Дабелью как пишется на английском языке

Англи́йский алфави́т (англ. English alphabet) — алфавит английского языка. Он основан на латинском алфавите и состоит из 26 букв.

6 букв могут обозначать гласные звуки (монофтонги и дифтонги, самостоятельно или в составе диграфов): «A», «E», «I», «O», «U», «Y».

21 буква может обозначать согласные звуки: «B», «C», «D», «F», «G», «H», «J», «K», «L», «M», «N», «P», «Q», «R», «S», «T», «V», «W», «X», «Y», «Z».

Буква «Y» может обозначать как согласный, так и гласный звуки (yes, yet, но many, only)^[1].

Буква «W» самостоятельно означает согласный звук (when, sweet), но используется и в составе диграфов, обозначающих гласные звуки (cow, dew, raw и так далее)^{[источник не указан 1737 дней]}. В британском произношении (англ. received pronunciation) то же верно и для буквы «R» (run, drink, но more, far, dear).

Буквы современного английского алфавита[править | править код]

Диграфы[править | править код]

В английском языке имеются следующие диграфы:

1. sh = [ʃ], «shine» [ʃaɪn];
2. zh = [ʒ], «Zhukov» [ˈʒukov] (только в практических транскрипциях);
3. ch = [tʃ], «China» [ˈtʃaɪnə]; = [k] в словах греческого происхождения — «echo» [ˈekəʊ], а также в заимствованиях из некоторых других языков: иврита — «Michael» [ˈmaɪkəl]; немецкого — «Mach» [mak]; иногда = [ʃ] в словах французского происхождения — «Michigan» [ˈmɪʃɪgən], «machine» [məˈʃi: n]; и др.;
4. kh = [x], «Kharkiv» [ˈxarkiv] (только в практических транскрипциях);
5. th = [ð] либо [θ], «the» [ðiː, ðə], «think» [θɪŋk];
6. ph = [f] в словах греческого происхождения.

Диакритические знаки[править | править код]

Диакритические знаки применяются в английских текстах редко и в основном в заимствованных словах при сохранении в английском их написания, имевшегося в их языке-источнике, часто французском: в слове café «кафе» значок акута показывает, что в английском вслед за французским буква e не является непроизносимой, «немой», какой была бы на конце слова, не имея штриха. Этот знак и штрих с обратным ему наклоном во французском обозначают гласные звуки той или иной степени открытости — подъёма языка, и во французском ударение всегда падает на последний произносимый гласный звук каждого знаменательного слова.

Как только такие слова становятся натурализованными в английском, они обычно теряют диакритические знаки, как это произошло со старыми заимствованиями, к примеру, французским словом hôtel. В неформальном английском диакритика часто опускается в силу отсутствия букв с ней на клавиатуре, в то время как профессиональные копирайтеры и наборщики предпочитают её использовать. Те слова, что ещё воспринимаются как чужие, часто сохраняют диакритику. К примеру, единственное написание слова soupçon, найденное в английских словарях (Оксфордском и других) использует диакритический знак. Диакритические знаки чаще сохраняются тогда, когда при их отсутствии возможна путаница с другим словом (к примеру, résumé (или resumé [резюме] «резюме (для приема на работу)», а не resume [ризьюм] «возобновить») и, редко, даже добавляются (как в maté, от испанского yerba mate, но следуя примеру написания слова café, из французского).

Акут, гравис или диерезис могут быть поставлены над «e» в конце слова для обозначения того, что она произносится (saké).

В целом, диакритические знаки часто не используются даже в тех местах, где они могли бы позволить избежать путаницы.

История[править | править код]

Письменность на английском языке появилась примерно с V века н. э.^{[источник не указан 3419 дней]}, для записи использовались англосаксонские руны, сохранилось лишь несколько небольших фрагментов записей того времени. Замена рун на латинские буквы началась с VII века^{[источник не указан 3419 дней]} с приходом христианских миссионеров.

В 1011 году монах Бенедиктинского аббатства по имени Бёртферт (Byrhtferð) использовал английский алфавит, состоящий из 23 букв латинского алфавита (без «J», «U» и «W»), дополненных амперсандом, четырьмя буквами, основанными на англосаксонских рунах: «ȝ» (yoȝ, йоуг), Вуньо (ƿ), Торн (þ), «Ð» и лигатурой «Æ». Его вариант выглядел так:

A B C D E F G H I K L M N O P Q R S T V X Y Z & Ȝ Ƿ Þ Ð Æ

В XVI веке были предложены буквы «U» и «J», как производные от «V» и «I», получила статус отдельной буквы лигатура «W» («VV»). Лигатуры «æ» и «œ» могут использоваться в некоторых словах греческого и латинского происхождения, таких, как «encyclopædia» — энциклопедия, однако в связи с техническими ограничениями клавиатур и печатных устройств они часто заменяются на соответственно «ae» и «oe».

