Хьюстон как пишется на английском языке - Правописание и грамматика

В конце 2002 года на пике слухов о своей наркозависимости Хьюстон выпускает свой пятый студийный альбом Just Whitney. Музыкальные критики не были довольны представленными песнями, отмечая, что эти песни являются всего лишь «признаками жизни, но недостаточными для воскрешения» (The San Fransisco Chronicle). Это была работа, которая выполнялась впервые без участия Клайва Дэвиса. Альбом стал коммерчески провальным для Уитни.

В конце 2003 года Хьюстон выпускает свой первый рождественский альбом One Wish: The Holiday Album. Рецензии оказались противоречивыми — от замечания об отклонениях в её голосе (Slant Magazine) до «метеорных крещендо» в её музыке (The New York Times). Альбом стал самым слабо продаваемым для Хьюстон.

В 2004 году Хьюстон совершает турне Soul Divas Tour с Натали Коул и Дион Уорвик по Европе, а также международное турне по Среднему Востоку, России и Азии. В сентябре она сделала сюрприз, выступив на World Music Awards, посвятив это выступление своему наставнику и другу Клайву Дэвису. Публика приветствовала её стоя.

Запись нового альбома

После нескольких заявлений, начиная с 2004 года, о записи или выпуске нового альбома, в феврале 2008 года Клайв Дэвис, главный креативный директор Sony BMG Worldwide, рекорд-продюсер и наставник Хьюстон, заявил, что новый альбом планируется выпустить осенью того же года^[5]. Над альбомом, помимо Дэвиса, также работают такие именитые продюсеры и авторы песен, как Дайан Уоррен, Will.I.Am, Эйкон, Ар Келли и др. Дэвис также заявил, что альбом не будет подстроен под современный хип-хоп маркетинг, ведь «публика хочет Уитни»^[6]. В июле 2008 года новая песня Хьюстон Like I Never Left, исполненная с Эйконом, попала в интернет^[7]. Однако, заявленный альбом до сих пор находился в работе. Согласно официальному сайту певицы, новый альбом будет выпущен 1 сентября 2009 года^[8].

Личная жизнь

Брак с Бобби Брауном

В 1980-х годах Уитни Хьюстон имела романтические отношения с футболистом Рандалом Канингэмом и актером Эдди Мерфи^[9]. Она также якобы имела связь со своей давней подругой и ассистенткой Робин Кроуфорд, хотя постоянно отрицала лесбийские слухи.

Хьюстон в Гамбурге в 1999 году

В 1989 году на Soul Train Music Awards Хьюстон познакомилась с певцом из R&B-группы New Edition Бобби Брауном. После трёх лет ухаживания пара поженилась 18 июля 1992 года. У Брауна к тому времени уже были разногласия с законом и трое детей от разных женщин^[10]. Несмотря на это, Хьюстон родила дочку Бобби Кристину Хьюстон-Браун 4 марта 1993 года после выкидыша год назад^[11].

В течение 1990-х годов Браун и дальше имел проблемы с законом, включая сексуальные домогательства, вождение в нетрезвом виде, драки и даже провел время в тюрьме в то время^[12], как у Хьюстон случился второй выкидыш в 1996 году^[13].

В 2000-х у Брауна было не меньше проблем. Вокруг пары ходили слухи о наркозависимости обоих. В декабре 2003 года после сообщения о том, что Браун ударил Хьюстон во время их перебранки, он был арестован и обвинен^[14].

После долгой истории неверности, скандалов, злоупотребления наркотиками и алкоголем, арестами и семейными проблемами, Хьюстон подала бумаги на развод осенью 2006 года^[15]. В феврале 2007 года Хьюстон ходатайствовала суд ускорить их развод^[16], который состоялся 24 апреля, предоставив Хьюстон полное право попечительства над их дочерью^[17]. 26 апреля 2007 года Браун подал заявления на изменение решений суда, потребовав поддержки ребенка, возможной супружеской поддержки, а также изменить решение, дающее полное опекунство ребенку только Хьюстон. В заявлении также было указано, что Браун по существу является бездомным и сильно подавленным. На судебное слушание 4 января 2008 года Браун не явился в назначенное время. Как результат, судья отменил его апелляцию, оставив Хьюстон с полным попечительством над дочерью, а Брауна — без попечительства и супружеской поддержки. Кроме того, Браун оказался без адвоката после того, как его юристы отказались с ним работать из-за «провалов в общении»^[18].

Проблемы с публичным образом и здоровьем

Хотя в 80-х и начале 90-х годов у Хьюстон был имидж «хорошей девочки», в конце 90-х этот имидж претерпел заметные изменения. Она часто опаздывала на интервью, фотосессии, репетиции и отменяла концерты и появления на ток-шоу^[19]^[20].

11 января 2000 года в Гавайском аэропорту охранники обнаружили в багажах Хьюстон и Брауна марихуану, но пара улетела раньше, чем смогли прибыть полномочные. Позже против нее и Брауна было выдвинуто обвинение в хранении наркотиков, которое Хьюстон позже оспорила. Ей было предписано выплатить 2,1 тысяч фунтов стерлингов (4,2 тысяч долларов) в поддержку молодежной противонаркотической программы взамен общественных работ^[21].

Тем не менее, слухи об употреблении наркотиков не исчезли. Два месяца спустя ее импресарио Клайв Дэвис был включен в Зал славы рок-н-ролла (Rock & Roll Hall of Fame). У Хьюстон было запланировано выступление и чествование Дэвиса, главного руководителя ее карьеры, но певица отменила свои планы за десять минут до начала шоу^[22].

Чуть позже Хьюстон должна была выступать на церемонии вручения Оскара, но была отстранена музыкальным режиссёром и давним другом Бартом Бакарахом. Хотя ее пресс-секретарь ссылался на проблемы с горлом как на причину отмены выступления, многие говорили о проблемах с наркотиками. Позже сообщалось, что голос Хьюстон был дрожащий, она казалась отрешенной, её отношение было случайным, почти вызывающим. Когда она пела песню «Over the Rainbow», она начала петь другую песню, «American Pie»^[23].

На интервью для журнала Jane Magazine, по слухам, Хьюстон прибыла поздно, казалась несобранной, даже не могла открыть глаза и играла на воображаемом фотрепиано^[20].

Позже в том же году исполнительная ассистентка и лучшая подруга Хьюстон Робин Кроуфорд ушла в отставку из управленческой компании Хьюстон^[22].

В следующем году Хьюстон появилась на чествовании 30-летней карьеры Майкла Джексона — Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special. Она выглядела шокирующе худой, что вновь подняло волну слухов об употреблении наркотиков, анорексии и булимии^[24]. Её пресс-секретать сообщил, что Уитни находилась в стрессовом состоянии из-за семейных проблем, из-за чего она не ела. На том же шоу певица должна была выступить еще раз, но отказалась без объяснений^[25]. Чуть позже, в масс-медиа появились слухи о том, что проблемная дива скончалась от передозировки. Компания Хьюстон быстро опровергла эти слухи^[24].

В конце 2002 года Хьюстон дала интервью Диане Сойер ^[26]^[27]. В течение телеинтервью, которое шло в прайм-тайме, неуправляемая и вызывающая Хьюстон говорила на разные темы, включая слухи об употреблении наркотиков и браке с Бобби Брауном. Когда Сойер показала Хьюстон фото с ее выступления на шоу Джексона, певица ответила: «Да, это плохой снимок»^[27]. Когда ее спросили о наркотиках, она ответила: «Прежде всего, давайте выясним одну вещь. Крэк дешевый. Я делаю слишком много денег, чтобы курить крэк. Давайте уясним это. Окей? Мы не употребляем крэк. Мы не употребляем его. Крэк — это крах (Crack is wack)»^[27]. Её заявление окажется нечестным^[28]. Хьюстон допустила факт употребления различных веществ временами и частями. Когда же её спросили, бил ли когда-либо ее муж, она ответила: «Нет, он никогда не ударял меня, нет. Я била его, в гневе»^[27].

Хьюстон поступила в наркологическую клинику для восстановления в марте 2004 года, но в следующем году она появилась в реалити-сериале Брауна «Being Bobby Brown», демонстрируя еще более неуправляемое поведение. В марте 2005 года Хьюстон поступила в ту же клинику, успешно закончив реабилитационный курс. Хотя до сих пор ходят слухи о наркозависимости Хьюстон, ее лейбл настаивает на противоположном^[29].

В последнее время певица чаще появляется в обществе, демонстрируя публике безупречный и здоровый вид.

Диспут с компанией отца

В 2002 году Хьюстон была вовлечена в юридический конфликт со своим отцом Джоном Хьюстоном, бывшим однажды ее менеджером. Президент компании John Houston Enterprise и друг семьи Кевин Скиннер подал в суд на Уитни Хьюстон по поводу нарушения ею контракта и возмещения ущерба в размере 100 миллионов долларов, но проиграл. Скиннер утверждал, что Хьюстон задолжала его компании ранее невыплаченные компенсации за помощь в проведении переговоров по поводу ее ста-миллионного контракта с Arista Records, а также за разбирательства с её судебными проблемами^[30]. Пресс-секретарь певицы заявил, что её, больной в то время, 81-летний отец не имел прямого отношения к этому судебному процессу, но Скиннер утверждал иначе^[31]. Отец Хьюстон скончался в феврале 2003 года, но певица не появилась на его похоронах^[32].

Судебное дело было прекращено 5 апреля 2004 года после того, как Скиннер не участвовал в предсудебных разбирательствах^[33].

Диспут с мачехой

В мае 2008 года мачеха Уитни — Барбара Хьюстон — подала на падчерицу в суд за то, что та якобы неверно распоряжается наследством своего отца, скончавшегося в 2003 году в 82-летнем возрасте. Барбара Хьюстон заявляет, что претендует на часть наследства по праву, но Уитни распоряжается им единолично и не выплачивает ипотеку. Хьюстон унаследовала пожизненную страховку в размере 1 миллиона долларов для оплаты ипотеки отца и прочие фонды. Сама Уитни отрицает все претензии^[34]. Напротив, певица подала встречный иск к мачехе, требуя вернуть ей долг в размере 1,6 миллиона долларов^[35].

Дискография

Студийные альбомы

1985: Whitney Houston
1987: Whitney
1990: I’m Your Baby Tonight
1998: My Love Is Your Love
2002: Just Whitney
2003: One Wish: The Holiday Album

Оригинальные саундтреки

1992: The Bodyguard
1995: Waiting to Exhale
1996: The Preacher’s Wife

Сборники лучших песен

2000: Whitney: The Greatest Hits
2001: Love, Whitney
2004: Artist Collection: Whitney Houston
2007: The Ultimate Collection

Видео/DVD

1986: Number One Video Hits
1991: Star Spangled Banner
1991: Welcome Home Heroes
1994: Concert for a New South Africa
1997: Classic Whitney Concert
1999: VH1 Divas Live’99
2000: The Greatest Hits
2000: Fine
2002: Whatchulookinat
2004: Artist Collection: Whitney Houston

Песни № 1 в чартах

1985: You Give Good Love
1985: Saving All My Love For You
1986: How Will I Know
1986: The Greatest Love Of All
1987: I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)
1987: Didn’t We Almost Have It All
1987: So Emotional
1988: Where Do Broken Hearts Go
1988: Love Will Save the Day
1988: One Moment In Time
1990: I’m Your Baby Tonight
1990: All the Man That I Need
1992: I Will Always Love You
1993: I’m Every Woman
1993: I Have Nothing
1993: Run to You
1993: Queen of the Night
1995: Exhale (Shoop Shoop)
1998: When You Believe
1999: Heartbreak Hotel
1999: It’s Not Right But It’s OK
1999: My Love Is Your Love
2000: I Learned From the Best
2002: Whatchulookinat
2003: Try It on My Own
2003: Love That Man

Фильмография

Источник

Whitney Elizabeth Houston (August 9, 1963 – February 11, 2012) was an American singer and actress. Nicknamed «The Voice», she is one of the bestselling music artists of all time, with over 200 million records sold worldwide.^[1] In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked her second on their list of the greatest singers of all time.^[2] Houston influenced many singers in popular music, and was known for her powerful, soulful vocals and vocal improvisation skills.^[3]^[4] She is the only artist to have had seven consecutive number-one singles on the Billboard Hot 100, from «Saving All My Love for You» in 1985 to «Where Do Broken Hearts Go» in 1988. Houston also enhanced her popularity upon entering the movie industry. Throughout her career and posthumously, she has received numerous accolades, including two Emmy Awards, six Grammy Awards, 16 Billboard Music Awards, and 28 Guinness World Records. Houston has also been inducted into the Grammy, Rhythm and Blues Music, and Rock and Roll halls of fame.

Whitney Houston
Houston singing «Greatest Love of All» at the Welcome Home Heroes concert in 1991
Born	Whitney Elizabeth Houston August 9, 1963 Newark, New Jersey, U.S.
Died	February 11, 2012 (aged 48) Beverly Hills, California, U.S.
Resting place	Fairview Cemetery,Westfield, New Jersey
Education	Mount Saint Dominic Academy
Occupations	Singer actress producer model
Years active	1977–2012
Spouse	Bobby Brown (m. 1992; div. 2007)
Children	Bobbi Kristina Brown
Parent	Cissy Houston (mother)
Relatives	Gary Garland (half-brother) Dionne Warwick (cousin) Dee Dee Warwick (cousin) Leontyne Price (cousin)
Awards	Accolades records
Musical career
Genres	R&B pop dance-pop soul gospel
Labels	Arista RCA
Website	whitneyhouston.com
Signature

Houston began singing in church as a child and became a background vocalist while in high school. She was one of the first black women to appear on the cover of Seventeen after becoming a teen model in 1981. With the guidance of Arista Records chairman Clive Davis, Houston signed to the label at age 19. Her first two studio albums, Whitney Houston (1985) and Whitney (1987), both peaked at number one on the Billboard 200 and are among the best-selling albums of all time. Houston’s third studio album, I’m Your Baby Tonight (1990), yielded two Billboard Hot 100 number-one singles: «I’m Your Baby Tonight» and «All the Man That I Need».

Houston made her acting debut with the romantic thriller film The Bodyguard (1992), which became the tenth highest-grossing film to that date despite receiving poor reviews for its screenplay and lead performances. She recorded six songs for the film’s soundtrack, including «I Will Always Love You» which won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year and became the best-selling physical single by a woman in music history. The soundtrack for The Bodyguard won the Grammy Award for Album of the Year and remains the bestselling soundtrack album of all time. Houston went on to star and record soundtracks for Waiting to Exhale (1995) and The Preacher’s Wife (1996). Houston produced the latter’s soundtrack, which became the bestselling gospel album of all time. As a film producer, she produced multicultural movies, including Cinderella (1997), and series, including The Princess Diaries and The Cheetah Girls.

Houston’s first studio album in eight years, My Love Is Your Love (1998), sold millions and spawned several hit singles, including «Heartbreak Hotel», «It’s Not Right but It’s Okay» and «My Love Is Your Love». Following the success, she renewed her contract with Arista for $100 million, one of the biggest recording deals of all time.^[5] However, her personal problems began to overshadow her career. Her 2002 studio album, Just Whitney, received mixed reviews. Her drug use and a tumultuous marriage to singer Bobby Brown received widespread media coverage. After a six-year break from recording, Houston returned to the top of the Billboard 200 chart with her final studio album, I Look to You (2009). On February 11, 2012, Houston accidentally drowned in a bathtub at the Beverly Hilton hotel in Beverly Hills, with heart disease and cocaine use as contributing factors. News of her death coincided with the 2012 Grammy Awards (which took place the day following her death), and was covered internationally.

An official biopic movie of Houston, titled I Wanna Dance with Somebody, was released in theaters on December 23, 2022.

Life and career

1963–1984: Early life, family and career beginnings

Whitney Elizabeth Houston was born on August 9, 1963, in Newark, New Jersey.^[6] Her mother, Emily «Cissy» Houston (née Drinkard), was a gospel singer who was part of The Drinkard Singers and who later joined the Gospelaires, a popular session vocal group whose name eventually changed to The Sweet Inspirations.^[7]^[8] Cissy recorded several albums with the group on their own, in addition to singing background for musicians such as Aretha Franklin, Jimi Hendrix and Elvis Presley,^[9] and earned a Grammy Award nomination for the song, «Sweet Inspiration».^[10] Her father, John Russell Houston Jr., was an ex-Army serviceman, a Newark city administrator who worked for then-Newark mayor Kenneth A. Gibson and a manager of the Sweet Inspirations. Her elder brother, Michael, was a songwriter, and her elder maternal half-brother is former basketball player and singer Gary Garland.^[11]^[12] She also had an elder paternal half-brother, John III.^[13] Both of Houston’s parents were African-American. On her mother’s side, it is alleged that Houston had Dutch and Native American ancestry.^[14] Through her mother, Houston was a first cousin of singers Dionne and Dee Dee Warwick as well as a distant cousin of opera singer Leontyne Price. Through her father, she is a great-great-granddaughter of Jeremiah Burke Sanderson, an American abolitionist and advocate for the civil and educational rights of black Americans. Her godmother was singer Darlene Love^[15] and Franklin was considered an «honorary aunt».^[16]^[17] Devastated by the events of the 1967 Newark riots, Whitney’s family eventually relocated to a middle-class area in East Orange, New Jersey.^[18] Her parents later divorced.^[19] Houston was raised a Baptist but admitted to being exposed to the Pentecostal church as well. Houston began singing in the church choir at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark at age five, where she also learned to play the piano.^[20] By age eleven, she began performing as a soloist for the junior gospel choir, performing the hymn, «Guide Me, O Thou Great Jehovah».^[21] Houston would be taught how to sing throughout her adolescence by her mother Cissy.^[22] After attending Franklin Elementary School (now the Whitney E. Houston Academy of Creative and Performing Arts), Houston was transferred to an all-girls Catholic school, Mount Saint Dominic Academy at nearby Caldwell, in her sixth grade year where she eventually graduated from in 1981 at 17.^[23]

On February 18, 1978, a fourteen-year-old Houston made her non-church performance debut at Manhattan’s Town Hall singing the Broadway standard, «Tomorrow» from the musical, Annie, receiving her first standing ovation. Later that year, Houston sang background on mother Cissy’s solo album, Think It Over, with the title track later reaching the top 5 of the Billboard disco chart. The album’s producer Michael Zager recorded her lead vocal on his disco song, «Life’s a Party», with the album of the same name released later in 1978.^[24] Throughout her childhood and early career, Houston was influenced by her mother, cousins Dionne and Dee Dee and singers such as Aretha Franklin, Chaka Khan, Gladys Knight and Roberta Flack.^[25] During this period, Houston sang background for her mother on the cabaret club circuit in New York City. Houston contributed backing vocals for Khan and Lou Rawls on their respective albums, Naughty and Shades of Blue.^[26]

In the same year, Houston met Robyn Crawford while both worked as counselors at a youth summer camp in East Orange. The two became fast friends and Houston later described Crawford as the «sister [she] never had».^[27]^[28] Along with being best friends, Crawford would become a roommate and executive assistant.^[29]^[28]^[30] Following Houston’s rise to fame, rumors began speculating that Houston and Crawford were lovers, which the two denied to the press during a 1987 interview for Time magazine.^[28] In 2019, seven years after Houston’s death, Crawford admitted that their early relationship included sexual activity but stopped before Houston signed a recording deal.^[31]

Houston became a fashion model after she was discovered by a photographer who filmed her and her mother during a performance for the United Negro College Fund at Carnegie Hall. She became one of the first women of color to appear on the cover of a fashion magazine when she appeared on the cover of Seventeen.^[32] She would also appear inside other magazines such as Glamour, Cosmopolitan and Young Miss and a TV commercial for the Canada Dry soft drink. Her looks and girl-next-door charm made her one of the most sought-after teen models.^[26] Houston was offered record deals around this time, first by Michael Zager in 1979, Luther Vandross in 1980 and Bruce Lundvall in 1981.^[24]^[33] The offers, however, were turned down by her mother because Cissy wanted Houston to finish school.^[24] Around the same time, Houston recorded Paul Jabara’s «Eternal Love», which was shelved for nearly two years before it was placed on Jabara’s 1983 album, Paul Jabara & Friends, released that January.^[34] Houston recalled recording the song at just 16 years old. The quiet storm R&B ballad was later covered by fellow singer Stephanie Mills. In February 1982, Houston signed with Tara Productions and hired Gene Harvey as her manager with Daniel Gittleman and Seymour Flics as co-managers. With them, Houston furthered her recording career by working with producers Michael Beinhorn, Bill Laswell and Martin Bisi on an album they were spearheading called One Down, which was credited to the group Material. For that project, she contributed the ballad «Memories», a cover of a song by Hugh Hopper of Soft Machine. Robert Christgau of The Village Voice called her contribution «one of the most gorgeous ballads you’ve ever heard».^[35]

In February 1983, Gerry Griffith, an A&R representative from Arista Records, saw Houston performing with her mother at the Sweetwaters nightclub in Manhattan. He convinced Arista head Clive Davis to make time to see her perform. Davis was impressed and immediately offered a worldwide record deal, which Houston eventually signed on April 10, 1983; since she was only nineteen, her parents also signed for her. Two weeks later, Houston made her national television debut alongside Davis on The Merv Griffin Show, which later aired that June.^[36] She performed «Home», a song from the musical The Wiz.^[37] Houston did not begin work on an album immediately.^[38] The label wanted to make sure no other label signed her away and Davis wanted to ensure he had the right material and producers for her debut album. Some producers passed on the project because of prior commitments.^[39] Houston first recorded a duet with Teddy Pendergrass, «Hold Me», which appeared on his gold album, Love Language.^[40] The single was released in 1984 and gave Houston her first taste of success, becoming a Top 5 R&B hit.^[41] It would also appear on her debut album in 1985.

1985–1986: Whitney Houston and rise to international prominence

With production from Michael Masser, Kashif, Jermaine Jackson and Narada Michael Walden, Houston’s debut album Whitney Houston was released on Valentine’s Day, February 14, 1985.^[42] Rolling Stone magazine praised Houston, calling her «one of the most exciting new voices in years» while The New York Times called the album «an impressive, musically conservative showcase for an exceptional vocal talent».^[43]^[44] Arista Records promoted Houston’s album with three different singles from the album in the United States, the United Kingdom and other European countries. In the UK, the dance-funk song «Someone for Me», which failed to chart, was the first single while «All at Once» was in such European countries as the Netherlands and Belgium, where the song reached the top five on the singles charts, respectively.^[45]

In the US, the soulful ballad «You Give Good Love» was chosen as the lead single from Houston’s debut to establish her in the black marketplace.^[46] Outside the US, the song failed to get enough attention to become a hit, but in the US, it gave the album its first major hit as it peaked at number three on the Billboard Hot 100 chart and number one on the Hot Black Singles chart.^[39] As a result, the album began to sell strongly and Houston continued promotion by touring nightclubs in the US. She also began performing on late-night television talk shows, which were not usually accessible to non-established black acts. The jazzy ballad «Saving All My Love for You» was released next and it would become Houston’s first number one single in both the US and the UK. By then, she was an opening act for singer Jeffrey Osborne on his nationwide tour.^[47] The funk-oriented «Thinking About You» was released as the promo single only to R&B-oriented radio stations and dance clubs all over the country, resulting in the song reaching number 10 on the Hot Black Singles chart and number 24 on the Hot Dance Club Play chart in December 1985.

Houston’s success also translated to television where, in addition to performing on several late night talk shows such as The Tonight Show with Johnny Carson and Late Night with David Letterman, Houston also became a video star thanks to early videos for «You Give Good Love» and «Saving All My Love for You» being heavily played on BET and VH1 stations. During this period, Houston and Arista struggled to get these videos submitted to MTV. At the time, MTV had received harsh criticism for not playing enough videos by black, Latino and other racial minorities while favoring white acts.^[47] In an interview with MTV years later, Houston explained the difficulties she and Arista faced on trying to bring «You Give Good Love» on the channel but was rebuffed because it was «too R&B» for their playlist.^[48] Eventually, Houston’s video for «Saving All My Love» was featured in light rotation after the song had become a huge pop hit, with Houston stating that the channel «had no choice but to play [the video]…I love it when they have no choice».^[48] By the time Houston’s third US single, «How Will I Know», was released, the colorful video clip, directed by Brian Grant, was immediately added to MTV’s playlist, instantly gaining heavy rotation on the channel after just a couple weeks and introducing Houston to the MTV audience.^[49] The song itself became Houston’s second consecutive number one pop hit on the Billboard Hot 100, where it stayed for two weeks, also topping the Hot Black and Hot AC chart and peaking at number three on the dance charts. Following the successful airing of «How Will I Know» on MTV, Houston became a regular presence on the channel as it slowly began changing its programming from rock to a more pop-R&B-dance hybrid playlist, along with artists such as Madonna and Janet Jackson.

On the week of March 8, 1986, a year after its initial release, Whitney Houston topped the Billboard 200 albums chart and stayed there for 14 non-consecutive weeks.^[50] The final single, «Greatest Love of All» (a cover of «The Greatest Love of All», originally recorded by George Benson in 1977), became Houston’s biggest hit yet; the single peaked at number one and remained there for three weeks, making Houston’s debut the first album by a woman to yield three number-one hits. Houston ended 1986 as the top artist of the year while her debut album topped the Billboard Year-End chart, making her the first woman to earn that distinction.^[50] At the time, the album was the bestselling debut album by a solo artist.^[51] The album would later be certified 14× platinum for sales of 14 million units alone in the United States, while selling over 22 million copies worldwide.^[52]^[53]^[54] In July 1986, Houston launched her first world tour, The Greatest Love World Tour, where she performed mainly in North America, Europe, Australia and Japan. The tour lasted into December, ending in Hawaii.

