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Ho Chi Minh City

Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

Saigon (Sài Gòn)

Municipality

Clockwise from top: Skyline of District 1; Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon; Saigon Opera House; Ho Chi Minh City Hall; Saigon Central Post Office; and Independence Palace

Official seal of Ho Chi Minh City

Seal
Nicknames: 

Paris of the Orient (historical)[1]
Motto(s): 

Paulatim crescam (historical)[2]
Meaning: Little by little we grow

Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Asia

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Asia
Coordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°ECoordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°E
Country Vietnam
Region Southeast
Founded 1698
Founded by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh
Districts 16 urban districts, 5 rural districts and 1 sub-city
Government
 • Type Municipality
 • Body Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council [vi]
 • Secretary of CPV Nguyễn Văn Nên
 • Chairman of People’s Council Nguyễn Thị Lệ
 • Chairman of People’s Committee Phan Văn Mãi
Area

[3]
 • Municipality 2,061.2 km2 (795.83 sq mi)
 • Metro 30,595 km2 (11,813 sq mi)
Elevation 19 m (63 ft)
Population

 (2019)[4][5]
 • Municipality 8,993,082 (1st)
 • Density 4,292/km2 (11,120/sq mi)
 • Metro 21,281,639 (1st)
 • Metro density 697.2/km2 (1,806/sq mi)
Demonym Saigonese
Time zone UTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code

700000–740000
Area codes 28
ISO 3166 code VN-SG
License plate 41, 50–59
GRP (Nominal) 2022
– Total US$63.6 billion[4]
– Per capita US$6,890
GRP (PPP) 2022
– Total US$199.7 billion[6]
– Per capita US$21,640
HDI (2020) 0.795 (2nd)[7]
International airports Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN)
Rapid transit system Ho Chi Minh City Metro
Website hochiminhcity.gov.vn

Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; Northern [tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ ho˨˩ t͡ɕi˧˦ mïŋ˧˧] (listen), Southern [tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ how˨˩ cɪj˦˥ mɨn˧˧] (listen)), formerly (and still commonly) known as Saigon (Vietnamese: Sài Gòn; Northern [sàj ɣɔ̀n] (listen), Southern [ʂàj ɣɔ̀ŋ] (listen)), is the largest city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9 million in 2019.[4] Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).

Saigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. Following the partition of French Indochina, it became the capital of South Vietnam until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chí Minh shortly after the Fall of Saigon. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion, contributing to Vietnam’s post-war economic recovery.[8]

It is known for its well-preserved French colonial architecture and vibrant street life.[9] Its varied cultural institutions, which include historic landmarks, walking streets, museums and galleries, attracts over 8 million international visitors each year.[10][11]

Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance, media, technology, education, and transportation. The city generates nearly a quarter of the country’s total GDP, and is home to many multinational companies.[12] It has a Human Development Index of 0.795 (high), ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[7] Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the main airport serving the city, is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic, accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam.[13]

Etymology[edit]

Before the mid-19th century, on the site that would become Ho Chi Minh City, there was a Cham settlement had settled in the area and was called Baigaur.[nb 1]
The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[14][15] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定), a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name Sài Gòn, westernized as Saïgon,[15] although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891.[16]

The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh.[nb 2] Even today, however, the informal name of Sài Gòn remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city center in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[15]

Saigon[edit]

An etymology of Saigon (or Sài Gòn in Vietnamese) is that Sài is a Sino-Vietnamese word (chữ Hán: 柴;) meaning «firewood, lops, twigs; palisade», while Gòn is a word (chữ Hán: 棍; Sino-Vietnamese: Côn) meaning «stick, pole, bole», and whose meaning evolved into «cotton» in Vietnamese (bông gòn, literally «cotton stick», i.e., «cotton plant», then shortened to gòn). This name may refer to the many kapok plants that the Khmer people had planted around Prey Nokor, and which can still be seen at Cây Mai temple and surrounding areas.[18] It may also refer to the dense and tall forest that once existed around the city, a forest to which the Khmer name, Prey Nokor, already referred.[19]

Other proposed etymologies draw parallels from tai4ngon6 (Chinese: 堤岸), the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, which means «embankment» (French: quais),[nb 3] and Vietnamese Sai Côn, a translation of the Khmer Prey Nokor (Khmer: ព្រៃនគរ). Prey means forest or jungle, and nokor is a Khmer word of Sanskrit origin meaning city or kingdom, and related to the English word ‘Nation’ – thus, «forest city» or «forest kingdom».[nb 4]

Ho Chi Minh City[edit]

The current official name, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in 1946, and later adopted in 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV. The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning «enlightened will» (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志明; Chí meaning ‘will’ or ‘spirit’, and Minh meaning ‘light’), in essence, meaning «light bringer».[22] Nowadays, «Sài Gòn» is commonly used to refer to the city’s central business districts, «Prey Nokor City» is well known in Khmer, whereas «Hồ Chí Minh City» is used to refer to the whole city.[23]

History[edit]

Early settlement[edit]

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[24] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[24] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145,[24] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[25]

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn — daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên — and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gònn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

Nguyễn Dynasty rule[edit]

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge.
In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[26][27] In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[28] Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái («Eight Diagrams») was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh’s French mercenaries.[29]

The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against Emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836.[30] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[30] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[24]

French colonial era[edit]

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon,[31] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others.[32][33] In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[34] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as «Pearl of the Orient» (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[35] or «Paris of the Extreme Orient».[36]

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[37] From about 256,000 in 1930,[38] Saigon’s population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[38]

  • Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era

  • Imperial Japanese soldiers entering in Saigon in 1941, during World War II

  • Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945

    Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945

Republic of Vietnam era[edit]

In 1949, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[8] In 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communist Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half gaining independence from France.[39] The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum,[39] with Saigon as its capital.[40] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, Đô Thành Sài Gòn («Capital City Saigon»).[41] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[41] In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to became District 9.[42] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city’s area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[42]

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[43] In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country’s economy grew rapidly under capitalism;[41] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam’s factories were located in Saigon.[44] However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[41] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned «into a huge slum».[45] The city also suffered from «prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money», and according to Stanley Karnow, it was «a black-market city in the largest sense of the word».[40]

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[40][46] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[40] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức burned himself in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.[40]

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam,[47] and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People’s Army.[40]

  • Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era

  • The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.

    The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.

  • The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do (Liberty) Street in 1967

  • Street view of Saigon in 1968

    Street view of Saigon in 1968

Post–Vietnam War and today[edit]

In 1976, upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.[nb 5] At the time, the city covered an area of 1,295.5 square kilometres (500.2 sq mi) with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè.[42] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,[42] most recently in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.[48]

Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as «the manufacturing hub» of Vietnam, and «an attractive business hub».[49] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.[50] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a «Beta» city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[51]

Geography[edit]

Population density and elevation above sea level in Ho Chi Minh City (2010)

Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south-eastern region of Vietnam, 1,760 km (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi. The average elevation is 5 m (16 ft) above sea level for the city centre and 16 m (52 ft) for the suburb areas.[52] It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north, Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east, Long An Province to the west, Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km (9 mi) long. The city covers an area of 2,095 km2 (809 sq mi or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up to Củ Chi District (12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border) and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea. The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune, Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is 102 km (63 mi), and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is 47 km (29 mi).[citation needed] Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.[53]

Climate[edit]

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%.[54] The year is divided into two distinct seasons.[54] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800 mm (71 in) annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[54] The dry season lasts from December to April.[54] The average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with little variation throughout the year.[54] The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 °C (104 °F) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 °C (57 °F) in January.[54] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[54]

Climate data for Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.9
(94.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.3
(90.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.4
(81.3)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.7
(74.7)
Record low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.8
(0.54) 		4.1
(0.16) 		10.5
(0.41) 		50.4
(1.98) 		218.4
(8.60) 		311.7
(12.27) 		293.7
(11.56) 		269.8
(10.62) 		327.1
(12.88) 		266.7
(10.50) 		116.5
(4.59) 		48.3
(1.90) 		1,931
(76.01)
Average rainy days 2.4 1.0 1.9 5.4 17.8 19.0 22.9 22.4 23.1 20.9 12.1 6.7 155.6
Average relative humidity (%) 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2,490
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[55] Asian Development Bank[54]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)[56]

Flooding[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city.[57][58] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.[59]

Administration[edit]

Administrative divisions of HCMC’s urban districts and municipal city
1–12. Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 (Part of city of Thu Duc).
2. City of Thủ Đức
13. Bình Thạnh
14. Bình Tân
15. Gò Vấp
16. Phú Nhuận
17. Tân Bình
18. Tân Phú

Ho Chi Minh City is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam’s provinces, which is subdivided into 22 district-level sub-divisions (as of 2020):

  • 5 rural districts (1,601 km2 or 618 sq mi in area), which are designated as rural (huyện):
    • Củ Chi
    • Hóc Môn
    • Bình Chánh
    • Nhà Bè
    • Cần Giờ
  • 16 urban districts (283 km2 or 109 sq mi in area), which are designated urban or suburban (quận):
    • District 1
    • District 3
    • District 4
    • District 5
    • District 6
    • District 7
    • District 8
    • District 10
    • District 11
    • District 12
    • Gò Vấp
    • Tân Bình
    • Tân Phú
    • Bình Thạnh
    • Phú Nhuận
    • Bình Tân
  • 1 sub-city (211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area), which is designated municipal city (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương):
    • Thủ Đức

They are further subdivided into 5 commune-level towns (or townlets), 58 communes, and 249 wards (as of 2020, see List of HCMC administrative units below).[60]

On 1 January 2021, it was announced that District 2, District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly.[61][48]

City government[edit]

The Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman is Nguyễn Thành Phong. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.

The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council and consists of 105 members. The current Chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ.

The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Court. The current Chief Judge is Lê Thanh Phong.

The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nên. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People’s Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People’s Council is ranked fourth.[citation needed]

List of HCMC administrative units

  • v
  • t
  • e
Name of district
Dec. 2003

Sub-division units
Dec. 2003

Area (km2)
Dec. 2008

Population as of census
1 October 2004

Population as of census
1 April 2009

Population
2010[62]

Population
2011[63]

Population
2015[64]

Population/km2
2011

Municipal city
Thủ Đức 34 wards 213.5 664.655 845.924 860.006 880.109 966.201 4,122
Urban districts
District 1 10 wards 7.73 198,032 180,225 187,435 185,715 193,632 24,025
District 3 14 wards 4.92 201,122 190,553 188,945 188,898 196,333 38,393
District 4 15 wards 4.18 180,548 180,980 183,261 183,043 186,727 43,790
District 5 15 wards 4.27 170,367 171,452 174,154 175,217 178,615 41,034
District 6 14 wards 7.19 241,379 249,329 253,474 251,902 258,945 35,035
District 7 10 wards 35.69 159,490 244,276 274,828 265,997 310,178 7,453
District 8 16 wards 19.18 360,722 408,772 418,961 421,547 431,969 21,978
District 10 15 wards 5.72 235,231 230,345 232,450 234,188 238,558 40,942
District 11 16 wards 5.14 224,785 226,854 232,536 234,293 230,596 45,582
District 12 11 wards 52.78 290.129 405,360 427,083 451,737 510,326 8,589
Gò Vấp District 16 wards 19.74 452,083 522,690 548,145 561,068 634,146 28,423
Tân Bình District 15 wards 22.38 397,569 421,724 430,436 430,350 459,029 19,229
Tân Phú District 11 wards 16.06 366,399 398,102 407,924 419,227 464,493 26,103
Bình Thạnh District 20 wards 20.76 423,896 457,362 470,054 479,733 487,985 23,109
Phú Nhuận District 15 wards 4.88 175,293 174,535 175,175 175,631 182,477 35,990
Bình Tân District 10 wards 51.89 398,712 572,132 595,335 611,170 686,474 11,778
Total urban districts and municipal city 249 wards 496.04 5,140,412 5,880,615 6,060,202 6,149,817 6.508.647 12,398
Districts
Củ Chi District 20 communes, 1 township 434.5 288,279 343,155 355,822 362,454 403,038 834
Hóc Môn District 11 communes, 1 township 109.18 245,381 349,065 358,640 363,171 422,471 3326
Bình Chánh District 15 communes, 1 township 252.69 304,168 420,109 447,291 465,248 591,451 1841
Nhà Bè District 6 communes, 1 township 100.41 72,740 101,074 103,793 109,949 139,225 1095
Cần Giờ District 6 communes, 1 township 704.22 66,272 68,846 70,697 70,499 74,960 100
Total (suburban) districts 58 communes, 5 townships 1,601 976,839 1,282,249 1,336,244 1,371,321 1.631.145 857
Whole city 249 wards, 58 communes, 5 townships 2,097.06 6,117,251 7,162,864 7,396,446 7,521,138 8.072.129 3,587

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Year Area km2 Population Person/km2 Urban Rural
Census[65]
1999 — 5,034,058 — 4,207,825 826,233
2004 — 6,117,251 — 5,140,412 976,839
2009 2,097.1 7,162,864 3,416 5,880,615 1,282,249
2019 2,061.2 8,993,082 4,363 7,127,364 1,865,718
Estimate
2010 2,095.6 7,346,600 3,506 6,114,300 1,232,300
2011 2,095.6 7,498,400 3,578 6,238,000 1,260,400
2012 2,095.6 7,660,300 3,655 6,309,100 1,351,100
2013 2,095.6 7,820,000 3,732 6,479,200 1,340,800
2014 2,095.5 7,981,900 3,809 6,554,700 1,427,200
2015 2,095.5 8,127,900 3,879 6,632,800 1,495,100
2016 2,061.4 8,287,000 4,020 6,733,100 1,553,900
2017 2,061.2 8,444,600 4,097 6,825,300 1,619,300
Sources:[66][67][68][69]
Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
1951 1,230,719 —    
1956 1,322,077 +7.4%
1961 1,448,551 +9.6%
1966 1,718,163 +18.6%
1971 2,037,957 +18.6%
1976 2,417,386 +18.6%
1981 2,736,454 +13.2%
1986 2,840,750 +3.8%
1991 3,152,771 +11.0%
1996 3,796,450 +20.4%
2001 4,542,659 +19.7%
2006 5,394,520 +18.8%
2011 6,405,520 +18.7%
2016 7,604,915 +18.7%
2021 8,837,544 +16.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

The population of Ho Chi Minh City, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[60] In mid-2007, the city’s population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city’s population was 7,162,864 people,[70] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[71] As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.[4]

The city’s population is expected to grow to 13.9 million by 2025.[72] The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions. In August 2017, the city’s mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[73]
The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[74]
The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[75] Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as «Saigonese» in English and «dân Sài Gòn» in Vietnamese.

