.^[25]

Education[edit]

There are five higher educational institutions, including the Chuvash State University, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, and the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy located in Cheboksary. These, together with 28 colleges and technical schools, are currently attended by approximately 45,000 students.

Economy[edit]

The Chuvash Republic is the most populous and fertile area in the middle Volga region. There are deciduous woodlands on fertile black earth. In agriculture, wheat and sugar-beet, pigs and beef cattle have become more important than the rye, oats, barley and dairy cattle which are typical for the whole area.

The republic is Russia’s center for growing hops and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems.^[14] Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. There are also large timber-working mills at Shumerlin.

The largest companies in the region include Khimprom Novocheboksarsk (revenues of $164.54 million in 2017), Accond (confectionery maker$, 152.55 million), Cheboksary Instrument-Making Plant ($142.26 million), NPP EKRA (power engineering$, 101.13 million).^[26]

Transportation[edit]

The transport network in the republic is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic’s system of roads, railroads, waterways, and airports closely ties the region with others in and outside of Russia.^[14]

Roads[edit]

Only four roads in the Chuvash Republic are classified as important federal highways. The most important is Highway M-7, which runs from Nizhny Novgorod through the northern parts of the republic from Yadrinsky Nikolskoye via Malye Tyumerli, Kalmykovo, Khyrkasy, Novye Lapsary, Kugesi, Shivlinsk, Staraya Tyurlema, to Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan. It also forms a connection via Chuvashia through the southern suburbs of Cheboksary and Novocheboksary to the Mari El Republic and the Vyatka Highway. Part of this road is classified as a motorway, the only one in the republic. From Yadrinsky Nikolskoye, the federal road P-178 runs through Yadrin, Shumerlya, Alatyr, to Surskoye in Ulyanovsk Oblast and further to Ulyanovsk. In the eastern part of Chuvashia, the federal road A-151 runs from Tsivilsk through Kanash, Komsomolskoye, Chkalovskoye, Karabay-Shemursha, Shemursha to Ulyanovsk and Saratov. All other roads in Chuvashia are classified as local area roads.

Automobiles, trucks, and buses are the major forms of transportation, with the republic ranking fourth in highway density in all of Russia.^[14] Cheboksary is situated on one of the main highways of the Russian Federation leading from Moscow to the industrial areas of Tatarstan, the southern Urals, and Siberia. A recently completed bridge across the Volga River in the north connects the republic to the developed Ural and Volga Federal Districts. To the south, highways connect Chuvashia with Saratov and Volgograd. Extensive public and private bus systems connect all towns within the republic with each other and with the surrounding regions.^[14]

The standard speed of transportation of containers by road is 400 kilometers (250 mi) per day. The average time of delivery from Cheboksary to Moscow is 1.5 days; to Saint Petersburg, 2.5 days; and to Western Europe, 10 to 15 days.^[14]

Railways[edit]

The railway network is highly developed, convenient, and accessible year-round. One of the largest railway junctions of Russia – Kanash—is in the center of the republic. Via Kanash, the rail system connects the major towns in Chuvashia with the big industrial centers of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and Moscow. Express trains are reliable and provide a low-cost, comfortable way to travel. Express trains to and from Moscow are available every day, with the overnight journey taking approximately fourteen hours each way.

The following lines serve railway traffic in the Chuvash Republic:

• Arzamas-Kanash line
• Krasny Usel – Kanash -Sviyazhsk line
• Kanash – Cheboksary II – Cheboksary I – Cheboksary II – Novocheboksarsk line

In addition to these lines, there are 26 kilometers (16 mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge industrial lines running from Altyshevo station, on Alatyr-Kanash section, to Pervomaysky, located just west of Starye Aybesi in Alatyrsky District.

All railway lines in Chuvashia are operated by the MPS Gorky Railway Division. Steam locomotives were mostly replaced in 1970 by diesel locomotives and when the main Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line was electrified, the diesel locomotives were replaced by electric ones.

The Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line is a double track main line, while the others are single track lines. The 84 km (52 mi) Sviyazhsk-Kanash section was electrified in 1986, the 142 km (88 mi) Kanash-Sergach section in 1987.

