Хельсинки как пишется на финском

This article is about the capital city of Finland. For the parliamentary constituency, see Helsinki (constituency). For the film, see Hellsinki.

«Helsingfors» redirects here. For the village in Sweden, see Hälsingfors. For the ships, see SS Helsingfors.

Helsinki Helsingfors (Swedish)
Capital city
Helsingin kaupunki Helsingfors stad City of Helsinki
Clockwise from top: View of central Helsinki along the Mannerheimintie street, Helsinki Cathedral, Sanoma building and Kiasma, Helsinki city centre at night viewed from Hotel Torni, beaches at Aurinkolahti, Parliament House and Suomenlinna.
Flag Coat of arms Wordmark
Nickname(s):  Stadi (by city dwellers), Hesa (by country people),[1] the Daughter of the Baltic,[2] the Pearl of the Baltic Sea[3]
Location (in red) within the Uusimaa region and the Greater Helsinki sub-region (in yellow)
Helsinki Location within Europe Helsinki Location within Finland
Coordinates: 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°ECoordinates: 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E
Country	Finland
Region	Uusimaa
Sub-region	Greater Helsinki
Charter	12 June 1550
Capital city	8 April 1812
Government
• Mayor	Juhana Vartiainen (KOK)
• Governing body	City Council of Helsinki
Area  (2018-01-01)[4]
• Capital city	715.48 km2 (276.25 sq mi)
• Land	213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi)
• Water	501.74 km2 (193.72 sq mi)
• Urban	680.12 km2 (262.60 sq mi)
• Metro	3,697.52 km2 (1,427.62 sq mi)
• Rank	258th largest in Finland
Population  (2021-12-31)[5]
• Capital city	658,864
• Rank	Largest in Finland
• Density	3,082.4/km2 (7,983/sq mi)
• Urban	1,268,296 (including Espoo and Kauniainen and Vantaa)
• Metro	1,536,810 (Greater Helsinki)
• Metro density	415.6/km2 (1,076/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	helsinkiläinen (Finnish) helsingforsare (Swedish) Helsinkian (English)
Population by native language [6]
• Finnish	84.3% (official)
• Swedish	6.1% (official)
• Others	9.6%
Population by age [7]
• 0 to 14	14.3%
• 15 to 64	68.3%
• 65 or older	17.4%
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Area code	+358-9
Municipal tax rate[8]	18%
Climate	Dfb
Website	www.hel.fi

Helsinki ( HEL-sink-ee or hel-SINK-ee;^[9][10] Finnish: [ˈhelsiŋki] (listen); Swedish: Helsingfors, Finland Swedish: [helsiŋˈforːs] (listen)) is the capital, primate, and most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 658,864.^[5][11] The city’s urban area has a population of 1,268,296,^[12] making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country’s most important center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia, 400 km (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, and 300 km (190 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It has close historical ties with these three cities.

Together with the cities of Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen (and surrounding commuter towns,^[13] including the eastern neighboring municipality of Sipoo^[14]), Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, which has a population of over 1.5 million. Often considered to be Finland’s only metropolis, it is the world’s northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state. After Copenhagen and Stockholm, Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries. Finnish and Swedish are both official languages. The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport, located in the neighboring city of Vantaa, with frequent service to many destinations in Europe, North America and Asia.

Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012,^[15] the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007.

Helsinki has one of the world’s highest standards of urban living. In 2011, the British magazine Monocle ranked Helsinki the world’s most liveable city in its liveable cities index.^[16] In the Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2016 liveability survey, Helsinki was ranked ninth among 140 cities.^[17] In July 2021, the American magazine Time ranked Helsinki one of the greatest places in the world in 2021 as a city that «can grow into a sprouting cultural nest in the future,» and which has already been known in the world as an environmental pioneer.^[18][19] An international Cities of Choice survey conducted in 2021 by the consulting firm Boston Consulting Group and the BCG Henderson Institute raised Helsinki the third best city in the world to live, with London and New York City ranking the first and the second.^[20][21][22] Also, together with Rovaniemi in the Lapland region, Helsinki is one of Finland’s most significant tourist cities in terms of foreign tourism.^[23] Due to the large number of sea passengers per year, Helsinki is classed as a Large-Port City.^[24]

Etymology[edit]

According to a theory presented in the 1630s, at the time of Swedish colonisation of coastal areas of Finland, colonists from Hälsingland in central Sweden had arrived at what is now known as the Vantaa River and called it Helsingå (‘Helsinge River’), which gave rise to the names of Helsinge village and church in the 1300s.^[25] This theory is questionable, because dialect research suggests that the settlers arrived from Uppland and nearby areas.^[26] Others have proposed the name as having been derived from the Swedish word helsing, an archaic form of the word hals (‘neck’), referring to the narrowest part of a river, the rapids.^[27] Other Scandinavian cities at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, e.g. Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden.

When a town was founded in Forsby village (later known as Koskela) in 1548, it was named Helsinge fors, ‘Helsinge rapids’. The name refers to the Vanhankaupunginkoski [fi] rapids at the mouth of the river.^[28] The town was commonly known as Helsinge or Helsing, from which the contemporary Finnish name arose.^[29]

Official Finnish Government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name Helsinki since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved itself into the city from Turku, the former capital of Finland. The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish.^[30] As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, Helsinki was known as Gel’singfors (Гельсингфорс) in Russian.

In Helsinki slang, the city is called Stadi (from the Swedish word stad, meaning ‘city’). People from other areas of Finland might use Hesa (short for Helsinki).^[1][31] Helsset is the Northern Sami name for Helsinki.^[32]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Since the end of the Ice Age, after the retreat of the ice cover, first colonizers came to the area around Helsinki at about 5000 BC. Their presence was documented by archeologists in Vantaa, Pitäjänmäki and Kaarela.^[33]
Permanent settlements appeared only at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, in the Iron Age, when the area was inhabited by Tavastians. They used the area for fishing and hunting, but due to a lack of archeological finds it is difficult to say how extensive their settlements were. Pollen analysis has shown that there were cultivating settlements in the area in the 10th century and surviving historical records from the 14th century describe Tavastian settlements in the area.^[34]

The early settlements were raided by Vikings, later substituted by Christianized colonists from Sweden. They arrived mostly from the Swedish coastal regions of Norrland and Hälsingland, which especially intensified by the years of 1100.^[33] Swedes colonized the coastline of the Helsinki region permanently in the late 13th century after the successful Second Crusade to Finland, which led to the defeat of the Tavastians.^[35][34]

Written chronicles of 1417 mentioned Koskela village near the rapids close to the mouth of the Vantaa River, near which Helsinki would be founded.^[33]

Founding of Helsinki[edit]

Helsinki was established as a trading town by King Gustav I of Sweden in 12 June 1550, as the town of Helsingfors, which he intended to be a rival to the Hanseatic city of Reval on the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland (today known as Tallinn).^[36][33] In order to populate his newly founded town in the mouth of the Vantaa River, the King issued an order to resettle the bourgeoisie of Porvoo, Ekenäs, Rauma and Ulvila into the town.^[37] Shallowness of the bay did not permit the building of a harbor, and the king allowed settlers to abandon the unfortunate place. In 1640, Count Per Brahe the Younger moved the city center with few descendants of the original settlers to the Vironniemi peninsula by the sea, currently Kruununhaka neighborhood, where the Senate Square and Helsinki Cathedral are now located.^[38]

In the course of the second half of the 17th century Helsinki, as a wooden town, suffered from regular fires, and by the beginning of the 18th century its population was below 1,700 inhabitants. For a long time, Helsinki was mainly a small administrative city of the governors of the Nyland and Tavastehus County, but its importance began to grow as a more solid naval defense began to be built in front of the city in the 18th century.^[37] Little came of the plans as Helsinki remained a tiny town plagued by poverty, wars, and diseases. The plague of 1710 killed the greater part of the inhabitants of Helsinki.^[36] In the end of the Great Northern War in 1721, the retreating Swedish administration burned Helsinki down. Despite of that, by the beginning of the 19th century the number of the city inhabitants grew to 3,000.^[33] The construction of the naval fortress Sveaborg (in Finnish Viapori, today also Suomenlinna) in the 18th century helped improve Helsinki’s status, but it was not until Russia defeated Sweden in the Finnish War and annexed Finland as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 that the town began to develop into a substantial city. Russians besieged the Sveaborg fortress during the war, and about one quarter of the town was destroyed in an 1808 fire.^[39]

Emperor Alexander I of Russia moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki on 8 April 1812^[40][41][42] to reduce Swedish influence in Finland, and to bring the capital closer to Saint Petersburg. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, the Royal Academy of Turku, which at the time was the country’s only university, was also relocated to Helsinki and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki. The move consolidated the city’s new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth. This transformation is highly apparent in the downtown core, which was rebuilt in the neoclassical style to resemble Saint Petersburg, mostly to a plan by the German-born architect C. L. Engel. As elsewhere, technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city’s growth.

Twentieth century[edit]

The population of Helsinki was already over 100,000 in the 1910s, and despite the tumultuous nature of Finnish history during the first half of the 20th century (including the Finnish Civil War and the Winter War which both left marks on the city), Helsinki continued its steady development. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were approximately the same number of Finnish and Swedish speakers in Helsinki; the majority of the workers were Finnish-speaking. The local Helsinki slang (or stadin slangi) developed among Finnish children and young people as a mixed Finnish-Swedish language from the 1890s, and it was also influenced by the German language and Russian language , and from the 1950s onwards, slang began to become more Finnish.^[43] A landmark event was the 1952 Olympic Games, held in Helsinki. Finland’s rapid urbanization in the 1970s, occurring late relative to the rest of Europe, tripled the population in the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built. The relatively sparse population density of Helsinki and its peculiar structure have often been attributed to the lateness of its growth.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

Called the «Daughter of the Baltic»^[2] or the «Pearl of the Baltic Sea»,^[3][44] Helsinki is on the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The inner city is located on a southern peninsula, Helsinginniemi («Cape of Helsinki), which is rarely referred to by its actual name, Vironniemi («Cape of Estonia»). Population density in certain parts of Helsinki’s inner city area is comparatively higher, reaching 16,494 inhabitants per square kilometre (42,720/sq mi) in the district of Kallio, but as a whole Helsinki’s population density of 3,050 per square kilometre (7,900/sq mi) ranks the city as rather sparsely populated in comparison to other European capital cities.^[45][46] Outside of the inner city, much of Helsinki consists of postwar suburbs separated by patches of forest. A narrow, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long Helsinki Central Park, stretching from the inner city to Helsinki’s northern border, is an important recreational area for residents. The City of Helsinki has about 11,000 boat berths and possesses over 14,000 hectares (34,595 acres; 54.1 sq mi) of marine fishing waters adjacent to the Capital Region. Some 60 fish species are found in this area and recreational fishing is popular.

Major islands in Helsinki include Seurasaari, Vallisaari, Lauttasaari, and Korkeasaari – the latter being the site of Finland’s largest zoo called Korkeasaari Zoo. Other noteworthy islands are the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg), the military island of Santahamina, and Isosaari. Pihlajasaari island is a favorite summer spot for gay men and naturists, comparable to Fire Island in New York City.

There are 60 nature reserves in Helsinki with a total area of 95,480 acres (38,640 ha). Of the total area, 48,190 acres (19,500 ha) are water areas and 47,290 acres (19,140 ha) are land areas. In addition, the city owns seven nature reserves in Espoo, Sipoo, Hanko and Ingå. The largest nature reserve is the Vanhankaupunginselkä, with an area of 30,600 acres (12,400 ha). The city’s first nature reserve, Tiiraluoto of Lauttasaari, was established in 1948.^[47]

The title plant of Helsinki is the Norway maple and the title animal is the red squirrel.^[48]

Metropolitan area[edit]

The Helsinki metropolitan area, also known as the Capital Region (Finnish: Pääkaupunkiseutu, Swedish: Huvudstadsregionen) comprises four municipalities: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen.^[49] The Helsinki urban area is considered to be the only metropolis in Finland.^[50] It has a population of over 1.1 million, and is the most densely populated area of Finland. The Capital Region spreads over a land area of 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi) and has a population density of 1,418 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,670/sq mi). With over 20 percent of the country’s population in just 0.2 percent of its surface area, the area’s housing density is high by Finnish standards.

The Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Greater Helsinki) consists of the cities of Helsinki Capital Region and ten surrounding municipalities: Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Pornainen, Mäntsälä and Vihti.^[51] The Metropolitan Area covers 3,697 square kilometres (1,427 sq mi) and has a population of over 1.4 million, or about a fourth of the total population of Finland. The metropolitan area has a high concentration of employment: approximately 750,000 jobs.^[52] Despite the intensity of land use, the region also has large recreational areas and green spaces. The Greater Helsinki area is the world’s northernmost urban area with a population of over one million people, and the northernmost EU capital city.

The Helsinki urban area is an officially recognized urban area in Finland, defined by its population density. The area stretches throughout 11 municipalities, and is the largest such area in Finland, with a land area of 669.31 square kilometres (258.42 sq mi) and approximately 1.2 million inhabitants.

Climate[edit]

Helsinki has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) similar to that of Hokkaido or Nova Scotia coastal.^[53] Owing to the mitigating influence of the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone), temperatures during the winter are higher than the northern location might suggest, with the average in January and February around −4 °C (25 °F).^[54]

Winters in Helsinki are notably warmer than in the north of Finland, and the snow season is much shorter in the capital, due to it being in extreme Southern Finland and the urban heat island effect. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) occur a few times a year at most. However, because of the latitude, days last 5 hours and 48 minutes around the winter solstice with very low sun (at noon, the sun is a little bit over 6 degrees in the sky), and the cloudy weather at this time of year exacerbates darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long daylight during the summer; during the summer solstice, days last 18 hours and 57 minutes.^[55]

The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 22 °C (66 to 72 °F). Due to the marine effect, especially during hot summer days, daily temperatures are a little cooler and night temperatures higher than further inland. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F), on 28 July 2019 at Kaisaniemi weather station,^[56] breaking the previous record of 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) that was observed in July 1945 at Ilmala weather station.^[57] The lowest temperature ever recorded in the city was −34.3 °C (−29.7 °F), on 10 January 1987 although an unofficial low of −35 °C (−31 °F) was recorded in December 1876.^[58] Helsinki Airport (in Vantaa, 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the Helsinki city centre) recorded a temperature of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F), on 29 July 2010, and a low of −35.9 °C (−33 °F), on 9 January 1987. Precipitation is received from frontal passages and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common in the summer.

Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions[edit]

Helsinki is divided into three major areas: Helsinki Downtown (Finnish: Helsingin kantakaupunki, Swedish: Helsingfors innerstad), North Helsinki (Finnish: Pohjois-Helsinki, Swedish: Norra Helsingfors) and East Helsinki (Finnish: Itä-Helsinki, Swedish: Östra Helsingfors). Of these, Helsinki Downtown means the undefined core area of capital, as opposed to suburbs. The designations business center and city center usually refer to Kluuvi, Kamppi and Punavuori.^[62][63] Other subdivisional centers outside the downtown area include Malmi (Swedish: Malm),^[64][65] located in the northeastern part of city, and Itäkeskus (Swedish: Östra centrum),^[66] in the eastern part of city.