Ethnic groups[edit]

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City’s largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew (Chaozhou), Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, and Cham with 0.1%.

Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, South Africans, Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City, particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers.[76]

Religion[edit]

As of 1 April 2019, the city recognises 13 religions and there are 1,738,411 residents identify as religious people. Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon. The largest is Catholicism as it is estimated to have 845,720 adherents, representing about 10% of residents,[77] followed by Buddhism with 770,220 followers. There are 56,762 residents are member of Caodaism, 45,678 are Protestants, 9,220 are Muslims, 7,220 are (Hoa Hao Buddhists) and 2,267 are Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhists. Other minor religions include Hinduism, Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa, Minh Sư Đạo, Bahá’í, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương and Minh Lý Đạo, representing less than 0.01% of city’s population.

Economy[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country’s land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005.[78] In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[79] In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country’s average level of $1,042.[80]

Year General description
2006 As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[81] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[82]
2007 In 2007, the city’s GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country’s GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country’s average). The city’s Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export – Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam’s total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City’s contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.[83]
2008 In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[84] In 2010, the city’s GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.[85]
2012 By the end of 2012, the city’s GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion[dubious – discuss], or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011.[86] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[71]
2013 In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city’s GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[87]
2014 By the end of 2014, the city’s GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[88]
2020 The city’s economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016-2019 and 2016-2020; the town grew at 6,59%.  Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[89] however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid-19.[90]

Sectors[edit]

Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world.

The economy of Ho Chi Minh City consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.[91]

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[92][93]

Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately 15 km (9 mi) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with the Hi-Tech Park in Thủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.

This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng (US$7.5 million)[94] with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.[citation needed]

As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.[citation needed]

Urbanisation[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. Landmark 81, as seen in background, is the tallest building in Vietnam.

With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[95] (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), Ho Chi Minh City needs increased public infrastructure.[60] To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng’s new City Centre completed the 17.8 km (11.1 mi) 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng’s new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.[citation needed]

Shopping[edit]

Saigon Centre, located in District 1, houses one of the city’s largest shopping malls.

Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include:

  • Maximark – Multiple locations (District 10, Tân Bình District)
  • Satramart – 460 3/2 Street, Ward 12, District 10
  • Auchan (2016) – Multiple locations (District 10, Gò Vấp District)
  • Lotte Mart – Multiple locations (District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • AEON Mall – Multiple locations (Bình Tân District, Tân Phú District)
  • SC VivoCity (2015) – 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard, Tân Phong Ward, District 7
  • Zen Plaza (1995) – 54–56 Nguyễn Trãi St, District 1
  • Saigon Centre (1997) – 65 Lê Lợi Blvd, District 1
  • Diamond Plaza (1999) – 34 Lê Duẩn Blvd, District 1
  • Big C (2002) – Multiple locations (District 10, Bình Tân District, Gò Vấp District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District)
  • METRO Cash & Carry/Mega Market – Multiple locations (District 2, District 6, District 12)
  • Crescent Mall – Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, District 7
  • Parkson (2005–2009) – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 5, District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • Saigon Paragon (2009) – 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St, Tân Phú Ward, District 7
  • NowZone (2009) – 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave, District 1
  • Kumho Asiana Plaza (2010) – 39 Lê Duẩn Blvd, Bến Nghé Ward, District 1
  • Vincom Centre (2010) – 70–72 Lê Thánh Tôn St, District 1
  • Union Square – 171 Lê Thánh Tôn st, District 1
  • Vincom Mega Mall (2016) – 161 Hà Nội Highway, Thảo Điền Ward, District 2 (City of Thủ Đức)
  • Bitexco Financial Tower (2010) Alley 2 Hàm Nghi Blvd, District 1
  • Co.opmart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 3, District 5, District 6, District 7, District 8, District 10, District 11, District 12, Bình Chánh District, Bình Tân District, Bình Thạnh District, Củ Chi District, Gò Vấp District, Hóc Môn District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District, Thủ Đức District)
  • Landmark 81 (2018) – 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St, Bình Thạnh District
  • WinMart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 7, District 9, District 10, Bình Chánh District, Bình Thạnh District, Gò Vấp District, Tân Bình District, Thủ Đức District)

In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to Ho Chi Minh City’s ports reached 50.5 million tonnes,[96] nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.

Tourism[edit]

Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.

Tourist attractions in Ho Chi Minh City are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city’s centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất), City Hall (Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố), Municipal Theatre (Nhà hát thành phố, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Bưu điện thành phố), State Bank Office (Ngân hàng Nhà nước), City People’s Court (Tòa án nhân dân thành phố), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & ’70s.[97]

The city has various museums including the Ho Chi Minh City Museum, Museum of Vietnamese History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, the War Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. The Củ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city in Củ Chi District. The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in District 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park, Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ’s Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. Ho Chi Minh City is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam’s total revenue in this industry.[citation needed] Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam’s provinces and municipalities, residents of Ho Chi Minh City keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.[citation needed]

Like many of Vietnam’s smaller cities, the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli. Backpacking travellers most often frequent the «Backpackers’ Quarter» on Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street, District 1.[98]

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited Ho Chi Minh City.[99]
According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[100]

According to Mastercard’s 2019 report, Ho Chi Minh City is also the country’s second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[101]

Transport[edit]

Air[edit]

Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam’s air passenger traffic[102][103]). Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025. Based in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, about 40 km (25 mi) east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[104]

Rail[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[105] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[106]

Water transport[edit]

The city’s location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, including Vũng Tàu, Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta, and Phnom Penh. Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam’s southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[107] In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City.[108]

Public transport[edit]

Metro[edit]

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. The first line is under construction, and expected to be fully operational by 2024.[109] This first line will connect Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[110] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government,[111] and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.[110]

Bus[edit]

Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus. Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses, which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam. The largest coach station – in terms of passengers handled – is the Miền Đông Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District.

Private transport[edit]

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre. For short trips, «xe ôm» (literally, «hug vehicle») motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and GoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular.[112] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[106] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[113]

Expressway[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City — Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.[114] The second one is Ho Chi Minh City — Long Thành — Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam.[115] The Ho Chi Minh City — Long Khánh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future.

Healthcare[edit]

The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities,[116] as well as privately owned clinics.[60] The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region.

Education[edit]

High schools[edit]

Notable high schools in Ho Chi Minh City include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Gia Định High School [vi], Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi], Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, and others. Though the former schools are all public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).[117]

List of Public High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)[edit]

  • VNUHCM High School for the Gifted
  • Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted
  • Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted
  • Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School
  • Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School
  • Bùi Thị Xuân High School
  • Phú Nhuận High School
  • Bình Phú High School
  • Gia Định High School [vi]
  • Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School
  • Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi]
  • Nguyễn Du Secondary School
  • Nguyễn Hữu Cầu High School
  • Nguyễn Hữu Huân High School
  • Marie Curie High School
  • Võ Thị Sáu High School
  • Võ Trường Toản High School
  • Hùng Vương High School
  • Chu Văn An High School
  • Trưng Vương High School
  • Lương Thế Vinh High School
  • Trần Khai Nguyên High School
  • Ten Lơ Man High School
  • Nguyễn Trãi High School
  • Nguyễn Khuyến High School
  • Nguyễn Du High School
  • Nguyễn Công Trứ High School
  • Trần Hưng Đạo High School
  • Nguyễn Chí Thanh High School
  • Nguyễn Thái Bình High School
  • Thủ Đức High School
  • Nguyễn Thị Diệu High School

List of Private High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)[edit]

  • British International School Ho Chi Minh City
  • International School Ho Chi Minh City
  • Saigon South International School
  • Ngô Thời Nhiệm High School
  • Nguyễn Khuyến High School
  • Khai Trí High School
  • Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ High School
  • Trí Đức High School
  • Trương Vĩnh Ký High School
  • VinSchool
  • VStar School
  • Australian International School
  • Western Australian International School Systems
  • The Canadian International School
  • Hong Ha Secondary-High School

Universities[edit]

Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam.

Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students.[60] Notable universities include Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (Đại học Bách khoa, formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the newly established University of Information Technology.

Some other important higher education establishments include HCMC University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University,[118] University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[119] Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education.[120] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students[121] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[122]

Culture[edit]

Museums and art galleries[edit]

Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[123]

  • Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts

  • Ho Chi Minh City Museum of History

  • War Remnants Museum

Food and drink[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices.[124] It’s currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[125]

Media[edit]

HTV, the second largest television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1.

The city’s media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers: Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions; Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam; Thanh Niên (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam; Người Lao Động (Labourer); Thể Thao (Sports); Pháp Luật (Law); The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city’s General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.[citation needed]

Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users. Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, including Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, and Vietnam Mobile.

Sport[edit]

As of 2005, Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms.[126] The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 of District 10. The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Bình district. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam, however, due to poor maintenance, the facilities are not in good condition.[127] The city’s Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, including Phan Đình Phùng, Thanh Đa, and Yết Kiêu.

Ho Chi Minh City is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city’s largest clubs, Ho Chi Minh City F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly as Cảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam’s V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal.[128] The city’s police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995, the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional. Since it’s inception in 2016, Sài Gòn F.C. competed in V.League 1, however, in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete in V.League 2 in 2023.

In 2011, Ho Chi Minh City was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League.[129] Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[130] The team also plays in the domestic basketball league, the Vietnam Basketball Association, and have won the championship on three occasions (2019, 2020 and 2022).

In 2016, a second professional basketball team was created, Ho Chi Minh City Wings, playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association.

Ho Chi Minh City hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[131] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[132]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is twinned with:[133]

  • Kuwait Ahmadi Governorate, Kuwait (2010)
  • Kazakhstan Almaty, Kazakhstan (2011)
  • France Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (1998)
  • Thailand Bangkok, Thailand (2014)
  • Laos Champasak Province, Laos (2001)
  • South Korea Busan, South Korea (1995)
  • China Guangdong Province, China (2009)
  • China Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (2013)
  • Germany Leipzig, Germany (2021)[134]
  • France Lyon, France (1997)
  • Philippines Manila, Philippines (1994)
  • Belarus Minsk, Belarus (2008)
  • Russia Moscow, Russia (2003)
  • Japan Osaka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
  • Cambodia Phnom Penh, Cambodia (1999)
  • Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia (2005)
  • United States San Francisco, United States (1995)
  • China Shandong Province, China (2013)
  • China Shanghai, China (1994)
  • Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria (2015)
  • Laos Vientiane, Laos (2001)
  • Russia Vladivostok, Russia (2009)
  • Myanmar Yangon, Myanmar (2012)
  • China Zhejiang Province, China (2009)

Cooperation and friendship[edit]

In addition to its twin towns, Ho Chi Minh City is in cooperation with:[133]

  • Spain Barcelona, Spain (2009)
  • Hungary Budapest, Hungary (2013)
  • South Korea Daegu, South Korea (2015)
  • Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland (2007)
  • China Guangzhou, China (1996)
  • South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa (2009)
  • Slovakia Košice, Slovakia (2016)[135]
  • Russia Moscow Oblast, Russia (2015)
  • Australia Northern Territory, Australia (2014)
  • Japan Osaka, Japan (2011)
  • Australia Queensland, Australia (2005)
  • Spain Seville, Spain (2009)
  • China Shenyang, China (1999)
  • Japan Shiga Prefecture, Japan (2014)
  • Russia Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia (2000)
  • Canada Toronto, Canada (2006)
  • Japan Yokohama, Japan (2009)

See also[edit]

  • 175 Hospital
  • History of Organized Crime in Saigon
  • List of East Asian ports
  • List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City
  • List of historical capitals of Vietnam

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ «Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur, then became the Khmer Prey Nôkôr before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon.» Vo, Nghia M., ed. (2009). The Viet Kieu in America: Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam. McFarland & Co. p. 218. ISBN 9780786454907.
  2. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows:
    «By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
    Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon-Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon-Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honor of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly’s meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.»[17]
  3. ^ «Un siècle plus tard (1773), la révolte des TÁYON (sic) [qu’éclata] tout, d’abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui-Nhon, et s’étendit rapidement dans le sud, chassa de Bien-Hoa le mouvement commercial qu’y avaient attiré les Chinois. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent Cou-lao-pho, remontèrent de fleuve de Tan-Binh, et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN. Cette création date d’environ 1778. Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI-NGON ou TIN-GAN. Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort, par l’expédition française, au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale est BEN-NGHE ou BEN-THANH.»[20]
  4. ^ «The Khmer name for Saigon, by the way, is Prey Nokor; prey means forest, nokor home or city.»[21]
  5. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows:
    «By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
    Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon–Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly’s meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.»[17]

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  128. ^ ONLINE, TUOI TRE (29 October 2012). «Chính thức xóa sổ CLB Navibank Sài Gòn». TUOI TRE ONLINE.
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  133. ^ a b «Danh sách địa phương nước ngoài kết nghĩa với TpHCM» (in Vietnamese). Sở ngoại vụ Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Archived from the original on 7 June 2021. Retrieved 25 July 2021.
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External links[edit]

  • Official website (in Vietnamese and English) (archived 18 February 2010)
  • Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council
  • Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap
Источник

Ho Chi Minh City

Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh

Saigon (Sài Gòn)

Municipality

Clockwise from top: Skyline of District 1; Notre-Dame Cathedral Basilica of Saigon; Saigon Opera House; Ho Chi Minh City Hall; Saigon Central Post Office; and Independence Palace

Official seal of Ho Chi Minh City

Seal
Nicknames: 

Paris of the Orient (historical)[1]
Motto(s): 

Paulatim crescam (historical)[2]
Meaning: Little by little we grow

Interactive map outlining Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Vietnam

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Southeast Asia

Ho Chi Minh City is located in Asia

Ho Chi Minh City

Ho Chi Minh City

Location within Asia
Coordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°ECoordinates: 10°46′32″N 106°42′07″E / 10.77556°N 106.70194°E
Country Vietnam
Region Southeast
Founded 1698
Founded by Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh
Districts 16 urban districts, 5 rural districts and 1 sub-city
Government
 • Type Municipality
 • Body Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council [vi]
 • Secretary of CPV Nguyễn Văn Nên
 • Chairman of People’s Council Nguyễn Thị Lệ
 • Chairman of People’s Committee Phan Văn Mãi
Area

[3]
 • Municipality 2,061.2 km2 (795.83 sq mi)
 • Metro 30,595 km2 (11,813 sq mi)
Elevation 19 m (63 ft)
Population

 (2019)[4][5]
 • Municipality 8,993,082 (1st)
 • Density 4,292/km2 (11,120/sq mi)
 • Metro 21,281,639 (1st)
 • Metro density 697.2/km2 (1,806/sq mi)
Demonym Saigonese
Time zone UTC+07:00 (ICT)
Postal code

700000–740000
Area codes 28
ISO 3166 code VN-SG
License plate 41, 50–59
GRP (Nominal) 2022
– Total US$63.6 billion[4]
– Per capita US$6,890
GRP (PPP) 2022
– Total US$199.7 billion[6]
– Per capita US$21,640
HDI (2020) 0.795 (2nd)[7]
International airports Tan Son Nhat International Airport (SGN)
Rapid transit system Ho Chi Minh City Metro
Website hochiminhcity.gov.vn

Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnamese: Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh; Northern [tʰajŋ̟˨˩ fo˧˦ ho˨˩ t͡ɕi˧˦ mïŋ˧˧] (listen), Southern [tʰan˨˩ fow˦˥ how˨˩ cɪj˦˥ mɨn˧˧] (listen)), formerly (and still commonly) known as Saigon (Vietnamese: Sài Gòn; Northern [sàj ɣɔ̀n] (listen), Southern [ʂàj ɣɔ̀ŋ] (listen)), is the largest city in Vietnam, with a population of around 9 million in 2019.[4] Situated in the Southeast region of Vietnam, the city surrounds the Saigon River and covers about 2,061 km2 (796 sq mi).