In 1967, there were four daily passenger trains in both directions on the Alatyr-Kanash line. One of them was the semifast Sochi-Sverdlovsk-Sochi long-distance transit train, halting only at Alatyr, Buinsk, and Kanash. Cheboksary was connected by daily semifast passenger train to Moscow. The travel time was 17.30^{[clarification needed]} hours for the 758 km (471 mi) journey. 21 express and passenger trains used the Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk main line in the summer high season in both directions. Of these, four did not halt in Chuvashia. Most of the remaining semifast trains stopped at Shumerlya, Piner, Burnary, and Kanash. Four pairs of semifast trains also stopped at Tyurmari. In the 1999–2000 timetable, 11 pairs of Moscow-Kanash-Kazan express trains stopped at Kanash. The Chuvashia 53/54 express trains between Moscow and Kanash took 11.23 hours, back 10.57 hours.^{[clarification needed]}

In addition to Russian 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge railways, there were six 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge railway lines: two short peat briquette industry lines at Severny and Sosnovka on the north side of the Volga, and four forest railways at Shumerlya, Atrat and Kirya. All opened in the 1930s. In 1965, their total length was 145 kilometers (90 mi):

• Shumerlya-Kabanovo-Rechnoy-Burak-Krasnobar forest railway – total length 72 kilometers (45 mi)
• Shumerlya-Kumashka-Salantshik-Yakhaykino forest railway – 46 kilometers (29 mi)
• Kirya-Lesopunkt Lyulya forest railway – 13 kilometers (8.1 mi)
• Atrat-Dolnaya Polyana-Lesozavod Gart forest railway – 14 kilometers (8.7 mi)

All lines were closed in the economic uncertainty after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Rivers[edit]

The Volga and Sura Rivers connect Chuvashia to a national and international water network. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, cargo transportation is possible from Chuvash river ports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube River. However, the river is frozen from December through April.^[14] Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours of the Volga.^[14]

Air[edit]

The international Cheboksary Airport receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Additionally, Cheboksary is about a four-hour drive from Strigino International Airport, the airport primarily serving Nizhny Novgorod, which offers a greater number of flights, including connections through Aeroflot and Belavia.

Culture[edit]

While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Oghur subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyrillic script that was adopted in 1871.

There has been a resurgence of native Chuvash pride, with many people looking back to their Chuvash roots and exploring the culture and heritage and relearning the language. Most building signs, road signs, and announcements are in both Russian and Chuvash.

At present Chuvash Republic has six professional theaters:

• Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater
• Chuvash State Academic Drama Theater
• Chuvash State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble
• Chuvash Children’s Theater
• Chuvash State Puppet Theater
• Chuvash State Philharmonic Society
• Russian State Drama Theater
• Chuvash State Youth Theater
• Chuvash State Experimental Drama Theater

and over 30 amateur theaters, a Philharmonic Society, an Academic Folk Song and Dance Group, an Academic Choir, a Chamber Orchestra, and some professional concert groups.

There are also more than 20 museums, exhibition halls and modern art galleries.

• Chuvash National Museum.
• Art Museum
  • Museum of Vasily Chapayev
  • Literature Museum named after K.Ivanov
  • Museum and Exhibition Center
  • Culture and Exhibition Center «Raduga»
  • Chuvash Beer Museum
  • Chuvash State Geological Museum
  • Museum of Cheboksary
  • Space Museum
  • Art Gallery
  • Contemporary Art Center
  • Art Gallery «6Х7»

Chuvash Republic has more than 565 public libraries, the book collection being over 10 million units.

• The Chuvash National Library

Monuments of Architecture

There are about 627 monuments of architecture in Chuvashia, including 54 of national importance: the Vvedensky Cathedral (1657), the Holy Trinity Monastery (1566), the Salt House, the houses of Chuvash famous merchants (Zeleischikov, Solovtsov, the Efremov family) (18th-19th century) in Cheboksary, the Tolmachev family house and Trinity Cathedral (18th century) in the town of Tsivilsk, the Burashnikov house in the town of Yadrin.

Surhuri (Chuvash: Сурхури) is the Chuvash national holiday.

