Центральноафриканская республика как пишется

Central African Republic Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka (Sango) République centrafricaine (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:  «Unité, Dignité, Travail» (French) «Unity, Dignity, Work» «Zo Kwe Zo» (Sango) «All people are people»
Anthem:  La Renaissance (French) E Zingo (Sango) «The Renaissance»
Capital and largest city	Bangui 4°22′N 18°35′E / 4.367°N 18.583°E
Official languages	French • Sango
Ethnic groups	Baggara Arabs Baka Banda Bayaka Fula Gbaya Kara Kresh Mbaka Mandja Ngbandi Sara Vidiri Wodaabe Yakoma Yulu Kanuri Zande others
Religion (2020)[1]	73.2% Christianity 13.9% Islam 12.0% Traditional faiths 0.9% Others / None
Demonym(s)	Central African
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Faustin-Archange Touadéra
• Prime Minister	Félix Moloua
• President of the National Assembly	Simplice Sarandji
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence
• Republic established	1 December 1958
• from France	13 August 1960
• Central African Empire established	4 December 1976
• Coronation of Bokassa I	4 December 1977
• Bokassa I’s overthrow and republic restored	21 September 1979
Area
• Total	622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi) (44th)
• Water (%)	0
Population
• 2022 estimate	5,454,533[2] (119th)
• Density	7.1/km2 (18.4/sq mi) (221st)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$4.262 billion[3] (162nd)
• Per capita	$823[3] (184th)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$2.321 billion[3] (163th)
• Per capita	$448[3] (181st)
Gini (2008)	56.3[4] high · 28th
HDI (2021)	0.404[5] low · 188th
Currency	Central African CFA franc (XAF) Bitcoin (BTC)[6]
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right[7]
Calling code	+236
ISO 3166 code	CF
Internet TLD	.cf

The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka IPA: [kōdōrōsésè tí bé.àfríkà]; French: République centrafricaine, RCA;^[8] French: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique, [sɑ̃tʁafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.

The Central African Republic covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi). As of 2021, it had an estimated population of around 5.5 million. As of 2023, the Central African Republic was the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012.^[9]

Most of the Central African Republic consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two-thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin (which flows into the Congo), while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.

What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia;^[when?] however, the country’s current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive attempt at a monarchy.^[10]

By the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the country’s poor human rights record: it was characterized by widespread and increasing abuses by various participating armed groups, such as arbitrary imprisonment, torture, and restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of movement.

Despite (or arguably because of) its significant mineral deposits and other resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower,^[11] as well as significant quantities of arable land, the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world, with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017.^[12] As of 2019, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), the country had the second-lowest level of human development (only ahead of Niger), ranking 188 out of 189 countries. The country had the lowest inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), ranking 150th out of 150 countries.^[13] The Central African Republic is also estimated to be the unhealthiest country^[14] as well as the worst country in which to be young.^[15]

The Central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement.

Etymology[edit]

The name of the Central African Republic is derived from the country’s geographical location in the central region of Africa and its republican form of government. From 1976 to 1979, the country was known as the Central African Empire.

During the colonial era, the country’s name was Ubangi-Shari (French: Oubangui-Chari), a name derived from the Ubangi River and the Chari River. Barthélemy Boganda, the country’s first prime minister, favored the name «Central African Republic» over Ubangi-Shari, reportedly because he envisioned a larger union of countries in Central Africa.^[16]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled.^[17] Farming began as part of the Neolithic Revolution.^[18] Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BCE^[19] the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups’ nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations.^[20] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a «Fish-stew Revolution», in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region’s inhabitants.^{[citation needed]}

The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era (c. 3500–2700 BCE).^[21][22] Ironworking developed in the region around 1000 BCE.^[23]

The Ubangian people settled along the Ubangi River in what is today Central and East Central African Republic while some Bantu peoples migrated from the southwest from Cameroon.^[24]

Bananas arrived in the region during the first millennium BCE^[25] and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Production of copper, salt, dried fish, and textiles dominated the economic trade in the Central African region.^[26]

16th–19th century[edit]

In the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South along the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.^[27][28] In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast.^[29] During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara Azande peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.^[28] In 1875, the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day Central African Republic.^[30]

French colonial period[edit]

The European invasion of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa.^[31] Europeans, primarily the French, Germans, and Belgians, arrived in the area in 1885. France seized and colonized Ubangi-Shari territory in 1894. In 1911 at the Treaty of Fez, France ceded a nearly 300,000 km² portion of the Sangha and Lobaye basins to the German Empire which ceded a smaller area (in present-day Chad) to France. After World War I France again annexed the territory. Modeled on King Leopold’s Congo Free State, concessions were doled out to private companies that endeavored to strip the region’s assets as quickly and cheaply as possible before depositing a percentage of their profits into the French treasury. The concessionary companies forced local people to harvest rubber, coffee, and other commodities without pay and held their families hostage until they met their quotas.^[32]

In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville.^[33] During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation,^[33] a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity.^[34] New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Through the period of construction until 1934 there was a continual heavy cost in human lives, with total deaths among all workers along the railway estimated in excess of 17,000 of the construction workers, from a combination of both industrial accidents and diseases including malaria.^[35] In 1928, a major insurrection, the Kongo-Wara rebellion or ‘war of the hoe handle’, broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, which was perhaps the largest anti-colonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the French public because it provided evidence of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.^[36]

In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui.^[37] In 1946 Barthélemy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative of the Central African Republic in the French government. Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to the Central African Republic to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (Mouvement pour l’évolution sociale de l’Afrique noire, MESAN) in 1950.^[38]

Since independence (1960–present)[edit]

In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes^[39] and won every legislative seat,^[40] which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council.^[41] Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country’s first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited.^[42] The Central Africa Republic was granted autonomy within the French Community on 1 December 1958, a status which meant it was still counted as part of the French Empire in Africa.^[43]

After Boganda’s death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN. Dacko became the country’s first president when the Central African Republic formally received independence from France at midnight on 13 August 1960, a date celebrated by the country’s Independence Day holiday.^[44] Dacko threw out his political rivals, including Abel Goumba, former Prime Minister and leader of Mouvement d’évolution démocratique de l’Afrique centrale (MEDAC), whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.^[45]

Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)[edit]

On 31 December 1965, Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d’état by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for Life in 1972 and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire (as the country was renamed) on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world.^[10]

In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa’s decree that all school pupils were required to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa might have been personally involved in some of the killings.^[46] In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and restored Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the official name of the country and the original government to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981.^[47]

Central African Republic under Kolingba[edit]

Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a nationwide referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain (RDC), was voluntary. In 1987 and 1988, semi-free elections to parliament were held, but Kolingba’s two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Félix Patassé, were not allowed to participate.^[48]

By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a «Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République» (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a «Mixed Electoral Commission», which included representatives from all political parties.^[48]

When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé’s party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a plurality (relative majority) but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé’s party required coalition partners.^[48]

Patassé government (1993–2003)[edit]

Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé’s government of conducting a «witch hunt» against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country’s politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government’s erratic behavior, three mutinies against Patassé’s administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996), the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to the Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA). Since 1997, the country has hosted almost a dozen peacekeeping interventions, earning it the title of «world champion of peacekeeping».^[32]

In 1998, parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba’s RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats. The next year, however, in spite of widespread public anger in urban centers over his corrupt rule, Patassé won a second term in the presidential election.^[49]

On 28 May 2001, rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup attempt. The army chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General François N’Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patassé regained the upper hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the Congolese rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba and Libyan soldiers.^[50]

In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba’s Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé’s forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé.^[51]

Civil wars[edit]

François Bozizé suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet, which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba was named vice-president, which gave Bozizé’s new government a positive image.^[why?] Bozizé established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution, and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved.^[52]

In 2004, the Central African Republic Bush War began, as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005, Bozizé won the presidential election, which excluded Patassé, and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels.^[53] In November 2006, Bozizé’s government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country’s northern regions.^[54]
Though the initial public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, by December the French assistance included airstrikes by Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters against rebel positions.^[55][56]

The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.^[57]

In 2011, Bozizé was reelected in an election which was widely considered fraudulent.^[11]

In November 2012, Séléka, a coalition of rebel groups, took over towns in the northern and central regions of the country. These groups eventually reached a peace deal with the Bozizé’s government in January 2013 involving a power sharing government^[11] but this deal broke down and the rebels seized the capital in March 2013 and Bozizé fled the country.^[58][59]

Michel Djotodia took over as president. Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide.^[60]
By the end of the year there were international warnings of a «genocide»^[61][62] and fighting was largely from reprisal attacks on civilians from Seleka’s predominantly Muslim fighters and Christian militias called «anti-balaka.»^[63] By August 2013, there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs)^[64][65]

French President François Hollande called on the UN Security Council and African Union to increase their efforts to stabilize the country. On 18 February 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the UN Security Council to immediately deploy 3,000 troops to the country, bolstering the 6,000 African Union soldiers and 2,000 French troops already in the country, to combat civilians being murdered in large numbers. The Séléka government was said to be divided,^[66] and in September 2013, Djotodia officially disbanded Seleka, but many rebels refused to disarm, becoming known as ex-Seleka, and veered further out of government control.^[63] It is argued that the focus of the initial disarmament efforts exclusively on the Seleka inadvertently handed the anti-Balaka the upper hand, leading to the forced displacement of Muslim civilians by anti-Balaka in Bangui and western Central African Republic.^[32]

On 11 January 2014, Michael Djotodia and Nicolas Tiengaye resigned as part of a deal negotiated at a regional summit in neighboring Chad.^[67] Catherine Samba-Panza was elected as interim president by the National Transitional Council,^[68] becoming the first ever female Central African president. On 23 July 2014, following Congolese mediation efforts, Séléka and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville.^[69] By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka in the southwest and ex-Seleka in the northeast.^[32] In March 2015, Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said 417 of the country’s 436 mosques had been destroyed, and Muslim women were so scared of going out in public they were giving birth in their homes instead of going to the hospital.^[70] On 14 December 2015, Séléka rebel leaders declared an independent Republic of Logone.^[71]

Touadéra government (2016–)[edit]

Presidential elections were held in December 2015. As no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a second round of elections was held on 14 February 2016 with run-offs on 31 March 2016.^[72][73] In the second round of voting, former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was declared the winner with 63% of the vote, defeating Union for Central African Renewal candidate Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, another former Prime Minister.^[74] While the elections suffered from many potential voters being absent as they had taken refuge in other countries, the fears of widespread violence were ultimately unfounded and the African Union regarded the elections as successful.^[75]

Touadéra was sworn in on 30 March 2016. No representatives of the Seleka rebel group or the «anti-balaka» militias were included in the subsequently formed government.^[76]

After the end of Touadéra’s first term, presidential elections were held on 27 December 2020 with a possible second round planned for 14 February 2021.^[77] Former president François Bozizé announced his candidacy on 25 July 2020 but was rejected by the Constitutional Court of the country, which held that Bozizé did not satisfy the “good morality” requirement for candidates because of an international warrant and United Nations sanctions against him for alleged assassinations, torture and other crimes.^[78]

As large parts of the country were at the time controlled by armed groups, the election could not be conducted in many areas of the country.^[79][80] Some 800 of the country’s polling stations, 14% of the total, were closed due to violence.^[81] Three Burundian peacekeepers were killed and an additional two were wounded during the run-up to the election.^[82][83] President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was reelected in the first round of the election in December 2020.^[84] Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group have supported President Faustin-Archange Touadéra in the fight against rebels. Russia’s Wagner group has been accused of harassing and intimidating civilians.^[85][86] In December 2022 Roger Cohen wrote in the New York Times that «Wagner shock troops form a Praetorian Guard for Mr. Touadéra, who is also protected by Rwandan forces, in return for an untaxed license to exploit and export the Central African Republic’s resources» and that «one Western ambassador called the Central African Republic’s status as a “vassal state” of the Kremlin.»^[87]

Geography[edit]

The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo. The country lies between latitudes 2° and 11°N, and longitudes 14° and 28°E.^[88]

Much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna approximately 500 metres (1,640 ft) above sea level. In addition to the Fertit Hills in the northeast of the Central African Republic, there are scattered hills in the southwest regions. In the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of 348 metres (1,143 ft). The Central African Republic contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Northeastern Congolian lowland forests, Northwestern Congolian lowland forests, Western Congolian swamp forests, East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, and Sahelian Acacia savanna.^[89]

At 622,984 square kilometres (240,535 sq mi), the Central African Republic is the world’s 44th-largest country. It is comparable in size to Ukraine, as Ukraine is 603,500 square kilometres (233,000 sq mi) in area, according to List of countries and dependencies by area.^[90]

Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River; the Mbomou River in the east merges with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River, which also comprises portions of the southern border. The Sangha River flows through some of the western regions of the country, while the eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile River watershed.^[88]

It has been estimated that up to 8% of the country is covered by forest, with the densest parts generally located in the southern regions. The forests are highly diverse and include commercially important species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo.^[91] The deforestation rate is about 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.^[92] The Central African Republic had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.28/10, ranking it seventh globally out of 172 countries.^[93]

In 2008, Central African Republic was the world’s least light pollution affected country.^[94]

The Central African Republic is the focal point of the Bangui Magnetic Anomaly, one of the largest magnetic anomalies on Earth.^[95]

Wildlife[edit]

In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of the Central African Republic. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.^[96]

Climate[edit]

The climate of the Central African Republic is generally tropical, with a wet season that lasts from June to September in the northern regions of the country, and from May to October in the south. During the wet season, rainstorms are an almost daily occurrence, and early morning fog is commonplace. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres (71 in) in the upper Ubangi region.^[97]

The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May,^[98] but can be subject to the hot, dry, and dusty trade wind known as the Harmattan. The southern regions have a more equatorial climate, but they are subject to desertification, while the extreme northeast regions of the country are a steppe.^[99]

Prefectures and sub-prefectures[edit]

The Central African Republic is divided into 16 administrative prefectures (préfectures), two of which are economic prefectures (préfectures economiques), and one an autonomous commune; the prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures).^[100][101]

The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M’Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pendé and Vakaga. The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré, while the commune is the capital city of Bangui.^[100]

Politics and government[edit]

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Recent developments and Russian influence. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2022)

Politics in the Central African Republic formally take place in a framework of a presidential republic. In this system, the President is the head of state, with a Prime Minister as head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.^[11]

Changes in government have occurred in recent years by three methods: violence, negotiations, and elections. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. The government was rated ‘Partly Free’ from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013.^[102]

Executive branch[edit]

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term, and the prime minister is appointed by the president. The president also appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which initiates laws and oversees government operations. However, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of large parts of the country, which are governed by rebel groups.^[103]

Acting president since April 2016 is Faustin-Archange Touadéra who followed the interim government under Catherine Samba-Panza, interim prime minister André Nzapayeké.^[104]

Legislative branch[edit]

The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 140 members, elected for a five-year term using the two-round (or Run-off) system.^[11]

Judicial branch[edit]

As in many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic’s legal system is based on French law.^[105] The Supreme Court, or Cour Supreme, is made up of judges appointed by the president. There is also a Constitutional Court, and its judges are also appointed by the president.^[11]