Частотность букв[править | править код]

Самой часто встречаемой буквой в английском языке является «E», самой редкой — «Z».

Ниже приведён список частотностей букв, используемых в английском языке^[2].

См. также[править | править код]

• The quick brown fox jumps over the lazy dog — панграмма, содержащая все 26 букв английского алфавита.

Примечания[править | править код]

Taty

Ученик

(228),
закрыт

2 года назад

G – седьмая буква английского алфавита. Она имеет несколько вариантов написания, техника зависит от шрифта (печатный/рукописный) и типа символа (заглавная/строчная).

Техника написания

Для написания буквы «G» предпочтительно взять лист разлинованной бумаги, чтобы видеть разницу между прописными и строчными буквами.

 Печатная заглавная «G»

1. Написать заглавную букву «С»:
2. начертить полумесяц с отверстием справа
3. От нижней точки буквы «С» добавить горизонтальную линию влево, внутрь буквы наполовину

Печатная строчная «g»

1. Написать строчную букву «с».
2. Единственное отличие от заглавной буквы «С»: строчная меньше почти в два раза.
3. От верхней точки буквы «с» провести вертикальную линию вниз, переходящую в крючок в левую сторону.

Печатная строчная «g»

1. В верхней части строки изобразить букву «о» размером 7/8 от строчной буквы.
2. От нижней правой точки нарисовать овальную петлю вправо и вниз.
3. К верхней правой точке добавить «ушко».

Рукописная заглавная

1. От левой нижней точки строки начертить наклонную линию, ведущую вправо вверх.
2. Развернуть петлей влево и вниз. Вывести петлю крючком вправо до самого верха строки.
3. Начертить наклонную линию, идущую влево вниз. Вывести ее крючком влево. Крючок должен пересечь первую линию (шаг 1).
4. Провести горизонтальную линию вправо, внутрь наполовину буквы.

Рукописная строчная «g»

1. Нарисовать о образную форму с наклоном.
2. От нижней правой точки добавить наклонную линию, ведущую влево вниз.
3. Развернуть ее влево петлей и вывести наверх.

Произношение буквы «G»

Буква «G» имеет два основных правила чтения и несколько второстепенных.

g = [г]

• перед гласными a, o, u.

legacy [‘legəsi] – наследство, наследие

go [gou] – идти

regulate [‘regjuleit] – регулировать

• перед любой согласной.

ingredient [in’gri:diənt] – компонент

• в конце слова.

leg [leg] – нога

g = [дж]

• перед гласными e, i, y.

page [peidʒ] – страница

giant [‘dʒaiənt] – гигант

gym [dʒim] – тренажерный зал

Исключения:

• g = [г] перед окончаниями -er и -est прилагательных и наречий.

big [big] – большой / bigger [‘bigə] – больше / biggest [‘bigəst] – самый большой

• 
  g = [г] в следующих словах:

begin – начинать(ся) anger – гнев

gift – подарок

forget – забывать

get – получать

target – цель, мишень

girl – девушка

together – вместе

give – давать

forgive – прощать

geese – гуси

finger – палец

tiger – тигр

hunger – голод

• g = [ж] в словах французского происхождения.

garage [gə’raʒ] – гараж

• gn = [-] в начале и конце слов.

gnome [noum] – гном

sign [sain] – символ; подпись

ng = [ŋ]

Язык располагается у основания нижних зубов. Рот открыт широко. Задняя часть языка прижата к опущенному мягкому нёбу, воздушная струя следует через полость носа. Для носового звука требуется не поднимать к альвеолам кончик языка.

kingdom [‘kiŋdəm] – королевство

gh = [г], [ф], [-]

Чтение слов с буквосочетанием «gh» необходимо проверять по словарю в связи с вариациями произношения и отсутствием правил.

ghost  [gəust] – приведение

tough [tʌf] – жесткий

high [hai] – высоко

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see W (disambiguation).