Saigon was the capital of French Indochina from 1887 to 1902, and again from 1945 until its cessation in 1954. Following the partition of French Indochina, it became the capital of South Vietnam until the Fall of Saigon in 1975. The communist government renamed Saigon in honour of Hồ Chí Minh shortly after the Fall of Saigon. Beginning in the 1990s, the city underwent rapid modernisation and expansion, contributing to Vietnam’s post-war economic recovery.[8]

It is known for its well-preserved French colonial architecture and vibrant street life.[9] Its varied cultural institutions, which include historic landmarks, walking streets, museums and galleries, attracts over 8 million international visitors each year.[10][11]

Ho Chi Minh City is a major centre for finance, media, technology, education, and transportation. The city generates nearly a quarter of the country’s total GDP, and is home to many multinational companies.[12] It has a Human Development Index of 0.795 (high), ranking second among all municipalities and provinces of Vietnam.[7] Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the main airport serving the city, is the busiest airport in the country by passenger traffic, accounting for nearly half of all international arrivals to Vietnam.[13]

Etymology[edit]

Before the mid-19th century, on the site that would become Ho Chi Minh City, there was a Cham settlement had settled in the area and was called Baigaur.[nb 1]
The Cambodians then took over the Cham village of Baigaur and renamed it Prey Nokor, a small fishing village.[14][15] Over time, under the control of the Vietnamese, it was officially renamed Gia Định (嘉定), a name that was retained until the time of the French conquest in the 1860s, when it adopted the name Sài Gòn, westernized as Saïgon,[15] although the city was still indicated as 嘉定 on Vietnamese maps written in chữ Hán until at least 1891.[16]

The current name, Ho Chi Minh City, was given after reunification in 1976 to honour Ho Chi Minh.[nb 2] Even today, however, the informal name of Sài Gòn remains in daily speech. However, there is a technical difference between the two terms: Sài Gòn is commonly used to refer to the city center in District 1 and the adjacent areas, while Ho Chi Minh City refers to all of its urban and rural districts.[15]

Saigon[edit]

An etymology of Saigon (or Sài Gòn in Vietnamese) is that Sài is a Sino-Vietnamese word (chữ Hán: 柴;) meaning «firewood, lops, twigs; palisade», while Gòn is a word (chữ Hán: 棍; Sino-Vietnamese: Côn) meaning «stick, pole, bole», and whose meaning evolved into «cotton» in Vietnamese (bông gòn, literally «cotton stick», i.e., «cotton plant», then shortened to gòn). This name may refer to the many kapok plants that the Khmer people had planted around Prey Nokor, and which can still be seen at Cây Mai temple and surrounding areas.[18] It may also refer to the dense and tall forest that once existed around the city, a forest to which the Khmer name, Prey Nokor, already referred.[19]

Other proposed etymologies draw parallels from tai4ngon6 (Chinese: 堤岸), the Cantonese name of Chợ Lớn, which means «embankment» (French: quais),[nb 3] and Vietnamese Sai Côn, a translation of the Khmer Prey Nokor (Khmer: ព្រៃនគរ). Prey means forest or jungle, and nokor is a Khmer word of Sanskrit origin meaning city or kingdom, and related to the English word ‘Nation’ – thus, «forest city» or «forest kingdom».[nb 4]

Ho Chi Minh City[edit]

The current official name, Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, was first proclaimed in 1946, and later adopted in 1976. It is abbreviated as TP.HCM, and translated in English as Ho Chi Minh City, abbreviated as HCMC, and in French as Hô-Chi-Minh-Ville (the circumflex is sometimes omitted), abbreviated as HCMV. The name commemorates Ho Chi Minh, the first leader of North Vietnam. This name, though not his given name, was one he favored throughout his later years. It combines a common Vietnamese surname (Hồ, 胡) with a given name meaning «enlightened will» (from Sino-Vietnamese, 志明; Chí meaning ‘will’ or ‘spirit’, and Minh meaning ‘light’), in essence, meaning «light bringer».[22] Nowadays, «Sài Gòn» is commonly used to refer to the city’s central business districts, «Prey Nokor City» is well known in Khmer, whereas «Hồ Chí Minh City» is used to refer to the whole city.[23]

History[edit]

Early settlement[edit]

The earliest settlement in the area was a Funan temple at the location of the current Phụng Sơn Buddhist temple, founded in the 4th century AD.[24] A settlement called Baigaur was established on the site in the 11th century by the Champa.[24] Baigaur was renamed Prey Nokor after conquest by the Khmer Empire around 1145,[24] Prey Nokor grew on the site of a small fishing village and area of forest.[25]

The first Vietnamese people crossed the sea to explore this land completely without the organisation of the Nguyễn Lords. Thanks to the marriage between Princess Nguyễn Phúc Ngọc Vạn — daughter of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên — and the King of Cambodia Chey Chettha II in 1620, the relationship between Vietnam and Cambodia became smooth, and the people of the two countries could freely move back and forth. Vietnamese settlers began to migrate to the area of Saigon, Đồng Nai. Before that, the Funanese, Khmer, and Cham had lived there, scattered from time immemorial.

The period from 1623 to 1698 is considered the period of the formation of later Saigon. In 1623, Lord Nguyen sent a mission to ask his son-in-law, King Chey Chettha II, to set up tax collection stations in Prey Nokor (Sài Gònn) and Kas Krobei (Bến Nghé). Although this was a deserted jungle area, it was located on the traffic routes between Vietnam, Cambodia, and Siam. The next two important events of this period were the establishment of the barracks and residence of Vice King Ang Non and the establishment of a palace at Tân Mỹ (near the present-day Cống Quỳnh–Nguyễn Trãi crossroads). It can be said that Saigon was formed from these three government agencies.

Nguyễn Dynasty rule[edit]

In 1679, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Tần allowed a group of Chinese refugees from the Qing dynasty to settle in Mỹ Tho, Biên Hòa and Saigon to seek refuge.
In 1698, Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh, a Vietnamese noble, was sent by the Nguyễn rulers of Huế by sea to establish Vietnamese administrative structures in the area, thus detaching the area from Cambodia, which was not strong enough to intervene. He is often credited with the expansion of Saigon into a significant settlement.[26][27] In 1788, Nguyễn Ánh captured the city, and used it as a centre of resistance against Tây Sơn.[28] Two years later, a large Vauban citadel called Gia Định, or Thành Bát Quái («Eight Diagrams») was built by Victor Olivier de Puymanel, one of the Nguyễn Ánh’s French mercenaries.[29]

The citadel was captured by Lê Văn Khôi during his revolt of 1833–35 against Emperor Minh Mạng. Following the revolt, Minh Mạng ordered it to be dismantled, and a new citadel, called Phụng Thành, was built in 1836.[30] In 1859, the citadel was destroyed by the French following the Battle of Kỳ Hòa.[30] Initially called Gia Định, the Vietnamese city became Saigon in the 18th century.[24]

French colonial era[edit]

Ceded to France by the 1862 Treaty of Saigon,[31] the city was planned by the French to transform into a large town for colonisation. During the late 19th and early 20th centuries, construction of various French-style buildings began, including a botanical garden, the Norodom Palace, Hotel Continental, Notre-Dame Cathedral, and Bến Thành Market, among many others.[32][33] In April 1865, Gia Định Báo was established in Saigon, becoming the first newspaper published in Vietnam.[34] During the French colonial era, Saigon became known as «Pearl of the Orient» (Hòn ngọc Viễn Đông),[35] or «Paris of the Extreme Orient».[36]

On 27 April 1931, a new région called Saigon–Cholon consisting of Saigon and Cholon was formed; the name Cholon was dropped after South Vietnam gained independence from France in 1955.[37] From about 256,000 in 1930,[38] Saigon’s population rose to 1.2 million in 1950.[38]

  • Gallery of Saigon during the French colonial era

  • Imperial Japanese soldiers entering in Saigon in 1941, during World War II

  • Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945

    Saigon afire after aerial attacks from carrier-based planes of the US Pacific Fleet in 1945

Republic of Vietnam era[edit]

In 1949, former Emperor Bảo Đại made Saigon the capital of the State of Vietnam with himself as head of state.[8] In 1954, the Geneva Agreement partitioned Vietnam along the 17th parallel (Bến Hải River), with the communist Việt Minh, under Ho Chi Minh, gaining complete control of the northern half of the country, while the southern half gaining independence from France.[39] The State officially became the Republic of Vietnam when Bảo Đại was deposed by his Prime Minister Ngô Đình Diệm in the 1955 referendum,[39] with Saigon as its capital.[40] On 22 October 1956, the city was given the official name, Đô Thành Sài Gòn («Capital City Saigon»).[41] After the decree of 27 March 1959 came into effect, Saigon was divided into eight districts and 41 wards.[41] In December 1966, two wards from old An Khánh Commune of Gia Định, were formed into District 1, then seceded shortly later to became District 9.[42] In July 1969, District 10 and District 11 were founded, and by 1975, the city’s area consisted of eleven districts, Gia Định, Củ Chi District (Hậu Nghĩa), and Phú Hòa District (Bình Dương).[42]

Saigon served as the financial, industrial and transport centre of the Republic of Vietnam.[43] In the late 1950s, with the U.S. providing nearly $2 billion in aid to the Diệm regime, the country’s economy grew rapidly under capitalism;[41] by 1960, over half of South Vietnam’s factories were located in Saigon.[44] However, beginning in the 1960s, Saigon experienced economic downturn and high inflation, as it was completely dependent on U.S. aid and imports from other countries.[41] As a result of widespread urbanisation, with the population reaching 3.3 million by 1970, the city was described by the USAID as being turned «into a huge slum».[45] The city also suffered from «prostitutes, drug addicts, corrupt officials, beggars, orphans, and Americans with money», and according to Stanley Karnow, it was «a black-market city in the largest sense of the word».[40]

On 28 April 1955, the Vietnamese National Army launched an attack against Bình Xuyên military force in the city. The battle lasted until May, killing an estimated 500 people and leaving about 20,000 homeless.[40][46] Ngô Đình Diệm then later turned on other paramilitary groups in Saigon, including the Hòa Hảo Buddhist reform movement.[40] On 11 June 1963, Buddhist monk Thích Quảng Đức burned himself in the city, in protest of the Diệm regime. On 1 November of the same year, Diệm was assassinated in Saigon, in a successful coup by Dương Văn Minh.[40]

During the 1968 Tet Offensive, communist forces launched a failed attempt to capture the city. On 30 April 1975, Saigon was captured, ending the Vietnam War with a victory for North Vietnam,[47] and the city came under the control of the Vietnamese People’s Army.[40]

  • Gallery of Saigon during the Republic of Vietnam era

  • The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.

    The headquarters of StanVac (now part of Exxon) is an example of Vietnamese modernist architecture which boomed during the era.