Foreign relations[edit]

The Central African Republic relies heavily on Russian mercenaries for the protection of its diamond mines.^[106]

Foreign aid and UN Involvement[edit]

The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon foreign aid and numerous NGOs provide services that the government does not provide.^[107] In 2019, over US$100 million in foreign aid was spent in the country, mostly on humanitarian assistance.^[108]

In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country’s northwest were at risk of starvation,^[109] but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.^[110] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund.^[111] Three priority areas were identified: first, the reform of the security sector; second, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law; and third, the revitalization of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission,^[112] which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos.^[113]

In response to concerns of a potential genocide, a peacekeeping force – the International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) – was authorized in December 2013. This African Union force of 6,000 personnel was accompanied by the French Operation Sangaris.^[114]

In 2017, Central African Republic signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[115]

Human rights[edit]

The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in the Central African Republic were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses.^[116] The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers’ rights.^[116]

The State Department report also cites widespread mob violence, the prevalence of female genital mutilation, discrimination against women and Pygmies, human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor.^[117] Freedom of movement is limited in the northern part of the country «because of actions by state security forces, armed bandits, and other nonstate armed entities», and due to fighting between government and anti-government forces, many persons have been internally displaced.^[118]

Violence against children and women in relation to accusations of witchcraft has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.^{[119][120][121]} Witchcraft is a criminal offense under the penal code.^[119]

Freedom of speech is addressed in the country’s constitution, but there have been incidents of government intimidation of the media.^[116] A report by the International Research & Exchanges Board’s media sustainability index noted that «the country minimally met objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system».^[116]

Approximately 68% of girls are married before they turn 18,^[122] and the United Nations’ Human Development Index ranked the country 188 out of 188 countries surveyed.^[123] The Bureau of International Labor Affairs has also mentioned it in its last edition of the List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

Demographics[edit]

The population of the Central African Republic has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000; as of a 2021 UN estimate, it is approximately 5,457,154.^[124][125]

The United Nations estimates that approximately 4% of the population aged between 15 and 49 is HIV positive.^[126] Only 3% of the country has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to a 17% coverage in the neighboring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo.^[127]

The nation is divided into over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baggara Arabs, Baka, Banda, Bayaka, Fula, Gbaya, Kara, Kresh, Mbaka, Mandja, Ngbandi, Sara, Vidiri, Wodaabe, Yakoma, Yulu, Zande, with others including Europeans of mostly French descent.^[11]

Religion[edit]

According to the 2003 national census, 80.3% of the population was Christian (51.4% Protestant and 28.9% Roman Catholic), 10% was Muslim and 4.5 percent other religious groups, with 5.5 percent having no religious beliefs.^[129] More recent work from the Pew Research Center estimated that, as of 2010, Christians constituted 89.8% of the population (60.7% Protestant and 28.5% Catholic) while Muslims made up 8.9%.^[130][131] The Catholic Church claims over 1.5 million adherents, approximately one-third of the population.^[132] Indigenous belief (animism) is also practiced, and many indigenous beliefs are incorporated into Christian and Islamic practice.^[133] A UN director described religious tensions between Muslims and Christians as being high.^[134]

There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.^[135]

According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups; they also provided refuge for people seeking shelter.^[114]

Languages[edit]

The Central African Republic’s two official languages are French and Sango (also spelled Sangho),^[136] a creole developed as an inter-ethnic lingua franca based on the local Ngbandi language. The Central African Republic is one of the few African countries to have granted official status to an African language.

Healthcare[edit]

The largest hospitals in the country are located in the Bangui district. As a member of the World Health Organization, the Central African Republic receives vaccination assistance, such as a 2014 intervention for the prevention of a measles epidemic.^[137] In 2007, female life expectancy at birth was 48.2 years and male life expectancy at birth was 45.1 years.^[138]

Women’s health is poor in the Central African Republic. As of 2010, the country had the fourth highest maternal mortality rate in the world.^[139]
The total fertility rate in 2014 was estimated at 4.46 children born/woman.^[11] Approximately 25% of women had undergone female genital mutilation.^[140] Many births in the country are guided by traditional birth attendants, who often have little or no formal training.^[141]

Malaria is endemic in the Central African Republic, and one of the leading causes of death.^[142]
According to 2009 estimates, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 4.7% of the adult population (ages 15–49).^[143] This is in general agreement with the 2016 United Nations estimate of approximately 4%.^[144] Government expenditure on health was US$20 (PPP) per person in 2006^[138] and 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.^[138] There was only around 1 physician for every 20,000 persons in 2009.^[145]

Education[edit]

Public education in the Central African Republic is free and is compulsory from ages 6 to 14.^[146] However, approximately half of the adult population of the country is illiterate.^[147] The two institutions of higher education in the Central African Republic are the University of Bangui, a public university located in Bangui, which includes a medical school; and Euclid University, an international university.^[148][149]

Economy[edit]

The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine.^[150]

The currency of the Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the former countries of French West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country’s most important export, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30% and 50% of those produced each year leave the country clandestinely.^[150]
On 27 April 2022,^[151] Bitcoin (BTC) was adopted as an additional legal tender. Lawmakers unanimously adopted a bill that made bitcoin legal tender alongside the CFA franc and legalized the use of cryptocurrencies. President Faustin-Archange Touadéra signed the measure into law, said his chief of staff Obed Namsio.

Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.^[150] Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.^[152]

The Republic’s primary import partner is France (17.1%). Other imports come from the United States (12.3%), India (11.5%), and China (8.2%). Its largest export partner is France (31.2%), followed by Burundi (16.2%), China (12.5%), Cameroon (9.6%), and Austria (7.8%).^[11]

The Central African Republic is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). In the 2009 World Bank Group’s report Doing Business, it was ranked 183rd of 183 as regards ‘ease of doing business’, a composite index which takes into account regulations that enhance business activity and those that restrict it.^[153]

Infrastructure[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Bangui is the transport hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the country, Cameroon, Chad and South Sudan; of these, only the toll roads are paved. During the rainy season from July to October, some roads are impassable.^[154][155]

River ferries sail from the river port at Bangui to Brazzaville and Zongo. The river can be navigated most of the year between Bangui and Brazzaville. From Brazzaville, goods are transported by rail to Pointe-Noire, Congo’s Atlantic port.^[156] The river port handles the overwhelming majority of the country’s international trade and has a cargo handling capacity of 350,000 tons; it has 350 metres (1,150 ft) length of wharfs and 24,000 square metres (260,000 sq ft) of warehousing space.^[154]

Bangui M’Poko International Airport is Central African Republic’s only international airport. As of June 2014 it had regularly scheduled direct flights to Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasa, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N’Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, and Yaoundé.^{[citation needed]}

Since at least 2002 there have been plans to connect Bangui by rail to the Transcameroon Railway.^[157]

Energy[edit]

The Central African Republic primarily uses hydroelectricity as there are few other low cost resources for generating electricity.^[158]

Communications[edit]

Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.^[159]

Culture[edit]

Sports[edit]

Football is the country’s most popular sport. The national football team is governed by the Central African Football Federation and stages matches at the Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.^[160]

Basketball also is popular^[161][162] and its national team won the African Championship twice and was the first Sub-Saharan African team to qualify for the Basketball World Cup, in 1974.

See also[edit]

• Outline of the Central African Republic
• Central African Republic–Chad border,
• Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.
• List of Central African Republic–related topics

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Eur (31 October 2002). Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5.
• Kalck, Pierre (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic.
• McKenna, Amy (2011). The History of Central and Eastern Africa. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1615303229.
• Balogh, Besenyo, Miletics, Vogel: La République Centrafricaine

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Overviews[edit]

• Country Profile from BBC News
• Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Central African Republic at Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic
• Key Development Forecasts for the Central African Republic from International Futures

News[edit]

• Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com

Other[edit]

• Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
• Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic. «Inside France’s Secret War» from The Independent, 5 October 2007

Coordinates: 7°N 21°E / 7°N 21°E

Central African Republic Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka (Sango) République centrafricaine (French)
Flag Coat of arms
Motto:  «Unité, Dignité, Travail» (French) «Unity, Dignity, Work» «Zo Kwe Zo» (Sango) «All people are people»
Anthem:  La Renaissance (French) E Zingo (Sango) «The Renaissance»
Capital and largest city	Bangui 4°22′N 18°35′E / 4.367°N 18.583°E
Official languages	French • Sango
Ethnic groups	Baggara Arabs Baka Banda Bayaka Fula Gbaya Kara Kresh Mbaka Mandja Ngbandi Sara Vidiri Wodaabe Yakoma Yulu Kanuri Zande others
Religion (2020)[1]	73.2% Christianity 13.9% Islam 12.0% Traditional faiths 0.9% Others / None
Demonym(s)	Central African
Government	Unitary presidential republic
• President	Faustin-Archange Touadéra
• Prime Minister	Félix Moloua
• President of the National Assembly	Simplice Sarandji
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence
• Republic established	1 December 1958
• from France	13 August 1960
• Central African Empire established	4 December 1976
• Coronation of Bokassa I	4 December 1977
• Bokassa I’s overthrow and republic restored	21 September 1979
Area
• Total	622,984 km2 (240,535 sq mi) (44th)
• Water (%)	0
Population
• 2022 estimate	5,454,533[2] (119th)
• Density	7.1/km2 (18.4/sq mi) (221st)
GDP (PPP)	2019 estimate
• Total	$4.262 billion[3] (162nd)
• Per capita	$823[3] (184th)
GDP (nominal)	2019 estimate
• Total	$2.321 billion[3] (163th)
• Per capita	$448[3] (181st)
Gini (2008)	56.3[4] high · 28th
HDI (2021)	0.404[5] low · 188th
Currency	Central African CFA franc (XAF) Bitcoin (BTC)[6]
Time zone	UTC+1 (WAT)
Date format	dd/mm/yyyy
Driving side	right[7]
Calling code	+236
ISO 3166 code	CF
Internet TLD	.cf

The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka IPA: [kōdōrōsésè tí bé.àfríkà]; French: République centrafricaine, RCA;^[8] French: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique, [sɑ̃tʁafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.

The Central African Republic covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi). As of 2021, it had an estimated population of around 5.5 million. As of 2023, the Central African Republic was the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012.^[9]

Most of the Central African Republic consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also includes a Sahelo-Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two-thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin (which flows into the Congo), while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.

What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia;^[when?] however, the country’s current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive attempt at a monarchy.^[10]

By the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012. The civil war perpetuated the country’s poor human rights record: it was characterized by widespread and increasing abuses by various participating armed groups, such as arbitrary imprisonment, torture, and restrictions on freedom of the press and freedom of movement.

Despite (or arguably because of) its significant mineral deposits and other resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower,^[11] as well as significant quantities of arable land, the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world, with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017.^[12] As of 2019, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), the country had the second-lowest level of human development (only ahead of Niger), ranking 188 out of 189 countries. The country had the lowest inequality-adjusted Human Development Index (IHDI), ranking 150th out of 150 countries.^[13] The Central African Republic is also estimated to be the unhealthiest country^[14] as well as the worst country in which to be young.^[15]

The Central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement.

Etymology[edit]

The name of the Central African Republic is derived from the country’s geographical location in the central region of Africa and its republican form of government. From 1976 to 1979, the country was known as the Central African Empire.

During the colonial era, the country’s name was Ubangi-Shari (French: Oubangui-Chari), a name derived from the Ubangi River and the Chari River. Barthélemy Boganda, the country’s first prime minister, favored the name «Central African Republic» over Ubangi-Shari, reportedly because he envisioned a larger union of countries in Central Africa.^[16]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled.^[17] Farming began as part of the Neolithic Revolution.^[18] Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BCE^[19] the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups’ nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations.^[20] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a «Fish-stew Revolution», in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region’s inhabitants.^{[citation needed]}

The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era (c. 3500–2700 BCE).^[21][22] Ironworking developed in the region around 1000 BCE.^[23]

The Ubangian people settled along the Ubangi River in what is today Central and East Central African Republic while some Bantu peoples migrated from the southwest from Cameroon.^[24]

Bananas arrived in the region during the first millennium BCE^[25] and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Production of copper, salt, dried fish, and textiles dominated the economic trade in the Central African region.^[26]

16th–19th century[edit]

In the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South along the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.^[27][28] In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast.^[29] During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara Azande peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.^[28] In 1875, the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day Central African Republic.^[30]

French colonial period[edit]

The European invasion of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa.^[31] Europeans, primarily the French, Germans, and Belgians, arrived in the area in 1885. France seized and colonized Ubangi-Shari territory in 1894. In 1911 at the Treaty of Fez, France ceded a nearly 300,000 km² portion of the Sangha and Lobaye basins to the German Empire which ceded a smaller area (in present-day Chad) to France. After World War I France again annexed the territory. Modeled on King Leopold’s Congo Free State, concessions were doled out to private companies that endeavored to strip the region’s assets as quickly and cheaply as possible before depositing a percentage of their profits into the French treasury. The concessionary companies forced local people to harvest rubber, coffee, and other commodities without pay and held their families hostage until they met their quotas.^[32]

In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville.^[33] During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation,^[33] a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity.^[34] New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Through the period of construction until 1934 there was a continual heavy cost in human lives, with total deaths among all workers along the railway estimated in excess of 17,000 of the construction workers, from a combination of both industrial accidents and diseases including malaria.^[35] In 1928, a major insurrection, the Kongo-Wara rebellion or ‘war of the hoe handle’, broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, which was perhaps the largest anti-colonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the French public because it provided evidence of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.^[36]

In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui.^[37] In 1946 Barthélemy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative of the Central African Republic in the French government. Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to the Central African Republic to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (Mouvement pour l’évolution sociale de l’Afrique noire, MESAN) in 1950.^[38]

Since independence (1960–present)[edit]

In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes^[39] and won every legislative seat,^[40] which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council.^[41] Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country’s first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited.^[42] The Central Africa Republic was granted autonomy within the French Community on 1 December 1958, a status which meant it was still counted as part of the French Empire in Africa.^[43]

After Boganda’s death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN. Dacko became the country’s first president when the Central African Republic formally received independence from France at midnight on 13 August 1960, a date celebrated by the country’s Independence Day holiday.^[44] Dacko threw out his political rivals, including Abel Goumba, former Prime Minister and leader of Mouvement d’évolution démocratique de l’Afrique centrale (MEDAC), whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.^[45]

Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)[edit]

On 31 December 1965, Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d’état by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for Life in 1972 and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire (as the country was renamed) on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world.^[10]

In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa’s decree that all school pupils were required to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa might have been personally involved in some of the killings.^[46] In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and restored Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the official name of the country and the original government to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981.^[47]

Central African Republic under Kolingba[edit]

Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a nationwide referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain (RDC), was voluntary. In 1987 and 1988, semi-free elections to parliament were held, but Kolingba’s two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Félix Patassé, were not allowed to participate.^[48]

By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a «Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République» (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a «Mixed Electoral Commission», which included representatives from all political parties.^[48]

When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé’s party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a plurality (relative majority) but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé’s party required coalition partners.^[48]