W
W w
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Phonetic usage	[w] [v] [β] [u] [uː] [ʊ] [ɔ] [ʋ] [ʕʷ] [ʙ] [◌ʷ] [ɣ] [f]
Unicode codepoint	U+0057, U+0077
Alphabetical position	23
History
Development	Υ υ 𐌖 Y V W w
Time period	~600 to present
Descendants	• ʍ  • ɯ ɰ  • ₩
Sisters	F U Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	w(x)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

W, or w, is the twenty-third and fourth-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. It represents a consonant, but in some languages it represents a vowel. Its name in English is double-u,^{[in 1]} plural double-ues.^[1][2]

History

The classical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the «W’ character. The «W» sounds were represented by the Latin letter «V» (at the time, not yet distinct from «U»).

The sounds /w/ (spelled ⟨V⟩) and /b/ (spelled ⟨B⟩) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative /β/ between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, ⟨V⟩ no longer adequately represented the labial-velar approximant sound /w/ of Germanic phonology.

The Germanic /w/ phoneme was therefore written as ⟨VV⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ (⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries.^[3] Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph ⟨VV⟩/⟨uu⟩ was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.

It is from this ⟨uu⟩ digraph that the modern name «double U» derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German, but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the /w/ sound soon came to be represented by borrowing the rune ⟨ᚹ⟩, adapted as the Latin letter wynn: ⟨ƿ⟩. In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, ⟨uu⟩ gained popularity again and by 1300 it had taken wynn’s place in common use.

Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear for instance in the «running text» (in Latin) of the Bayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS, VVILLELMVS, etc. (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation, common in roundhand, kurrent and blackletter, takes the form of an ⟨n⟩ whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive ⟨v⟩ (viz. )^[4][5] It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.^{[in 2]}

The shift from the digraph ⟨VV⟩ to the distinct ligature ⟨W⟩ is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:

Poor w is so infamous and unknown that many barely know either its name or its shape, not those who aspire to being Latinists, as they have no need of it, nor do the Germans, not even the schoolmasters, know what to do with it or how to call it; some call it we, [… others] call it uu, […] the Swabians call it auwawau^[6]

In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme /w/ became realized as [v]; this is why, today, the German ⟨w⟩ represents that sound.

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Ww

English

English uses ⟨w⟩ to represent /w/. There are also a number of words beginning with a written ⟨w⟩ that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) ⟨r⟩, remaining from usage in Old English in which the ⟨w⟩ was pronounced: wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle, etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph. ⟨w⟩ represents a vowel sound, /oʊ/, in the word pwn, and in the Welsh loanwords cwm and crwth it retains the Welsh pronunciation, /ʊ/. ⟨W⟩ is also used in digraphs: ⟨aw⟩ /ɔː/, ⟨ew⟩ /(j)uː/, ⟨ow⟩ /aʊ, oʊ/, wherein it is usually an orthographic allograph of ⟨u⟩ in final positions. It is the fifteenth most frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 2.56% in words.

Other languages

In Europe languages with ⟨w⟩ in native words are in a central-western European zone between Cornwall and Poland: English, German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Walloon, Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Wymysorys, Resian and Scandinavian dialects. German, Polish, Wymysorys and Kashubian use it for the voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (with Polish, related Kashubian and Wymysorys using Ł for /w/, except in conservative and some eastern Polish speech, where Ł still represents the dark L sound.), and Dutch uses it for /ʋ/. Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh and Cornish to represent the vowel /u/ as well as the related approximant consonant /w/.

The following languages historically used ⟨w⟩ for /v/ in native words, but later replaced it by ⟨v⟩: Swedish, Finnish, Czech, Slovak, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Ukrainian Łatynka and Belarusian Łacinka. It is also used in modern systems of Romanization of Belarusian for the letter ⟨ў⟩, for example in the BGN/PCGN^[7] system, in contrast to the letter ⟨ŭ⟩, which is used in the Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script.

In Swedish and Finnish, traces of this old usage may still be found in proper names. In Hungarian remains in some aristocratic surnames, e.g. Wesselényi.

Modern German dialects generally have only [v] or [ʋ] for West Germanic /w/, but [w] or [β̞] is still heard allophonically for ⟨w⟩, especially in the clusters ⟨schw⟩, ⟨zw⟩, and ⟨qu⟩. Some Bavarian dialects preserve a «light» initial [w], such as in wuoz (Standard German weiß [vaɪs] ‘[I] know’). The Classical Latin [β] is heard in the Southern German greeting Servus (‘hello’ or ‘goodbye’).