  • The Saigon Opera House as seen from Tự Do (Liberty) Street in 1967

  • Street view of Saigon in 1968

    Street view of Saigon in 1968

Post–Vietnam War and today[edit]

In 1976, upon the establishment of the unified communist Socialist Republic of Vietnam, the city of Saigon (including the Cholon area), the province of Gia Ðịnh and two suburban districts of two other nearby provinces were combined to create Ho Chi Minh City, in honour of the late Communist leader Ho Chi Minh.[nb 5] At the time, the city covered an area of 1,295.5 square kilometres (500.2 sq mi) with eight districts and five rurals: Thủ Đức, Hóc Môn, Củ Chi, Bình Chánh, and Nhà Bè.[42] Since 1978, administrative divisions in the city have been revised numerous times,[42] most recently in 2020, when District 2, District 9, and Thủ Đức District were consolidated to form a municipal city.[48]

Today, Ho Chi Minh City, along with its surrounding provinces, is described as «the manufacturing hub» of Vietnam, and «an attractive business hub».[49] In terms of cost, it was ranked the 111th-most expensive major city in the world according to a 2020 survey of 209 cities.[50] In terms of international connectedness, as of 2020, the city was classified as a «Beta» city by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network.[51]

Geography[edit]

Population density and elevation above sea level in Ho Chi Minh City (2010)

Ho Chi Minh City is located in the south-eastern region of Vietnam, 1,760 km (1,090 mi) south of Hanoi. The average elevation is 5 m (16 ft) above sea level for the city centre and 16 m (52 ft) for the suburb areas.[52] It borders Tây Ninh Province and Bình Dương Province to the north, Đồng Nai Province and Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu province to the east, Long An Province to the west, Tiền Giang Province and East Sea to the south with a coast 15 km (9 mi) long. The city covers an area of 2,095 km2 (809 sq mi or 0.63% of the surface of Vietnam), extending up to Củ Chi District (12 mi or 19 km from the Cambodian border) and down to Cần Giờ on the Eastern Sea. The distance from the northernmost point (Phú Mỹ Hưng Commune, Củ Chi District) to the southernmost one (Long Hòa Commune, Cần Giờ District) is 102 km (63 mi), and from the easternmost point (Long Bình ward, District Nine) to the westernmost one (Bình Chánh Commune, Bình Chánh District) is 47 km (29 mi).[citation needed] Due to its location on the Mekong Delta, the city is fringed by tidal flats that have been heavily modified for agriculture.[53]

Climate[edit]

The city has a tropical climate, specifically tropical savanna (Aw), with a high average humidity of 78–82%.[54] The year is divided into two distinct seasons.[54] The rainy season, with an average rainfall of about 1,800 mm (71 in) annually (about 150 rainy days per year), usually lasts from May to November.[54] The dry season lasts from December to April.[54] The average temperature is 28 °C (82 °F), with little variation throughout the year.[54] The highest temperature recorded was 40.0 °C (104 °F) in April while the lowest temperature recorded was 13.8 °C (57 °F) in January.[54] On average, the city experiences between 2,400 and 2,700 hours of sunshine per year.[54]

Climate data for Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 36.4
(97.5) 		38.7
(101.7) 		39.4
(102.9) 		40.0
(104.0) 		39.0
(102.2) 		37.5
(99.5) 		35.2
(95.4) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.9
(94.8) 		35.0
(95.0) 		37.6
(99.7) 		40.0
(104.0)
Average high °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9) 		32.9
(91.2) 		33.9
(93.0) 		34.6
(94.3) 		34.0
(93.2) 		32.4
(90.3) 		32.0
(89.6) 		31.8
(89.2) 		31.3
(88.3) 		31.2
(88.2) 		31.0
(87.8) 		30.8
(87.4) 		32.3
(90.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.0
(78.8) 		26.8
(80.2) 		28.0
(82.4) 		29.2
(84.6) 		28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.2
(81.0) 		27.0
(80.6) 		26.7
(80.1) 		26.0
(78.8) 		27.4
(81.3)
Average low °C (°F) 21.1
(70.0) 		22.5
(72.5) 		24.4
(75.9) 		25.8
(78.4) 		25.2
(77.4) 		24.6
(76.3) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.4
(75.9) 		23.9
(75.0) 		22.8
(73.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		23.7
(74.7)
Record low °C (°F) 13.8
(56.8) 		16.0
(60.8) 		17.4
(63.3) 		20.0
(68.0) 		20.0
(68.0) 		19.0
(66.2) 		16.2
(61.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		16.3
(61.3) 		16.5
(61.7) 		15.9
(60.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		13.8
(56.8)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 13.8
(0.54) 		4.1
(0.16) 		10.5
(0.41) 		50.4
(1.98) 		218.4
(8.60) 		311.7
(12.27) 		293.7
(11.56) 		269.8
(10.62) 		327.1
(12.88) 		266.7
(10.50) 		116.5
(4.59) 		48.3
(1.90) 		1,931
(76.01)
Average rainy days 2.4 1.0 1.9 5.4 17.8 19.0 22.9 22.4 23.1 20.9 12.1 6.7 155.6
Average relative humidity (%) 72 70 70 72 79 82 83 83 85 84 80 77 78
Mean monthly sunshine hours 245 246 272 239 195 171 180 172 162 182 200 226 2,490
Source 1: Vietnam Institute for Building Science and Technology,[55] Asian Development Bank[54]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (rainfall)[56]

Flooding[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is considered one of the cities most vulnerable to the effects of climate change, particularly flooding. During the rainy season, a combination of high tide, heavy rains, high flow volume in the Saigon River and Đồng Nai River and land subsidence results in regular flooding in several parts of the city.[57][58] A once-in-100 year flood would cause 23% of the city to suffer flooding.[59]

Administration[edit]

Administrative divisions of HCMC’s urban districts and municipal city
1–12. Districts 1 to 12 excludes District 2 and District 9 (Part of city of Thu Duc).
2. City of Thủ Đức
13. Bình Thạnh
14. Bình Tân
15. Gò Vấp
16. Phú Nhuận
17. Tân Bình
18. Tân Phú

Ho Chi Minh City is a municipality at the same level as Vietnam’s provinces, which is subdivided into 22 district-level sub-divisions (as of 2020):

  • 5 rural districts (1,601 km2 or 618 sq mi in area), which are designated as rural (huyện):
    • Củ Chi
    • Hóc Môn
    • Bình Chánh
    • Nhà Bè
    • Cần Giờ
  • 16 urban districts (283 km2 or 109 sq mi in area), which are designated urban or suburban (quận):
    • District 1
    • District 3
    • District 4
    • District 5
    • District 6
    • District 7
    • District 8
    • District 10
    • District 11
    • District 12
    • Gò Vấp
    • Tân Bình
    • Tân Phú
    • Bình Thạnh
    • Phú Nhuận
    • Bình Tân
  • 1 sub-city (211 km2 or 81 sq mi in area), which is designated municipal city (thành phố thuộc thành phố trực thuộc trung ương):
    • Thủ Đức

They are further subdivided into 5 commune-level towns (or townlets), 58 communes, and 249 wards (as of 2020, see List of HCMC administrative units below).[60]

On 1 January 2021, it was announced that District 2, District 9 and Thủ Đức District would be consolidated and was approved by Standing Committee of the National Assembly.[61][48]

City government[edit]

The Ho Chi Minh City People’s Committee is a 13-member executive branch of the city. The current chairman is Nguyễn Thành Phong. There are several vice chairmen and chairwomen on the committee with responsibility over various city departments.

The legislative branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council and consists of 105 members. The current Chairwoman is Nguyễn Thị Lệ.

The judiciary branch of the city is the Ho Chi Minh City People’s Court. The current Chief Judge is Lê Thanh Phong.

The executive committee of Communist Party of Ho Chi Minh City is the leading organ of the Communist Party in Ho Chi Minh City. The current secretary is Nguyễn Văn Nên. The permanent deputy secretary of the Communist Party is ranked second in the city politics after the Secretary of the Communist Party, while chairman of the People’s Committee is ranked third and the chairman of the People’s Council is ranked fourth.[citation needed]

List of HCMC administrative units

  • v
  • t
  • e
Name of district
Dec. 2003

Sub-division units
Dec. 2003

Area (km2)
Dec. 2008

Population as of census
1 October 2004

Population as of census
1 April 2009

Population
2010[62]

Population
2011[63]

Population
2015[64]

Population/km2
2011

Municipal city
Thủ Đức 34 wards 213.5 664.655 845.924 860.006 880.109 966.201 4,122
Urban districts
District 1 10 wards 7.73 198,032 180,225 187,435 185,715 193,632 24,025
District 3 14 wards 4.92 201,122 190,553 188,945 188,898 196,333 38,393
District 4 15 wards 4.18 180,548 180,980 183,261 183,043 186,727 43,790
District 5 15 wards 4.27 170,367 171,452 174,154 175,217 178,615 41,034
District 6 14 wards 7.19 241,379 249,329 253,474 251,902 258,945 35,035
District 7 10 wards 35.69 159,490 244,276 274,828 265,997 310,178 7,453
District 8 16 wards 19.18 360,722 408,772 418,961 421,547 431,969 21,978
District 10 15 wards 5.72 235,231 230,345 232,450 234,188 238,558 40,942
District 11 16 wards 5.14 224,785 226,854 232,536 234,293 230,596 45,582
District 12 11 wards 52.78 290.129 405,360 427,083 451,737 510,326 8,589
Gò Vấp District 16 wards 19.74 452,083 522,690 548,145 561,068 634,146 28,423
Tân Bình District 15 wards 22.38 397,569 421,724 430,436 430,350 459,029 19,229
Tân Phú District 11 wards 16.06 366,399 398,102 407,924 419,227 464,493 26,103
Bình Thạnh District 20 wards 20.76 423,896 457,362 470,054 479,733 487,985 23,109
Phú Nhuận District 15 wards 4.88 175,293 174,535 175,175 175,631 182,477 35,990
Bình Tân District 10 wards 51.89 398,712 572,132 595,335 611,170 686,474 11,778
Total urban districts and municipal city 249 wards 496.04 5,140,412 5,880,615 6,060,202 6,149,817 6.508.647 12,398
Districts
Củ Chi District 20 communes, 1 township 434.5 288,279 343,155 355,822 362,454 403,038 834
Hóc Môn District 11 communes, 1 township 109.18 245,381 349,065 358,640 363,171 422,471 3326
Bình Chánh District 15 communes, 1 township 252.69 304,168 420,109 447,291 465,248 591,451 1841
Nhà Bè District 6 communes, 1 township 100.41 72,740 101,074 103,793 109,949 139,225 1095
Cần Giờ District 6 communes, 1 township 704.22 66,272 68,846 70,697 70,499 74,960 100
Total (suburban) districts 58 communes, 5 townships 1,601 976,839 1,282,249 1,336,244 1,371,321 1.631.145 857
Whole city 249 wards, 58 communes, 5 townships 2,097.06 6,117,251 7,162,864 7,396,446 7,521,138 8.072.129 3,587

Demographics[edit]

Historical population
Year Area km2 Population Person/km2 Urban Rural
Census[65]
1999 — 5,034,058 — 4,207,825 826,233
2004 — 6,117,251 — 5,140,412 976,839
2009 2,097.1 7,162,864 3,416 5,880,615 1,282,249
2019 2,061.2 8,993,082 4,363 7,127,364 1,865,718
Estimate
2010 2,095.6 7,346,600 3,506 6,114,300 1,232,300
2011 2,095.6 7,498,400 3,578 6,238,000 1,260,400
2012 2,095.6 7,660,300 3,655 6,309,100 1,351,100
2013 2,095.6 7,820,000 3,732 6,479,200 1,340,800
2014 2,095.5 7,981,900 3,809 6,554,700 1,427,200
2015 2,095.5 8,127,900 3,879 6,632,800 1,495,100
2016 2,061.4 8,287,000 4,020 6,733,100 1,553,900
2017 2,061.2 8,444,600 4,097 6,825,300 1,619,300
Sources:[66][67][68][69]
Historical population

Year Pop. ±%
1951 1,230,719 —    
1956 1,322,077 +7.4%
1961 1,448,551 +9.6%
1966 1,718,163 +18.6%
1971 2,037,957 +18.6%
1976 2,417,386 +18.6%
1981 2,736,454 +13.2%
1986 2,840,750 +3.8%
1991 3,152,771 +11.0%
1996 3,796,450 +20.4%
2001 4,542,659 +19.7%
2006 5,394,520 +18.8%
2011 6,405,520 +18.7%
2016 7,604,915 +18.7%
2021 8,837,544 +16.2%
Population size may be affected by changes in administrative divisions.

The population of Ho Chi Minh City, as of the 1 October 2004 census, was 6,117,251 (of which 19 inner districts had 5,140,412 residents and 5 suburban districts had 976,839 inhabitants).[60] In mid-2007, the city’s population was 6,650,942 – with the 19 inner districts home to 5,564,975 residents and the five suburban districts containing 1,085,967 inhabitants. The result of the 2009 Census shows that the city’s population was 7,162,864 people,[70] about 8.34% of the total population of Vietnam, making it the highest population-concentrated city in the country. As of the end of 2012, the total population of the city was 7,750,900 people, an increase of 3.1% from 2011.[71] As an administrative unit, its population is also the largest at the provincial level. According to the 2019 census, Ho Chi Minh City has a population of over 8.9 million within the city proper and over 21 million within its metropolitan area.[4]

The city’s population is expected to grow to 13.9 million by 2025.[72] The population of the city is expanding faster than earlier predictions. In August 2017, the city’s mayor, Nguyễn Thành Phong, admitted that previous estimates of 8–10 million were drastic underestimations.[73]
The actual population (including those who have not officially registered) was estimated 13 million in 2017.[74]
The Ho Chi Minh City Metropolitan Area, a metropolitan area covering most parts of the southeast region plus Tiền Giang Province and Long An Province under planning, will have an area of 30,000 km2 (12,000 sq mi) with a population of 20 million inhabitants by 2020.[75] Inhabitants of Ho Chi Minh City are usually known as «Saigonese» in English and «dân Sài Gòn» in Vietnamese.

Ethnic groups[edit]

The majority of the population are ethnic Vietnamese (Kinh) at about 93.52%. Ho Chi Minh City’s largest minority ethnic group are the Chinese (Hoa) with 5.78%. Cholon – in District 5 and parts of Districts 6, 10, and 11 – is home to the largest Chinese community in Vietnam. The Hoa (Chinese) speak a number of varieties of Chinese, including Cantonese, Teochew (Chaozhou), Hokkien, Hainanese, and Hakka; smaller numbers also speak Mandarin Chinese. Other ethnic minorities include Khmer with 0.34%, and Cham with 0.1%.

Various other nationalities including Koreans, Japanese, Americans, South Africans, Filipinos and Britons reside in Ho Chi Minh City, particularly in Thủ Đức and District 7 as expatriate workers.[76]

Religion[edit]

As of 1 April 2019, the city recognises 13 religions and there are 1,738,411 residents identify as religious people. Catholicism and Buddhism are the two predominant religions in Saigon. The largest is Catholicism as it is estimated to have 845,720 adherents, representing about 10% of residents,[77] followed by Buddhism with 770,220 followers. There are 56,762 residents are member of Caodaism, 45,678 are Protestants, 9,220 are Muslims, 7,220 are (Hoa Hao Buddhists) and 2,267 are Vietnamese Pure Land Buddhists. Other minor religions include Hinduism, Tứ Ân Hiếu Nghĩa, Minh Sư Đạo, Bahá’í, Bửu Sơn Kỳ Hương and Minh Lý Đạo, representing less than 0.01% of city’s population.

