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Elon Musk

FRS
An image of Musk smiling in a suit, sans tie

Musk in 2018
Born

Elon Reeve Musk

June 28, 1971 (age 51)

Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa
Education University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)
Title
  • Founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX
  • CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.
  • CEO of Twitter, Inc.
  • President of the Musk Foundation
  • Founder of The Boring Company and X.com (now part of PayPal)
  • Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI and Zip2
Spouses

  • Justine Wilson

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2000; div. 2008)​

  • Talulah Riley

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2010; div. 2012)​

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2013; div. 2016)​
Partner Grimes (2018–2021)[1]
Children 10[a][3]
Parents
  • Errol Musk
  • Maye Musk
Family Musk family
Awards List of honors and awards
Signature
Elon Musk Signature.svg

Elon Reeve Musk FRS ( EE-lon; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner and CEO of Twitter, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. With an estimated net worth of around $196 billion as of February 15, 2023, primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX,[4][5] Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes‘s real-time billionaires list.[6][7]

Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and briefly attended at the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen’s University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor’s degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University. After two days, he dropped out and with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $307 million and Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.

With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a spaceflight services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2022, his acquisition of Twitter for $44 billion was completed.

Musk has made controversial statements on politics and technology, particularly on Twitter, and is a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.

Early life

Childhood and family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa’s capital cities.[8][9] Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[10][11] His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[12][13][14] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who was a half-owner of a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16][17][18] Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca.[14][19]

Musk’s family was wealthy during his youth.[18] His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party, with his children cited as sharing their father’s dislike of apartheid.[8] His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane.[20][21][22] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father.[10] Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father.[23] He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[20][24]

Ashlee Vance described Musk as an awkward and introverted child.[25] At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.[26] At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[27][28]

Education

An ornate school building

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated.[29] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[30][31] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[32] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[33]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,[34] working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill.[35] In 1990, he entered Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario.[36][37] Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School.[38][39][40][41] Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997.[42] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.[43]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[44][45] In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University.[46][47] However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[48][30]

Business career

Zip2

Main article: Zip2

External video
video icon Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2.[49][50] Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding.[51] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[52] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto,[53] Musk coding the website every night.[53] Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[43] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[54] however, Musk’s attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[55] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[56][57] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[58]

X.com and PayPal

Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[59] X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.[60] Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[61]

In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[53][61][62] as Confinity’s money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com’s service.[63] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company’s employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity’s founder, to resign.[64] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[65][b] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[67][68]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.[69][70] In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.[71][72] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating «X, the everything app».[73]

SpaceX

Musk shakes hands with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden before a SpaceX Dragon capsule

In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[74] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[75] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[75] With $100 million of his own money,[76] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company’s CEO and Chief Engineer.[77][78]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[79] Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[80]) Mike Griffin later that year.[81][82] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[79] SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[83] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[84] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[85]

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.[86] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[87] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk’s personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[88][89] Since 2019,[90] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[91] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[92]

Starlink

50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[93] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[94] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.[95][c] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[98][99][100]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication.[101] However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself «a free speech absolutist».[102][103] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[104] Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.[105][106][107]

Tesla

Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S

Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company’s early development prior to Musk’s involvement.[108] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla’s board of directors as chairman.[109] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[110]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[111][page needed][112] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[113] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[114][115] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[116] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to «Technoking» while retaining his position as CEO.[117]

Musk speaking with a microphone, a projected image of a Tesla is behind him

Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[118] Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[119] A cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015.[120] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[121] The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[122][123] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020.[124] The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019.[125] Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories.[126]

Since its initial public offering in 2010,[127] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[128][129] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.[130][131] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[132] In November 2021, Musk proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since «much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance».[133] After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,[133] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.[134] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale.[135] In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, Optimus.[136]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[137][d] The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.[137][141][142] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[143] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[144][145] In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed.[146] In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[147]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[148] The SEC reacted to Musk’s tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details.[149] The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about.[150] In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price («too high imo») violated the agreement.[151][152] FOIA-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding «Tesla’s solar roof production volumes and its stock price».[153]

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Two green vans sporting the SolarCity logo

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[154] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[155] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[156] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[157][158]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal’s announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla’s stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[159] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla’s directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[160][161] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[162][163] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk’s favor.[164]

Neuralink

Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage

Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million.[165][166] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[166][167] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[168]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[165] Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink’s research,[169] although Musk’s being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team’s researchers.[170] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as «a Fitbit in your skull» that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[171][172][173] with MIT Technology Review describing them as «highly speculative» and «neuroscience theater».[171] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[168] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[174]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis’ Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company’s animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink’s animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[175] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[176]

The Boring Company

Musk speaks to a crowd of journalists. Behind him is a lighted tunnel.