Cityscape[edit]

Neoclassical and romantic nationalism trend[edit]

Carl Ludvig Engel, appointed to plan a new city centre on his own, designed several neoclassical buildings in Helsinki. The focal point of Engel’s city plan was the Senate Square. It is surrounded by the Government Palace (to the east), the main building of Helsinki University (to the west), and (to the north) the large Helsinki Cathedral, which was finished in 1852, twelve years after Engel’s death. Helsinki’s epithet, «The White City of the North», derives from this construction era. Most of Helsinki’s older buildings were built after the 1808 fire; before that time, the oldest surviving building in the center of Helsinki is the Sederholm House [fr] (1757) at the intersection of Senate Square and the Katariinankatu street.^[38] Suomenlinna also has buildings completed in the 18th century, including the Kuninkaanportti on the Kustaanmiekka Island [fr] (1753–1754).^[67] The oldest church in Helsinki is the Old Church (1826) designed by Engel.^[68]

Helsinki is also home to numerous Art Nouveau-influenced (Jugend in Finnish) buildings belonging to the Kansallisromantiikka (romantic nationalism) trend, designed in the early 20th century and strongly influenced by Kalevala, which was a common theme of the era. Helsinki’s Art Nouveau style is also featured in central residential districts, such as Katajanokka and Ullanlinna.^[69] An important architect of the Finnish Art Nouveau style was Eliel Saarinen, whose architectural masterpiece was the Helsinki Central Station. Opposite the Bank of Finland building is the Renaissance Revivalish the House of the Estates (1891).^[70]

The only visible public buildings of the Gothic Revival architecture in Helsinki are St. John’s Church (1891) in Ullanlinna, which is the largest stone church in Finland, and its twin towers rise to 74 meters and have 2,600 seats.^[71] Other examples of neo-Gothic include the House of Nobility in Kruununhaka and the Catholic St. Henry’s Cathedral.^[72][73]

Like in other European cities with neoclassical architecture Helsinki’s neoclassical buildings were also used as a backdrop for scenes set to take place in the Soviet Union in many Cold War era Hollywood movies, when filming in the USSR was not possible. Some of them include The Kremlin Letter (1970), Reds (1981), and Gorky Park (1983).^[74] Because some cities in Russia like Leningrad and Moscow had also old neoclassical architecture. At the same time due to Cold War and Finnish relations with the USSR the government secretly instructed Finnish officials not to extend assistance to such film projects.^[75] Here are some films where Helsinki has been represented on its own in films, most notably the 1967 British-American espionage thriller Billion Dollar Brain, starring Michael Caine.^[76][77] The city has large amounts of underground areas such as shelters and tunnels, many used daily as swimming pool, church, water management, entertainment etc.^[78][79][80]

Functionalism and modern architecture[edit]

Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism. However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall, have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens.^[81][82][83]

Functionalist buildings in Helsinki by other architects include the Olympic Stadium, the Tennis Palace, the Rowing Stadium, the Swimming Stadium, the Velodrome, the Glass Palace, the Töölö Sports Hall, and Helsinki-Malmi Airport. The sports venues were built to serve the 1940 Helsinki Olympic Games; the games were initially cancelled due to the Second World War, but the venues fulfilled their purpose in the 1952 Olympic Games. Many of them are listed by DoCoMoMo as significant examples of modern architecture. The Olympic Stadium and Helsinki-Malmi Airport are also catalogued by the Finnish Heritage Agency as cultural-historical environments of national significance.^[84][85]

When Finland became heavily urbanized in the 1960s and 1970s, the district of Pihlajamäki, for example, was built in Helsinki for new residents, where for the first time in Finland, precast concrete was used on a large scale. Pikku Huopalahti, built in the 1980s and 1990s, has tried to get rid of a one-size-fits-all grid pattern, which means that its look is very organic and its streets are not repeated in the same way. Itäkeskus in Eastern Helsinki was the first regional center in the 1980s.^[86] Efforts have also been made to protect Helsinki in the late 20th century, and many old buildings have been renovated.^[86] Modern architecture is represented, for example, by the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, which consists of two straight and curved-walled parts, though this style strongly divided the opinions from the citizens.^[83] Next to Kiasma is the glass-walled Sanomatalo (1999).

The start of the 21st century marked the beginning of highrise construction in Helsinki, when the city decided to allow the construction of skyscrapers; prior to this, Hotel Torni (69.5 m (228 ft)), built in 1931, has generally been called Finland’s first skyscraper,^[87] and was at time the tallest building in Finland until 1976.^[88] As of April 2017 there are no skyscrapers taller than 100 meters in the Helsinki area, but there are several projects under construction or planning, mainly in Pasila and Kalasatama. An international architecture competition for at least 10 high-rises to be built in Pasila is being held. Construction of the towers will start in 2023.^[89] In Kalasatama, the first 35-story (130 m (430 ft); called Majakka) and 32-story (122 m (400 ft); called Loisto [fi]) residential towers are already completed. Later they will be joined by a 37-story, two 32-story, 31-story, and 27-story residential buildings. In the Kalasatama area, there will be about 15 high-rises within 10 years.^[90] Even higher skyscrapers under the name Trigoni are planned for the Central Pasila area near the Mall of Tripla shopping centre; the highest of which is to become about 200 meters high,^[91][92] and it can be seen even in good weather all the way to the Estonian coast.^[93][94]

Statues and sculptures[edit]

Well-known statues and monuments strongly embedded in the cityscape of Helsinki include the Keisarinnankivi («Stone of the Empress», 1835), the statue of Russian Emperor Alexander II (1894), the fountain sculpture Havis Amanda (1908), the Paavo Nurmi statue (1925), the Three Smiths Statue (1932), the Aleksis Kivi Memorial (1939), the Eino Leino Statue (1953), the Equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim (1960) and the Sibelius Monument (1967).^[96]

Government[edit]

As is the case with all Finnish municipalities, Helsinki’s city council is the main decision-making organ in local politics, dealing with issues such as urban planning, schools, health care, and public transport. The council is chosen in the nationally held municipal elections, which are held every four years.

Helsinki’s city council consists of eighty-five members. Following the most recent municipal elections in 2017, the three largest parties are the National Coalition Party (25), the Green League (21), and the Social Democratic Party (12).^[97]

The Mayor of Helsinki is Juhana Vartiainen.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1875	23,000	—
1900	79,000	+243.5%
1910	119,000	+50.6%
1920	152,000	+27.7%
1930	206,000	+35.5%
1940	252,000	+22.3%
1950	369,000	+46.4%
1960	448,000	+21.4%
1970	524,000	+17.0%
1980	484,000	−7.6%
1990	492,400	+1.7%
2000	555,474	+12.8%
2010	588,549	+6.0%
2020	654,848	+11.3%
2021	658,457	+0.6%
2030	703,540	+6.8%
2040	730,098	+3.8%
Source: Statistics Finland

At 53 percent of the population, women form a greater proportion of Helsinki residents than the national average of 51 percent. Helsinki’s population density of 2,739.36 people per square kilometre makes Helsinki the most densely-populated city in Finland. The life expectancy for men and women is slightly below the national averages: 75.1 years for men as compared to 75.7 years, 81.7 years for women as compared to 82.5 years.^[99][100]

Helsinki has experienced strong growth since the 1810s, when it replaced Turku as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the sovereign Republic of Finland. The city continued its growth from that time on, with an exception during the Finnish Civil War. From the end of World War II up until the 1970s there was a massive exodus of people from the countryside to the cities of Finland, in particular Helsinki. Between 1944 and 1969 the population of the city nearly doubled from 275,000^[101] to 525,600.^[102]

In the 1960s, the population growth of Helsinki began to decrease, mainly due to a lack of housing.^[103] Some residents began to move to the neighbouring cities of Espoo and Vantaa, resulting in increased population growth in both municipalities. Espoo’s population increased ninefold in sixty years, from 22,874 people in 1950 to 244,353 in 2009.^[104] Vantaa saw an even more dramatic change in the same time span: from 14,976 in 1950 to 197,663 in 2009, a thirteenfold increase. These population changes prompted the municipalities of Greater Helsinki into more intense cooperation in areas such as public transportation^[105] – resulting in the foundation of HSL – and waste management.^[106] The increasing scarcity of housing and the higher costs of living in the capital region have pushed many daily commuters to find housing in formerly rural areas, and even further, to cities such as Lohja, Hämeenlinna, Lahti, and Porvoo.

In 2015, there were about 3,500 homeless people in Helsinki. About a thousand of them are foreigners.^[107] 700 of the homeless are under the age of 25, which is 400 less than in 2013. According to Taru Neiman, Head of Housing Support in Helsinki, homelessness has decreased because there are more places in temporary housing units than before. In 2015, there were more than 800 places in Helsinki’s housing units and the queuing times were on average one year.^[107]

Language[edit]

Population by mother tongue[108]
Language	Population (2021)	Percentage	Change
Finnish	507,420	77.06%	-3,429
Swedish	36,856	5.60%	+102
Russian	19,443	2.95%	+411
Somali	12,602	1.91%	+619
Estonian	10,156	1.54%	-133
Arabic	9,033	1.37%	+657
English	7,954	1.21%	+530
Chinese	4,135	0.63%	+143
Kurdish	3,729	0.57%	+59
Persian	3,543	0.54%	+256
Spanish	3,381	0.51%	+213
Vietnamese	2,845	0.43%	+232
Nepali	2,133	0.32%	+94
Turkish	2,089	0.32%	+99
French	2,079	0.32%	+134
German	1,987	0.30%	+120
Bengali	1,833	0.28%	+78
Albanian	1,808	0.27%	+168
Filipino	1,466	0.22%	+97
Thai	1,423	0.22%	+28
Italian	1,287	0.20%	+76
Portuguese	1,211	0.18%	+61
Urdu	1,086	0.16%	+87
Romanian	898	0.14%	+81
Hindi	871	0.13%	+28
Serbo-Croatian	813	0.12%	-10
Ukrainian	793	0.12%	+137
Polish	792	0.12%	+23
Japanese	703	0.11%	+8
Amharic	694	0.11%	+6
Tamil	651	0.10%	+14
Bulgarian	596	0.09%	+33
Dutch	517	0.08%	+44
Hungarian	506	0.08%	-1
Pashtun	503	0.08%	+46

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Helsinki. 77.1%^[109] of the citizens speak Finnish as their native language. 5.6% speak Swedish. The remaining 17.3% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or Swedish. The fastest growing languages are Arabic and Somali. Just 64 people speak the Sami languages as their mother tongue, though 527 people are of Sami background.^[110] 93 Tatar speakers live in Helsinki, nearly half of Finland’s total Tatar speakers.

Helsinki slang is a regional dialect of the city. It combines influences mainly from Finnish and English, and has traditionally had strong Swedish as well as Russian and German influences. Finnish today is the common language of communication between Finnish speakers, Swedish speakers, and speakers of other languages (New Finns) in day-to-day affairs in the public sphere between unknown persons.^[111][112] Swedish is commonly spoken in city or national agencies specifically aimed at Finland-Swedish speakers, such as the Social Services Department on Hämeentie or the Luckan Cultural centre in Kamppi. Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market.^[113] Swedish speakers are most concentrated in the Southern parts of the city. The district with the most Swedish speakers is Ullanlinna/Ulrikasborg with 2,098 (19.6%), while Byholmen is the only district where the majority language is Swedish (at 82.8%). The number of Swedish speakers decreased every year until 2008, and since then their numbers has increased every year. Since 2007, the amount of Swedish speakers has increased by 2,351.^[114] Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market.^[113]

Finnish speakers surpassed Swedish speakers in 1890 to become the majority of the city’s population.^[115] At the time, the population of Helsinki was 61,530.^[116]

Immigration[edit]

Residents by country of origin (2021)[117][118]
Country	Population
Total residents	658,457
Russia	20,358
Somalia	12,527
Estonia	11,639
Iraq	7,001
China	4,082
Sweden	3,493
Vietnam	3,015
Afghanistan	2,736
Turkey	2,633
India	2,524
Yugoslavia	2,426
United Kingdom	2,115
Nepal	2,115
United States	2,112
Iran	2,004
Other countries/territories  Germany 1,866  Philippines 1,749  Bangladesh 1,736  Thailand 1,561  Morocco 1,312  Pakistan 1,272  Italy 1,264  Syria 1,228  Spain 1,216  Ethiopia 1,196  France 1,193  Nigeria 1,175  DR Congo 974  Romania 885  Ukraine 859  Poland 801  Ghana 712  Brazil 672  Japan 627  Cameroon 606  Algeria 602  Bulgaria 587  Egypt 548  Latvia 546  Gambia 544  Kenya 501  Norway 334  Denmark 302  Iceland 64

As the crossroads of many international ports and Finland’s largest airport, Helsinki is the global gateway to and from Finland. The city has Finland’s largest immigrant population in both absolute and relative terms. There are over 140 nationalities represented in Helsinki. It is home to the world’s largest Estonian community outside of Estonia. The number of Estonian immigrants has decreased every year since 2015, from 12,970 to 11,639 in 2021. Somali immigrants overtook Estonians as Helsinki’s second largest immigrant group in 2020.^[98] Around 1,000 Sami people live in Helsinki.^[119] Foreign citizens make up 10.3% of the population, while the total immigrant population makes up 17.6%.

The number of people with a foreign mother tongue is expected to be 196,500 in 2035, or 26% of the population. 114,000 will speak non-European languages, which will be 15% of the population.^[120]

Christianity[edit]

The Temppeliaukio Church is a Lutheran church in the Töölö neighborhood of the city. The church was designed by architects and brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen and opened in 1969. Built directly into solid rock, it is also known as the Church of the Rock and Rock Church.^[121][122] The Cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki is the Helsinki Cathedral, completed in 1852. It is a major landmark in the city and has 1,300 seats.

There are 21 Lutheran congregations in Helsinki, 18 of which are Finnish-speaking and 3 are Swedish-speaking. These form Helsinki’s congregationgroup. Outside that there is Finland’s German congregation with 3,000 members and Rikssvenska Olaus Petri-församlingen for Swedish-citizens with 1,000 members.^[123]

The largest Orthodox congregation is the Orthodox Church of Helsinki. It has 20,000 members. Its main church is the Uspenski Cathedral.^[124] The two largest Catholic congregations are the Cathedral of Saint Henry, with 4,552 members, established in 1860 and St Mary’s Catholic Parish, with 4,107 members, established in 1954.^[125]

At the end of 2021, 49.1% of the population were affiliated to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Helsinki is the least Lutheran municipality in Finland.^[126]

Other religions[edit]

There are around 30 mosques in the Helsinki region. Many linguistic and ethnic groups such as Bangladeshis, Kosovars, Kurds and Bosniaks have established their own mosques.^[127] The largest congregation in both Helsinki and Finland is the Helsinki Islamic Center [fi], established in 1995. It has over 2,800 members as of 2017, and it received €24,131 in government assistance.^[128]

In 2015, imam Anas Hajar [fi] estimated that on big celebrations around 10,000 Muslims visit mosques.^[129] In 2004, it was estimated that there were 8,000 Muslims in Helsinki, 1.5% of the population at the time.^[130] The number of people in Helsinki with a background from Muslim majority countries was nearly 41,000 as of 2021, representing over 6% of the population.

The main synagogue of Helsinki is the Helsinki Synagogue from 1906, located in Kamppi. It has over 1,200 members, out of the 1,800 Jews in Finland, and it is the older of the two buildings in Finland originally built as a synagogue, followed by the Turku Synagogue in 1912.^[131] The congregation includes a synagogue, Jewish kindergarten, school, library, Jewish meat shop, two Jewish cemeteries and an retirement home. Many Jewish organizations and societies are based there, and the synagogue publishes the main Jewish magazine in Finland, HaKehila [fi].^[132]

Economy[edit]

Greater Helsinki generates approximately one third of Finland’s GDP. GDP per capita is roughly 1.3 times the national average.^[133] Helsinki profits on serviced-related IT and public sectors. Having moved from heavy industrial works, shipping companies also employ a substantial number of people.^[134]

The metropolitan area’s gross value added per capita is 200% of the mean of 27 European metropolitan areas, equalling those of Stockholm and Paris. The gross value added annual growth has been around 4%.^[135]

83 of the 100 largest Finnish companies have their headquarters in Greater Helsinki. Two-thirds of the 200 highest-paid Finnish executives live in Greater Helsinki and 42% in Helsinki. The average income of the top 50 earners was 1.65 million euro.^[136]

The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by the 120 km (75 mi) Päijänne Water Tunnel, one of the world’s longest continuous rock tunnels.^[137]

Education[edit]

Helsinki has 190 comprehensive schools, 41 upper secondary schools, and 15 vocational institutes. Half of the 41 upper secondary schools are private or state-owned, the other half municipal. There are two major research universities in Helsinki, the University of Helsinki and Aalto University, and a number of other higher level institutions and polytechnics which focus on higher-level professional education.