At the 1986 Grammy Awards, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year.^[55] She was not eligible for the Best New Artist category because of her previous hit R&B duet recording with Teddy Pendergrass in 1984.^[56] She won her first Grammy Award for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for «Saving All My Love for You».^[57] Houston’s performance of the song during the Grammy telecast later earned her an Emmy Award for Outstanding Individual Performance in a Variety or Music Program.^[58]

Houston won seven American Music Awards in total in 1986 and 1987 and an MTV Video Music Award.^[59]^[60] The album’s popularity would also carry over to the 1987 Grammy Awards, when «Greatest Love of All» would receive a Record of the Year nomination. Houston’s debut album is listed as one of Rolling Stone‘s 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and on the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s Definitive 200 list.^[61]^[62] Houston’s grand entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today.^[63] Following Houston’s success, doors were opened for other African-American women such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker.^[64]^[65]

1987–1991: Whitney, I’m Your Baby Tonight and «The Star-Spangled Banner»

Houston’s second album, Whitney, was released in June 1987. The album again featured production from Masser, Kashif and Walden as well as Jellybean Benitez. Many critics complained that the material was too similar to her previous album. Rolling Stone said, «the narrow channel through which this talent has been directed is frustrating».^[66] Still, the album enjoyed commercial success. Houston became the first woman in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard 200 albums chart and the first artist to enter the albums chart at number one in both the US and UK, while also hitting number one or top ten in dozens of other countries around the world.^[67]^[68]

The album’s first single, «I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)», was also a massive hit worldwide, peaking at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and topping the singles chart in 17 countries, including Australia, Germany and the UK. Her next three singles, «Didn’t We Almost Have It All», «So Emotional» and «Where Do Broken Hearts Go», all peaked at number one on the US pop chart, giving Houston a record total of seven consecutive number one hits; the previous record of six consecutive number one hits had been shared by the Beatles and the Bee Gees.^[67]^[68] Houston became the first woman to generate four number-one singles from one album. Whitney has been certified Diamond in the US for shipments of over ten million copies^[69] and has sold a total of 20 million copies worldwide.^[70]

At the 30th Grammy Awards in 1988, Houston was nominated for three awards, including Album of the Year. She won her second Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance for «I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)».^[71]^[72] Houston also won two American Music Awards in 1988 and 1989, respectively and a Soul Train Music Award.^[73]^[74]^[75] Following the release of the album, Houston embarked on the Moment of Truth World Tour, which was one of the ten highest-grossing concert tours of 1987 and the highest-grossing tour by a female artist, topping tours by both Madonna and Tina Turner.^[76]^[77] The success of the tours during 1986–87 and her two studio albums ranked Houston No. 8 for the highest-earning entertainers list according to Forbes.^[78] She was the highest-earning African-American woman overall, highest-earning musician and the third highest entertainer after Bill Cosby and Eddie Murphy.^[78]

Houston was a supporter of Nelson Mandela and the anti-apartheid movement. During her modeling days, she refused to work with agencies who did business with the then-apartheid South Africa.^[79]^[80] On June 11, 1988, during the European leg of her tour, Houston joined other musicians to perform a set at Wembley Stadium in London to celebrate a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela’s 70th birthday.^[79] Over 72,000 people attended Wembley Stadium and over a billion people tuned in worldwide as the rock concert raised over $1 million for charities while bringing awareness to apartheid.^[81] Houston then flew back to the US for a concert at Madison Square Garden in New York City in August. The show was a benefit concert that raised a quarter of a million dollars for the United Negro College Fund.^[82] In the same year, she recorded a song for NBC’s coverage of the 1988 Summer Olympics, «One Moment in Time», which became a Top 5 hit in the US, while reaching number one in the UK and Germany.^[83]^[84]^[85] With her world tour continuing overseas, Houston was still one of the top 20 highest-earning entertainers for 1987–88 according to Forbes.^[86]^[87]

In 1989, Houston formed The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, a nonprofit organization that has raised funds for the needs of children around the world. The organization cares for homelessness, children with cancer or AIDS and other issues of self-empowerment.^[88]

With the success of her first two albums, Houston became an international crossover superstar, appealing to all demographics. However, some black critics believed she was «selling out».^[89] They felt her singing on record lacked the soul that was present during her live concerts.^[90] At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards, when Houston’s name was called out for a nomination, a few in the audience jeered.^[91]^[92] Houston defended herself against the criticism, stating, «If you’re gonna have a long career, there’s a certain way to do it and I did it that way. I’m not ashamed of it.»^[90]

Houston took a more urban direction with her third studio album, I’m Your Baby Tonight, released in November 1990. She produced and chose producers for this album and as a result, it featured production and collaborations with L.A. Reid and Babyface, Luther Vandross and Stevie Wonder. The album showed Houston’s versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. Reviews were mixed. Rolling Stone felt it was her «best and most integrated album».^[93] while Entertainment Weekly, at the time thought Houston’s shift towards an urban direction was «superficial».^[94]

I’m Your Baby Tonight contained several hits: the first two singles, «I’m Your Baby Tonight» and «All the Man That I Need» peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 chart; «Miracle» peaked at number nine; «My Name Is Not Susan» peaked in the top twenty; «I Belong to You» reached the top ten of the US R&B chart and garnered Houston a Grammy nomination; and the sixth single, the Stevie Wonder duet «We Didn’t Know», reached the R&B top twenty. A bonus track from the album’s Japanese edition, «Higher Love», was remixed by Norwegian DJ and record producer Kygo and released posthumously in 2019 to commercial success. It topped the US Dance Club Songs chart and peaked at number two in the UK, becoming Houston’s highest-charting single in the country since 1999.^[95] I’m Your Baby Tonight peaked at number three on the Billboard 200 and went on to be certified 4× platinum in the US while selling 10 million total worldwide.^[96]

During the Persian Gulf War, on January 27, 1991, Houston performed «The Star-Spangled Banner», the US national anthem, at Super Bowl XXV at Tampa Stadium.^[97] Houston’s vocals were pre-recorded, prompting criticism.^[98]^[99]^[100]^[101] Dan Klores, a spokesman for Houston, said: «This is not a Milli Vanilli thing. She sang live, but the microphone was turned off. It was a technical decision, partially based on the noise factor. This is standard procedure at these events.»^[102] Nevertheless, a commercial single and video of the performance reached the Top 20 on the US Hot 100, giving Houston the biggest chart hit for a performance of the national anthem (José Feliciano’s version reached No. 50 in November 1968).^[103]^[104]

Houston donated her share of the proceeds to the American Red Cross Gulf Crisis Fund and was named to the Red Cross Board of Governors.^[97]^[105]^[106] Her rendition was critically acclaimed and is considered the benchmark for singers;^[101]^[107] VH1 listed the performance as one of the greatest moments that rocked TV.^[108] Following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, the single was rereleased, with all profits going towards the firefighters and victims of the attacks. It peaked at No. 6 in the Hot 100 and was certified platinum.^[109]

Later in 1991, Houston put together her Welcome Home Heroes concert with HBO for the soldiers fighting in the Persian Gulf War and their families. The free concert took place at Naval Station Norfolk in Norfolk, Virginia in front of 3,500 servicemen and women. HBO descrambled the concert so that it was free for everyone to watch.^[110] The show gave HBO its highest ratings ever.^[111]

1992–1994: Marriage, motherhood and The Bodyguard

Throughout the 1980s, Houston was romantically linked to musician Jermaine Jackson,^[112] American football star Randall Cunningham and actor Eddie Murphy.^[92]

She then met R&B singer Bobby Brown at the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards. After a three-year courtship, the two were married on July 18, 1992.^[113] Brown would go on to have several run-ins with the law for drunken driving, drug possession and battery, including some jail time.^[114]^[115]^[116] On March 4, 1993, Houston gave birth to their daughter Bobbi Kristina Brown (March 4, 1993 – July 26, 2015),^[117] the couple’s only child. Houston revealed in a 1993 interview with Barbara Walters that she had a miscarriage during the filming of The Bodyguard.^[118]

With the massive commercial success of her music, film offers poured in, including offers to work with Robert De Niro, Quincy Jones and Spike Lee, but Houston never felt the time was right.^[92] Her first film role was in The Bodyguard, released in 1992. Houston played a star who is stalked by a crazed fan and hires a bodyguard (played by Kevin Costner) to protect her. Houston’s mainstream appeal allowed audiences to look past the interracial nature of her character’s relationship with Costner’s character.^[119] However, controversy arose as some felt Houston’s face had been intentionally left out of the film’s advertising to hide the film’s interracial relationship. In a 1993 interview with Rolling Stone, Houston remarked that «people know who Whitney Houston is – I’m black. You can’t hide that fact.»^[25]

Houston received a Razzie Award nomination for Worst Actress. The Washington Post remarked that Houston was «doing nothing more than playing [herself]», but added that she came out «largely unscathed if that is possible in so cockamamie an undertaking».^[120] The New York Times stated that she lacked chemistry with Costner.^[121] Despite the film’s mixed reviews, it was hugely successful at the box office, grossing more than $121 million in the U.S. and $410 million worldwide, making it one of the top 100 grossing films in film history at its time of release, though it later fell out of the top 100 because of rising ticket prices since the time the film was released.^[122] It remains in the top forty of most successful rated-R films in box office history.^[123] Despite the Razzie, however, Houston was nominated for the NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actress in the film, losing the award to Angela Bassett for her role as Tina Turner in What’s Love Got to Do with It and also received several MTV Movie Award nominations, winning Best Song from a Movie for «I Will Always Love You» and was nominated for Best Breakthrough Performance.

The film’s soundtrack also enjoyed success. Houston co-executive produced^[124] The Bodyguard: Original Soundtrack Album and recorded six songs for the album.^[125] Rolling Stone described it as «nothing more than pleasant, tasteful and urbane».^[126] The soundtrack’s lead single was «I Will Always Love You», written and originally recorded by Dolly Parton in 1974. Houston’s version was highly acclaimed by critics, regarding it as her «signature song» or «iconic performance». Rolling Stone and USA Today called her rendition a tour-de-force.^[127]^[128] The single peaked at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 for a then-record-breaking 14 weeks, number one on the R&B chart for a then-record-breaking 11 weeks and number one on the Adult Contemporary charts for five weeks.^[129] The single was certified Diamond by the RIAA, making Houston’s first Diamond single, the third female artist who had a Diamond single,^[130] and becoming the bestselling single by a woman in the U.S.^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134] The song was a global success, topping the charts in almost all countries. With 20 million copies sold it became the best-selling single of all time by a female solo artist.^[135]^[136] Houston won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year in 1994 for «I Will Always Love You».^[137]

The soundtrack topped the Billboard 200 chart and remained there for 20 non-consecutive weeks, the longest tenure by any Arista album on the chart in the Nielsen SoundScan era (tied for tenth overall by any label) and became one of the fastest selling albums ever.^[138] During Christmas week of 1992, the soundtrack sold over a million copies within a week, becoming the first album to achieve that feat under Nielsen SoundScan system.^[139]^[140] With the follow-up singles «I’m Every Woman», a Chaka Khan cover, and «I Have Nothing» both reaching the top five, Houston became the first woman to ever have three singles in the Top 11 simultaneously.^[141]^[142]^[143] The album was certified 18× platinum in the US alone,^[144] with worldwide sales of 45 million copies.^[145]

The album became the bestselling soundtrack album of all time.^[146] Houston won the 1994 Grammy Award for Album of the Year for the soundtrack, becoming only the second African American woman to win in that category after Natalie Cole’s Unforgettable… with Love album.^[147] In addition, she won a record eight American Music Awards at that year’s ceremony including the Award of Merit,^[148] 11 Billboard Music Awards, 3 Soul Train Music Awards in 1993–94 including Sammy Davis, Jr. Award as Entertainer of the Year,^[149] 5 NAACP Image Awards including Entertainer of the Year,^[150]^[151]^[152] a record 5 World Music Awards,^[153] and a BRIT award.^[154]

Following the success of The Bodyguard, Houston embarked on another expansive global tour (The Bodyguard World Tour) in 1993–94. Her concerts, movie and recording grosses made her the third highest-earning female entertainer of 1993–94, just behind Oprah Winfrey and Barbra Streisand according to Forbes.^[155] Houston placed in the top five of Entertainment Weekly‘s annual «Entertainer of the Year» ranking^[156] and was labeled by Premiere magazine as one of the 100 most powerful people in Hollywood.^[157]

In October 1994, Houston attended and performed at a state dinner in the White House honoring newly elected South African president Nelson Mandela.^[158]^[159] At the end of her world tour, Houston performed three concerts in South Africa to honor President Mandela, playing to over 200,000 people; this made her the first major musician to visit the newly unified and apartheid free nation following Mandela’s winning election.^[160] Portions of Whitney: The Concert for a New South Africa were broadcast live on HBO with funds of the concerts being donated to various charities in South Africa. The event was considered the nation’s «biggest media event since the inauguration of Nelson Mandela».^[161]

1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher’s Wife and Cinderella

In 1995, Houston starred alongside Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine and Lela Rochon in her second film, Waiting to Exhale, a motion picture about four African-American women struggling with relationships. Houston played the lead character Savannah Jackson, a TV producer in love with a married man. She chose the role because she saw the film as «a breakthrough for the image of black women because it presents them both as professionals and as caring mothers».^[162] After opening at number one and grossing $67 million in the US at the box office and $81 million worldwide,^[163] it proved that a movie primarily targeting a black audience can cross over to success, while paving the way for other all-black movies such as How Stella Got Her Groove Back and the Tyler Perry movies that became popular in the 2000s.^[164]^[165]^[166] The film is also notable for its portrayal of black women as strong middle class citizens rather than as stereotypes.^[167] The reviews were mainly positive for the ensemble cast. The New York Times said: «Ms. Houston has shed the defensive hauteur that made her portrayal of a pop star in ‘The Bodyguard’ seem so distant.»^[168] Houston was nominated for an NAACP Image Award for «Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture», but lost to her co-star Bassett.^[169]

The film’s accompanying soundtrack, Waiting to Exhale: Original Soundtrack Album, was written and produced by Babyface. Though he originally wanted Houston to record the entire album, she declined. Instead, she «wanted it to be an album of women with vocal distinction» and thus gathered several African-American female artists for the soundtrack, to go along with the film’s message about strong women.^[162] Consequently, the album featured a range of contemporary R&B female recording artists along with Houston, such as Mary J. Blige, Brandy, Toni Braxton, Aretha Franklin and Patti LaBelle. Houston’s «Exhale (Shoop Shoop)» became just the third single in music history to debut at number one on the Billboard Hot 100 after Michael Jackson’s «You Are Not Alone» and Mariah Carey’s «Fantasy».^[170]

It also would spend a record eleven weeks at the No. 2 spot and eight weeks on top of the R&B charts, her second most successful single on that chart after «I Will Always Love You». «Count On Me», a duet with CeCe Winans, hit the U.S. Top 10; and Houston’s third contribution, «Why Does It Hurt So Bad», made the Top 30. The album was certified 7× Platinum in the United States, denoting shipments of seven million copies.^[170] The soundtrack received strong reviews; as Entertainment Weekly stated: «the album goes down easy, just as you’d expect from a package framed by Whitney Houston tracks … the soundtrack waits to exhale, hovering in sensuous suspense»^[171] and has since ranked it as one of the 100 Best Movie Soundtracks.^[172] Later that year, Houston’s children’s charity organization was awarded a VH1 Honor for all the charitable work.^[173]

In 1996, Houston starred in the holiday comedy The Preacher’s Wife, with Denzel Washington. She plays the gospel-singing wife of a pastor (Courtney B. Vance). It was largely an updated remake of the 1948 film The Bishop’s Wife, which starred Loretta Young, David Niven and Cary Grant. Houston earned $10 million for the role, making her one of the highest-paid actresses in Hollywood at the time and the highest-earning African-American actress in Hollywood.^[174] The movie, with its all African-American cast, was a moderate success, earning about $50 million at the U.S. box offices.^[175] The movie gave Houston her strongest reviews so far. The San Francisco Chronicle said Houston «is rather angelic herself, displaying a divine talent for being virtuous and flirtatious at the same time» and she «exudes gentle yet spirited warmth, especially when praising the Lord in her gorgeous singing voice».^[176] Houston was again nominated for an NAACP Image Award and won for Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture.^[177]

Houston recorded and co-produced, with Mervyn Warren, the film’s accompanying gospel soundtrack. The Preacher’s Wife: Original Soundtrack Album included six gospel songs with Georgia Mass Choir that were recorded at the Great Star Rising Baptist Church in Atlanta. Houston also duetted with gospel legend Shirley Caesar. The album sold six million copies worldwide and scored hit singles with «I Believe in You and Me» and «Step by Step», becoming the largest selling gospel album of all time.^[178] The album received mainly positive reviews. She won Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist at the 1997 American Music Awards for The Preacher’s Wife soundtrack.

In December 1996, a spokesperson for Houston confirmed that she had suffered a miscarriage.^[179]

In 1997, Houston’s production company changed its name to BrownHouse Productions and was joined by Debra Martin Chase. Their goal was «to show aspects of the lives of African-Americans that have not been brought to the screen before» while improving how African-Americans are portrayed in film and television.^[180] Their first project was a made-for-television remake of Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Cinderella. In addition to co-producing, Houston starred in the film as the Fairy Godmother along with Brandy, Jason Alexander, Whoopi Goldberg and Bernadette Peters. Houston was initially offered the role of Cinderella in 1993, but other projects intervened.^[181] The film is notable for its multi-racial cast and non-stereotypical message.^[182] An estimated 60 million viewers tuned into the special giving ABC its highest TV ratings in 16 years.^[183] The movie received seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy, while winning Outstanding Art Direction in a Variety, Musical or Comedy Special.

Houston and Chase then obtained the rights to the story of Dorothy Dandridge. Houston was to play Dandridge, the first African-American actress to be nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actress. Houston wanted the story told with dignity and honor.^[180] However, Halle Berry also had rights to the project and got her version going first.^[184] Later that year, Houston paid tribute to her idols, such as Aretha Franklin, Diana Ross and Dionne Warwick, by performing their hits during the three-night HBO Concert Classic Whitney: Live from Washington, D.C.. The special raised over $300,000 for the Children’s Defense Fund.^[185] Houston received the Quincy Jones Award for outstanding career achievements in the field of entertainment at the 12th Soul Train Music Awards.^[186]^[187]

1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits

After spending much of the early and mid-1990s working on motion pictures and their soundtrack albums, Houston’s first studio album in eight years, the critically acclaimed My Love Is Your Love, was released in November 1998. Though originally slated to be a greatest hits album with a handful of new songs, recording sessions were so fruitful that a new full-length studio album was released. Recorded and mixed in only six weeks, it featured production from Rodney Jerkins, Wyclef Jean and Missy Elliott. The album debuted at number thirteen, its peak position, on the Billboard 200 chart.^[188] It had a funkier and edgier sound than past releases and saw Houston handling urban dance, hip hop, mid-tempo R&B, reggae, torch songs and ballads all with great dexterity.^[189]

From late 1998 to early 2000, the album spawned several hit singles: «When You Believe» (US No. 15, UK No. 4), a duet with Mariah Carey for 1998’s The Prince of Egypt soundtrack, which also became an international hit as it peaked in the Top 10 in several countries and won an Academy Award for Best Original Song;^[190] «Heartbreak Hotel» (US No. 2, UK No. 25) featured Faith Evans and Kelly Price, received a 1999 MTV VMA nomination for Best R&B Video,^[191] and number one on the US R&B chart for seven weeks; «It’s Not Right but It’s Okay» (US No. 4, UK No. 3) won Houston her sixth Grammy Award for Best Female R&B Vocal Performance;^[192] «My Love Is Your Love» (US No. 4, UK No. 2) with 3 million copies sold worldwide;^[193] and «I Learned from the Best» (US No. 27, UK No. 19).^[194]^[195] These singles became international hits as well and all the singles, except «When You Believe», became number one hits on the Billboard Hot Dance/Club Play chart. The album sold four million copies in America, making it certified 4× platinum and a total of eleven million copies worldwide.^[52]

The album gave Houston some of her strongest reviews ever. Rolling Stone said Houston was singing «with a bite in her voice»^[196] and The Village Voice called it «Whitney’s sharpest and most satisfying so far».^[197] In 1999, Houston participated in VH-1’s Divas Live ’99, alongside Brandy, Mary J. Blige, Tina Turner and Cher. The same year, Houston hit the road with her 70 date My Love Is Your Love World Tour. While the European leg of the tour was Europe’s highest grossing arena tour of the year,^[198] Houston canceled «a string of dates [during the] summer citing throat problems and a ‘bronchitis situation'».^[199] In November 1999, Houston was named Top-selling R&B Female Artist of the Century with certified US sales of 51 million copies at the time and The Bodyguard Soundtrack was named the Top-selling Soundtrack Album of the Century by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).^[200] She also won The Artist of the Decade, Female award for extraordinary artistic contributions during the 1990s at the 14th Soul Train Music Awards and an MTV Europe Music Award for Best R&B.^[201]^[202]^[203]^[204]^[205]

In May 2000, Whitney: The Greatest Hits was released worldwide. The double disc set peaked at number five in the United States, reaching number one in the United Kingdom.^[195]^[206] In addition, the album reached the Top 10 in many other countries.^[207] While ballad songs were left unchanged, the album features house/club remixes of many of Houston’s up-tempo hits. Included on the album were four new songs: «Could I Have This Kiss Forever» (a duet with Enrique Iglesias), «Same Script, Different Cast» (a duet with Deborah Cox), «If I Told You That» (a duet with George Michael) and «Fine» and three hits that had never appeared on a Houston album: «One Moment in Time», «The Star-Spangled Banner» and «If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful», a duet with Jermaine Jackson from his 1986 Precious Moments album.^[208] Along with the album, an accompanying VHS and DVD was released featuring the music videos to Houston’s greatest hits, as well as several hard-to-find live performances including her 1983 debut on The Merv Griffin Show and interviews.^[209] The greatest hits album was certified 5× platinum in the US, with worldwide sales of 10 million.^[210]^[211]

2000–2008: Just Whitney and personal struggles

Houston outside the Capitol Hill, Washington, D.C. on October 16, 2000

Though Houston was seen as a «good girl» with a perfect image in the 1980s and early 1990s, her behavior had changed by 1999 and 2000. She was often hours late for interviews, photo shoots and rehearsals, she canceled concerts and talk-show appearances and there were reports of erratic behavior.^[212]^[213] Missed performances and weight loss led to rumors about Houston using drugs with her husband. On January 11, 2000, while traveling with Brown, airport security guards discovered half an ounce of marijuana in Houston’s handbag at Keahole-Kona International Airport in Hawaii, but she departed before authorities could arrive.^[214]^[215] Charges against her were later dropped,^[216] but rumors of drug usage by Houston and Brown would continue to surface. Two months later, Clive Davis was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame; Houston had been scheduled to perform at the event, but was a no-show.^[217]

Shortly thereafter, Houston was scheduled to perform at the Academy Awards, but was fired from the event by musical director and longtime friend Burt Bacharach. Her publicist cited throat problems as the reason for the cancellation. In his book The Big Show: High Times and Dirty Dealings Backstage at the Academy Awards, author Steve Pond revealed that «Houston’s voice was shaky, she seemed distracted and jittery and her attitude was casual, almost defiant»; though she was supposed to perform «Over the Rainbow», she would sing a different song during rehearsals.^[218] Houston later admitted she had been fired.^[219]

In May 2000, Houston’s longtime executive assistant and friend, Robyn Crawford, resigned from Houston’s management company.^[217] In 2019, Crawford said she had left after Houston declined to seek help for her drug dependency.^[220]^[30] The following month, Rolling Stone published a story stating that Cissy Houston and others had held a July 1999 intervention in which they unsuccessfully attempted to persuade Whitney to obtain drug treatment.^[217]

In August 2001, Houston signed one of the biggest record deals in music history, with Arista/BMG. She renewed her contract for $100 million to release six new albums, for which she would also earn royalties.^[221]^[222]^[223] She later made an appearance on Michael Jackson: 30th Anniversary Special, where her extremely thin frame further spurred rumors of drug use. Her publicist stated, «Whitney has been under stress due to family matters and when she is under stress she doesn’t eat.»^[224] In a 2009 interview with Oprah Winfrey, Houston acknowledged that drug use had been the reason for her weight loss.^[225] She canceled a second performance scheduled for the following night.^[226] Within weeks, Houston’s rendition of «The Star-Spangled Banner» was re-released after the September 11 attacks, with the proceeds donated to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police.^[227] It reached No. 6 on the US Hot 100, topping its previous position.^[194]

In 2002, Houston became embroiled in a legal dispute with John Houston Enterprise. Although the company was started by her father to manage her career, it was actually run by company president Kevin Skinner. Skinner filed a breach of contract lawsuit and sued for $100 million (but lost), stating that Houston owed the company previously unpaid compensation for helping to negotiate her $100 million contract with Arista Records and for sorting out legal matters.^[228] Houston stated that her 81-year-old father had nothing to do with the lawsuit. Although Skinner tried to claim otherwise, John Houston never appeared in court.^[229] Houston’s father later died in February 2003.^[230] The lawsuit was dismissed on April 5, 2004, and Skinner was awarded nothing.^[231]

Also in 2002, Houston gave an interview with Diane Sawyer to promote her then-upcoming album. During the primetime special, she spoke about her drug use and marriage, among other topics. Addressing the ongoing drug rumors, she said, «First of all, let’s get one thing straight. Crack is cheap. I make too much money to ever smoke crack. Let’s get that straight. Okay? We don’t do crack. We don’t do that. Crack is wack.»^[219] The «crack is wack» line was drawn from a mural that Keith Haring painted in 1986 on the handball court at 128th Street and Second Avenue in Manhattan.^[232] Houston did, however, admit to using alcohol, marijuana, cocaine and pills; she also acknowledged that her mother had urged her to seek help regarding her drug use. She also denied having an eating disorder and that her very thin appearance was connected to drug use. She further stated that Bobby Brown had never hit her, but acknowledged that she had hit him.^[219]

In December 2002, Houston released her fifth studio album, Just Whitney. The album included productions from then-husband Bobby Brown, as well as Missy Elliott and Babyface, and marked the first time that Houston did not produce with Clive Davis, as Davis had been released by top management at BMG. Upon its release, Just Whitney received mixed reviews.^[233] The album debuted at number 9 on the Billboard 200 chart and it had the highest first week sales of any album Houston had ever released.^[234] The four singles released from the album did not fare well on the Billboard Hot 100, but became dance chart hits. Just Whitney was certified platinum in the United States and sold about two million worldwide.^[235]^[236]

In late 2003, Houston released her first Christmas album One Wish: The Holiday Album, with a collection of traditional holiday songs. Houston produced the album with Mervyn Warren and Gordon Chambers. A single titled «One Wish (for Christmas)» reached the Top 20 on the Adult Contemporary chart and the album was certified gold in the US.^[237]

In December 2003, Brown was charged with battery following an altercation during which he threatened to beat Houston and then assaulted her. Police reported that Houston had visible injuries to her face.^[116]

Having always been a touring artist, Houston spent most of 2004 touring and performing in Europe, the Middle East, Asia and Russia. In September 2004, she gave a surprise performance at the World Music Awards in a tribute to long-time friend Clive Davis. After the show, Davis and Houston announced plans to go into the studio to work on her new album.^[238]

In early 2004, Brown starred in his own reality TV program, Being Bobby Brown, on Bravo. The show provided a view of the domestic goings-on in the Brown household. Houston was a prominent figure throughout the show, receiving as much screen time as Brown. The series aired in 2005 and featured Houston in unflattering moments. Years later, The Guardian opined that through her participation in the show, Houston had lost «the last remnants of her dignity».^[42] The Hollywood Reporter said that the show was «undoubtedly the most disgusting and execrable series ever to ooze its way onto television».^[239] Despite the perceived train-wreck nature of the show, the series gave Bravo its highest ratings in its time slot and continued Houston’s successful forays into film and television.^[240] The show was not renewed for a second season after Houston said that she would no longer appear in it and Brown and Bravo could not come to an agreement for another season.^[241]

2009–2012: Return and I Look to You

Houston gave her first interview in seven years in September 2009, appearing on Oprah Winfrey’s season premiere. The interview was billed as «the most anticipated music interview of the decade».^[242] Houston admitted on the show to having used drugs with Brown during their marriage; she said Brown had «laced marijuana with rock cocaine».^[243] She told Winfrey that before The Bodyguard her drug use was light, that she used drugs more heavily after the film’s success and the birth of her daughter and that by 1996 «[doing drugs] was an everyday thing … I wasn’t happy by that point in time. I was losing myself.»^[244]

Houston told Winfrey that she had attended a 30-day rehabilitation program.^[245] Houston also acknowledged to Oprah that her drug use had continued after rehabilitation and that at one point, her mother obtained a court order and the assistance of law enforcement to press her into receiving further drug treatment.^[246] (In her 2013 book, Remembering Whitney: My Story of Love, Loss and the Night the Music Stopped, Cissy Houston described the scene she encountered at Whitney Houston’s house in 2005 as follows: «Somebody had spray-painted the walls and door with big glaring eyes and strange faces. Evil eyes, staring out like a threat… In another room, there was a big, framed photo of [Whitney] – but someone had cut [her] head out. It was beyond disturbing, seeing my daughter’s face cut out like that.» This visit led Cissy to return with law enforcement and perform an intervention.^[247]) Houston also told Winfrey that Brown had been emotionally abusive during their marriage and had even spat on her on one occasion.^[248] When Winfrey asked Houston if she was drug-free, Houston responded, «‘Yes, ma’am. I mean, you know, don’t think I don’t have desires for it.'»^[249]

Houston released her new album, I Look to You, in August 2009.^[250] The album’s first two singles were the title track «I Look to You» and «Million Dollar Bill». The album entered the Billboard 200 at No. 1, with Houston’s best opening week sales of 305,000 copies, marking Houston’s first number one album since The Bodyguard and Houston’s first studio album to reach number one since 1987’s Whitney. Houston also appeared on European television programs to promote the album. She performed the song «I Look to You» on the German television show Wetten, dass..?. Houston appeared as a guest mentor on The X Factor in the United Kingdom. She performed «Million Dollar Bill» on the following day’s results show, completing the song even as a strap in the back of her dress popped open two seconds into the performance. She later commented that she «sang [herself] out of [her] clothes». The performance was poorly received by the British media and was described as «weird» and «ungracious».^[251]

Despite this reception, «Million Dollar Bill» jumped to its peak from 14 to number 5 (her first UK top 5 for over a decade). Three weeks after its release, I Look to You went gold. Houston appeared on the Italian version of The X Factor, where she performed «Million Dollar Bill» to excellent reviews.^[252] In November, Houston performed «I Didn’t Know My Own Strength» at the 2009 American Music Awards in Los Angeles, California. Two days later, Houston performed «Million Dollar Bill» and «I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)» on the Dancing with the Stars season 9 finale.

Houston later embarked on a world tour, entitled the Nothing but Love World Tour. It was her first world tour in over ten years and was announced as a triumphant comeback. However, some poor reviews and rescheduled concerts brought negative media attention.^[253]^[254] Houston canceled some concerts because of illness and received widespread negative reviews from fans who were disappointed in the quality of her voice and performance. Some fans reportedly walked out of her concerts.^[255]

In January 2010, Houston was nominated for two NAACP Image Awards, one for Best Female Artist and one for Best Music Video. She won the award for Best Music Video for her single «I Look to You».^[256] On January 16, she received The BET Honors Award for Entertainer citing her lifetime achievements spanning over 25 years in the industry.^[257] Houston also performed the song «I Look to You» on the 2011 BET Celebration of Gospel, with gospel–jazz singer Kim Burrell, held at the Staples Center, Los Angeles. The performance aired on January 30, 2011.^[258]

In May 2011, Houston enrolled in a rehabilitation center again, citing drug and alcohol problems. A representative for Houston said that the outpatient treatment was a part of Houston’s «longstanding recovery process».^[259] In September 2011, The Hollywood Reporter announced that Houston would produce and star alongside Jordin Sparks and Mike Epps in the remake of the 1976 film Sparkle. In the film, Houston portrays Sparks’s «not-so encouraging» mother. Houston is also credited as an executive producer of the film. Debra Martin Chase, producer of Sparkle, stated that Houston deserved the title considering she had been there from the beginning in 2001, when Houston obtained Sparkle production rights. R&B singer Aaliyah – originally tapped to star as Sparkle – died in a 2001 plane crash. Her death derailed production, which would have begun in 2002.^[260]^[261]^[262]

Houston’s remake of Sparkle was filmed in late 2011 over two months^[263] and was released by TriStar Pictures.^[264] On May 21, 2012, «Celebrate», the last song Houston recorded with Sparks, premiered at RyanSeacrest.com. It was made available for digital download on iTunes on June 5. The song was featured on the Sparkle: Music from the Motion Picture soundtrack as the first official single.^[265] The movie was released on August 17, 2012, in the United States.

