Цхинвал на английском языке как пишется

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tskhinvali ცხინვალი (Georgian) Цхинвал, Чъреба (Ossetian)
Tskhinvali
Flag
Tskhinvali Location of Tskhinvali Tskhinvali Tskhinvali (Shida Kartli) Tskhinvali Tskhinvali (Georgia)
Coordinates: 42°13′30″N 43°58′12″E / 42.22500°N 43.97000°ECoordinates: 42°13′30″N 43°58′12″E / 42.22500°N 43.97000°E
Country	Georgia (de jure)  South Ossetia (de facto)[1]
Occupation	Russia
Mkhare	Shida Kartli
Established	1398
Area
• Total	17.46 km2 (6.74 sq mi)
Elevation	860 m (2,820 ft)
Population  (1 January 2019)
• Total	32,180[2]
Time zone	UTC+3 (Moscow time)
Climate	Dfb

Tskhinvali (Georgian: ცხინვალი [t͡sʰχinvali] (listen)) or Tskhinval (Ossetian: Цхинвал, Чъреба, romanized: Tskhinval, Chreba, Ossetian pronunciation: [ʃχinvɒɫ]; Russian: Цхинва́л(и), tr. Tskhinvál(i), [tsxʲɪnˈval(ʲɪ)]) is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by the Russian Federation and four other UN member states), and previously the capital of the erstwhile Soviet Georgian South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast. It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.

Name[edit]

The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Old Georgian Krtskhinvali (Georgian: ქრცხინვალი), from earlier Krtskhilvani (Georgian: ქრცხილვანი), literally meaning «the land of hornbeams»,^[3][4] which is the historical name of the city.^[5] See ცხინვალი for more.

From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (Georgian: სტალინირი, Ossetian: Сталинир), which was compilation of Joseph Stalin’s surname with Ossetian word «Ir» which means Ossetia. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final «i», which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian name of the city is Chreba (Ossetian: Чъреба) which is only spread as a colloquial word.^[6]

History[edit]

The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.

Tskhinvali was first chronicled by Georgian sources in 1398 as a village in Kartli (central Georgia) though a later account credits the 3rd century AD Georgian king Aspacures II of Iberia with its foundation as a fortress. By the early 18th century, Tskhinvali was a small «royal town» populated chiefly by monastic serfs. Tskhinvali was annexed to the Russian Empire along with the rest of eastern Georgia in 1801. Located on a trade route which linked North Caucasus to Tbilisi and Gori, Tskhinvali gradually developed into a commercial town with a mixed Georgian Jewish, Georgian, Armenian and Ossetian population. In 1917, it had 600 houses with 38.4% Georgian Jews, 34.4% Georgians, 17.7% Armenians and 8.8% Ossetians.^[7]

The town saw clashes between Georgian People’s Guard and pro-Bolshevik Ossetian peasants during the 1918–20 period, when Georgia gained brief independence from Russia. Soviet rule was established by the invading Red Army in March 1921, and a year later, in 1922, Tskhinvali was made a capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian SSR. Subsequently, the town became largely Ossetian due to intense urbanisation and Soviet Korenizatsiya («nativization») policy which induced an inflow of the Ossetians from the nearby rural areas into Tskhinvali. It was essentially an industrial centre, with lumber mills and manufacturing plants, and had also several cultural and educational institutions such as a venerated Pedagogical Institute (currently Tskhinvali State University) and a drama theatre. According to the last Soviet census (in 1989), Tskhinvali had a population of 42,934, and according to the census of Republic of South Ossetia in 2015, the population was 30,432 people.

During the acute phase of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Tskhinvali was a scene of ethnic tensions and ensuing armed confrontation between Georgian and Ossetian forces. The 1992 Sochi ceasefire accord left Tskhinvali in the hands of Ossetians.

Russo-Georgian War[edit]

A considerable part of the population of South Ossetia (at least, 30,000 out of 70,000) fled into North Ossetia–Alania prior or immediately after the start of the 2008 war.^[8] However, many civilians were killed during the shelling and the following Battle of Tskhinvali (162 civilian deaths were documented by the Russian team of investigators^[9] and 365 – by the South Ossetian authorities^[10]). The town was heavily damaged during the battle. Andrey Illarionov visited the town in October 2008, and reported that Jewish Quarter indeed was in ruins, though he observed that the ruins were overgrown with shrubs and trees, which indicates that the destruction took place during the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.^[11] However, Mark Ames, who was covering the last war for The Nation, stated that Tskhinvali’s main residential district, nicknamed Shanghai because of its population density (it’s where most of the city’s high-rise apartment blocks are located), and the old Jewish Quarter, were completely destroyed.^[12]

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Located in the Caucasus, at 860 metres (2,820 ft) above sea level, Tskhinvali has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with an average annual precipitation of 805 millimetres (31.7 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold, with snowfalls.