Sport[edit]

Chuvashia, along with Mordovia, has given some of the best modern race walkers, as Vera Sokolova, Olimpiada Ivanova, Yelena Nikolayeva and Vladimir Andreyev. Additionally, the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Cheboksary.

Creative unions[edit]

• Union of the Writers of the Chuvash Republic

Radio[edit]

• Chuvash national radio
• Radio of Chuvashia

See also[edit]

• Chuvash national symbols

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Нестеров, В. А. (1981) [1981]. Населённые пункты Чувашской АССР. 1917–1981 годы: Справочник об административно-территориальном делении (in Russian). Чувашское книжное издательство.
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. 30 ноября 2000 г. «Конституция Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №34 от 26 июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в главу 7 Конституции Чувашской Республики». Вступил в силу 10 декабря 2000 г. Опубликован: «Республика», №52, 9 декабря 2000 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. November 30, 2000 Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #34 of June 26, 2014 On Amending Chapter 7 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic. Effective as of December 10, 2000.).
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. Закон №12 от 14 июля 1997 г. «О государственных символах Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №59 от 30 июля 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чувашской Республики «О государственных символах Чувашской Республики»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Чаваш ен», No.30, 26 июля – 2 августа 1997 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. Law #12 of July 14, 1997 On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #59 of July 30, 2013 On Amending the Law of the Chuvash Republic «On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

Further reading[edit]

• Vovina, Olessia P. (December 2000). «Building the road to the temple: Religion and national revival in the Chuvash Republic». Nationalities Papers. 28 (4): 695–706. doi:10.1080/00905990020009683. S2CID 153834810.
• Культурное наследие Чувашии (in Russian). Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики. Retrieved February 6, 2012.

External links[edit]

Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia
Republic
Чувашская Республика — Чувашия
Other transcription(s)
• Chuvash	Чӑваш Республики — Чӑваш Ен
• Transliteration	Chăvash Respubliki — Chăvash Yen
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: «State Anthem of the Chuvash Republic»[3]
Coordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°ECoordinates: 55°33′N 47°06′E / 55.550°N 47.100°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Volga[1]
Economic region	Volga-Vyatka[2]
Capital	Cheboksary
Government
• Body	State Council[4]
• Head[6]	Oleg Nikolayev[5]
Area [7]
• Total	18,300 km2 (7,100 sq mi)
• Rank	74th
Population  (2010 Census)[8]
• Total	1,251,619
• Estimate  (2018)[9]	1,231,117 (−1.6%)
• Rank	41st
• Density	68/km2 (180/sq mi)
• Urban	58.8%
• Rural	41.2%
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
ISO 3166 code	RU-CU
License plates	21, 121
OKTMO ID	97000000
Official languages	Russian;[11] Chuvash[12]
Website	http://www.cap.ru

Chuvashia (Russian: Чувашия; Chuvash: Чӑваш Ен, romanized: Chăvash Yen), officially the Chuvash Republic — Chuvashia,^{[note 1]} is a republic of Russia located in Eastern Europe. It is the homeland of the Chuvash people, a Turkic ethnic group. Its capital is the city of Cheboksary. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,251,619.^[8]

Geography[edit]

The Chuvash Republic is located in the center of European Russia, in the heart of the Volga-Vyatka economic region, mostly to the west of the Volga River, in the Volga Upland. It borders with the Mari El Republic in the north, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast in the west, the Republic of Mordovia in the southwest, Ulyanovsk Oblast in the south, and the Republic of Tatarstan in the east and southeast. There are over two thousand rivers in the republic—with the major ones being the Volga, the Sura, and the Tsivil—as well as four hundred lakes. Some of the Volga River valley reservoirs are in the north of the republic, and the Sura River flows towards the Volga along much of the republic’s western boundary.