Death and funeral

Houston reportedly appeared «disheveled»^[266]^[267]^[268] and «erratic»^[266]^[269] in the days before her death. On February 9, 2012, Houston visited singers Brandy and Monica, together with Clive Davis, at their rehearsals for Davis’s pre-Grammy Awards party at The Beverly Hilton in Beverly Hills.^[270]^[271] That same day, she made her last public performance when she joined Kelly Price on stage in Hollywood, California, and sang «Jesus Loves Me».^[272]^[273]

Two days later, on February 11, Houston was found unconscious in Suite 434 at the Beverly Hilton, submerged in the bathtub.^[274]^[275] Beverly Hills paramedics arrived about 3:30 pm, found Houston unresponsive, and performed CPR. Houston was pronounced dead at 3:55 pm PST.^[276]^[277] The cause of death was not immediately known;^[6]^[276] local police said there were «no obvious signs of criminal intent».^[278]

Flowers near the Beverly Hilton Hotel

An invitation-only memorial service was held for Houston on February 18, 2012, at the New Hope Baptist Church in Newark, New Jersey. The service was scheduled for two hours, but lasted four.^[279] Among those who performed at the funeral were Stevie Wonder (rewritten version of «Ribbon in the Sky» and «Love’s in Need of Love Today»), CeCe Winans («Don’t Cry» and «Jesus Loves Me»), Alicia Keys («Send Me an Angel»), Kim Burrell (rewritten version of «A Change Is Gonna Come») and R. Kelly («I Look to You»).^[280]^[281]

The performances were interspersed with hymns by the church choir and remarks by Clive Davis, Houston’s record producer; Kevin Costner; Rickey Minor, her music director; Dionne Warwick, her cousin; and Ray Watson, her security guard for the past 11 years. Aretha Franklin was listed on the program, and was expected to sing, but was unable to attend the service.^[280]^[281] Bobby Brown departed shortly after the service began.^[282] Houston was buried on February 19, 2012, in Fairview Cemetery, in Westfield, New Jersey, next to her father, John Russell Houston, who had died in 2003.^[283]

On March 22, 2012, the Los Angeles County Coroner’s Office reported that Houston’s death was caused by drowning and the «effects of atherosclerotic heart disease and cocaine use».^[284]^[285] The office said the amount of cocaine found in Houston’s body indicated that she used the substance shortly before her death.^[286] Toxicology results revealed additional drugs in her system: diphenhydramine (Benadryl), alprazolam (Xanax), cannabis, and cyclobenzaprine (Flexeril).^[287] The manner of death was listed as an «accident».^[288]

Reaction

Pre-Grammy party

The February 11, 2012, Clive Davis pre-Grammy party that Houston had been expected to attend, which featured many of the biggest names in music and film, went on as scheduled – although it was quickly turned into a tribute to Houston. Davis spoke about Houston’s death at the evening’s start:

By now you have all learned of the unspeakably tragic news of our beloved Whitney’s passing. I don’t have to mask my emotion in front of a room full of so many dear friends. I am personally devastated by the loss of someone who has meant so much to me for so many years. Whitney was so full of life. She was so looking forward to tonight even though she wasn’t scheduled to perform. Whitney was a beautiful person and a talent beyond compare. She graced this stage with her regal presence and gave so many memorable performances here over the years. Simply put, Whitney would have wanted the music to go on and her family asked that we carry on.^[289]

Tony Bennett spoke of Houston’s death before performing at Davis’s party. He said, «First, it was Michael Jackson, then Amy Winehouse, now, the magnificent Whitney Houston.» Bennett sang «How Do You Keep the Music Playing?» and said of Houston: «When I first heard her, I called Clive Davis and said, ‘You finally found the greatest singer I’ve ever heard in my life.‘«^[290]

Some celebrities opposed Davis’s decision to continue with the party while a police investigation was being conducted in Houston’s hotel room and her body was still in the building. Chaka Khan, in an interview with CNN’s Piers Morgan on February 13, 2012, shared that she felt the party should have been canceled, saying: «I thought that was complete insanity. And knowing Whitney I don’t believe that she would have said ‘the show must go on.’ She’s the kind of woman that would’ve said ‘Stop everything! Un-unh. I’m not going to be there.'»^[291]

Sharon Osbourne condemned the Davis party, declaring: «I think it was disgraceful that the party went on. I don’t want to be in a hotel room when there’s someone you admire who’s tragically lost their life four floors up. I’m not interested in being in that environment and I think when you grieve someone, you do it privately, you do it with people who understand you. I thought it was so wrong.»^[292]

Further reaction and tributes

Many other celebrities released statements responding to Houston’s death. Darlene Love, Houston’s godmother, hearing the news of her death, said, «It felt like I had been struck by a lightning bolt in my gut.»^[293] Dolly Parton, whose song «I Will Always Love You» was covered by Houston, said, «I will always be grateful and in awe of the wonderful performance she did on my song and I can truly say from the bottom of my heart, ‘Whitney, I will always love you. You will be missed.‘» Aretha Franklin said, «It’s so stunning and unbelievable. I couldn’t believe what I was reading coming across the TV screen.»^[294] Others paying tribute included Mariah Carey, Quincy Jones, and Oprah Winfrey.^[295]^[296]

Moments after news of her death emerged, CNN, MSNBC, and Fox News all broke from their regularly scheduled programming to dedicate time to non-stop coverage of Houston’s death. All three featured live interviews with people who had known Houston, including those that had worked with her, along with some of her peers in the music industry. Saturday Night Live displayed a photo of a smiling Houston, alongside Molly Shannon, from her 1996 appearance.^[297]^[298] MTV and VH1 interrupted their regularly scheduled programming on Sunday, February 12, to air many of Houston’s classic videos, with MTV often airing news segments in between and featuring various reactions from fans and celebrities.

The first full hour after the news of Houston’s death broke saw 2,481,652 tweets and retweets on Twitter alone, equating to a rate of more than a thousand tweets every second.^[299]

Houston’s former husband, Bobby Brown, was reported to be «in and out of crying fits» after receiving the news. He did not cancel a scheduled performance, and within hours of his ex-wife’s sudden death, an audience in Mississippi watched as Brown blew kisses skyward, tearfully saying: «I love you, Whitney.»^[300]

Ken Ehrlich, executive producer of the 54th Grammy Awards, announced that Jennifer Hudson would perform a tribute to Houston at the February 12, 2012, ceremony. He said, «Event organizers believed Hudson – an Academy Award-winning actress and Grammy Award-winning artist – could perform a respectful musical tribute to Houston.» Ehrlich went on to say, «It’s too fresh in everyone’s memory to do more at this time, but we would be remiss if we didn’t recognize Whitney’s remarkable contribution to music fans in general and in particular her close ties with the Grammy telecast and her Grammy wins and nominations over the years.»^[301] At the start of the awards ceremony, footage of Houston performing «I Will Always Love You» from the 1994 Grammys was shown following a prayer read by host LL Cool J. Later in the program, following a montage of photos of musicians who died in 2011 with Houston singing «Saving All My Love for You» at the 1986 Grammys, Hudson paid tribute to Houston and the other artists by performing «I Will Always Love You».^[302]^[303] The tribute was partially credited for the Grammys telecast getting its second highest ratings in history.^[304]

Houston was honored with various tributes at the 43rd NAACP Image Awards, held on February 17. An image montage of Houston and important black figures who died in 2011 was followed by video footage from the 1994 ceremony, which depicted her accepting two Image Awards for outstanding female artist and entertainer of the year. Following the video tribute, Yolanda Adams delivered a rendition of «I Love the Lord» from The Preacher’s Wife Soundtrack. In the finale of the ceremony, Kirk Franklin and the Family started their performance with «The Greatest Love of All».^[305]

The 2012 Brit Awards, which took place at the O2 Arena in London on February 21, also paid tribute to Houston by playing a 30-second video montage of her music videos with a snippet of «One Moment in Time» as the background music in the ceremony’s first segment.^[306] New Jersey Governor Chris Christie said that all New Jersey state flags would be flown at half-staff on Tuesday, February 21, to honor Houston.^[307] Houston was also featured, alongside other recently deceased figures from the film industry, in the In Memoriam montage at the 84th Academy Awards on February 26, 2012.^[308]^[309]

In June 2012, the year’s McDonald’s Gospelfest in Newark was dedicated as a tribute to Houston.^[310]

Houston topped the list of Google searches in 2012, both globally and in the United States, according to Google’s Annual Zeitgeist most-popular searches list.^[311]

On May 17, 2017, Bebe Rexha released a single titled «The Way I Are (Dance with Somebody)» from her two-part album All Your Fault.^[312] The song mentions Houston’s name in the opening lyrics, «I’m sorry, I’m not the most pretty, I’ll never ever sing like Whitney», before going on to sample some of Houston’s lyrics from «I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)» in the chorus.^[313] The song was in part made as a tribute to Whitney Houston’s life.^[314]^[315]

Posthumous sales

According to representatives from Houston record label, Houston sold 3.7 million albums and 4.3 million singles worldwide in the first ten months of the year she died.^[316] With just 24 hours passing between news of Houston’s death and Nielsen SoundScan tabulating the weekly album charts, Whitney: The Greatest Hits climbed into the Top 10 with 64,000 copies sold; it was a 10,419 percent gain compared to the previous week.^[317] 43 of the top 100 most-downloaded tracks on iTunes were Houston songs, including «I Will Always Love You» from The Bodyguard at number one. Two other Houston classics, «I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)» and «Greatest Love of All», were in the top 10.^[318] As fans of Houston rushed to rediscover the singer’s music, single digital track sales of the artist’s music rose to more than 887,000 paid song downloads in 24 hours in the US alone.^[319]

The single «I Will Always Love You» returned to the Billboard Hot 100 after almost twenty years, peaking at number three and becoming a posthumous top-ten single for Houston, the first one since 2001. Two other Houston songs also jumped back on the Hot 100: «I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)» at 25 and «Greatest Love of All» at 36.^[320] Her death on February 11 ignited an incredible drive to her YouTube and Vevo pages. She went from 868,000 views in the week prior to her death to 40,200,000 views in the week following her death, a 45-fold increase.^[321]

On February 29, 2012, Houston became the first and only female act to ever place three albums in the Top Ten of the US Billboard 200 Album Chart all at the same time, with Whitney: The Greatest Hits at number 2, The Bodyguard at number 6 and Whitney Houston at number 9.^[322] On March 7, 2012, Houston claimed two more additional feats on the US Billboard charts: she became the first and only female act to place nine albums within the top 100^[323] (with Whitney: The Greatest Hits at number 2, The Bodyguard at number 5, Whitney Houston at number 10, I Look to You at number 13, Triple Feature at number 21, My Love Is Your Love at number 31, I’m Your Baby Tonight at number 32, Just Whitney at number 50 and The Preacher’s Wife at number 80);^[324]^[325] in addition, other Houston albums were also on the US Billboard Top 200 Album Chart at this time. Houston also became the second female act, after Adele, to place two albums in the top five of the US Billboard Top 200, with Whitney: The Greatest Hits at number 2 and The Bodyguard at number 5.

Posthumous releases

Houston’s first posthumous greatest hits album, I Will Always Love You: The Best of Whitney Houston, was released on November 13, 2012, by RCA Records. It features the remastered versions of her number-one hits, an unreleased song titled «Never Give Up» and a duet version of «I Look to You» with R. Kelly.^[326] The album won two NAACP Image Awards for ‘Outstanding Album’ and ‘Outstanding Song’ («I Look to You»). It was certified Gold by the RIAA in 2020.^[327] In October 2021, the album was reissued on vinyl and included Houston’s first posthumous hit, «Higher Love». Since its release, it has spent more than 100 weeks on the Billboard 200, making it one of the longest-charting compilations in chart history,^[328] the fourth by a woman after H.E.R., Madonna and Carrie Underwood.

Houston’s posthumous live album, Her Greatest Performances (2014), was a US R&B number-one^[329] and received positive reviews by music critics.^[330]^[331] In 2017, the 25th anniversary reissue of The Bodyguard (soundtrack)—I Wish You Love: More from The Bodyguard—was released by Legacy Recordings.^[332] It includes film versions, remixes and live performances of Houston’s Bodyguard songs.^[332]

In 2019, Houston and Kygo’s version of «Higher Love» was released as a single.^[333] The record became a worldwide hit. It peaked at number two in the UK Singles Chart^[95] and reached the top ten in several countries.^[334]^[335]^[336] «Higher Love» was nominated at the 2020 Billboard Music Awards for «Top Dance/Electronic Song of the Year»,^[337] the 2020 iHeartRadio Music Awards for «Dance Song of the Year» and «Best Remix».^[338] It was certified multi-platinum in the United States,^[339] Australia,^[340] Canada,^[341] Poland^[342] and the United Kingdom.^[343] The song was also a platinum hit in Denmark,^[344] Switzerland,^[345] and Belgium.^[346]

On December 16, 2022, RCA released the soundtrack album to Houston’s featured film biopic, titled, I Wanna Dance with Somebody (The Movie: Whitney New, Classic and Reimagined), to every digital download platform all over the world.^[347] The soundtrack includes reimagined remixes of some of Houston’s classics and several newly discovered songs such as Houston’s cover of CeCe Winans’ «Don’t Cry» (labeled as «Don’t Cry for Me» on Houston’s soundtrack) at the Commitment to Life AIDS benefit concert in Los Angeles in January 1994, remixed by house producer Sam Feldt.^[347]

Artistry

Houston’s vocal ability earned her the nickname «the Voice».

Houston possessed a spinto soprano vocal range,^[348]^[349]^[350] and was referred to as «The Voice» in reference to her vocal talent.^[351] Jon Pareles of The New York Times stated Houston «always had a great big voice, a technical marvel from its velvety depths to its ballistic middle register to its ringing and airy heights».^[352] In 2023, Rolling Stone ranked Houston as the second greatest singer of all time, stating, «The standard-bearer for R&B vocals, Whitney Houston possessed a soprano that was as powerful as it was tender. Take her cover of Dolly Parton’s “I Will Always Love You,” which became one of the defining singles of the 1990s; it opens with her gently brooding, her unaccompanied voice sounding like it’s turning over the idea of leaving her lover behind with the lightest touch. By the end, it’s transformed into a showcase for her limber, muscular upper register; she sings the title phrase with equal parts bone-deep feeling and technical perfection, turning the conflicted emotions at the song’s heart into a jumping-off point for her life’s next step.»^[2]

Matthew Perpetua of Rolling Stone also acknowledged Houston’s vocal prowess, enumerating ten performances, including «How Will I Know» at the 1986 MTV VMAs and «The Star-Spangled Banner» at the 1991 Super Bowl. «Whitney Houston was blessed with an astonishing vocal range and extraordinary technical skill, but what truly made her a great singer was her ability to connect with a song and drive home its drama and emotion with incredible precision», he stated. «She was a brilliant performer and her live shows often eclipsed her studio recordings.»^[353] According to Newsweek, Houston had a four-octave range.^[354]

Elysa Gardner of the Los Angeles Times in her review for The Preacher’s Wife Soundtrack highly praised Houston’s vocal ability, commenting, «She is first and foremost a pop diva – at that, the best one we have. No other female pop star – not Mariah Carey, not Celine Dion, not Barbra Streisand – quite rivals Houston in her exquisite vocal fluidity and purity of tone and her ability to infuse a lyric with mesmerizing melodrama.»^[355]

Singer Faith Evans stated: «Whitney wasn’t just a singer with a beautiful voice. She was a true musician. Her voice was an instrument and she knew how to use it. With the same complexity as someone who has mastered the violin or the piano, Whitney mastered the use of her voice. From every run to every crescendo—she was in tune with what she could do with her voice and it’s not something simple for a singer—even a very talented one—to achieve. Whitney is ‘the Voice’ because she worked for it. This is someone who was singing backup for her mom when she was 14 years old at nightclubs across the country. This is someone who sang backup for Chaka Khan when she was only 17. She had years and years of honing her craft on stage and in the studio before she ever got signed to a record label. Coming from a family of singers and surrounded by music; she pretty much had a formal education in music, just like someone who might attend a performing arts high school or major in voice in college.»^[356]

Jon Caramanica of The New York Times commented, «Her voice was clean and strong, with barely any grit, well suited to the songs of love and aspiration. [ … ] Hers was a voice of triumph and achievement and it made for any number of stunning, time-stopping vocal performances.»^[3] Mariah Carey stated, «She [Whitney] has a really rich, strong mid-belt that very few people have. She sounds really good, really strong.»^[357] While in her review of I Look to You, music critic Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times writes, «[Houston’s voice] stands like monuments upon the landscape of 20th century pop, defining the architecture of their times, sheltering the dreams of millions and inspiring the climbing careers of countless imitators», adding «When she was at her best, nothing could match her huge, clean, cool mezzo-soprano.»^[350]

Lauren Everitt from BBC News commented on melisma used in Houston’s recording and its influence. «An early ‘I’ in Whitney Houston’s ‘I Will Always Love You’ takes nearly six seconds to sing. In those seconds the former gospel singer-turned-pop star packs a series of different notes into the single syllable», stated Everitt. «The technique is repeated throughout the song, most pronouncedly on every ‘I’ and ‘you’. The vocal technique is called melisma and it has inspired a host of imitators. Other artists may have used it before Houston, but it was her rendition of Dolly Parton’s love song that pushed the technique into the mainstream in the 90s. [ … ] But perhaps what Houston nailed best was moderation.» Everitt said that «[i]n a climate of reality shows ripe with ‘oversinging,’ it’s easy to appreciate Houston’s ability to save melisma for just the right moment.»^[358]

Houston’s vocal stylings have had a significant impact on the music industry. According to Linda Lister in Divafication: The Deification of Modern Female Pop Stars, she has been called the «Queen of Pop» for her influence during the 1990s, commercially rivaling Mariah Carey and Celine Dion.^[359] Stephen Holden from The New York Times, in his review of Houston’s Radio City Music Hall concert on July 20, 1993, praised her attitude as a singer, writing, «Whitney Houston is one of the few contemporary pop stars of whom it might be said: the voice suffices. While almost every performer whose albums sell in the millions calls upon an entertainer’s bag of tricks, from telling jokes to dancing to circus pyrotechnics, Ms. Houston would rather just stand there and sing.» With regard to her singing style, he added: «Her [Houston’s] stylistic trademarks – shivery melismas that ripple up in the middle of a song, twirling embellishments at the ends of phrases that suggest an almost breathless exhilaration – infuse her interpretations with flashes of musical and emotional lightning.»^[360]

Houston struggled with vocal problems in her later years. Gary Catona, a voice coach who began working with Houston in 2005, stated: «‘When I first started working with her in 2005, she had lost 99.9 percent of her voice … She could barely speak, let alone sing. Her lifestyle choices had made her almost completely hoarse.'»^[361] After Houston’s death, Catona asserted that Houston’s voice reached «‘about 75 to 80 percent'» of its former capacity after he had worked with her.^[362] However, during the world tour that followed the release of I Look to You, «YouTube videos surfaced, showing [Houston’s] voice cracking, seemingly unable to hold the notes she was known for».^[362]

Regarding the musical style, Houston’s vocal performances incorporated a wide variety of genres, including R&B, pop, rock,^[363] soul, gospel, funk,^[364] dance, Latin pop,^[365] disco,^[366] house,^[367] hip hop soul,^[368] new jack swing,^[369] opera,^[370] and Christmas. The lyrical themes in her recordings are mainly about love, social, religious and feminism.^[371] The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame stated: «Her sound expanded through collaborations with a wide array of artists, including Stevie Wonder, Luther Vandross, Babyface, Missy Elliott, Bobby Brown, and Mariah Carey.»^[363] While AllMusic commented that, «Houston was able to handle big adult contemporary ballads, effervescent, stylish dance-pop and slick urban contemporary soul with equal dexterity».^[372]

Legacy

Houston has been regarded as one of the greatest vocalists of all time and a cultural icon.^[373]^[374]^[375] She is also recognized as one of the most influential R&B artists in history.^[376]^[377] Black female artists, such as Janet Jackson and Anita Baker, were successful in popular music partly because Houston paved the way.^[378]^[64]^[379] Baker commented that «Because of what Whitney and Sade did, there was an opening for me … For radio stations, black women singers aren’t taboo anymore.»^[380]

AllMusic noted her contribution to the success of black artists on the pop scene.^[372] The New York Times stated that «Houston was a major catalyst for a movement within black music that recognized the continuity of soul, pop, jazz and gospel vocal traditions».^[381] Richard Corliss of Time magazine commented on her initial success breaking various barriers:

Of her first album’s ten cuts, six were ballads. This chanteuse [Houston] had to fight for air play with hard rockers. The young lady had to stand uncowed in the locker room of macho rock. The soul strutter had to seduce a music audience that anointed few black artists with superstardom. [ … ] She was a phenomenon waiting to happen, a canny tapping of the listener’s yen for a return to the musical middle. And because every new star creates her own genre, her success has helped other blacks, other women, other smooth singers find an avid reception in the pop marketplace.^[22]

Houston influenced generations of singers.

Stephen Holden of The New York Times said that Houston «revitalized the tradition of strong gospel-oriented pop-soul singing».^[382] Ann Powers of the Los Angeles Times referred to Houston as a «national treasure».^[350] Jon Caramanica, another music critic of The New York Times, called Houston «R&B’s great modernizer», adding «slowly but surely reconciling the ambition and praise of the church with the movements and needs of the body and the glow of the mainstream».^[3] He also drew comparisons between Houston’s influence and other big names on 1980s pop:

She was, alongside Michael Jackson and Madonna, one of the crucial figures to hybridize pop in the 1980s, though her strategy was far less radical than that of her peers. Jackson and Madonna were by turns lascivious and brutish and, crucially, willing to let their production speak more loudly than their voices, an option Ms. Houston never went for. Also, she was less prolific than either of them, achieving most of her renown on the strength of her first three solo albums and one soundtrack, released from 1985 to 1992. If she was less influential than they were in the years since, it was only because her gift was so rare, so impossible to mimic. Jackson and Madonna built worldviews around their voices; Ms. Houston’s voice was the worldview. She was someone more to be admired, like a museum piece, than to be emulated.^[3]

The Independent‘s music critic Andy Gill also wrote about Houston’s influence on modern R&B and singing competitions, comparing it to Michael Jackson’s. «Because Whitney, more than any other single artist – Michael Jackson included – effectively mapped out the course of modern R&B, setting the bar for standards of soul vocalese and creating the original template for what we now routinely refer to as the ‘soul diva’ «, stated Gill. «Jackson was a hugely talented icon, certainly, but he will be as well remembered (probably more so) for his presentational skills, his dazzling dance moves, as for his musical innovations. Whitney, on the other hand, just sang and the ripples from her voice continue to dominate the pop landscape.» Gill said that there «are few, if any, Jackson imitators on today’s TV talent shows, but every other contestant is a Whitney wannabe, desperately attempting to emulate that wondrous combination of vocal effects – the flowing melisma, the soaring mezzo-soprano confidence, the tremulous fluttering that carried the ends of lines into realms of higher yearning».^[4]

Similarly, Steve Huey from Allmusic wrote that the shadow of Houston’s prodigious technique still looms large over nearly every pop diva and smooth urban soul singer – male or female – in her wake and spawned a legion of imitators.^[372] Rolling Stone stated that Houston «redefined the image of a female soul icon and inspired singers ranging from Mariah Carey to Rihanna».^[383] The magazine placed her 34th on their «100 Greatest Singers of All Time» list.^[127] Essence ranked Houston at number five on their list of 50 Most Influential R&B Stars of all time, calling her «the diva to end all divas».^[377] In October 2022, the same magazine ranked Houston at number one on its list of the ten greatest R&B solo artists of all time.^[384]

Awards and achievements

Houston won numerous accolades, including 2 Emmy Awards, 8 Grammy Awards (including two Grammy Hall of Fame honors), 14 World Music Awards, 16 Billboard Music Awards (31 Billboard awards in all) and 22 American Music Awards. Houston holds the record for the most American Music Awards received in a single year by a woman with eight wins in 1994 (overall tied with Michael Jackson).^[385] Houston won a record 11 Billboard Music Awards at its fourth ceremony in 1993.^[386] She also holds the record for the most WMAs won in a single year, winning five awards at the sixth World Music Awards in 1994.^[387]

In 2001, Houston was the first artist to be given a BET Lifetime Achievement Award.^[388] Since she received the honor at just the age of 37 at the time, Houston was and remains the youngest artist to receive this. Five years earlier, in 1996, Houston became the second recipient of the BET Walk of Fame and was, at 32, the youngest to receive that honor. In 2010, BET honored her once more with the BET Honors.

In May 2003, Houston placed at number three on VH1’s list of «50 Greatest Women of the Video Era».^[389] In 2008, Billboard magazine released a list of the Hot 100 All-Time Top Artists to celebrate the US singles chart’s 50th anniversary, ranking Houston at number nine.^[390]^[391] Similarly, she was ranked as one of the «Top 100 Greatest Artists of All Time» by VH1 in September 2010.^[392] In November 2010, Billboard released its «Top 50 R&B/Hip-Hop Artists of the Past 25 Years» list and ranked Houston at number three who not only went on to earn eight number-one singles on the R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart, but also landed five number ones on R&B/Hip-Hop Albums.^[393]

Houston’s debut album is listed as one of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time by Rolling Stone magazine^[61] and is on Rock and Roll Hall of Fame’s Definitive 200 list.^[62] In 2004, Billboard picked the success of her first release on the charts as one of 110 Musical Milestones in its history.^[394] Houston’s entrance into the music industry is considered one of the 25 musical milestones of the last 25 years, according to USA Today in 2007. It stated that she paved the way for Mariah Carey’s chart-topping vocal gymnastics.^[63] In 2015, she was placed at number nine (second as a female) by Billboard on the list «35 Greatest R&B Artists Of All Time».^[376]

Houston is one of the best-selling recording artists of all time, with more than 200 million records sold worldwide.^[395]^[396]^[397] She is the top-selling female R&B artist of the 20th century.^[398] Houston had also sold more physical singles than any other female solo artist in history.^[399] As of 2023, she was ranked as one of the best-selling artists in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America with 61 million certified albums sold.^[400] Houston released seven studio albums and two soundtrack albums, all of which have been certified diamond, multi-platinum or platinum.^[401]

She is the first and only black artist to have three Diamond-certified albums. Houston’s first two albums, as well as her 1992 release The Bodyguard’s soundtrack, are among the best-selling albums of all time. The Bodyguard (soundtrack) remains the bestselling soundtrack album of all time, with global sales of over 45 million copies. Houston’s «I Will Always Love You» became the best-selling physical single by a female in music history, with sales of over 20 million copies worldwide. Her 1996 soundtrack for The Preacher’s Wife is the bestselling gospel album of all time.