Research universities[edit]

• University of Helsinki
• Aalto University (Espoo)

Other institutions of higher education[edit]

• Hanken School of Economics
• University of the Arts Helsinki
• National Defence University
• Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences
• Laurea University of Applied Sciences
• Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
• Arcada University of Applied Sciences
• Diaconia University of Applied Sciences
• HUMAK University of Applied Sciences

Helsinki is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Future information and communication society) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).^[138]

Culture[edit]

Museums[edit]

The biggest historical museum in Helsinki is the National Museum of Finland, which displays a vast collection from prehistoric times to the 21st century. The museum building itself, a national romantic-style neomedieval castle, is a tourist attraction. Another major historical museum is the Helsinki City Museum, which introduces visitors to Helsinki’s 500-year history. The University of Helsinki also has many significant museums, including the Helsinki University Museum «Arppeanum» and the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

The Finnish National Gallery consists of three museums: Ateneum Art Museum for classical Finnish art, Sinebrychoff Art Museum for classical European art, and Kiasma Art Museum for modern art, in a building by architect Steven Holl. The old Ateneum, a neo-Renaissance palace from the 19th century, is one of the city’s major historical buildings. All three museum buildings are state-owned through Senate Properties.

The city of Helsinki hosts its own art collection in the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), primarily located in its Tennispalatsi gallery. Around 200 pieces of public art lie outside. The art is all city property.

Helsinki Art Museum will in 2020 launch the Helsinki Biennial, which will bring art to maritime Helsinki – in its first year to the island of Vallisaari.^[139]

The Design Museum is devoted to the exhibition of both Finnish and foreign design, including industrial design, fashion, and graphic design. Other museums in Helsinki include the Military Museum of Finland, Didrichsen Art Museum, Amos Rex Art Museum, and the Tram Museum [fi].

• Museums in Helsinki

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  Classical art museum Ateneum (1887)

• 

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  Kiasma museum of contemporary art (1998)

Theatres[edit]

Helsinki has three major theatres: The Finnish National Theatre, the Helsinki City Theatre, and the Swedish Theatre (Svenska Teatern). Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre, Q-teatteri [fi], Savoy Theatre [fi], KOM-theatre [fi], and Teatteri Jurkka [fi].

Music[edit]

Helsinki is home to two full-size symphony orchestras, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Helsinki Music Centre concert hall. Acclaimed contemporary composers Kaija Saariaho, Magnus Lindberg, Esa-Pekka Salonen, and Einojuhani Rautavaara, among others, were born and raised in Helsinki, and studied at the Sibelius Academy. The Finnish National Opera, the only full-time, professional opera company in Finland, is located in Helsinki. The opera singer Martti Wallén, one of the company’s long-time soloists, was born and raised in Helsinki, as was mezzo-soprano Monica Groop.

Many widely renowned and acclaimed bands have originated in Helsinki, including Nightwish, Children of Bodom, Hanoi Rocks, HIM, Stratovarius, The 69 Eyes, Finntroll, Ensiferum, Wintersun, The Rasmus, Poets of the Fall, and Apocalyptica. The most significant of the metal music events in Helsinki is the Tuska Open Air Metal Festival in Suvilahti, Sörnäinen.^[140]

The city’s main musical venues are the Finnish National Opera, the Finlandia concert hall, and the Helsinki Music Centre. The Music Centre also houses a part of the Sibelius Academy. Bigger concerts and events are usually held at one of the city’s two big ice hockey arenas: the Helsinki Halli or the Helsinki Ice Hall. Helsinki has Finland’s largest fairgrounds, the Messukeskus Helsinki, which is attended by more than a million visitors a year.^[141]

Helsinki Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the first Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Finland, following Lordi’s win in 2006.^[142]

Art[edit]

The Helsinki Day (Helsinki-päivä) will be celebrated on every 12 June, with numerous entertainment events culminating in an open-air concert.^[143][144] Also, the Helsinki Festival is an annual arts and culture festival, which takes place every August (including the Night of the Arts).^[145]

At the Senate Square in fall 2010, Finland’s largest open-air art exhibition to date took place: About 1.4 million people saw the international exhibition of United Buddy Bears.^[146]

Helsinki was the 2012 World Design Capital, in recognition of the use of design as an effective tool for social, cultural, and economic development in the city. In choosing Helsinki, the World Design Capital selection jury highlighted Helsinki’s use of ‘Embedded Design’, which has tied design in the city to innovation, «creating global brands, such as Nokia, Kone, and Marimekko, popular events, like the annual Helsinki Design Week [fi], outstanding education and research institutions, such as the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, and exemplary architects and designers such as Eliel Saarinen and Alvar Aalto».^[15]

Helsinki hosts many film festivals. Most of them are small venues, while some have generated interest internationally. The most prolific of these is the Helsinki International Film Festival – Love & Anarchy film festival, also known as Helsinki International Film Festival, which features films on a wide spectrum. Night Visions, on the other hand, focuses on genre cinema, screening horror, fantasy, and science fiction films in very popular movie marathons that last the entire night. Another popular film festival is DocPoint [fi], a festival that focuses solely on documentary cinema.^{[147][148][149]}

Media[edit]

Today,^[when?] there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels, and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.^{[citation needed]}

Sanoma publishes Finland’s journal of record, Helsingin Sanomat, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. Another Helsinki-based media house, Alma Media, publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti, and the commerce-oriented Kauppalehti.

Finland’s national public-broadcasting institution Yle operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is headquartered in the neighbourhood of Pasila. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. Yle’s studio area houses the 146-metre (479 ft) high television and radio tower, Yle Transmission Tower (Pasilan linkkitorni),^[150] which is the third tallest structure in Helsinki and one of Helsinki’s most famous landmarks, from the top of which, in good weather, can be seen even as far as Tallinn over the Gulf of Finland.^[151]

The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).

Food[edit]

Helsinki was already known in the 18th century for its abundant number of inns and pubs, where both locals and those who landed in the harbor were offered plenty of alcoholic beverages.^[152] At that time, taxes on the sale of alcohol were a very significant source of income for Helsinki, and one of the most important sellers of alcohol was Johan Sederholm [fr] (1722–1805), a trade councilor who attracted rural merchants with alcohol and made good deals.^[152] Gradually, a new kind of beverage culture began to grow in the next century, and as early as 1852, the first café of Finland, Café Ekberg [fi],^[153][154] was established by confectioner Fredrik Ekberg [fi] (1825–1891) after attending his studies in St. Petersburg. Ekberg has also been said to have created Finland’s «national pastry tradition».^[155] At first, café culture was only a prerogative of sophisticated elite, when it recently began to take shape as the right of every man.^[156] Today, there are several hundred cafés in Helsinki, the most notable of which is Cafe Regatta, which is very popular with foreign tourists.^{[157][158][159]}

As an important port city on the Baltic Sea, Helsinki has long been known for its fish food, and it has recently started to become one of the leading fish food capitals in Northern Europe.^[160] Helsinki’s Market Square is especially known for its traditional herring market, which has been organized since 1743.^{[161][162][163][164]} Salmon is also a typical Helsinki fish dish, both fried and souped.^[165] The most prestigious restaurants specializing in seafood include Restaurant Fisken på Disken.^[166][167]

Helsinki is currently experiencing a period of booming food culture, and it has developed into an internationally acclaimed food city, receiving recognition for promoting food culture.^{[164][168][169]} The local food culture is made up of cuisines from around the world and the fusions they form. Various Asian restaurants such as Chinese, Thai, Indian and Nepalese are particularly prominent in Helsinki’s cityscape, but over the past couple of years, restaurants serving Vietnamese food have been very popular.^[160] Sushi restaurant buffets have also made their way into the city’s restaurant offerings in one fell swoop.^[160] The third prominent trend is restaurants serving pure local food, many of which specialize primarily in serving pure Nordic flavors.^[160] In past years Middle Eastern food culture rose in its popularity. Especially Helsinki’s eastern part offers many different options for Middle Eastern cuisine lovers.^[170] Also, the Russian cuisine is still persistent in these days, one of which is the Finnish version of blinis, a thick pancakes that are usually fried in a cast iron pan.^[171] One of the most significant food culture venues in Helsinki is the general public area known as Teurastamo in the Hermanni district, which operated as the city’s slaughterhouse between 1933 and 1992, to which the name of the place also refers.^{[164][172][173]}

A nationwide food carnival called Restaurant Day (Ravintolapäivä) has begun in Helsinki and has traditionally been celebrated since May 2011.^[174] The purpose of the day is to have fun, share new food experiences and enjoy the common environment with the group.^[164]

Other[edit]

Vappu is an annual carnival for students and workers on 1 May. The last week of June marks the Helsinki Pride human rights event, which was attended by 100,000 marchers in 2018.^[175]

Sports[edit]

Helsinki has a long tradition of sports: the city gained much of its initial international recognition during the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the city has arranged sporting events such as the first World Championships in Athletics 1983 and 2005, and the European Championships in Athletics 1971, 1994, and 2012. Helsinki hosts successful local teams in both of the most popular team sports in Finland: football and ice hockey. Helsinki houses HJK Helsinki, Finland’s largest and most successful football club, and IFK Helsingfors, their local rivals with 7 championship titles. The fixtures between the two are commonly known as Stadin derby. Helsinki’s track and field club Helsingin Kisa-Veikot is also dominant within Finland. Ice hockey is popular among many Helsinki residents, who usually support either of the local clubs IFK Helsingfors (HIFK) or Jokerit. HIFK, with 14 Finnish championships titles, also plays in the highest bandy division,^[176] along with Botnia-69. The Olympic stadium hosted the first ever Bandy World Championship in 1957.^[177]

Helsinki was elected host-city of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but due to World War II they were canceled. Instead Helsinki was the host of the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Olympics were a landmark event symbolically and economically for Helsinki and Finland as a whole that was recovering from the winter war and the continuation war fought with the Soviet Union. Helsinki was also in 1983 the first ever city to host the World Championships in Athletics. Helsinki also hosted the event in 2005, thus also becoming the first city to ever host the Championships for a second time. The Helsinki City Marathon has been held in the city every year since 1981, usually in August.^[178] A Formula 3000 race through the city streets was held on 25 May 1997. In 2009 Helsinki was host of the European Figure Skating Championships, and in 2017 it hosted World Figure Skating Championships.^[179] The city will host the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup.

Most of Helsinki’s sports venues are under the responsibility of the city’s sports office, such as 70 sports halls and about 350 sports fields. There are nine ice rinks, three of which are managed by the Helsinki Sports Agency (Helsingin liikuntavirasto).^[180] In winter, there are seven artificial ice rinks. People can swim in Helsinki in 14 swimming pools, the largest of which is the Mäkelänrinne Swimming Centre [fi],^[181] two inland swimming pools and more than 20 beaches, of which Hietaniemi Beach is probably the most famous.^[182]

Transport[edit]

Roads[edit]

The backbone of Helsinki’s motorway network consists of three semicircular beltways, Ring I, Ring II, and Ring III, which connect expressways heading to other parts of Finland, and the western and eastern arteries of Länsiväylä and Itäväylä respectively. While variants of a Keskustatunneli tunnel under the city centre have been repeatedly proposed, as of 2017 the plan remains on the drawing board.

Many important Finnish highways leave Helsinki for various parts of Finland; most of them in the form of motorways, but a few of these exceptions include Vihdintie. The most significant highways are:

• Finnish national road 1/E18 (to Lohja, Salo and Turku)
• Finnish national road 3/E12 (to Hämeenlinna, Tampere and Vaasa)
• Finnish national road 4/E75 (to Lahti, Jyväskylä, Oulu and Rovaniemi)
• Finnish national road 7/E18 (to Porvoo and Kotka).

Helsinki has some 390 cars per 1000 inhabitants.^[183] This is less than in cities of similar population and construction density, such as Brussels’ 483 per 1000, Stockholm’s 401, and Oslo’s 413.^[184][185]

Intercity rail[edit]

Helsinki Central Railway Station is the main terminus of the rail network in Finland. Two rail corridors lead out of Helsinki, the Main Line to the north (to Tampere, Oulu, Rovaniemi), and the Coastal Line to the west (to Turku). The Main Line (päärata), which is the first railway line in Finland, was officially opened on 17 March 1862, between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna.^[186] The railway connection to the east branches from the Main Line outside of Helsinki at Kerava, and leads via Lahti to eastern parts of Finland.

A majority of intercity passenger services in Finland originate or terminate at the Helsinki Central Railway Station. All major cities in Finland are connected to Helsinki by rail service, with departures several times a day. The most frequent service is to Tampere, with more than 25 intercity departures per day as of 2017. There are international services from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The Saint Petersburg to Helsinki route is operated by Allegro high-speed trains.

A Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed^[187] and agreed upon by representatives of the cities.^[188] The rail tunnel would connect Helsinki to the Estonian capital Tallinn, further linking Helsinki to the rest of continental Europe by Rail Baltica.

Aviation[edit]

Air traffic is handled primarily from Helsinki Airport, located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of Helsinki’s downtown area, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa. Helsinki’s own airport, Helsinki-Malmi Airport, is mainly used for general and private aviation. Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport.

Sea transport[edit]

Like many other cities, Helsinki was deliberately founded at a location on the sea in order to take advantage of shipping. The freezing of the sea imposed limitations on sea traffic up to the end of the 19th century. But for the last hundred years, the routes leading to Helsinki have been kept open even in winter with the aid of icebreakers, many of them built in the Helsinki Hietalahti shipyard. The arrival and departure of ships has also been a part of everyday life in Helsinki. Regular route traffic from Helsinki to Stockholm, Tallinn, and Saint Petersburg began as far back as 1837. Over 300 cruise ships and 360,000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki annually. There are international cruise ship docks in South Harbour, Katajanokka, West Harbour, and Hernesaari. In terms of combined liner and cruise passengers, the Port of Helsinki overtook the Port of Dover in 2017 to become the busiest passenger port in the world.^[189]

Ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, and Stockholm are serviced by various companies; very popular MS J. L. Runeberg ferry connection to Finland’s second oldest city, medieval old town of Porvoo, is also available for tourists.^[190] Finnlines passenger-freight ferries to Gdynia, Poland; Travemünde, Germany; and Rostock, Germany are also available. St. Peter Line offers passenger ferry service to Saint Petersburg several times a week.

Urban transport[edit]

In the Helsinki metropolitan area, public transportation is managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, the metropolitan area transportation authority. The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the metro, bus lines, two ferry lines and a public bike system.