In Dutch, ⟨w⟩ became a labiodental approximant /ʋ/ (with the exception of words with -⟨eeuw⟩, which have /eːβ/, or other diphthongs containing -⟨uw⟩). In many Dutch-speaking areas, such as Flanders and Suriname, the /β/ pronunciation (or in some areas a /ɥ/ pronunciation, e.g. Belgian-Dutch water /’ɥa:tər/ «water», wit /ɥɪt/ «white», eeuw /e:ɥ/ «century», etc.) is used at all times.

In Finnish, ⟨w⟩ is sometimes seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩ and not a separate letter, but it is a part of official alphabet. It is, however, recognized and maintained in the spelling of some old names, reflecting an earlier German spelling standard, and in some modern loan words. In all cases, it is pronounced /ʋ/. The first edition of the Kalevala had its title spelled Kalewala.

In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, ⟨w⟩ is named double-v and not double-u. In these languages, the letter only exists in old names, loanwords and foreign words. (Foreign words are distinguished from loanwords by having a significantly lower level of integration in the language.) It is usually pronounced /v/, but in some words of English origin it may be pronounced /w/.^[8][9] The letter was officially introduced in the Danish and Swedish alphabets as late as 1980 and 2006, respectively, despite having been in use for much longer. It had been recognized since the conception of modern Norwegian, with the earliest official orthography rules of 1907.^[10] ⟨W⟩ was earlier seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩, and ⟨w⟩ as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by ⟨v⟩ in speech (e.g. WC being pronounced as VC, www as VVV, WHO as VHO, etc.) The two letters were sorted as equals before ⟨w⟩ was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden.^[11] In modern slang, some native speakers may pronounce ⟨w⟩ more closely to the origin of the loanword than the official /v/ pronunciation.

Multiple dialects of Swedish and Danish use the sound however. In Denmark notably in Jutland, where the northern half use it extensively in traditional dialect, and multiple places in Sweden. It is used in southern Swedish, for example in Halland where the words «wesp» (wisp) and «wann» (water) are traditionally used.^[12] In northern and western Sweden there are also dialects with /w/. Elfdalian is a good example, which is one of many dialects where the Old Norse difference between v (/w/) and f (/v/ or /f/) is preserved. Thus «warg» from Old Norse «vargr», but «åvå» from Old Norse «hafa».

In the alphabets of most modern Romance languages (excepting far northern French and Walloon), ⟨w⟩ is used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed (le week-end, il watt, el kiwi). The digraph ⟨ou⟩ is used for /w/ in native French words; ⟨oi⟩ is /wa/ or /wɑ/. In Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, [w] is a non-syllabic variant of /u/, spelled ⟨u⟩. In these languages, as in Scandinavian languages mentioned above, the letter is named «double v» (French /dubləve/, Spanish /’dɔble ‘uβe/) though in Walloon and Picard the name /we/ is also used.

In Indonesian, the letter «W» is called ‘wé’. The letter names in Indonesian are always the same with the sounds they produce, especially the consonants.

The Japanese language uses «W», pronounced /daburu/, as an ideogram meaning «double».^[13] It is also used in internet slang to indicate laughter (like LOL), derived from the word warau (笑う, meaning «to laugh»).

In Italian, while the letter ⟨w⟩ is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet, the character is often used in place of Viva (hooray for…), generally in the form in which the branches of the Vs cross in the middle, at least in handwriting (in fact it could be considered a monogram).^[14] The same symbol written upside down indicates abbasso (down with…)

In the Kokborok language, ⟨w⟩ represents the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/.

In Turkey the use of the w was banned between 1928 and 2013^[15][16] which was a problem for the Kurdish population in Turkey as the w was a letter of the Kurdish alphabet.^[17] The use of the letter w in the word Newroz, the Kurdish new year was forbidden^[18] and names which included the letter were not able to be used.^[15][19] In 2008, a court in Gaziantep reasoned the use of the letter w would incite civil unrest.^[18] Nevertheless, the w was used in water closets throughout Turkey.^[18]

In Vietnamese, ⟨w⟩ is called vê đúp, from the French double vé. It is not included in the standard Vietnamese alphabet, but it is often used as a substitute for qu- in literary dialect and very informal writing.^[20][21] It’s also commonly used for abbreviating Ư in formal documents, for example Trung Ương is abbreviated as TW^[22] even in official documents and document ID number^[23]

«W» is the 24th letter in the Modern Filipino Alphabet and has its English name. However, in the old Filipino alphabet, Abakada, it was the 19th letter and had the name «wah».^{[is that ‘h’ a glottal stop?][24]}

In Washo, lower-case ⟨w⟩ represents a typical /w/ sound, while upper-case ⟨W⟩ represents a voiceless w sound, like the difference between English weather and whether for those who maintain the distinction.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨w⟩ is used for the voiced labial-velar approximant.