In 1997, the Franklin School in East Orange, New Jersey was renamed to The Whitney E. Houston Academy School of Creative and Performing Arts. She held an honorary Doctorate in Humanities from Grambling State University, Louisiana.^[402] Houston was inducted into the New Jersey Hall of Fame in 2013.^[403] In August 2014, she was inducted into the official Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame in its second class.^[404] In October 2019, Houston was announced as a 2020 Rock and Roll Hall of Fame nominee, one of nine first-time nominees and 16 total.^[405]

On January 15, 2020, she was announced as an inductee into the Hall’s 2020 class, along with five other acts.^[406] In March 2020, the Library of Congress announced that Houston’s 1992 single «I Will Always Love You» had been added to its National Recording Registry, a list of «aural treasures worthy of preservation» due to their «cultural, historical and aesthetic importance» in the American soundscape.^[407] In October 2020, the music video for «I Will Always Love You» surpassed 1 billion views on YouTube, making Houston the first solo 20th-century artist to have a video reach that milestone.^[408]

Philanthropy

Houston was a long-time supporter of several charities all around the world. In 1989, she established the Whitney Houston Foundation for Children. It offered medical assistance to sick and homeless children, fought to prevent child abuse, taught children to read, created inner-city parks and playgrounds and granted college scholarships, including one to the Juilliard School.^[409]

At a 1988 Madison Square Garden concert, Houston earned more over $250,000 for the United Negro College Fund (UNCF).^[410]

Houston donated all of the earnings from her 1991 Super Bowl XXV performance of «The Star-Spangled Banner» sales to Gulf War servicemen and their families.^[411] The record label followed suit and she was voted to the American Red Cross Board of Directors as a result.^[412] Following the terrorist attacks in 2001, Houston re-released «The Star-Spangled Banner» to support the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police. She waived her royalty rights to the song, which reached number one on charts in October 2001 and generated more than $1 million.^[413]

Houston declined to perform in apartheid-era South Africa in the 1980s.^[414] Her participation at the 1988 Freedomfest performance in London (for a then-imprisoned Nelson Mandela) grabbed the attention of other musicians and the media.^[415]

In addition, Houston became an activist for the fight against HIV and AIDS during the first decade of the AIDS epidemic. The Whitney Houston Foundation for Children, in particular, focused on helping children who suffered from HIV/AIDS, among other issues. In 1990, Whitney took part in Arista Records’ 15th anniversary gala, which was an AIDS benefit, where she sang «I Wanna Dance with Somebody (Who Loves Me)», «Greatest Love of All» and, with cousin Dionne Warwick, «That’s What Friends Are For». A year later, Whitney participated in the Reach Out & Touch Someone AIDS vigil at London in September 1991 while she was finishing her historic ten-date residency at London’s Wembley Arena; there, she stressed the importance of AIDS research and addressing HIV stigma.

Noting of her influence as a gay icon, during the middle of her tour to promote the My Love Is Your Love album in June 1999, Whitney gave a surprise performance at the 13th Annual New York City Lesbian & Gay Pride Dance, titled Dance 13: The Last Dance of the Century,^[416] at one of the city’s West Side piers.^[417] According to Instinct magazine, Houston’s unannounced performance at the Piers «ushered in a new era that would eventually make high-profile artists performing at LGBTQ events virtually commonplace.»^[416] Before hitting the stage, Houston was asked by MTV veejay John Norris why she decided to attend the event, Houston replied, «we’re all God’s children, honey».^[416]

Documentaries and portrayals

Documentaries

Since Houston’s sudden death in 2012, her life, career and death have been the subject of many documentaries and specials. A television documentary film entitled Whitney: Can I Be Me aired on Showtime on August 25, 2017.^[418] The film was directed by Nick Broomfield.^[419]

On April 27, 2016, it was announced that Kevin Macdonald would work with the film production team Altitude, producers of the Amy Winehouse documentary film Amy (2015), on a new documentary film based on Houston’s life and death. It is the first documentary authorized by Houston’s estate.^[420] That film, entitled Whitney, premiered at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival and was released internationally in theaters on July 6, 2018.^[421]

Lifetime released the documentary Whitney Houston & Bobbi Kristina: Didn’t We Almost Have It All in 2021, which The Atlanta Journal-Constitution called «…less an exposé and more a loving tribute to these two women».^[422]

Portrayals

In 2015, Lifetime premiered the biographical film Whitney, which mentions that Whitney Houston was named after prominent television actress Whitney Blake, the mother of Meredith Baxter, star of the television series Family Ties. The film was directed by Houston’s Waiting to Exhale co-star Angela Bassett, and Houston was portrayed by model Yaya DaCosta.

In April 2020, it was announced that a biopic based on Houston’s life, said to be «no holds barred», titled I Wanna Dance with Somebody, would be produced, with Bohemian Rhapsody screenwriter Anthony McCarten writing the script and director Kasi Lemmons at the helm. Clive Davis, the Houston estate and Primary Wave are behind the biopic, with Sony Pictures & TriStar Pictures.^[423]^[424]^[425] On December 15, 2020, it was announced that actress Naomi Ackie had been picked to portray Houston.^[426]^[427]

Each actress listed portrays Houston:

Whitney – Yaya DaCosta, 2015
Bobbi Kristina – Demetria McKinney, 2017
The Bobby Brown Story – Gabrielle Dennis, 2018
Selena: The Series – Shauntè Massard, 2021 (S2, E6)
I Wanna Dance with Somebody – Naomi Ackie, 2022

Discography

Whitney Houston (1985)
Whitney (1987)
I’m Your Baby Tonight (1990)
My Love Is Your Love (1998)
Just Whitney (2002)
One Wish: The Holiday Album (2003)
I Look to You (2009)

Filmography

The Bodyguard (1992)
Waiting to Exhale (1995)
The Preacher’s Wife (1996)
Cinderella (1997)
Sparkle (2012)
Whitney: Can I Be Me (2017)
Whitney (2018)

Tours

Headlining tours

US Summer Tour (1985)
The Greatest Love World Tour (1986)
Moment of Truth World Tour (1987–88)
Feels So Right Tour (1990)
I’m Your Baby Tonight World Tour (1991)
The Bodyguard World Tour (1993–94)
Pacific Rim Tour (1997)
The European Tour (1998)
My Love Is Your Love World Tour (1999)
Nothing but Love World Tour (2009–10)
Whitney Houston Hologram Tour (2020)

Co-headlining tours

Soul Divas Tour (2004)

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^ ^a ^b «MUSIC FROM THE MOTION PICTURE «WHITNEY HOUSTON: I WANNA DANCE WITH SOMEBODY», TO BE RELEASED BY RCA RECORDS ON DECEMBER 16″. PRNewsWire. December 16, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
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^ Finn, Natalie; Machado, Baker; Rosenbaum, Claudia (February 15, 2012). «Was Whitney Houston broke when she died?». NBC News. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
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^ «Ebony». Ebony: 138–. June 1990. ISSN 0012-9011. Retrieved February 13, 2012.
^ «2013 Inductees». New Jersey Hall of Fame. Archived from the original on April 17, 2014. Retrieved January 14, 2013.
^ Yarborough, Chuck (August 19, 2014). «R&B Music Hall of Fame sets big weekend to induct sophomore class featuring Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Marvin Gaye, Norm N. Nite and more». The Plain Dealer. Retrieved September 4, 2014.
^ «Class of 2020 Nominees». Rock & Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved October 16, 2019.
^ Coscarelli, Joe (January 15, 2020). «Whitney Houston and Nine Inch Nails Make the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame». The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 15, 2020. Retrieved January 15, 2020.
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^ Curran, Sarah (October 27, 2020). «Whitney Houston’s ‘I Will Always Love You’ Hits 1 Billion Views On YouTube». ET Canada. Retrieved September 4, 2021.
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^ «A Look at Whitney’s Great Charity Work, She was a True Humanitarian!». BCG. August 9, 2012. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ «Whitney Houston Gives $500,000». The Mount Airy News. Heartland Publications, LLC. May 23, 1991. p. 9A. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ «Houston Raises $500,000 for Red Cross; Named Its to Its Board of Governors». Jet. 80 (9): 37. June 17, 1991. Retrieved January 18, 2016.
^ Reid, Shaheem (September 17, 2001). «Whitney Houston’s ‘Star-Spangled Banner’ To Wave Again». MTV. Retrieved March 18, 2011.
^ Rose, Steve (July 7, 2018). «‘Not black enough’: the identity crisis that haunted Whitney Houston». The Guardian. Retrieved August 3, 2021.
^ «From ‘Kingston Town’ to the Nelson Mandela Tribute in 1988: interview with UB40». The Shortlisted. April 14, 2020. Retrieved July 22, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c «Whitney Houston’s 1999 Epic NYC Pride Appearance Is Released». July 16, 2022. Retrieved November 18, 2022.
^ «Whitney Houston Surprises Crowd at Lesbian-Gay Pride Event». MTV. June 28, 1999. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
^ Heching, Dan (August 25, 2017). «6 Things We Learned From the Heartbreaking Whitney Houston Movie». Entertainment Weekly. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
^ Farber, Jim (April 26, 2017). «Nick Broomfield on his damning Whitney Houston film: ‘She had very little control over her life’«. The Guardian.
^ «Whitney Houston’s life to be documented on film». BBC News. April 28, 2016. Retrieved April 28, 2016.
^ Kyriazis, Stefan (April 5, 2018). «Whitney Houston film trailer: Biopic reveals all in HEARTBREAKING new home videos». Daily Express. Retrieved September 7, 2021.
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External links

Official website
Whitney Houston at AllMovie
Whitney Houston at AllMusic
Whitney Houston discography at Discogs
Whitney Houston at Find a Grave
Whitney Houston at IMDb
Whitney Houston at the TCM Movie Database

Источник

Houston
City
City of Houston
Downtown Houston Sam Houston Monument at Hermann Park Texas Medical Center Uptown Houston Johnson Space Center Museum of Fine Arts
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Space City (official), more …
Interactive map of Houston
Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°WCoordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W
Country	United States
State	Texas
Counties	Harris, Fort Bend, Montgomery
Incorporated	June 5, 1837
Named for	Sam Houston
Government
• Type	Strong Mayor-Council
• Body	Houston City Council
• Mayor	Sylvester Turner (D)
Area ^[1]
• City	671.67 sq mi (1,739.62 km²)
• Land	640.44 sq mi (1,658.73 km²)
• Water	31.23 sq mi (80.89 km²)
Elevation	80 ft (32 m)
Population (2020)^[2]
• City	2,304,580
• Estimate (2021)^[2]	2,288,250
• Rank	4th in the United States 1st in Texas
• Density	3,598.43/sq mi (1,389.36/km²)
• Urban ^[3]	5,853,575 (US: 5th)
• Urban density	3,339.8/sq mi (1,289.5/km²)
• Metro ^[4]	7,122,240 (US: 5th)
Demonym	Houstonian
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	770xx, 772xx (P.O. Boxes)
Area codes	713, 281, 832, 346
FIPS code	48-35000^[5]
GNIS feature ID	1380948^[6]
Website	www.houstontx.gov

Houston (; HEW-stən) is the most populous city in Texas and in the Southern United States. It is the fourth most populous city in the United States after New York City, Los Angeles and Chicago, and the sixth most populous city in North America. With a population of 2,304,580 in 2020,^[2] Houston is located in Southeast Texas near Galveston Bay and the Gulf of Mexico, it is the seat and largest city of Harris County and the principal city of the Greater Houston metropolitan area, which is the fifth-most populous metropolitan statistical area in the United States and the second-most populous in Texas after Dallas–Fort Worth. Houston is the southeast anchor of the greater megaregion known as the Texas Triangle.^[7]

Comprising a land area of 640.4 square miles (1,659 km²),^[8] Houston is the ninth-most expansive city in the United States (including consolidated city-counties). It is the largest city in the United States by total area whose government is not consolidated with a county, parish, or borough. Though primarily in Harris County, small portions of the city extend into Fort Bend, and Montgomery counties, bordering other principal communities of Greater Houston such as Sugar Land and The Woodlands.

The city of Houston was founded by land investors on August 30, 1836,^[9] at the confluence of Buffalo Bayou and White Oak Bayou (a point now known as Allen’s Landing) and incorporated as a city on June 5, 1837.^[10]^[11] The city is named after former General Sam Houston, who was president of the Republic of Texas and had won Texas’s independence from Mexico at the Battle of San Jacinto 25 miles (40 km) east of Allen’s Landing.^[11] After briefly serving as the capital of the Texas Republic in the late 1830s, Houston grew steadily into a regional trading center for the remainder of the 19th century.^[12]

The arrival of the 20th century brought a convergence of economic factors that fueled rapid growth in Houston, including a burgeoning port and railroad industry, the decline of Galveston as Texas’s primary port following a devastating 1900 hurricane, the subsequent construction of the Houston Ship Channel, and the Texas oil boom.^[12] In the mid-20th century, Houston’s economy diversified, as it became home to the Texas Medical Center—the world’s largest concentration of healthcare and research institutions—and NASA’s Johnson Space Center, home to the Mission Control Center.

Since the late 19th century Houston’s economy has had a broad industrial base, in energy, manufacturing, aeronautics, and transportation. Leading in healthcare sectors and building oilfield equipment, Houston has the second-most Fortune 500 headquarters of any U.S. municipality within its city limits (after New York City).^[13]^[14] The Port of Houston ranks first in the United States in international waterborne tonnage handled and second in total cargo tonnage handled.^[15]

Nicknamed the «Bayou City», «Space City», «H-Town», and «the 713», Houston has become a global city, with strengths in culture, medicine, and research. The city has a population from various ethnic and religious backgrounds and a large and growing international community. Houston is the most diverse metropolitan area in Texas and has been described as the most racially and ethnically diverse major city in the U.S.^[16] It is home to many cultural institutions and exhibits, which attract more than seven million visitors a year to the Museum District. The Museum District is home to nineteen museums, galleries, and community spaces. Houston has an active visual and performing arts scene in the Theater District, and offers year-round resident companies in all major performing arts.^[17]

History[edit]

The Houston area occupying land that was home of the Karankawa (kə rang′kə wä′,-wô′,-wə) and the Atakapa (əˈtɑːkəpə) indigenous peoples for at least 2,000 years before the first known settlers arrived.^[18]^[19]^[20] These tribes are almost nonexistent today; this was most likely caused by foreign disease, and competition with various settler groups in the 18th and 19th centuries.^[21] However, the land then remained largely uninhabited from the late the 1700s until settlement in the 1830s.^[22]

Early settlement to the 20th century[edit]

The Allen brothers—Augustus Chapman and John Kirby—explored town sites on Buffalo Bayou and Galveston Bay. According to historian David McComb, «[T]he brothers, on August 26, 1836, bought from Elizabeth E. Parrott, wife of T.F.L. Parrott and widow of John Austin, the south half of the lower league [2,214-acre (896 ha) tract] granted to her by her late husband. They paid $5,000 total, but only $1,000 of this in cash; notes made up the remainder.»^[23]

The Allen brothers ran their first advertisement for Houston just four days later in the Telegraph and Texas Register, naming the notional town in honor of President Sam Houston.^[11] They successfully lobbied the Republic of Texas Congress to designate Houston as the temporary capital, agreeing to provide the new government with a state capitol building.^[24] About a dozen persons resided in the town at the beginning of 1837, but that number grew to about 1,500 by the time the Texas Congress convened in Houston for the first time that May.^[11] The Republic of Texas granted Houston incorporation on June 5, 1837, as James S. Holman became its first mayor.^[11] In the same year, Houston became the county seat of Harrisburg County (now Harris County).^[25]

In 1839, the Republic of Texas relocated its capital to Austin. The town suffered another setback that year when a yellow fever epidemic claimed about one life for every eight residents, yet it persisted as a commercial center, forming a symbiosis with its Gulf Coast port, Galveston. Landlocked farmers brought their produce to Houston, using Buffalo Bayou to gain access to Galveston and the Gulf of Mexico. Houston merchants profited from selling staples to farmers and shipping the farmers’ produce to Galveston.^[11]

The great majority of enslaved people in Texas came with their owners from the older slave states. Sizable numbers, however, came through the domestic slave trade. New Orleans was the center of this trade in the Deep South, but slave dealers were in Houston. Thousands of enslaved black people lived near the city before the American Civil War. Many of them near the city worked on sugar and cotton plantations,^[26] while most of those in the city limits had domestic and artisan jobs.^[27]

In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce, in part to promote shipping and navigation at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.^[28]

By 1860, Houston had emerged as a commercial and railroad hub for the export of cotton.^[25] Railroad spurs from the Texas inland converged in Houston, where they met rail lines to the ports of Galveston and Beaumont. During the American Civil War, Houston served as a headquarters for Confederate Major General John B. Magruder, who used the city as an organization point for the Battle of Galveston.^[29] After the Civil War, Houston businessmen initiated efforts to widen the city’s extensive system of bayous so the city could accept more commerce between Downtown and the nearby port of Galveston. By 1890, Houston was the railroad center of Texas.^[30]

In 1900, after Galveston was struck by a devastating hurricane, efforts to make Houston into a viable deep-water port were accelerated.^[31] The following year, the discovery of oil at the Spindletop oil field near Beaumont prompted the development of the Texas petroleum industry.^[32] In 1902, President Theodore Roosevelt approved a $1 million improvement project for the Houston Ship Channel. By 1910, the city’s population had reached 78,800, almost doubling from a decade before. African Americans formed a large part of the city’s population, numbering 23,929 people, which was nearly one-third of Houston’s residents.^[33]

President Woodrow Wilson opened the deep-water Port of Houston in 1914, seven years after digging began. By 1930, Houston had become Texas’s most populous city and Harris County the most populous county.^[34] In 1940, the U.S. Census Bureau reported Houston’s population as 77.5% White and 22.4% Black.^[35]

World War II to the late 20th century[edit]

When World War II started, tonnage levels at the port decreased and shipping activities were suspended; however, the war did provide economic benefits for the city. Petrochemical refineries and manufacturing plants were constructed along the ship channel because of the demand for petroleum and synthetic rubber products by the defense industry during the war.^[36] Ellington Field, initially built during World War I, was revitalized as an advanced training center for bombardiers and navigators.^[37] The Brown Shipbuilding Company was founded in 1942 to build ships for the U.S. Navy during World War II. Due to the boom in defense jobs, thousands of new workers migrated to the city, both blacks, and whites competing for the higher-paying jobs. President Roosevelt had established a policy of nondiscrimination for defense contractors, and blacks gained some opportunities, especially in shipbuilding, although not without resistance from whites and increasing social tensions that erupted into occasional violence. Economic gains of blacks who entered defense industries continued in the postwar years.^[38]

In 1945, the M.D. Anderson Foundation formed the Texas Medical Center. After the war, Houston’s economy reverted to being primarily port-driven. In 1948, the city annexed several unincorporated areas, more than doubling its size. Houston proper began to spread across the region.^[11]^[39] In 1950, the availability of air conditioning provided impetus for many companies to relocate to Houston, where wages were lower than those in the North; this resulted in an economic boom and produced a key shift in the city’s economy toward the energy sector.^[40]^[41]

The increased production of the expanded shipbuilding industry during World War II spurred Houston’s growth,^[42] as did the establishment in 1961 of NASA’s «Manned Spacecraft Center» (renamed the Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center in 1973). This was the stimulus for the development of the city’s aerospace industry. The Astrodome, nicknamed the «Eighth Wonder of the World»,^[43] opened in 1965 as the world’s first indoor domed sports stadium.

During the late 1970s, Houston had a population boom as people from the Rust Belt states moved to Texas in large numbers.^[44] The new residents came for numerous employment opportunities in the petroleum industry, created as a result of the Arab oil embargo. With the increase in professional jobs, Houston has become a destination for many college-educated persons, most recently including African Americans in a reverse Great Migration from northern areas.

In 1997, Houstonians elected Lee P. Brown as the city’s first African American mayor.^[45]

Early 21st century[edit]

Tropical Storm Allison’s effects in Houston

Houston has continued to grow into the 21st century, with the population increasing 17% from 2000 to 2019.^[46]

Oil & gas have continued to fuel Houston’s economic growth, with major oil companies including Phillips 66, ConocoPhillips, Occidental Petroleum, Halliburton, and ExxonMobil having their headquarters in the Houston area. In 2001, Enron Corporation, a Houston company with $100 billion in revenue, became engulfed in an accounting scandal which bankrupted the company in 2001.^[47] Health care has emerged as a major industry in Houston. The Texas Medical Center is now the largest medical complex in the world and employs 106,000 people.

Three new sports stadiums opened downtown in the first decade of the 21st century. In 2000, the Houston Astros opened their new baseball stadium, Minute Maid Park, in downtown adjacent to the old Union Station. The Houston Texans were formed in 2002 as an NFL expansion team, replacing the Houston Oilers, which had left the city in 1996. NRG Stadium opened the same year. In 2003, the Toyota Center opened as the home for the Houston Rockets. In 2005, the Houston Dynamo soccer team was formed. In 2017, the Houston Astros won their first World Series.

Hurricane Harvey flooding

Flooding has been a recurring problem in the Houston area, exacerbated by a lack of zoning laws, which allowed unregulated building of residential homes and other structures in flood-prone areas.^[48] In June 2001, Tropical Storm Allison dumped up to 40 inches (1,000 mm) of rain on parts of Houston, causing what was then the worst flooding in the city’s history and billions of dollars in damage, and killed 20 people in Texas.^[49] In August 2005, Houston became a shelter to more than 150,000 people from New Orleans, who evacuated from Hurricane Katrina.^[50] One month later, about 2.5 million Houston-area residents evacuated when Hurricane Rita approached the Gulf Coast, leaving little damage to the Houston area. This was the largest urban evacuation in the history of the United States.^[51]^[52] In May 2015, seven people died after 12 inches of rain fell in 10 hours during what is known as the Memorial Day Flood. Eight people died in April 2016 during a storm that dropped 17 inches of rain.^[53] The worst came in late August 2017, when Hurricane Harvey stalled over southeastern Texas, much like Tropical Storm Allison did sixteen years earlier, causing severe flooding in the Houston area, with some areas receiving over 50 inches (1,300 mm) of rain.^[54] The rainfall exceeded 50 inches in several areas locally, breaking the national record for rainfall. The damage for the Houston area was estimated at up to $125 billion U.S. dollars,^[55] and was considered to be one of the worst natural disasters in the history of the United States,^[56] with the death toll exceeding 70 people.

Geography[edit]

Satellite image of Houston, 2020

Houston is 165 miles (266 km) east of Austin,^[57] 88 miles (142 km) west of the Louisiana border,^[58] and 250 miles (400 km) south of Dallas.^[59] The city has a total area of 637.4 square miles (1,651 km²);^[8] this comprises over 599.59 square miles (1,552.9 km²) of land and 22.3 square miles (58 km²) covered by water.^[60] Most of Houston is on the gulf coastal plain, and its vegetation is classified as Western Gulf coastal grasslands while further north, it transitions into a subtropical jungle, the Big Thicket.

Much of the city was built on forested land, marshes, or swamps, and all are still visible in surrounding areas.^[61] Flat terrain and extensive greenfield development have combined to worsen flooding.^[62] Downtown stands about 50 feet (15 m) above sea level,^[63] and the highest point in far northwest Houston is about 150 feet (46 m) in elevation.^[64] The city once relied on groundwater for its needs, but land subsidence forced the city to turn to ground-level water sources such as Lake Houston, Lake Conroe, and Lake Livingston.^[11]^[65] The city owns surface water rights for 1.20 billion US gallons (4.5 Gl) of water a day in addition to 150 million US gallons (570 Ml) a day of groundwater.^[66]

Houston has four major bayous passing through the city that accept water from the extensive drainage system. Buffalo Bayou runs through Downtown and the Houston Ship Channel, and has three tributaries: White Oak Bayou, which runs through the Houston Heights community northwest of Downtown and then towards Downtown; Brays Bayou, which runs along the Texas Medical Center;^[67] and Sims Bayou, which runs through the south of Houston and Downtown Houston. The ship channel continues past Galveston and then into the Gulf of Mexico.^[36]

Geology[edit]

Aerial view of central Houston, showing Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods, March 2018

Houston is a flat, marshy area where an extensive drainage system has been built. The adjoining prairie land drains into the city, which is prone to flooding.^[68] Underpinning Houston’s land surface are unconsolidated clays, clay shales, and poorly cemented sands up to several miles deep. The region’s geology developed from river deposits formed from the erosion of the Rocky Mountains. These sediments consist of a series of sands and clays deposited on decaying organic marine matter, that over time, transformed into oil and natural gas. Beneath the layers of sediment is a water-deposited layer of halite, a rock salt. The porous layers were compressed over time and forced upward. As it pushed upward, the salt dragged surrounding sediments into salt dome formations, often trapping oil and gas that seeped from the surrounding porous sands. The thick, rich, sometimes black, surface soil is suitable for rice farming in suburban outskirts where the city continues to grow.^[69]^[70]

The Houston area has over 150 active faults (estimated to be 300 active faults) with an aggregate length of up to 310 miles (500 km),^[71]^[72]^[73] including the Long Point–Eureka Heights fault system which runs through the center of the city. No significant historically recorded earthquakes have occurred in Houston, but researchers do not discount the possibility of such quakes having occurred in the deeper past, nor occurring in the future. Land in some areas southeast of Houston is sinking because water has been pumped out of the ground for many years. It may be associated with slip along the faults; however, the slippage is slow and not considered an earthquake, where stationary faults must slip suddenly enough to create seismic waves.^[74] These faults also tend to move at a smooth rate in what is termed «fault creep»,^[65] which further reduces the risk of an earthquake.

Cityscape[edit]

Houston’s superneighborhoods

The city of Houston was incorporated in 1837 and adopted a ward system of representation shortly afterward, in 1840.^[75] The six original wards of Houston are the progenitors of the 11 modern-day geographically oriented Houston City Council districts, though the city abandoned the ward system in 1905 in favor of a commission government, and, later, the existing mayor–council government.

Intersection of Bagby and McGowen streets in western Midtown, 2016

Locations in Houston are generally classified as either being inside or outside the Interstate 610 loop. The «Inner Loop» encompasses a 97-square-mile (250 km²) area which includes Downtown, pre–World War II residential neighborhoods and streetcar suburbs, and newer high-density apartment and townhouse developments.^[76] Outside the loop, the city’s typology is more suburban, though many major business districts—such as Uptown, Westchase, and the Energy Corridor—lie well outside the urban core. In addition to Interstate 610, two additional loop highways encircle the city: Beltway 8, with a radius of approximately 10 miles (16 km) from Downtown, and State Highway 99 (the Grand Parkway), with a radius of 25 miles (40 km). Approximately 470,000 people lived within the Interstate 610 loop, while 1.65 million lived between Interstate 610 and Beltway 8 and 2.25 million lived within Harris County outside Beltway 8 in 2015.^[77]

Though Houston is the largest city in the United States without formal zoning regulations, it has developed similarly to other Sun Belt cities because the city’s land use regulations and legal covenants have played a similar role.^[78]^[79] Regulations include mandatory lot size for single-family houses and requirements that parking be available to tenants and customers. Such restrictions have had mixed results. Though some have blamed the city’s low density, urban sprawl, and lack of pedestrian-friendliness on these policies, others have credited the city’s land use patterns with providing significant affordable housing, sparing Houston the worst effects of the 2008 real estate crisis. The city issued 42,697 building permits in 2008 and was ranked first in the list of healthiest housing markets for 2009.^[80] In 2019, home sales reached a new record of $30 billion.^[81]

In referendums in 1948, 1962, and 1993, voters rejected efforts to establish separate residential and commercial land-use districts. Consequently, rather than a single central business district as the center of the city’s employment, multiple districts and skylines have grown throughout the city in addition to Downtown, which include Uptown, the Texas Medical Center, Midtown, Greenway Plaza, Memorial City, the Energy Corridor, Westchase, and Greenspoint.^[82]

Architecture[edit]

Houston had the fifth-tallest skyline in North America (after New York City, Chicago, Toronto and Miami) and 36th-tallest in the world in 2015.^[83] A seven-mile (11 km) system of tunnels and skywalks links Downtown buildings containing shops and restaurants, enabling pedestrians to avoid summer heat and rain while walking between buildings. In the 1960s, Downtown Houston consisted of a collection of mid-rise office structures. Downtown was on the threshold of an energy industry–led boom in 1970. A succession of skyscrapers was built throughout the 1970s—many by real estate developer Gerald D. Hines—culminating with Houston’s tallest skyscraper, the 75-floor, 1,002-foot (305 m)-tall JPMorgan Chase Tower (formerly the Texas Commerce Tower), completed in 1982. It is the tallest structure in Texas, 19th tallest building in the United States, and was previously 85th-tallest skyscraper in the world, based on highest architectural feature. In 1983, the 71-floor, 992-foot (302 m)-tall Wells Fargo Plaza (formerly Allied Bank Plaza) was completed, becoming the second-tallest building in Houston and Texas. Based on highest architectural feature, it is the 21st-tallest in the United States. In 2007, Downtown had over 43 million square feet (4,000,000 m²) of office space.^[84]

Centered on Post Oak Boulevard and Westheimer Road, the Uptown District boomed during the 1970s and early 1980s when a collection of midrise office buildings, hotels, and retail developments appeared along Interstate 610 West. Uptown became one of the most prominent instances of an edge city. The tallest building in Uptown is the 64-floor, 901-foot (275 m)-tall, Philip Johnson and John Burgee designed landmark Williams Tower (known as the Transco Tower until 1999). At the time of construction, it was believed to be the world’s tallest skyscraper outside a central business district. The new 20-story Skanska building^[85] and BBVA Compass Plaza^[86] are the newest office buildings built in Uptown after 30 years. The Uptown District is also home to buildings designed by noted architects I. M. Pei, César Pelli, and Philip Johnson. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, a mini-boom of midrise and highrise residential tower construction occurred, with several over 30 stories tall.^[87]^[88]^[89] Since 2000 over 30 skyscrapers have been developed in Houston; all told, 72 high-rises tower over the city, which adds up to about 8,300 units.^[90] In 2002, Uptown had more than 23 million square feet (2,100,000 m²) of office space with 16 million square feet (1,500,000 m²) of class A office space.^[91]

The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world.
The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.