In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[177][178] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep «test trench» on the premises of SpaceX’s offices, as that required no permits.[179] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X’s and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[180]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[181][182] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[183] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[184] In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[185]

Twitter

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[187] and had previously questioned the platform’s commitment to freedom of speech.[188][189] In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[190] making him the largest shareholder.[191][e] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company’s 2013 IPO.[193] On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter’s board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[194][195] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter’s stock at $54.20 per share.[191][196] In response, Twitter’s board adopted a «poison pill» shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.[197] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[198] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[199][200]

Tesla’s stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.[201][202] He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde’s policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[203] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was «on hold» following a report that 5% of Twitter’s daily active users were spam accounts,[204] causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.[205] Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[206] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter’s Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[207] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[208] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[209] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.[210]

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO Parag Agrawal,[210][211] whom he replaced.[212] He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a «blue check»,[213][214][215] and laid off a significant portion of the company’s staff.[216][217] Musk lessened content moderation,[218] and in December, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter’s moderation of Hunter Biden’s laptop in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[219] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists.[220] A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become «more visible» under Musk’s leadership.[221]

Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark,[222] creating an «official» label[223] and forbidding linking to one’s profiles on other social media platforms.[224]

On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision.[225] Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO «as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job».[226]

Leadership style

Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a «nano-manager».[227] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[228] Musk does not make formal business plans;[228] instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems[non sequitur] with an «iterative design methodology» and «tolerance for failures».[229] He has forced employees to adopt the company’s own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors’ recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX’s rocket,[230] vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla’s software.[227]

Musk’s handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as «carrot and stick», rewarding those «who offer constructive criticism» while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[231][232][233] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week.[234] He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees,[235][236] such as during the Model 3 «production hell» in 2018.[236] In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla’s workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[237] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[238]

Musk’s leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,[227] and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as «show[ing] a lack of human understanding.»[233][239] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[240] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as «self-driving», he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer «lives at risk», with some employees resigning in consequence.[241]

Other activities

Musk Foundation

Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation,[242] whose stated purpose is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and «safe artificial intelligence»); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[243] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk’s OpenAI,[244] which was at the time a non-profit.[245]

Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal’s Big Green.[246] In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[247] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[248]

Vox said «the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque», noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[244] The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.[249] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.[246] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla’s shares to charity, according to regulatory filings;[250] however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation’s assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year.[251]

Hyperloop

A long white tube about 10 feet in diameter

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[252] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop.[253] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[254] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[255] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[256] Subsequently, Vance has claimed that the original purpose of Musk’s Hyperloop proposal was to thwart a high-speed rail project in California.[257]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne airport as its destination.[258] In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received «verbal government approval» to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[259] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021.[260] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[261]

OpenAI

In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[262] A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations.[23] In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[263] Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as GPT-3 (producing human-like text),[264] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).[265]

Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

Equipment during the Tham Luang cave rescue

During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[266] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[267] Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[268][269] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[266] In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[270]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk «had no conception of what the cave passage was like» and «can stick his submarine where it hurts». Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a «pedo guy».[271] He deleted the tweets,[271] and apologized,[272] and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[273] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a «child rapist» and said that he had married a child.[274][275]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court.[276][277] In his defense, Musk argued that «‘pedo guy’ was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up … synonymous with ‘creepy old man’ and is used to insult a person’s appearance and demeanor».[29] The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.[278] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[279][280]

2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance

In 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla’s vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.[281] Fortune wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told The Verge that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.[282] In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident.[283] In a 60 Minutes interview, Musk said of the incident: «I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.»[284]

Music

In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, «RIP Harambe», on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop.[285][286] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, «Don’t Doubt Ur Vibe», featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[287] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as «indistinguishable… from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud»,[288] TechCrunch said it was «not a bad representation of the genre».[287]