Helsinki’s tram system officially began in Helsinki in 1891, when the first trams were horse-drawn; with electric drive, it has been in operation continuously since 1900.^[191] 13 routes that cover the inner part of the city are operated. As of 2017, the city is expanding the tram network, with several major tram line construction projects under way. These include the Jokeri light rail (replacing the 550 bus line), roughly along Ring I around the city center, and a new tramway to the island of Laajasalo. Tram line 9 is planned to be extended from Pasila to Ilmala, largely along the new line, and line 6 from Hietalahti first to Eiranranta, later to Hernesaari. New line sections are also planned for the Kalasatama area;^[192] construction work on the new tram as the numeber line 13 (Nihti–Kalasatama–Vallilanlaakso–Pasila) has begun in May 2020, and the line is scheduled for completion in 2024.^[193] In August 2016, the city council decided to implement the Crown Bridges project, and the goal for the completion of the entire tram connection of the Crown Bridges is 2026.^[194]

The commuter rail system includes purpose-built double track for local services in two rail corridors along intercity railways, and the Ring Rail Line, an urban double-track railway with a station at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa. Electric operation of commuter trains was first begun in 1969, and the system has been gradually expanded since. 15 different services are operated as of 2017, some extending outside of the Helsinki region. The frequent services run at a 10-minute headway in peak traffic.

International relations[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

Helsinki is officially the sister city of Beijing, China (since 2006).^{[195][196][197]} In addition, the city ^[195] has a special partnership relation with:

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

• Timeline of Helsinki § Bibliography
• Greater Helsinki
• Helsinki urban area
• Subdivisions of Helsinki
• Helsinki Parish Village
• Underground Helsinki

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Hel.fi: Official City of Helsinki website
• welcome.helsinki: An introduction to the city for new residents
• My Helsinki: Your local guide to Helsinki
• Lunch restaurants in Helsinki

This article is about the capital city of Finland. For the parliamentary constituency, see Helsinki (constituency). For the film, see Hellsinki.

«Helsingfors» redirects here. For the village in Sweden, see Hälsingfors. For the ships, see SS Helsingfors.

Helsinki Helsingfors (Swedish)
Capital city
Helsingin kaupunki Helsingfors stad City of Helsinki
Clockwise from top: View of central Helsinki along the Mannerheimintie street, Helsinki Cathedral, Sanoma building and Kiasma, Helsinki city centre at night viewed from Hotel Torni, beaches at Aurinkolahti, Parliament House and Suomenlinna.
Flag Coat of arms Wordmark
Nickname(s):  Stadi (by city dwellers), Hesa (by country people),[1] the Daughter of the Baltic,[2] the Pearl of the Baltic Sea[3]
Location (in red) within the Uusimaa region and the Greater Helsinki sub-region (in yellow)
Helsinki Location within Europe Helsinki Location within Finland
Coordinates: 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°ECoordinates: 60°10′15″N 24°56′15″E / 60.17083°N 24.93750°E
Country	Finland
Region	Uusimaa
Sub-region	Greater Helsinki
Charter	12 June 1550
Capital city	8 April 1812
Government
• Mayor	Juhana Vartiainen (KOK)
• Governing body	City Council of Helsinki
Area  (2018-01-01)[4]
• Capital city	715.48 km2 (276.25 sq mi)
• Land	213.75 km2 (82.53 sq mi)
• Water	501.74 km2 (193.72 sq mi)
• Urban	680.12 km2 (262.60 sq mi)
• Metro	3,697.52 km2 (1,427.62 sq mi)
• Rank	258th largest in Finland
Population  (2021-12-31)[5]
• Capital city	658,864
• Rank	Largest in Finland
• Density	3,082.4/km2 (7,983/sq mi)
• Urban	1,268,296 (including Espoo and Kauniainen and Vantaa)
• Metro	1,536,810 (Greater Helsinki)
• Metro density	415.6/km2 (1,076/sq mi)
Demonym(s)	helsinkiläinen (Finnish) helsingforsare (Swedish) Helsinkian (English)
Population by native language [6]
• Finnish	84.3% (official)
• Swedish	6.1% (official)
• Others	9.6%
Population by age [7]
• 0 to 14	14.3%
• 15 to 64	68.3%
• 65 or older	17.4%
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Area code	+358-9
Municipal tax rate[8]	18%
Climate	Dfb
Website	www.hel.fi

Helsinki ( HEL-sink-ee or hel-SINK-ee;^[9][10] Finnish: [ˈhelsiŋki] (listen); Swedish: Helsingfors, Finland Swedish: [helsiŋˈforːs] (listen)) is the capital, primate, and most populous city of Finland. Located on the shore of the Gulf of Finland, it is the seat of the region of Uusimaa in southern Finland, and has a population of 658,864.^[5][11] The city’s urban area has a population of 1,268,296,^[12] making it by far the most populous urban area in Finland as well as the country’s most important center for politics, education, finance, culture, and research. Helsinki is located 80 kilometres (50 mi) north of Tallinn, Estonia, 400 km (250 mi) east of Stockholm, Sweden, and 300 km (190 mi) west of Saint Petersburg, Russia. It has close historical ties with these three cities.

Together with the cities of Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen (and surrounding commuter towns,^[13] including the eastern neighboring municipality of Sipoo^[14]), Helsinki forms the Greater Helsinki metropolitan area, which has a population of over 1.5 million. Often considered to be Finland’s only metropolis, it is the world’s northernmost metro area with over one million people as well as the northernmost capital of an EU member state. After Copenhagen and Stockholm, Helsinki is the third largest municipality in the Nordic countries. Finnish and Swedish are both official languages. The city is served by the international Helsinki Airport, located in the neighboring city of Vantaa, with frequent service to many destinations in Europe, North America and Asia.

Helsinki was the World Design Capital for 2012,^[15] the venue for the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the host of the 52nd Eurovision Song Contest in 2007.

Helsinki has one of the world’s highest standards of urban living. In 2011, the British magazine Monocle ranked Helsinki the world’s most liveable city in its liveable cities index.^[16] In the Economist Intelligence Unit’s 2016 liveability survey, Helsinki was ranked ninth among 140 cities.^[17] In July 2021, the American magazine Time ranked Helsinki one of the greatest places in the world in 2021 as a city that «can grow into a sprouting cultural nest in the future,» and which has already been known in the world as an environmental pioneer.^[18][19] An international Cities of Choice survey conducted in 2021 by the consulting firm Boston Consulting Group and the BCG Henderson Institute raised Helsinki the third best city in the world to live, with London and New York City ranking the first and the second.^[20][21][22] Also, together with Rovaniemi in the Lapland region, Helsinki is one of Finland’s most significant tourist cities in terms of foreign tourism.^[23] Due to the large number of sea passengers per year, Helsinki is classed as a Large-Port City.^[24]

Etymology[edit]

According to a theory presented in the 1630s, at the time of Swedish colonisation of coastal areas of Finland, colonists from Hälsingland in central Sweden had arrived at what is now known as the Vantaa River and called it Helsingå (‘Helsinge River’), which gave rise to the names of Helsinge village and church in the 1300s.^[25] This theory is questionable, because dialect research suggests that the settlers arrived from Uppland and nearby areas.^[26] Others have proposed the name as having been derived from the Swedish word helsing, an archaic form of the word hals (‘neck’), referring to the narrowest part of a river, the rapids.^[27] Other Scandinavian cities at similar geographic locations were given similar names at the time, e.g. Helsingør in Denmark and Helsingborg in Sweden.

When a town was founded in Forsby village (later known as Koskela) in 1548, it was named Helsinge fors, ‘Helsinge rapids’. The name refers to the Vanhankaupunginkoski [fi] rapids at the mouth of the river.^[28] The town was commonly known as Helsinge or Helsing, from which the contemporary Finnish name arose.^[29]

Official Finnish Government documents and Finnish language newspapers have used the name Helsinki since 1819, when the Senate of Finland moved itself into the city from Turku, the former capital of Finland. The decrees issued in Helsinki were dated with Helsinki as the place of issue. This is how the form Helsinki came to be used in written Finnish.^[30] As part of the Grand Duchy of Finland in the Russian Empire, Helsinki was known as Gel’singfors (Гельсингфорс) in Russian.

In Helsinki slang, the city is called Stadi (from the Swedish word stad, meaning ‘city’). People from other areas of Finland might use Hesa (short for Helsinki).^[1][31] Helsset is the Northern Sami name for Helsinki.^[32]

History[edit]

Early history[edit]

Since the end of the Ice Age, after the retreat of the ice cover, first colonizers came to the area around Helsinki at about 5000 BC. Their presence was documented by archeologists in Vantaa, Pitäjänmäki and Kaarela.^[33]
Permanent settlements appeared only at the beginning of the 1st millennium AD, in the Iron Age, when the area was inhabited by Tavastians. They used the area for fishing and hunting, but due to a lack of archeological finds it is difficult to say how extensive their settlements were. Pollen analysis has shown that there were cultivating settlements in the area in the 10th century and surviving historical records from the 14th century describe Tavastian settlements in the area.^[34]

The early settlements were raided by Vikings, later substituted by Christianized colonists from Sweden. They arrived mostly from the Swedish coastal regions of Norrland and Hälsingland, which especially intensified by the years of 1100.^[33] Swedes colonized the coastline of the Helsinki region permanently in the late 13th century after the successful Second Crusade to Finland, which led to the defeat of the Tavastians.^[35][34]

Written chronicles of 1417 mentioned Koskela village near the rapids close to the mouth of the Vantaa River, near which Helsinki would be founded.^[33]

Founding of Helsinki[edit]

Helsinki was established as a trading town by King Gustav I of Sweden in 12 June 1550, as the town of Helsingfors, which he intended to be a rival to the Hanseatic city of Reval on the southern shores of the Gulf of Finland (today known as Tallinn).^[36][33] In order to populate his newly founded town in the mouth of the Vantaa River, the King issued an order to resettle the bourgeoisie of Porvoo, Ekenäs, Rauma and Ulvila into the town.^[37] Shallowness of the bay did not permit the building of a harbor, and the king allowed settlers to abandon the unfortunate place. In 1640, Count Per Brahe the Younger moved the city center with few descendants of the original settlers to the Vironniemi peninsula by the sea, currently Kruununhaka neighborhood, where the Senate Square and Helsinki Cathedral are now located.^[38]

In the course of the second half of the 17th century Helsinki, as a wooden town, suffered from regular fires, and by the beginning of the 18th century its population was below 1,700 inhabitants. For a long time, Helsinki was mainly a small administrative city of the governors of the Nyland and Tavastehus County, but its importance began to grow as a more solid naval defense began to be built in front of the city in the 18th century.^[37] Little came of the plans as Helsinki remained a tiny town plagued by poverty, wars, and diseases. The plague of 1710 killed the greater part of the inhabitants of Helsinki.^[36] In the end of the Great Northern War in 1721, the retreating Swedish administration burned Helsinki down. Despite of that, by the beginning of the 19th century the number of the city inhabitants grew to 3,000.^[33] The construction of the naval fortress Sveaborg (in Finnish Viapori, today also Suomenlinna) in the 18th century helped improve Helsinki’s status, but it was not until Russia defeated Sweden in the Finnish War and annexed Finland as the autonomous Grand Duchy of Finland in 1809 that the town began to develop into a substantial city. Russians besieged the Sveaborg fortress during the war, and about one quarter of the town was destroyed in an 1808 fire.^[39]

Emperor Alexander I of Russia moved the Finnish capital from Turku to Helsinki on 8 April 1812^[40][41][42] to reduce Swedish influence in Finland, and to bring the capital closer to Saint Petersburg. Following the Great Fire of Turku in 1827, the Royal Academy of Turku, which at the time was the country’s only university, was also relocated to Helsinki and eventually became the modern University of Helsinki. The move consolidated the city’s new role and helped set it on a path of continuous growth. This transformation is highly apparent in the downtown core, which was rebuilt in the neoclassical style to resemble Saint Petersburg, mostly to a plan by the German-born architect C. L. Engel. As elsewhere, technological advancements such as railroads and industrialization were key factors behind the city’s growth.

Twentieth century[edit]

The population of Helsinki was already over 100,000 in the 1910s, and despite the tumultuous nature of Finnish history during the first half of the 20th century (including the Finnish Civil War and the Winter War which both left marks on the city), Helsinki continued its steady development. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were approximately the same number of Finnish and Swedish speakers in Helsinki; the majority of the workers were Finnish-speaking. The local Helsinki slang (or stadin slangi) developed among Finnish children and young people as a mixed Finnish-Swedish language from the 1890s, and it was also influenced by the German language and Russian language , and from the 1950s onwards, slang began to become more Finnish.^[43] A landmark event was the 1952 Olympic Games, held in Helsinki. Finland’s rapid urbanization in the 1970s, occurring late relative to the rest of Europe, tripled the population in the metropolitan area, and the Helsinki Metro subway system was built. The relatively sparse population density of Helsinki and its peculiar structure have often been attributed to the lateness of its growth.^{[citation needed]}

Geography[edit]

Called the «Daughter of the Baltic»^[2] or the «Pearl of the Baltic Sea»,^[3][44] Helsinki is on the tip of a peninsula and on 315 islands. The inner city is located on a southern peninsula, Helsinginniemi («Cape of Helsinki), which is rarely referred to by its actual name, Vironniemi («Cape of Estonia»). Population density in certain parts of Helsinki’s inner city area is comparatively higher, reaching 16,494 inhabitants per square kilometre (42,720/sq mi) in the district of Kallio, but as a whole Helsinki’s population density of 3,050 per square kilometre (7,900/sq mi) ranks the city as rather sparsely populated in comparison to other European capital cities.^[45][46] Outside of the inner city, much of Helsinki consists of postwar suburbs separated by patches of forest. A narrow, 10 kilometres (6.2 mi) long Helsinki Central Park, stretching from the inner city to Helsinki’s northern border, is an important recreational area for residents. The City of Helsinki has about 11,000 boat berths and possesses over 14,000 hectares (34,595 acres; 54.1 sq mi) of marine fishing waters adjacent to the Capital Region. Some 60 fish species are found in this area and recreational fishing is popular.

Major islands in Helsinki include Seurasaari, Vallisaari, Lauttasaari, and Korkeasaari – the latter being the site of Finland’s largest zoo called Korkeasaari Zoo. Other noteworthy islands are the fortress island of Suomenlinna (Sveaborg), the military island of Santahamina, and Isosaari. Pihlajasaari island is a favorite summer spot for gay men and naturists, comparable to Fire Island in New York City.

There are 60 nature reserves in Helsinki with a total area of 95,480 acres (38,640 ha). Of the total area, 48,190 acres (19,500 ha) are water areas and 47,290 acres (19,140 ha) are land areas. In addition, the city owns seven nature reserves in Espoo, Sipoo, Hanko and Ingå. The largest nature reserve is the Vanhankaupunginselkä, with an area of 30,600 acres (12,400 ha). The city’s first nature reserve, Tiiraluoto of Lauttasaari, was established in 1948.^[47]

The title plant of Helsinki is the Norway maple and the title animal is the red squirrel.^[48]

Metropolitan area[edit]

The Helsinki metropolitan area, also known as the Capital Region (Finnish: Pääkaupunkiseutu, Swedish: Huvudstadsregionen) comprises four municipalities: Helsinki, Espoo, Vantaa, and Kauniainen.^[49] The Helsinki urban area is considered to be the only metropolis in Finland.^[50] It has a population of over 1.1 million, and is the most densely populated area of Finland. The Capital Region spreads over a land area of 770 square kilometres (300 sq mi) and has a population density of 1,418 inhabitants per square kilometre (3,670/sq mi). With over 20 percent of the country’s population in just 0.2 percent of its surface area, the area’s housing density is high by Finnish standards.

The Helsinki Metropolitan Area (Greater Helsinki) consists of the cities of Helsinki Capital Region and ten surrounding municipalities: Hyvinkää, Järvenpää, Kerava, Kirkkonummi, Nurmijärvi, Sipoo, Tuusula, Pornainen, Mäntsälä and Vihti.^[51] The Metropolitan Area covers 3,697 square kilometres (1,427 sq mi) and has a population of over 1.4 million, or about a fourth of the total population of Finland. The metropolitan area has a high concentration of employment: approximately 750,000 jobs.^[52] Despite the intensity of land use, the region also has large recreational areas and green spaces. The Greater Helsinki area is the world’s northernmost urban area with a population of over one million people, and the northernmost EU capital city.