Climate[edit]

Houston’s climate is classified as humid subtropical (Cfa in the Köppen climate classification system), typical of the Southern United States. While not in Tornado Alley, like much of Northern Texas, spring supercell thunderstorms sometimes bring tornadoes to the area.^[92] Prevailing winds are from the south and southeast during most of the year, which bring heat and moisture from the nearby Gulf of Mexico and Galveston Bay.^[93]

During the summer, temperatures reach or exceed 90 °F (32 °C) an average of 106.5 days per year, including a majority of days from June to September. Additionally, an average of 4.6 days per year reach or exceed 100 °F (37.8 °C).^[94] Houston’s characteristic subtropical humidity often results in a higher apparent temperature, and summer mornings average over 90% relative humidity.^[95] Air conditioning is ubiquitous in Houston; in 1981, annual spending on electricity for interior cooling exceeded $600 million (equivalent to $1.79 billion in 2021), and by the late 1990s, approximately 90% of Houston homes featured air conditioning systems.^[96]^[97] The record highest temperature recorded in Houston is 109 °F (43 °C) at Bush Intercontinental Airport, during September 4, 2000, and again on August 27, 2011.^[94]

Houston has mild winters, with occasional cold spells. In January, the normal mean temperature at George Bush Intercontinental Airport is 53 °F (12 °C), with an average of 13 days per year with a low at or below 32 °F (0 °C), occurring on average between December 3 and February 20, allowing for a growing season of 286 days.^[94] Twenty-first century snow events in Houston include a storm on December 24, 2004, which saw 1 inch (3 cm) of snow accumulate in parts of the metro area,^[98] and an event on December 7, 2017, which precipitated 0.7 inches (2 cm) of snowfall.^[99]^[100] Snowfalls of at least 1 inch (2.5 cm) on both December 10, 2008, and December 4, 2009, marked the first time measurable snowfall had occurred in two consecutive years in the city’s recorded history. Overall, Houston has seen measurable snowfall 38 times between 1895 and 2018. On February 14 and 15, 1895, Houston received 20 inches (51 cm) of snow, its largest snowfall from one storm on record.^[101] The coldest temperature officially recorded in Houston was 5 °F (−15 °C) on January 18, 1930.^[94] The last time Houston saw single digit temperatures was on December 23, 1989. The temperature dropped to 7 °F (−14 °C) at Bush Airport, marking the coldest temperature ever recorded there. 1.7 inches of snow fell at George Bush Intercontinental Airport the previous day.^[102]

Houston generally receives ample rainfall, averaging about 49.8 in (1,260 mm) annually based on records between 1981 and 2010. Many parts of the city have a high risk of localized flooding due to flat topography,^[103] ubiquitous low-permeability clay-silt prairie soils,^[104] and inadequate infrastructure.^[103] During the mid-2010s, Greater Houston experienced consecutive major flood events in 2015 («Memorial Day»),^[105] 2016 («Tax Day»),^[106] and 2017 (Hurricane Harvey).^[107] Overall, there have been more casualties and property loss from floods in Houston than in any other locality in the United States.^[108] The majority of rainfall occurs between April and October (the wet season of Southeast Texas), when the moisture from the Gulf of Mexico evaporates extensively over the city.^[105]^[108]

Houston has excessive ozone levels and is routinely ranked among the most ozone-polluted cities in the United States.^[109] Ground-level ozone, or smog, is Houston’s predominant air pollution problem, with the American Lung Association rating the metropolitan area’s ozone level twelfth on the «Most Polluted Cities by Ozone» in 2017, after major cities such as Los Angeles, Phoenix, New York City, and Denver.^[110] The industries along the ship channel are a major cause of the city’s air pollution.^[111] The rankings are in terms of peak-based standards, focusing strictly on the worst days of the year; the average ozone levels in Houston are lower than what is seen in most other areas of the country, as dominant winds ensure clean, marine air from the Gulf.^[112] Excessive man-made emissions in the Houston area led to a persistent increase of atmospheric carbon dioxide over the city. Such an increase, often regarded as «CO₂ urban dome», is driven by a combination of strong emissions and stagnant atmospheric conditions. Moreover, Houston is the only metropolitan area with less than ten million citizens where such a CO₂ dome can be detected by satellites.^[113]

Climate data for Houston (Intercontinental Airport), 1991–2020 normals,^[a] extremes 1888–present^[b]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	91 (33)	96 (36)	95 (35)	99 (37)	107 (42)	105 (41)	109 (43)	109 (43)	99 (37)	89 (32)	85 (29)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	78.9 (26.1)	81.2 (27.3)	85.4 (29.7)	88.6 (31.4)	93.8 (34.3)	97.8 (36.6)	99.1 (37.3)	101.2 (38.4)	97.3 (36.3)	92.2 (33.4)	84.9 (29.4)	80.7 (27.1)	102.1 (38.9)
Average high °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.8 (19.9)	74.0 (23.3)	80.1 (26.7)	86.9 (30.5)	92.3 (33.5)	94.5 (34.7)	94.9 (34.9)	90.4 (32.4)	82.8 (28.2)	72.6 (22.6)	65.3 (18.5)	80.5 (26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)	53.8 (12.1)	57.7 (14.3)	63.8 (17.7)	70.0 (21.1)	77.4 (25.2)	83.0 (28.3)	85.1 (29.5)	85.2 (29.6)	80.5 (26.9)	71.8 (22.1)	62.0 (16.7)	55.4 (13.0)	70.5 (21.4)
Average low °F (°C)	43.7 (6.5)	47.6 (8.7)	53.6 (12.0)	59.8 (15.4)	67.8 (19.9)	73.7 (23.2)	75.7 (24.3)	75.4 (24.1)	70.6 (21.4)	60.9 (16.1)	51.5 (10.8)	45.6 (7.6)	60.5 (15.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	27.5 (−2.5)	31.6 (−0.2)	35.0 (1.7)	43.4 (6.3)	53.8 (12.1)	66.5 (19.2)	70.5 (21.4)	70.0 (21.1)	58.3 (14.6)	44.1 (6.7)	34.2 (1.2)	30.0 (−1.1)	26.0 (−3.3)
Record low °F (°C)	5 (−15)	6 (−14)	21 (−6)	31 (−1)	42 (6)	52 (11)	62 (17)	54 (12)	45 (7)	29 (−2)	19 (−7)	7 (−14)	5 (−15)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.76 (96)	2.97 (75)	3.47 (88)	3.95 (100)	5.01 (127)	6.00 (152)	3.77 (96)	4.84 (123)	4.71 (120)	5.46 (139)	3.87 (98)	4.03 (102)	51.84 (1,317)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	0.1 (0.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.0	8.8	8.8	7.3	8.6	10.0	9.1	8.5	8.4	7.7	7.6	9.6	104.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	73.4	72.7	73.1	75.0	74.6	74.4	75.1	76.8	75.4	76.0	75.5	74.7
Average dew point °F (°C)	41.5 (5.3)	44.2 (6.8)	51.3 (10.7)	57.7 (14.3)	65.1 (18.4)	70.3 (21.3)	72.1 (22.3)	72.0 (22.2)	68.5 (20.3)	59.5 (15.3)	51.4 (10.8)	44.8 (7.1)	58.2 (14.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	143.4	155.0	192.5	209.8	249.2	281.3	293.9	270.5	236.5	228.8	168.3	148.7	2,577.9
Percent possible sunshine	44	50	52	54	59	67	68	66	64	64	53	47	58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)^[94]^[115]^[116]

Climate data for Houston (William P. Hobby Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	87 (31)	96 (36)	94 (34)	100 (38)	105 (41)	104 (40)	106 (41)	108 (42)	96 (36)	90 (32)	84 (29)	108 (42)
Average high °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.6 (19.8)	73.4 (23.0)	79.3 (26.3)	85.9 (29.9)	91.0 (32.8)	92.9 (33.8)	93.5 (34.2)	89.3 (31.8)	82.1 (27.8)	72.6 (22.6)	65.7 (18.7)	79.8 (26.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	55.0 (12.8)	58.9 (14.9)	64.7 (18.2)	70.6 (21.4)	77.6 (25.3)	83.0 (28.3)	84.8 (29.3)	85.1 (29.5)	81.1 (27.3)	73.0 (22.8)	63.3 (17.4)	56.9 (13.8)	71.2 (21.8)
Average low °F (°C)	46.1 (7.8)	50.1 (10.1)	55.9 (13.3)	61.8 (16.6)	69.3 (20.7)	74.9 (23.8)	76.6 (24.8)	76.7 (24.8)	72.9 (22.7)	63.9 (17.7)	54.0 (12.2)	48.0 (8.9)	62.5 (16.9)
Record low °F (°C)	10 (−12)	14 (−10)	22 (−6)	36 (2)	44 (7)	56 (13)	64 (18)	66 (19)	50 (10)	33 (1)	25 (−4)	9 (−13)	9 (−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.09 (104)	2.85 (72)	3.28 (83)	4.08 (104)	5.42 (138)	6.09 (155)	4.59 (117)	5.44 (138)	5.76 (146)	5.78 (147)	3.90 (99)	4.34 (110)	55.62 (1,413)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.2	9.0	8.0	7.1	7.3	9.9	9.1	9.8	9.1	7.6	8.5	9.1	103.7
Source: NOAA^[94]

Flooded parking lot during Hurricane Harvey, August 2017

Because of Houston’s wet season and proximity to the Gulf Coast, the city is prone to flooding from heavy rains; the most notable flooding events include Tropical Storm Allison in 2001 and Hurricane Harvey in 2017, along with most recent Tropical Storm Imelda in 2019 and Tropical Storm Beta in 2020. In response to Hurricane Harvey, Mayor Sylvester Turner of Houston initiated plans to require developers to build homes that will be less susceptible to flooding by raising them two feet above the 500-year floodplain. Hurricane Harvey damaged hundreds of thousands of homes and dumped trillions of gallons of water into the city.^[117] In places this led to feet of standing water that blocked streets and flooded homes. The Houston City Council passed this regulation in 2018 with a vote of 9–7. Had these floodplain development rules had been in place all along, it is estimated that 84% of homes in the 100-year and 500-year floodplains would have been spared damage.^{[dubious – discuss]}^[117]

In a recent case testing these regulations, near the Brickhouse Gulley, an old golf course that long served as a floodplain and reservoir for floodwaters, announced a change of heart toward intensifying development.^[118] A nationwide developer, Meritage Homes, bought the land and planned to develop the 500-year floodplain into 900 new residential homes. Their plan would bring in $360 million in revenue and boost city population and tax revenue. In order to meet the new floodplain regulations, the developers needed to elevate the lowest floors two feet above the 500-year floodplain, equivalent to five or six feet above the 100-year base flood elevation, and build a channel to direct stormwater runoff toward detention basins. Before Hurricane Harvey, the city had bought $10.7 million in houses in this area specifically to take them out of danger. In addition to developing new streets and single-family housing within a floodplain, a flowing flood-water stream termed a floodway runs through the development area, a most dangerous place to encounter during any future flooding event.^[119] Under Texas law Harris County, like other more rural Texas counties, cannot direct developers where to build or not build via land use controls such as a zoning ordinance, and instead can only impose general floodplain regulations for enforcement during subdivision approvals and building permit approvals.^[119]

Demographics[edit]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	%±
1850	2,396	—
1860	4,845	102.2%
1870	9,382	93.6%
1880	16,513	76.0%
1890	27,557	66.9%
1900	44,633	62.0%
1910	78,800	76.6%
1920	138,276	75.5%
1930	292,352	111.4%
1940	384,514	31.5%
1950	596,163	55.0%
1960	938,219	57.4%
1970	1,232,802	31.4%
1980	1,595,138	29.4%
1990	1,630,553	2.2%
2000	1,953,631	19.8%
2010	2,099,451	7.5%
2020	2,304,580	9.8%
2021 (est.)	2,288,250	−0.7%
U.S. Decennial Census 2010–2020^[2]

Map of ethnic distribution in Houston, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White

⬤ Black

⬤ Asian

⬤ Hispanic

⬤ Other

The 2020 U.S. census determined Houston had a population of 2,304,580.^[2] In 2017, the census-estimated population was 2,312,717, and in 2018 it was 2,325,502.^[2] An estimated 600,000 undocumented immigrants resided in the Houston area in 2017,^[120] comprising nearly 9% of the city’s metropolitan population.^[121] At the 2010 United States census, Houston had a population of 2,100,263 residents,^[122] up from the city’s 2,396 at the 1850 census.

Per the 2019 American Community Survey, Houston’s age distribution was 482,402 under 15; 144,196 aged 15 to 19; 594,477 aged 20 to 34; 591,561 aged 35 to 54; 402,804 aged 55 to 74; and 101,357 aged 75 and older. The median age of the city was 33.4.^[123] At the 2014-2018 census estimates, Houston’s age distribution was 486,083 under 15; 147,710 aged 15 to 19; 603,586 aged 20 to 34; 726,877 aged 35 to 59; and 357,834 aged 60 and older.^[124] The median age was 33.1, up from 32.9 in 2017 and down from 33.5 in 2014; the city’s youthfulness has been attributed to an influx of an African American New Great Migration, Hispanic and Latino American, and Asian immigrants into Texas.^[125]^[126]^[127] For every 100 females, there were 98.5 males.^[124]

There were 987,158 housing units in 2019 and 876,504 households.^[123]^[128] An estimated 42.3% of Houstonians owned housing units, with an average of 2.65 people per household.^[129] The median monthly owner costs with a mortgage were $1,646, and $536 without a mortgage. Houston’s median gross rent from 2015 to 2019 was $1,041. The median household income in 2019 was $52,338 and 20.1% of Houstonians lived at or below the poverty line.

Race and ethnicity[edit]

Racial and ethnic composition	2020^[130]	2010^[131]	2000^[132]	1990^[35]	1970^[35]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	44.0%	43.8%	37.4%	27.6%	11.3%^[133]
Whites (Non-Hispanic)	23.7%	25.6%^[134]	30.8%^[135]	40.6%	62.4%^[133]
Black or African American	22.1%	23.7%	25.3%	28.1%	25.7%
Asian	7.1%	6.0%	5.3%	4.1%	0.4%

Houston is a majority-minority city. The Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research, a think tank, has described Greater Houston as «one of the most ethnically and culturally diverse metropolitan areas in the country».^[136] Houston’s diversity, historically fueled by large waves of Hispanic and Latino American, and Asian immigrants, has been attributed to its relatively low cost of living, strong job market, and role as a hub for refugee resettlement.^[137]^[138]

Houston has long been known as a popular destination for African Americans due to the city’s well-established and influential African American community. Houston has become known as a Black Mecca akin to Atlanta because it is a popular living destination for Black professionals and entrepreneurs.^[139] The Houston area is home to the largest African American community west of the Mississippi River.^[140]^[141]^[142] A 2012 Kinder Institute report found that, based on the evenness of population distribution between the four major racial groups in the United States (non-Hispanic white, non-Hispanic black, Hispanic or Latino, and Asian), Greater Houston was the most ethnically diverse metropolitan area in the United States, ahead of New York City.^[143]

In 2019, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, non-Hispanic whites made up 23.3% of the population of Houston proper, Hispanics and Latino Americans 45.8%, Blacks or African Americans 22.4%, and Asian Americans 6.5%.^[123] In 2018, non-Hispanic whites made up 20.7% of the population, Hispanics or Latino Americans 44.9%, Blacks or African Americans 30.3%, and Asian Americans 8.2%.^[124] The largest Hispanic or Latino American ethnic groups in the city were Mexican Americans (31.6%), Puerto Ricans (0.8%), and Cuban Americans (0.8%) in 2018.^[124]

As documented, Houston has a higher proportion of minorities than non-Hispanic whites; in 2010, whites (including Hispanic whites) made up 57.6% of the city of Houston’s population; 24.6% of the total population was non-Hispanic white.^[144] Blacks or African Americans made up 22.5% of Houston’s population, American Indians made up 0.3% of the population, Asians made up 6.9% (1.7% Vietnamese, 1.3% Chinese, 1.3% Indian, 0.9% Pakistani, 0.4% Filipino, 0.3% Korean, 0.1% Japanese) and Pacific Islanders made up 0.1%. Individuals from some other race made up 15.69% of the city’s population.^[131] Individuals from two or more races made up 2.1% of the city.^[144]

At the 2000 U.S. census, the racial makeup of the city in was 49.3% White, 25.3% Black or African American, 5.3% Asian, 0.7% American Indian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 16.5% from some other race, and 3.1% from two or more races. In addition, Hispanics and Latinos of any race made up 37.4% of Houston’s population in 2000, while non-Hispanic whites made up 30.8%.^[145] The proportion of non-Hispanic whites in Houston has decreased significantly since 1970, when it was 62.4%.^[35]

Sexual orientation and gender identity[edit]

Houston is home to one of the largest LGBT communities and pride parades in the United States.^[146]^[147]^[148] In 2018, the city scored a 70 out of 100 for LGBT friendliness.^[149] Jordan Blum of the Houston Chronicle stated levels of LGBT acceptance and discrimination varied in 2016 due to some of the region’s traditionally conservative culture.^[150]

Before the 1970s, the city’s gay bars were spread around Downtown Houston and what is now midtown Houston. LGBT Houstonians needed to have a place to socialize after the closing of the gay bars. They began going to Art Wren, a 24-hour restaurant in Montrose. LGBT community members were attracted to Montrose as a neighborhood after encountering it while patronizing Art Wren, and they began to gentrify the neighborhood and assist its native inhabitants with property maintenance. Within Montrose, new gay bars began to open.^[151] By 1985, the flavor and politics of the neighborhood were heavily influenced by the LGBT community, and in 1990, according to Hill, 19% of Montrose residents identified as LGBT. Paul Broussard was murdered in Montrose in 1991.^[152]

Before the legalization of same-sex marriage in the United States the Marriage of Billie Ert and Antonio Molina, considered the first same-sex marriage in Texas history, took place on October 5, 1972.^[153] Houston elected the first openly lesbian mayor of a major city in 2009, and she served until 2016.^[153]^[154] During her tenure she authorized the Houston Equal Rights Ordinance which was intended to improve anti-discrimination coverage based on sexual orientation and gender identity in the city, specifically in areas such as housing and occupation where no anti-discrimination policy existed.^[155]

Religion[edit]

Houston and its metropolitan area are the third-most religious and Christian area by percentage of population in the United States, and second in Texas behind the Dallas–Fort Worth metroplex.^[156]^[157] Historically, Houston has been a center of Protestant Christianity, being part of the Bible Belt.^[158] Other Christian groups including Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Christianity, and non-Christian religions did not grow for much of the city’s history because immigration was predominantly from Western Europe (which at the time was dominated by Western Christianity and favored by the quotas in federal immigration law). The Immigration and Nationality Act of 1965 removed the quotas, allowing for the growth of other religions.^[159]

According to a 2014 study by the Pew Research Center, 73% of the population of the Houston area identified themselves as Christians, about 50% of whom claimed Protestant affiliations and about 19% claimed Roman Catholic affiliations. Nationwide, about 71% of respondents identified as Christians. About 20% of Houston-area residents claimed no religious affiliation, compared to about 23% nationwide.^[160] The same study says area residents who identify with other religions (including Judaism, Buddhism, Islam, and Hinduism) collectively made up about 7% of the area population.^[160]

In 2020, the Public Religion Research Institute estimated 40% were Protestant and 29% Catholic; overall, Christianity represented 72% of the population.^[161] In 2020, the Association of Religion Data Archives determined the Catholic Church numbered 1,299,901 for the metropolitan area; the second-largest single Christian denomination (Southern Baptists) numbered 800,688; following, non-denominational Protestant churches represented the third-largest Christian cohort at 666,548.^[162] Altogether, however, Baptists of the Southern Baptist Convention, the American Baptist Association, American Baptist Churches USA, Full Gospel Baptist Church Fellowship, National Baptist Convention USA and National Baptist Convention of America, and the National Missionary Baptist Convention numbered 926,554. Non-denominational Protestants, the Disciples of Christ, Christian Churches and Churches of Christ, and the Churches of Christ numbered 723,603 altogether according to this study.

Lakewood Church in Houston, led by Pastor Joel Osteen, is the largest church in the United States. A megachurch, it had 44,800 weekly attendees in 2010, up from 11,000 weekly in 2000.^[163] Since 2005, it has occupied the former Compaq Center sports stadium. In September 2010, Outreach magazine published a list of the 100 largest Christian churches in the United States, and on the list were the following Houston-area churches: Lakewood, Second Baptist Church Houston, Woodlands Church, Church Without Walls, and First Baptist Church.^[163] According to the list, Houston and Dallas were tied as the second-most popular city for megachurches.^[163]

The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston, the largest Catholic jurisdiction in Texas and fifth-largest in the United States, was established in 1847.^[164] The Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston claimed approximately 1.7 million Catholics within its boundaries as of 2019.^[164] Its co-cathedral is located within the Houston city limits, while the diocesan see is in Galveston. Other prominent Catholic jurisdictions include the Eastern Catholic Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church as well as the Personal Ordinariate of the Chair of Saint Peter, whose cathedral is also in Houston.^[165]

Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church

A variety of Eastern and Oriental Orthodox churches can be found in Houston. Immigrants from Eastern Europe, the Middle East, Ethiopia, India, and other areas have added to Houston’s Eastern and Oriental Orthodox population. As of 2011 in the entire state, 32,000 people actively attended Orthodox churches.^[166] In 2013 Father John Whiteford, the pastor of St. Jonah Orthodox Church near Spring, stated there were about 6,000-9,000 Eastern Orthodox Christians in Houston.^[167] The Association of Religion Data Archives numbered 16,526 Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Houstonians in 2020.^[162] The most prominent Eastern and Oriental Orthodox jurisdictions are the Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America,^[168] the Antiochian Orthodox Archdiocese of North America,^[169] the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria,^[170] and Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church.^[171]

Houston’s Jewish community, estimated at 47,000 in 2001, has been present in the city since the 1800s. Houstonian Jews have origins from throughout the United States, Israel, Mexico, Russia, and other places. As of 2016, over 40 synagogues were in Greater Houston.^[159] The largest synagogues are Congregation Beth Yeshurun, a Conservative Jewish temple, and the Reform Jewish congregations Beth Israel and Emanu-El. According to a study in 2016 by Berman Jewish DataBank, 51,000 Jews lived in the area, an increase of 4,000 since 2001.^[172]

Houston has a large and diverse Muslim community; it is the largest in Texas and the Southern United States, as of 2012.^[173] It is estimated that Muslims made up 1.2% of Houston’s population.^[173] As of 2016, Muslims in the Houston area included South Asians, Middle Easterners, Africans, Turks, and Indonesians, as well as a growing population of Latino Muslim converts. In 2000 there were over 41 mosques and storefront religious centers, with the largest being the Al-Noor Mosque (Mosque of Light) of the Islamic Society of Greater Houston.^[174]

The Hindu, Sikh, and Buddhist communities form a growing sector of the religious demographic after Judaism and Islam. Large Hindu temples in the metropolitan area include the BAPS Shri Swaminarayan Mandir Houston, affiliated with the Swaminarayan Sampradaya denomination in Fort Bend County, near the suburb of Stafford as well as the South Indian-style Sri Meenakshi Temple in suburban Pearland, in Brazoria County, which is the oldest Hindu temple in Texas and third-oldest Hindu temple in the United States.^[175]^[176]^[177]

Of the irreligious community 16% practiced nothing in particular, 3% were agnostic, and 2% were atheist in 2014.^[156]

Economy[edit]

Rank	Company
Fortune 500 companies based in Houston^[178]
27	Phillips 66
56	Sysco
93	ConocoPhillips
98	Plains GP Holdings
101	Enterprise Products Partners
129	Baker Hughes
142	Halliburton
148	Occidental Petroleum
186	EOG Resources
207	Waste Management
242	Kinder Morgan
260	CenterPoint Energy
261	Quanta Services
264	Group 1 Automotive
319	Calpine
329	Cheniere Energy
365	Targa Resources
374	NOV Inc.
391	Westlake Chemical
465	APA Corporation
496	Crown Castle
501	KBR
Companies in the petroleum industry

Houston is recognized worldwide for its energy industry—particularly for oil and natural gas—as well as for biomedical research and aeronautics. Renewable energy sources—wind and solar—are also growing economic bases in the city,^[179]^[180] and the City Government purchases 90% of its annual 1 TWh power mostly from wind, and some from solar.^[181]^[182] The city has also been a growing hub for technology startup firms.^[183] Major technology and software companies within Greater Houston include Crown Castle, KBR, Cybersoft, Houston Wire & Cable, and HostGator. On April 4, 2022, Hewlett Packard Enterprise relocated its global headquarters from California to the Greater Houston area.^[184] The Houston Ship Channel is also a large part of Houston’s economic base.

Because of these strengths, Houston is designated as a global city by the Globalization and World Cities Study Group and Network and global management consulting firm A.T. Kearney.^[14] The Houston area is the top U.S. market for exports, surpassing New York City in 2013, according to data released by the U.S. Department of Commerce’s International Trade Administration. In 2012, the Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land area recorded $110.3 billion in merchandise exports.^[185] Petroleum products, chemicals, and oil and gas extraction equipment accounted for roughly two-thirds of the metropolitan area’s exports last year. The top three destinations for exports were Mexico, Canada, and Brazil.^[186]

The Houston area is a leading center for building oilfield equipment.^[187] Much of its success as a petrochemical complex is due to its busy ship channel, the Port of Houston.^[188] In the United States, the port ranks first in international commerce and 16th among the largest ports in the world.^[189] Unlike most places, high oil and gasoline prices are beneficial for Houston’s economy, as many of its residents are employed in the energy industry.^[190] Houston is the beginning or end point of numerous oil, gas, and products pipelines.^[191]

The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metro area’s gross domestic product (GDP) in 2016 was $478 billion, making it the sixth-largest of any metropolitan area in the United States and larger than Iran’s, Colombia’s, or the United Arab Emirates’ GDP.^[192] Only 27 countries other than the United States have a gross domestic product exceeding Houston’s regional gross area product (GAP).^[193] In 2010, mining (which consists almost entirely of exploration and production of oil and gas in Houston) accounted for 26.3% of Houston’s GAP up sharply in response to high energy prices and a decreased worldwide surplus of oil production capacity, followed by engineering services, health services, and manufacturing.^[194]

The University of Houston System’s annual impact on the Houston area’s economy equates to that of a major corporation: $1.1 billion in new funds attracted annually to the Houston area, $3.13 billion in total economic benefit, and 24,000 local jobs generated.^[195]^[196] This is in addition to the 12,500 new graduates the U.H. System produces every year who enter the workforce in Houston and throughout Texas. These degree-holders tend to stay in Houston. After five years, 80.5% of graduates are still living and working in the region.^[196]

In 2006, the Houston metropolitan area ranked first in Texas and third in the U.S. within the category of «Best Places for Business and Careers» by Forbes magazine.^[197] Ninety-one foreign governments have established consular offices in Houston’s metropolitan area, the third-highest in the nation.^[198] Forty foreign governments maintain trade and commercial offices here with 23 active foreign chambers of commerce and trade associations.^[199] Twenty-five foreign banks representing 13 nations operate in Houston, providing financial assistance to the international community.^[200]

In 2008, Houston received top ranking on Kiplinger’s Personal Finance «Best Cities of 2008» list, which ranks cities on their local economy, employment opportunities, reasonable living costs, and quality of life.^[201] The city ranked fourth for highest increase in the local technological innovation over the preceding 15 years, according to Forbes magazine.^[202] In the same year, the city ranked second on the annual Fortune 500 list of company headquarters,^[203] first for Forbes magazine’s «Best Cities for College Graduates»,^[204] and first on their list of «Best Cities to Buy a Home».^[205] In 2010, the city was rated the best city for shopping, according to Forbes.^[206]

In 2012, the city was ranked number one for paycheck worth by Forbes and in late May 2013, Houston was identified as America’s top city for employment creation.^[207]^[208]

In 2013, Houston was identified as the number one U.S. city for job creation by the U.S. Bureau of Statistics after it was not only the first major city to regain all the jobs lost in the preceding economic downturn, but also after the crash, more than two jobs were added for every one lost. Economist and vice president of research at the Greater Houston Partnership Patrick Jankowski attributed Houston’s success to the ability of the region’s real estate and energy industries to learn from historical mistakes. Furthermore, Jankowski stated that «more than 100 foreign-owned companies relocated, expanded or started new businesses in Houston» between 2008 and 2010, and this openness to external business boosted job creation during a period when domestic demand was problematically low.^[208] Also in 2013, Houston again appeared on Forbes‘ list of «Best Places for Business and Careers».^[209]

Culture[edit]

Located in the American South, Houston is a diverse city with a large and growing international community.^[210] The Greater Houston metropolitan area is home to an estimated 1.1 million (21.4 percent) residents who were born outside the United States, with nearly two-thirds of the area’s foreign-born population from south of the United States–Mexico border since 2009.^[211] Additionally, more than one in five foreign-born residents are from Asia.^[211] The city is home to the nation’s third-largest concentration of consular offices, representing 92 countries.^[212]

Many annual events celebrate the diverse cultures of Houston. The largest and longest-running is the annual Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo, held over 20 days from early to late March, and is the largest annual livestock show and rodeo in the world.^[213] Another large celebration is the annual night-time Houston Gay Pride Parade, held at the end of June.^[214] Other notable annual events include the Houston Greek Festival,^[215] Art Car Parade, the Houston Auto Show, the Houston International Festival,^[216] and the Bayou City Art Festival, which is considered to be one of the top five art festivals in the United States.^[217]^[218]

Houston is highly regarded for its diverse food and restaurant culture. Several major publications have consistently named Houston one of «America’s Best Food Cities».^[219]^[220]^[221]^[222]^[223] Houston received the official nickname of «Space City» in 1967 because it is the location of NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. Other nicknames often used by locals include «Bayou City», «Clutch City», «Crush City», «Magnolia City», «H-Town», and «Culinary Capital of the South».^[224]^[225]^[226]

Arts and theater[edit]

The Houston Theater District, in Downtown, is home to nine major performing arts organizations and six performance halls. It is the second-largest concentration of theater seats in a Downtown area in the United States.^[227]^[228]^[229]

Houston is one of few United States cities with permanent, professional, resident companies in all major performing arts disciplines: opera (Houston Grand Opera), ballet (Houston Ballet), music (Houston Symphony Orchestra), and theater (The Alley Theatre, Theatre Under the Stars).^[17]^[230] Houston is also home to folk artists, art groups and various small progressive arts organizations.^[231]

Houston attracts many touring Broadway acts, concerts, shows, and exhibitions for a variety of interests.^[232] Facilities in the Theater District include the Jones Hall—home of the Houston Symphony Orchestra and Society for the Performing Arts—and the Hobby Center for the Performing Arts.