Private jet

In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros.[289] He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[290][291] His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[290][292]

ElonJet account

His flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed.[293][294][295] This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O’Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.[296] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[297] The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.[298] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists’ accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[299][296]

Wealth

A graph of Musk's net worth from 2012 to 2021, displaying a roughly exponential trend

Musk’s net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by Forbes magazine

Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[300] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[301]

At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.[302] By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.[303] During this period, Musk’s net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in Bloomberg Billionaires Index‘s history.[304] In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest.[305]

In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world.[306] Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.[307] On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.[308] In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion.[309]

On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.[310][311] In January 2023, Musk was recognised by Guinness World Records for experiencing the «largest loss of personal fortune in history» with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion.[312]

Sources of wealth

Around 75% of Musk’s wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[305] a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,[f] after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.[313] Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla’s valuation and revenue.[303] The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.[314] It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.[315] In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.[315][314]

Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.[316] According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[317] He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.[316]

Musk has repeatedly described himself as «cash poor»,[318][319] and has «professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth».[318] In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.[319] Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity’s outward expansion to space.[320]

Personal views and Twitter usage

Since joining Twitter in 2009,[321] Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.[322] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[323] Musk’s statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns,[324][325] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[326] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as «chaotic», and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[327]

Existential threats

Musk standing at a wooden podium talking at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[328] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[329][330] He has warned of a «Terminator-like» AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[331][332] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[333] Musk’s AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[334][335] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[336]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[337] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[338] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump’s stance on climate change,[339][340] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump’s 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[341]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a «multiplanetary species».[342] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[343][344] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[345] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[346][347] saying that «Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization.»[348] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal‘s CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[349]

Politics

Musk converses with U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein beside a red Tesla

Musk converses with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, the Second Lady, and other officials

While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself «politically moderate» and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk «expresses views that don’t fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework».[350] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[351] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.[350] Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk’s political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans.[352]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[353] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[354] He also endorsed Kanye West’s 2020 presidential campaign.[355] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[353] In 2022, Musk said that he could «no longer support» the Democrats because they are the «party of division & hate»,[356][357] and wrote a tweet encouraging «independent-minded voters» to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[358][359] He also leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate.[360][361]

Musk opposes a «billionaire’s tax»,[362] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[363][364] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[365] and Elizabeth Warren.[366] He has stated that «hands up, don’t shoot» (a rallying cry that arose after the 2014 shooting of an unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri) was based in «fiction», and has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests.[367][368] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[369]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having mounted a «charm offensive» to woo the Chinese government and gain access to its markets for Tesla.[370] In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[371][372] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a special administrative region of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[373][374][375] In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and «peace plan» to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[376][377] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[378][379][380][381]

COVID-19

Musk wearing a face mask

Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[382][383] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[384]

In March 2020, Musk stated, «The coronavirus panic is dumb.»[385][386] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a «specific form of the common cold» and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[382] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be «probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April».[383] Politico labeled this statement one of «the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]».[387] Musk also claimed falsely that children «are essentially immune» to COVID-19.[388][389]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[382][390][391] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[392][393] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[393] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former NIAID director Anthony Fauci.[394][395]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[396] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk’s offer,[397] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[396] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines.[398][399]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were «not at risk for COVID».[400][401] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase «Space Karen» trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk.[402][403] However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.[404] In January 2023, Musk revealed that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot.[405]

Finance

Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[406][407] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[408] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[409] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla’s battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[410] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[411][412][413][414]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[415][416] Wired magazine speculated that Musk’s opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[417] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[418][419]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[420] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[421]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[422] Given the influence of Musk’s tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[423] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[424] Musk’s social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla’s 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk’s social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[425] Tesla’s announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[426][427]

Despite the Boring Company’s involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[428][429][430] His comments have been called «elitist» and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[429][431][430]

Personal life

From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[432] In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become «complacent» about its economic success.[432][433] While hosting Saturday Night Live in May 2021, Musk said that he has Asperger syndrome.[434]

Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000.[435] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[436] After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family.[437] They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[437] The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[438][439] In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[440] In an October 2022 interview with FT.com, Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as «the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists.»[441]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[442] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[443][444] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.[445] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[445] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[446] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[447] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[448] Musk was later accused by Johnny Depp of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.[449][450] Musk and Heard both denied the affair.[449]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating.[451] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[452][453] According to Musk and Grimes, his name was «X Æ A-12»; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[454][455] and was then changed to «X Æ A-Xii». This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.[456] The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with «X» as a first name, «AE A-XII» as a middle name, and «Musk» as surname.[457] In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed «Y»), born via surrogacy.[1] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were «semi-separated» in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[458][459] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: «I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we’re very fluid.»[1] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.[460]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[3] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news «raise[d] questions about workplace ethics», given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[461] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[462] Musk denied the report.[463]

Sexual misconduct allegations

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.[464] Musk responded, «If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light». He accused the article from Business Insider of being a «politically motivated hit piece».[465][466] After the release of the Business Insider article, Tesla’s stock fell by more than 6%,[467] decreasing Musk’s net worth by $10 billion.[468] Barron‘s wrote «…some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual.»[469]

Public perception

Though Musk’s ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.[470][471] Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his «part philosopher, part troll» role on Twitter.[472]

Media appearances

With Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[473] Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[474] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[475] Why Him? (2016),[476] and Men in Black: International (2019).[477] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons («The Musk Who Fell to Earth», 2015),[478] The Big Bang Theory («The Platonic Permutation», 2015),[479] South Park («Members Only», 2016),[480][481] Rick and Morty («One Crew over the Crewcoo’s Morty», 2019),[482][483] Young Sheldon («A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®», 2017),[484] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[485] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[486][487]

Recognition

Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[488] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University[489] and IEEE Honorary Membership.[490] Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[491] the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[492] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[493] He was listed among Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in 2010,[494] 2013,[495] 2018,[496] and 2021.[497] Musk was selected as Time‘s «Person of the Year» for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that «Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too».[498][499] In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[500]

See also

  • Thud (media company)
  • List of richest Americans in history

Notes

  1. ^ His first child died in infancy.[2]
  2. ^ Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[66][67]
  3. ^ SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink.[96][97]
  4. ^ Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to marijuana.[138] Members of Tesla’s board and rapper Azealia Banks alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.[139][140]
  5. ^ He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws.[192]
  6. ^ According to the Wall Street Journal, he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.

References

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  2. ^ Berger (2021), pp. 182.
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Bibliography

  • Belfiore, Michael (2007). Rocketeers. New York: HarperCollins. ISBN 978-0-06-114902-3.
  • Berger, Eric (2021). Liftoff. William Morrow and Company. ISBN 978-0-06-297997-1.
  • Jackson, Erik (2004). The PayPal Wars: Battles with eBay, the Media, the Mafia, and the Rest of Planet Earth. Los Angeles: World Ahead Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9746701-0-2.
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External links

Источник

Elon Musk

FRS
An image of Musk smiling in a suit, sans tie

Musk in 2018
Born

Elon Reeve Musk

June 28, 1971 (age 51)

Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa
Education University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)
Title
  • Founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX
  • CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.
  • CEO of Twitter, Inc.
  • President of the Musk Foundation
  • Founder of The Boring Company and X.com (now part of PayPal)
  • Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI and Zip2
Spouses

  • Justine Wilson

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2000; div. 2008)​

  • Talulah Riley

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2010; div. 2012)​

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2013; div. 2016)​
Partner Grimes (2018–2021)[1]
Children 10[a][3]
Parents
  • Errol Musk
  • Maye Musk
Family Musk family
Awards List of honors and awards
Signature
Elon Musk Signature.svg

Elon Reeve Musk FRS ( EE-lon; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner and CEO of Twitter, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. With an estimated net worth of around $196 billion as of February 15, 2023, primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX,[4][5] Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes‘s real-time billionaires list.[6][7]

Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and briefly attended at the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen’s University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor’s degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University. After two days, he dropped out and with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $307 million and Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.

With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a spaceflight services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2022, his acquisition of Twitter for $44 billion was completed.

Musk has made controversial statements on politics and technology, particularly on Twitter, and is a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.