Other uses

W is the symbol for the chemical element tungsten, after its German (and alternative English) name, Wolfram.^[26] It is also the SI symbol for the watt, the standard unit of power. It is also often used as a variable in mathematics, especially to represent a complex number or a vector.

In recent years, the letters L and W have become an internet meme, respectively standing for loss and win.^[27]

Name

Double-u, whose name reflects stages in the letter’s evolution when it was considered two of the same letter, a double U, is the only modern English letter whose name has more than one syllable.^{[in 3]} It is also the only English letter whose name is not pronounced with any of the sounds that the letter typically makes in words, with the exception of H for some speakers.

Some speakers shorten the name «double u» into «dub-u» or just «dub»; for example, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, University of Wyoming, University of Waterloo, University of the Western Cape and University of Western Australia are all known colloquially as «U Dub», and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated «VW», is sometimes pronounced «V-Dub».^[28] The fact that many website URLs require a «www.» prefix has been influential in promoting these shortened pronunciations.^{[citation needed]}

In other Germanic languages, including German (but not Dutch, in which it is pronounced wé), its name is similar to that of English V. In many languages, its name literally means «double v»: Portuguese duplo vê,^{[in 4]} Spanish doble ve (though it can be spelled uve doble),^{[29][in 5]} French double vé, Icelandic tvöfalt vaff, Czech dvojité vé, Estonian kaksisvee, Finnish kaksois-vee, etc.

Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname «Dubya» after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

• 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
• U : Latin letter U
• V : Latin letter V
• Ⱳ ⱳ : W with hook
• Ꝡ ꝡ : Latin letter VY
• Ꟃ ꟃ : Anglicana W, used in medieval English and Cornish^[30]
• IPA-specific symbols related to W: ʍ ɯ ɰ ʷ
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to W:^[31] U+1D21 ᴡ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL W and U+1D42 ᵂ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL W
• ʷ : Modifier letter small w is used in Indo-European studies^[32]
• ꭩ : Modifier letter small turned w is used in linguistic transcriptions of Scots^[33]
• W with diacritics: Ẃ ẃ Ẁ ẁ Ŵ ŵ Ẅ ẅ Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ ẘ
• װ (double vav): the Yiddish and Hebrew equivalent of W

Ligatures and abbreviations

• ₩ : Won sign, capital letter W with double stroke

Computing codes

Character information

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

• Digamma (Ϝ), the archaic Greek letter for /w/
• Voiced labio-velar approximant
• Wh (digraph)
• W stands for Work in physics
• W is the symbol for «watt» in the International System of Units (SI)

References

Informational notes

Citations

External links

This article is about the letter of the Latin alphabet. For other uses, see W (disambiguation).

W
W w
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Phonetic usage	[w] [v] [β] [u] [uː] [ʊ] [ɔ] [ʋ] [ʕʷ] [ʙ] [◌ʷ] [ɣ] [f]
Unicode codepoint	U+0057, U+0077
Alphabetical position	23
History
Development	Υ υ 𐌖 Y V W w
Time period	~600 to present
Descendants	• ʍ  • ɯ ɰ  • ₩
Sisters	F U Ѵ У Ў Ұ Ү ו و ܘ וּ וֹ ࠅ 𐎆 𐡅 ወ વ ૂ ુ उ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	w(x)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

W, or w, is the twenty-third and fourth-to-last letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. It represents a consonant, but in some languages it represents a vowel. Its name in English is double-u,^{[in 1]} plural double-ues.^[1][2]

History

The classical Latin alphabet, from which the modern European alphabets derived, did not have the «W’ character. The «W» sounds were represented by the Latin letter «V» (at the time, not yet distinct from «U»).

The sounds /w/ (spelled ⟨V⟩) and /b/ (spelled ⟨B⟩) of Classical Latin developed into a bilabial fricative /β/ between vowels in Early Medieval Latin. Therefore, ⟨V⟩ no longer adequately represented the labial-velar approximant sound /w/ of Germanic phonology.

The Germanic /w/ phoneme was therefore written as ⟨VV⟩ or ⟨uu⟩ (⟨u⟩ and ⟨v⟩ becoming distinct only by the Early Modern period) by the earliest writers of Old English and Old High German, in the 7th or 8th centuries.^[3] Gothic (not Latin-based), by contrast, had simply used a letter based on the Greek Υ for the same sound in the 4th century. The digraph ⟨VV⟩/⟨uu⟩ was also used in Medieval Latin to represent Germanic names, including Gothic ones like Wamba.