The Museum District’s cultural institutions and exhibits attract more than 7 million visitors a year.^[233]^[234] Notable facilities include The Museum of Fine Arts, the Houston Museum of Natural Science, the Contemporary Arts Museum Houston, the Station Museum of Contemporary Art, the Holocaust Museum Houston, the Children’s Museum of Houston, and the Houston Zoo.^[235]^[236]^[237]

Located near the Museum District are The Menil Collection, Rothko Chapel, the Moody Center for the Arts and the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum.

Bayou Bend is a 14-acre (5.7 ha) facility of the Museum of Fine Arts that houses one of America’s most prominent collections of decorative art, paintings, and furniture. Bayou Bend is the former home of Houston philanthropist Ima Hogg.^[238]

The National Museum of Funeral History is in Houston near the George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The museum houses the original Popemobile used by Pope John Paul II in the 1980s along with numerous hearses, embalming displays, and information on famous funerals.

Venues across Houston regularly host local and touring rock, blues, country, dubstep, and Tejano musical acts. While Houston has never been widely known for its music scene,^[239] Houston hip-hop has become a significant, independent music scene that is influential nationwide. Houston is the birthplace of the chopped and screwed remixing-technique in Hip-hop which was pioneered by DJ Screw from the city. Some other notable Hip-hop artists from the area include Destiny’s Child, Slim Thug, Paul Wall, Mike Jones, Bun B, Geto Boys, Trae tha Truth, Kirko Bangz, Z-Ro, South Park Mexican, Travis Scott and Megan Thee Stallion.^[240]

Beyoncé Knowles also originated in Houston.

Tourism and recreation[edit]

The Theater District is a 17-block area in the center of Downtown Houston that is home to the Bayou Place entertainment complex, restaurants, movies, plazas, and parks. Bayou Place is a large multilevel building containing full-service restaurants, bars, live music, billiards, and Sundance Cinema. The Bayou Music Center stages live concerts, stage plays, and stand-up comedy.
Space Center Houston is the official visitors’ center of NASA’s Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. The Space Center has many interactive exhibits including moon rocks, a shuttle simulator, and presentations about the history of NASA’s manned space flight program. Other tourist attractions include the Galleria (Texas’s largest shopping mall, in the Uptown District), Old Market Square, the Downtown Aquarium, and Sam Houston Race Park.

Houston’s current Chinatown and the Mahatma Gandhi District are two major ethnic enclaves, reflecting Houston’s multicultural makeup. Restaurants, bakeries, traditional-clothing boutiques, and specialty shops can be found in both areas.

Houston is home to 337 parks, including Hermann Park, Terry Hershey Park, Lake Houston Park, Memorial Park, Tranquility Park, Sesquicentennial Park, Discovery Green, Buffalo Bayou Park and Sam Houston Park. Within Hermann Park are the Houston Zoo and the Houston Museum of Natural Science. Sam Houston Park contains restored and reconstructed homes which were originally built between 1823 and 1905.^[241] A proposal has been made to open the city’s first botanic garden at Herman Brown Park.^[242]

Of the 10 most populous U.S. cities, Houston has the most total area of parks and green space, 56,405 acres (228 km²).^[243] The city also has over 200 additional green spaces—totaling over 19,600 acres (79 km²) that are managed by the city—including the Houston Arboretum and Nature Center. The Lee and Joe Jamail Skatepark is a public skatepark owned and operated by the city of Houston, and is one of the largest skateparks in Texas consisting of a 30,000-ft² (2,800 m²)in-ground facility.

The Gerald D. Hines Waterwall Park—in the Uptown District of the city—serves as a popular tourist attraction and for weddings and various celebrations. A 2011 study by Walk Score ranked Houston the 23rd most walkable of the 50 largest cities in the United States.^[244]

Sports[edit]

Houston has sports teams for every major professional league except the National Hockey League. The Houston Astros are a Major League Baseball expansion team formed in 1962 (known as the «Colt .45s» until 1965) that have won the World Series in 2017 and 2022 and appeared in it in 2005, 2019, and 2021. It is the only MLB team to have won pennants in both modern leagues.^[245] The Houston Rockets are a National Basketball Association franchise based in the city since 1971. They have won two NBA Championships, one in 1994 and another in 1995, under star players Hakeem Olajuwon, Otis Thorpe, Clyde Drexler, Vernon Maxwell, and Kenny Smith.^[246] The Houston Texans are a National Football League expansion team formed in 2002. The Houston Dynamo is a Major League Soccer franchise that has been based in Houston since 2006, winning two MLS Cup titles in 2006 and 2007. The Houston Dash team plays in the National Women’s Soccer League.^[247] The Houston SaberCats are a rugby team that plays in Major League Rugby.^[248]

Minute Maid Park (home of the Astros) and Toyota Center (home of the Rockets), are in Downtown Houston. Houston has the NFL’s first retractable-roof stadium with natural grass, NRG Stadium (home of the Texans).^[249] Minute Maid Park is also a retractable-roof stadium. Toyota Center also has the largest screen for an indoor arena in the United States built to coincide with the arena’s hosting of the 2013 NBA All-Star Game.^[250] PNC Stadium is a soccer-specific stadium for the Houston Dynamo, the Texas Southern Tigers football team, and Houston Dash, in East Downtown. Aveva Stadium (home of the SaberCats) is in south Houston. In addition, NRG Astrodome was the first indoor stadium in the world, built in 1965.^[251] Other sports facilities include Hofheinz Pavilion (Houston Cougars basketball), Rice Stadium (Rice Owls football), and NRG Arena. TDECU Stadium is where the University of Houston’s Cougars football team plays.^[252]

Houston has hosted several major sports events: the 1968, 1986 and 2004 Major League Baseball All-Star Games; the 1989, 2006 and 2013 NBA All-Star Games; Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl XXXVIII, and Super Bowl LI, as well as hosting the 1981, 1986, 1994 and 1995 NBA Finals, winning the latter two, and hosting the 2005 World Series, 2017 World Series, 2019 World Series, 2021 World Series and 2022 World Series. The city won its first baseball championship during the 2017 event and won again 5 years later. NRG Stadium hosted Super Bowl LI on February 5, 2017.^[253] Houston will host multiple matches during the 2026 FIFA World Cup.

The city has hosted several major professional and college sporting events, including the annual Houston Open golf tournament. Houston hosts the annual Houston College Classic baseball tournament every February, and the Texas Kickoff and Bowl in September and December, respectively.^[254]

The Grand Prix of Houston, an annual auto race on the IndyCar Series circuit was held on a 1.7-mile temporary street circuit in NRG Park. The October 2013 event was held using a tweaked version of the 2006–2007 course.^[255] The event had a 5-year race contract through 2017 with IndyCar.^[256] In motorcycling, the Astrodome hosted an AMA Supercross Championship round from 1974 to 2003 and the NRG Stadium since 2003.

Houston is also one of the first cities in the world to have a major esports team represent it, in the form of the Houston Outlaws. The Outlaws play in the Overwatch League and are one of two Texan teams, the other being the Dallas Fuel. Houston is also one of eight cities to have an XFL team, the Houston Roughnecks.

Government[edit]

Harris County Family Law Center

The city of Houston has a strong mayoral form of municipal government.^[257] Houston is a home rule city and all municipal elections in Texas are nonpartisan.^[257]^[258] The city’s elected officials are the mayor, city controller and 16 members of the Houston City Council.^[259] The current mayor of Houston is Sylvester Turner, a Democrat elected on a nonpartisan ballot. Houston’s mayor serves as the city’s chief administrator, executive officer, and official representative, and is responsible for the general management of the city and for seeing all laws and ordinances are enforced.^[260]

The original city council line-up of 14 members (nine district-based and five at-large positions) was based on a U.S. Justice Department mandate which took effect in 1979.^[261] At-large council members represent the entire city.^[259] Under the city charter, once the population in the city limits exceeded 2.1 million residents, two additional districts were to be added.^[262] The city of Houston’s official 2010 census count was 600 shy of the required number; however, as the city was expected to grow beyond 2.1 million shortly thereafter, the two additional districts were added for, and the positions filled during, the August 2011 elections.

The city controller is elected independently of the mayor and council. The controller’s duties are to certify available funds prior to committing such funds and processing disbursements. The city’s fiscal year begins on July 1 and ends on June 30. Chris Brown is the city controller, serving his first term as of January 2016.

As the result of a 2015 referendum in Houston, a mayor is elected for a four-year term and can be elected to as many as two consecutive terms.^[263] The term limits were spearheaded in 1991 by conservative political activist Clymer Wright.^[264] During 1991–2015, the city controller and city council members were subjected to a two-year, three-term limitation–the 2015 referendum amended term limits to two four-year terms. As of 2017 some councilmembers who served two terms and won a final term will have served eight years in office, whereas a freshman councilmember who won a position in 2013 can serve up to two additional terms under the previous term limit law–a select few will have at least 10 years of incumbency once their term expires.

Houston is considered to be a politically divided city whose balance of power often sways between Republicans and Democrats. According to the 2005 Houston Area Survey, 68 percent of non-Hispanic whites in Harris County are declared or favor Republicans while 89 percent of non-Hispanic blacks in the area are declared or favor Democrats. About 62 percent of Hispanics (of any nationality) in the area are declared or favor Democrats.^[265] The city has often been known to be the most politically diverse city in Texas, a state known for being generally conservative.^[265] As a result, the city is often a contested area in statewide elections.^[265] In 2009, Houston became the first U.S. city with a population over 1 million citizens to elect a gay mayor, by electing Annise Parker.^[266]

Texas has banned sanctuary cities,^[267] but Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner said Houston will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.^[268]

Crime[edit]

Houston Police Department headquarters

Houston had 303 homicides in 2015 and 302 homicides in 2016. Officials predicted there would be 323 homicides in 2016. Instead, there was no increase in Houston’s homicide rate between 2015 and 2016.^[269]^[discuss]

Houston’s murder rate ranked 46th of U.S. cities with a population over 250,000 in 2005 (per capita rate of 16.3 murders per 100,000 population).^[270] In 2010, the city’s murder rate (per capita rate of 11.8 murders per 100,000 population) was ranked sixth among U.S. cities with a population of over 750,000 (behind New York City, Chicago, Detroit, Dallas, and Philadelphia) according to the Federal Bureau of Investigation.^[271]

Murders fell by 37 percent from January to June 2011, compared with the same period in 2010. Houston’s total crime rate including violent and nonviolent crimes decreased by 11 percent.^[272] The FBI’s Uniform Crime Report (UCR) indicates a downward trend of violent crime in Houston over the ten- and twenty-year periods ending in 2016, which is consistent with national trends. This trend toward lower rates of violent crime in Houston includes the murder rate, though it had seen a four-year uptick that lasted through 2015. Houston’s violent crime rate was 8.6% percent higher in 2016 than the previous year. However, from 2006 to 2016, violent crime was still down 12 percent in Houston.^[273]

Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine due to its size and proximity to major illegal drug exporting nations.^[274]

In the early 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and several coastal towns were the site of the Houston mass murders, which at the time were the deadliest case of serial killing in American history.^[275]^[276]

In 1853, the first execution in Houston took place in public at Founder’s Cemetery in the Fourth Ward; initially, the cemetery was the execution site, but post-1868 executions took place in the jail facilities.^[277]

Education[edit]

The first Hattie Mae White Administration Building; it has been sold and demolished

Nineteen school districts exist within the city of Houston. The Houston Independent School District (HISD) is the seventh-largest school district in the United States and the largest in Texas.^[278] HISD has over 100 campuses that serve as magnet or vanguard schools—specializing in such disciplines as health professions, visual and performing arts, and the sciences. There are also many charter schools that are run separately from school districts. In addition, some public school districts also have their own charter schools.

The Houston area encompasses more than 300 private schools,^[279]^[280]^[281] many of which are accredited by Texas Private School Accreditation Commission recognized agencies. The Greater Houston metropolitan area’s independent schools offer education from a variety of different religious as well as secular viewpoints.^[282] The Greater Houston area’s Catholic schools are operated by the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.

Colleges and universities[edit]

Houston has four state universities. The University of Houston (UH) is a research university and the flagship institution of the University of Houston System.^[283]^[284]^[285] The third-largest university in Texas, the University of Houston has nearly 44,000 students on its 667-acre (270-hectare) campus in the Third Ward.^[286] The University of Houston–Clear Lake and the University of Houston–Downtown are stand-alone universities within the University of Houston System; they are not branch campuses of the University of Houston. Slightly west of the University of Houston is Texas Southern University (TSU), one of the largest historically black universities in the United States with approximately 10,000 students. Texas Southern University is the first state university in Houston, founded in 1927.^[287]

Several private institutions of higher learning are within the city. Rice University, the most selective university in Texas and one of the most selective in the United States,^[288] is a private, secular institution with a high level of research activity.^[289] Founded in 1912, Rice’s historic, heavily wooded 300-acre (120-hectare) campus, adjacent to Hermann Park and the Texas Medical Center, hosts approximately 4,000 undergraduate and 3,000 post-graduate students. To the north in Neartown, the University of St. Thomas, founded in 1947, is Houston’s only Catholic university. St. Thomas provides a liberal arts curriculum for roughly 3,000 students at its historic 19-block campus along Montrose Boulevard. In southwest Houston, Houston Christian University (formerly Houston Baptist University), founded in 1960, offers bachelor’s and graduate degrees at its Sharpstown campus. The school is affiliated with the Baptist General Convention of Texas and has a student population of approximately 3,000.

Three community college districts have campuses in and around Houston. The Houston Community College System (HCC) serves most of Houston proper; its main campus and headquarters are in Midtown. Suburban northern and western parts of the metropolitan area are served by various campuses of the Lone Star College System, while the southeastern portion of Houston is served by San Jacinto College, and a northeastern portion is served by Lee College.^[290] The Houston Community College and Lone Star College systems are among the 10 largest institutions of higher learning in the United States.

Houston also hosts a number of graduate schools in law and healthcare. The University of Houston Law Center and Thurgood Marshall School of Law at Texas Southern University are public, ABA-accredited law schools, while the South Texas College of Law, in Downtown, serves as a private, independent alternative. The Texas Medical Center is home to a high density of health professions schools, including two medical schools: McGovern Medical School, part of The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, and Baylor College of Medicine, a highly selective private institution. Prairie View A&M University’s nursing school is in the Texas Medical Center. Additionally, both Texas Southern University and the University of Houston have pharmacy schools, and the University of Houston hosts a medical school and a college of optometry.

The University of Houston, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.^[294]

Media[edit]

The current Houston Chronicle headquarters, formerly the Houston Post headquarters

The primary network-affiliated television stations are KPRC-TV channel 2 (NBC), KHOU channel 11 (CBS), KTRK-TV channel 13 (ABC), KTXH channel 20 (MyNetworkTV), KRIV channel 26 (Fox), KIAH channel 39 (The CW), KXLN-DT channel 45 (Univision), KTMD-TV channel 47 (Telemundo), KPXB-TV channel 49 (Ion Television), KYAZ channel 51 (MeTV) and KFTH-DT channel 67 (UniMás). KTRK-TV, KTXH, KRIV, KTXH, KIAH, KXLN-DT, KTMD-TV, KPXB-TV, KYAZ and KFTH-DT operate as owned-and-operated stations of their networks.^[296]

The Houston–The Woodlands–Sugar Land metropolitan area is served by one public television station and two public radio stations. KUHT channel 8 (Houston Public Media) is a PBS member station and is the first public television station in the United States. Houston Public Radio is listener-funded and comprises one NPR member station, KUHF (News 88.7). The University of Houston System owns and holds broadcasting licenses to KUHT and KUHF. The stations broadcast from the Melcher Center for Public Broadcasting on the campus of the University of Houston. Houston additionally is served by the Pacifica Foundation public radio station KPFT.

Houston and its metropolitan area are served by the Houston Chronicle, its only major daily newspaper with wide distribution. Hearst Communications, which owns and operates the Houston Chronicle, bought the assets of the Houston Post—its long-time rival and main competition—when Houston Post ceased operations in 1995. The Houston Post was owned by the family of former Lieutenant Governor Bill Hobby of Houston. The only other major publication to serve the city is the Houston Press—which was a free alternative weekly newspaper before the destruction caused by Hurricane Harvey resulted in the publication switching to an online-only format on November 2, 2017.^[297] Other notable publications include Houston Forward Times, OutSmart, and La Voz de Houston. Houston Forward Times is one of the largest black-owned newspapers in the metropolitan area and owned by Forward Times Publishing Company.^[298] OutSmart is an LGBT magazine in Houston and was ranked «Best Local Magazine» by the Houston Press in 2008.^[299] La Voz de Houston is the Houston Chronicle‘s Spanish-language newspaper and the largest in the area.

Infrastructure[edit]

Healthcare[edit]

Houston is the seat of the Texas Medical Center, which is the largest medical center in the world,^[300] and describes itself as containing the world’s largest concentration of research and healthcare institutions.^[301] All 49 member institutions of the Texas Medical Center are non-profit organizations. They provide patient and preventive care, research, education, and local, national, and international community well-being. Employing more than 73,600 people, institutions at the medical center include 13 hospitals and two specialty institutions, two medical schools, four nursing schools, and schools of dentistry, public health, pharmacy, and virtually all health-related careers. It is where one of the first—and still the largest—air emergency service, Life Flight, was created, and an inter-institutional transplant program was developed.^{[citation needed]} Around 2007, more heart surgeries were performed at the Texas Medical Center than anywhere else in the world.^[302]

Some of the academic and research health institutions at the center include MD Anderson Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, UT Health Science Center, Memorial Hermann Hospital, Houston Methodist Hospital, Texas Children’s Hospital, and University of Houston College of Pharmacy.

In the 2000s, the Baylor College of Medicine was annually considered within the top ten medical schools in the nation; likewise, the MD Anderson Cancer Center had been consistently ranked as one of the top two U.S. hospitals specializing in cancer care by U.S. News & World Report since 1990.^[303]^[304] The Menninger Clinic, a psychiatric treatment center, is affiliated with Baylor College of Medicine and the Houston Methodist Hospital System.^[305] With hospital locations nationwide and headquarters in Houston, the Triumph Healthcare hospital system was the third largest long term acute care provider nationally in 2005.^[306]

Harris Health System (formerly Harris County Hospital District), the hospital district for Harris County, operates public hospitals (Ben Taub General Hospital and Lyndon B. Johnson Hospital) and public clinics. The City of Houston Health Department also operates four clinics.^[307] As of 2011 the dental centers of Harris Health System take patients of ages 16 and up with patients under that age referred to the City of Houston’s dental clinics.^[308] Montgomery County Hospital District (MCHD) serves as the hospital district for Houstonians living in Montgomery County. Fort Bend County, in which a portion of Houston resides, does not have a hospital district. OakBend Medical Center serves as the county’s charity hospital which the county contracts with.^[309]

Transportation[edit]

Houston is considered an automobile-dependent city, with an estimated 77.2% of commuters driving alone to work in 2016,^[310] up from 71.7% in 1990^[311] and 75.6% in 2009.^[312] In 2016, another 11.4% of Houstonians carpooled to work, while 3.6% used public transit, 2.1% walked, and 0.5% bicycled.^[310] A commuting study estimated the median length of commute in the region was 12.2 miles (19.6 km) in 2012.^[313] According to the 2013 American Community Survey, the average work commute in Houston (city) takes 26.3 minutes.^[314] A 1999 Murdoch University study found Houston had both the lengthiest commute and lowest urban density of 13 large American cities surveyed,^[315] and a 2017 Arcadis study ranked Houston 22nd out of 23 American cities in transportation sustainability.^[316] Harris County is one of the largest consumers of gasoline in the United States, ranking second (behind Los Angeles County) in 2013.^[317]

Despite the region’s high rate of automobile usage, attitudes towards transportation among Houstonians indicate a growing preference for walkability. A 2017 study by the Rice University Kinder Institute for Urban Research found 56% of Harris County residents have a preference for dense housing in a mixed-use, walkable setting as opposed to single-family housing in a low-density area.^[318] A plurality of survey respondents also indicated traffic congestion was the most significant problem facing the metropolitan area.^[318] In addition, many households in the city of Houston have no car. In 2015, 8.3 percent of Houston households lacked a car, which was virtually unchanged in 2016 (8.1 percent). The national average was 8.7 percent in 2016. Houston averaged 1.59 cars per household in 2016, compared to a national average of 1.8.^[319]

Roadways[edit]

The eight-county Greater Houston metropolitan area contains over 25,000 miles (40,000 km) of roadway, of which 10%, or approximately 2,500 miles (4,000 km), is limited-access highway.^[320] The Houston region’s extensive freeway system handles over 40% of the regional daily vehicle miles traveled (VMT).^[320] Arterial roads handle an additional 40% of daily VMT, while toll roads, of which Greater Houston has 180 miles (290 km), handle nearly 10%.^[320]

Greater Houston possesses a hub-and-spoke limited-access highway system, in which a number of freeways radiate outward from Downtown, with ring roads providing connections between these radial highways at intermediate distances from the city center. The city is crossed by three Interstate highways, Interstate 10, Interstate 45, and Interstate 69 (commonly known as U.S. Route 59), as well as a number of other United States routes and state highways. Major freeways in Greater Houston are often referred to by either the cardinal direction or geographic location they travel towards. Highways that follow the cardinal convention include U.S. Route 290 (Northwest Freeway), Interstate 45 north of Downtown (North Freeway), Interstate 10 east of Downtown (East Freeway), Texas State Highway 288 (South Freeway), and Interstate 69 south of Downtown (Southwest Freeway). Highways that follow the location convention include Interstate 10 west of Downtown (Katy Freeway), Interstate 69 north of Downtown (Eastex Freeway), Interstate 45 south of Downtown (Gulf Freeway), and Texas State Highway 225 (La Porte or Pasadena Freeway).

Three loop freeways provide north–south and east–west connectivity between Greater Houston’s radial highways. The innermost loop is Interstate 610, commonly known as the Inner Loop, which encircles Downtown, the Texas Medical Center, Greenway Plaza, the cities of West University Place and Southside Place, and many core neighborhoods. The 88-mile (142 km) State Highway Beltway 8, often referred to as the Beltway, forms the middle loop at a radius of roughly 10 miles (16 km). A third, 180-mile (290 km) loop with a radius of approximately 25 miles (40 km), State Highway 99 (the Grand Parkway), is currently under construction, with six of eleven segments completed as of 2018.^[321] Completed segments D through G provide a continuous 70.4-mile (113.3 km) limited-access tollway connection between Sugar Land, Katy, Cypress, Spring, and Porter.^[321]

A system of toll roads, operated by the Harris County Toll Road Authority (HCTRA) and Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority (FBCTRA), provides additional options for regional commuters. The Sam Houston Tollway, which encompasses the mainlanes of Beltway 8 (as opposed to the frontage roads, which are untolled), is the longest tollway in the system, covering the entirety of the Beltway with the exception of a free section between Interstate 45 and Interstate 69 near George Bush Intercontinental Airport. The region is serviced by four spoke tollways: a set of managed lanes on the Katy Freeway; the Hardy Toll Road, which parallels Interstate 45 north of Downtown up to Spring; the Westpark Tollway, which services Houston’s western suburbs out to Fulshear; and Fort Bend Parkway, which connects to Sienna Plantation. Westpark Tollway and Fort Bend Parkway are operated conjunctly with the Fort Bend County Toll Road Authority.

Greater Houston’s freeway system is monitored by Houston TranStar, a partnership of four government agencies which is responsible for providing transportation and emergency management services to the region.^[322]

Greater Houston’s arterial road network is established at the municipal level, with the City of Houston exercising planning control over both its incorporated area and extraterritorial jurisdiction (ETJ). Therefore, Houston exercises transportation planning authority over a 2,000-square-mile (5,200 km²) area over five counties, many times larger than its corporate area.^[323] The Major Thoroughfare and Freeway Plan, updated annually, establishes the city’s street hierarchy, identifies roadways in need of widening, and proposes new roadways in unserved areas. Arterial roads are organized into four categories, in decreasing order of intensity: major thoroughfares, transit corridor streets, collector streets, and local streets.^[323] Roadway classification affects anticipated traffic volumes, roadway design, and right of way breadth. Ultimately, the system is designed to ferry traffic from neighborhood streets to major thoroughfares, which connect into the limited-access highway system.^[323] Notable arterial roads in the region include Westheimer Road, Memorial Drive, Texas State Highway 6, Farm to Market Road 1960, Bellaire Boulevard, and Telephone Road.

Transit[edit]

The Metropolitan Transit Authority of Harris County (METRO) provides public transportation in the form of buses, light rail, high-occupancy vehicle (HOV) lanes, and paratransit to fifteen municipalities throughout the Greater Houston area and parts of unincorporated Harris County. METRO’s service area covers 1,303 square miles (3,370 km²) containing a population of 3.6 million.^[324]

METRO’s local bus network services approximately 275,000 riders daily with a fleet of over 1,200 buses.^[324] The agency’s 75 local routes contain nearly 8,900 stops and saw nearly 67 million boardings during the 2016 fiscal year.^[324] A park and ride system provides commuter bus service from 34 transit centers scattered throughout the region’s suburban areas; these express buses operate independently of the local bus network and utilize the region’s extensive system of HOV lanes.^[325] Downtown and the Texas Medical Center have the highest rates of transit use in the region, largely due to the park and ride system, with nearly 60% of commuters in each district utilizing public transit to get to work.^[325]

METRO began light rail service in 2004 with the opening of the 8-mile (13 km) north-south Red Line connecting Downtown, Midtown, the Museum District, the Texas Medical Center, and NRG Park. In the early 2010s, two additional lines—the Green Line, servicing the East End, and the Purple Line, servicing the Third Ward—opened, and the Red Line was extended northward to Northline, bringing the total length of the system to 22.7 miles (36.5 km). Two light rail lines outlined in a five-line system approved by voters in a 2003 referendum have yet to be constructed.^[326] The Uptown Line, which runs along Post Oak Boulevard in Uptown,^[327] was under construction as a bus rapid transit line—the city’s first—while the University Line has been postponed indefinitely.^[328] The light rail system saw approximately 16.8 million boardings in fiscal year 2016.^[324]

Amtrak’s thrice-weekly Los Angeles–New Orleans Sunset Limited serves Houston at a station northwest of Downtown. There were 14,891 boardings and alightings in FY2008,^[329] 20,327 in FY2012,^[330] and 20,205 in FY2018.^[331] A daily Amtrak Thruway Motorcoach connects Houston with Amtrak’s Chicago–San Antonio Texas Eagle at Longview.^[332]

Cycling[edit]

Houston has the largest number of bike commuters in Texas with over 160 miles of dedicated bikeways.^[333] The city is currently in the process of expanding its on and off street bikeway network.^[when?]^[334] In 2015, Downtown Houston added a cycle track on Lamar Street, running from Sam Houston Park to Discovery Green.^[335] Houston City Council approved the Houston Bike Plan in March 2017, at that time entering the plan into the Houston Code of Ordinances.^[336] In August 2017, Houston City Council approved spending for construction of 13 additional miles of bike trails.^[337]

Houston’s bicycle sharing system started service with nineteen stations in May 2012. Houston Bcycle (also known as B-Cycle), a local non-profit, runs the subscription program, supplying bicycles and docking stations, while partnering with other companies to maintain the system.^[338] The network expanded to 29 stations and 225 bicycles in 2014, registering over 43,000 checkouts of equipment during the first half of the same year.^[339] In 2017, Bcycle logged over 142,000 check outs while expanding to 56 docking stations.^[340]

Airports[edit]

The Houston Airport System, a branch of the municipal government, oversees the operation of three major public airports in the city. Two of these airports, George Bush Intercontinental Airport and William P. Hobby Airport, offer commercial aviation service to a variety of domestic and international destinations and served 55 million passengers in 2016. The third, Ellington Airport, is home to the Ellington Field Joint Reserve Base. The Federal Aviation Administration and the state of Texas selected the Houston Airport System as «Airport of the Year» in 2005, largely due to the implementation of a $3.1 billion airport improvement program for both major airports in Houston.^[341]

George Bush Intercontinental Airport (IAH), 23 miles (37 km) north of Downtown Houston between Interstates 45 and 69, is the eighth busiest commercial airport in the United States (by total passengers and aircraft movements) and forty-third busiest globally.^[342]^[343] The five-terminal, five-runway, 11,000-acre (4,500-hectare) airport served 40 million passengers in 2016, including 10 million international travelers.^[342] In 2006, the United States Department of Transportation named IAH the fastest-growing of the top ten airports in the United States.^[344] The Houston Air Route Traffic Control Center is at Bush Intercontinental.