Economy[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is the economic center of Vietnam and accounts for a large proportion of the economy of Vietnam. Although the city takes up just 0.6% of the country’s land area, it contains 8.34% of the population of Vietnam, 20.2% of its GDP, 27.9% of industrial output and 34.9% of the FDI projects in the country in 2005.[78] In 2005, the city had 4,344,000 labourers, of whom 130,000 are over the labour age norm (in Vietnam, 60 for male and 55 for female workers).[79] In 2009, GDP per capita reached $2,800, compared to the country’s average level of $1,042.[80]

Year General description
2006 As of June 2006, the city has been home to three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks. Ho Chi Minh City is the leading recipient of foreign direct investment in Vietnam, with 2,530 FDI projects worth $16.6 billion at the end of 2007.[81] In 2007, the city received over 400 FDI projects worth $3 billion.[82]
2007 In 2007, the city’s GDP was estimated at $14.3 billion, or about $2,180 per capita, up 12.6 percent from 2006 and accounting for 20% of the country’s GDP. The GDP adjusted to Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) reached $71.5 billion, or about $10,870 per capita (approximately three times higher than the country’s average). The city’s Industrial Product Value was $6.4 billion, equivalent to 30% of the value of the entire nation. Export – Import Turnover through HCMC ports accounted for $36 billion, or 40% of the national total, of which export revenue reached $18.3 billion (40% of Vietnam’s total export revenues). In 2007, Ho Chi Minh City’s contribution to the annual revenues in the national budget increased by 30 percent, accounting for about 20.5 percent of total revenues. The consumption demand of Ho Chi Minh City is higher than other Vietnamese provinces and municipalities and 1.5 times higher than that of Hanoi.[83]
2008 In 2008, it attracted $8.5 billion in FDI.[84] In 2010, the city’s GDP was estimated at $20.902 billion, or about $2,800 per capita, up 11.8 percent from 2009.[85]
2012 By the end of 2012, the city’s GDP was estimated around $28,595 billion[dubious – discuss], or about $3,700 per capita, up 9.2 percent from 2011.[86] Total trade (export and import) reached $47.7 billion, with export at $21.57 billion and import $26.14 billion.[71]
2013 In 2013, GDP of the city grew 7.6% by Q1, 8.1% by Q2, and 10.3% by the end of Q3. By the end of 2013, the city’s GDP grew 9.3%, with GDP per capita reaching $4,500.[87]
2014 By the end of 2014, the city’s GDP grew 9.5%, with GDP per capita reaching $5,100.[88]
2020 The city’s economic performance transcended 6%, at 7.84% from 2016-2019 and 2016-2020; the town grew at 6,59%.  Its performance assists the city in reaching the GDP per capita at $6.328;[89] however, it yielded the preferred growth at $9.800 per capita due to the repercussion result of Covid-19.[90]

Sectors[edit]

Saigon Port is one of five major ports in Vietnam, and is among the busiest container ports in the world.

The economy of Ho Chi Minh City consists of industries ranging from mining, seafood processing, agriculture, and construction, to tourism, finance, industry and trade. The state-owned sector makes up 33.3% of the economy, the private sector 4.6%, and the remainder in foreign investment. Concerning its economic structure, the service sector accounts for 51.1%, industry and construction account for 47.7% and forestry, agriculture and others make up just 1.2%.[91]

The city and its ports are part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region of Trieste with its rail connections to Central and Eastern Europe.[92][93]

Quang Trung Software Park is a software park situated in District 12. The park is approximately 15 km (9 mi) from downtown Ho Chi Minh City and hosts software enterprises as well as dot.com companies. The park also includes a software training school. Dot.com investors here are supplied with other facilities and services such as residences and high-speed access to the internet as well as favorable taxation. Together with the Hi-Tech Park in Thủ Đức, and the 32 ha. software park inside Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone in District 7 of the city, Ho Chi Minh City aims to become an important hi-tech city in the country and the South-East Asia region.

This park helps the city in particular and Vietnam in general to become an outsourcing location for other enterprises in developed countries, as India has done. Some 300,000 businesses, including many large enterprises, are involved in high-tech, electronic, processing and light industries, and also in construction, building materials and agricultural products. Additionally, crude oil is a popular economic base in the city. Investors are still pouring money into the city. Total local private investment was 160 billion đồng (US$7.5 million)[94] with 18,500 newly founded companies. Investment trends to high technology, services and real estate projects.[citation needed]

As of June 2006, the city had three export processing zones and twelve industrial parks, in addition to Quang Trung Software Park and Ho Chi Minh City hi-tech park. Intel has invested about 1 billion dollars in a factory in the city. More than fifty banks with hundreds of branches and about 20 insurance companies are also located inside the city. The Stock Exchange, the first stock exchange in Vietnam, was opened in 2001. There are 171 medium and large-scale markets as well as several supermarket chains, shopping malls, and fashion and beauty centers.[citation needed]

Urbanisation[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City has a high concentration of skyscrapers as a result of urbanisation. Landmark 81, as seen in background, is the tallest building in Vietnam.

With a population now of 8,382,287 (as of Census 2010 on 1 April 2010)[95] (registered residents plus migrant workers as well as a metropolitan population of 10 million), Ho Chi Minh City needs increased public infrastructure.[60] To this end, the city and central governments have embarked on an effort to develop new urban centres. The two most prominent projects are the Thủ Thiêm city centre in District 2 and the Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, a new city centre in District 7 (as part of the Saigon South project) where various international schools such as Saigon South International School and Australian Royal Melbourne Institute of Technology are located. In December 2007, Phú Mỹ Hưng’s new City Centre completed the 17.8 km (11.1 mi) 10–14 lane wide Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard linking the Saigon port areas, Tân Thuận Export Processing Zone to the National Highway 1 and the Mekong Delta area. In November 2008, a brand new trade centre, Saigon Exhibition and Convention Centre, also opened its doors. Other projects include Grandview, Waterfront, Sky Garden, Riverside and Phú Gia 99. Phú Mỹ Hưng’s new City Centre received the first Model New City Award from the Vietnamese Ministry of Construction.[citation needed]

Shopping[edit]

Saigon Centre, located in District 1, houses one of the city’s largest shopping malls.

Some of the larger shopping malls and plazas opened recently include:

  • Maximark – Multiple locations (District 10, Tân Bình District)
  • Satramart – 460 3/2 Street, Ward 12, District 10
  • Auchan (2016) – Multiple locations (District 10, Gò Vấp District)
  • Lotte Mart – Multiple locations (District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • AEON Mall – Multiple locations (Bình Tân District, Tân Phú District)
  • SC VivoCity (2015) – 1058 Nguyễn Văn Linh Boulevard, Tân Phong Ward, District 7
  • Zen Plaza (1995) – 54–56 Nguyễn Trãi St, District 1
  • Saigon Centre (1997) – 65 Lê Lợi Blvd, District 1
  • Diamond Plaza (1999) – 34 Lê Duẩn Blvd, District 1
  • Big C (2002) – Multiple locations (District 10, Bình Tân District, Gò Vấp District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District)
  • METRO Cash & Carry/Mega Market – Multiple locations (District 2, District 6, District 12)
  • Crescent Mall – Phú Mỹ Hưng Urban Area, District 7
  • Parkson (2005–2009) – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 5, District 7, District 11, Tân Bình District)
  • Saigon Paragon (2009) – 3 Nguyễn Lương Bằng St, Tân Phú Ward, District 7
  • NowZone (2009) – 235 Nguyễn Văn Cừ Ave, District 1
  • Kumho Asiana Plaza (2010) – 39 Lê Duẩn Blvd, Bến Nghé Ward, District 1
  • Vincom Centre (2010) – 70–72 Lê Thánh Tôn St, District 1
  • Union Square – 171 Lê Thánh Tôn st, District 1
  • Vincom Mega Mall (2016) – 161 Hà Nội Highway, Thảo Điền Ward, District 2 (City of Thủ Đức)
  • Bitexco Financial Tower (2010) Alley 2 Hàm Nghi Blvd, District 1
  • Co.opmart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 3, District 5, District 6, District 7, District 8, District 10, District 11, District 12, Bình Chánh District, Bình Tân District, Bình Thạnh District, Củ Chi District, Gò Vấp District, Hóc Môn District, Phú Nhuận District, Tân Phú District, Thủ Đức District)
  • Landmark 81 (2018) – 208 Nguyễn Hữu Cảnh St, Bình Thạnh District
  • WinMart – Multiple locations (District 1, District 2, District 7, District 9, District 10, Bình Chánh District, Bình Thạnh District, Gò Vấp District, Tân Bình District, Thủ Đức District)

In 2007, three million foreign tourists, about 70% of the total number of tourists to Vietnam, visited the city. Total cargo transport to Ho Chi Minh City’s ports reached 50.5 million tonnes,[96] nearly one-third of the total for Vietnam.

Tourism[edit]

Bùi Viện Walking Street is lined with hotels, coffee shops and bars catering to tourists.

Tourist attractions in Ho Chi Minh City are mainly related to periods of French colonisation and the Vietnam War. The city’s centre has some wide American-style boulevards and a few French colonial buildings. The majority of these tourist spots are located in District 1 and are a short distance from each other. The most prominent structures in the city centre are the Reunification Palace (Dinh Thống Nhất), City Hall (Ủy ban nhân dân Thành phố), Municipal Theatre (Nhà hát thành phố, also known as the Opera House), City Post Office (Bưu điện thành phố), State Bank Office (Ngân hàng Nhà nước), City People’s Court (Tòa án nhân dân thành phố), and Notre-Dame Cathedral (Nhà thờ Đức Bà Sài Gòn), which was constructed between 1863 and 1880. Some of the historic hotels include the Hotel Majestic, dating from the French colonial era, and the Rex and Caravelle hotels, both of which are former hangouts for American officers and war correspondents in the 1960s & ’70s.[97]

The city has various museums including the Ho Chi Minh City Museum, Museum of Vietnamese History, the Revolutionary Museum, the Museum of south-eastern Armed Forces, the War Remnants Museum, the Museum of Southern Women, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Nhà Rồng Memorial House, and the Bến Dược Relic of Underground Tunnels. The Củ Chi tunnels are north-west of the city in Củ Chi District. The Saigon Zoo and Botanical Gardens, in District 1, dates from 1865. The Đầm Sen Tourist and Cultural Park, Suối Tiên Amusement and Culture Park, and Cần Giờ’s Eco beach resort are three recreational sites inside the city which are popular with tourists. Aside from the Municipal Theatre, there are other places of entertainment such as the Bến Thành Theatre, Hòa Bình Theatre, and the Lan Anh Music Stage. Ho Chi Minh City is home to hundreds of cinemas and theatres, with cinema and drama theatre revenue accounting for 60–70% of Vietnam’s total revenue in this industry.[citation needed] Unlike other theatrical organisations found in Vietnam’s provinces and municipalities, residents of Ho Chi Minh City keep their theatres active without the support of subsidies from the Vietnamese government. The city is also home to most of the private film companies in Vietnam.[citation needed]

Like many of Vietnam’s smaller cities, the city boasts a multitude of restaurants serving typical Vietnamese dishes such as phở or rice vermicelli. Backpacking travellers most often frequent the «Backpackers’ Quarter» on Phạm Ngũ Lão Street and Bùi Viện Street, District 1.[98]

It was approximated that 4.3 million tourists visited Vietnam in 2007, of which 70 percent, approximately 3 million tourists, visited Ho Chi Minh City.[99]
According to the most recent international tourist statistic, Ho Chi Minh City welcomed 6 million tourists in 2017.[100]

According to Mastercard’s 2019 report, Ho Chi Minh City is also the country’s second most visited city (18th in Asia Pacific), with 4.1 million overnight international visitors in 2018 (after Hanoi with 4.8 million visitors).[101]

Transport[edit]

Air[edit]

Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport is the busiest airport in Vietnam.

The city is served by Tân Sơn Nhất International Airport, the largest airport in Vietnam in terms of passengers handled (with an estimated number of over 15.5 million passengers per year in 2010, accounting for more than half of Vietnam’s air passenger traffic[102][103]). Long Thành International Airport is scheduled to begin operating in 2025. Based in Long Thành District, Đồng Nai Province, about 40 km (25 mi) east of Ho Chi Minh City, Long Thành Airport will serve international flights, with a maximum traffic capacity of 100 million passengers per year when fully completed; Tân Sơn Nhất Airport will serve domestic flights.[104]

Rail[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is also a terminal for many Vietnam Railways train routes in the country. The Reunification Express (tàu Thống Nhất) runs from Saigon to Hanoi from Saigon Railway Station in District 3, with stops at cities and provinces along the line.[105] Within the city, the two main stations are Sóng Thần and Sài Gòn. In addition, there are several smaller stations such as Dĩ An, Thủ Đức, Bình Triệu, Gò Vấp. However, rail transport is not fully developed and presently comprises only 0.6% of passenger traffic and 6% of goods shipments.[106]

Water transport[edit]

The city’s location on the Saigon River makes it a bustling commercial and passenger port; besides a constant stream of cargo ships, passenger boats operate regularly between Ho Chi Minh City and various destinations in Southern Vietnam and Cambodia, including Vũng Tàu, Cần Thơ and the Mekong Delta, and Phnom Penh. Traffic between Ho Chi Minh City and Vietnam’s southern provinces has steadily increased over the years; the Đôi and Tẻ Canals, the main routes to the Mekong Delta, receive 100,000 waterway vehicles every year, representing around 13 million tons of cargo. A project to dredge these routes has been approved to facilitate transport, to be implemented in 2011–14.[107] In 2017, the Saigon Waterbus launched, connecting District 1 to Thu Duc City.[108]

Public transport[edit]

Metro[edit]

The Ho Chi Minh City Metro, a rapid transit network, is being built in stages. The first line is under construction, and expected to be fully operational by 2024.[109] This first line will connect Bến Thành to Suối Tiên Park in District 9, with a depot in Long Bình. Planners expect the route to serve more than 160,000 passengers daily.[110] A line between Bến Thành and Tham Lương in District 12 has been approved by the government,[111] and several more lines are the subject of ongoing feasibility studies.[110]

Bus[edit]

Public buses run on many routes and tickets can be purchased on the bus. Ho Chi Minh City has a number of coach houses, which house coach buses to and from other areas in Vietnam. The largest coach station – in terms of passengers handled – is the Miền Đông Coach Station in the Bình Thạnh District.