Present[edit]

Currently, Tskhinvali functions as the capital of South Ossetia. Before the 2008 war it had a population of approximately 30,000.^{[citation needed]} The town remained significantly impoverished in the absence of a permanent political settlement between the two sides in the past two decades.

The city contains several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture,^{[citation needed]} with the Kavti Church of St. George being the oldest one dating back to the 8th–10th centuries.^{[citation needed]}

On August 21, 2008, a world-known^[14] Russian conductor and director of the Mariinsky Theatre, of Ossetian origin, Valery Gergiev conducted a concert near the ruined building of South Ossetian parliament in memory of the victims of the war in South Ossetia.^[15]

Transport[edit]

There was a railway service before 1991 at the Tskhinvali Railway station connecting the city with Gori.

International relations[edit]

Twin towns and Sister cities[edit]

Tskhinvali is twinned with the following cities:

• Arkhangelsk, Russia^[16][17][18]
• Vladivostok, Russia^[19]

Notable people[edit]

• Mamed Aghaev, former professional wrestler representing Armenia
• David Baazov, founder of the Zionist movement in Georgia
• Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Olympic Champion weightlifter
• Arsen Kasabiev, weightlifter
• Vadim Laliev, former professional wrestler representing Armenia and Russia

See also[edit]

• Shida Kartli
• Samachablo

Notes[edit]

External links[edit]

Sites[edit]

• Site of Tskhinvali: information, news, video, photos, etc. – www.chinval.ru

Pictures[edit]

• Casualties in South Ossetia from Human Rights Watch
• Tskhinvali after the war from RIA Novosti
• 13 Aug 2008: Pictures of destroyed Tskhinvali after shelling of the city by Georgian troops on 8 Aug 2008 from Osinform
• «Kvartals old Tskhinval (photo)»(«Кварталы старого Цхинвала (фото)») – OSinform.ru

References[edit]

• Tsotniahsvili, MM. (1986). History of Tskhinvali (in Georgian). Tskhinvali.

Произношение Цхинвал
Ваш броузер не поддерживает аудио

Tskhinvali (Ossetian: Цхинвал, Georgian: ცხინვალი, Russian: Цхинва́л) is the capital city of the separatist republic of South Ossetia, which sits in the Kartli region of Georgia. In 2019, it was home to 32,000 people.

Understand[edit]

Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final «i», which is a nominative case ending in Georgian). In colloquial Ossetian, it is often called Chreba (Ossetian: Чъреба).

History[edit]

Tskhinvali was first chronicled by Georgian sources in 1398 as a village in Kartli (central Georgia). By the early 20th century, Tskhinvali had developed into a commercial town with a mixed Georgian Jewish, Georgian, Armenian and Ossetian population. During the Soviet era, the town became largely Ossetian due to intense urbanisation and Soviet nativization policy which induced an inflow of the Ossetians from the nearby rural areas into Tskhinvali. It was essentially an industrial centre, with lumber mills and manufacturing plants, and had also several cultural and educational institutions such as a Pedagogical Institute (now Tskhinvali State University) and a drama theatre.

During the 2008 Russian-Georgian War, Tskhinvali was shelled by the Georgian government on in an attempt to regain control over the South Ossetia. After the bombings, the Georgian army invaded the city .The Russian army responded on the following day by moving its own forces into the city, which was captured by the Russian army after intense fighting. 160-360 civilians died during the Battle of Tskhinvali.

The town was heavily damaged during the battle. The old Jewish Quarter, one of the town’s unique neighbourhoods, and its main residential district were completely destroyed.

Get in[edit]

Citizens of any state can come to Tskhinval only from the Russian side. Crossing the border with Georgia is impossible in either direction. Pretty much the only way to get to Tskhinvali is to travel south of Vladikavkaz, the main city of North Ossetia in Russia.

From Russia, you can get to Tskhinval along the only highway — the Transcaucasian highway.

Buses (marshrutkas) run from Vladikavkaz to Tskhinval several times a day. Numerous taxis also run along this route.

The nearest airport is in Vladikavkaz.

Get around[edit]

Tskinvali’s city center is compact, and easily covered on foot.

See[edit]

The city contains several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture, with the Kavti Church of St. George being the oldest one dating back to the 8th–10th centuries.