The Helsinki urban area is an officially recognized urban area in Finland, defined by its population density. The area stretches throughout 11 municipalities, and is the largest such area in Finland, with a land area of 669.31 square kilometres (258.42 sq mi) and approximately 1.2 million inhabitants.

Climate[edit]

Helsinki has a humid continental climate (Köppen: Dfb) similar to that of Hokkaido or Nova Scotia coastal.^[53] Owing to the mitigating influence of the Baltic Sea and North Atlantic Current (see also Extratropical cyclone), temperatures during the winter are higher than the northern location might suggest, with the average in January and February around −4 °C (25 °F).^[54]

Winters in Helsinki are notably warmer than in the north of Finland, and the snow season is much shorter in the capital, due to it being in extreme Southern Finland and the urban heat island effect. Temperatures below −20 °C (−4 °F) occur a few times a year at most. However, because of the latitude, days last 5 hours and 48 minutes around the winter solstice with very low sun (at noon, the sun is a little bit over 6 degrees in the sky), and the cloudy weather at this time of year exacerbates darkness. Conversely, Helsinki enjoys long daylight during the summer; during the summer solstice, days last 18 hours and 57 minutes.^[55]

The average maximum temperature from June to August is around 19 to 22 °C (66 to 72 °F). Due to the marine effect, especially during hot summer days, daily temperatures are a little cooler and night temperatures higher than further inland. The highest temperature ever recorded in the city was 33.2 °C (91.8 °F), on 28 July 2019 at Kaisaniemi weather station,^[56] breaking the previous record of 33.1 °C (91.6 °F) that was observed in July 1945 at Ilmala weather station.^[57] The lowest temperature ever recorded in the city was −34.3 °C (−29.7 °F), on 10 January 1987 although an unofficial low of −35 °C (−31 °F) was recorded in December 1876.^[58] Helsinki Airport (in Vantaa, 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of the Helsinki city centre) recorded a temperature of 33.7 °C (92.7 °F), on 29 July 2010, and a low of −35.9 °C (−33 °F), on 9 January 1987. Precipitation is received from frontal passages and thunderstorms. Thunderstorms are most common in the summer.

Neighbourhoods and other subdivisions[edit]

Helsinki is divided into three major areas: Helsinki Downtown (Finnish: Helsingin kantakaupunki, Swedish: Helsingfors innerstad), North Helsinki (Finnish: Pohjois-Helsinki, Swedish: Norra Helsingfors) and East Helsinki (Finnish: Itä-Helsinki, Swedish: Östra Helsingfors). Of these, Helsinki Downtown means the undefined core area of capital, as opposed to suburbs. The designations business center and city center usually refer to Kluuvi, Kamppi and Punavuori.^[62][63] Other subdivisional centers outside the downtown area include Malmi (Swedish: Malm),^[64][65] located in the northeastern part of city, and Itäkeskus (Swedish: Östra centrum),^[66] in the eastern part of city.

Cityscape[edit]

Neoclassical and romantic nationalism trend[edit]

Carl Ludvig Engel, appointed to plan a new city centre on his own, designed several neoclassical buildings in Helsinki. The focal point of Engel’s city plan was the Senate Square. It is surrounded by the Government Palace (to the east), the main building of Helsinki University (to the west), and (to the north) the large Helsinki Cathedral, which was finished in 1852, twelve years after Engel’s death. Helsinki’s epithet, «The White City of the North», derives from this construction era. Most of Helsinki’s older buildings were built after the 1808 fire; before that time, the oldest surviving building in the center of Helsinki is the Sederholm House [fr] (1757) at the intersection of Senate Square and the Katariinankatu street.^[38] Suomenlinna also has buildings completed in the 18th century, including the Kuninkaanportti on the Kustaanmiekka Island [fr] (1753–1754).^[67] The oldest church in Helsinki is the Old Church (1826) designed by Engel.^[68]

Helsinki is also home to numerous Art Nouveau-influenced (Jugend in Finnish) buildings belonging to the Kansallisromantiikka (romantic nationalism) trend, designed in the early 20th century and strongly influenced by Kalevala, which was a common theme of the era. Helsinki’s Art Nouveau style is also featured in central residential districts, such as Katajanokka and Ullanlinna.^[69] An important architect of the Finnish Art Nouveau style was Eliel Saarinen, whose architectural masterpiece was the Helsinki Central Station. Opposite the Bank of Finland building is the Renaissance Revivalish the House of the Estates (1891).^[70]

The only visible public buildings of the Gothic Revival architecture in Helsinki are St. John’s Church (1891) in Ullanlinna, which is the largest stone church in Finland, and its twin towers rise to 74 meters and have 2,600 seats.^[71] Other examples of neo-Gothic include the House of Nobility in Kruununhaka and the Catholic St. Henry’s Cathedral.^[72][73]

Like in other European cities with neoclassical architecture Helsinki’s neoclassical buildings were also used as a backdrop for scenes set to take place in the Soviet Union in many Cold War era Hollywood movies, when filming in the USSR was not possible. Some of them include The Kremlin Letter (1970), Reds (1981), and Gorky Park (1983).^[74] Because some cities in Russia like Leningrad and Moscow had also old neoclassical architecture. At the same time due to Cold War and Finnish relations with the USSR the government secretly instructed Finnish officials not to extend assistance to such film projects.^[75] Here are some films where Helsinki has been represented on its own in films, most notably the 1967 British-American espionage thriller Billion Dollar Brain, starring Michael Caine.^[76][77] The city has large amounts of underground areas such as shelters and tunnels, many used daily as swimming pool, church, water management, entertainment etc.^[78][79][80]

Functionalism and modern architecture[edit]

Helsinki also features several buildings by Finnish architect Alvar Aalto, recognized as one of the pioneers of architectural functionalism. However, some of his works, such as the headquarters of the paper company Stora Enso and the concert venue Finlandia Hall, have been subject to divided opinions from the citizens.^[81][82][83]

Functionalist buildings in Helsinki by other architects include the Olympic Stadium, the Tennis Palace, the Rowing Stadium, the Swimming Stadium, the Velodrome, the Glass Palace, the Töölö Sports Hall, and Helsinki-Malmi Airport. The sports venues were built to serve the 1940 Helsinki Olympic Games; the games were initially cancelled due to the Second World War, but the venues fulfilled their purpose in the 1952 Olympic Games. Many of them are listed by DoCoMoMo as significant examples of modern architecture. The Olympic Stadium and Helsinki-Malmi Airport are also catalogued by the Finnish Heritage Agency as cultural-historical environments of national significance.^[84][85]

When Finland became heavily urbanized in the 1960s and 1970s, the district of Pihlajamäki, for example, was built in Helsinki for new residents, where for the first time in Finland, precast concrete was used on a large scale. Pikku Huopalahti, built in the 1980s and 1990s, has tried to get rid of a one-size-fits-all grid pattern, which means that its look is very organic and its streets are not repeated in the same way. Itäkeskus in Eastern Helsinki was the first regional center in the 1980s.^[86] Efforts have also been made to protect Helsinki in the late 20th century, and many old buildings have been renovated.^[86] Modern architecture is represented, for example, by the Museum of Contemporary Art Kiasma, which consists of two straight and curved-walled parts, though this style strongly divided the opinions from the citizens.^[83] Next to Kiasma is the glass-walled Sanomatalo (1999).

The start of the 21st century marked the beginning of highrise construction in Helsinki, when the city decided to allow the construction of skyscrapers; prior to this, Hotel Torni (69.5 m (228 ft)), built in 1931, has generally been called Finland’s first skyscraper,^[87] and was at time the tallest building in Finland until 1976.^[88] As of April 2017 there are no skyscrapers taller than 100 meters in the Helsinki area, but there are several projects under construction or planning, mainly in Pasila and Kalasatama. An international architecture competition for at least 10 high-rises to be built in Pasila is being held. Construction of the towers will start in 2023.^[89] In Kalasatama, the first 35-story (130 m (430 ft); called Majakka) and 32-story (122 m (400 ft); called Loisto [fi]) residential towers are already completed. Later they will be joined by a 37-story, two 32-story, 31-story, and 27-story residential buildings. In the Kalasatama area, there will be about 15 high-rises within 10 years.^[90] Even higher skyscrapers under the name Trigoni are planned for the Central Pasila area near the Mall of Tripla shopping centre; the highest of which is to become about 200 meters high,^[91][92] and it can be seen even in good weather all the way to the Estonian coast.^[93][94]

Statues and sculptures[edit]

Well-known statues and monuments strongly embedded in the cityscape of Helsinki include the Keisarinnankivi («Stone of the Empress», 1835), the statue of Russian Emperor Alexander II (1894), the fountain sculpture Havis Amanda (1908), the Paavo Nurmi statue (1925), the Three Smiths Statue (1932), the Aleksis Kivi Memorial (1939), the Eino Leino Statue (1953), the Equestrian statue of Marshal Mannerheim (1960) and the Sibelius Monument (1967).^[96]

Government[edit]

As is the case with all Finnish municipalities, Helsinki’s city council is the main decision-making organ in local politics, dealing with issues such as urban planning, schools, health care, and public transport. The council is chosen in the nationally held municipal elections, which are held every four years.

Helsinki’s city council consists of eighty-five members. Following the most recent municipal elections in 2017, the three largest parties are the National Coalition Party (25), the Green League (21), and the Social Democratic Party (12).^[97]

The Mayor of Helsinki is Juhana Vartiainen.

Demographics[edit]

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1875	23,000	—
1900	79,000	+243.5%
1910	119,000	+50.6%
1920	152,000	+27.7%
1930	206,000	+35.5%
1940	252,000	+22.3%
1950	369,000	+46.4%
1960	448,000	+21.4%
1970	524,000	+17.0%
1980	484,000	−7.6%
1990	492,400	+1.7%
2000	555,474	+12.8%
2010	588,549	+6.0%
2020	654,848	+11.3%
2021	658,457	+0.6%
2030	703,540	+6.8%
2040	730,098	+3.8%
Source: Statistics Finland

At 53 percent of the population, women form a greater proportion of Helsinki residents than the national average of 51 percent. Helsinki’s population density of 2,739.36 people per square kilometre makes Helsinki the most densely-populated city in Finland. The life expectancy for men and women is slightly below the national averages: 75.1 years for men as compared to 75.7 years, 81.7 years for women as compared to 82.5 years.^[99][100]

Helsinki has experienced strong growth since the 1810s, when it replaced Turku as the capital of the Grand Duchy of Finland, which later became the sovereign Republic of Finland. The city continued its growth from that time on, with an exception during the Finnish Civil War. From the end of World War II up until the 1970s there was a massive exodus of people from the countryside to the cities of Finland, in particular Helsinki. Between 1944 and 1969 the population of the city nearly doubled from 275,000^[101] to 525,600.^[102]

In the 1960s, the population growth of Helsinki began to decrease, mainly due to a lack of housing.^[103] Some residents began to move to the neighbouring cities of Espoo and Vantaa, resulting in increased population growth in both municipalities. Espoo’s population increased ninefold in sixty years, from 22,874 people in 1950 to 244,353 in 2009.^[104] Vantaa saw an even more dramatic change in the same time span: from 14,976 in 1950 to 197,663 in 2009, a thirteenfold increase. These population changes prompted the municipalities of Greater Helsinki into more intense cooperation in areas such as public transportation^[105] – resulting in the foundation of HSL – and waste management.^[106] The increasing scarcity of housing and the higher costs of living in the capital region have pushed many daily commuters to find housing in formerly rural areas, and even further, to cities such as Lohja, Hämeenlinna, Lahti, and Porvoo.

In 2015, there were about 3,500 homeless people in Helsinki. About a thousand of them are foreigners.^[107] 700 of the homeless are under the age of 25, which is 400 less than in 2013. According to Taru Neiman, Head of Housing Support in Helsinki, homelessness has decreased because there are more places in temporary housing units than before. In 2015, there were more than 800 places in Helsinki’s housing units and the queuing times were on average one year.^[107]

Language[edit]

Population by mother tongue[108]
Language	Population (2021)	Percentage	Change
Finnish	507,420	77.06%	-3,429
Swedish	36,856	5.60%	+102
Russian	19,443	2.95%	+411
Somali	12,602	1.91%	+619
Estonian	10,156	1.54%	-133
Arabic	9,033	1.37%	+657
English	7,954	1.21%	+530
Chinese	4,135	0.63%	+143
Kurdish	3,729	0.57%	+59
Persian	3,543	0.54%	+256
Spanish	3,381	0.51%	+213
Vietnamese	2,845	0.43%	+232
Nepali	2,133	0.32%	+94
Turkish	2,089	0.32%	+99
French	2,079	0.32%	+134
German	1,987	0.30%	+120
Bengali	1,833	0.28%	+78
Albanian	1,808	0.27%	+168
Filipino	1,466	0.22%	+97
Thai	1,423	0.22%	+28
Italian	1,287	0.20%	+76
Portuguese	1,211	0.18%	+61
Urdu	1,086	0.16%	+87
Romanian	898	0.14%	+81
Hindi	871	0.13%	+28
Serbo-Croatian	813	0.12%	-10
Ukrainian	793	0.12%	+137
Polish	792	0.12%	+23
Japanese	703	0.11%	+8
Amharic	694	0.11%	+6
Tamil	651	0.10%	+14
Bulgarian	596	0.09%	+33
Dutch	517	0.08%	+44
Hungarian	506	0.08%	-1
Pashtun	503	0.08%	+46

Finnish and Swedish are the official languages of Helsinki. 77.1%^[109] of the citizens speak Finnish as their native language. 5.6% speak Swedish. The remaining 17.3% of the population speaks a native language other than Finnish or Swedish. The fastest growing languages are Arabic and Somali. Just 64 people speak the Sami languages as their mother tongue, though 527 people are of Sami background.^[110] 93 Tatar speakers live in Helsinki, nearly half of Finland’s total Tatar speakers.

Helsinki slang is a regional dialect of the city. It combines influences mainly from Finnish and English, and has traditionally had strong Swedish as well as Russian and German influences. Finnish today is the common language of communication between Finnish speakers, Swedish speakers, and speakers of other languages (New Finns) in day-to-day affairs in the public sphere between unknown persons.^[111][112] Swedish is commonly spoken in city or national agencies specifically aimed at Finland-Swedish speakers, such as the Social Services Department on Hämeentie or the Luckan Cultural centre in Kamppi. Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market.^[113] Swedish speakers are most concentrated in the Southern parts of the city. The district with the most Swedish speakers is Ullanlinna/Ulrikasborg with 2,098 (19.6%), while Byholmen is the only district where the majority language is Swedish (at 82.8%). The number of Swedish speakers decreased every year until 2008, and since then their numbers has increased every year. Since 2007, the amount of Swedish speakers has increased by 2,351.^[114] Knowledge of Finnish is also essential in business and is usually a basic requirement in the employment market.^[113]

Finnish speakers surpassed Swedish speakers in 1890 to become the majority of the city’s population.^[115] At the time, the population of Helsinki was 61,530.^[116]

Immigration[edit]

Residents by country of origin (2021)[117][118]
Country	Population
Total residents	658,457
Russia	20,358
Somalia	12,527
Estonia	11,639
Iraq	7,001
China	4,082
Sweden	3,493
Vietnam	3,015
Afghanistan	2,736
Turkey	2,633
India	2,524
Yugoslavia	2,426
United Kingdom	2,115
Nepal	2,115
United States	2,112
Iran	2,004
Other countries/territories  Germany 1,866  Philippines 1,749  Bangladesh 1,736  Thailand 1,561  Morocco 1,312  Pakistan 1,272  Italy 1,264  Syria 1,228  Spain 1,216  Ethiopia 1,196  France 1,193  Nigeria 1,175  DR Congo 974  Romania 885  Ukraine 859  Poland 801  Ghana 712  Brazil 672  Japan 627  Cameroon 606  Algeria 602  Bulgaria 587  Egypt 548  Latvia 546  Gambia 544  Kenya 501  Norway 334  Denmark 302  Iceland 64

As the crossroads of many international ports and Finland’s largest airport, Helsinki is the global gateway to and from Finland. The city has Finland’s largest immigrant population in both absolute and relative terms. There are over 140 nationalities represented in Helsinki. It is home to the world’s largest Estonian community outside of Estonia. The number of Estonian immigrants has decreased every year since 2015, from 12,970 to 11,639 in 2021. Somali immigrants overtook Estonians as Helsinki’s second largest immigrant group in 2020.^[98] Around 1,000 Sami people live in Helsinki.^[119] Foreign citizens make up 10.3% of the population, while the total immigrant population makes up 17.6%.