Patassé government (1993–2003)[edit]

Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé’s government of conducting a «witch hunt» against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country’s politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government’s erratic behavior, three mutinies against Patassé’s administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996), the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to the Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA). Since 1997, the country has hosted almost a dozen peacekeeping interventions, earning it the title of «world champion of peacekeeping».^[32]

In 1998, parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba’s RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats. The next year, however, in spite of widespread public anger in urban centers over his corrupt rule, Patassé won a second term in the presidential election.^[49]

On 28 May 2001, rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup attempt. The army chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General François N’Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patassé regained the upper hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the Congolese rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba and Libyan soldiers.^[50]

In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba’s Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé’s forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé.^[51]

Civil wars[edit]

François Bozizé suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet, which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba was named vice-president, which gave Bozizé’s new government a positive image.^[why?] Bozizé established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution, and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved.^[52]

In 2004, the Central African Republic Bush War began, as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005, Bozizé won the presidential election, which excluded Patassé, and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels.^[53] In November 2006, Bozizé’s government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country’s northern regions.^[54]
Though the initial public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, by December the French assistance included airstrikes by Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters against rebel positions.^[55][56]

The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.^[57]

In 2011, Bozizé was reelected in an election which was widely considered fraudulent.^[11]

In November 2012, Séléka, a coalition of rebel groups, took over towns in the northern and central regions of the country. These groups eventually reached a peace deal with the Bozizé’s government in January 2013 involving a power sharing government^[11] but this deal broke down and the rebels seized the capital in March 2013 and Bozizé fled the country.^[58][59]

Michel Djotodia took over as president. Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide.^[60]
By the end of the year there were international warnings of a «genocide»^[61][62] and fighting was largely from reprisal attacks on civilians from Seleka’s predominantly Muslim fighters and Christian militias called «anti-balaka.»^[63] By August 2013, there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs)^[64][65]

French President François Hollande called on the UN Security Council and African Union to increase their efforts to stabilize the country. On 18 February 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the UN Security Council to immediately deploy 3,000 troops to the country, bolstering the 6,000 African Union soldiers and 2,000 French troops already in the country, to combat civilians being murdered in large numbers. The Séléka government was said to be divided,^[66] and in September 2013, Djotodia officially disbanded Seleka, but many rebels refused to disarm, becoming known as ex-Seleka, and veered further out of government control.^[63] It is argued that the focus of the initial disarmament efforts exclusively on the Seleka inadvertently handed the anti-Balaka the upper hand, leading to the forced displacement of Muslim civilians by anti-Balaka in Bangui and western Central African Republic.^[32]

On 11 January 2014, Michael Djotodia and Nicolas Tiengaye resigned as part of a deal negotiated at a regional summit in neighboring Chad.^[67] Catherine Samba-Panza was elected as interim president by the National Transitional Council,^[68] becoming the first ever female Central African president. On 23 July 2014, following Congolese mediation efforts, Séléka and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville.^[69] By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka in the southwest and ex-Seleka in the northeast.^[32] In March 2015, Samantha Power, the U.S. ambassador to the United Nations, said 417 of the country’s 436 mosques had been destroyed, and Muslim women were so scared of going out in public they were giving birth in their homes instead of going to the hospital.^[70] On 14 December 2015, Séléka rebel leaders declared an independent Republic of Logone.^[71]

Touadéra government (2016–)[edit]

Presidential elections were held in December 2015. As no candidate received more than 50% of the vote, a second round of elections was held on 14 February 2016 with run-offs on 31 March 2016.^[72][73] In the second round of voting, former Prime Minister Faustin-Archange Touadéra was declared the winner with 63% of the vote, defeating Union for Central African Renewal candidate Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, another former Prime Minister.^[74] While the elections suffered from many potential voters being absent as they had taken refuge in other countries, the fears of widespread violence were ultimately unfounded and the African Union regarded the elections as successful.^[75]

Touadéra was sworn in on 30 March 2016. No representatives of the Seleka rebel group or the «anti-balaka» militias were included in the subsequently formed government.^[76]

After the end of Touadéra’s first term, presidential elections were held on 27 December 2020 with a possible second round planned for 14 February 2021.^[77] Former president François Bozizé announced his candidacy on 25 July 2020 but was rejected by the Constitutional Court of the country, which held that Bozizé did not satisfy the “good morality” requirement for candidates because of an international warrant and United Nations sanctions against him for alleged assassinations, torture and other crimes.^[78]

As large parts of the country were at the time controlled by armed groups, the election could not be conducted in many areas of the country.^[79][80] Some 800 of the country’s polling stations, 14% of the total, were closed due to violence.^[81] Three Burundian peacekeepers were killed and an additional two were wounded during the run-up to the election.^[82][83] President Faustin-Archange Touadéra was reelected in the first round of the election in December 2020.^[84] Russian mercenaries from the Wagner Group have supported President Faustin-Archange Touadéra in the fight against rebels. Russia’s Wagner group has been accused of harassing and intimidating civilians.^[85][86] In December 2022 Roger Cohen wrote in the New York Times that «Wagner shock troops form a Praetorian Guard for Mr. Touadéra, who is also protected by Rwandan forces, in return for an untaxed license to exploit and export the Central African Republic’s resources» and that «one Western ambassador called the Central African Republic’s status as a “vassal state” of the Kremlin.»^[87]

Geography[edit]

The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo. The country lies between latitudes 2° and 11°N, and longitudes 14° and 28°E.^[88]

Much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna approximately 500 metres (1,640 ft) above sea level. In addition to the Fertit Hills in the northeast of the Central African Republic, there are scattered hills in the southwest regions. In the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of 348 metres (1,143 ft). The Central African Republic contains six terrestrial ecoregions: Northeastern Congolian lowland forests, Northwestern Congolian lowland forests, Western Congolian swamp forests, East Sudanian savanna, Northern Congolian forest-savanna mosaic, and Sahelian Acacia savanna.^[89]

At 622,984 square kilometres (240,535 sq mi), the Central African Republic is the world’s 44th-largest country. It is comparable in size to Ukraine, as Ukraine is 603,500 square kilometres (233,000 sq mi) in area, according to List of countries and dependencies by area.^[90]

Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River; the Mbomou River in the east merges with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River, which also comprises portions of the southern border. The Sangha River flows through some of the western regions of the country, while the eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile River watershed.^[88]

It has been estimated that up to 8% of the country is covered by forest, with the densest parts generally located in the southern regions. The forests are highly diverse and include commercially important species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo.^[91] The deforestation rate is about 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.^[92] The Central African Republic had a 2018 Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 9.28/10, ranking it seventh globally out of 172 countries.^[93]

In 2008, Central African Republic was the world’s least light pollution affected country.^[94]

The Central African Republic is the focal point of the Bangui Magnetic Anomaly, one of the largest magnetic anomalies on Earth.^[95]

Wildlife[edit]

In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of the Central African Republic. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.^[96]

Climate[edit]

The climate of the Central African Republic is generally tropical, with a wet season that lasts from June to September in the northern regions of the country, and from May to October in the south. During the wet season, rainstorms are an almost daily occurrence, and early morning fog is commonplace. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 1,800 millimetres (71 in) in the upper Ubangi region.^[97]

The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May,^[98] but can be subject to the hot, dry, and dusty trade wind known as the Harmattan. The southern regions have a more equatorial climate, but they are subject to desertification, while the extreme northeast regions of the country are a steppe.^[99]

Prefectures and sub-prefectures[edit]

The Central African Republic is divided into 16 administrative prefectures (préfectures), two of which are economic prefectures (préfectures economiques), and one an autonomous commune; the prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures).^[100][101]

The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M’Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pendé and Vakaga. The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré, while the commune is the capital city of Bangui.^[100]

Politics and government[edit]

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Recent developments and Russian influence. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (December 2022)

Politics in the Central African Republic formally take place in a framework of a presidential republic. In this system, the President is the head of state, with a Prime Minister as head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.^[11]

Changes in government have occurred in recent years by three methods: violence, negotiations, and elections. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. The government was rated ‘Partly Free’ from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013.^[102]

Executive branch[edit]

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term, and the prime minister is appointed by the president. The president also appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which initiates laws and oversees government operations. However, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of large parts of the country, which are governed by rebel groups.^[103]

Acting president since April 2016 is Faustin-Archange Touadéra who followed the interim government under Catherine Samba-Panza, interim prime minister André Nzapayeké.^[104]

Legislative branch[edit]

The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 140 members, elected for a five-year term using the two-round (or Run-off) system.^[11]

Judicial branch[edit]

As in many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic’s legal system is based on French law.^[105] The Supreme Court, or Cour Supreme, is made up of judges appointed by the president. There is also a Constitutional Court, and its judges are also appointed by the president.^[11]

Foreign relations[edit]

The Central African Republic relies heavily on Russian mercenaries for the protection of its diamond mines.^[106]

Foreign aid and UN Involvement[edit]

The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon foreign aid and numerous NGOs provide services that the government does not provide.^[107] In 2019, over US$100 million in foreign aid was spent in the country, mostly on humanitarian assistance.^[108]

In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country’s northwest were at risk of starvation,^[109] but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations.^[110] On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund.^[111] Three priority areas were identified: first, the reform of the security sector; second, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law; and third, the revitalization of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission,^[112] which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos.^[113]

In response to concerns of a potential genocide, a peacekeeping force – the International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) – was authorized in December 2013. This African Union force of 6,000 personnel was accompanied by the French Operation Sangaris.^[114]

In 2017, Central African Republic signed the UN treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons.^[115]

Human rights[edit]

The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in the Central African Republic were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses.^[116] The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers’ rights.^[116]

The State Department report also cites widespread mob violence, the prevalence of female genital mutilation, discrimination against women and Pygmies, human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor.^[117] Freedom of movement is limited in the northern part of the country «because of actions by state security forces, armed bandits, and other nonstate armed entities», and due to fighting between government and anti-government forces, many persons have been internally displaced.^[118]

Violence against children and women in relation to accusations of witchcraft has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.^{[119][120][121]} Witchcraft is a criminal offense under the penal code.^[119]

Freedom of speech is addressed in the country’s constitution, but there have been incidents of government intimidation of the media.^[116] A report by the International Research & Exchanges Board’s media sustainability index noted that «the country minimally met objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system».^[116]

Approximately 68% of girls are married before they turn 18,^[122] and the United Nations’ Human Development Index ranked the country 188 out of 188 countries surveyed.^[123] The Bureau of International Labor Affairs has also mentioned it in its last edition of the List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

Demographics[edit]

The population of the Central African Republic has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000; as of a 2021 UN estimate, it is approximately 5,457,154.^[124][125]

The United Nations estimates that approximately 4% of the population aged between 15 and 49 is HIV positive.^[126] Only 3% of the country has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to a 17% coverage in the neighboring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo.^[127]

The nation is divided into over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baggara Arabs, Baka, Banda, Bayaka, Fula, Gbaya, Kara, Kresh, Mbaka, Mandja, Ngbandi, Sara, Vidiri, Wodaabe, Yakoma, Yulu, Zande, with others including Europeans of mostly French descent.^[11]

Religion[edit]

According to the 2003 national census, 80.3% of the population was Christian (51.4% Protestant and 28.9% Roman Catholic), 10% was Muslim and 4.5 percent other religious groups, with 5.5 percent having no religious beliefs.^[129] More recent work from the Pew Research Center estimated that, as of 2010, Christians constituted 89.8% of the population (60.7% Protestant and 28.5% Catholic) while Muslims made up 8.9%.^[130][131] The Catholic Church claims over 1.5 million adherents, approximately one-third of the population.^[132] Indigenous belief (animism) is also practiced, and many indigenous beliefs are incorporated into Christian and Islamic practice.^[133] A UN director described religious tensions between Muslims and Christians as being high.^[134]

There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.^[135]

According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups; they also provided refuge for people seeking shelter.^[114]

Languages[edit]

The Central African Republic’s two official languages are French and Sango (also spelled Sangho),^[136] a creole developed as an inter-ethnic lingua franca based on the local Ngbandi language. The Central African Republic is one of the few African countries to have granted official status to an African language.

Healthcare[edit]

The largest hospitals in the country are located in the Bangui district. As a member of the World Health Organization, the Central African Republic receives vaccination assistance, such as a 2014 intervention for the prevention of a measles epidemic.^[137] In 2007, female life expectancy at birth was 48.2 years and male life expectancy at birth was 45.1 years.^[138]

Women’s health is poor in the Central African Republic. As of 2010, the country had the fourth highest maternal mortality rate in the world.^[139]
The total fertility rate in 2014 was estimated at 4.46 children born/woman.^[11] Approximately 25% of women had undergone female genital mutilation.^[140] Many births in the country are guided by traditional birth attendants, who often have little or no formal training.^[141]

Malaria is endemic in the Central African Republic, and one of the leading causes of death.^[142]
According to 2009 estimates, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 4.7% of the adult population (ages 15–49).^[143] This is in general agreement with the 2016 United Nations estimate of approximately 4%.^[144] Government expenditure on health was US$20 (PPP) per person in 2006^[138] and 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.^[138] There was only around 1 physician for every 20,000 persons in 2009.^[145]

Education[edit]

Public education in the Central African Republic is free and is compulsory from ages 6 to 14.^[146] However, approximately half of the adult population of the country is illiterate.^[147] The two institutions of higher education in the Central African Republic are the University of Bangui, a public university located in Bangui, which includes a medical school; and Euclid University, an international university.^[148][149]

Economy[edit]

The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine.^[150]

The currency of the Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the former countries of French West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country’s most important export, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30% and 50% of those produced each year leave the country clandestinely.^[150]
On 27 April 2022,^[151] Bitcoin (BTC) was adopted as an additional legal tender. Lawmakers unanimously adopted a bill that made bitcoin legal tender alongside the CFA franc and legalized the use of cryptocurrencies. President Faustin-Archange Touadéra signed the measure into law, said his chief of staff Obed Namsio.

Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee.^[150] Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.^[152]

The Republic’s primary import partner is France (17.1%). Other imports come from the United States (12.3%), India (11.5%), and China (8.2%). Its largest export partner is France (31.2%), followed by Burundi (16.2%), China (12.5%), Cameroon (9.6%), and Austria (7.8%).^[11]

The Central African Republic is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). In the 2009 World Bank Group’s report Doing Business, it was ranked 183rd of 183 as regards ‘ease of doing business’, a composite index which takes into account regulations that enhance business activity and those that restrict it.^[153]

Infrastructure[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Bangui is the transport hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the country, Cameroon, Chad and South Sudan; of these, only the toll roads are paved. During the rainy season from July to October, some roads are impassable.^[154][155]

River ferries sail from the river port at Bangui to Brazzaville and Zongo. The river can be navigated most of the year between Bangui and Brazzaville. From Brazzaville, goods are transported by rail to Pointe-Noire, Congo’s Atlantic port.^[156] The river port handles the overwhelming majority of the country’s international trade and has a cargo handling capacity of 350,000 tons; it has 350 metres (1,150 ft) length of wharfs and 24,000 square metres (260,000 sq ft) of warehousing space.^[154]

Bangui M’Poko International Airport is Central African Republic’s only international airport. As of June 2014 it had regularly scheduled direct flights to Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasa, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N’Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, and Yaoundé.^{[citation needed]}

Since at least 2002 there have been plans to connect Bangui by rail to the Transcameroon Railway.^[157]

Energy[edit]

The Central African Republic primarily uses hydroelectricity as there are few other low cost resources for generating electricity.^[158]

Communications[edit]

Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.^[159]

Culture[edit]

Sports[edit]

Football is the country’s most popular sport. The national football team is governed by the Central African Football Federation and stages matches at the Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.^[160]

Basketball also is popular^[161][162] and its national team won the African Championship twice and was the first Sub-Saharan African team to qualify for the Basketball World Cup, in 1974.