• The main government building. A large neoclassical Italianate building, home to the separatist government, which is the main landmark in the city. 
• Monument to the victims of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict. 
• Statue of Abaity Vasoiy (Абайты Васойы). 
• Statue of Khetagkaty Kostaiy (Хетæгкаты Къостайы). 

Do[edit]

Buy[edit]

Eat[edit]

There are many cafes in the city, but the choice of food is small. There are also many kiosks where you can buy hot Ossetian pies.

Drink[edit]

Sleep[edit]

• Hotel Alania (guest house), street June 8, 4 lane house 29. Tel 89298090979, 89298114181. 800-1500 rubles (Nov 2018). Wi-Fi, air conditioning, a place for cars.

Connect[edit]

Stay safe[edit]

Tskhinvali has long been the safest destination in South Ossetia to visit. The calm has returned in the region (although that does not mean that it is suitable for tourism).

Stay safe[edit]

Unexploded ordnance may be found on the outskirts of the city. It is better not to leave roads and paths.

While the bloody conflicts have ended, the situation in the city is far from ideal. The health system is dilapidated in Tskhinvali: Basic medical supplies, plumbing, to name a few are very short in supply owing to a failing infrastructure that has been damaged during years of warfare. Be sure to bring the necessary medical equipment with you, and only drink bottled water.

Go next[edit]

• Back to Russia. The border between South Ossetia and the rest of Georgia remains closed as of March 2021.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

(Redirected from Tshinval)

Tskhinvali ცხინვალი (Georgian) Цхинвал, Чъреба (Ossetian)
Tskhinvali
Flag
Tskhinvali Location of Tskhinvali Tskhinvali Tskhinvali (Shida Kartli) Tskhinvali Tskhinvali (Georgia)
Coordinates: 42°13′30″N 43°58′12″E / 42.22500°N 43.97000°ECoordinates: 42°13′30″N 43°58′12″E / 42.22500°N 43.97000°E
Country	Georgia (de jure)  South Ossetia (de facto)[1]
Occupation	Russia
Mkhare	Shida Kartli
Established	1398
Area
• Total	17.46 km2 (6.74 sq mi)
Elevation	860 m (2,820 ft)
Population  (1 January 2019)
• Total	32,180[2]
Time zone	UTC+3 (Moscow time)
Climate	Dfb

Tskhinvali (Georgian: ცხინვალი [t͡sʰχinvali] (listen)) or Tskhinval (Ossetian: Цхинвал, Чъреба, romanized: Tskhinval, Chreba, Ossetian pronunciation: [ʃχinvɒɫ]; Russian: Цхинва́л(и), tr. Tskhinvál(i), [tsxʲɪnˈval(ʲɪ)]) is the capital of the disputed de facto independent Republic of South Ossetia, internationally considered part of Shida Kartli, Georgia (except by the Russian Federation and four other UN member states), and previously the capital of the erstwhile Soviet Georgian South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast. It is located on the Great Liakhvi River approximately 100 kilometres (62 mi) northwest of the Georgian capital Tbilisi.

Name[edit]

The name of Tskhinvali is derived from the Old Georgian Krtskhinvali (Georgian: ქრცხინვალი), from earlier Krtskhilvani (Georgian: ქრცხილვანი), literally meaning «the land of hornbeams»,^[3][4] which is the historical name of the city.^[5] See ცხინვალი for more.

From 1934 to 1961, the city was named Staliniri (Georgian: სტალინირი, Ossetian: Сталинир), which was compilation of Joseph Stalin’s surname with Ossetian word «Ir» which means Ossetia. Modern Ossetians call the city Tskhinval (leaving off the final «i», which is a nominative case ending in Georgian); the other Ossetian name of the city is Chreba (Ossetian: Чъреба) which is only spread as a colloquial word.^[6]

History[edit]

The area around the present-day Tskhinvali was first populated back in the Bronze Age. The unearthed settlements and archaeological artifacts from that time are unique in that they reflect influences from both Iberian (east Georgia) and Colchian (west Georgia) cultures with possible Sarmatian elements.