It is from this ⟨uu⟩ digraph that the modern name «double U» derives. The digraph was commonly used in the spelling of Old High German, but only in the earliest texts in Old English, where the /w/ sound soon came to be represented by borrowing the rune ⟨ᚹ⟩, adapted as the Latin letter wynn: ⟨ƿ⟩. In early Middle English, following the 11th-century Norman Conquest, ⟨uu⟩ gained popularity again and by 1300 it had taken wynn’s place in common use.

Scribal realisation of the digraph could look like a pair of Vs whose branches crossed in the middle: both forms (separate and crossed) appear for instance in the «running text» (in Latin) of the Bayeux tapestry in proper names such as EDVVARDVS, VVILLELMVS, etc. (or the same with crossed Vs). Another realisation, common in roundhand, kurrent and blackletter, takes the form of an ⟨n⟩ whose rightmost branch curved around as in a cursive ⟨v⟩ (viz. )^[4][5] It was used up to the nineteenth century in Britain and continues to be familiar in Germany.^{[in 2]}

The shift from the digraph ⟨VV⟩ to the distinct ligature ⟨W⟩ is thus gradual, and is only apparent in abecedaria, explicit listings of all individual letters. It was probably considered a separate letter by the 14th century in both Middle English and Middle German orthography, although it remained an outsider, not really considered part of the Latin alphabet proper, as expressed by Valentin Ickelshamer in the 16th century, who complained that:

Poor w is so infamous and unknown that many barely know either its name or its shape, not those who aspire to being Latinists, as they have no need of it, nor do the Germans, not even the schoolmasters, know what to do with it or how to call it; some call it we, [… others] call it uu, […] the Swabians call it auwawau^[6]

In Middle High German (and possibly already in late Old High German), the West Germanic phoneme /w/ became realized as [v]; this is why, today, the German ⟨w⟩ represents that sound.

Pronunciation and use

Pronunciations of Ww

English

English uses ⟨w⟩ to represent /w/. There are also a number of words beginning with a written ⟨w⟩ that is silent in most dialects before a (pronounced) ⟨r⟩, remaining from usage in Old English in which the ⟨w⟩ was pronounced: wreak, wrap, wreck, wrench, wroth, wrinkle, etc. Certain dialects of Scottish English still distinguish this digraph. ⟨w⟩ represents a vowel sound, /oʊ/, in the word pwn, and in the Welsh loanwords cwm and crwth it retains the Welsh pronunciation, /ʊ/. ⟨W⟩ is also used in digraphs: ⟨aw⟩ /ɔː/, ⟨ew⟩ /(j)uː/, ⟨ow⟩ /aʊ, oʊ/, wherein it is usually an orthographic allograph of ⟨u⟩ in final positions. It is the fifteenth most frequently used letter in the English language, with a frequency of about 2.56% in words.

Other languages

In Europe languages with ⟨w⟩ in native words are in a central-western European zone between Cornwall and Poland: English, German, Low German, Dutch, Frisian, Welsh, Cornish, Breton, Walloon, Polish, Kashubian, Sorbian, Wymysorys, Resian and Scandinavian dialects. German, Polish, Wymysorys and Kashubian use it for the voiced labiodental fricative /v/ (with Polish, related Kashubian and Wymysorys using Ł for /w/, except in conservative and some eastern Polish speech, where Ł still represents the dark L sound.), and Dutch uses it for /ʋ/. Unlike its use in other languages, the letter is used in Welsh and Cornish to represent the vowel /u/ as well as the related approximant consonant /w/.

The following languages historically used ⟨w⟩ for /v/ in native words, but later replaced it by ⟨v⟩: Swedish, Finnish, Czech, Slovak, Latvian, Lithuanian, Estonian, Ukrainian Łatynka and Belarusian Łacinka. It is also used in modern systems of Romanization of Belarusian for the letter ⟨ў⟩, for example in the BGN/PCGN^[7] system, in contrast to the letter ⟨ŭ⟩, which is used in the Instruction on transliteration of Belarusian geographical names with letters of Latin script.

In Swedish and Finnish, traces of this old usage may still be found in proper names. In Hungarian remains in some aristocratic surnames, e.g. Wesselényi.