See also[edit]

• Outline of the Central African Republic
• Central African Republic–Chad border,
• Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the southeast, the DR Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest, and Cameroon to the west.
• List of Central African Republic–related topics

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Eur (31 October 2002). Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5.
• Kalck, Pierre (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic.
• McKenna, Amy (2011). The History of Central and Eastern Africa. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1615303229.
• Balogh, Besenyo, Miletics, Vogel: La République Centrafricaine

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

Overviews[edit]

• Country Profile from BBC News
• Central African Republic. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Central African Republic at Curlie
• Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic
• Key Development Forecasts for the Central African Republic from International Futures

News[edit]

• Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com

Other[edit]

• Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
• Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic. «Inside France’s Secret War» from The Independent, 5 October 2007

Coordinates: 7°N 21°E / 7°N 21°E

ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОАФРИКАНСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА

Ударение в слове: Центр`ально-Африк`анская Респ`ублика
Ударение падает на буквы: а,а,у
Безударные гласные в слове: Центр`ально-Африк`анская Респ`ублика

ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОАФРИКАНСКИЙ →← ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОАФРИКАНЕЦ

Смотреть что такое ЦЕНТРАЛЬНОАФРИКАНСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА в других словарях:

Координаты: 6°58′00″ с. ш. 20°37′00″ в. д. / 6.966667° с. ш. 20.616667° в. д. ^(G)

Центральноафриканская Республика
Republique Centrafricaine
Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka

Флаг Центральноафриканской Республики Герб Центральноафриканской Республики
Девиз: «Unité, Dignité, Travail»
Гимн: «La Renaissance»
Дата независимости	13 августа 1960 (от Франции)
Официальные языки	французский, санго
Столица	Банги
Крупнейший город	Банги
Форма правления	Республика
Президент Премьер-министр	Франсуа Бозизе Фостен-Аршанж Туадера
Территория   • Всего   • % водной поверхн.	42-я в мире 622 984 км² 0
Население   • Всего (2005)   • Плотность	126-е в мире 3 799 897 чел. 6.1 чел./км²
ВВП   • Итого (2005)   • На душу населения	156-й в мире $4 453 млн. $391
Валюта	франк КФА
Интернет-домен	.cf
Телефонный код	+236
Часовой пояс	UTC +1

Центральноафрика́нская Респу́блика (ЦАР) (фр. Republique Centrafricaine, санго Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka) — государство в Центральной Африке, не имеющее выхода к морю. Граничит на востоке с Суданом, на юге — с Демократической Республикой Конго, на юго-западе — с Республикой Конго (РК), на западе — с Камеруном, а на севере — с Чадом. Одна из самых малонаселённых стран Африки.

Природа

Поверхность страны представляет собой волнистое плоскогорье высотой от 600 до 900 метров, разделяющее бассейны реки Конго и озера Чад. В его пределах выделяют восточную и западную части. Восточная часть имеет общий уклон к югу, к рекам Мбому (Бому) и Убанги. На севере находится массив Фертит, состоящий из групп изолированных гор и хребтов (высотой более 900 метров) Абурасейн, Дар-Шалла и Монго (свыше 1370 м). На юге местами возвышаются скальные останцы (местное название — «кагас»). Главные реки на востоке страны — Шинко и Мбари — судоходны в нижних течениях; выше прохождению судов препятствуют пороги. На западе плоскогорья расположены массив Яде, продолжающийся в Камеруне, отдельные останцы-кагас и субширотно ориентированные горсты, ограниченные разломами. Пологоволнистое плато, сложенное белыми песчаниками, простирается между Берберати, Буаром и Бодой.

Климат и растительность меняются с севера на юг. Только на юго-западе сохранились густые влажные тропические леса; по направлению к северо-востоку леса по долинам рек сменяются саванновыми редколесьями и злаковниками. На севере среднее годовое количество осадков составляет 1250 мм в год, они выпадают преимущественно с июля по сентябрь, а также в декабре-январе. Средняя годовая температура 27° С, а на юге — 25° С. Среднее годовое количество осадков превышает 1900 мм; влажный сезон длится с июля по октябрь; декабрь и январь — сухие месяцы.

Население

Численность населения — 4,4 млн (оценка на июль 2008).

Годовой прирост — 1,5 %

Средняя продолжительность жизни — 44 года

Заражённость вирусом иммунодефицита (ВИЧ) — 13,5 % (оценка 2003 года).

ЦАР — одна из самых малонаселённых стран Африки, особенно безлюдны восточные районы страны, опустошенные в XIX веке широкомасштабными набегами работорговцев.

Свыше половины жителей принадлежат к народам группы банту и другим группам и семьям нигеро-кордофанской макросемьи: гбайя (бая) — 34 %, банда — 27 %, мандья (манджа) — 21 %, сара — 10 %, мбоум (мбум) — 4 %. Один из многочисленных народов — земледельцы банда — населяет саванны центральных и восточных районов. На западе и северо-западе живут охотники и земледельцы, называющие себя «гбайя».

Большая часть жителей страны придерживается традиционных верований, около ¹/₃ — христиане, примерно 10 % — мусульмане.

Административное деление

Территория ЦАР разделена на 17 префектур.

Столичный город Банги выделен в особую административную единицу, приравненную к префектуре.

Префектура	Префектура (фр.)	Центр	Площадь, кв.км	Население (2003), чел.
Бамбинги-Бангоран	Bambingui-Bangoran	Нделе	58 200	38 437
Банги	Bangui	Банги	67	531 763
Вакага	Vakaga	Бирао	46 500	37 595
Верхнее Котто	Haute-Kotto	Бриа	86 650	69 514
Верхнее Мбомоу	Haut-Mbomou	Обо	55 530	38 184
Кемо-Грибинги	Kémo-Gribingui	Сибю	17 204	98 881
Лобае	Lobaye	Мбаики	19 235	214 137
Мамбере-Кадеи	Mambéré-Kadéï	Берберати	30 203	289 688
Мбомоу	Mbomou	Бангасу	61 150	132 740
Нана-Грибици	Nana-Gribizi	Кага-Бондоро	19 996	87 341
Нана-Мамбере	Nana-Mambéré	Буар	26 600	184 594
Нижнее Котто	Basse-Kotto	Мобае	17 604	203 887
Омбелла-Мпоко	Ombella-Mpoko	Бимбо	31 835	304 025
Оуака	Ouaka	Бамбари	49 900	224 076
Санга-Мбаере	Sangha-Mbaéré	Нола	19 412	89 871
Уам	Ouham	Босангоа	50 250	280 772
Уам-Пенде	Ouham-Pendé	Бозум	32 100	325 567

История

Древность

Древнейшая история народов ЦАР мало изучена. Из-за удаленности от океанов и наличия труднодоступных районов эта страна вплоть до XIX в. оставалась на европейских картах белым пятном. Обнаруженные при добыче алмазов в бассейне реки Убанги орудия каменного века дают основание считать, что в древности многие центральноафриканские равнины были обитаемы. Найденные в начале 60-х годов XX века антропологом Пьером Видалем на юго-западе страны, возле Лобае, камни высотой 3 м относятся к эпохе неолита. Среди народа гбайя они известны под названием «таджуну», то есть стоячие камни.

Издавна по территории страны проходили пути многочисленных миграций африканских народов, и это в значительной степени повлияло на её заселение. Первыми жителями на этой территории, по-видимому, были пигмеи. О существовании земель к западу от истоков Нила, населённых темнокожими народами, было известно древним египтянам. Расшифрованные надписи на египетских монументах рассказывают о стране Уам (в районе рек Мобаи и Кембе), населённой «чёрными карликами — пигмеями». На древнеегипетских картах реки Убанги и Уэле назывались Чёрным Нилом и были соединены с Белым Нилом в одну реку.

XV век

Район нынешней территории ЦАР оказался между сильным феодальным государством Канем-Борно на севере (образовалось в XV в. на западном берегу озера Чад) и христианским королевством Конго на юге (сложилось в XIV в. в низовьях реки Конго), которые имели тесные торговые связи.

XV—XVI века

На территории ЦАР находилось государство Гаога. Оно было образовано восставшими рабами. Основным занятием населения являлось скотоводство. Конная армия Гаога имела оружие, выменянное у египетских торговцев. Найденные остатки домашней утвари имеют христианские символы, которые говорят нам о том, что в Гаога жили христиане.

XVII век

Территория ЦАР была заселена местными убангийскими племенами: гбанзири, бурака, санго, якома и нзакара. В это же время близ северо-восточных границ территории страны образовались новые феодальные государства: Багирми, Вадай и Дарфур. Население этих государств находилось в зависимости от арабов и подвергалось насильственной исламизации. Суданские народности, сопротивлявшиеся насаждению ислама, вынуждены были уходить в глубинные районы территории. Так племена сара, гбайя (байя), банда появились в центральноафриканской саванне. Гбайя направились на запад и обосновались на территории северо-восточного Камеруна, ДРК и на западе территории ЦАР. Банда расселились по всей территории от реки Котто на востоке до реки Санга на западе. Сара остановились в бассейне рек Лагоне и Шари на севере ЦАР. С приходом суданских народов местные племена вынуждены были потесниться и сконцентрировались на берегах Убанги. В верховья этой реки из района озера Чад пришли племена азанде. Добыча рабов на территории ЦАР была главным источником богатств государств Дарфур и Вадаи. По территории ЦАР через Дарфур в Египет проходил древний караванный путь, по которому на Ближний Восток везли слоновую кость и рабов. К середине XVIII в. охотники за рабами практически опустошили эти места.

XVIII век

Обширные области в районе притоков Шари — Аук и Азум были заняты племенами гула, которые занимались рыболовством и торговлей. Язык гула был широко распространен в бассейне верхней Шари. Немного позже, в начале XIX в., на убангийское плато с востока пришли земледельческие племена. Племена сабанга занимали площадь огромного четырёхугольника между Шари и Убанги, а также в среднем течении Котто. Племена крейш населяли верхнее Котто и бассейн Шинко. В районах от реки Котто до Дарфура жили многочисленные племена йулу, кара, бинга, шалла, бонго и др., которые почти полностью исчезли. В это же время часть народа гбайя, осевшая ранее в Заире и называвшая себя «манджа», то есть земледельцы, заселила центр бассейна Убанги-Шари.

XX век (до обретения независимости)

Европейцы (французы и бельгийцы) начали появляться в 1884-85, в 1889 экспедиция полковника М.Долизи добралась до порогов, и закрепилась на месте современного Банги. В 1894 и 1897 годах соответственно, французские власти заключили договоры с Германией и Англией о начертании границ между колониальными владениями, в результате чего были оформлены современные восточная и западная границы ЦАР. Покорение территории было завершено окончательно после кровавых боев в начале XX века, в 1903 году было официально оформлено формирование колониальной территории Убанги-Шари. В 1907, 1919-21, 1924-27, 1928-1931 году на территории современной ЦАР отмечались восстания коренного населения, подавлявшиеся чрезвычайно жестоко, в ряде районов население сократилось на 60-80%.

В послевоенный период были создана первая партия и избран первый депутат от Убанги-Шари во французский парламент; им стал Бартелеми Боганда, который считается отцом-основателем ЦАР. Незадолго до обретения ЦАР независимости Боганда погиб в авиакатастрофе.

Период независимости

13 августа 1960 ЦАР провозглашена независимым государством. Первым президентом стал Давид Дако. В ЦАР была установлена однопартийная система: партия МЕСАН (Движение социальной эволюции Чёрной Африки) объявлена единственной политической партией страны.

1 января 1966 произведён военный переворот. Президентом страны, главой правительства и председателем МЕСАН стал начальник штаба армии ЦАР полковник Жан-Бедель Бокасса. Парламент ЦАР был распущен, конституция отменена.

Период правления Бокассы был отмечен катастрофического размера коррупцией и различными экстравагантными предприятиями — так, например, в декабре 1976 года Бокасса короновал сам себя как императора, страну переименовал в Центральноафриканскую империю (ЦАИ). Церемония коронации обошлась в половину годового бюджета страны.

В конце 1970-х годов экономическая ситуация в ЦАИ резко ухудшилась. В апреле 1979 начались антиправительственные демонстрации, произошли столкновения с полицией.

В сентябре 1979 Бокассу свергли французские десантники, вслед за чем страну снова возглавил Давид Дако, по приглашению которого формально акция и была проведена. Была восстановлена республика.

Дако был, в свою очередь, смещен спустя два года генералом Колингбой, под давлением Запада уступившим власть в начале 90-х демократически избранным властям. Стабильности стране это не принесло, последовала серия переворотов и контр-переворотов, проходивших на фоне социальной нестабильности и ухудшения экономического положения.

В настоящий момент у власти находится руководитель одержавшей победу в гражданской войне 2001—2003 годов фракции Франсуа Бозизе. Наибольшую опасность для стабильности страны в данный момент представляет бандитизм различных групп, претендующих на политическое оформление, на севере страны.

Экономика

Преимущества: самостоятельно обеспечивает себя продовольствием. Некоторая диверсификация экспорта (алмазы, хлопок, древесина, железо, кофе). Транзитное государство.

Слабые стороны: нестабильность. Отсутствие выхода к морю. Дефицит квалифицированной рабочей силы.

ЦАР обладает существенными природными ресурсами — месторождениями алмазов, урана, золота, нефти, лесными и гидроэнергетическими ресурсами. Тем не менее ЦАР остаётся одной из беднейших стран мира.

Основа экономики — сельское хозяйство и лесозаготовки.

Экспортные товары — алмазы, лес, хлопок, кофе, табак.

Ссылки

• Материалы по новейшей истории ЦАР

Портал об Африке — портал об истории, географии и культуре Африки.

Запрос «ЦАР» перенаправляется сюда; см. также другие значения.

Центральноафрика́нская Респу́блика^[8] (ЦАР) (фр. Republique Centrafricaine [ʀepyˈblik sɑ̃trʀafrʀiˈkɛn], санго Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka), иногда просто Центра́льная А́фрика — государство в Центральной Африке, не имеющее выхода к морю.