Tskhinvali was first chronicled by Georgian sources in 1398 as a village in Kartli (central Georgia) though a later account credits the 3rd century AD Georgian king Aspacures II of Iberia with its foundation as a fortress. By the early 18th century, Tskhinvali was a small «royal town» populated chiefly by monastic serfs. Tskhinvali was annexed to the Russian Empire along with the rest of eastern Georgia in 1801. Located on a trade route which linked North Caucasus to Tbilisi and Gori, Tskhinvali gradually developed into a commercial town with a mixed Georgian Jewish, Georgian, Armenian and Ossetian population. In 1917, it had 600 houses with 38.4% Georgian Jews, 34.4% Georgians, 17.7% Armenians and 8.8% Ossetians.^[7]

The town saw clashes between Georgian People’s Guard and pro-Bolshevik Ossetian peasants during the 1918–20 period, when Georgia gained brief independence from Russia. Soviet rule was established by the invading Red Army in March 1921, and a year later, in 1922, Tskhinvali was made a capital of the South Ossetian Autonomous Oblast within the Georgian SSR. Subsequently, the town became largely Ossetian due to intense urbanisation and Soviet Korenizatsiya («nativization») policy which induced an inflow of the Ossetians from the nearby rural areas into Tskhinvali. It was essentially an industrial centre, with lumber mills and manufacturing plants, and had also several cultural and educational institutions such as a venerated Pedagogical Institute (currently Tskhinvali State University) and a drama theatre. According to the last Soviet census (in 1989), Tskhinvali had a population of 42,934, and according to the census of Republic of South Ossetia in 2015, the population was 30,432 people.

During the acute phase of the Georgian-Ossetian conflict, Tskhinvali was a scene of ethnic tensions and ensuing armed confrontation between Georgian and Ossetian forces. The 1992 Sochi ceasefire accord left Tskhinvali in the hands of Ossetians.

Russo-Georgian War[edit]

A considerable part of the population of South Ossetia (at least, 30,000 out of 70,000) fled into North Ossetia–Alania prior or immediately after the start of the 2008 war.^[8] However, many civilians were killed during the shelling and the following Battle of Tskhinvali (162 civilian deaths were documented by the Russian team of investigators^[9] and 365 – by the South Ossetian authorities^[10]). The town was heavily damaged during the battle. Andrey Illarionov visited the town in October 2008, and reported that Jewish Quarter indeed was in ruins, though he observed that the ruins were overgrown with shrubs and trees, which indicates that the destruction took place during the 1991–1992 South Ossetia War.^[11] However, Mark Ames, who was covering the last war for The Nation, stated that Tskhinvali’s main residential district, nicknamed Shanghai because of its population density (it’s where most of the city’s high-rise apartment blocks are located), and the old Jewish Quarter, were completely destroyed.^[12]

Geography[edit]

Climate[edit]

Located in the Caucasus, at 860 metres (2,820 ft) above sea level, Tskhinvali has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb), with an average annual precipitation of 805 millimetres (31.7 in). Summers are mild and winters are cold, with snowfalls.

Present[edit]

Currently, Tskhinvali functions as the capital of South Ossetia. Before the 2008 war it had a population of approximately 30,000.^{[citation needed]} The town remained significantly impoverished in the absence of a permanent political settlement between the two sides in the past two decades.

The city contains several monuments of medieval Georgian architecture,^{[citation needed]} with the Kavti Church of St. George being the oldest one dating back to the 8th–10th centuries.^{[citation needed]}

On August 21, 2008, a world-known^[14] Russian conductor and director of the Mariinsky Theatre, of Ossetian origin, Valery Gergiev conducted a concert near the ruined building of South Ossetian parliament in memory of the victims of the war in South Ossetia.^[15]

Transport[edit]

There was a railway service before 1991 at the Tskhinvali Railway station connecting the city with Gori.

International relations[edit]

Twin towns and Sister cities[edit]

Tskhinvali is twinned with the following cities:

• Arkhangelsk, Russia^[16][17][18]
• Vladivostok, Russia^[19]

Notable people[edit]

• Mamed Aghaev, former professional wrestler representing Armenia
• David Baazov, founder of the Zionist movement in Georgia
• Kakhi Kakhiashvili, Olympic Champion weightlifter
• Arsen Kasabiev, weightlifter
• Vadim Laliev, former professional wrestler representing Armenia and Russia

See also[edit]

• Shida Kartli
• Samachablo

Notes[edit]

External links[edit]

Sites[edit]

• Site of Tskhinvali: information, news, video, photos, etc. – www.chinval.ru

Pictures[edit]

• Casualties in South Ossetia from Human Rights Watch
• Tskhinvali after the war from RIA Novosti
• 13 Aug 2008: Pictures of destroyed Tskhinvali after shelling of the city by Georgian troops on 8 Aug 2008 from Osinform
• «Kvartals old Tskhinval (photo)»(«Кварталы старого Цхинвала (фото)») – OSinform.ru

References[edit]

• Tsotniahsvili, MM. (1986). History of Tskhinvali (in Georgian). Tskhinvali.