Early life

Childhood and family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa’s capital cities.[8][9] Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[10][11] His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[12][13][14] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who was a half-owner of a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16][17][18] Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca.[14][19]

Musk’s family was wealthy during his youth.[18] His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party, with his children cited as sharing their father’s dislike of apartheid.[8] His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane.[20][21][22] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father.[10] Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father.[23] He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[20][24]

Ashlee Vance described Musk as an awkward and introverted child.[25] At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.[26] At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[27][28]

Education

An ornate school building

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated.[29] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[30][31] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[32] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[33]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,[34] working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill.[35] In 1990, he entered Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario.[36][37] Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School.[38][39][40][41] Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997.[42] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.[43]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[44][45] In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University.[46][47] However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[48][30]

Business career

Zip2

Main article: Zip2

External video
video icon Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2.[49][50] Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding.[51] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[52] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto,[53] Musk coding the website every night.[53] Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[43] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[54] however, Musk’s attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[55] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[56][57] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[58]

X.com and PayPal

Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[59] X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.[60] Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[61]

In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[53][61][62] as Confinity’s money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com’s service.[63] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company’s employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity’s founder, to resign.[64] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[65][b] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[67][68]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.[69][70] In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.[71][72] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating «X, the everything app».[73]

SpaceX

Musk shakes hands with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden before a SpaceX Dragon capsule

In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[74] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[75] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[75] With $100 million of his own money,[76] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company’s CEO and Chief Engineer.[77][78]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[79] Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[80]) Mike Griffin later that year.[81][82] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[79] SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[83] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[84] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[85]

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.[86] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[87] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk’s personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[88][89] Since 2019,[90] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[91] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[92]

Starlink

50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[93] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[94] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.[95][c] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[98][99][100]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication.[101] However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself «a free speech absolutist».[102][103] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[104] Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.[105][106][107]

Tesla

Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S

Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company’s early development prior to Musk’s involvement.[108] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla’s board of directors as chairman.[109] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[110]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[111][page needed][112] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[113] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[114][115] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[116] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to «Technoking» while retaining his position as CEO.[117]

Musk speaking with a microphone, a projected image of a Tesla is behind him

Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[118] Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[119] A cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015.[120] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[121] The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[122][123] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020.[124] The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019.[125] Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories.[126]

Since its initial public offering in 2010,[127] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[128][129] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.[130][131] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[132] In November 2021, Musk proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since «much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance».[133] After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,[133] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.[134] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale.[135] In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, Optimus.[136]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[137][d] The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.[137][141][142] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[143] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[144][145] In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed.[146] In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[147]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[148] The SEC reacted to Musk’s tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details.[149] The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about.[150] In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price («too high imo») violated the agreement.[151][152] FOIA-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding «Tesla’s solar roof production volumes and its stock price».[153]

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Two green vans sporting the SolarCity logo

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[154] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[155] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[156] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[157][158]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal’s announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla’s stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[159] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla’s directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[160][161] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[162][163] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk’s favor.[164]

Neuralink

Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage

Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million.[165][166] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[166][167] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[168]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[165] Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink’s research,[169] although Musk’s being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team’s researchers.[170] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as «a Fitbit in your skull» that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[171][172][173] with MIT Technology Review describing them as «highly speculative» and «neuroscience theater».[171] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[168] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[174]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis’ Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company’s animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink’s animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[175] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[176]

The Boring Company

Musk speaks to a crowd of journalists. Behind him is a lighted tunnel.

In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[177][178] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep «test trench» on the premises of SpaceX’s offices, as that required no permits.[179] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X’s and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[180]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[181][182] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[183] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[184] In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[185]

Twitter

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[187] and had previously questioned the platform’s commitment to freedom of speech.[188][189] In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[190] making him the largest shareholder.[191][e] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company’s 2013 IPO.[193] On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter’s board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[194][195] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter’s stock at $54.20 per share.[191][196] In response, Twitter’s board adopted a «poison pill» shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.[197] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[198] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[199][200]

Tesla’s stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.[201][202] He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde’s policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[203] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was «on hold» following a report that 5% of Twitter’s daily active users were spam accounts,[204] causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.[205] Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[206] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter’s Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[207] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[208] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[209] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.[210]