The number of people with a foreign mother tongue is expected to be 196,500 in 2035, or 26% of the population. 114,000 will speak non-European languages, which will be 15% of the population.^[120]

Christianity[edit]

The Temppeliaukio Church is a Lutheran church in the Töölö neighborhood of the city. The church was designed by architects and brothers Timo and Tuomo Suomalainen and opened in 1969. Built directly into solid rock, it is also known as the Church of the Rock and Rock Church.^[121][122] The Cathedral of the Diocese of Helsinki is the Helsinki Cathedral, completed in 1852. It is a major landmark in the city and has 1,300 seats.

There are 21 Lutheran congregations in Helsinki, 18 of which are Finnish-speaking and 3 are Swedish-speaking. These form Helsinki’s congregationgroup. Outside that there is Finland’s German congregation with 3,000 members and Rikssvenska Olaus Petri-församlingen for Swedish-citizens with 1,000 members.^[123]

The largest Orthodox congregation is the Orthodox Church of Helsinki. It has 20,000 members. Its main church is the Uspenski Cathedral.^[124] The two largest Catholic congregations are the Cathedral of Saint Henry, with 4,552 members, established in 1860 and St Mary’s Catholic Parish, with 4,107 members, established in 1954.^[125]

At the end of 2021, 49.1% of the population were affiliated to the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Finland. Helsinki is the least Lutheran municipality in Finland.^[126]

Other religions[edit]

There are around 30 mosques in the Helsinki region. Many linguistic and ethnic groups such as Bangladeshis, Kosovars, Kurds and Bosniaks have established their own mosques.^[127] The largest congregation in both Helsinki and Finland is the Helsinki Islamic Center [fi], established in 1995. It has over 2,800 members as of 2017, and it received €24,131 in government assistance.^[128]

In 2015, imam Anas Hajar [fi] estimated that on big celebrations around 10,000 Muslims visit mosques.^[129] In 2004, it was estimated that there were 8,000 Muslims in Helsinki, 1.5% of the population at the time.^[130] The number of people in Helsinki with a background from Muslim majority countries was nearly 41,000 as of 2021, representing over 6% of the population.

The main synagogue of Helsinki is the Helsinki Synagogue from 1906, located in Kamppi. It has over 1,200 members, out of the 1,800 Jews in Finland, and it is the older of the two buildings in Finland originally built as a synagogue, followed by the Turku Synagogue in 1912.^[131] The congregation includes a synagogue, Jewish kindergarten, school, library, Jewish meat shop, two Jewish cemeteries and an retirement home. Many Jewish organizations and societies are based there, and the synagogue publishes the main Jewish magazine in Finland, HaKehila [fi].^[132]

Economy[edit]

Greater Helsinki generates approximately one third of Finland’s GDP. GDP per capita is roughly 1.3 times the national average.^[133] Helsinki profits on serviced-related IT and public sectors. Having moved from heavy industrial works, shipping companies also employ a substantial number of people.^[134]

The metropolitan area’s gross value added per capita is 200% of the mean of 27 European metropolitan areas, equalling those of Stockholm and Paris. The gross value added annual growth has been around 4%.^[135]

83 of the 100 largest Finnish companies have their headquarters in Greater Helsinki. Two-thirds of the 200 highest-paid Finnish executives live in Greater Helsinki and 42% in Helsinki. The average income of the top 50 earners was 1.65 million euro.^[136]

The tap water is of excellent quality and it is supplied by the 120 km (75 mi) Päijänne Water Tunnel, one of the world’s longest continuous rock tunnels.^[137]

Education[edit]

Helsinki has 190 comprehensive schools, 41 upper secondary schools, and 15 vocational institutes. Half of the 41 upper secondary schools are private or state-owned, the other half municipal. There are two major research universities in Helsinki, the University of Helsinki and Aalto University, and a number of other higher level institutions and polytechnics which focus on higher-level professional education.

Research universities[edit]

• University of Helsinki
• Aalto University (Espoo)

Other institutions of higher education[edit]

• Hanken School of Economics
• University of the Arts Helsinki
• National Defence University
• Haaga-Helia University of Applied Sciences
• Laurea University of Applied Sciences
• Helsinki Metropolia University of Applied Sciences
• Arcada University of Applied Sciences
• Diaconia University of Applied Sciences
• HUMAK University of Applied Sciences

Helsinki is one of the co-location centres of the Knowledge and Innovation Community (Future information and communication society) of The European Institute of Innovation and Technology (EIT).^[138]

Culture[edit]

Museums[edit]

The biggest historical museum in Helsinki is the National Museum of Finland, which displays a vast collection from prehistoric times to the 21st century. The museum building itself, a national romantic-style neomedieval castle, is a tourist attraction. Another major historical museum is the Helsinki City Museum, which introduces visitors to Helsinki’s 500-year history. The University of Helsinki also has many significant museums, including the Helsinki University Museum «Arppeanum» and the Finnish Museum of Natural History.

The Finnish National Gallery consists of three museums: Ateneum Art Museum for classical Finnish art, Sinebrychoff Art Museum for classical European art, and Kiasma Art Museum for modern art, in a building by architect Steven Holl. The old Ateneum, a neo-Renaissance palace from the 19th century, is one of the city’s major historical buildings. All three museum buildings are state-owned through Senate Properties.

The city of Helsinki hosts its own art collection in the Helsinki Art Museum (HAM), primarily located in its Tennispalatsi gallery. Around 200 pieces of public art lie outside. The art is all city property.

Helsinki Art Museum will in 2020 launch the Helsinki Biennial, which will bring art to maritime Helsinki – in its first year to the island of Vallisaari.^[139]

The Design Museum is devoted to the exhibition of both Finnish and foreign design, including industrial design, fashion, and graphic design. Other museums in Helsinki include the Military Museum of Finland, Didrichsen Art Museum, Amos Rex Art Museum, and the Tram Museum [fi].

• Museums in Helsinki

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  Classical art museum Ateneum (1887)

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  Kiasma museum of contemporary art (1998)

Theatres[edit]

Helsinki has three major theatres: The Finnish National Theatre, the Helsinki City Theatre, and the Swedish Theatre (Svenska Teatern). Other notable theatres in the city include the Alexander Theatre, Q-teatteri [fi], Savoy Theatre [fi], KOM-theatre [fi], and Teatteri Jurkka [fi].

Music[edit]

Helsinki is home to two full-size symphony orchestras, the Helsinki Philharmonic Orchestra and the Finnish Radio Symphony Orchestra, both of which perform at the Helsinki Music Centre concert hall. Acclaimed contemporary composers Kaija Saariaho, Magnus Lindberg, Esa-Pekka Salonen, and Einojuhani Rautavaara, among others, were born and raised in Helsinki, and studied at the Sibelius Academy. The Finnish National Opera, the only full-time, professional opera company in Finland, is located in Helsinki. The opera singer Martti Wallén, one of the company’s long-time soloists, was born and raised in Helsinki, as was mezzo-soprano Monica Groop.

Many widely renowned and acclaimed bands have originated in Helsinki, including Nightwish, Children of Bodom, Hanoi Rocks, HIM, Stratovarius, The 69 Eyes, Finntroll, Ensiferum, Wintersun, The Rasmus, Poets of the Fall, and Apocalyptica. The most significant of the metal music events in Helsinki is the Tuska Open Air Metal Festival in Suvilahti, Sörnäinen.^[140]

The city’s main musical venues are the Finnish National Opera, the Finlandia concert hall, and the Helsinki Music Centre. The Music Centre also houses a part of the Sibelius Academy. Bigger concerts and events are usually held at one of the city’s two big ice hockey arenas: the Helsinki Halli or the Helsinki Ice Hall. Helsinki has Finland’s largest fairgrounds, the Messukeskus Helsinki, which is attended by more than a million visitors a year.^[141]

Helsinki Arena hosted the Eurovision Song Contest 2007, the first Eurovision Song Contest arranged in Finland, following Lordi’s win in 2006.^[142]

Art[edit]

The Helsinki Day (Helsinki-päivä) will be celebrated on every 12 June, with numerous entertainment events culminating in an open-air concert.^[143][144] Also, the Helsinki Festival is an annual arts and culture festival, which takes place every August (including the Night of the Arts).^[145]

At the Senate Square in fall 2010, Finland’s largest open-air art exhibition to date took place: About 1.4 million people saw the international exhibition of United Buddy Bears.^[146]

Helsinki was the 2012 World Design Capital, in recognition of the use of design as an effective tool for social, cultural, and economic development in the city. In choosing Helsinki, the World Design Capital selection jury highlighted Helsinki’s use of ‘Embedded Design’, which has tied design in the city to innovation, «creating global brands, such as Nokia, Kone, and Marimekko, popular events, like the annual Helsinki Design Week [fi], outstanding education and research institutions, such as the Aalto University School of Arts, Design and Architecture, and exemplary architects and designers such as Eliel Saarinen and Alvar Aalto».^[15]

Helsinki hosts many film festivals. Most of them are small venues, while some have generated interest internationally. The most prolific of these is the Helsinki International Film Festival – Love & Anarchy film festival, also known as Helsinki International Film Festival, which features films on a wide spectrum. Night Visions, on the other hand, focuses on genre cinema, screening horror, fantasy, and science fiction films in very popular movie marathons that last the entire night. Another popular film festival is DocPoint [fi], a festival that focuses solely on documentary cinema.^{[147][148][149]}

Media[edit]

Today,^[when?] there are around 200 newspapers, 320 popular magazines, 2,100 professional magazines, 67 commercial radio stations, three digital radio channels, and one nationwide and five national public service radio channels.^{[citation needed]}

Sanoma publishes Finland’s journal of record, Helsingin Sanomat, the tabloid Ilta-Sanomat, the commerce-oriented Taloussanomat, and the television channel Nelonen. Another Helsinki-based media house, Alma Media, publishes over thirty magazines, including the tabloid Iltalehti, and the commerce-oriented Kauppalehti.

Finland’s national public-broadcasting institution Yle operates five television channels and thirteen radio channels in both national languages. Yle is headquartered in the neighbourhood of Pasila. All TV channels are broadcast digitally, both terrestrially and on cable. Yle’s studio area houses the 146-metre (479 ft) high television and radio tower, Yle Transmission Tower (Pasilan linkkitorni),^[150] which is the third tallest structure in Helsinki and one of Helsinki’s most famous landmarks, from the top of which, in good weather, can be seen even as far as Tallinn over the Gulf of Finland.^[151]

The commercial television channel MTV3 and commercial radio channel Radio Nova are owned by Nordic Broadcasting (Bonnier and Proventus).

Food[edit]

Helsinki was already known in the 18th century for its abundant number of inns and pubs, where both locals and those who landed in the harbor were offered plenty of alcoholic beverages.^[152] At that time, taxes on the sale of alcohol were a very significant source of income for Helsinki, and one of the most important sellers of alcohol was Johan Sederholm [fr] (1722–1805), a trade councilor who attracted rural merchants with alcohol and made good deals.^[152] Gradually, a new kind of beverage culture began to grow in the next century, and as early as 1852, the first café of Finland, Café Ekberg [fi],^[153][154] was established by confectioner Fredrik Ekberg [fi] (1825–1891) after attending his studies in St. Petersburg. Ekberg has also been said to have created Finland’s «national pastry tradition».^[155] At first, café culture was only a prerogative of sophisticated elite, when it recently began to take shape as the right of every man.^[156] Today, there are several hundred cafés in Helsinki, the most notable of which is Cafe Regatta, which is very popular with foreign tourists.^{[157][158][159]}

As an important port city on the Baltic Sea, Helsinki has long been known for its fish food, and it has recently started to become one of the leading fish food capitals in Northern Europe.^[160] Helsinki’s Market Square is especially known for its traditional herring market, which has been organized since 1743.^{[161][162][163][164]} Salmon is also a typical Helsinki fish dish, both fried and souped.^[165] The most prestigious restaurants specializing in seafood include Restaurant Fisken på Disken.^[166][167]

Helsinki is currently experiencing a period of booming food culture, and it has developed into an internationally acclaimed food city, receiving recognition for promoting food culture.^{[164][168][169]} The local food culture is made up of cuisines from around the world and the fusions they form. Various Asian restaurants such as Chinese, Thai, Indian and Nepalese are particularly prominent in Helsinki’s cityscape, but over the past couple of years, restaurants serving Vietnamese food have been very popular.^[160] Sushi restaurant buffets have also made their way into the city’s restaurant offerings in one fell swoop.^[160] The third prominent trend is restaurants serving pure local food, many of which specialize primarily in serving pure Nordic flavors.^[160] In past years Middle Eastern food culture rose in its popularity. Especially Helsinki’s eastern part offers many different options for Middle Eastern cuisine lovers.^[170] Also, the Russian cuisine is still persistent in these days, one of which is the Finnish version of blinis, a thick pancakes that are usually fried in a cast iron pan.^[171] One of the most significant food culture venues in Helsinki is the general public area known as Teurastamo in the Hermanni district, which operated as the city’s slaughterhouse between 1933 and 1992, to which the name of the place also refers.^{[164][172][173]}

A nationwide food carnival called Restaurant Day (Ravintolapäivä) has begun in Helsinki and has traditionally been celebrated since May 2011.^[174] The purpose of the day is to have fun, share new food experiences and enjoy the common environment with the group.^[164]

Other[edit]

Vappu is an annual carnival for students and workers on 1 May. The last week of June marks the Helsinki Pride human rights event, which was attended by 100,000 marchers in 2018.^[175]

Sports[edit]

Helsinki has a long tradition of sports: the city gained much of its initial international recognition during the 1952 Summer Olympics, and the city has arranged sporting events such as the first World Championships in Athletics 1983 and 2005, and the European Championships in Athletics 1971, 1994, and 2012. Helsinki hosts successful local teams in both of the most popular team sports in Finland: football and ice hockey. Helsinki houses HJK Helsinki, Finland’s largest and most successful football club, and IFK Helsingfors, their local rivals with 7 championship titles. The fixtures between the two are commonly known as Stadin derby. Helsinki’s track and field club Helsingin Kisa-Veikot is also dominant within Finland. Ice hockey is popular among many Helsinki residents, who usually support either of the local clubs IFK Helsingfors (HIFK) or Jokerit. HIFK, with 14 Finnish championships titles, also plays in the highest bandy division,^[176] along with Botnia-69. The Olympic stadium hosted the first ever Bandy World Championship in 1957.^[177]

Helsinki was elected host-city of the 1940 Summer Olympics, but due to World War II they were canceled. Instead Helsinki was the host of the 1952 Summer Olympics. The Olympics were a landmark event symbolically and economically for Helsinki and Finland as a whole that was recovering from the winter war and the continuation war fought with the Soviet Union. Helsinki was also in 1983 the first ever city to host the World Championships in Athletics. Helsinki also hosted the event in 2005, thus also becoming the first city to ever host the Championships for a second time. The Helsinki City Marathon has been held in the city every year since 1981, usually in August.^[178] A Formula 3000 race through the city streets was held on 25 May 1997. In 2009 Helsinki was host of the European Figure Skating Championships, and in 2017 it hosted World Figure Skating Championships.^[179] The city will host the 2021 FIBA Under-19 Basketball World Cup.