Private transport[edit]

The main means of transport within the city are motorbikes, cars, buses, taxis, and bicycles. Motorbikes remain the most common way to move around the city. Taxis are plentiful and usually have metres, although it is also common to agree on a price before taking a long trip, for example, from the airport to the city centre. For short trips, «xe ôm» (literally, «hug vehicle») motorcycle taxis are available throughout the city, usually congregating at a major intersection. You can also book motorcycle and car taxis through ride-hailing apps like Grab and GoJek. A popular activity for tourists is a tour of the city on cyclos, which allow for longer trips at a more relaxed pace. For the last few years, cars have become more popular.[112] There are approximately 340,000 cars and 3.5 million motorcycles in the city, which is almost double compared with Hanoi.[106] The growing number of cars tend to cause gridlock and contribute to air pollution. The government has called out motorcycles as the reason for the congestion and has developed plans to reduce the number of motorcycles and to improve public transport.[113]

Expressway[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City has two expressways making up the North-South Expressway system, connecting the city with other provinces. The first expressway is Ho Chi Minh City — Trung Lương Expressway, opened in 2010, connecting Ho Chi Minh City with Tiền Giang and the Mekong Delta.[114] The second one is Ho Chi Minh City — Long Thành — Dầu Giây Expressway, opened in 2015, connecting the city with Đồng Nai, Bà Rịa–Vũng Tàu and the Southeast of Vietnam.[115] The Ho Chi Minh City — Long Khánh Expressway is under planning and will be constructed in the near future.

Healthcare[edit]

The health care system of the city is relatively developed with a chain of about 100 government owned hospitals or medical centres and dozens of international facilities,[116] as well as privately owned clinics.[60] The 1,400-bed Chợ Rẫy Hospital, upgraded by Japanese aid and the French-sponsored Institute of Cardiology and City International Hospital are among the top medical facilities in the South-East Asia region.

Education[edit]

High schools[edit]

Notable high schools in Ho Chi Minh City include Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted, Phổ Thông Năng Khiếu High School for the Gifted, Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted, Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School, Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School, Gia Định High School [vi], Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi], Marie Curie High School, Võ Thị Sáu High School, and others. Though the former schools are all public, private education is also available in Ho Chi Minh City. High school consists of grade 10–12 (sophomore, junior, and senior).[117]

List of Public High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)[edit]

  • VNUHCM High School for the Gifted
  • Lê Hồng Phong High School for the Gifted
  • Trần Đại Nghĩa High School for the Gifted
  • Nguyễn Thượng Hiền High School
  • Nguyễn Thị Minh Khai High School
  • Bùi Thị Xuân High School
  • Phú Nhuận High School
  • Bình Phú High School
  • Gia Định High School [vi]
  • Mạc Đĩnh Chi High School
  • Lê Quý Đôn High School [vi]
  • Nguyễn Du Secondary School
  • Nguyễn Hữu Cầu High School
  • Nguyễn Hữu Huân High School
  • Marie Curie High School
  • Võ Thị Sáu High School
  • Võ Trường Toản High School
  • Hùng Vương High School
  • Chu Văn An High School
  • Trưng Vương High School
  • Lương Thế Vinh High School
  • Trần Khai Nguyên High School
  • Ten Lơ Man High School
  • Nguyễn Trãi High School
  • Nguyễn Khuyến High School
  • Nguyễn Du High School
  • Nguyễn Công Trứ High School
  • Trần Hưng Đạo High School
  • Nguyễn Chí Thanh High School
  • Nguyễn Thái Bình High School
  • Thủ Đức High School
  • Nguyễn Thị Diệu High School

List of Private High Schools in Ho Chi Minh City (non-exhaustive)[edit]

  • British International School Ho Chi Minh City
  • International School Ho Chi Minh City
  • Saigon South International School
  • Ngô Thời Nhiệm High School
  • Nguyễn Khuyến High School
  • Khai Trí High School
  • Quang Trung Nguyễn Huệ High School
  • Trí Đức High School
  • Trương Vĩnh Ký High School
  • VinSchool
  • VStar School
  • Australian International School
  • Western Australian International School Systems
  • The Canadian International School
  • Hong Ha Secondary-High School

Universities[edit]

Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, is one of the two national research universities in Vietnam.

Higher education in Ho Chi Minh City is a burgeoning industry; the city boasts over 80 universities and colleges with a total of over 400,000 students.[60] Notable universities include Vietnam National University, Ho Chi Minh City, with 50,000 students distributed among six schools; The University of Technology (Đại học Bách khoa, formerly Phú Thọ National Center of Technology); The University of Sciences (formerly Saigon College of Sciences); The University of Social Sciences and Humanities (formerly Saigon College of Letters); The International University; The University of Economics and Law; and the newly established University of Information Technology.

Some other important higher education establishments include HCMC University of Pedagogy, University of Economics, University of Architecture, Pham Ngoc Thach University of Medicine, Nong Lam University (formerly University of Agriculture and Forestry), University of Law, University of Technical Education, University of Banking, University of Industry, Open University,[118] University of Sports and Physical Education, University of Fine Arts, University of Culture, the Conservatory of Music, the Saigon Institute of Technology, Văn Lang University, Saigon University, and Hoa Sen University.

In addition to the above public universities, Ho Chi Minh City is also home to several private universities. One of the most notable is RMIT International University Vietnam, a campus of Australian public research RMIT University with an enrollment of about 6,000 students. Tuition at RMIT is about US$40,000 for an entire course of study.[119] Other private universities include The Saigon International University (or SIU) is another private university run by the Group of Asian International Education.[120] Enrollment at SIU averages about 12,000 students[121] Depending on the type of program, tuition at SIU costs US$5,000–6,000 per year.[122]

Culture[edit]

Museums and art galleries[edit]

Due to its history, artworks have generally been inspired by both Western and Eastern styles. Famous locations for art in Ho Chi Minh City include Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts, and various art galleries located on Nam Kỳ Khởi Nghĩa street, Trần Phú street, and Bùi Viện street.[123]

  • Ho Chi Minh City Museum of Fine Arts

  • Ho Chi Minh City Museum of History

  • War Remnants Museum

Food and drink[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City cultivates a strong food and drink culture with lots of roadside restaurants, coffee shops, and food stalls where locals and tourists can enjoy local cuisine and beverages at low prices.[124] It’s currently ranked in the top five best cities in the world for street food.[125]

Media[edit]

HTV, the second largest television network in Vietnam, has its headquarters in District 1.

The city’s media is the most developed in the country. At present, there are seven daily newspapers: Sài Gòn Giải Phóng (Liberated Saigon), and its Vietnamese, investment and finance, sports, evening, and weekly editions; Tuổi Trẻ (Youth), the highest circulation newspaper in Vietnam; Thanh Niên (Young People), the second largest circulation in the south of Vietnam; Người Lao Động (Labourer); Thể Thao (Sports); Pháp Luật (Law); The Saigon Times Daily, an English-language newspaper; as well as more than 30 other newspapers and magazines. The city has hundreds of printing and publishing houses, many bookstores, and a widespread network of public and school libraries; the city’s General Library houses over 1.5 million books. Locally based Ho Chi Minh City Television (HTV) is the second largest television network in the nation, just behind the national Vietnam Television (VTV), broadcasting 24/7 on 7 different channels (using analog and digital technology). Many major international TV channels are provided through two cable networks (SCTV and HTVC), with over one million subscribers. The Voice of Ho Chi Minh City is the largest radio station in south Vietnam.[citation needed]

Internet coverage, especially through ADSL connections, is rapidly expanding, with over 2,200,000 subscribers and around 5.5 million frequent users. Internet service providers (ISPs) operating in Ho Chi Minh City include the Vietnam Data Communication Company (VDC), Corporation for Finance and Promoting Technology (FPT), Netnam Company, Saigon Post and Telecommunications Services Corporation (Saigon Postel Corporation, SPT) and Viettel Company. The city has more than two million fixed telephones and about fifteen million cellular phones (the latter growing annually by 20%). Mobile phone service is provided by a number of companies, including Viettel Mobile, MobiFone, VinaPhone, and Vietnam Mobile.

Sport[edit]

As of 2005, Ho Chi Minh City was home to 91 football fields, 86 swimming pools, and 256 gyms.[126] The largest stadium in the city is the 15,000-seat Thống Nhất Stadium, located on Đào Duy Từ Street, in Ward 6 of District 10. The next largest is Military Region 7 Stadium, located near Tan Son Nhat Airport in Tân Bình district. The Military Region 7 Stadium was of the venues for the 2007 AFC Asian Cup finals. As well as being a sporting venue, it is also the site of a music school. Phú Thọ Racecourse, another notable sporting venue established during colonial times, is the only racetrack in Vietnam, however, due to poor maintenance, the facilities are not in good condition.[127] The city’s Department of Physical Education and Sport also manages a number of clubs, including Phan Đình Phùng, Thanh Đa, and Yết Kiêu.

Ho Chi Minh City is home to a number of association football clubs. One of the city’s largest clubs, Ho Chi Minh City F.C., is based at Thống Nhất Stadium, formerly as Cảng Sài Gòn, they were four-time champions of Vietnam’s V.League 1 (in 1986, 1993–94, 1997, and 2001–02). Navibank Saigon F.C., founded as Quân Khu 4, were also based at Thống Nhất Stadium, emerged as champions of the First Division in the 2008 season, and were promoted to the V-League in 2009, the club has since been dissolved during a corruption scandal.[128] The city’s police department also fielded a football team in the 1990s, Công An Thành Phố, which won the V-League championship in 1995, the club was dissolved in 2002 as the league become more professional. Since it’s inception in 2016, Sài Gòn F.C. competed in V.League 1, however, in 2022 they suffered relegation and will complete in V.League 2 in 2023.

In 2011, Ho Chi Minh City was awarded an expansion team for the ASEAN Basketball League.[129] Saigon Heat was the first ever international professional basketball team to represent Vietnam.[130] The team also plays in the domestic basketball league, the Vietnam Basketball Association, and have won the championship on three occasions (2019, 2020 and 2022).

In 2016, a second professional basketball team was created, Ho Chi Minh City Wings, playing in the domestic Vietnam Basketball Association.

Ho Chi Minh City hosts a number of international sport events throughout the year, such as the AFF Futsal Championship and the Vietnam Vertical Run. Several other sports are represented by teams in the city, such as Irish (Gaelic) Football, rugby, cricket,[131] volleyball, basketball, chess, athletics, and table tennis.[132]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Ho Chi Minh City is twinned with:[133]

  • Kuwait Ahmadi Governorate, Kuwait (2010)
  • Kazakhstan Almaty, Kazakhstan (2011)
  • France Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, France (1998)
  • Thailand Bangkok, Thailand (2014)
  • Laos Champasak Province, Laos (2001)
  • South Korea Busan, South Korea (1995)
  • China Guangdong Province, China (2009)
  • China Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, China (2013)
  • Germany Leipzig, Germany (2021)[134]
  • France Lyon, France (1997)
  • Philippines Manila, Philippines (1994)
  • Belarus Minsk, Belarus (2008)
  • Russia Moscow, Russia (2003)
  • Japan Osaka Prefecture, Japan (2007)
  • Cambodia Phnom Penh, Cambodia (1999)
  • Russia Saint Petersburg, Russia (2005)
  • United States San Francisco, United States (1995)
  • China Shandong Province, China (2013)
  • China Shanghai, China (1994)
  • Bulgaria Sofia, Bulgaria (2015)
  • Laos Vientiane, Laos (2001)
  • Russia Vladivostok, Russia (2009)
  • Myanmar Yangon, Myanmar (2012)
  • China Zhejiang Province, China (2009)

Cooperation and friendship[edit]

In addition to its twin towns, Ho Chi Minh City is in cooperation with:[133]

  • Spain Barcelona, Spain (2009)
  • Hungary Budapest, Hungary (2013)
  • South Korea Daegu, South Korea (2015)
  • Switzerland Geneva, Switzerland (2007)
  • China Guangzhou, China (1996)
  • South Africa Johannesburg, South Africa (2009)
  • Slovakia Košice, Slovakia (2016)[135]
  • Russia Moscow Oblast, Russia (2015)
  • Australia Northern Territory, Australia (2014)
  • Japan Osaka, Japan (2011)
  • Australia Queensland, Australia (2005)
  • Spain Seville, Spain (2009)
  • China Shenyang, China (1999)
  • Japan Shiga Prefecture, Japan (2014)
  • Russia Sverdlovsk Oblast, Russia (2000)
  • Canada Toronto, Canada (2006)
  • Japan Yokohama, Japan (2009)

See also[edit]

  • 175 Hospital
  • History of Organized Crime in Saigon
  • List of East Asian ports
  • List of historic buildings in Ho Chi Minh City
  • List of historical capitals of Vietnam

Notes[edit]

  1. ^ «Saigon began as the Cham village of Baigaur, then became the Khmer Prey Nôkôr before being taken over by the Vietnamese and renamed Gia Dinh Thanh and then Saigon.» Vo, Nghia M., ed. (2009). The Viet Kieu in America: Personal Accounts of Postwar Immigrants from Vietnam. McFarland & Co. p. 218. ISBN 9780786454907.
  2. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows:
    «By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
    Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon-Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon-Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honor of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly’s meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.»[17]
  3. ^ «Un siècle plus tard (1773), la révolte des TÁYON (sic) [qu’éclata] tout, d’abord dans les montagnes de la province de Qui-Nhon, et s’étendit rapidement dans le sud, chassa de Bien-Hoa le mouvement commercial qu’y avaient attiré les Chinois. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent Cou-lao-pho, remontèrent de fleuve de Tan-Binh, et vinrent choisir la position actuele de CHOLEN. Cette création date d’environ 1778. Ils appelèrent leur nouvelle résidence TAI-NGON ou TIN-GAN. Le nom transformé par les Annamites en celui de SAIGON fut depuis appliqué à tort, par l’expédition française, au SAIGON actuel dont la dénomination locale est BEN-NGHE ou BEN-THANH.»[20]
  4. ^ «The Khmer name for Saigon, by the way, is Prey Nokor; prey means forest, nokor home or city.»[21]
  5. ^ The text of the resolution is as follows:
    «By the National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam, 6th tenure, 1st session, for officially renaming Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.
    The National Assembly of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam
    Considering the boundless love of the people of Saigon – Gia Dinh City for Chairman Ho Chi Minh and their wish for the city to be named after him;
    Considering the long and difficult revolutionary struggle launched in Saigon–Gia Dinh City, with several glorious feats, deserves the honour of being named after Chairman Ho Chi Minh;
    After discussing the suggestion of the Presidium of the National Assembly’s meeting;
    Decides to rename Saigon-Gia Dinh City as Ho Chi Minh City.»[17]