The climate is moderately continental, with the average temperatures ranging from −13 °C (9 °F) in January to +19 °C (66 °F) in July. Annual precipitation varies between 450 and 700 millimeters (18 and 28 in), but is uneven from one year to another. Natural resources include gypsum, sand, clay, sapropel deposits, phosphorite, and peat. There are oil and natural gas deposits, although their extraction has not yet been commercially pursued. Forests, mostly in the south along the Sura River, cover approximately 30% of the land.^[14]

History[edit]

The ancestors of the Chuvash were Bulgars and Suars, Turkic tribes residing in the Northern Caucasus in the 5th to 8th centuries. In the 7th and 8th centuries, a part of the Bulgars left for the Balkans, where, together with local Slavs, they established the state of modern Bulgaria. Another part moved to the Middle Volga Region (see Volga Bulgaria), where the Bulgar population that did not adopt Islam formed the foundation of the Chuvash people.^[14]

During the Mongol invasion of Volga Bulgaria, the steppe-dwelling Suar migrated north, where Volga Finnic tribes, such as the Mordvins and Mari lived. The Chuvash claim to be the descendants of these Suars who assimilated with the Mari. In 1242, they became vassals of the Golden Horde. Later Mongol and Tatar rulers did not intervene in local internal affairs as long as tribute was paid annually to Sarai. When the power of the Golden Horde began to diminish, local Mişär Tatar Murzas from Piana and Temnikov tried to govern the Chuvash area.

During Ivan the Terrible’s war of conquest against the Khanate of Kazan, in August 1552, the Chuvash Orsai and Mari Akpar Tokari princes swore their loyalty to the Grand Duchy of Muscovy at Alatyr on the Sura River. Between 1650 and 1850, the Russian Orthodox Church sent Chuvash-speaking missionaries to try to convert the Chuvash to the Orthodox faith. A group of these missionaries created a written Chuvash language. Most of the Chuvash who stayed in the area became Orthodox Christians, but some remained pagan.

On May 15, 1917, the Chuvash joined the Idel-Ural Movement and in December 1917 joined the short-lived Idel-Ural State, when an agreement was reached with Tatar representatives to draw the eastern border of Chuvashia at the Sviyaga River. In 1918–1919, the Russian Civil War encompassed the area. This ended with victory for the Bolsheviks. To gain support from the local population, Lenin ordered the creation of a Chuvash state within the Russian SFSR. On June 24, 1920, the Chuvash Autonomous Oblast was formed, which was transformed into the Chuvash ASSR in April 1925.

Administrative divisions[edit]

Politics[edit]

Until 2012, the Chuvash Republic officially had the status of a state. In the constitution of Chuvashia (version 6 — dated September 13, 2011 No. 46), the following was fixed: «The Chuvash Republic is a republic (state) within the Russian Federation.»

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three persons: The first secretary of the Chuvashia CPSU Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of Republic of Chuvashia is the fundamental law of the region. The State Council of the Chuvash Republic is the republic’s regional standing legislative (representative) body. The highest executive body is the Republic’s Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters.

Demographics[edit]

Despite not being large, the republic is one of the most densely populated regions in the Russian Federation.^{[citation needed]} Population: 1,251,619 (2010 Census);^[8] 1,313,754 (2002 Census);^[15] 1,336,066 (1989 Census).^[16]

The capital (and largest city) is Cheboksary (population 464,000 in 2010). Cheboksary is situated mostly on the southern bank of the Volga in the northern part of the republic (one northern bank district was added in the second part of the 20th century), approximately 650 kilometers (400 mi) east of Moscow. Nearby to the east is the next largest city, Novocheboksarsk (population 124,000 in 2010).