Most of Helsinki’s sports venues are under the responsibility of the city’s sports office, such as 70 sports halls and about 350 sports fields. There are nine ice rinks, three of which are managed by the Helsinki Sports Agency (Helsingin liikuntavirasto).^[180] In winter, there are seven artificial ice rinks. People can swim in Helsinki in 14 swimming pools, the largest of which is the Mäkelänrinne Swimming Centre [fi],^[181] two inland swimming pools and more than 20 beaches, of which Hietaniemi Beach is probably the most famous.^[182]

Transport[edit]

Roads[edit]

The backbone of Helsinki’s motorway network consists of three semicircular beltways, Ring I, Ring II, and Ring III, which connect expressways heading to other parts of Finland, and the western and eastern arteries of Länsiväylä and Itäväylä respectively. While variants of a Keskustatunneli tunnel under the city centre have been repeatedly proposed, as of 2017 the plan remains on the drawing board.

Many important Finnish highways leave Helsinki for various parts of Finland; most of them in the form of motorways, but a few of these exceptions include Vihdintie. The most significant highways are:

• Finnish national road 1/E18 (to Lohja, Salo and Turku)
• Finnish national road 3/E12 (to Hämeenlinna, Tampere and Vaasa)
• Finnish national road 4/E75 (to Lahti, Jyväskylä, Oulu and Rovaniemi)
• Finnish national road 7/E18 (to Porvoo and Kotka).

Helsinki has some 390 cars per 1000 inhabitants.^[183] This is less than in cities of similar population and construction density, such as Brussels’ 483 per 1000, Stockholm’s 401, and Oslo’s 413.^[184][185]

Intercity rail[edit]

Helsinki Central Railway Station is the main terminus of the rail network in Finland. Two rail corridors lead out of Helsinki, the Main Line to the north (to Tampere, Oulu, Rovaniemi), and the Coastal Line to the west (to Turku). The Main Line (päärata), which is the first railway line in Finland, was officially opened on 17 March 1862, between cities of Helsinki and Hämeenlinna.^[186] The railway connection to the east branches from the Main Line outside of Helsinki at Kerava, and leads via Lahti to eastern parts of Finland.

A majority of intercity passenger services in Finland originate or terminate at the Helsinki Central Railway Station. All major cities in Finland are connected to Helsinki by rail service, with departures several times a day. The most frequent service is to Tampere, with more than 25 intercity departures per day as of 2017. There are international services from Helsinki to Saint Petersburg and Moscow. The Saint Petersburg to Helsinki route is operated by Allegro high-speed trains.

A Helsinki to Tallinn Tunnel has been proposed^[187] and agreed upon by representatives of the cities.^[188] The rail tunnel would connect Helsinki to the Estonian capital Tallinn, further linking Helsinki to the rest of continental Europe by Rail Baltica.

Aviation[edit]

Air traffic is handled primarily from Helsinki Airport, located approximately 17 kilometres (11 mi) north of Helsinki’s downtown area, in the neighbouring city of Vantaa. Helsinki’s own airport, Helsinki-Malmi Airport, is mainly used for general and private aviation. Charter flights are available from Hernesaari Heliport.

Sea transport[edit]

Like many other cities, Helsinki was deliberately founded at a location on the sea in order to take advantage of shipping. The freezing of the sea imposed limitations on sea traffic up to the end of the 19th century. But for the last hundred years, the routes leading to Helsinki have been kept open even in winter with the aid of icebreakers, many of them built in the Helsinki Hietalahti shipyard. The arrival and departure of ships has also been a part of everyday life in Helsinki. Regular route traffic from Helsinki to Stockholm, Tallinn, and Saint Petersburg began as far back as 1837. Over 300 cruise ships and 360,000 cruise passengers visit Helsinki annually. There are international cruise ship docks in South Harbour, Katajanokka, West Harbour, and Hernesaari. In terms of combined liner and cruise passengers, the Port of Helsinki overtook the Port of Dover in 2017 to become the busiest passenger port in the world.^[189]

Ferry connections to Tallinn, Mariehamn, and Stockholm are serviced by various companies; very popular MS J. L. Runeberg ferry connection to Finland’s second oldest city, medieval old town of Porvoo, is also available for tourists.^[190] Finnlines passenger-freight ferries to Gdynia, Poland; Travemünde, Germany; and Rostock, Germany are also available. St. Peter Line offers passenger ferry service to Saint Petersburg several times a week.

Urban transport[edit]

In the Helsinki metropolitan area, public transportation is managed by the Helsinki Regional Transport Authority, the metropolitan area transportation authority. The diverse public transport system consists of trams, commuter rail, the metro, bus lines, two ferry lines and a public bike system.

Helsinki’s tram system officially began in Helsinki in 1891, when the first trams were horse-drawn; with electric drive, it has been in operation continuously since 1900.^[191] 13 routes that cover the inner part of the city are operated. As of 2017, the city is expanding the tram network, with several major tram line construction projects under way. These include the Jokeri light rail (replacing the 550 bus line), roughly along Ring I around the city center, and a new tramway to the island of Laajasalo. Tram line 9 is planned to be extended from Pasila to Ilmala, largely along the new line, and line 6 from Hietalahti first to Eiranranta, later to Hernesaari. New line sections are also planned for the Kalasatama area;^[192] construction work on the new tram as the numeber line 13 (Nihti–Kalasatama–Vallilanlaakso–Pasila) has begun in May 2020, and the line is scheduled for completion in 2024.^[193] In August 2016, the city council decided to implement the Crown Bridges project, and the goal for the completion of the entire tram connection of the Crown Bridges is 2026.^[194]

The commuter rail system includes purpose-built double track for local services in two rail corridors along intercity railways, and the Ring Rail Line, an urban double-track railway with a station at the Helsinki Airport in Vantaa. Electric operation of commuter trains was first begun in 1969, and the system has been gradually expanded since. 15 different services are operated as of 2017, some extending outside of the Helsinki region. The frequent services run at a 10-minute headway in peak traffic.

International relations[edit]

Twin towns and sister cities[edit]

Helsinki is officially the sister city of Beijing, China (since 2006).^{[195][196][197]} In addition, the city ^[195] has a special partnership relation with:

Notable people[edit]

See also[edit]

• Timeline of Helsinki § Bibliography
• Greater Helsinki
• Helsinki urban area
• Subdivisions of Helsinki
• Helsinki Parish Village
• Underground Helsinki

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Hel.fi: Official City of Helsinki website
• welcome.helsinki: An introduction to the city for new residents
• My Helsinki: Your local guide to Helsinki
• Lunch restaurants in Helsinki

Хе́льсинки (фин. Helsinki, Хельсингфо́рс или Гельсингфо́рс швед. Helsingfors) — столица и крупнейший город Финляндии, административный центр провинции Уусимаа. Расположен на юге страны, на берегу Финского залива Балтийского моря. Население — 588 941 человек (31.01.2011)^[2]. Иностранные граждане составляют около 10 % населения города.

Хельсинки вместе с городами-спутниками Вантаа, Эспоо и Кауниайнен образует столичный регион с населением более миллиона человек. Население Большого Хельсинки, территория которого включает 12 коммун, превышает 1 300 000 человек^[2]. Хельсинки является центром бизнеса, образования, культуры и науки в Финляндии. В Большом Хельсинки расположены 8 университетов и 6 технологических парков^[3]. 70 % иностранных компаний, работающих в Финляндии, расположены в столичном регионе^[3]. Миграция населения из провинции делает Хельсинки одним из самых быстрорастущих муниципальных районов в Европе. Главным международным авиаузлом в Финляндии является Аэропорт Хельсинки-Вантаа, расположенный в 20 километрах от центра столицы и осуществляющий прямые перелёты по всему миру. Путь от Хельсинки до Таллина занимает 1,5 часа по морю и 18 минут на вертолёте. В два других крупных города, Тампере и Турку, можно попасть за 1,5—2 часа на поезде и 1,5—2,5 часа на машине.

В 2011 году Хельсинки занял первое место в рейтинге 25 лучших городов мира, составленном британским журналом Monocle (англ.)русск. (на втором месте — Цюрих, на третьем — Копенгаген)^[4]. В том же 2011 году в опубликованном международной консалтинговой компанией Mercer рейтинге наиболее безопасных городов мира Хельсинки разделил 2—4 места с Цюрихом и Берном (на первом месте — Люксембург)^[5][6]. В начале 2012 года газета The New York Times в ежегодно публикуемом ею списке мест нашей планеты, которые стоит посетить в наступившем году, поставила Хельсинки на второе место (на первом месте — Панама, на третьем — Мьянма)^[7][8].

По опросам общественного мнения, в 2012 году Хельсинки занимает четвертое место по уровню привлекательности для проживания среди финских граждан.^[9]

История

Шведское правление

Основан шведским королём Густавом Васа в 1550 году. По его указу несколько сот жителей города Порвоо обосновались на территории нынешнего городского района Арабиа. 12 июня, день подписания указа, считается днём рождения города.

Однако оказалось, что место было выбрано неудачно — гавань была слишком мелкой, и в результате город был перенесён в район нынешней Кауппатори (Рыночной площади).

Вплоть до середины XVIII века Хельсинки оставался небольшим, сплошь деревянным городом, здесь нередко вспыхивали эпидемии чумы.

В 1748 году на островах близ Хельсинки шведами было начато строительство крепости Свеаборг (фин. Суоменлинна), призванной защитить город с моря. В результате начался рост города; появляются первые каменные дома. Однако столицей шведской Финляндии оставался Турку (Або).

Город захватывался русскими войсками четырежды — дважды в ходе Великой Северной войны, в мае и июле 1713 года; 24 августа 1742 года, в ходе русско-шведской войны 1741—1743 годов; 18 февраля 1808 года, в ходе русско-шведской войны 1808—1809 годов.

Русское правление

В 1809 году по Фридрихсгамскому мирному договору Финляндия присоединилась к России. Спустя три года, 12 апреля 1812 года, Александр I объявил провинциальный Гельсингфорс столицей Великого княжества Финляндского. После этого был учрежден комитет по реконструкции, который возглавил военный инженер Юхан Альбрехт Эренстрём (en:Johan Albrecht Ehrenström). Он должен был отстроить парадную столицу Великого княжества. На должность архитектора финской столицы в 1816 году был приглашен немецкий архитектор Карл Людвиг Энгель, работавший в России. За разработкой проекта следили император Александр I и его брат Николай, отсюда заметное сходство центральных частей Хельсинки и Санкт-Петербурга. С этого времени начинается стремительная организованная застройка города.

В 1820-х годах Карл Людвиг Энгель создал проект застройки центральной части города. В результате его реализации появился, например, неоклассический ансамбль Сенаатинтори (Сенатской площади) с великолепным кафедральным собором. Из Турку в Хельсинки был перенесён университет.

В годы Крымской войны город подвергся обстрелу англо-французской эскадры, не приведшему, однако, к значительным разрушениям.

В 1860-х годах первая финская железная дорога соединила город с Риихимяки и Тампере. Бурно развивалась промышленность. В 1870 году железная дорога соединила Хельсинки с Петербургом.

Столица независимой Финляндии

После провозглашения независимости в ходе гражданской войны в Финляндии город был некоторое время занят частями финской красной армии, однако в результате наступления генерала Маннергейма из Ваасы, поддержанного немецкими войсками, город перешёл под контроль буржуазного финского правительства.

После окончания гражданской войны город продолжал динамично развиваться. Значительно расширилась его территория, росли новые жилые кварталы. Широкую известность приобрёл, например, «город-сад» Тапиола (фин. Tapiola, швед. Hagalund; административно подчинённый Эспоо).

В 1952 году город принимал XV летние Олимпийские игры.

В 2007 году в городе был проведён ежегодный конкурс песни «Евровидение».

Название

На финском языке город официально назывался Helsinki ещё с момента основания (1550 год); по-шведски он по-прежнему официально именуется Helsingfors. Во всех остальных языках долгое время употреблялось название «Хельсингфорс» (в русском — «Гельсингфорс») до того, как Финляндия стала независимой (6 декабря 1917 года). И это неудивительно: вплоть до конца XIX века в городе абсолютно преобладало шведское население, хотя население города в 1880 году составляло всего 43 тыс. человек.

Несмотря на формальное подчинение Российской империи после 1809 года, шведско-финское дворянство сохранило свою власть в Финляндии и долгое время отдавало предпочтение шведскому языку. Стремясь ослабить зависимость от Швеции, российские власти стимулировали развитие финского языка, а интенсивная миграция сельских финнов в город быстро изменила демографический и языковой баланс в городе в пользу финнов.

После 1917 года стало употребляться финское название Хельсинки. На советских картах 20-х — начала 30-х годов встречалось, в соответствии с тогдашней передачей иноязычного [h], написание Гельсинки (написание Гельсінкі принято в современном украинском языке, где г читается [h]).

Шведоязычное меньшинство в столице сохраняется и поныне (6,2 % населения города), а шведский язык имеет статус официального наравне с финским.

Физико-географическая характеристика

Рельеф

Город расположен в скалистой местности. Исторический центр города расположен на полуострове с сильно изрезанной береговой линией. Перепады высот в городе значительны, а скалы — обычная часть пейзажа. На реках в пределах города имеются водопады.

Климат

Климат Хельсинки умеренный, переходный между континентальным и морским. Зима длительная и снежная, лето прохладное и за пределы календарного не выходит. Весна и осень продолжительные и прохладные. Сильные морозы — довольно редкое явление, жара летом выше 30 °C бывает не каждый год. Максимум осадков наблюдается в конце лета и в течение всей осени.

Климат Хельсинки
Показатель	Янв.	Фев.	Март	Апр.	Май	Июнь	Июль	Авг.	Сен.	Окт.	Нояб.	Дек.	Год
Абсолютный максимум, °C	8,5	10,3	16,2	21,9	28,2	31,4	33,7	31,5	26,2	18,2	11,6	9,7	33,7
Средний максимум, °C	−1,7	−2,2	1,5	8,0	14,8	18,8	21,9	20,0	14,7	8,8	3,3	0,1	9,0
Средняя температура, °C	−5	−5,7	−1,9	4,1	10,4	14,6	17,6	15,8	10,7	5,6	0,4	−3,2	5,3
Средний минимум, °C	−7	−7,9	−4,5	0,5	6,0	10,6	13,9	12,7	8,3	3,8	−1	−5	2,5
Абсолютный минимум, °C	−34,4	−33	−31,3	−19,8	−7	−0,5	4,9	2,1	−4,5	−14,5	−25,5	−35	−35
Норма осадков, мм	53	37	36	32	37	61	66	78	63	82	72	57	676
Температура воды, °C	2	1	1	2	5	9	15	17	14	10	7	3	7
Источник: Погода и климат, World Climate Guide

Климат Хельсинки за период 2001 — 2011 гг
Показатель	Янв.	Фев.	Март	Апр.	Май	Июнь	Июль	Авг.	Сен.	Окт.	Нояб.	Дек.	Год
Средний максимум, °C	−3,1	−3,7	1,6	9,5	15,9	19,5	23,6	21,4	15,9	8,4	2,7	−1	9,2
Средняя температура, °C	−5	−6,3	−2,1	4,9	10,8	14,8	19,0	17,0	12,0	5,9	1,0	−2,6	5,8
Средний минимум, °C	−6,8	−8,8	−5,7	0,4	5,7	10,1	14,4	12,5	8,2	3,3	−0,7	−4,3	2,3
Норма осадков, мм	53	31	27	28	35	69	55	67	48	78	61	62	613
Источник: www.weatheronline.co.uk

Население

1810: 4 070

1830: 11 100

1850: 20 700

1880: 43 300

1900: 93 600

1925: 209 800

1960: 425 000

1970: 524 000

1980: 484 000

1990: 491 000

2001: 559 718

2008: 571 354

2011: 588 941

2012: 596 233

В 2002 году в городе проживали 305 196 человек трудоспособного возраста, из них 277 967 имели работу и 27 229 были безработными, уровень безработицы — 8,9 %.