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  96. ^ «mofahcm» (in Vietnamese). mofahcm. Archived from the original on 31 January 2010. Retrieved 3 April 2010. Số lượng khách quốc tế đến TPHCM đã đạt tới 3 triệu lượt người, tăng 14,6% so với năm 2006, chiếm 70% tổng lượng du khách đến VN… Lượng hàng hóa vận chuyển qua cảng đạt 50,5 triệu tấn…
  97. ^ In 2014, tourism revenue has hit VND 78.7 trillion (US$3.7 billion), up to 4 percent compared to the same period in 2013.
  98. ^ «Ho Chi Minh City backpackers’ town – Tuoi Tre News». Archived from the original on 8 August 2016. Retrieved 23 June 2016.
  99. ^ [1] Archived 4 April 2008 at the Wayback Machine
  100. ^ TITC. «HCM City welcomes six millionth int’l visitor in 2017». Tổng cục Du lịch Việt Nam.[permanent dead link]
  101. ^ «Mastercard lists Hanoi, HCMC among top 20 Asia-Pacific travel destinations». VNExpress. Archived from the original on 22 October 2019. Retrieved 13 November 2019.
  102. ^ «Expansion of Saigon – Tan Son Nhat International Airport on», Sài Gòn Giải Phóng Newspaper, 13 October 2007 [2] Archived 24 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  103. ^ Two more Hanoi<>Saigon flights per day for Pacific Airlines on Vietnamnet.net, accessdate 11 November 2007, (in Vietnamese) [3] Archived 22 April 2009 at the Wayback Machine
  104. ^ «Airport Development News» (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 October 2006. Retrieved 19 May 2008.
  105. ^ «Train from Ho Chi Minh City – Ticket fare and Schedule | Vietnam Railways». vietnam-railway.com. Archived from the original on 31 March 2016. Retrieved 31 January 2017.
  106. ^ a b «Print Version». .mt.gov.vn. 29 May 2008. Archived from the original on 1 April 2012. Retrieved 24 April 2012.
  107. ^ «City to expand waterway transport». Vietnam News Service. 19 April 2010. Archived from the original on 21 April 2010. Retrieved 3 October 2017.
  108. ^ VnExpress. «Saigon River bus not convenient enough to lure commuters — VnExpress International». VnExpress International – Latest news, business, travel and analysis from Vietnam. Retrieved 31 August 2022.
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  111. ^ Dinh Muoi. «HCMC’s subway route No.2 approved». Thanh Nien. Archived from the original on 21 May 2010. Retrieved 29 April 2010.
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  116. ^ «International Hospitals and Clinics in Saigon – A Short Guide for Expats». Urban Sesame. 2 August 2022. Retrieved 15 August 2022.
  117. ^ «High School Education system». Archived from the original on 28 April 2018.
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External links[edit]

  • Official website (in Vietnamese and English) (archived 18 February 2010)
  • Ho Chi Minh City People’s Council
  • Geographic data related to Ho Chi Minh City at OpenStreetMap
Источник

  • 1
    Ho Chi Minh

    Ho Chi Minh noun г. Хошимин

    Англо-русский словарь Мюллера > Ho Chi Minh

  • 2
    Hô Chi Minh

    г. Хошимин (Вьетнам)

    * * *

    Ho Chi Minh City,

    прежн.

    Saigon

    Англо-русский географический словарь > Hô Chi Minh

  • 3
    Ho Chi Minh

    English-Russian base dictionary > Ho Chi Minh

  • 4
    Ho Chi Minh

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > Ho Chi Minh

  • 5
    Ho Chi Minh

    2) География: (г.) Хошимин

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ho Chi Minh

  • 6
    Ho Chi Minh

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Ho Chi Minh

  • 7
    Ho Chi Minh

    Англо-русский большой универсальный переводческий словарь > Ho Chi Minh

  • 8
    Ho Chi Minh

    Хошимин (до 1976 Сайгон, Saigon) Город на юге Вьетнама, морской порт на р. Сайгон, в 80 км от Южно-Китайского м. 4.2 млн. жителей (включая прилегающую территорию; 1992). Легкая, пищевая, деревообрабатывающая, химическая промышленность, машиностроение; ремесла. Центр рыболовства. Международные аэропорты (Таншоннют и Бьенхоа). Университет, музеи. С 1867 административный центр французской колонии Кохинхина (Юж. Вьетнам). Буддийские пагоды Салой и Винь-Нгием (обе 18 в.).

    Англо-русский словарь географических названий > Ho Chi Minh

  • 9
    Ho Chi Minh (City)

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ho Chi Minh (City)

  • 10
    Ho Chi Minh City

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > Ho Chi Minh City

  • 11
    Ho Chi Minh (City)

    НБАРС > Ho Chi Minh (City)

  • 12
    Ho Chi Minh (City)

    НБАРС > Ho Chi Minh (City)

  • 13
    Ho Chi Minh City

    Англо-русский современный словарь > Ho Chi Minh City

  • 14
    Ho Chi Minh City

    The Americanisms. English-Russian dictionary. > Ho Chi Minh City

  • 15
    ho chi minh city

    English-Russian base dictionary > ho chi minh city

  • 16
    хошимин

    Большой англо-русский и русско-английский словарь > хошимин

  • 17
    HCMC

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > HCMC

  • 18
    VOH

    Универсальный англо-русский словарь > VOH

  • 19
    Saigon

    Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Saigon

  • 20
    Saigon

    г. Сайгон; г. Сайгон

    * * *

    Англо-русский географический словарь > Saigon

См. также в других словарях:

  • Ho Chi Minh — For other uses, see Ho Chi Minh (disambiguation). Hồ Chí Minh Portrait c. 1946 Chairman of the Workers Party of Vietnam In office 19 February 1951 – 2 Septem …   Wikipedia

  • Ho-Chi-Minh — Stadt Basisdaten Region: Südost Geografische Lage …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Ho Chi Minh — (vietnamesische Schreibweise Hồ Chí Minh (  anhören?/i) (Hán nôm: 胡志明; * 19. Mai 1890; † 2. September 1969) war ein vietnamesischer Revolutionär und Politiker, Premierminister (1945 1955) und Präsident (1955 1969) der Demokratischen Republik… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Ho chi Minh — (vietnamesische Schreibweise Hồ Chí Minh (  anhören?/i) (Hán nôm: 胡志明; * 19. Mai 1890; † 2. September 1969) war ein vietnamesischer Revolutionär und Politiker, Premierminister (1945 1955) und Präsident (1955 1969) der Demokratischen Republik… …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Hồ Chí Minh — Ho Chi Minh im Jahre 1946 Hồ Chí Minh (Aussprache: [hò̤wcǐmiŋ]; …   Deutsch Wikipedia

  • Hô-Chi-Minh — Ville Pour les articles homonymes, voir Saigon. Situation de Hô Chi Minh Ville …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Ho Chi Minh — Hô Chi Minh Hồ Chí Minh Ho Chi Minh proclame l indépendance du Viêt Nam à Hanoï, le 2 septembre 1945 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Hồ Chí Minh — Hô Chi Minh Hồ Chí Minh Ho Chi Minh proclame l indépendance du Viêt Nam à Hanoï, le 2 septembre 1945 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Hồ chí Minh — Hô Chi Minh Hồ Chí Minh Ho Chi Minh proclame l indépendance du Viêt Nam à Hanoï, le 2 septembre 1945 …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Hô Chi Minh — Hồ Chí Minh Hồ Chí Minh, portrait de 1946 Mandats 1er président de la République démocratique du Viêt Nam …   Wikipédia en Français

  • Ho Chi Minh — /hoh chee min / 1890? 1969, North Vietnamese political leader: president of North Vietnam 1954 69. * * * orig. Nguyen Sinh Cung born May 19, 1890, Hoang Tru, Viet. died Sept. 2, 1969, Hanoi President (1945–69) of the Democratic Republic of… …   Universalium

Источник

Перевод «хошимин» на английский

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Контексты

Хошимин не был Саддамом Хусейном.
Ho Chi Minh was not Saddam Hussein.

К ним скоро присоединятся микрочипы, учитывая завод микросхем, который Intel построил за пределами города Хошимин стоимостью в 1 млрд долларов США.
These are soon to be joined by microchips, given the $1 billion factory that chipmaker Intel built outside Ho Chi Minh City.

23 ноября 2004 года Тич Кванг До был вызван в Народный комитет Фу Нхуана (в городе Хошимин) для допроса по поводу » завладения государственными секретами «.
On 23 November 2004, Thich Quang Do was summoned to the Phu Nhuan Ward People’s Committee (in Ho Chi Minh City) for questioning about “appropriation of State secrets”.

На 1 октября 2009 года намечено официальное открытие главного контейнерного терминала » Сайгон премиер » компанией » ДП уорлд «, находящегося на реке Соай-Рап примерно в 15 км от города Хошимин в промышленной зоне » Хиеп-Фуок «.
DP World’s Saigon Premier Container Terminal, located on the Soai Rap river about 15 km from Ho Chi Minh City and in the Hiep Phuoc industrial area of the city, is scheduled to officially open for business on 1 October 2009.

Наряду с укреплением правовой базы борьбы с терроризмом соответствующие учреждения Вьетнама осуществляют конкретные мероприятия по борьбе с терроризмом, такие, как антитеррористический план в международном аэропорту Тан Сон Нхат, Хошимин, который был введен в действие 29 октября 2005 года.
Together with the enhancement of legal framework on anti-terrorism, the relevant agencies of Viet Nam have carried out specific activities to combat terrorism, such as the Model Operation of Anti-terrorism effected at the Tan Son Nhat International Airport, Ho Chi Minh City, on October 29, 2005.

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Источник

  • Хошимин — город, Вьетнам. Первоначальное название Денгон (от вьет, de дамба , ngon конец, вершина ) было искажено кит. иммигрантами сначала в Тхайгон, Тайгон, затем Сайгон. В 1976 г. переименован в Хошимин (Но Chi Minh) в честь вьет. парт, и гос. деятеля… …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Хошимин — Хошимин. Базар. ХОШИМИН (до 1976 Сайгон), город на юге Вьетнама. 3,2 млн. жителей. Морской порт на реке Сайгон, в 80 км от Южно Китайского моря. Международные аэропорты. Лёгкая, пищевая, деревообрабатывающая, химическая промышленность;… …   Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

  • хошимин — Сайгон Словарь русских синонимов. хошимин сущ., кол во синонимов: 4 • город (2765) • грохот …   Словарь синонимов

  • ХОШИМИН — (Ho Chi Minh) (до 1976 Сайгон Saigon), город на юге Вьетнама, морской порт на р. Сайгон, в 80 км от Южно Китайского м. 4,2 млн. жителей (включая прилегающую территорию; 1992). Легкая, пищевая, деревообрабатывающая, химическая промышленность,… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • Хошимин —         (до 1976 Сайгон), город на юге Вьетнама. В регулярной застройке здания так называемого колониального стиля (в духе европейской архитектуры XIX начала XX вв.), а также функционалистские (в том числе высотные) середины XX в. Эклектический… …   Художественная энциклопедия

  • Хошимин — Запрос «Сайгон» перенаправляется сюда; о других значения см. Сайгон (значения). Город центрального подчинения Хошимин вьетн. Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh Страна …   Википедия

  • Хошимин — (Нô Chi Minh) (до 1976 Сайгон, Saigon), город на юге Вьетнама, морской порт на р. Сайгон, в 80 км от Южно Китайского моря. 4,2 млн. жителей. (1992). Лёгкая, пищевая, деревообрабатывающая, химическая промышленность, машиностроение; ремёсла. Центр… …   Энциклопедический словарь

  • Хошимин — город, Вьетнам. Первоначальное название Денгон (от вьет, de дамба , ngon конец, вершина ) было искажено кит. иммигрантами сначала в Тхайгон, Тайгон, затем Сайгон. В 1976 г. переименован в Хошимин (Но Chi Minh) в честь вьет. парт, и гос. деятеля… …   Топонимический словарь

  • Хошимин (Сайгон) — Хошимин (до 1976 Сайгон) (Ho Chi Minh, Saigon) город на юге Вьетнама, морской порт на реке Сайгон. Расположен в 80 км от Южно Китайского моря, близ… …   Города мира

  • Хошимин (футбольный клуб) — Хошимин …   Википедия

  • Хошимин —         город во Вьетнаме; до 1976 Сайгон. Назван в честь Хо Ши Мина …   Большая советская энциклопедия

    • Англо-русские и русско-английские словари и энциклопедии. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries and translations

    Русско-английский перевод ХОШИМИН

    хошимин ho chi minh

    Сократ.
    Русско-Английский словарь Сократ.

         Russian-English dictionary Sokrat.
    2012

    Правильное написание слова хошимин:

    хошимин

    Криптовалюта за ходьбу!

    Количество букв в слове: 7

    Слово состоит из букв:
    Х, О, Ш, И, М, И, Н

    Правильный транслит слова: hoshimin

    Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: [jibvby

    Неправильное написание слова с ошибкой: хошымин

    Тест на правописание


    русский

    арабский
    немецкий
    английский
    испанский
    французский
    иврит
    итальянский
    японский
    голландский
    польский
    португальский
    румынский
    русский
    шведский
    турецкий
    украинский
    китайский


    английский

    Синонимы
    арабский
    немецкий
    английский
    испанский
    французский
    иврит
    итальянский
    японский
    голландский
    польский
    португальский
    румынский
    русский
    шведский
    турецкий
    украинский
    китайский
    украинский


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.


    ОБЯЗАННОСТИ КЛИЕНТА — Хошимин — Муйне $75, с 2011 года



    LONG THANH HIGHWAY BETWEEN HCMC — PHAN THIET — . Since 2011


    Денъ 16: Город Хошимин (З, О)


    Хошимин вошел в Топ 10 в Азии ТУРИСТИЧЕСКИЕ НОВОСТИ



    TOURIST ARRIVALS TO HANOI UP 10% A news, Hanoi


    Ден ь 1: Прибытие в Сайгон (Хошимин) (У)



    Day 1 — Arrival Saigon (D)


    2 внутреных авиабилета: ХаНой — ДаНанг; Хюэ — ХоШиМин



    2 domestic flights:Hanoi — Danang, Hue — Hochiminh


    54 ЧЫНГДОАН (12) (ХОШИМИН)



    TRUNG DOAN (12) (HCMV)


    Хошимин вошел в Топ 10 в Азии



    TOURIST ARRIVALS TO HANOI UP 10


    В среднем поездка из Далата в Муйне, Нячанг займет З часа езды и в Хошимин 7 часов.