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO Parag Agrawal,[210][211] whom he replaced.[212] He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a «blue check»,[213][214][215] and laid off a significant portion of the company’s staff.[216][217] Musk lessened content moderation,[218] and in December, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter’s moderation of Hunter Biden’s laptop in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[219] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists.[220] A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become «more visible» under Musk’s leadership.[221]

Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark,[222] creating an «official» label[223] and forbidding linking to one’s profiles on other social media platforms.[224]

On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision.[225] Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO «as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job».[226]

Leadership style

Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a «nano-manager».[227] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[228] Musk does not make formal business plans;[228] instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems[non sequitur] with an «iterative design methodology» and «tolerance for failures».[229] He has forced employees to adopt the company’s own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors’ recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX’s rocket,[230] vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla’s software.[227]

Musk’s handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as «carrot and stick», rewarding those «who offer constructive criticism» while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[231][232][233] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week.[234] He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees,[235][236] such as during the Model 3 «production hell» in 2018.[236] In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla’s workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[237] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[238]

Musk’s leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,[227] and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as «show[ing] a lack of human understanding.»[233][239] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[240] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as «self-driving», he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer «lives at risk», with some employees resigning in consequence.[241]

Other activities

Musk Foundation

Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation,[242] whose stated purpose is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and «safe artificial intelligence»); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[243] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk’s OpenAI,[244] which was at the time a non-profit.[245]

Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal’s Big Green.[246] In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[247] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[248]

Vox said «the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque», noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[244] The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.[249] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.[246] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla’s shares to charity, according to regulatory filings;[250] however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation’s assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year.[251]

Hyperloop

A long white tube about 10 feet in diameter

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[252] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop.[253] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[254] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[255] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[256] Subsequently, Vance has claimed that the original purpose of Musk’s Hyperloop proposal was to thwart a high-speed rail project in California.[257]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne airport as its destination.[258] In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received «verbal government approval» to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[259] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021.[260] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[261]

OpenAI

In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[262] A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations.[23] In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[263] Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as GPT-3 (producing human-like text),[264] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).[265]

Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

Equipment during the Tham Luang cave rescue

During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[266] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[267] Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[268][269] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[266] In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[270]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk «had no conception of what the cave passage was like» and «can stick his submarine where it hurts». Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a «pedo guy».[271] He deleted the tweets,[271] and apologized,[272] and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[273] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a «child rapist» and said that he had married a child.[274][275]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court.[276][277] In his defense, Musk argued that «‘pedo guy’ was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up … synonymous with ‘creepy old man’ and is used to insult a person’s appearance and demeanor».[29] The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.[278] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[279][280]

2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance

In 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla’s vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.[281] Fortune wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told The Verge that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.[282] In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident.[283] In a 60 Minutes interview, Musk said of the incident: «I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.»[284]

Music

In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, «RIP Harambe», on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop.[285][286] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, «Don’t Doubt Ur Vibe», featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[287] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as «indistinguishable… from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud»,[288] TechCrunch said it was «not a bad representation of the genre».[287]

Private jet

In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros.[289] He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[290][291] His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[290][292]

ElonJet account

His flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed.[293][294][295] This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O’Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.[296] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[297] The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.[298] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists’ accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[299][296]

Wealth

A graph of Musk's net worth from 2012 to 2021, displaying a roughly exponential trend

Musk’s net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by Forbes magazine

Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[300] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[301]

At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.[302] By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.[303] During this period, Musk’s net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in Bloomberg Billionaires Index‘s history.[304] In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest.[305]

In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world.[306] Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.[307] On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.[308] In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion.[309]

On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.[310][311] In January 2023, Musk was recognised by Guinness World Records for experiencing the «largest loss of personal fortune in history» with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion.[312]

Sources of wealth

Around 75% of Musk’s wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[305] a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,[f] after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.[313] Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla’s valuation and revenue.[303] The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.[314] It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.[315] In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.[315][314]

Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.[316] According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[317] He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.[316]

Musk has repeatedly described himself as «cash poor»,[318][319] and has «professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth».[318] In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.[319] Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity’s outward expansion to space.[320]

Personal views and Twitter usage

Since joining Twitter in 2009,[321] Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.[322] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[323] Musk’s statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns,[324][325] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[326] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as «chaotic», and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[327]