Население (на 31 марта 2009 года) — 578 126 человек. Доля женского населения в Хельсинки составляет 53,4 %, что выше среднего значения по Финляндии (51,1 %). Прогноз численности населения города: на 2020 — 589 604 чел., на 2030 — 597 640 чел.

Языковой состав

Долгое время Хельсинки развивался как преимущественно шведоязычный город. В 1870 году, когда Финляндия входила в состав Российской империи, преобладающими официальными языками в городе были: шведский — 57 %, финский — 25,9 %, русский — 12,1 %; употреблялись также немецкий (1,8 %) и прочие (3,2 %). К 1890 году из-за начала массовой миграции финских крестьян в города, политики российских властей на поддержание и развитие финского языка и частичной ассимиляции шведов соотношение языков было следующим: 45,6 % шведский, 45,5 % финский, 6 % русский и 2,9 % прочие.

В настоящее время официальными в городе признаются два языка — финский и шведский, при этом 86 % населения города финноязычны, 6 % шведоязычны, около 4 % считают родным русский язык и ещё 4 % — прочие языки. (См. также Русские в Финляндии).

На шведском языке выходит газета Hufvudstadsbladet, вещают две шведоязычные радиостанции — YLE Radio Vega Mellannyland (с региональными программами) и YLE Radio X3M, кроме того, радиопрограммы на шведском выходят на местной радиостанции (фин. lähiradio, швед. närradio). Наземным способом вещают два шведоязычные канала — YLE FST5 (бесплатный, владелец — YLE) и SVT World (платный, владелец — общественный вещатель Швеции SVT); в кабельных сетях доступны и другие каналы из Швеции.

На русском языке вещают радиостанции «Спутник» и Дорожное радио.

Экономика

В Хельсинки находится фондовая биржа, основанная в 1912 году.

Планировка и районы

Хельсинки разделён на восемь административных округов:

Южный округ (фин. Eteläinen suurpiiri): 1. Круунунхака | 2. Клууви | 3. Каартинкаупунки | 4. Камппи | 5. Пунавуори | 6. Эйра | 7. Улланлинна | 8. Катаянокка | 9. Кайвопуйсто | 13. Эту-Тёолё | 14. Така-Тёолё | 20. Лянсисатама (Руохолахти; Салмисаари; Лапинлахти; Яткясаари; Мунккисаари) | 31. Лауттасаари | 52. Суоменлинна

Западный округ (фин. Läntinen suurpiiri): 15. Меилахти | 16. Рускеасуо | 18. Лааксо | 29. Хаага (Южная Хаага; Кивихака; Северная Хаага; Лассила) | 30. Мунккиниеми (Старый Мунккиниеми; Куусисаари; Лехтисаари; Мунккивуори; Ниеменмяки; Талинранта) | 32. Конала | 33. Каарела (Каннелмяки; Маунуннева; Малминкартано; Хакунинмаа; Кунинкаантамми) | 46. Питяянмяки (Паямяки; Тали; Реймарла; Марттила; Промзона Питяянмяки)

Центральный округ (фин. Keskinen suurpiiri): 10. Сёрняйнен | 11. Каллио (Силтасаари; Линии; Торккелинмяки) | 12. Алппихарью (Харью; Алппила) | 17. Пасила (Западная Пасила; Северная Пасила; Восточная Пасила; Центральная Пасила) | 21. Херманни | 22. Валлила | 23. Тоукола (Тоукола; Арабианранта) | 24. Кумпула | 25. Кяпюля | 26. Коскела | 27. Ванхакаупунки

Северный округ (фин. Pohjoinen suurpiiri): 28. Оулункюля (Пирккола; Маунула; Метсяля; Патола; Веряямяки; Маунуланпуйсто; Веряялааксо) | 34. Пакила (Западная Пакила; Восточная Пакила) | 35. Туомаринкюля (Палохейня; Торппаринмяки; Туомаринкартано; Халтиала)

Северо-восточный округ (фин. Koillinen suurpiiri): 36. Виикки (Виикинранта; Латокартано; Технопарк Виикки; Виикинмяки) | 37. Пукинмяки | 38. Малми (Верхний Малми; Нижний Малми; Пихлаямяки; Таттарихарью; Лётное поле Малми; Пихлайисто) | 39. Тапанинкюля (Тапанинвайнио; Тапанила) | 40. Суутарила (Силтамяки; Тапуликаупунки; Тёюрюнумми) | 41. Суурмется (Пуйстола; Хейкинлааксо; Таттарисуо; Якомяки)

Юго-восточный округ (фин. Kaakkoinen suurpiiri): 19. Мустиккамаа-Коркеасаари | 42. Кулосаари | 43. Херттониеми (Западный Херттониеми; Ройхувуори; Промзона Херттониеми; Херттониеменранта) | 44. Таммисало | 48. Вартиосаари | 49. Лааясало (Юлискюля; Йоллас; Туллисаари; Тахвонлахти; Хевоссалми) | 50. Виллинки | 51. Сантахамина | 53. Внешние острова (Западные острова; Восточные острова; Территориальное море)

Восточный округ (фин. Itäinen suurpiiri): 45. Вартиокюля (Вартиохарью; Пуотила; Пуотинхарью; Мюллюпуро; Марьяниеми; Промзона Ройхупелто; Итякескус) | 47. Меллункюля (Контула; Весала; Меллунмяки; Кивикко; Куркимяки) | 54. Вуосаари (Центральный Вуосаари; Нордсьён картано; Уутела; Мери-Растила; Каллахти; Ауринколахти; Растила; Ниинисаари; Муставуори )

Эстерсундомский округ (фин. Östersundomin suurpiiri): 55. Эстерсундом | 56. Салменкаллио | 57. Талосаари | 58. Кархусаари | 59. Ултуна (Ландбо, Пуронииттю)

Восьмой округ, Эстерсундомский, был образован в 2009 году присоединением к Хельсинки юго-западной части муниципалитета Сипоо.

В начале 2009 года Хельсинки начал обдумывать возможное присоединение к столице города Вантаа. 30 марта 2009 городской совет Вантаа согласился выполнить смотр хельсинкского проекта возможного объединения. Совет подчеркнул, что смотр не предусматривает прекращение существования города^[10].

Транспорт

Согласно исследованию компании TomTom в 2012 году в списке из 31 одного европейского города Хельсинки занимал 23 место по степени наименьшей транспортной загруженности в часы пик.^[11]

Аэропорты

В Хельсинки действуют международные аэропорты Хельсинки-Вантаа, через который проходит около 90 % рейсов на территории Финляндии и Хельсинки-Малми.

Железнодорожный транспорт

В настоящее время на регулярной основе ходят поезда из Хельсинки в Москву и Санкт-Петербург. В Москву ходит поезд «Лев Толстой», в Санкт-Петербург — Allegro.

Также проводятся исследования и ведутся работы по проектированию подводного железнодорожного тоннеля между Хельсинки и Таллином. Предположительная длина тоннеля составляет 60-80 км. На строительство тоннеля потребуется от 1 млрд до нескольких млрд. евро. Ориентировочный срок строительства 10-15 лет.

В декабре 2010 года был пущен новый поезд Аллегро между Санкт-Петербургом и Хельсинки, сокративший время в пути между городами до 3,5 часов.

В апреле 2011 года филиал РЖД Федеральная пассажирская компания сообщила о переделке нескольких багажных вагонов поезда Москва — Хельсинки, адаптировав под перевозку автомобилей. Как сообщил директор ФПК Михаил Акулов, в поезд Москва — Хельсинки пассажир сможет погрузить и свой автомобиль. На апрель 2011 года проблемой реализации проекта является перенос площадки для приема автомобилей из Хельсинки на другую станцию^[12].

Морской транспорт

Хельсинки является крупным портом, откуда осуществляются международные пассажирские перевозки по всему Балтийскому морю. Паромные компании Tallink Silja, Viking Line, Finnlines, St. Peter Line обеспечивают регулярные круглогодичные отправления в Таллин, Стокгольм, Росток, Любек/Травемюнде, Санкт-Петербург. Туристы, прибывающие на пароме из Финляндии в Санкт-Петербург, могут находиться на территории Российской Федерации без виз на протяжении 72 часов.

Общественный транспорт

Хельсинки отчётливо делится на две части — историческую западную и более современную восточную (Itä-Helsinki, Östra Helsingfors) — соединённые единственной линией метрополитена, а также обширной сетью автодорог.

Общественный транспорт представлен также трамваями (в центре и прилегающих к нему частях города), автобусами, пригородными поездами и муниципальными паромными линиями Кауппатори — Суоменлинна, Катаянокка — Суоменлинна и Хаканиеми — Суоменлинна. Общественный транспорт в Хельсинки, Эспоо, Вантаа и Кауниайнене управляется Транспортным управлением региона Хельсинки (фин. HSL, Helsingin seudun liikenne, швед. HRT, Helsingfors regionentraffik).

Трамвай

Основная статья: Хельсинкский трамвай

CityBike

В тёплое время года в Хельсинки действует сервис бесплатных общественных велосипедов — CityBike. В центре города расположены 26 велостоянок, на которых любой желающий может на время взять велосипед под залог в 2 евро. Передвижение на велосипеде CityBike допускается только в пределах центральной части города^[13]. В 2008 году планировалось расширить сервис в последующие годы^[14], однако в 2010 году программу решили приостановить до 2012^[15].

Образование

В Хельсинки находится крупнейший в стране Хельсинкский университет, а также ряд других высших учебных заведений, в которых учится 64 128 студентов (из них 38 454 в университете). Среднее образование обеспечивают 190 школ, из них 22 частных. Все данные приведены на 2003 год.

Культура и искусство

Музеи

• Городской музей Хельсинки. Вход бесплатный.

Имеет несколько отделений, в том числе два летних музея: Дом бюргера и Музей электростанции. Они открываются только с наступлением высокого туристического сезона. Вход в оба музея бесплатный.

• Национальный музей Финляндии
• Финская национальная галерея
  • музей классического искусства Атенеум
  • музей современного искусства Киасма
  • Галерея Синебрюхова
• крепость Суоменлинна (Свеаборг)
• дом-музей Урхо Кекконена Тамминиеми
• музей почты

Культурные центры

Культурная фабрика Korjaamo^[16] находится недалеко от центра Хельсинки. Расположенная в старом трамвайном депо, фабрика Korjaamo представляет собой комплекс, состоящий из галерей, театральных и концертных залов, магазина, кафе и бара — и, конечно, музея трамваев. После открытия второго здания — Трамвайного гаража (Vaunuhalli) в июне 2008 г. Korjaamo стала самым большим культурным центром в Финляндии. Выставочная деятельность, в основном специализирующаяся на фотографии и видео-арте, теперь проходит в трех галереях, две из которых расположены в новом Трамвайном гараже. Ежегодно в стенах Korjaamo Teatteri проводится международный фестиваль STAGE, собирающий под своей крышей лучшие современные театры со всего мира^[17].

31 августа 2011 года в Хельсинки был открыт Дом музыки — музыкальный культурный центр с пятью концертными залами, самый большой из которых рассчитан на 1700 зрителей^[18].

Театры

В Хельсинки находится Национальный оперный театр Финляндии, а также множество театров, среди которых Финский национальный театр, Театр Савой, Городской театр Хельсинки, Александровский театр, Кукольный театр Сампо^[19].

Кинотеатры

В Хельсинки множество кинотеатров. Фильмы демонстрируются как правило на языке оригинала с субтитрами на финском и шведском языках.

Крупнейший кинотеатр города, 14-зальный Tennispalatsi (Дворец тенниса) сети Finnkino, расположен в районе Камппи. Также этой сети принадлежат 10-зальный Kinopalatsi, (Дворец кино) и Maxim (Максим) с двумя залами.

Национальный аудиовидеоархив (фин. Kansallinen audiovisuaalinen arkisto) представляет кинофильмы, имеющие художественную и историческую ценность, в кинотеатре «Орион» в районе Камппи. Известный своими традициями кинотеатр «Био Рекс» (Bio Rex) выступает в качестве площадки для кинофестивалей. В здании Городского музея Хельсинки находится кинотеатр «Кино Энгель», где можно посмотреть короткометражные фильмы по истории Хельсинки.^[20]

Основные достопримечательности

• Сенатская площадь с Кафедральным лютеранским собором Святого Николая (1852, архитектор К. Л. Энгель), Университетом, зданием Сената и памятником российскому императору Александру II, расширившему права автономной Финляндии и даровавшего ей конституцию в 1863 году. Осенью 2010 г. На Сенатской площади Хельсинки состоялась самая большая в Финляндии выставка под открытым небом: международную выставку United Buddy Bears посетило более 1,4 млн. чел.
• Успенский собор (1868, архитектор А. М. Горностаев), кафедральный собор православной церкви Финляндии, крупнейший православный храм Северной Европы.
• Крепость Суоменлинна (до 1918 года — Свеаборг), заложенная в 1748 году.
• Зоопарк Коркеасаари — один из самых северных и больших зоопарков мира.
• Церковь Темппелиаукио, вырубленная в скале, 1969 год.
• В Хельсинки на протяжении уже 5 лет проводится музыкальный фестиваль — Flow Festival
• Крупнейший в Северной Европе аквапарк «Серена»
• Парк развлечений Линнанмяки

Города-побратимы

Интересные факты

• Общая протяжённость велосипедных дорожек в Хельсинки — более 1000 км^[21].
• В 80-е годы Хельсинки часто служил декорацией для голливудских фильмов, действие которых происходило в СССР. Например: Парк Горького, Телефон, Белые ночи.

См. также

• Городской музей Хельсинки

Примечания

Литература

• Иконников А. В. Хельсинки / Оформл. А. П. Рыбакова; Союз архитекторов СССР, Ленингр. отд-ние. — Л.: Стройиздат, Ленингр. отд-ние, 1967. — 72 с. — (Архитектура и строительство городов мира). — 10 000 экз. (обл., суперобл.)
• Курбатов Ю. И. Хельсинки. — М.: Искусство, 1985. — 248 с. — (Города и музеи мира). — 50 000 экз. (в пер.)

Ссылки

	Хельсинки в Викицитатнике?
	Хельсинки на Викискладе?

• Официальный сайт Хельсинки  (фин.)  (швед.)  (англ.)  (рус.)  (нем.)  (фр.)
• Регион Хельсинки  (фин.)  (швед.)
• Helsinki.ru  (рус.)
• Helsinki.fi  (фин.)  (швед.)  (англ.)
• Городской транспорт Хельсинки  (фин.)  (швед.)  (англ.)
• Туристическая карта центра Хельсинки  (фин.)
• Достопримечательности Хельсинки

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