Settlements[edit]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived April 12, 2008, at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (× 1,000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1,000)	Crude death rate (per 1,000)	Natural change (per 1,000)	Fertility rates
1970	1,227	22,465	10,993	11,472	18.3	9.0	9.3
1975	1,266	22,956	12,450	10,506	18.1	9.8	8.3
1980	1,302	22,612	13,908	8,704	17.4	10.7	6.7
1985	1,311	24,385	13,913	10,472	18.6	10.6	8.0
1990	1,339	21,116	13,545	7,571	15.8	10.1	5.7	2.12
1991	1,342	19,113	13,459	5,654	14.2	10.0	4.2	1.96
1992	1,346	16,673	14,141	2,532	12.4	10.5	1.9	1.72
1993	1,347	14,410	16,876	−2,466	10.7	12.5	−1.8	1.48
1994	1,345	14,498	18,003	−3,505	10.8	13.4	−2.6	1.48
1995	1,345	13,842	17,727	−3,885	10.3	13.2	−2.9	1.41
1996	1,343	13,542	16,880	−3,338	10.1	12.6	−2.5	1.37
1997	1,341	12,822	16,762	−3,940	9.6	12.5	−2.9	1.30
1998	1,339	13,300	15,957	−2,657	9.9	11.9	−2.0	1.34
1999	1,337	12,129	17,997	−5,868	9.1	13.5	−4.4	1.22
2000	1,331	12,363	18,640	−6,277	9.3	14.0	−4.7	1.25
2001	1,324	11,986	18,980	−6,994	9.1	14.3	−5.3	1.20
2002	1,314	12,956	19,808	−6,852	9.9	15.1	−5.2	1.30
2003	1,304	13,171	19,978	−6,807	10.1	15.3	−5.2	1.32
2004	1,295	13,734	19,371	−5,637	10.6	15.0	−4.4	1.38
2005	1,286	13,133	19,682	−6,549	10.2	15.3	−5.1	1.32
2006	1,277	13,291	18,900	−5,609	10.4	14.8	−4.4	1.34
2007	1,269	14,835	18,642	−3,807	11.7	14.7	−3.0	1.50
2008	1,262	14,967	18,436	−3,469	11.9	14.6	−2.7	1.51
2009	1,257	16,103	17,492	−1,389	12.8	13.9	−1.1	1.63
2010	1,252	16,174	18,186	−2,012	12.9	14.5	−1.6	1.65
2011	1,249	16,165	16,923	−758	12.9	13.6	−0.7	1.67
2012	1,245	17,472	16,607	865	14.0	13.3	0.7	1.83
2013	1,242	17,351	16,324	1,027	14.0	13.1	0.9	1.85
2014	1,240	17,224	16,535	689	13.9	13.3	0.6	1.88
2015	1,237	17,138	16,266	872	13.8	13.1	0.7	1.91
2016	1,236	16,403	16,258	145	13.3	13.1	0.2	1.87
2017	1,233	13,947	15,571	−1,624	11.3	12.6	-1.3	1.65
2019		11,624	15,196	−3,572	9.5	12.4	-2.9
2020		11,305	18,845	−7,540	9.3	15.5	-6.2

Note: TFR^[17]

Ethnic groups[edit]

According to the 2010 Census, ethnic Chuvash make up 67.7% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (26.9%), Tatars (2.8%), Mordvins (1.1%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.^[8]

Ethnic group	1926 Census	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census1	2021 census[18]
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chuvash	667,695	74.6%	777,202	72.2%	770,351	70.2%	856,246	70.0%	887,738	68.4%	906,922	67.8%	889,268	67.7%	814,750	67.7%	684,930	57.7%
Russians	178,890	20.0%	241,386	22.4%	263,692	24.0%	299,241	24.5%	338,150	26.0%	357,120	26.7%	348,515	26.5%	323,274	26.9%	329,991	27.8%
Tatars	22,635	2.5%	29,007	2.7%	31,357	2.9%	36,217	3.0%	37,573	2.9%	35,689	2.7%	36,379	2.8%	34,214	2.8%	29,092	2.5%
Mordvins	23,958	2.7%	22,512	2.1%	23,863	2.2%	21,041	1.7%	20,276	1.6%	18,686	1.4%	15,993	1.2%	13,014	1.1%	7,707	0.6%
Others	1,301	0.1%	6,703	0.6%	8,596	0.7%	10,930	0.9%	14,874	1.3%	19,606	1.4%	23,599	1.8%	18,298	1.6%	23,085	1.9%
Ethnicity not stated																	112,104	9.4%
1 48,069 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[19]

Genetics[edit]

Osteopetrosis affects 1 newborn out of every 20,000 to 250,000^[20] worldwide, but the odds are much higher in the Russian region of Chuvashia (1 of every 3,500–4,000 newborns) due to genetic traits of the Chuvash people.^[21][22]

Religion[edit]

According to a 2012 survey,^[23] 64.7% of the population of Chuvashia adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 4% are Orthodox Christian believers without belonging to any church or members of non-Russian Orthodox churches, 3% of the population (mostly Tatars) follow Islam, 3% are unaffiliated Christians, 1% follow indigenous faiths (Vattisen Yaly, Chuvash folk religion). In addition, 24% of the population declares to be «spiritual but not religious», 1% is atheist and 2.3% follows other religions or did not answer to the question.^[23] There is a growing population of Jehovah’s Witnesses among the people despite the official ban by the Russian Government.