Центральноафриканская Республика
фр. Republique Centrafricaine санго Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka
Флаг Герб
Девиз: «Unité, Dignité, Travail»
Гимн: «La Renaissance»
Центральноафриканская Республика на карте мира
Дата независимости	13 августа 1960 года (от Франции)
Официальные языки	французский и санго
Столица	Банги
Крупнейший город	Банги
Форма правления	президентская республика[1]
Президент	Фостен-Арканж Туадера
Премьер-министр	Анри-Мари Дондра[2]
Территория
• Всего	622 984 км² (46-я в мире)
• % водной поверхности	0
Население
• Оценка (2021)	▼ 4 892 749[3] чел. (125-е)
• Плотность	7,9 чел./км²
ВВП (ППС)
• Итого (2020)	4,70 млрд[4] долл. (171-й)
• На душу населения	972[4] долл. (186-й)
ВВП (номинал)
• Итого (2020)	2,32 млрд[4] долл. (162-й)
• На душу населения	480[4] долл. (187-й)
ИЧР (2020)	▼ 0,397[5] (низкий; 188-е место)
Валюта	франк КФА BEAC Биткойн (XBT)[6]
Интернет-домен	.cf
Код ISO	CF
Код МОК	CAF
Телефонный код	+236
Часовой пояс	+1
Автомобильное движение	справа[7]
Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Граничит на северо-востоке с Суданом, на востоке с Южным Суданом, на юге — с Демократической Республикой Конго, на юго-западе — с Республикой Конго, на западе — с Камеруном, на севере — с Чадом. Одна из самых малонаселённых стран Африки, одна из самых бедных стран мира.

В стране идёт активная борьба с исламским терроризмом, с 2012 года перешедшая в открытую войну между христианами и мусульманами.

ЭтимологияПравить

В колониальный период владение Франции носило название Убанги-Шари от гидронимов рек Убанги и Шари, впадающей в озеро Чад. После провозглашения независимости в 1960 году страна получила название «Центральноафриканская Республика» по своему географическому положению^[9].

Физико-географическая характеристикаПравить

Поверхность страны представляет собой волнистое плоскогорье высотой от 600 до 900 метров, разделяющее бассейны реки Конго и озера Чад. В его пределах выделяют восточную и западную части. Восточная часть имеет общий уклон к югу, к рекам Мбому (Бому) и Убанги. На севере находится массив Фертит, состоящий из групп изолированных гор и хребтов (высотой более 900 метров) Абурасейн, Дар-Шалла и Монго (свыше 1370 м). На юге местами возвышаются скальные останцы (местное название — «кагас»). Главные реки на востоке страны — Шинко и Мбари — судоходны в нижних течениях; выше прохождению судов препятствуют пороги. На западе плоскогорья расположены массив Яде, продолжающийся в Камеруне, отдельные останцы-кагас и субширотно ориентированные горсты, ограниченные разломами. Пологоволнистое плато, сложенное белыми песчаниками, простирается между Берберати, Буаром и Бодой.

Климат и растительность меняются с севера на юг. Только на юго-западе сохранились густые влажные тропические леса; по направлению к северо-востоку леса по долинам рек сменяются саванновыми редколесьями и злаковниками. На севере среднее годовое количество осадков составляет 1250 мм в год, они выпадают преимущественно с июля по сентябрь, а также в декабре-январе. Средняя годовая температура — +27 °С, а на юге — +25 °С. Среднее годовое количество осадков превышает 1900 мм; влажный сезон длится с июля по октябрь; декабрь и январь — сухие месяцы.

ИсторияПравить

ДревностьПравить

Древнейшая история народов Центральноафриканской Республики мало изучена. Из-за удалённости от океанов и наличия труднодоступных районов эта страна вплоть до XIX века оставалась на европейских картах белым пятном. Обнаруженные при добыче алмазов в бассейне реки Убанги орудия каменного века дают основание считать, что в древности многие центральноафриканские равнины были обитаемы. Найдённые в начале 1960-х годов XX века антропологом Пьером Видалем на юго-западе страны, возле Лобае, камни высотой 3 м относятся к эпохе неолита. Среди народа гбайя они известны под названием «таджуну», то есть «стоячие камни».

Издавна по территории страны проходили пути многочисленных миграций африканских народов, и это в значительной степени повлияло на её заселение. Первыми жителями на этой территории, по-видимому, были пигмеи. О существовании земель к западу от истоков Нила, населённых тёмнокожими народами, было известно древним египтянам. Расшифрованные надписи на египетских монументах рассказывают о стране Уам (в районе рек Мобаи и Кембе), населённой «чёрными карликами — пигмеями». На древнеегипетских картах реки Убанги и Уэле назывались Чёрным Нилом и были соединёны с Белым Нилом в одну реку.

XV векПравить

Район современной территории Центральноафриканской Республики оказался между сильным феодальным государством Канем-Борно на севере (образовалось в XV веке на западном берегу озера Чад) и христианским королевством Конго на юге (сложилось в XIV веке в низовьях реки Конго), которые имели тесные торговые связи.

XV—XVI векаПравить

На территории Центральноафриканской Республики находилось государство Гаога. Оно было образовано восставшими рабами. Основным занятием населения являлось скотоводство. Конная армия Гаоги имела оружие, выменянное у египетских торговцев. Найдённые остатки домашней утвари имеют христианские символы, которые говорят нам о том, что в Гаоге жили христиане.

XVII векПравить

Территория Центральноафриканской Республики была заселена местными убангийскими племенами: гбанзири, бурака, санго, якома и нзакара. В это же время близ северо-восточных границ территории страны образовались новые феодальные государства: Багирми, Вадай и Дарфур. Население этих государств находилось в зависимости от арабов и подвергалось насильственной исламизации. Суданские народности, сопротивлявшиеся насаждению ислама, вынуждены были уходить в глубинные районы территории. Так племена сара, гбайя (байя), банда появились в центральноафриканской саванне. Гбайя направились на запад и обосновались на территории северо-восточного Камеруна, ДРК и на западе территории ЦАР. Банда расселились по всей территории от реки Котто на востоке до реки Санга на западе. Сара остановились в бассейне рек Лагоне и Шари на севере ЦАР. С приходом суданских народов местные племена вынуждены были потесниться и сконцентрировались на берегах Убанги. В верховья этой реки из района озера Чад пришли племена азанде. Добыча рабов на территории ЦАР была главным источником богатств государств Дарфур и Вадаи. По территории ЦАР через Дарфур в Египет проходил древний караванный путь, по которому на Ближний Восток везли слоновую кость и рабов. К середине XVIII века охотники за рабами практически опустошили эти места.

XVIII векПравить

Обширные области в районе притоков Шари — Аук и Азум были заняты племенами гула, которые занимались рыболовством и торговлей. Язык гула был широко распространён в бассейне верхней Шари. Немного позже, в начале XIX века, на убангийское плато с востока пришли земледельческие племена. Племена сабанга занимали площадь огромного четырёхугольника между Шари и Убанги, а также в среднем течении Котто. Племена крейш населяли верхнее Котто и бассейн Шинко. В районах от реки Котто до Дарфура жили многочисленные племена йулу, кара, бинга, шалла, бонго и др., которые почти полностью исчезли. В это же время часть народа гбайя, осевшая ранее в Заире и называвшая себя «манджа», то есть земледельцы, заселила центр бассейна Убанги-Шари.

XIX—XX века (до обретения независимости)Править

Европейцы (французы и бельгийцы) начали появляться здесь в 1884—1885 годах. В 1889 году экспедиция полковника М. Долизи добралась до порогов реки Убанги и основала форт Банги. В 1893 году рядом с фортом обосновалась первая католическая миссия.

В 1894 и 1897 годах французские власти заключили договоры соответственно с Германией и Англией о начертании границ между колониальными владениями. В результате были оформлены современные восточная и западная границы нынешней ЦАР. Покорение территории было завершено после кровавых боёв в начале XX века. В 1903 году было официально оформлено формирование колониальной территории Убанги-Шари. В 1907, 1919—1921, 1924—1927, 1928—1931 годах на территории современной Центральноафриканской Республики отмечались восстания коренного населения, подавлявшиеся чрезвычайно жестоко, в ряде районов население сократилось на 60-80 %.

С начала 1920-х годов французские колонизаторы внедрили в стране новые сельскохозяйственные культуры — хлопок и кофе. Были открыты месторождения золота и алмазов. Возникла буржуазия из местных жителей-африканцев.

В послевоенный период была создана первая партия и избран первый депутат от Убанги-Шари во французский парламент. Им стал Бартелеми Боганда, который считается отцом-основателем Центральноафриканской Республики. Незадолго до обретения независимости Боганда погиб в авиакатастрофе.

Период независимостиПравить

13 августа 1960 Центральноафриканская Республика провозглашена независимым государством. Первым президентом стал Давид Дако. В Центральноафриканской Республике была установлена однопартийная система: партия МЕСАН (Движение социальной эволюции Чёрной Африки) объявлена единственной политической партией страны.

Бокасса и его Империя (1965—1979)Править

Жан-Бедель Бокасса, самопровозглашённый император Центральной Африки

1 января 1966 произошёл военный переворот. Президентом страны, главой правительства и председателем МЕСАН стал начальник штаба армии Центральноафриканской Республики полковник Жан-Бедель Бокасса. Парламент Центральноафриканской Республики был распущен, Конституция отменена.

Период правления Бокассы был отмечен катастрофического размера коррупцией и различными экстравагантными предприятиями — так, например, в декабре 1976 года Бокасса короновал сам себя как императора, страну переименовал в Центральноафриканскую империю (ЦАИ). Церемония коронации обошлась в 25 млн долларов.

В конце 1970-х годов экономическая ситуация в Центральноафриканской Республике резко ухудшилась. В апреле 1979 начались антиправительственные демонстрации, произошли столкновения с полицией.

В сентябре 1979 в ходе операции «Барракуда» Бокассу свергли французские десантники, вслед за тем страну снова возглавил Давид Дако, по приглашению которого формально акция и была проведена. Была восстановлена республика.

Правление КолингбыПравить

Дако, в свою очередь, был смещён в ходе бескровного переворота 1 сентября 1981 года начальником Генштаба вооружённых сил Центральноафриканской Республики генералом Андре Колингбой, под давлением Запада уступившим власть в начале 1980-х годов «демократически» избранным властям. Стабильности стране это не принесло, с ноября 1984 года появлялись сообщения о вооружённых столкновениях с оппозицией на севере страны. Последовала серия переворотов и контрпереворотов, проходивших на фоне социальной нестабильности и ухудшения экономического положения.

Правительство Патассэ (1993—2003)Править

Гражданские войныПравить

До марта 2013 года у власти находился руководитель одержавшей победу в Гражданской войне 2001—2003 годов фракции Франсуа Бозизе. Наибольшую опасность для стабильности страны представляет бандитизм различных групп, претендующих на политическое оформление, на севере страны.

В 2012—2013 годах на территории страны действовала мятежная коалиция «Селека». Группировка проводила военные действия против официальных властей и армии ЦАР^[10]. Поддержку войскам ЦАР оказывают международные силы (ФОМУК)^[11]. Вечером 24 марта 2013 года повстанцы вошли в столицу Центральноафриканской Республики, и их лидер Мишель Джотодиа провозгласил себя президентом страны, пообещав в скором времени организовать выборы^[12], а 1 апреля заявил о формировании временного правительства^[13]. В январе 2014 года подал в отставку.

В феврале 2016 года на президентских выборах победил ректор столичного университета Фостен-Арканж Туадера. Охрану президента с начала 2018 года осуществляют спецподразделения из России. Тогда же началось перевооружение армии российским оружием и обмундированием^[14].

В середине марта 2021, по словам местного депутата Росни Декальве Ченгабы, боевики из Судана прибывают на территорию ЦАР. Вооруженные люди из Судана оккупировали город Тирингулу в северном регионе Вакага^[15].

Роль России

В марте 2018 года в ЦАР были направлены пять российских военных и 170 российских гражданских инструкторов для подготовки местных военнослужащих. Россия также начала в ЦАР реализацию поисковых горнорудных концессий^[16][a]. Помимо официальных военных в ЦАР участвуют наёмники из России, так называемая группа Вагнера, подконтрольные Евгению Пригожину^[17].

21 августа 2018 года в рамках Международного военно-технического форума «Армия-2018» министр обороны РФ Сергей Шойгу и министр национальной обороны и восстановления армии ЦАР Мари-Ноель Койяра подписали Соглашение о военном сотрудничестве между Россией и ЦАР^[18]. Министр обороны ЦАР госпожа Мари-Ноель Койяра подчеркнула «особую роль» России в политическом урегулировании конфликта в стране и не исключила возможности размещения в ЦАР российской военной базы^[19].

В конце декабря 2020 года, в связи с активизацией незаконных вооруженных группировок накануне президентских и парламентских выборов, по просьбе правительства ЦАР в страну прибыли 300 российских инструкторов для обучения военнослужащих национальной армии. Соответствующее уведомление было передано российской стороной в Комитет Совета Безопасности ООН 2127 по санкциям в отношении ЦАР^[20].

К концу марта 2021 года армия ЦАР при поддержке российских инструкторов и союзников из Руанды смогла освободить более 30 городов^[21] . По сообщению МИД РФ 19 апреля, в ЦАР находится более 500 российских инструкторов^[22].
В середине апреля 2021 года было объявлено о планах России инвестировать в экономику ЦАР порядка 11 млрд долларов^[23].

Административное делениеПравить

Территория ЦАР разделена на 17 префектур.

Столичный город Банги выделен в особую административную единицу, приравненную к префектуре.

Административное деление Центральноафриканской Республики на префектуры
№	Префектура	Префектура (фр.)	Адм. центр	Площадь, (км²)	Население,[24][25] (2003) чел.	Плотность, чел./км²
1	Бамбинги-Бангоран	Bambingui-Bangoran	Нделе	58 200	43 229	0,74
2	Банги	Bangui	Банги	67	622 771	9295,09
3	Вакага	Vakaga	Бирао	46 500	52 255	1,12
4	Верхнее Котто	Haute-Kotto	Бриа	86 650	90 316	1,04
5	Верхнее Мбому	Haut-Mbomou	Обо	55 530	57 602	1,04
6	Кемо	Kémo	Сибю	17 204	118 420	6,88
7	Лобае	Lobaye	Мбаики	19 235	246 875	12,83
8	Мамбере-Кадеи	Mambéré-Kadéï	Берберати	30 203	364 795	12,08
9	Мбому	Mbomou	Бангасу	61 150	164 009	2,68
10	Нана-Гребизи	Nana-Grebizi	Кага-Бандоро	19 996	117 816	5,89
11	Нана-Мамбере	Nana-Mambéré	Буар	26 600	233 666	8,78
12	Нижнее Котто	Basse-Kotto	Мобае	17 604	249 150	14,15
13	Омбелла-Мпоко	Ombella-Mpoko	Бимбо	31 835	356 725	11,21
14	Санга-Мбаэре	Sangha-Mbaéré	Нола	19 412	101 074	5,21
15	Уака	Ouaka	Бамбари	49 900	276 710	5,55
16	Уам	Ouham	Босангоа	50 250	369 220	7,35
17	Уам-Пенде	Ouham-Pendé	Бозум	32 100	430 506	13,41
Всего	622 436	3 895 139	6,26

НаселениеПравить

Численность населения — 5,9 млн (перепись на июль 2020 года).

Годовой прирост — 2,09 % (фертильность — 4,14 рождений на женщину, младенческая смертность — 80,6 на 1000).