Modern German dialects generally have only [v] or [ʋ] for West Germanic /w/, but [w] or [β̞] is still heard allophonically for ⟨w⟩, especially in the clusters ⟨schw⟩, ⟨zw⟩, and ⟨qu⟩. Some Bavarian dialects preserve a «light» initial [w], such as in wuoz (Standard German weiß [vaɪs] ‘[I] know’). The Classical Latin [β] is heard in the Southern German greeting Servus (‘hello’ or ‘goodbye’).

In Dutch, ⟨w⟩ became a labiodental approximant /ʋ/ (with the exception of words with -⟨eeuw⟩, which have /eːβ/, or other diphthongs containing -⟨uw⟩). In many Dutch-speaking areas, such as Flanders and Suriname, the /β/ pronunciation (or in some areas a /ɥ/ pronunciation, e.g. Belgian-Dutch water /’ɥa:tər/ «water», wit /ɥɪt/ «white», eeuw /e:ɥ/ «century», etc.) is used at all times.

In Finnish, ⟨w⟩ is sometimes seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩ and not a separate letter, but it is a part of official alphabet. It is, however, recognized and maintained in the spelling of some old names, reflecting an earlier German spelling standard, and in some modern loan words. In all cases, it is pronounced /ʋ/. The first edition of the Kalevala had its title spelled Kalewala.

In Danish, Norwegian and Swedish, ⟨w⟩ is named double-v and not double-u. In these languages, the letter only exists in old names, loanwords and foreign words. (Foreign words are distinguished from loanwords by having a significantly lower level of integration in the language.) It is usually pronounced /v/, but in some words of English origin it may be pronounced /w/.^[8][9] The letter was officially introduced in the Danish and Swedish alphabets as late as 1980 and 2006, respectively, despite having been in use for much longer. It had been recognized since the conception of modern Norwegian, with the earliest official orthography rules of 1907.^[10] ⟨W⟩ was earlier seen as a variant of ⟨v⟩, and ⟨w⟩ as a letter (double-v) is still commonly replaced by ⟨v⟩ in speech (e.g. WC being pronounced as VC, www as VVV, WHO as VHO, etc.) The two letters were sorted as equals before ⟨w⟩ was officially recognized, and that practice is still recommended when sorting names in Sweden.^[11] In modern slang, some native speakers may pronounce ⟨w⟩ more closely to the origin of the loanword than the official /v/ pronunciation.

Multiple dialects of Swedish and Danish use the sound however. In Denmark notably in Jutland, where the northern half use it extensively in traditional dialect, and multiple places in Sweden. It is used in southern Swedish, for example in Halland where the words «wesp» (wisp) and «wann» (water) are traditionally used.^[12] In northern and western Sweden there are also dialects with /w/. Elfdalian is a good example, which is one of many dialects where the Old Norse difference between v (/w/) and f (/v/ or /f/) is preserved. Thus «warg» from Old Norse «vargr», but «åvå» from Old Norse «hafa».

In the alphabets of most modern Romance languages (excepting far northern French and Walloon), ⟨w⟩ is used mostly in foreign names and words recently borrowed (le week-end, il watt, el kiwi). The digraph ⟨ou⟩ is used for /w/ in native French words; ⟨oi⟩ is /wa/ or /wɑ/. In Spanish, Italian, and Portuguese, [w] is a non-syllabic variant of /u/, spelled ⟨u⟩. In these languages, as in Scandinavian languages mentioned above, the letter is named «double v» (French /dubləve/, Spanish /’dɔble ‘uβe/) though in Walloon and Picard the name /we/ is also used.

In Indonesian, the letter «W» is called ‘wé’. The letter names in Indonesian are always the same with the sounds they produce, especially the consonants.

The Japanese language uses «W», pronounced /daburu/, as an ideogram meaning «double».^[13] It is also used in internet slang to indicate laughter (like LOL), derived from the word warau (笑う, meaning «to laugh»).

In Italian, while the letter ⟨w⟩ is not considered part of the standard Italian alphabet, the character is often used in place of Viva (hooray for…), generally in the form in which the branches of the Vs cross in the middle, at least in handwriting (in fact it could be considered a monogram).^[14] The same symbol written upside down indicates abbasso (down with…)

In the Kokborok language, ⟨w⟩ represents the open-mid back rounded vowel /ɔ/.