Study of religion is compulsory for schoolchildren in Chuvashia. Of the students, approximately 76.9% are enrolled for Orthodox Studies, 16.0% for Secular Studies, 15.7% for World Religions Studies and 1.4% for Islamic Studies.^[25]

Education[edit]

There are five higher educational institutions, including the Chuvash State University, the Chuvash State Pedagogical Institute, and the Chuvash State Agricultural Academy located in Cheboksary. These, together with 28 colleges and technical schools, are currently attended by approximately 45,000 students.

Economy[edit]

The Chuvash Republic is the most populous and fertile area in the middle Volga region. There are deciduous woodlands on fertile black earth. In agriculture, wheat and sugar-beet, pigs and beef cattle have become more important than the rye, oats, barley and dairy cattle which are typical for the whole area.

The republic is Russia’s center for growing hops and is famous throughout the country for its long history of beer brewing. It is also a major center for electrical engineering, especially in the area of power transmission and control systems.^[14] Other leading industries are metalworking, electricity generation, and chemical manufacturing. There are also large timber-working mills at Shumerlin.

The largest companies in the region include Khimprom Novocheboksarsk (revenues of $164.54 million in 2017), Accond (confectionery maker$, 152.55 million), Cheboksary Instrument-Making Plant ($142.26 million), NPP EKRA (power engineering$, 101.13 million).^[26]

Transportation[edit]

The transport network in the republic is one of the most developed in Russia. The republic’s system of roads, railroads, waterways, and airports closely ties the region with others in and outside of Russia.^[14]

Roads[edit]

Only four roads in the Chuvash Republic are classified as important federal highways. The most important is Highway M-7, which runs from Nizhny Novgorod through the northern parts of the republic from Yadrinsky Nikolskoye via Malye Tyumerli, Kalmykovo, Khyrkasy, Novye Lapsary, Kugesi, Shivlinsk, Staraya Tyurlema, to Kazan in the Republic of Tatarstan. It also forms a connection via Chuvashia through the southern suburbs of Cheboksary and Novocheboksary to the Mari El Republic and the Vyatka Highway. Part of this road is classified as a motorway, the only one in the republic. From Yadrinsky Nikolskoye, the federal road P-178 runs through Yadrin, Shumerlya, Alatyr, to Surskoye in Ulyanovsk Oblast and further to Ulyanovsk. In the eastern part of Chuvashia, the federal road A-151 runs from Tsivilsk through Kanash, Komsomolskoye, Chkalovskoye, Karabay-Shemursha, Shemursha to Ulyanovsk and Saratov. All other roads in Chuvashia are classified as local area roads.

Automobiles, trucks, and buses are the major forms of transportation, with the republic ranking fourth in highway density in all of Russia.^[14] Cheboksary is situated on one of the main highways of the Russian Federation leading from Moscow to the industrial areas of Tatarstan, the southern Urals, and Siberia. A recently completed bridge across the Volga River in the north connects the republic to the developed Ural and Volga Federal Districts. To the south, highways connect Chuvashia with Saratov and Volgograd. Extensive public and private bus systems connect all towns within the republic with each other and with the surrounding regions.^[14]

The standard speed of transportation of containers by road is 400 kilometers (250 mi) per day. The average time of delivery from Cheboksary to Moscow is 1.5 days; to Saint Petersburg, 2.5 days; and to Western Europe, 10 to 15 days.^[14]

Railways[edit]

The railway network is highly developed, convenient, and accessible year-round. One of the largest railway junctions of Russia – Kanash—is in the center of the republic. Via Kanash, the rail system connects the major towns in Chuvashia with the big industrial centers of eastern Siberia, the Urals, and Moscow. Express trains are reliable and provide a low-cost, comfortable way to travel. Express trains to and from Moscow are available every day, with the overnight journey taking approximately fourteen hours each way.