    On average, the trip from Dalat to Dalat airport takes 45 minutes, and Phan Thiet (Mui Ne), Nha Trang we reaching within 3 hours.


    Вечером. Возвр ащение в Хошимин. Ноч ь на гостинице.



    P.M. Return to HoChiMinh City. Night at hotel.


    Portfolios Archive — Хошимин — Муйне $75, с 2011 года



    2 day tour Mekong Archives — Page 2 of 2 — . Since 2011


    Возвращение в СайГон вечером, на дороге остановка в Пагоде Винъ Чанг. Свободное время и ночевка в гостинице города Хошимин.



    Return to SaiGon in the afternoon, on the way stop to visit VinhTrang Pagoda. release in the evening. Ovetnight in HoChiMinh City.


    Возвращение в город Хошимин. Остановка в городке ЛонгАн для посещение храма КаоДай, странного вероисповедания на юге В ь етнама. Н о чевка в городе Хо ш и м ин.



    Drive back to Hochiminh City. Stop at Long An Town to visit a CaoDai Temple, a strange religion in the South of Vietnam. Night in Hochiminh City.


    СОЦИАЛИСТИЧЕСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА ВЬЕТНАМ 2018-07-122018-10-14 Хошимин — Муйне $75, с 2011 года 200px 200px О нас indrek



    Khanh Hoa Ninh Thuan Quang Nam Vietnam QUANG NAM ETHNIC CULTURE FESTIVAL 2018-07-172018-09-06. Since 2011 200px 200px


    Обычно именно в таком виде Ханой представлен в экскурсионных пакетных турах. Но встречаются и продолжительные туры с пребыванием в Ханое, включающие в себя экскурсии в бухту Халонг, в Сапу и даже в Хошимин. Найти и подобрать туры в Ханой онлайн можете здесь.



    But there are also longer tours with the stay in Hanoi, including trips to Halong Bay, Sapa and even Vietnam. To find and pick up tours in Hanoi online.


    Международный авиабилет: ХоШиМин — Сием Риеп



    International flight:Hochiminh -Siemreap


    Адрес: No 127, Удица Бан Ко — ХоШиМин — Въетнам



    Resources Sinhcafe Travel — Vietnam Opentour Add: 87 Hoang Quoc Viet St, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam


    День 12: ФАНТХИЕТ — ХОШИМИН(З, О, У)



    Day 12: PhanThiet — HoChiMinh (B, L,D) Am: Transfer to Saigon


    В результате стремительного развития Хошимин, как и многие другие крупные города Юго-Восточной Азии, столкнулся с проблемой неконтролируемой миграции населения из сельских районов.



    Having undergone rapid development, it, like many other cities in South-East Asia, is faced with significant and poorly controlled rural-urban migration.


    Может трансфер отвезти меня в любое время суток? — Хошимин — Муйне $75, с 2011 года



    CAN YOU TAKE ME TO AIRPORT ANY TIME OF THE DAY? — . Since 2011


    Бизнес-лицензия — Хошимин — Муйне $75, с 2011 года



    Business license of — . Since 2011

    Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

    Результатов: 45. Точных совпадений: 45. Затраченное время: 51 мс

    Documents

    Корпоративные решения

    Спряжение

    Синонимы

    Корректор

    Справка и о нас

    Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

    Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    ×òî òàêîå «Õîøèìèí»? Êàê ïðàâèëüíî ïèøåòñÿ äàííîå ñëîâî. Ïîíÿòèå è òðàêòîâêà.

    Õîøèìèí

    Õîøèìèí

    ãîðîä, Âüåòíàì. Ïåðâîíà÷àëüíîå íàçâàíèå Äåíãîí (îò âüåò, de ‘äàìáà’, ngon ‘êîíåö, âåðøèíà’) áûëî èñêàæåíî êèò. èììèãðàíòàìè ñíà÷àëà â Òõàéãîí, Òàéãîí, çàòåì Ñàéãîí.  1976 ã. ïåðåèìåíîâàí â Õîøèìèí (Íî Chi Minh) â ÷åñòü âüåò. ïàðò, è ãîñ. äåÿòåëÿ Õî Øè Ìèíà (1890-1969).

    Õîøèìèí — ÕÎØÈÌÈÍ (Ho Chi Minh) (äî 1976 Ñàéãîí — Saigon), ãîðîä íà þãå Âüåòíàìà, ìîðñêîé ïîðò íà ð. Ñàéãîí, â… Áîëüøîé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü

    Õîøèìèí — Õîøèìèí
            (äî 1976 — Ñàéãîí), ãîðîä íà þãå Âüåòíàìà. Â ðåãóëÿðíîé çàñòðîéêå — çäàíèÿ òàê íàçûâ… Õóäîæåñòâåííàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ

    Источник


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.


    На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

    Перевод «хошимин» на английский

    Hochiminh

    ho chi minh city

    Ho Chi Minh

    Ho Chi Min City

    Saigon


    Хошимин нацелен на поддержку запуска 2000 проектов в ближайшие пять лет, и уже получил заявки на финансирование от 200 проектов.



    HCMC aims to support 2,000 startup projects in the next five years and has received funding requests from 200 projects.


    Многие иностранные компании вложили в Хошимин много средств, что делает его наиболее развитым городом во Вьетнаме.



    Lots of foreign companies have invested in HCMC, which makes this city the most developed one in Vietnam.


    Город Хошимин желает сотрудничать с Индонезией в реагировании на изменение климата



    HCM City seeks cooperation in climate change adaptation with Indonesia


    Выступая на инвестиционном форуме, организованном UOB в городе Хошимин на прошлой неделе, Тэм сказал, популярные отраслевые источники иностранных инвестиций во Вьетнам включают в себя ключевые сектора, такие как: производство, здравоохранение, фармацевтика, строительство, недвижимость, а также энергетика и природные ресурсы.



    Speaking at an investment forum organised by UOB in HCM City last week, Tham said the top industry sources of foreign investment into Vietnam included key sectors, such as manufacturing, healthcare, pharmaceuticals, construction, real estate, and energy and natural resources sectors.


    Возвращение в город Хошимин. Остановка в городке ЛонгАн для посещение храма КаоДай, странного вероисповедания на юге В ь етнама. Н о чевка в городе Хо ш и м ин.



    Drive back to Hochiminh City. Stop at Long An Town to visit a CaoDai Temple, a strange religion in the South of Vietnam. Night in Hochiminh City.


    Участвовал в мероприятиях города Хошимин в нескольких случаях и записывал достижения, Корейский центр содействия торговле лесного хозяйства и сельскохозяйственной продукции присоединится к мероприятию в Ханое, надеясь расширить бизнес в городе.



    Participated in HoChiMinh City events for several times and recorded achievements, Korean Trade Promotion Center for Forestry and Agricultural Products will join Hanoi event with hope to expand business in the city.


    Большинство иностранных туристов, посещающих Хошимин, обязательно заходят на рынок Бен Тхань, который является символом этого активного города.



    Most foreign tourists visiting HCMC will come to Ben Thanh market, the symbol of this active city.


    Опросы населения в 2015 году показали низкий уровень рождаемости в более богатых и более развитых районах, таких как Хошимин и Бариа-Вунгтау (1,56).



    Population surveys in 2015 showed a low birth rate in richer and more developed areas such as HCMC and Ba Ria-Vung Tau (1.56).


    Президент также открыл новый отдел внешней торговли Польского агентства инвестиций и торговли в городе Хошимин.



    The president also opened a new Foreign Trade Office of the Polish Agency of Investment and Trade in HCM City.


    Я летел из Австралии в Великобританию, меняя самолеты в Хошимин, потом в Ханой.



    I am flying from Australia to UK, changing planes in HCM then Hanoi.


    Ханой, Хошимин среди самых дешевых городов Юго-Восточной Азии



    Hanoi, HCMC among cheapest cities in Southeast Asia


    г. Хошимин — южный мегаполис, занял 9-е место, когда Ханой занимает 7-е место, как показано в индексе стоимости жизни 2018 года, проведенном компанией Numbeo, крупнейшая в мире база данных пользователей, предоставила данные о городах и странах мира.



    HCMC, the southern metropolis, took the 9th position when Hanoi secured the 7th spot, as shown in the Cost of Living Index 2018 conducted by Numbeo, the world’s largest database of user contributed data about cities and countries worldwide.


    В прошлом году Вьетнамский национальный университет, филиал в Ханое и Вьетнамский национальный университет Хошимин были в числе семи вьетнамских университетов, которые вошли в список 500 лучших университетов Азии, составленный британским издательством QS Quacquarelli Symonds.



    Last year, the Hanoi and HCMC branches of the Vietnam National University were among seven Vietnamese universities that broke into the list of 500 best universities in Asia compiled by Quacquarelli Symonds.


    Возвращение в СайГон вечером, на дороге остановка в Пагоде Винъ Чанг. Свободное время и ночевка в гостинице города Хошимин.



    Return to SaiGon in the afternoon, on the way stop to visit VinhTrang Pagoda. release in the evening. Ovetnight in HoChiMinh City.


    День 12: ФАНТХИЕТ — ХОШИМИН(З, О, У)



    Day 12: PhanThiet — HoChiMinh (B, L,D) Am: Transfer to Saigon


    Уровень Воды в Городе Хошимин Достиг Рекордного за 61 Год Уровня



    HCMC Water Level Reaches Record High in 61 Year


    Все это также делает Хошимин отличным местом для бизнеса.



    All of it makes Manhattan a perfect place to do business.


    Он был переименован в Хошимин в честь первого президента Вьетнама.



    They called it Houston in honor of the republic’s first president.


    Самой густо населенной административной единицей во Вьетнаме является Хошимин Сити — один из пяти муниципалитетов.



    The most populous top-level administrative unit in Vietnam is Hồ Chí Minh City, one of the five municipalities.


    Хошимин имеет быстро растущий сектор обучения, особенно в сфере высшего образования.

    Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

    Результатов: 89. Точных совпадений: 89. Затраченное время: 129 мс

    Documents

    Корпоративные решения

    Спряжение

    Синонимы

    Корректор

    Справка и о нас

    Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

    Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

    Источник

    Примеры перевода

    • ho chi minh city

    Тич Кванг До доставили в Хошимин.

    Thich Quang Do was taken to Ho Chi Minh City.

    Хошимин — Вунгтау — (для улучшения сообщения с портом)

    Ho Chi Minh City to Vung Tau (for improved connectivity to the port)

    Семинар для судей, Хошимин, Вьетнам (2002 год).

    Seminar for Judges. Ho Chi Minh City. Viet Nam (2002).

    В связи с этим железнодорожными ветками, ведущими из города Хошимин, являются следующие:

    Consequently, the lines from Ho Chi Minh City junction are the following:

    Фам Нгок Ань (Тхить Кхонг Тхан) проживает в Хошимине.

    Pham Ngoc An (Thich Khong Than) lives in Ho Chi Minh City.

    Мэри Та Фонг Тан, 1968 года рождения, известная внештатная журналистка и блоггер, проживает в Хошимине, арестована 5 сентября 2011 года в Хошимине и препровождена в тюрьму Фанданглюу (РА 24) по адресу 4 ул. Фан Данг Люу, округ Биньтхань, Хошимин

    Mary Ta Phong Tan, born in 1968; a well-known freelance journalist and blogger; with usual residence in Ho Chi Minh City, was arrested on 5 September 2011 in Ho Chi Minh City, and taken to Phan Dang Luu Prison (PA 24), 4 Phan Dang Luu Street, Binh Thanh District, Ho Chi Minh City

    Она достала мне путёвку в Хошимин и сказала что без проблем найдёт тебе билет на тот же рейс.

    She got me this great fare to Ho Chi Minh City and she said it would be no problem to get you on the same flight.

    В новом городе Хошимине[43] это имело бы мало ценности. Да им было там и не выжить.

    It would mean nothing in the new Ho Chi Minh City and they wouldn’t be alive to enjoy it anyway.

    А Виолетта подалась в Кампучию, поглядеть на Ангкор Ват и присоединиться к нашей группе в Хошимине.

    Violet went into Kampuchea to see Angkor Wat, and will join up with us in Ho Chi Minh City.)

    Дар снова заснул. Когда он проснулся в следующий раз, Сайгон уже перешел в руки коммунистов, которые сразу же переименовали город в Хошимин.

    Dar slept again. When he next awoke, the city had fallen, and Saigon was now Ho Chi Minh City.

    Но в девяносто седьмом я снова там побывал, в шестидневном туристическом туре, который начинался в Хошимине, а заканчивался в Далате.

    But I went back a few years ago—in 1997. There’s a six-day tour leaving from Ho Chi Minh City that ends up in Dalat.

    Туристический автобус выезжает из Хошимина по Двадцатому национальному шоссе, мимо Баолока, Ди-Линга и Дук-Тронга. Вокруг расстилаются зеленые плантации, преимущественно чайные и кофейные. Затем автобус поднимается на южную оконечность плато Ланг-Бианг и въезжает в город Далат.

    The tour bus goes along the National Road Number Twenty from Ho Chi Minh City past Bao Loc, Di Linh, and Duc Trong—mostly huge tea and coffee plantations in that area, very green—and then climbs up the Pren Pass onto the south end of the Lang Biang plateau to get to the city of Dalat.

    Самое неприятное, что он уже успел отпраздновать победу, устроив со своими коллегами вечеринку, угощение для которой добывалось всеми праведными и неправедными путями. «Вдову Клико» позаимствовали из штаб-квартиры «Сюрте», французской уголовной полиции в Хошимине, запивая им копченую белугу – подарок ребят из КГБ, окопавшихся в Нью-Дели. Не меньше дюжины танцовщиц слетелись на шелест долларов – разумеется, фальшивых, изготовленных в Мьянме. Купюрами в большом количестве разжился у пакистанской разведки грозный Джо Ло, который сумел бы украсть и яд у кобры.

    The damned thing of it was, he’d even run his traditional victory celebration, with all the traditional goodies, stolen in all the innovative ways that his crew could come up with. There had been a couple of cases of Veuve Clicquot borrowed from the Sûreté outpost in Ho Chi Minh City, a couple of cases of beluga borrowed from the KGB in New Delhi, and a whole bunch of dancing girls who came to the crinkle of the dollar — counterfeits made in Myanmar and borrowed from Pakistani intelligence by the redoubtable Joe P. Lo, who could steal venom from a cobra.

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