In Turkey the use of the w was banned between 1928 and 2013^[15][16] which was a problem for the Kurdish population in Turkey as the w was a letter of the Kurdish alphabet.^[17] The use of the letter w in the word Newroz, the Kurdish new year was forbidden^[18] and names which included the letter were not able to be used.^[15][19] In 2008, a court in Gaziantep reasoned the use of the letter w would incite civil unrest.^[18] Nevertheless, the w was used in water closets throughout Turkey.^[18]

In Vietnamese, ⟨w⟩ is called vê đúp, from the French double vé. It is not included in the standard Vietnamese alphabet, but it is often used as a substitute for qu- in literary dialect and very informal writing.^[20][21] It’s also commonly used for abbreviating Ư in formal documents, for example Trung Ương is abbreviated as TW^[22] even in official documents and document ID number^[23]

«W» is the 24th letter in the Modern Filipino Alphabet and has its English name. However, in the old Filipino alphabet, Abakada, it was the 19th letter and had the name «wah».^{[is that ‘h’ a glottal stop?][24]}

In Washo, lower-case ⟨w⟩ represents a typical /w/ sound, while upper-case ⟨W⟩ represents a voiceless w sound, like the difference between English weather and whether for those who maintain the distinction.

Other systems

In the International Phonetic Alphabet, ⟨w⟩ is used for the voiced labial-velar approximant.

Other uses

W is the symbol for the chemical element tungsten, after its German (and alternative English) name, Wolfram.^[26] It is also the SI symbol for the watt, the standard unit of power. It is also often used as a variable in mathematics, especially to represent a complex number or a vector.

In recent years, the letters L and W have become an internet meme, respectively standing for loss and win.^[27]

Name

Double-u, whose name reflects stages in the letter’s evolution when it was considered two of the same letter, a double U, is the only modern English letter whose name has more than one syllable.^{[in 3]} It is also the only English letter whose name is not pronounced with any of the sounds that the letter typically makes in words, with the exception of H for some speakers.

Some speakers shorten the name «double u» into «dub-u» or just «dub»; for example, University of Wisconsin, University of Washington, University of Wyoming, University of Waterloo, University of the Western Cape and University of Western Australia are all known colloquially as «U Dub», and the automobile company Volkswagen, abbreviated «VW», is sometimes pronounced «V-Dub».^[28] The fact that many website URLs require a «www.» prefix has been influential in promoting these shortened pronunciations.^{[citation needed]}

In other Germanic languages, including German (but not Dutch, in which it is pronounced wé), its name is similar to that of English V. In many languages, its name literally means «double v»: Portuguese duplo vê,^{[in 4]} Spanish doble ve (though it can be spelled uve doble),^{[29][in 5]} French double vé, Icelandic tvöfalt vaff, Czech dvojité vé, Estonian kaksisvee, Finnish kaksois-vee, etc.

Former U.S. president George W. Bush was given the nickname «Dubya» after the colloquial pronunciation of his middle initial in Texas, where he spent much of his childhood.

Ancestors, descendants and siblings

• 𐤅: Semitic letter Waw, from which the following symbols originally derive
• U : Latin letter U
• V : Latin letter V
• Ⱳ ⱳ : W with hook
• Ꝡ ꝡ : Latin letter VY
• Ꟃ ꟃ : Anglicana W, used in medieval English and Cornish^[30]
• IPA-specific symbols related to W: ʍ ɯ ɰ ʷ
• Uralic Phonetic Alphabet-specific symbols related to W:^[31] U+1D21 ᴡ LATIN LETTER SMALL CAPITAL W and U+1D42 ᵂ MODIFIER LETTER CAPITAL W
• ʷ : Modifier letter small w is used in Indo-European studies^[32]
• ꭩ : Modifier letter small turned w is used in linguistic transcriptions of Scots^[33]
• W with diacritics: Ẃ ẃ Ẁ ẁ Ŵ ŵ Ẅ ẅ Ẇ ẇ Ẉ ẉ ẘ
• װ (double vav): the Yiddish and Hebrew equivalent of W

Ligatures and abbreviations

• ₩ : Won sign, capital letter W with double stroke

Computing codes

Character information

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

• Digamma (Ϝ), the archaic Greek letter for /w/
• Voiced labio-velar approximant
• Wh (digraph)
• W stands for Work in physics
• W is the symbol for «watt» in the International System of Units (SI)

References

Informational notes

Citations

External links

Теперь вы знаете какие однокоренные слова подходят к слову Дабалю на английском как пишется, а так же какой у него корень, приставка, суффикс и окончание. Вы можете дополнить список однокоренных слов к слову «Дабалю на английском как пишется», предложив свой вариант в комментариях ниже, а также выразить свое несогласие проведенным с морфемным разбором.