The following lines serve railway traffic in the Chuvash Republic:

• Arzamas-Kanash line
• Krasny Usel – Kanash -Sviyazhsk line
• Kanash – Cheboksary II – Cheboksary I – Cheboksary II – Novocheboksarsk line

In addition to these lines, there are 26 kilometers (16 mi) of 1,520 mm (4 ft 11+27⁄32 in) gauge industrial lines running from Altyshevo station, on Alatyr-Kanash section, to Pervomaysky, located just west of Starye Aybesi in Alatyrsky District.

All railway lines in Chuvashia are operated by the MPS Gorky Railway Division. Steam locomotives were mostly replaced in 1970 by diesel locomotives and when the main Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line was electrified, the diesel locomotives were replaced by electric ones.

The Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk line is a double track main line, while the others are single track lines. The 84 km (52 mi) Sviyazhsk-Kanash section was electrified in 1986, the 142 km (88 mi) Kanash-Sergach section in 1987.

In 1967, there were four daily passenger trains in both directions on the Alatyr-Kanash line. One of them was the semifast Sochi-Sverdlovsk-Sochi long-distance transit train, halting only at Alatyr, Buinsk, and Kanash. Cheboksary was connected by daily semifast passenger train to Moscow. The travel time was 17.30^{[clarification needed]} hours for the 758 km (471 mi) journey. 21 express and passenger trains used the Arzamas-Kanash-Sviyazhsk main line in the summer high season in both directions. Of these, four did not halt in Chuvashia. Most of the remaining semifast trains stopped at Shumerlya, Piner, Burnary, and Kanash. Four pairs of semifast trains also stopped at Tyurmari. In the 1999–2000 timetable, 11 pairs of Moscow-Kanash-Kazan express trains stopped at Kanash. The Chuvashia 53/54 express trains between Moscow and Kanash took 11.23 hours, back 10.57 hours.^{[clarification needed]}

In addition to Russian 1,524 mm (5 ft) gauge railways, there were six 750 mm (2 ft 5+1⁄2 in) narrow gauge railway lines: two short peat briquette industry lines at Severny and Sosnovka on the north side of the Volga, and four forest railways at Shumerlya, Atrat and Kirya. All opened in the 1930s. In 1965, their total length was 145 kilometers (90 mi):

• Shumerlya-Kabanovo-Rechnoy-Burak-Krasnobar forest railway – total length 72 kilometers (45 mi)
• Shumerlya-Kumashka-Salantshik-Yakhaykino forest railway – 46 kilometers (29 mi)
• Kirya-Lesopunkt Lyulya forest railway – 13 kilometers (8.1 mi)
• Atrat-Dolnaya Polyana-Lesozavod Gart forest railway – 14 kilometers (8.7 mi)

All lines were closed in the economic uncertainty after the breakup of the Soviet Union.

Rivers[edit]

The Volga and Sura Rivers connect Chuvashia to a national and international water network. To the south, Volgograd, Rostov-on-Don, Astrakhan, the Caspian Sea, and Black Sea are directly reachable. To the west, the Volga River connects Cheboksary with Nizhny Novgorod, Yaroslavl, Moscow and the northern regions of Russia. By using river-sea vessels, cargo transportation is possible from Chuvash river ports all the way to Saint Petersburg, Novorossiysk (on the Black Sea), Astrakhan, and ports situated on the Danube River. However, the river is frozen from December through April.^[14] Cheboksary is a frequent stop on the many boat tours of the Volga.^[14]

Air[edit]

The international Cheboksary Airport receives both cargo and passenger aircraft of practically all types and sizes. There are regularly scheduled flights to Moscow and other destinations. Additionally, Cheboksary is about a four-hour drive from Strigino International Airport, the airport primarily serving Nizhny Novgorod, which offers a greater number of flights, including connections through Aeroflot and Belavia.

Culture[edit]

While Russian is the predominant business language, the Chuvash language is still spoken by many, especially in the country. The Chuvash language belongs to the Oghur subgroup of the Turkic language group. In ancient times a runic system of writing was used. Chuvashi now uses a modified Cyrillic script that was adopted in 1871.