Средняя продолжительность жизни — 53 года у мужчин, 56 лет у женщин.

Заражённость вирусом иммунодефицита (ВИЧ) — 3,6 % (оценка 2018 года).

Этнический состав: почти 90 % населения — племена группы нигер-конго: гбайя (28,8 %) — выходцы из Нигерии, банда (22,9 %) — выходцы из Судана (Дарфур), нгбанди (часть которых живёт в Конго), занде, мбум, мака и др.

Из племён центральносуданской группы самое крупное — сара (7,9 %), которые являются наследниками цивилизации Сао. Грамотность — 37,4 % (оценка 2018 года).

ЯзыкиПравить

Французский это единственный официальный язык в стране. Санго — это язык межнационального общения. Есть и племенные языки. В университетах преподают английский, китайский, испанский и русский. В 2021 было анонсировано, что русский язык станет обязательным для преподавания в университетской среде ЦАР с 2022—2023 учебного года начиная с программ бакалавриата.^[26] Русский сменит испанский и станет обязательным вместе с французским.^[27]

Религиозный составПравить

90 % от 5,9-миллионного населения республики составляют христиане, из них более 50 % — протестанты, которые представлены баптистами (Баптистский комитет) и лютеранами (Центрально-африканская церковь), 29 % — католики.

Многие из мусульман, которых до начала межконфессионального конфликта в марте 2013 в ЦАР насчитывалось около 750 тысяч человек (15 %), спасаются в соседних государствах Чаде и Камеруне^[28].

Государственное устройствоПравить

Республика. Глава государства — президент, избирается населением на 5-летний срок (не более двух сроков подряд).

Парламент — однопалатная Национальная Ассамблея, 105 депутатов избираются населением на 5-летний срок. По результатам выборов 2005 года в парламенте представлены 7 партий (от 42 до 1 депутата) и 35 независимых.

Внешняя политикаПравить

Вооружённые силыПравить

ЭкономикаПравить

ЦАР обладает существенными природными ресурсами — месторождениями алмазов, урана, золота, нефти, лесными и гидроэнергетическими ресурсами. Тем не менее, она остаётся одной из самых бедных стран мира.

ВВП на душу населения в 2019 году — 400 долл. (184-е место в мире).
ВВП ППС в 2020 ~4,73 млрд долл ~1000$человека^[29]

Основа экономики — сельское хозяйство и лесозаготовки (55 % ВВП). Культивируются хлопок, кофе, табак, маниок, ямс, просо, кукуруза, бананы.

Промышленность (20 % ВВП) — добыча золота и алмазов, лесопилки, пивоварни, обувные мастерские.

Внешняя торговляПравить

По состоянию на 2016 год^[30] экспорт составил 166 млн долл. США: Лесоматериалы и пиломатериалы, фрукты, хлопок и алмазы

В самый удачный 2017 экспорт составил +197 млн долл, импорт −418 млн долл всего торговля 615 млн долл.^[31]

Основные покупатели: Франция 24 % (40,7 млн долл. США), Беларусь 20 % (32,9 млн долл. США), Китай 17 % (28,8 млн долл. США), Бурунди 7,6 % (12,6 млн долл. США)

Импорт — 455 млн долл. США — продовольствие, текстиль, нефтепродукты, промышленная продукция, автомобили, лекарства.

Основные поставщики: Франция 18 % (83,8 млн долл. США), Япония 8,9 % (40,5 млн долл. США), США 8,9 % (40,3 млн долл. США), Китай 8,7 % (39,4 млн долл. США) и Италия 6,2 % (28,4 млн долл. США).

Входит в международную организацию стран АКТ.

СМИПравить

Государственная телерадиокомпания — ORTCA (l’Office de Radiodiffusion et Télévision Centrafricaine — «Управление Центральноафриканского радиовещания и телевидения»)^[32] включает в себя радиостанцию Radio Centrafrique (запущена в 1958 году) и телеканал TVCA (Télévision Centrafricaine «Центральноафриканское телевидение»; запущен в 1974 году^[33]).

ПримечанияПравить

Примечания

1. ↑ В ЦАР имеются подтвержденные запасы алмазов, золота и урана

Сноски

1. ↑ Атлас мира: Максимально подробная информация / Руководители проекта: А. Н. Бушнев, А. П. Притворов. — М.: АСТ, 2017. — С. 64. — 96 с. — ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
2. ↑ В ЦАР объявили новый состав правительства. tass.ru. tass.ru (23.06.2021). Дата обращения: 25 июня 2021.
3. ↑ Central African Republic :: People and Society (англ.). Дата обращения: 27 августа 2020.
4. ↑ ^{1 2 3 4} World Economic Outlook Database, October 2019 – Report for Selected Countries and Subjects (англ.). International Monetary Fund (IMF) (11 октября 2019). Дата обращения: 11 марта 2020.
5. ↑ Human Development Indices and Indicators (англ.). Программа развития ООН. — Доклад о человеческом развитии на сайте Программы развития ООН. Дата обращения: 15 декабря 2020.
6. ↑ Central African Republic adopts bitcoin as legal currency (англ.) ?. news.yahoo.com. Дата обращения: 27 апреля 2022.
7. ↑ http://chartsbin.com/view/edr
8. ↑ Написание даётся согласно картам Роскартографии и правилам русской орфографии. Согласно действующим в настоящий момент правилам русской орфографии и пунктуации, утверждённых в 1956 году Академией наук СССР, Министерством высшего образования СССР и Министерством просвещения РСФСР через дефис пишутся прилагательные, «входящие в состав географических собственных имён и начинающиеся с восточно-, западно-, северно- и северо-, южно- и юго-» (параграф 81, пункт 4) http://www.rusyaz.ru/pr/od03.html Архивная копия от 16 декабря 2013 на Wayback Machine. В изданных в 2000 году правилах русского языка и пунктуации под редакцией В. В. Лопатина список частей сложных географических названий был дополнен словом «Центрально-»: «в названиях, начинающихся на Северо- (и Северно-), Юго- (и Южно-),Восточно-, Западно-, Центрально-, с прописной буквы пишутся (через дефис) оба компонента первого сложного слова» (параграф 169) http://orthographia.ru/orfografia.php?sid=84; Русский орфографический словарь: около 180 000 слов [Электронная версия] / О. Е. Иванова, В. В. Лопатин (отв. ред.), И. В. Нечаева, Л. К. Чельцова. — 2-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: Российская академия наук. Институт русского языка имени В. В. Виноградова, 2004. — 960 с. — ISBN 5-88744-052-X.; Лопатин В. В., Нечаева И. В., Чельцова Л. К. Прописная или строчная?: Орфографический словарь. — М.: Эксмо, 2009. — 512 с. — (Библиотека словарей ЭКСМО). — 3000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-699-20826-5.. Однако этот вариант правил официально утверждён и принят не был http://www.intelros.ru/readroom/nz/nz_71/6973-istoriya-s-orfografiej-neudavshiesya-reformy-russkogo-pravopisaniya-vtoroj-poloviny-xx-veka.html. Таким образом по действующим правилам орфографически правильным является написание Центральноафриканская Республика.
9. ↑ Поспелов, 2002, с. 453.
10. ↑ США закрыли своё диппредставительство в столице ЦАР, // Российская газета (28 декабря 2012). Дата обращения 8 января 2013.
11. ↑ ФОМУК: Дальнейшее наступление мятежников на столицу обернётся войной, // Российская газета (2 января 2013). Дата обращения 8 января 2013.
12. ↑ Лидер повстанцев провозгласил себя президентом ЦАР // Лента.ру, 25 марта 2013.
13. ↑ Переворот в ЦАР: Самопровозглашённый президент сформировал новое правительство // Корреспондент, 1 апреля 2013.
14. ↑ Крутиков Е. Россия без боя занимает Африку. // РИА Новости (1 июня 2018).
15. ↑ Боевики из Судана вторглись на территорию ЦАР. rossaprimavera.ru. rossaprimavera.ru (05.04.2021). Дата обращения: 8 апреля 2021.
16. ↑ Россия решила оказать африканской стране военную помощь
17. ↑ Часть 4. Тайное завоевание Африки. Настоящее Время. Дата обращения: 27 апреля 2022.
18. ↑ Россия и ЦАР подписали соглашение о военном сотрудничестве // РИА Новости, август 2018
19. ↑ Зачем России нужна военная база в центре Африки // Взгляд, январь 2019
20. ↑ В МИД заявили, что РФ направила 300 военных инструкторов в ЦАР по просьбе ее руководства // ТАСС, декабрь 2020
21. ↑ Российские военные инструкторы помогли освободить 30 городов в ЦАР // РИА Новости, март 2021
22. ↑ Пока достаточно: в МИД России назвали число инструкторов в ЦАР // Регнум, апрель 2021
23. ↑ Reconstruction de la Centrafrique: «la primeur aux entreprises russes» // Sputniknews, апрель 2021
24. ↑ Перепись населения 2003 года (geohive)
25. ↑ Перепись населения 2003 года (citypopulation)
26. ↑ В Россотрудничестве заявили о поддержке изучения русского языка в ЦАР. В Россотрудничестве сообщили о намерении поддержать изучение русского языка в ЦАР. РИА Новости (2 декабря 2021). — «Ранее СМИ сообщили со ссылкой на решение президента Фостена-Арканжа Туадеры, что русский язык станет обязательным для преподавания в университетской среде ЦАР с 2022-2023 учебного года начиная с программ бакалавриата.». Дата обращения: 2 декабря 2021.
27. ↑ En Centrafrique, la langue russe deviendra une discipline obligatoire à l’université (фр.). Спутник (2 декабря 2021). — «Contrairement au chinois et à l’espagnol, la langue de Pouchkine sera enseignée dès la première année de licence et jusqu’au master. En tant que matière obligatoire, elle sera enseignée à la place de l’espagnol dont les professeurs se font rares dans le pays, précise l’agence.». Дата обращения: 2 декабря 2021.
28. ↑ Голос России. В ЦАР разворачивается массовое преследование мусульман (9 февраля 2014).
29. ↑ https://knoema.ru/atlas/%D0%A6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F-%D0%A0%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BF%D1%83%D0%B1%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0/%D0%92%D0%92%D0%9F-%D0%BF%D0%BE-%D0%9F%D0%9F%D0%A1
30. ↑ Внешняя торговля ЦАР на https://atlas.media.mit.edu (недоступная ссылка). Дата обращения: 11 января 2019. Архивировано 16 октября 2017 года.
31. ↑ Центральноафриканская Республика | Импорт и Экспорт | Весь мир | Все товары | Стоимость (долл. США) и Изменение стоимости, г/г (%) | 2007 — 2018
32. ↑ L’Assemblée nationale centrafricaine adopte une loi créant l’ORTCA
33. ↑ La radio et la télévision centrafricaine désormais sur satellite (недоступная ссылка). Дата обращения: 15 июня 2016. Архивировано 15 сентября 2016 года.

ЛитератураПравить

• Поспелов Е. М. Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь / отв. ред. Р. А. Агеева. — 2-е изд., стереотип. — М.: Русские словари, Астрель, АСТ, 2002. — 512 с. — 3000 экз. — ISBN 5-17-001389-2.

СсылкиПравить

• Материалы по новейшей истории ЦАР
• Why is Russia helping the Central African Republic? — обзорная статья BBC (англ.)

“CAR” redirects here. For the region in the Philippines, see Cordillera Administrative Region.

Coordinates: 7°N 21°E / 7, 21

Central African Republic Ködörösêse tî BêafrîkaInvalid language code. République centrafricaine(French)
Motto: «Unité, Dignité, Travail»(French) «Unity, Dignity, Work»
Anthem: E ZingoInvalid language code. La Renaissance(French) «The Renaissance»
Location of  Central African Republic  (dark blue) – in Africa  (light blue & dark grey) – in the African Union  (light blue)
Capital and largest city	Bangui
Official languages	French Sango
Ethnic groups	Baya Banda Mandjia Sara Fulani Mboum M’Baka Yakoma others
Demonym	Central African
Government	Unitary semi-presidential constitutional republic
—	President	Faustin-Archange Touadéra
—	Prime Minister	Firmin Ngrébada (fr)
Legislature	National Assembly
Independence
—	from France	13 August 1960
—	Central African Empire established	4 December 1976
—	Republic restored	21 September 1979
Area
—	Total	622,984 km2 (44th) 240,534 sq mi
—	Water (%)	150
Population
—	2016 estimate	4,594,621[1] (119th)
—	2003 census	4,987,640[2]
—	Density	7.1/km2 (221st) 18.4/sq mi
GDP (PPP)	2017 estimate
—	Total	$3.454 billion[3]
—	Per capita	$693[3]
GDP (nominal)	2017 estimate
—	Total	$2.003 billion[3]
—	Per capita	$401[3]
Gini (2008)	56.3[4] high · 28th
HDI (2017)	0.367[5] low · 188th
Currency	Central African CFA franc (XAF)
Time zone	WAT (UTC+1)
Drives on the	right[6]
Calling code	+236
ISO 3166 code	CF
Internet TLD	.cf

The Central African Republic (CAR; Sango: Ködörösêse tî Bêafrîka; French: République centrafricaine  pronounced: [ʁepyblik sɑ̃tʁafʁikɛn], or Centrafrique [sɑ̃tʁafʁik]) is a landlocked country in Central Africa. It is bordered by Chad to the north, Sudan to the northeast, South Sudan to the east, the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the south, the Republic of the Congo to the southwest and Cameroon to the west. The CAR covers a land area of about 620,000 square kilometres (240,000 sq mi) and had an estimated population of around 4.6 million as of 2016. As of 2019, the CAR is the scene of a civil war, ongoing since 2012.^[7]

Most of the CAR consists of Sudano-Guinean savannas, but the country also includes a Sahelo—Sudanian zone in the north and an equatorial forest zone in the south. Two thirds of the country is within the Ubangi River basin (which flows into the Congo), while the remaining third lies in the basin of the Chari, which flows into Lake Chad.

What is today the Central African Republic has been inhabited for millennia; however, the country’s current borders were established by France, which ruled the country as a colony starting in the late 19th century. After gaining independence from France in 1960, the Central African Republic was ruled by a series of autocratic leaders, including an abortive attempt at a monarchy;^[8] by the 1990s, calls for democracy led to the first multi-party democratic elections in 1993. Ange-Félix Patassé became president, but was later removed by General François Bozizé in the 2003 coup. The Central African Republic Bush War began in 2004 and, despite a peace treaty in 2007 and another in 2011, civil war resumed in 2012.

Despite its significant mineral deposits and other resources, such as uranium reserves, crude oil, gold, diamonds, cobalt, lumber, and hydropower,^[9] as well as significant quantities of arable land, the Central African Republic is among the ten poorest countries in the world, with the lowest GDP per capita at purchasing power parity in the world as of 2017.^[10] As of 2015, according to the Human Development Index (HDI), the country had the lowest level of human development, ranking 188th out of 188 countries.^[5] It is also estimated to be the unhealthiest country^[11] as well as the worst country in which to be young.^[12] The Central African Republic is a member of the United Nations, the African Union, the Economic Community of Central African States, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie and the Non-Aligned Movement.