Houston was the headquarters of Continental Airlines until its 2010 merger with United Airlines with headquarters in Chicago; regulatory approval for the merger was granted in October of that year. Bush Intercontinental is currently United Airlines’ second largest hub, behind O’Hare International Airport.^[345] United Airlines’ share of the Houston Airport System’s commercial aviation market was nearly 60% in 2017 with 16 million enplaned passengers.^[346] In early 2007, Bush Intercontinental Airport was named a model «port of entry» for international travelers by U.S. Customs and Border Protection.^[347]

William P. Hobby Airport (HOU), known as Houston International Airport until 1967, operates primarily short- to medium-haul domestic and international flights to 60 destinations.^[342] The four-runway, 1,304-acre (528-hectare) facility is approximately 7 miles (11 km) southeast of Downtown Houston. In 2015, Southwest Airlines launched service from a new international terminal at Hobby to several destinations in Mexico, Central America, and the Caribbean. These were the first international flights flown from Hobby since the opening of Bush Intercontinental in 1969.^[348] Houston’s aviation history is showcased in the 1940 Air Terminal Museum in the old terminal building on the west side of the airport. In 2009, Hobby Airport was recognized with two awards for being one of the top five performing airports globally and for customer service by Airports Council International.^[349] In 2022 Hobby Airport was certified as the first 5-Star Airport in North America by Skytrax. It became the first Airport in North America to do so and just the 16th airport worldwide to receive the accomplishment.^[350]

Houston’s third municipal airport is Ellington Airport, used by the military, government (including NASA) and general aviation sectors.^[351]

Notable people[edit]

International relations[edit]

The Mayor’s Office of Trade and International Affairs (MOTIA) is the city’s liaison to Houston’s sister cities and to the national governing organization, Sister Cities International. Through their official city-to-city relationships, these volunteer associations promote people-to-people diplomacy and encourage citizens to develop mutual trust and understanding through commercial, cultural, educational, and humanitarian exchanges.^[352]^[353]

Taipei, Taiwan – 1963
Huelva, Spain – 1969
Chiba, Japan – 1973
Nice, France – 1973
Baku, Azerbaijan – 1976
Aberdeen, Scotland – 1979^[354]
Stavanger, Norway – 1980
Perth, Australia – 1983
Istanbul, Turkey – 1986
Shenzhen, China – 1986
Guayaquil, Ecuador – 1987
Leipzig, Germany – 1993
Tyumen, Russia – 1995
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – 2001
Luanda, Angola – 2003
Tampico, Mexico – 2003
Karachi, Pakistan – 2009
Basrah, Iraq – 2015^[355]
Ulsan, South Korea – 2021

Notes[edit]

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.^[114]

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External links[edit]

Official website
Greater Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau
Greater Houston Partnership (GHP) Houston Chamber
Greater Houston Transportation and Emergency Management Center
Houston at Curlie

Источник

Houston
City
City of Houston
Downtown Houston Sam Houston Monument at Hermann Park Texas Medical Center Uptown Houston Johnson Space Center Museum of Fine Arts
Flag Seal
Nickname(s): Space City (official), more …
Interactive map of Houston
Coordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°WCoordinates: 29°45′46″N 95°22′59″W / 29.76278°N 95.38306°W
Country	United States
State	Texas
Counties	Harris, Fort Bend, Montgomery
Incorporated	June 5, 1837
Named for	Sam Houston
Government
• Type	Strong Mayor-Council
• Body	Houston City Council
• Mayor	Sylvester Turner (D)
Area ^[1]
• City	671.67 sq mi (1,739.62 km²)
• Land	640.44 sq mi (1,658.73 km²)
• Water	31.23 sq mi (80.89 km²)
Elevation	80 ft (32 m)
Population (2020)^[2]
• City	2,304,580
• Estimate (2021)^[2]	2,288,250
• Rank	4th in the United States 1st in Texas
• Density	3,598.43/sq mi (1,389.36/km²)
• Urban ^[3]	5,853,575 (US: 5th)
• Urban density	3,339.8/sq mi (1,289.5/km²)
• Metro ^[4]	7,122,240 (US: 5th)
Demonym	Houstonian
Time zone	UTC−6 (CST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes	770xx, 772xx (P.O. Boxes)
Area codes	713, 281, 832, 346
FIPS code	48-35000^[5]
GNIS feature ID	1380948^[6]
Website	www.houstontx.gov

History[edit]

Early settlement to the 20th century[edit]

In 1840, the community established a chamber of commerce, in part to promote shipping and navigation at the newly created port on Buffalo Bayou.^[28]

World War II to the late 20th century[edit]

In 1997, Houstonians elected Lee P. Brown as the city’s first African American mayor.^[45]

Early 21st century[edit]

Tropical Storm Allison’s effects in Houston

Houston has continued to grow into the 21st century, with the population increasing 17% from 2000 to 2019.^[46]

Hurricane Harvey flooding

Geography[edit]

Satellite image of Houston, 2020

Geology[edit]

Aerial view of central Houston, showing Downtown and surrounding neighborhoods, March 2018

Cityscape[edit]

Houston’s superneighborhoods

Intersection of Bagby and McGowen streets in western Midtown, 2016

Architecture[edit]

The Niels Esperson Building stood as the tallest building in Houston from 1927 to 1929.
The JPMorgan Chase Tower is the tallest building in Texas and the tallest 5-sided building in the world.
The Williams Tower is the tallest building in the US outside a central business district.

Climate[edit]

Climate data for Houston (Intercontinental Airport), 1991–2020 normals,^[a] extremes 1888–present^[b]
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	91 (33)	96 (36)	95 (35)	99 (37)	107 (42)	105 (41)	109 (43)	109 (43)	99 (37)	89 (32)	85 (29)	109 (43)
Mean maximum °F (°C)	78.9 (26.1)	81.2 (27.3)	85.4 (29.7)	88.6 (31.4)	93.8 (34.3)	97.8 (36.6)	99.1 (37.3)	101.2 (38.4)	97.3 (36.3)	92.2 (33.4)	84.9 (29.4)	80.7 (27.1)	102.1 (38.9)
Average high °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.8 (19.9)	74.0 (23.3)	80.1 (26.7)	86.9 (30.5)	92.3 (33.5)	94.5 (34.7)	94.9 (34.9)	90.4 (32.4)	82.8 (28.2)	72.6 (22.6)	65.3 (18.5)	80.5 (26.9)
Daily mean °F (°C)	53.8 (12.1)	57.7 (14.3)	63.8 (17.7)	70.0 (21.1)	77.4 (25.2)	83.0 (28.3)	85.1 (29.5)	85.2 (29.6)	80.5 (26.9)	71.8 (22.1)	62.0 (16.7)	55.4 (13.0)	70.5 (21.4)
Average low °F (°C)	43.7 (6.5)	47.6 (8.7)	53.6 (12.0)	59.8 (15.4)	67.8 (19.9)	73.7 (23.2)	75.7 (24.3)	75.4 (24.1)	70.6 (21.4)	60.9 (16.1)	51.5 (10.8)	45.6 (7.6)	60.5 (15.8)
Mean minimum °F (°C)	27.5 (−2.5)	31.6 (−0.2)	35.0 (1.7)	43.4 (6.3)	53.8 (12.1)	66.5 (19.2)	70.5 (21.4)	70.0 (21.1)	58.3 (14.6)	44.1 (6.7)	34.2 (1.2)	30.0 (−1.1)	26.0 (−3.3)
Record low °F (°C)	5 (−15)	6 (−14)	21 (−6)	31 (−1)	42 (6)	52 (11)	62 (17)	54 (12)	45 (7)	29 (−2)	19 (−7)	7 (−14)	5 (−15)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	3.76 (96)	2.97 (75)	3.47 (88)	3.95 (100)	5.01 (127)	6.00 (152)	3.77 (96)	4.84 (123)	4.71 (120)	5.46 (139)	3.87 (98)	4.03 (102)	51.84 (1,317)
Average snowfall inches (cm)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.0 (0.0)	0.1 (0.25)	0.1 (0.25)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	10.0	8.8	8.8	7.3	8.6	10.0	9.1	8.5	8.4	7.7	7.6	9.6	104.4
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in)	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.1
Average relative humidity (%)	74.7	73.4	72.7	73.1	75.0	74.6	74.4	75.1	76.8	75.4	76.0	75.5	74.7
Average dew point °F (°C)	41.5 (5.3)	44.2 (6.8)	51.3 (10.7)	57.7 (14.3)	65.1 (18.4)	70.3 (21.3)	72.1 (22.3)	72.0 (22.2)	68.5 (20.3)	59.5 (15.3)	51.4 (10.8)	44.8 (7.1)	58.2 (14.6)
Mean monthly sunshine hours	143.4	155.0	192.5	209.8	249.2	281.3	293.9	270.5	236.5	228.8	168.3	148.7	2,577.9
Percent possible sunshine	44	50	52	54	59	67	68	66	64	64	53	47	58
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and dew point 1969–1990, sun 1961–1990)^[94]^[115]^[116]

Climate data for Houston (William P. Hobby Airport), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1941–present
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °F (°C)	85 (29)	87 (31)	96 (36)	94 (34)	100 (38)	105 (41)	104 (40)	106 (41)	108 (42)	96 (36)	90 (32)	84 (29)	108 (42)
Average high °F (°C)	63.8 (17.7)	67.6 (19.8)	73.4 (23.0)	79.3 (26.3)	85.9 (29.9)	91.0 (32.8)	92.9 (33.8)	93.5 (34.2)	89.3 (31.8)	82.1 (27.8)	72.6 (22.6)	65.7 (18.7)	79.8 (26.6)
Daily mean °F (°C)	55.0 (12.8)	58.9 (14.9)	64.7 (18.2)	70.6 (21.4)	77.6 (25.3)	83.0 (28.3)	84.8 (29.3)	85.1 (29.5)	81.1 (27.3)	73.0 (22.8)	63.3 (17.4)	56.9 (13.8)	71.2 (21.8)
Average low °F (°C)	46.1 (7.8)	50.1 (10.1)	55.9 (13.3)	61.8 (16.6)	69.3 (20.7)	74.9 (23.8)	76.6 (24.8)	76.7 (24.8)	72.9 (22.7)	63.9 (17.7)	54.0 (12.2)	48.0 (8.9)	62.5 (16.9)
Record low °F (°C)	10 (−12)	14 (−10)	22 (−6)	36 (2)	44 (7)	56 (13)	64 (18)	66 (19)	50 (10)	33 (1)	25 (−4)	9 (−13)	9 (−13)
Average precipitation inches (mm)	4.09 (104)	2.85 (72)	3.28 (83)	4.08 (104)	5.42 (138)	6.09 (155)	4.59 (117)	5.44 (138)	5.76 (146)	5.78 (147)	3.90 (99)	4.34 (110)	55.62 (1,413)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in)	9.2	9.0	8.0	7.1	7.3	9.9	9.1	9.8	9.1	7.6	8.5	9.1	103.7
Source: NOAA^[94]

Flooded parking lot during Hurricane Harvey, August 2017

Demographics[edit]

Historical population

Census	Pop.	%±
1850	2,396	—
1860	4,845	102.2%
1870	9,382	93.6%
1880	16,513	76.0%
1890	27,557	66.9%
1900	44,633	62.0%
1910	78,800	76.6%
1920	138,276	75.5%
1930	292,352	111.4%
1940	384,514	31.5%
1950	596,163	55.0%
1960	938,219	57.4%
1970	1,232,802	31.4%
1980	1,595,138	29.4%
1990	1,630,553	2.2%
2000	1,953,631	19.8%
2010	2,099,451	7.5%
2020	2,304,580	9.8%
2021 (est.)	2,288,250	−0.7%
U.S. Decennial Census 2010–2020^[2]

Map of ethnic distribution in Houston, 2010 U.S. census. Each dot is 25 people: ⬤ White

⬤ Black

⬤ Asian

⬤ Hispanic

⬤ Other

Race and ethnicity[edit]

Racial and ethnic composition	2020^[130]	2010^[131]	2000^[132]	1990^[35]	1970^[35]
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)	44.0%	43.8%	37.4%	27.6%	11.3%^[133]
Whites (Non-Hispanic)	23.7%	25.6%^[134]	30.8%^[135]	40.6%	62.4%^[133]
Black or African American	22.1%	23.7%	25.3%	28.1%	25.7%
Asian	7.1%	6.0%	5.3%	4.1%	0.4%

Sexual orientation and gender identity[edit]

Religion[edit]

Debre Selam Medhanealem Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahdo Church

Of the irreligious community 16% practiced nothing in particular, 3% were agnostic, and 2% were atheist in 2014.^[156]

Economy[edit]

Rank	Company
Fortune 500 companies based in Houston^[178]
27	Phillips 66
56	Sysco
93	ConocoPhillips
98	Plains GP Holdings
101	Enterprise Products Partners
129	Baker Hughes
142	Halliburton
148	Occidental Petroleum
186	EOG Resources
207	Waste Management
242	Kinder Morgan
260	CenterPoint Energy
261	Quanta Services
264	Group 1 Automotive
319	Calpine
329	Cheniere Energy
365	Targa Resources
374	NOV Inc.
391	Westlake Chemical
465	APA Corporation
496	Crown Castle
501	KBR
Companies in the petroleum industry

In 2012, the city was ranked number one for paycheck worth by Forbes and in late May 2013, Houston was identified as America’s top city for employment creation.^[207]^[208]

Culture[edit]

Arts and theater[edit]

Located near the Museum District are The Menil Collection, Rothko Chapel, the Moody Center for the Arts and the Byzantine Fresco Chapel Museum.

Beyoncé Knowles also originated in Houston.

Tourism and recreation[edit]

Sports[edit]

Government[edit]

Harris County Family Law Center

Texas has banned sanctuary cities,^[267] but Houston Mayor Sylvester Turner said Houston will not assist ICE agents with immigration raids.^[268]

Crime[edit]

Houston Police Department headquarters

Houston is a significant hub for trafficking of cocaine, cannabis, heroin, MDMA, and methamphetamine due to its size and proximity to major illegal drug exporting nations.^[274]

In the early 1970s, Houston, Pasadena and several coastal towns were the site of the Houston mass murders, which at the time were the deadliest case of serial killing in American history.^[275]^[276]

Education[edit]

The first Hattie Mae White Administration Building; it has been sold and demolished

Colleges and universities[edit]

The University of Houston, in the Third Ward, is a public research university and the third-largest institution of higher education in Texas.^[294]

Media[edit]

The current Houston Chronicle headquarters, formerly the Houston Post headquarters

Infrastructure[edit]

Healthcare[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Roadways[edit]

Transit[edit]

Cycling[edit]

Airports[edit]

Houston’s third municipal airport is Ellington Airport, used by the military, government (including NASA) and general aviation sectors.^[351]

Notable people[edit]

International relations[edit]

Taipei, Taiwan – 1963
Huelva, Spain – 1969
Chiba, Japan – 1973
Nice, France – 1973
Baku, Azerbaijan – 1976
Aberdeen, Scotland – 1979^[354]
Stavanger, Norway – 1980
Perth, Australia – 1983
Istanbul, Turkey – 1986
Shenzhen, China – 1986
Guayaquil, Ecuador – 1987
Leipzig, Germany – 1993
Tyumen, Russia – 1995
Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates – 2001
Luanda, Angola – 2003
Tampico, Mexico – 2003
Karachi, Pakistan – 2009
Basrah, Iraq – 2015^[355]
Ulsan, South Korea – 2021

Notes[edit]

^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the highest and lowest temperature readings during an entire month or year) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.
^ Official records for Houston were kept at the Weather Bureau in downtown from July 1888 to May 1969, and at Intercontinental since June 1969.^[114]

References[edit]

^ «2021 U.S. Gazetteer Files». United States Census Bureau. Retrieved September 28, 2021.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f «QuickFacts: Houston city, Texas». United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 21, 2023.
^ «List of 2020 Census Urban Areas». census.gov. United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 8, 2023.
^ «2020 Population and Housing State Data». United States Census Bureau. Retrieved August 22, 2021.
^ «U.S. Census website». United States Census Bureau. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ «US Board on Geographic Names». United States Geological Survey. October 25, 2007. Archived from the original on February 4, 2012. Retrieved January 31, 2008.
^ «The Texas Triangle Megaregion Nears 21 Million Residents». Texas News Express. October 6, 2020. Archived from the original on November 29, 2021. Retrieved November 2, 2020.
^ ^a ^b «Houston, Texas Geography Profile». U.S. Census Bureau. Retrieved May 8, 2019.
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External links[edit]

Official website
Greater Houston Convention & Visitors Bureau
Greater Houston Partnership (GHP) Houston Chamber
Greater Houston Transportation and Emergency Management Center
Houston at Curlie

Источник

Подробные данные о фамилии Хьюстон. История происхождения, значение и суть фамилии, перевод и правильное написание. Подробная история фамилии.
Откуда к нам пришла фамилия Хьюстон? Какая национальность человека с данной фамилией? Правильно написание фамилии на английском языке, склонение по падежам.
Более подробную информацию о фамилии Хьюстон, ее значении и сути вы прочтете онлайн на данной странице без прохождения регистрации и совершенно бесплатно.

Содержание

Происхождение фамилии Хьюстон
История фамилии Хьюстон
Cуть фамилии Хьюстон, значение, расшифровка по буквам
- Значение фамилии Хьюстон
- Формула вычисления числа фамилии: Хьюстон
Нумерология фамилии Хьюстон и её значение
Жизненный путь рода и фамилии Хьюстон
Семейная жизнь с фамилией Хьюстон
Какие профессии лучше всего подойдут человеку с фамилией Хьюстон
Лучшие качества человека с фамилией Хьюстон
Правильное написание фамилии Хьюстон, на русском и английском
Внешние качества для фамилии Хьюстон
Мотивация для фамилии Хьюстон
Подробнее про фамилию Хьюстон
Совместимость фамилии Хьюстон, проявление чувств
Правильное склонение фамилии Хьюстон по падежам

Происхождение фамилии Хьюстон

Большая часть фамилий, Хьюстон не исключение, произошли от отчеств (по мирскому или крестильному имени одного из потомков), прозвищ (по месту происхождения,
роду деятельности или другим особенностям потомка) или других имен рода. В русских фамилиях чаще всего есть суффикс –ев/-ов. Это окончание самое популярное,
добавлялось, если в основе последним был согласный звук. Фамилия Хьюстон могла произойти от прозвища отца, имени дедушка, профессии или ремесла семьи. К примеру
подобным образом создавалась большая часть русских фамилий. Таким образом, семьи одного корня стало проще обозначать.

Согласно русской традиции при бракосочетании женщина берет себе фамилию мужа. Также женщина может не придерживаться данного правила и остаться со своей фамилией, либо сделать ее двойной с написанием девичьей фамилии и через дефис фамилии мужа.
Детям обычно присваивается фамилия отца, но если женщина не состоит в браке или по желанию родителей ребенок может взять фамилию матери. Фамилия Хьюстон в 61% случаев славянского происхождения, остальные 39%
свидетельствуют о происхождении от языков русских народов.
В любом случае фамилия Хьюстон произошла от прозвища, имени, сферы деятельности или места обитания дальних предков человека по мужской линии.

История фамилии Хьюстон

В разных слоях общества фамилии появлялись в разное время. История фамилии Хьюстон довольно длительна.
В первый раз фамилия Хьюстон была написана в летописях духовенства в середине 18 века.
Зачастую они были образованы от названий церквей или приходов, либо имени отца.
Часть священнослужителей получали фамилию при выпуске из семинарии, при этом лучшие ученики получали самые благозвучные фамилии, которые несли положительное значение,
как, к примеру, фамилия Хьюстон. Фамилия Хьюстон передавалась из поколения в поколение по линии мужчин (или женщин).

Cуть фамилии Хьюстон, значение, расшифровка по буквам

Фамилия Хьюстон складывается из 7 букв. Такое количество букв говорит о том, что это человек канонов. Он без сомнений принимает внушенные при воспитании правила и искренне верит в их правильность, считает, что соблюдение подобных правил – единственный путь к успеху. Из-за этого такие люди зачастую упрямы и нетерпимы, даже если их поведение не поддается логическому объяснению. Скрытое значение и смысл фамилии Хьюстон можно узнать после анализа каждой её буквы.

Значение фамилии Хьюстон

Фамилия Хьюстон это основной элемент, который связывает человека с окружающим миром и вселенной.
Она указывает на главные черты характера, определяет судьбу. Фамилия Хьюстон скрывает в себе опыт, который накапливался предками и предыдущими поколениями.
Если обратиться к нумерологии мы сможем о жизненном пути рода, достоинствах и недостатках человека, семейном благополучии и характере личности с фамилией Хьюстон.

Формула вычисления числа фамилии: Хьюстон

Хьюстон. Х + Ь + Ю + С + Т + О + Н
5 + 3 + 5 + 1 + 2 + 7 + 6
Сумма — 29 Далее 2 + 9 = 11. Далее 1 + 1 = 2.

Х — данные личности достигают поставленных задач собственными усилиями, обладают авторитетом, независимостью, воспринимают постороннюю критику, зависят от человеческого мнения и высоко ценят мораль.
Ь — могут сгладить любую конфликтную ситуацию, но при этом обладают достаточно мягким характером. Любят все очень детализировать и смотреть на многие вещи «под микроскопом».
Ю — данная буква наделяет носителей верой во всемирную дружбу, такие люди все время в поисках истины, могут намеренно становиться жертвой, так же, как и проявлять жестокое отношение, зачастую находчивы и смекалисты, обладают неоценимым чувством юмора. Ставят ориентир на реализацию и достижение легких целей.
С — стараются прийти к материальному достатку, руководствуются здравым смыслом. Могут быть раздражительными, падкими к власти, привередливыми. Обладают познавательностью, умением довести начатое дело до финала и прийти к истине. Знают свое истинное предназначение в жизни, могут легко приспособиться к новым обстоятельствам или спонтанным ситуациям.
Т — данные личности очень чувствительны к раздражителям и креативны. Наделены высоким уровнем интуиции, постоянно ищут истину, не умеют сопоставлять собственные возможности с желаниями. Им свойственно завершать поставленные задачи, не откладывая на другой день. Проявляют требовательность к себе и окружающим их людям. Находятся в поиске истины, но часто переоценивают свои возможности.
О — личности, связанные с данной буквой, могут испытывать сильнейшие чувства, стремятся узнать самого себя как можно лучше. Всегда в поиске своего истинного предназначения, совершенствуются сами и хотят усовершенствовать окружающий мир. Обладают достаточно хорошей интуицией, умеют грамотно распорядится финансами. Им свойственно переменчивое настроение от уныния к восторгу.
Н — не принимают действительность такой, какой она является, желают прийти к духовному и физическому здоровью. Проявляют усердие при любой работе, но, если занятие им не интересно, относятся к нему с нелюбовью. Одни из основных черт – неприятие рутинных занятий и наличие критического склада ума. Не умеют расслабляться в окружении, все время напряжены и находятся в постоянном сомнении.

Нумерология фамилии Хьюстон и её значение

В нумерологии фамилии Хьюстон присвоено число – 2.
Нумерология фамилии Хьюстон поможет Вам узнать характер и отличительные качества человека с такой фамилией.
Также можно узнать о судьбе, успехе в личной жизни и карьере, расшифровывать знаки судьбы и пробовать предсказывать будущее.

Двойка это парное число, поэтому ее носитель всегда найдет себе верного напарника, друга и помощника. Зачастую это спокойный человек с уравновешенным характером. Их речь красива и отчетлива, эти личности настоящие психологи, которые всегда услышат собеседника, поддержат разговор. Двойки всегда имеют большое количество друзей, тщательно избегают конфликтов, а любые разногласия превращают в шутку. Также это отличные специалисты, которых уважают коллеги и руководители. Люди с такой фамилией не вешают ярлыки на других и делятся своим мнением только с дневником.

Жизненный путь рода и фамилии Хьюстон

Люди, обладающие данной фамилией очень общительны, старательно избегают конфликтов. Часто они выступают теми, кто может решить любую ссору и проблему. Такие люди достаточно умиротворены, сосредоточены и наполнены покоем, в компании пользуются уважением и популярностью. Носители данной фамилии не хотят принимать самостоятельные решения, поэтому постоянно ищут себе товарищей. Лишь в команде могут полностью раскрыться их таланты и достоинства. Ассоциативное мышление дает возможность достичь успеха в творческой деятельности и работе, которая связана с интеллектуальным трудом. Они всегда движутся к поставленным целям и часто остановятся профессионалами в своем деле.

Семейная жизнь с фамилией Хьюстон

Носители данной фамилии счастливы в семейной жизни. Спутником такого человека будет уверенный в себе человек, который может прийти на помощь в любой ситуации. Стать лидером такой человек не пытается и чаще всего не прочь быть вторым номером. Решающее значение для них имеют теплый очаг и семейные ценности, поэтому они никогда не заведут роман на стороне и не решаться на измену. Практически всю домашнюю работу такие люди берут на себя, но при этом им важна поддержка от второй половинки.

Какие профессии лучше всего подойдут человеку с фамилией Хьюстон

Такие личности всегда ценят справедливость, это и играет решающую роль при выборе дела жизни. Часто выбор падает на профессию адвоката, юриста или судьи. Также это может быть сфера социологии и психологии. Такой человек с радостью выступит перед аудиторией и поделиться своим опытом. Успешным он может быть в роли научного работника или преподавателя. Скрупулёзность позволяет двойкам хорошо осваивать финансовые вопросы, они могут испытать себя в качестве бухгалтера или банкира. Такая личность не пытается занять ключевой пост и довольствуется званием заместителя, работника отдела или помощника.

Лучшие качества человека с фамилией Хьюстон

К качествам такого человека относится принципиальность, покладистость и честность. Люди с данной фамилией обладают уравновешенным характером, стараются избегать конфликтов. Также это приятные собеседники и отличные слушатели, ответственные работники, которые хорошие выполняют взяты на себя обязанности. Им смело можно доверять важные задания, которые требуют исполнительности.

Правильное написание фамилии Хьюстон, на русском и английском языках

На русском языке, данная фамилия пишется так: Хьюстон
Если мы попробуем перевести данную фамилию на английский язык (сделать транслитерация), то у нас получится — xyuston-2

Внешние качества для фамилии Хьюстон

Вы по-настоящему артистичная личность, поэтому стиль одежды должен Вам соответствовать. В своем образе используйте необычные и яркие аксессуары, драгоценности и украшения, различные изысканные элементы. Все это будет отлично сочетаться с вашим открытым и дружелюбным характером. Но помните, что во всём нужна мера, старайтесь не переходить тонкую границу между яркостью и вульгарностью.