There has been a resurgence of native Chuvash pride, with many people looking back to their Chuvash roots and exploring the culture and heritage and relearning the language. Most building signs, road signs, and announcements are in both Russian and Chuvash.

At present Chuvash Republic has six professional theaters:

• Chuvash State Opera and Ballet Theater
• Chuvash State Academic Drama Theater
• Chuvash State Academic Song and Dance Ensemble
• Chuvash Children’s Theater
• Chuvash State Puppet Theater
• Chuvash State Philharmonic Society
• Russian State Drama Theater
• Chuvash State Youth Theater
• Chuvash State Experimental Drama Theater

and over 30 amateur theaters, a Philharmonic Society, an Academic Folk Song and Dance Group, an Academic Choir, a Chamber Orchestra, and some professional concert groups.

There are also more than 20 museums, exhibition halls and modern art galleries.

• Chuvash National Museum.
• Art Museum
  • Museum of Vasily Chapayev
  • Literature Museum named after K.Ivanov
  • Museum and Exhibition Center
  • Culture and Exhibition Center «Raduga»
  • Chuvash Beer Museum
  • Chuvash State Geological Museum
  • Museum of Cheboksary
  • Space Museum
  • Art Gallery
  • Contemporary Art Center
  • Art Gallery «6Х7»

Chuvash Republic has more than 565 public libraries, the book collection being over 10 million units.

• The Chuvash National Library

Monuments of Architecture

There are about 627 monuments of architecture in Chuvashia, including 54 of national importance: the Vvedensky Cathedral (1657), the Holy Trinity Monastery (1566), the Salt House, the houses of Chuvash famous merchants (Zeleischikov, Solovtsov, the Efremov family) (18th-19th century) in Cheboksary, the Tolmachev family house and Trinity Cathedral (18th century) in the town of Tsivilsk, the Burashnikov house in the town of Yadrin.

Surhuri (Chuvash: Сурхури) is the Chuvash national holiday.

Sport[edit]

Chuvashia, along with Mordovia, has given some of the best modern race walkers, as Vera Sokolova, Olimpiada Ivanova, Yelena Nikolayeva and Vladimir Andreyev. Additionally, the 2008 IAAF World Race Walking Cup was held in Cheboksary.

Creative unions[edit]

• Union of the Writers of the Chuvash Republic

Radio[edit]

• Chuvash national radio
• Radio of Chuvashia

See also[edit]

• Chuvash national symbols

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Нестеров, В. А. (1981) [1981]. Населённые пункты Чувашской АССР. 1917–1981 годы: Справочник об административно-территориальном делении (in Russian). Чувашское книжное издательство.
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. 30 ноября 2000 г. «Конституция Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №34 от 26 июня 2014 г. «О внесении изменений в главу 7 Конституции Чувашской Республики». Вступил в силу 10 декабря 2000 г. Опубликован: «Республика», №52, 9 декабря 2000 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. November 30, 2000 Constitution of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #34 of June 26, 2014 On Amending Chapter 7 of the Constitution of the Chuvash Republic. Effective as of December 10, 2000.).
• Государственный Совет Чувашской Республики. Закон №12 от 14 июля 1997 г. «О государственных символах Чувашской Республики», в ред. Закона №59 от 30 июля 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Закон Чувашской Республики «О государственных символах Чувашской Республики»». Вступил в силу со дня официального опубликования. Опубликован: «Чаваш ен», No.30, 26 июля – 2 августа 1997 г. (State Council of the Chuvash Republic. Law #12 of July 14, 1997 On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic, as amended by the Law #59 of July 30, 2013 On Amending the Law of the Chuvash Republic «On the State Symbols of the Chuvash Republic». Effective as of the day of the official publication.).

Further reading[edit]

• Vovina, Olessia P. (December 2000). «Building the road to the temple: Religion and national revival in the Chuvash Republic». Nationalities Papers. 28 (4): 695–706. doi:10.1080/00905990020009683. S2CID 153834810.
• Культурное наследие Чувашии (in Russian). Национальная библиотека Чувашской Республики. Retrieved February 6, 2012.

External links[edit]