History[]

Main article: History of the Central African Republic

Early history[]

Approximately 10,000 years ago, desertification forced hunter-gatherer societies south into the Sahel regions of northern Central Africa, where some groups settled.^[13] Farming began as part of the Neolithic Revolution.^[14] Initial farming of white yam progressed into millet and sorghum, and before 3000 BC^[15] the domestication of African oil palm improved the groups’ nutrition and allowed for expansion of the local populations.^[16] This Agricultural Revolution, combined with a «Fish-stew Revolution», in which fishing began to take place, and the use of boats, allowed for the transportation of goods. Products were often moved in ceramic pots, which are the first known examples of artistic expression from the region’s inhabitants.^[13]

The Bouar Megaliths in the western region of the country indicate an advanced level of habitation dating back to the very late Neolithic Era (c. 3500–2700 BC).^[17][18] Ironworking arrived in the region around 1000 BC from both Bantu cultures in what is today Nigeria and from the Nile city of Meroë, the capital of the Kingdom of Kush.^[19]

During the Bantu Migrations from about 1000 BC to AD 1000, Ubangian-speaking people spread eastward from Cameroon to Sudan, Bantu-speaking people settled in the southwestern regions of the CAR, and Central Sudanic-speaking people settled along the Ubangi River in what is today Central and East CAR.

Bananas arrived in the region and added an important source of carbohydrates to the diet; they were also used in the production of alcoholic beverages. Production of copper, salt, dried fish, and textiles dominated the economic trade in the Central African region.^[20]

16th–19th century[]

Main article: Arab slave trade

During the 16th and 17th centuries slave traders began to raid the region as part of the expansion of the Saharan and Nile River slave routes. Their captives were enslaved and shipped to the Mediterranean coast, Europe, Arabia, the Western Hemisphere, or to the slave ports and factories along the West and North Africa or South the Ubanqui and Congo rivers.^[21][22] In the mid 19th century, the Bobangi people became major slave traders and sold their captives to the Americas using the Ubangi river to reach the coast.^[23] During the 18th century Bandia-Nzakara peoples established the Bangassou Kingdom along the Ubangi River.^[22] In 1875, the Sudanese sultan Rabih az-Zubayr governed Upper-Oubangui, which included present-day CAR.

French colonial period[]

Main articles: Ubangi-Shari and French Equatorial Africa

The European invasion of Central African territory began in the late 19th century during the Scramble for Africa.^[24] Europeans, primarily the French, Germans, and Belgians, arrived in the area in 1885. France seized and colonized Ubangi-Shari territory in 1894. In 1911 at the Treaty of Fez, France ceded a nearly 300,000 km² portion of the Sangha and Lobaye basins to the German Empire which ceded a smaller area (in present-day Chad) to France. After World War I France again annexed the territory. Modeled on King Leopold’s Congo Free State, concessions were doled out to private companies that endeavored to strip the region’s assets as quickly and cheaply as possible before depositing a percentage of their profits into the French treasury. The concessionary companies forced local people to harvest rubber, coffee, and other commodities without pay and held their families hostage until they met their quotas. Between 1890, a year after the French first arrived, and 1940, the population declined by half due to diseases, famine and exploitation by private companies.^[25]

In 1920 French Equatorial Africa was established and Ubangi-Shari was administered from Brazzaville.^[26] During the 1920s and 1930s the French introduced a policy of mandatory cotton cultivation,^[26] a network of roads was built, attempts were made to combat sleeping sickness, and Protestant missions were established to spread Christianity. New forms of forced labor were also introduced and a large number of Ubangians were sent to work on the Congo-Ocean Railway. Through the period of construction until 1934 there was a continual heavy cost in human lives, with total deaths among all workers along the railway estimated in excess of 17,000 of the construction workers, from a combination of both industrial accidents and diseases including malaria.^[27] In 1928, a major insurrection, the Kongo-Wara rebellion or ‘war of the hoe handle’, broke out in Western Ubangi-Shari and continued for several years. The extent of this insurrection, which was perhaps the largest anti-colonial rebellion in Africa during the interwar years, was carefully hidden from the French public because it provided evidence of strong opposition to French colonial rule and forced labor.

In September 1940, during the Second World War, pro-Gaullist French officers took control of Ubangi-Shari and General Leclerc established his headquarters for the Free French Forces in Bangui.^[28] In 1946 Barthélémy Boganda was elected with 9,000 votes to the French National Assembly, becoming the first representative of the CAR in the French government. Boganda maintained a political stance against racism and the colonial regime but gradually became disheartened with the French political system and returned to CAR to establish the Movement for the Social Evolution of Black Africa (Mouvement pour l’évolution sociale de l’Afrique noire, MESAN) in 1950.

Since independence (1960–present)[]

In the Ubangi-Shari Territorial Assembly election in 1957, MESAN captured 347,000 out of the total 356,000 votes,^[29] and won every legislative seat,^[30] which led to Boganda being elected president of the Grand Council of French Equatorial Africa and vice-president of the Ubangi-Shari Government Council.^[31] Within a year, he declared the establishment of the Central African Republic and served as the country’s first prime minister. MESAN continued to exist, but its role was limited.^[32] After Boganda’s death in a plane crash on 29 March 1959, his cousin, David Dacko, took control of MESAN and became the country’s first president after the CAR had formally received independence from France. Dacko threw out his political rivals, including former Prime Minister and Mouvement d’évolution démocratique de l’Afrique centrale (MEDAC), leader Abel Goumba, whom he forced into exile in France. With all opposition parties suppressed by November 1962, Dacko declared MESAN as the official party of the state.^[33]

Bokassa and the Central African Empire (1965–1979)[]

Further information: Central African Empire

On 31 December 1965, Dacko was overthrown in the Saint-Sylvestre coup d’état by Colonel Jean-Bédel Bokassa, who suspended the constitution and dissolved the National Assembly. President Bokassa declared himself President for Life in 1972, and named himself Emperor Bokassa I of the Central African Empire (as the country was renamed) on 4 December 1976. A year later, Emperor Bokassa crowned himself in a lavish and expensive ceremony that was ridiculed by much of the world.^[8]

In April 1979, young students protested against Bokassa’s decree that all school attendees would need to buy uniforms from a company owned by one of his wives. The government violently suppressed the protests, killing 100 children and teenagers. Bokassa himself may have been personally involved in some of the killings.^[34] In September 1979, France overthrew Bokassa and restored Dacko to power (subsequently restoring the name of the country and the original government to the Central African Republic). Dacko, in turn, was again overthrown in a coup by General André Kolingba on 1 September 1981.

Central African Republic under Kolingba[]

Kolingba suspended the constitution and ruled with a military junta until 1985. He introduced a new constitution in 1986 which was adopted by a nationwide referendum. Membership in his new party, the Rassemblement Démocratique Centrafricain (RDC), was voluntary. In 1987 and 1988, semi-free elections to parliament were held, but Kolingba’s two major political opponents, Abel Goumba and Ange-Félix Patassé, were not allowed to participate.^[35]

By 1990, inspired by the fall of the Berlin Wall, a pro-democracy movement arose. Pressure from the United States, France, and from a group of locally represented countries and agencies called GIBAFOR (France, the US, Germany, Japan, the EU, the World Bank, and the UN) finally led Kolingba to agree, in principle, to hold free elections in October 1992 with help from the UN Office of Electoral Affairs. After using the excuse of alleged irregularities to suspend the results of the elections as a pretext for holding on to power, President Kolingba came under intense pressure from GIBAFOR to establish a «Conseil National Politique Provisoire de la République» (Provisional National Political Council, CNPPR) and to set up a «Mixed Electoral Commission», which included representatives from all political parties.^[35]

When a second round of elections were finally held in 1993, again with the help of the international community coordinated by GIBAFOR, Ange-Félix Patassé won in the second round of voting with 53% of the vote while Goumba won 45.6%. Patassé’s party, the Mouvement pour la Libération du Peuple Centrafricain (MLPC) or Movement for the Liberation of the Central African People, gained a simple but not an absolute majority of seats in parliament, which meant Patassé’s party required coalition partners.^[35]

Patassé Government (1993–2003)[]

Patassé purged many of the Kolingba elements from the government and Kolingba supporters accused Patassé’s government of conducting a «witch hunt» against the Yakoma. A new constitution was approved on 28 December 1994 but had little impact on the country’s politics. In 1996–1997, reflecting steadily decreasing public confidence in the government’s erratic behaviour, three mutinies against Patassé’s administration were accompanied by widespread destruction of property and heightened ethnic tension. During this time (1996) the Peace Corps evacuated all its volunteers to neighboring Cameroon. To date, the Peace Corps has not returned to the Central African Republic. The Bangui Agreements, signed in January 1997, provided for the deployment of an inter-African military mission, to Central African Republic and re-entry of ex-mutineers into the government on 7 April 1997. The inter-African military mission was later replaced by a U.N. peacekeeping force (MINURCA). Since 1997, the country has hosted almost a dozen peacekeeping interventions, earning it the title of «world champion of peacekeeping».^[25]

In 1998, parliamentary elections resulted in Kolingba’s RDC winning 20 out of 109 seats but in 1999, in spite of widespread public anger in urban centers over his corrupt rule, Patassé won a second term in the presidential election.

On 28 May 2001, rebels stormed strategic buildings in Bangui in an unsuccessful coup attempt. The army chief of staff, Abel Abrou, and General François N’Djadder Bedaya were killed, but Patassé regained the upper hand by bringing in at least 300 troops of the Congolese rebel leader Jean-Pierre Bemba and Libyan soldiers.^[36]

In the aftermath of the failed coup, militias loyal to Patassé sought revenge against rebels in many neighborhoods of Bangui and incited unrest including the murder of many political opponents. Eventually, Patassé came to suspect that General François Bozizé was involved in another coup attempt against him, which led Bozizé to flee with loyal troops to Chad. In March 2003, Bozizé launched a surprise attack against Patassé, who was out of the country. Libyan troops and some 1,000 soldiers of Bemba’s Congolese rebel organization failed to stop the rebels and Bozizé’s forces succeeded in overthrowing Patassé.^[37]

Civil wars[]

See also: Central African Republic Bush War and Central African Republic Civil War (2012–present)

François Bozizé suspended the constitution and named a new cabinet, which included most opposition parties. Abel Goumba was named vice-president, which gave Bozizé’s new government a positive image. Bozizé established a broad-based National Transition Council to draft a new constitution, and announced that he would step down and run for office once the new constitution was approved.

In 2004, the Central African Republic Bush War began, as forces opposed to Bozizé took up arms against his government. In May 2005, Bozizé won the presidential election, which excluded Patassé, and in 2006 fighting continued between the government and the rebels. In November 2006, Bozizé’s government requested French military support to help them repel rebels who had taken control of towns in the country’s northern regions.^[38]
Though the initially public details of the agreement pertained to logistics and intelligence, the French assistance eventually included strikes by Dassault Mirage 2000 fighters against rebel positions.^[39]

The Syrte Agreement in February and the Birao Peace Agreement in April 2007 called for a cessation of hostilities, the billeting of FDPC fighters and their integration with FACA, the liberation of political prisoners, integration of FDPC into government, an amnesty for the UFDR, its recognition as a political party, and the integration of its fighters into the national army. Several groups continued to fight but other groups signed on to the agreement, or similar agreements with the government (e.g. UFR on 15 December 2008). The only major group not to sign an agreement at the time was the CPJP, which continued its activities and signed a peace agreement with the government on 25 August 2012.

In 2011, Bozizé was reelected in an election which was widely considered fraudulent.^[9]

In November 2012, Séléka, a coalition of rebel groups, took over towns in the northern and central regions of the country. These groups eventually reached a peace deal with the Bozizé’s government in January 2013 involving a power sharing government^[9] but this deal broke down and the rebels seized the capital in March 2013 and Bozizé fled the country.^[40][41]

Michel Djotodia took over as president. Prime Minister Nicolas Tiangaye requested a UN peacekeeping force from the UN Security Council and on 31 May former President Bozizé was indicted for crimes against humanity and incitement of genocide.^[42]
By the end of the year there were international warnings of a «genocide»^[43][44] and fighting was largely from reprisal attacks on civilians from Seleka’s predominantly Muslim fighters and Christian militias called «anti-balaka.»^[45] By August 2013, there were reports of over 200,000 internally displaced persons (IDPs)^[46][47]

French President François Hollande called on the UN Security Council and African Union to increase their efforts to stabilize the country. On 18 February 2014, United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon called on the UN Security Council to immediately deploy 3,000 troops to the country, bolstering the 6,000 African Union soldiers and 2,000 French troops already in the country, to combat civilians being murdered in large numbers. The Séléka government was said to be divided.^[48] and in September 2013, Djotodia officially disbanded Seleka, but many rebels refused to disarm, becoming known as ex-Seleka, and veered further out of government control.^[45] It is argued that the focus of the initial disarmament efforts exclusively on the Seleka inadvertently handed the anti-Balaka the upper hand, leading to the forced displacement of Muslim civilians by anti-Balaka in Bangui and western CAR.^[25]

On 11 January 2014, Michael Djotodia and Nicolas Tiengaye resigned as part of a deal negotiated at a regional summit in neighboring Chad.^[49] Catherine Samba-Panza was elected as interim president by the National Transitional Council,^[50] becoming the first ever female Central African president. On 23 July 2014, following Congolese mediation efforts, Séléka and anti-balaka representatives signed a ceasefire agreement in Brazzaville.^[51] By the end of 2014, the country was de facto partitioned with the anti-Balaka in the southwest and ex-Seleka in the northeast.^[25] On 14 December 2015, Séléka rebel leaders declared an independent Republic of Logone.^[52]

Geography[]

Main article: Geography of the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic is a landlocked nation within the interior of the African continent. It is bordered by Cameroon, Chad, Sudan, South Sudan, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and the Republic of the Congo. The country lies between latitudes 2° and 11°N, and longitudes 14° and 28°E.

Much of the country consists of flat or rolling plateau savanna approximately 500 metres (1,640 ft) above sea level. Most of the northern half lies within the World Wildlife Fund‘s East Sudanian savanna ecoregion. In addition to the Fertit Hills in the northeast of the CAR, there are scattered hills in the southwest regions. In the northwest is the Yade Massif, a granite plateau with an altitude of 1,143 feet (348 m).

At 622,941 square kilometres (240,519 sq mi), the Central African Republic is the world’s 45th-largest country. It is comparable in size to Ukraine.

Much of the southern border is formed by tributaries of the Congo River; the Mbomou River in the east merges with the Uele River to form the Ubangi River, which also comprises portions of the southern border. The Sangha River flows through some of the western regions of the country, while the eastern border lies along the edge of the Nile River watershed.