Мотивация для фамилии Хьюстон

Вы часто стремитесь к невозможному, жаждите всего, что может иметь человек и в самых огромных количествах. Поэтому проблема выбора у Вас практически отсутствует. Вы всегда хватаетесь за любое предложение, это и есть часть Вашей жизни. Желания близких и окружающих берутся во внимание редко и касательно только второстепенных вопросов, Вы считаете, что окружающим не на что жаловаться, если Вам хорошо. А значит, Вы попытаетесь заставить их идти в одной упряжке с Вами по тому пути, который выбрали Вы. Здесь появляется возможность взглянуть на вещи, с другой стороны. Содействие со стороны Вам крайне нужно, прежде всего для сдерживания ваших желаний и стремлений, иначе Вы утонете в собственных стремлениях. Но помните, если Вы используете чужие возможности, научитесь делиться результатами. Чем раньше Вы начнете использовать такую схему, тем больше шанс сохранить совесть чистой.

Подробнее о фамилии Хьюстон

Вы будете успешны в бизнесе и любви, если получите воспитание, которое раскроет ваш потенциал. Вы будете несчастны при отсутствии любимого человека или одиночестве, а удачный брак поможет Вам обрести гармонию во всех аспектах жизни. Достигнув согласия с самим собой, Вы станете гостеприимным хозяином, востребованным профессионалом и добрым другом. Чтобы реализоваться окружите себя гармоничными утонченными людьми. Вульгарность и грубость чужды Вам, а властные родители или начальник помешают проявлению лучших качеств. Научитесь быть уверенным и храбрым человеком. Помните о своем сильном характере, ведь желание помогать другим не говорит о слабости. Вы способны наделить близких людей верой в себя, помочь им найти правильный путь. В нашем мире всегда будет ценится человек, который сможет приободрить и успокоить, поэтому Ваше желание угодить, твердое терпение и доброжелательность ценятся так же, как и любой другой талант.

Совместимость фамилии Хьюстон, проявление чувств

Вы совершенно неспособны проявлять нежность и любовь. При выборе второй половины Вы, прежде всего, смотрите на то, насколько человек соответствует Вашим жизненным приоритетам и интересам. Вы больше цените целеустремленность, амбициозность и характер, нежели внешнюю привлекательность, чувственность и нежность. В браке для Вас важнее всего то, как партнер сможет проникнуться вашим состоянием, оценить Ваши идеи и оказать поддержку.

Правильное склонение фамилии Хьюстон по падежам

Падеж	Падежный вопрос	Имя
Именительный	Кто?	Хьюстон
Родительный	Нет Кого?	Хьюстона
Дательный	Рад Кому?	Хьюстону
Винительный	Вижу Кого?	Хьюстона
Творительный	Доволен Кем?	Хьюстоном
Предложный	О ком думаю?	Хьюстоне

Уважаемые гости нашего сайта!

Согласны ли Вы с правильностью написания фамилии Хьюстон, ее историей происхождения, изложенной сутью и значением?
Знаете ли вы еще что-то о данной фамилии? Если описание и значение фамилии Вам понравилось, или у Вас есть знакомый с данной фамилией, расскажите об их национальности, судьбе и характере.
Известны ли Вам известные или успешные личности с такой фамилией?
Мы будем рады узнать Ваше мнение о значении фамилии Хьюстон в комментариях под данной статьей.

Делитесь своим мнением относительно значения фамилии Хьюстон, если у вас есть какая-то информация об этой фамилии, которая не указана в статье — напишите о ней в комментариях ниже, и мы вместе с вами дополним историю этой замечальной фамилии!

Источник

(хьюстон)

1
хьюстон

Sokrat personal > хьюстон
2
Хьюстон

Русско-английский синонимический словарь > Хьюстон
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хьюстон

Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > хьюстон
4
Хьюстон

Авиация и космонавтика. Русско-английский словарь > Хьюстон
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Хьюстон

2) Sakhalin energy glossary: Kellogg, Brown & Root (a private military contractor and subsidiary of Halliburton)

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Хьюстон
6
Хьюстон

Русско-английский географический словарь > Хьюстон
7
Хьюстон

Новый русско-английский словарь > Хьюстон
8
Хьюстон

Новый большой русско-английский словарь > Хьюстон
9
Хьюстон

Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > Хьюстон
10
Хьюстон Гранд-Опера

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Хьюстон Гранд-Опера
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(г.) Хьюстон

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (г.) Хьюстон
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Джон Хьюстон

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Джон Хьюстон
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Уитни Хьюстон

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Уитни Хьюстон
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Уменьшение размеров молочной железы по методике доктора Роберта Уайза, Хьюстон, США

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Уменьшение размеров молочной железы по методике доктора Роберта Уайза, Хьюстон, США
15
Центр управления Полётом-Хьюстон

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Центр управления Полётом-Хьюстон
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г. Хьюстон

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > г. Хьюстон
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Место выгула собак (домашних животных)

General subject:

pet relief area

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Место выгула собак (домашних животных)
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Хьюстонский судоходный канал

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Хьюстонский судоходный канал
19
компания Петролеум Гео Сервисиз

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > компания Петролеум Гео Сервисиз
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Место выгула собак

General subject: pet relief area

Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Место выгула собак

См. также в других словарях:

Хьюстон — город в штате Техас, США. Основан в 1836 г. и назван в честь генерала Самьюэла Хьюстона (Samuel Houston, 1793 1863), одного из организаторов отторжения Техаса от Мексики, Географические названия мира: Топонимический словарь. М: АСТ. Поспелов Е.М … Географическая энциклопедия
хьюстон — сущ., кол во синонимов: 2 • город (2765) • порт (361) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов
Хьюстон — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Хьюстон (значения). Город Хьюстон Houston … Википедия
Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне 2006 — Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне Главной лиги бейсбола 2006 года. По итогам регулярного сезона команда заняла 2 место в своём дивизионе, выиграв 82 матча в 162 проведённых играх. В плей офф команда не попала. Содержание 1 Регулярный сезон 1.1 Положение в… … Википедия
Хьюстон Рокетс — Хьюстон Рокетс … Википедия
Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне 2005 — Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне Главной лиги бейсбола 2005 года. По итогам регулярного сезона команда заняла 2 место в своём дивизионе, выиграв 89 матчей в 163 проведённых играх. В плей офф команда попала благодаря лучшей разнице побед и поражений среди… … Википедия
Хьюстон Асторс — Хьюстон Астрос Год основания: 1962 Город Хьюстон, Техас Принадлежности к лиге/дивизиону Национальная лига (1965 наст.) Центральный дивизион (1994 наст.) История команды Хьюстон Кольт 45 (1962 1964) Хьюстон Астрос (1965 наст.) Достижения… … Википедия
Хьюстон Эйрос — Конференция Западная Дивизион … Википедия
ХЬЮСТОН Джон — ХЬЮСТОН (Huston) Джон (05 августа 1906 28 августа 1987), американский режиссер, сценарист и актер. Сын актера Уолтера Хьюстона, отец актрисы Анджелики Хьюстон, режиссера Дэнни Хьюстона и сценариста Тони Хьюстона. С трехлетнего возраста выступал в … Энциклопедия кино
Хьюстон Аэрос — Страна … Википедия
Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне 1997 — Хьюстон Астрос в сезоне Главной лиги бейсбола 1997 года. По итогам регулярного сезона команда заняла 1 место в своём дивизионе, выиграв 84 матча в 162 проведённых играх. В первом раунде плей офф команда встретилась с Атланта Бравс и уступила в… … Википедия

Источник

With over 200 million combined album, singles and videos sold worldwide during her career with Arista Records, Whitney Houston has established a benchmark for superstardom that will quite simply never be eclipsed in the modern era. She is a singer’s singer who has influenced countless other vocalists female and male.

Music historians cite Whitney’s record-setting achievements: the only artist to chart seven consecutive #1 Billboard Hot 100 hits (“Saving All My Love For You,” “How Will I Know,” “Greatest Love Of All,” “I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me),” “Didn’t We Almost Have It All,” “So Emotional,” and “Where Do Broken Hearts Go”); the first female artist to enter the Billboard 200 album chart at #1 (her second album, Whitney, 1987); and one of a select number of solo artists with eight consecutive multi-platinum albums (Whitney Houston, Whitney, I’m Your Baby Tonight, The Bodyguard, Waiting To Exhale, and The Preacher’s Wife soundtracks; My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits).

In fact, The Bodyguard soundtrack is one of the top 5 biggest-selling albums of all-time (at 18x-platinum in the U.S. alone), and Whitney’s career-defining version of Dolly Parton’s “I Will Always Love You” is the biggest-selling single of all time by a female artist (at 10x-platinum, Diamond, for physical and digital in the U.S. alone).

Born into a musical family on August 9, 1963, in Newark, New Jersey, Whitney’s success might’ve been foretold. Her legendary heritage is as familiar as America’s greatest icons: the daughter of famed singer Cissy Houston (who made her name in the Drinkards gospel quartet, and later the Sweet Inspirations vocal group of Aretha Franklin and Elvis Presley renown); and the cousin of singers Dee Dee Warwick (who introduced the original ’60s versions of “You’re No Good” and “I’m Gonna Make You Love Me”) and her sister, superstar Dionne Warwick. Whitney’s mother and cousins nurtured her passion for gospel music since birth. As a teenager, Whitney was already singing on the scene in New York, and records with her first young performances in the ’70s and early ’80s album credits with such eclectic acts as Michael Zager, Chaka Khan, Herbie Mann, the Neville Brothers, Bill Laswell’s Material, and others are much sought-after collector’s items.

In 1983, near the end of Arista’s first mega-successful decade of operation, Clive Davis was taken to a New York nightclub where Whitney was performing and signed her on the spot. Two years went into the making of her debut album, but the results were worth it. The self-titled Whitney Houston (February 1985) launched Arista’s second decade, and yielded a string of hits including “You Give Good Love” and three consecutive #1 singles, the GRAMMY-winning “Saving All My Love For You,” “How Will I Know,” and “Greatest Love of All,” which has become a veritable anthem. Not only did the album establish her as an important new recording artist, but it went on to sell over 13 million copies in the U.S., plus many millions more abroad. This LP set the record as the biggest selling debut album by a solo artist.

With the highly anticipated release of her second album Whitney (June 1987), she made history as the first female artist to enter the Billboard album charts at #1. The new album soared past 10x-platinum on the strength of four #1 chart-toppers, the GRAMMY-winning “I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me),” “Didn’t We Almost Have It All,” “So Emotional,” and “Where Do Broken Hearts Go.” This established Whitney as the only artist ever to have seven consecutive #1 hits, surpassing a record previously set by The Beatles and the Bee Gees.

Whitney’s third best-selling album, I’m Your Baby Tonight (November 1990), displayed her versatility on a new batch of tough rhythmic grooves, soulful ballads and up-tempo dance tracks. With back-to-back #1 hits for the title tune and “All The Man That I Need,” followed by “Miracle” and “My Name Is Not Susan,” sales records were set once again, as the album became an international multi-platinum best-seller, to the tune of 10 million copies worldwide.

After establishing her screen appeal in her well-received music videos where she dominated MTV’s rotations during its first decade on the air, Whitney finally made her movie debut in The Bodyguard (November 1992), in which she co-starred with Oscar-winning actor/director Kevin Costner. The film not only broke box office records worldwide but was ultimately responsible for the biggest selling motion picture soundtrack album of all time, voted the GRAMMY-winning Album Of the Year.

“I Will Always Love You,” the first single release, became the biggest selling single by a female artist in history, and reaped GRAMMYs for Record Of the Year and Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. Three other singles from the album, “I’m Every Woman,” “I Have Nothing,” and “Run To You,” also were major international hits for Whitney. The Bodyguard soundtrack album, featuring six Whitney Houston songs in all, has sold more than 45 million copies worldwide. At 18-times platinum in the U.S., it is the biggest selling motion picture soundtrack album in history, ahead of Saturday Night Fever, Forrest Gump, Titanic, and so on.

Film work continued with Waiting To Exhale (which opened December 1995, preceded by the soundtrack album in November). The critically acclaimed film, starring Whitney with Angela Bassett, Loretta Devine and Lela Rochon, and directed by Forrest Whitaker, went on to gross over $80 million (in ’90s dollars). The soundtrack for Waiting To Exhale featured three new tracks from Whitney: the #1 Pop/#1 R&B “Exhale (Shoop Shoop)”; the top 10 Pop and R&B follow-up “Count On Me” (a duet with CeCe Winans), co-written by Whitney and Babyface; and “Why Does It Hurt So Bad.” The album spent five weeks at #1, was certified 7x-platinum in the U.S., and has sold nearly twice that worldwide to date.

Whitney’s third motion picture, The Preacher’s Wife (Buena Vista, December 1996), also starring Denzel Washington and Courtney B. Vance, and directed by Penny Marshall, was based on the 1947 classic, The Bishop’s Wife (with Cary Grant and Loretta Young). The gospel-soaked Arista soundtrack, Whitney’s lifelong dream, became the biggest-selling gospel album in Billboard chart history, 3x-platinum in the U.S. alone. Collaborations with an extraordinary roster of artists and producers (among them GRAMMY and Dove Award winner Mervyn Warren of Sister Act and Sister Act II fame) resulted in a unique album. Whitney sang lead vocals on 14 of the album’s 15 tracks, including the beautiful first single “I Believe In You And Me,” “Step By Step” (written by Annie Lennox), and two songs produced by GRAMMY award winner Babyface. Cissy turned the familiar 23rd Psalm into a spiritually touching song, “The Lord Is My Shepherd,” while other luminaries on the album included Shirley Caesar and the Georgia Mass Choir.

Whitney added the medium of made-for-television movies to her list of accomplishments when The Wonderful World of Disney aired the musical Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Cinderella in November 1997. The special starred Whitney as the Fairy Godmother, Brandy as Cinderella, Bernadette Peters as the wicked stepmother, Whoopi Goldberg as the queen, and an all-star multicultural cast. The program drew a U.S. audience of more than 60 million viewers, and gave the ABC network its highest Sunday night rating in over a decade. Whitney and her company, BrownHouse Productions, served as executive producers on the project, which garnered seven Emmy nominations including Outstanding Variety, Musical or Comedy Special and won for Outstanding Art Direction. The home video version shattered previous records to become the best-selling video ever of a made-for-television movie.

The next year, fans ecstatically received Whitney’s first non-soundtrack related studio album in eight years, My Love Is Your Love (November 1998), which she produced with Clive Davis. Whitney proved her ability to stay absolutely contemporary with the first single, the #1 R&B/ #2 Pop “Heartbreak Hotel” featuring Faith Evans and Kelly Price. It was the beginning of a string of gold and platinum chart hit singles from the album spanning nearly a year and a half (into the spring 2000): the GRAMMY-winning “It’s Not Right But It’s Okay”; “When You Believe” (a duet with Mariah Carey, from The Prince Of Egypt); the title tune “My Love Is Your Love”; and “I Learned From the Best” (written by Diane Warren, produced and arranged by David Foster).

The success of My Love Is Your Love kicked off a phenomenal year for Whitney. She stole the show at VH1’s second annual “Divas Live/99,” with a performance characterized as “invincible” by Jon Pareles in The New York Times. Sharing the stage with a lineup that included Cher, Tina Turner, Mary J. Blige and others, Whitney emerged as the star. VH1 announced that the show was the highest-rated telecast in its history.

At the same time, gold, platinum and multi-platinum album sales were certified in every corner of the globe: Austria, Belgium, Canada, England, France, Germany, Spain, Holland, Ireland, Italy, Norway, Sweden, Switzerland, Japan, Hong Kong, Korea, Malaysia, New Zealand, South Africa, Thailand, Taiwan, Singapore and more. In July 1999, as “It’s Not Right But It’s Okay” became the 17th Top 5 pop hit of her career, Whitney commenced a successful world tour playing 14 cities in North America. The tour concluded in Europe in November.

At the 42nd annual GRAMMY Awards in February 2000, 15 months after the album release, Whitney received her sixth career GRAMMY, as “It’s Not Right But It’s Okay” was voted Best Female R&B Vocal Performance. Winning her first R&B GRAMMY award in a category that included Mary J. Blige, Brandy, Faith Evans, and Macy Gray was extremely gratifying for Whitney, especially after three previous GRAMMY awards for Best Female Pop Vocal: in 1985 (“Saving All My Love For You”), 1987 (“I Wanna Dance With Somebody (Who Loves Me)”), and 1993 (“I Will Always Love You”).

A month later in March 2000, Whitney was named Female Artist Of the Decade at the Soul Train Music Awards annual ceremonies virtually 15 years to the day since her debut single, “You Give Good Love,” entered the Billboard Hot Black Singles chart on March 9, 1985.

In the midst of her 15th anniversary year as an Arista recording artist, the double-album Whitney: The Greatest Hits (May 2000) celebrated the past, present and future. In addition to newly-recorded tracks with Enrique Iglesias, Deborah Cox, George Michael, and Q-Tip, there were rare vintage tracks unavailable for a decade, impossible-to-find club mixes, and bonus tracks. The collection encompassed Whitney’s success as a mainstay on the pop and R&B singles front (on the double-CD/cassette), as a screen presence since her career began at the label (on DVD and VHS home-video), and in the clubs as a remixer’s delight (on a limited edition four-record vinyl box-set).

Individually, the double-CD/cassette comprised one volume of single hits (Cool Down) and another volume of memorable club mixes (Throw Down), each spanning Whitney’s entire career to date, 1985 to 2000. She recorded new duets for the occasion with Enrique Iglesias (the Diane Warren composition, “Could I Have This Kiss Forever”), and then-Arista label-mate Deborah Cox (“Same Script, Different Cast”), plus a new version of “If I Told You That” (from My Love Is Your Love), remade as a duet with George Michael.

Hard-to-find rarities included “One Moment In Time,” the 1988 Summer Olympics theme; 1991’s Super Bowl XXV version of “The Star Spangled Banner”; and a 1986 duet with Jermaine Jackson (“If You Say My Eyes Are Beautiful”) released only on his second Arista album, Precious Moments, never as a single.

The two U.S. CDs (and cassettes) were programmed so that each volume displayed the full range of Whitney’s career. Disc 1 (Cool Down), for example, built from her first hits of 1985, “You Give Good Love,” “Saving All My Love For You,” and “Greatest Love Of All,” all the way through 2000. Disc 2 (Throw Down) recapped the hits from My Love Is Your Love with club remixes of “It’s Not Right But It’s Okay,” “My Love Is Your Love,” “Heartbreak Hotel,” and “I Learned From The Best” followed by 10 more hits remixed by Junior Vasquez, David Morales, Jellybean, Hex Hector, C+C Music Factory’s Clivilles & Cole, and others.

Those remixers were showcased on Whitney: The Unreleased Mixes, a special limited-edition four-record vinyl box-set acknowledging her importance in clubs around the world. There were seven songs, eight mixes, one track on each side of four 12-inch vinyl discs: “How Will I Know,” “Greatest Love Of All,” “I’m Every Woman,” “Love Will Save the Day,” “I Will Always Love You,” “So Emotional,” and “I’m Your Baby Tonight.”

Whitney: The Greatest Hits also was the title of Whitney’s first DVD and VHS home-video collection. The lion’s share of her hits were included in its 23 titles, a combination of video clips (with such noted directors as Wayne Isham, Peter Israelson, Julien Temple, Randee St. Nicholas, Brian Grant, and Kevin Bray), and live performance. Links were provided to such rarities as her television premiere (on “The Merv Griffin Show” in 1983), appearances on several awards shows, a tune from Rodgers and Hammerstein’s Cinderella, interview segments featuring Whitney and her co-producer, Arista president Clive Davis, and much more.

The week after the release of Whitney: The Greatest Hits, she appeared on the NBC television network special benefit concert “25 Years of #1 Hits: Arista Records’ Anniversary Celebration,” a tribute to the label as well as its founder and leader, Clive Davis.

In the aftermath of the World Trade Center disaster of September 11, 2001, Whitney’s soaring rendition of “The Star Spangled Banner” was the first benefit single to be issued, coupled with her version of “America the Beautiful.” The Whitney Houston Foundation For Children, Inc. and Arista Records agreed to donate royalties and net proceeds from all single sales to the New York Firefighters 9/11 Disaster Relief Fund and the New York Fraternal Order of Police. Both groups as well as the families of those affected by the tragic event were to benefit from the sales.

The following year saw the release of Just Whitney (December 2002), her fifth studio album and first for the new millennium. An A-list of handpicked hitmakers and producers contributed to the album, among them Kenneth “Babyface” Edmonds, Missy Elliott, Kevin “She’kspere” Briggs, Teddy Bishop and Gordon Chambers. The diverse program of ballads included “Try It On My Own,” (written by Babyface and Carole Bayer Sager); “My Love” (a duet with Bobby Brown); and a powerful remake of Debby Boone’s 1977 “You Light Up My Life.” Also among the album’s gems were such hip grooves as “Love That Man” and the old-school style jam “Things You Say” (written and produced by Missy Elliott).

Every artist’s first Christmas collection is a special career landmark, and Whitney’s One Wish: The Holiday Album (November 2003) was no exception. Whitney worked with producers and arrangers Troy Taylor, Mervyn Warren, and the team of Gordon Chambers and Barry J. Eastmond on a joyous mix of yuletide favorites from the traditional and contemporary songbooks, along with several new compositions.

The album opened with the classic “The First Nöel” and Mel Tormé’s timeless “The Christmas Song (Chestnuts Roasting On An Open Fire).” Other favorites included Freddie Jackson’s “One Wish (For Christmas),” “Cantique De Nöel (O Holy Night),” “I’ll Be Home For Christmas,” “Have Yourself A Merry Little Christmas,” “O Come O Come Emanuel,” and a medley of “Deck The Halls/Silent Night.” Two tracks originated on The Preacher’s Wife soundtrack, “Who Would Imagine A King” and “Joy To The World.” The centerpiece was 10-year old daughter Bobbi Kristina Houston Brown’s recording debut on “Little Drummer Boy.”

Guinness World Records lists Whitney as music’s “most awarded female artist of all time,” with an amazing tally of 411 awards (as of 2006) a tally that is certainly topped by her six GRAMMY Awards, 16 Billboard Music Awards, 22 American Music Awards, two Emmy Award nominations and one win, as well as MTV VMAs in the U.S. and Europe, NAACP Image Awards, BET Awards, Soul Train Music Awards, and so on. She received the Nickelodeon “Kids Choice” award (she was inducted into the “Kids Choice” Hall Of Fame in 1996), the Dove (Gospel Music Association) Award, and Blockbuster Entertainment Award. Whitney was inducted into the BET (Black Entertainment Television) Walk Of Fame in 1996; and received Soul Train’s prestigious Quincy Jones Career Achievement Award in 1998.

True to her church upbringing, the Whitney Houston Foundation For Children Inc. was established in 1989 as a non-profit organization that cared for such problems as homelessness, children with cancer and AIDS, and other issues of self-empowerment. In June 1995, the Foundation was awarded a VH1 Honor for its charitable work. Funds were raised for numerous causes involving children around the world, from South Africa to Newark, and generated over $300,000 for the Children’s Defense Fund as a result of a 1997 HBO concert. In 2020, The Whitney E. Houston Legacy Foundation was formed as a continuation of Whitney’s journey to Rebuild lives, Restore self-esteem and Repair images through grassroots programs and initiatives for the young.

Whitney’s tireless efforts earned recognition from such organizations as St. Jude Children’s Hospital, the United Negro College Fund, and the Children’s Diabetes Foundation, all of whom have benefited from the heart and soul of a great artist and humanitarian. Whitney continued her charitable works with her sister-in-law, Patricia Houston, who started a nonprofit organization in 2007 called Teen Summit. Teen Summit was formed to Rebuild, Restore and Repair the lives of teens and young adults. Whitney attended the annual event and also helped Pat with Celebrity Consignment, a shop in Shelby, North Carolina which also benefits Teen Summit. Whitney not only donated clothes to the shop but was instrumental in getting celebs like Oprah Winfrey, Alicia Keys, Dionne Warwick, Diane Sawyer and others to donate as well. Teen Summit was able to open its first academy on January 26, 2013.

Whitney’s seventh and final studio album, I Look To You, was released on August 28, 2009 and it debuted at #1 on the U.S. Billboard 200 with sales of 305,000 copies and was her first studio album to reach #1 since 1992’s The Bodyguard. The album spawned two hit singles – the title track which became a Top 20 R&B single and “Million Dollar Bill” which hit the Top 10 in several countries worldwide. A promotional single, “Nothin’ But Love,” taken from the album was released to U.K. radio stations to promote what was to be her final tour – the Nothing But Love World Tour.

In the fall of 2011, Whitney got to fulfill her lifelong dream of bringing a remake of the film Sparkle to the silver screen. Filming took place in Detroit for six weeks commencing in October 2011. Whitney played the role of the mother, Emma, as well as being Executive Producer of the film. Sparkle was released in August 2012. Along with Sparkle, Whitney had been working on a remake of a Judy Garland film and a Waiting To Exhale sequel.

Whitney’s tragic passing on February 11, 2012 is still deeply felt by her family, friends and millions of fans worldwide. Her Estate is committed to keeping her legacy alive. To that end, they along with Sony Music’s Legacy Recordings have released Whitney Houston Live: Her Greatest Performances in 2014, I Wish You Love: More From The Bodyguard in 2017, and Whitney Houston 35th Anniversary Edition, a 2LP box set in 2020.

An official documentary, directed by Academy Award winner Kevin Macdonald (titled Whitney) was released in 2018. The film was nominated for Best Music Film at the GRAMMY Awards, and for Outstanding Documentary Film at the NAACP Image Awards.

In July 2019, Whitney achieved her first posthumous Billboard Hot 100 hit with “Higher Love,” released as a single with producer and DJ Kygo. The song hit #1 on two Billboard dance charts and reached #2 on the U.K. Official Singles chart. In October that year, a special version of Whitney’s 1987 recording of “Do You Hear What I Hear” was released on The Best Of Pentatonix Christmas.

In September 2019, The Estate of Whitney E. Houston and BASE Hologram announced An Evening With Whitney: The Whitney Houston Hologram Tour, an awe-inspiring and immersive live theatrical concert experience celebrating the incredible music and everlasting legacy of Whitney Houston. The tour launched in February 2020 in the United Kingdom and began an extended residency at Harrah’s Las Vegas in October 2021.

Nearly 35 years after the release of her debut album, Whitney was honored with induction into the Rock & Roll Hall of Fame Class of 2020 in recognition that her unique fusion of pop, R&B and gospel – the very roots of rock & roll – subverted genres and influenced just about every contemporary vocalist. That same year, Whitney became the first African-American recording artist (male or female, solo or group) with three Diamond albums, after her second album, Whitney, was certified 10x platinum.

A new remix of “How Will I Know” by Whitney Houston x Clean Bandit was released in September 2021, and an official biopic, titled I Wanna Dance With Somebody, is scheduled for theatrical release in December 2022. Whitney’s contributions continue to touch the hearts and souls of millions of fans the world over.

Whitney: Tribute To An Icon

In this magnificent collection, more than 20 of the world’s top photographers have joined together to celebrate the brilliant woman they were privileged to capture through their camera lenses. These photographs are a testament to Whitney’s dazzling physical presence, but they also remind us that she was a multidimensional woman: powerful, vulnerable, commanding, enchanting, thoughtful, bewitching … and absolutely unforgettable—a singer whose smile was as bright and true as her voice.

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Источник

Запись нового альбома

Личная жизнь

Брак с Бобби Брауном

Проблемы с публичным образом и здоровьем

Диспут с компанией отца

Диспут с мачехой

Дискография

Студийные альбомы

Оригинальные саундтреки

Сборники лучших песен

Видео/DVD

Песни № 1 в чартах

Фильмография

Life and career

1963–1984: Early life, family and career beginnings

1985–1986: Whitney Houston and rise to international prominence

1987–1991: Whitney, I’m Your Baby Tonight and «The Star-Spangled Banner»

1992–1994: Marriage, motherhood and The Bodyguard

1995–1997: Waiting to Exhale, The Preacher’s Wife and Cinderella

1998–2000: My Love Is Your Love and Whitney: The Greatest Hits

2000–2008: Just Whitney and personal struggles

2009–2012: Return and I Look to You

Death and funeral

Reaction

Pre-Grammy party

Further reaction and tributes

Posthumous sales

Posthumous releases

Artistry

Legacy

Awards and achievements

Philanthropy

Documentaries and portrayals

Documentaries

Portrayals

Discography

Filmography

Tours

Headlining tours

Co-headlining tours

See also

References

Further reading

External links

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Early settlement to the 20th century[edit]

World War II to the late 20th century[edit]

Early 21st century[edit]

Geography[edit]

Geology[edit]

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Climate[edit]

Demographics[edit]

Race and ethnicity[edit]

Sexual orientation and gender identity[edit]

Religion[edit]

Economy[edit]

Culture[edit]

Arts and theater[edit]

Tourism and recreation[edit]

Sports[edit]

Government[edit]

Crime[edit]

Education[edit]

Colleges and universities[edit]

Media[edit]

Infrastructure[edit]

Healthcare[edit]

Transportation[edit]

Roadways[edit]

Transit[edit]

Cycling[edit]

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Notable people[edit]

International relations[edit]

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Notes[edit]

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