It has been estimated that up to 8% of the country is covered by forest, with the densest parts generally located in the southern regions. The forests are highly diverse and include commercially important species of Ayous, Sapelli and Sipo.^[53] The deforestation rate is about 0.4% per annum, and lumber poaching is commonplace.^[54]

In 2008, Central African Republic was the world’s least light pollution affected country.^[55]

The Central African Republic is the focal point of the Bangui Magnetic Anomaly, one of the largest magnetic anomalies on Earth.^[56]

Wildlife[]

Main article: Wildlife of the Central African Republic

In the southwest, the Dzanga-Sangha National Park is located in a rain forest area. The country is noted for its population of forest elephants and western lowland gorillas. In the north, the Manovo-Gounda St Floris National Park is well-populated with wildlife, including leopards, lions, cheetahs and rhinos, and the Bamingui-Bangoran National Park is located in the northeast of CAR. The parks have been seriously affected by the activities of poachers, particularly those from Sudan, over the past two decades.^[57]

Climate[]

Main article: Climate of the Central African Republic

The climate of the Central African Republic is generally tropical, with a wet season that lasts from June to September in the northern regions of the country, and from May to October in the south. During the wet season, rainstorms are an almost daily occurrence, and early morning fog is commonplace. Maximum annual precipitation is approximately 71 inches (1,800 mm) in the upper Ubangi region.^[58]

The northern areas are hot and humid from February to May,^[59] but can be subject to the hot, dry, and dusty trade wind known as the Harmattan. The southern regions have a more equatorial climate, but they are subject to desertification, while the extreme northeast regions of the country are already desert.

Prefectures and sub-prefectures[]

Main articles: Prefectures of the Central African Republic and Sub-prefectures of the Central African Republic

Template:Prefectures of the Central African Republic Image Map
The Central African Republic is divided into 16 administrative prefectures (préfectures), two of which are economic prefectures (préfectures economiques), and one an autonomous commune; the prefectures are further divided into 71 sub-prefectures (sous-préfectures).

The prefectures are Bamingui-Bangoran, Basse-Kotto, Haute-Kotto, Haut-Mbomou, Kémo, Lobaye, Mambéré-Kadéï, Mbomou, Nana-Mambéré, Ombella-M’Poko, Ouaka, Ouham, Ouham-Pendé and Vakaga. The economic prefectures are Nana-Grébizi and Sangha-Mbaéré, while the commune is the capital city of Bangui.

Demographics[]

Main article: Demographics of the Central African Republic

The population of the Central African Republic has almost quadrupled since independence. In 1960, the population was 1,232,000; as of a 2016 UN estimate, it is approximately 4,594,621.^[1]

The United Nations estimates that approximately 4% of the population aged between 15 and 49 is HIV positive.^[60] Only 3% of the country has antiretroviral therapy available, compared to a 17% coverage in the neighbouring countries of Chad and the Republic of the Congo.^[61]

The nation is divided into over 80 ethnic groups, each having its own language. The largest ethnic groups are the Baya, Banda, Mandjia, Sara, Mboum, M’Baka, Yakoma, and Fula or Fulani,^[62] with others including Europeans of mostly French descent.^[9]

Template:Largest cities of Central African Republic

Religion[]

Main article: Religion in the Central African Republic

According to the 2003 national census, 80.3% of the population was Christian—51.4% Protestant and 28.9% Roman Catholic—, 10% is Muslim and 4.5 percent other religious groups, with 5.5 percent having no religious beliefs.^[63] More recent work from the Pew Research Center estimated that, as of 2010, Christians constituted 89.8% of the population (with Protestantism at 60.7% and Catholicism 28.5%) while Muslims make up 8.9%.^[64][65] The Catholic Church claims over 1.5 million adherents, approximately one-third of the population.^[66] Indigenous belief (animism) is also practiced, and many indigenous beliefs are incorporated into Christian and Islamic practice.^[67] A UN director described religious tensions between Muslims and Christians as being high.^[68]

There are many missionary groups operating in the country, including Lutherans, Baptists, Catholics, Grace Brethren, and Jehovah’s Witnesses. While these missionaries are predominantly from the United States, France, Italy, and Spain, many are also from Nigeria, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, and other African countries. Large numbers of missionaries left the country when fighting broke out between rebel and government forces in 2002–3, but many of them have now returned to continue their work.^[69]

According to Overseas Development Institute research, during the crisis ongoing since 2012, religious leaders have mediated between communities and armed groups; they also provided refuge for people seeking shelter.^[70]

Languages[]

Main article: Languages of the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic’s two official languages are French and Sango (also spelled Sangho), a creole developed as an inter-ethnic lingua franca based on the local Ngbandi language. CAR is one of the few African countries to have an African language as their official language.^[71]

Culture[]

See also: List of African writers (by country) #Central African Republic and Music of the Central African Republic

Media[]

Main article: Media of the Central African Republic

Sports[]

See also: Central African Republic at the Olympics

Basketball is the country’s most popular sport and a good way to connect with its people.^[72][73] Its national team won the African Championship twice and was the first Sub-Saharan African team to qualify for the Basketball World Cup.

The country also has a national football team, which is governed by the Central African Football Federation, and stages matches at the Barthélemy Boganda Stadium.

Government and politics[]

Main articles: Politics of the Central African Republic, Central African Republic Council of Ministers, and List of political parties in the Central African Republic

Politics in the Central African Republic formally take place in a framework of a semi-presidential republic. In this system, the President is the head of state, with a Prime Minister as head of government. Executive power is exercised by the government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and parliament.

Changes in government have occurred in recent years by three methods: violence, negotiations, and elections. A new constitution was approved by voters in a referendum held on 5 December 2004. The government was rated ‘Partly Free’ from 1991 to 2001 and from 2004 to 2013.^[74]

Executive branch[]

The president is elected by popular vote for a six-year term, and the prime minister is appointed by the president. The president also appoints and presides over the Council of Ministers, which initiates laws and oversees government operations. However, as of 2018 the official government is not in control of large parts of the country, which are governed by rebel groups.

Acting president since April 2016 is Faustin Archange Touadera who followed the interim government under Catherine Samba-Panza, interim prime minister André Nzapayeké.

Legislative branch[]

The National Assembly (Assemblée Nationale) has 105 members, elected for a five-year term using the two-round (or Run-off) system.

Judicial branch[]

As in many other former French colonies, the Central African Republic’s legal system is based on French law.^[75] The Supreme Court, or Cour Supreme, is made up of judges appointed by the president. There is also a Constitutional Court, and its judges are also appointed by the president.

Foreign relations[]

See also: Central African Armed Forces and Foreign relations of the Central African Republic

Foreign aid and UN Involvement[]

The Central African Republic is heavily dependent upon foreign aid and numerous NGOs provide services that the government does not provide.

In 2006, due to ongoing violence, over 50,000 people in the country’s northwest were at risk of starvation^[76] but this was averted due to assistance from the United Nations. On 8 January 2008, the UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-Moon declared that the Central African Republic was eligible to receive assistance from the Peacebuilding Fund.^[77] Three priority areas were identified: first, the reform of the security sector; second, the promotion of good governance and the rule of law; and third, the revitalization of communities affected by conflicts. On 12 June 2008, the Central African Republic requested assistance from the UN Peacebuilding Commission,^[78] which was set up in 2005 to help countries emerging from conflict avoid devolving back into war or chaos.

In response to concerns of a potential genocide, a peacekeeping force – the International Support Mission to the Central African Republic (MISCA) – was authorized in December 2013. This African Union force of 6,000 personnel was accompanied by the French Operation Sangaris.^[70]

Economy[]

Main article: Economy of the Central African Republic

The per capita income of the Republic is often listed as being approximately $400 a year, one of the lowest in the world, but this figure is based mostly on reported sales of exports and largely ignores the unregistered sale of foods, locally produced alcoholic beverages, diamonds, ivory, bushmeat, and traditional medicine.

The currency of Central African Republic is the CFA franc, which is accepted across the former countries of French West Africa and trades at a fixed rate to the euro. Diamonds constitute the country’s most important export, accounting for 40–55% of export revenues, but it is estimated that between 30% and 50% of those produced each year leave the country clandestinely.

Agriculture is dominated by the cultivation and sale of food crops such as cassava, peanuts, maize, sorghum, millet, sesame, and plantain. The annual real GDP growth rate is just above 3%. The importance of food crops over exported cash crops is indicated by the fact that the total production of cassava, the staple food of most Central Africans, ranges between 200,000 and 300,000 tonnes a year, while the production of cotton, the principal exported cash crop, ranges from 25,000 to 45,000 tonnes a year. Food crops are not exported in large quantities, but still constitute the principal cash crops of the country, because Central Africans derive far more income from the periodic sale of surplus food crops than from exported cash crops such as cotton or coffee. Much of the country is self-sufficient in food crops; however, livestock development is hindered by the presence of the tsetse fly.

The Republic’s primary import partner is the Netherlands (19.5%). Other imports come from Cameroon (9.7%), France (9.3%), and South Korea (8.7%). Its largest export partner is Belgium (31.5%), followed by China (27.7%), the Democratic Republic of Congo (8.6%), Indonesia (5.2%), and France (4.5%).^[9]

The CAR is a member of the Organization for the Harmonization of Business Law in Africa (OHADA). In the 2009 World Bank Group‘s report Doing Business, it was ranked 183rd of 183 as regards ‘ease of doing business’, a composite index which takes into account regulations that enhance business activity and those that restrict it.^[79]

Infrastructure[]

Transportation[]

See also: Transportation in the Central African Republic

Bangui is the transport hub of the Central African Republic. As of 1999, eight roads connected the city to other main towns in the country, Cameroon, Chad and South Sudan; of these, only the toll roads are paved. During the rainy season from July to October, some roads are impassable.^[80][81]

River ferries sail from the river port at Bangui to Brazzaville and Zongo. The river can be navigated most of the year between Bangui and Brazzaville. From Brazzaville, goods are transported by rail to Pointe-Noire, Congo’s Atlantic port.^[82] The river port handles the overwhelming majority of the country’s international trade and has a cargo handling capacity of 350,000 tons; it has 350 metres (1,150 ft) length of wharfs and 24,000 square metres (260,000 sq ft) of warehousing space.^[80]

Bangui M’Poko International Airport is Central African Republic’s only international airport. As of June 2014 it had regularly scheduled direct flights to Brazzaville, Casablanca, Cotonou, Douala, Kinshasha, Lomé, Luanda, Malabo, N’Djamena, Paris, Pointe-Noire, and Yaoundé.

Since at least 2002 there have been plans to connect Bangui by rail to the Transcameroon Railway.^[83]

Energy[]

See also: Energy in the Central African Republic

The Central African Republic primarily uses hydroelectricity as there are few other resources for energy and power.

Communications[]

See also: Communications in the Central African Republic

Presently, the Central African Republic has active television services, radio stations, internet service providers, and mobile phone carriers; Socatel is the leading provider for both internet and mobile phone access throughout the country. The primary governmental regulating bodies of telecommunications are the Ministère des Postes and Télécommunications et des Nouvelles Technologies. In addition, the Central African Republic receives international support on telecommunication related operations from ITU Telecommunication Development Sector (ITU-D) within the International Telecommunication Union to improve infrastructure.

Education[]

Main article: Education in the Central African Republic

Public education in the Central African Republic is free and is compulsory from ages 6 to 14.^[84] However, approximately half of the adult population of the country is illiterate.^[85]

Higher education[]

The University of Bangui, a public university located in Bangui, includes a medical school, and Euclid University, an international university in Bangui, are the two institutions of higher education in the Central African Republic.

Healthcare[]

Main article: Health in the Central African Republic

The largest hospitals in the country are located in the Bangui district. As a member of the World Health Organization, the Central African Republic receives vaccination assistance, such as a 2014 intervention for the prevention of a measles epidemic.^[86] In 2007, female life expectancy at birth was 48.2 years and male life expectancy at birth was 45.1 years.^[87]

Women’s health is poor in the Central African Republic. As of 2010, the country had the 4th highest maternal mortality rate in the world.^[88]
The total fertility rate in 2014 was estimated at 4.46 children born/woman.^[9] Approximately 25% of women had undergone female genital mutilation.^[89] Many births in the country are guided by traditional birth attendants, who often have little or no formal training.^[90]

Malaria is endemic in the Central African Republic, and one of the leading causes of death.^[91]
According to 2009 estimates, the HIV/AIDS prevalence rate is about 4.7% of the adult population (ages 15–49).^[92] This is in general agreement with the 2016 United Nations estimate of approximately 4%.^[93] Government expenditure on health was US$20 (PPP) per person in 2006^[87] and 10.9% of total government expenditure in 2006.^[87] There was only around 1 physician for every 20,000 persons in 2009.^[94]

Human rights[]

Main article: Human rights in the Central African Republic

The 2009 Human Rights Report by the United States Department of State noted that human rights in CAR were poor and expressed concerns over numerous government abuses.^[95] The U.S. State Department alleged that major human rights abuses such as extrajudicial executions by security forces, torture, beatings and rape of suspects and prisoners occurred with impunity. It also alleged harsh and life-threatening conditions in prisons and detention centers, arbitrary arrest, prolonged pretrial detention and denial of a fair trial, restrictions on freedom of movement, official corruption, and restrictions on workers’ rights.^[95]

The State Department report also cites widespread mob violence, the prevalence of female genital mutilation, discrimination against women and Pygmies, human trafficking, forced labor, and child labor.^[96] Freedom of movement is limited in the northern part of the country «because of actions by state security forces, armed bandits, and other nonstate armed entities», and due to fighting between government and anti-government forces, many persons have been internally displaced.^[97]

Violence against children and women in relation to accusations of witchcraft has also been cited as a serious problem in the country.^{[98][99][100]} Witchcraft is a criminal offense under the penal code.^[98]

Freedom of speech is addressed in the country’s constitution, but there have been incidents of government intimidation of the media.^[95] A report by the International Research & Exchanges Board‘s media sustainability index noted that «the country minimally met objectives, with segments of the legal system and government opposed to a free media system».^[95]

Approximately 68% of girls are married before they turn 18,^[101] and the United Nations’ Human Development Index ranked the country 188 out of 188 countries surveyed.^[102] The Bureau of International Labor Affairs has also mentioned it in its last edition of the List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor.

See also[]

• Outline of the Central African Republic
• List of Central African Republic-related topics

References[]

Bibliography[]

• Eur (31 October 2002). Africa South of the Sahara 2003. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-1-85743-131-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=1KBP7QbalX0C&pg=PA185.
• Kalck, Pierre (2004). Historical Dictionary of the Central African Republic.
• McKenna, Amy (2011). The History of Central and Eastern Africa. The Rosen Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1615303229.
• Balogh, Besenyo, Miletics, Vogel: La République Centrafricaine

Further reading[]

External links[]

	Definitions from Wiktionary
	Textbooks from Wikibooks
	Quotations from Wikiquote
	Source texts from Wikisource
	Images and media from Commons
	News stories from Wikinews
	Learning resources from Wikiversity

Overviews

• Country Profile from BBC News
• CIA World Factbook entry on Central African Republic

• Central African Republic from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• Central African Republic at the Open Directory Project
• Wikimedia Atlas of the Central African Republic
• Key Development Forecasts for the Central African Republic from International Futures

News

• Central African Republic news headline links from AllAfrica.com

Other

• Central African Republic at Humanitarian and Development Partnership Team (HDPT)
• Johann Hari in Birao, Central African Republic. «Inside France’s Secret War» from The Independent, 5 October 2007

Template:Central African Republic topics