Existential threats

Musk standing at a wooden podium talking at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[328] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[329][330] He has warned of a «Terminator-like» AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[331][332] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[333] Musk’s AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[334][335] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[336]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[337] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[338] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump’s stance on climate change,[339][340] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump’s 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[341]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a «multiplanetary species».[342] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[343][344] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[345] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[346][347] saying that «Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization.»[348] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal‘s CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[349]

Politics

Musk converses with U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein beside a red Tesla

Musk converses with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, the Second Lady, and other officials

While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself «politically moderate» and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk «expresses views that don’t fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework».[350] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[351] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.[350] Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk’s political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans.[352]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[353] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[354] He also endorsed Kanye West’s 2020 presidential campaign.[355] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[353] In 2022, Musk said that he could «no longer support» the Democrats because they are the «party of division & hate»,[356][357] and wrote a tweet encouraging «independent-minded voters» to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[358][359] He also leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate.[360][361]

Musk opposes a «billionaire’s tax»,[362] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[363][364] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[365] and Elizabeth Warren.[366] He has stated that «hands up, don’t shoot» (a rallying cry that arose after the 2014 shooting of an unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri) was based in «fiction», and has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests.[367][368] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[369]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having mounted a «charm offensive» to woo the Chinese government and gain access to its markets for Tesla.[370] In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[371][372] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a special administrative region of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[373][374][375] In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and «peace plan» to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[376][377] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[378][379][380][381]

COVID-19

Musk wearing a face mask

Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[382][383] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[384]

In March 2020, Musk stated, «The coronavirus panic is dumb.»[385][386] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a «specific form of the common cold» and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[382] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be «probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April».[383] Politico labeled this statement one of «the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]».[387] Musk also claimed falsely that children «are essentially immune» to COVID-19.[388][389]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[382][390][391] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[392][393] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[393] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former NIAID director Anthony Fauci.[394][395]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[396] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk’s offer,[397] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[396] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines.[398][399]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were «not at risk for COVID».[400][401] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase «Space Karen» trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk.[402][403] However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.[404] In January 2023, Musk revealed that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot.[405]

Finance

Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[406][407] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[408] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[409] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla’s battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[410] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[411][412][413][414]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[415][416] Wired magazine speculated that Musk’s opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[417] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[418][419]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[420] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[421]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[422] Given the influence of Musk’s tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[423] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[424] Musk’s social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla’s 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk’s social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[425] Tesla’s announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[426][427]

Despite the Boring Company’s involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[428][429][430] His comments have been called «elitist» and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[429][431][430]

Personal life

From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[432] In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become «complacent» about its economic success.[432][433] While hosting Saturday Night Live in May 2021, Musk said that he has Asperger syndrome.[434]

Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000.[435] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[436] After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family.[437] They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[437] The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[438][439] In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[440] In an October 2022 interview with FT.com, Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as «the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists.»[441]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[442] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[443][444] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.[445] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[445] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[446] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[447] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[448] Musk was later accused by Johnny Depp of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.[449][450] Musk and Heard both denied the affair.[449]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating.[451] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[452][453] According to Musk and Grimes, his name was «X Æ A-12»; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[454][455] and was then changed to «X Æ A-Xii». This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.[456] The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with «X» as a first name, «AE A-XII» as a middle name, and «Musk» as surname.[457] In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed «Y»), born via surrogacy.[1] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were «semi-separated» in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[458][459] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: «I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we’re very fluid.»[1] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.[460]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[3] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news «raise[d] questions about workplace ethics», given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[461] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[462] Musk denied the report.[463]

Sexual misconduct allegations

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.[464] Musk responded, «If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light». He accused the article from Business Insider of being a «politically motivated hit piece».[465][466] After the release of the Business Insider article, Tesla’s stock fell by more than 6%,[467] decreasing Musk’s net worth by $10 billion.[468] Barron‘s wrote «…some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual.»[469]

Public perception

Though Musk’s ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.[470][471] Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his «part philosopher, part troll» role on Twitter.[472]

Media appearances

With Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[473] Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[474] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[475] Why Him? (2016),[476] and Men in Black: International (2019).[477] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons («The Musk Who Fell to Earth», 2015),[478] The Big Bang Theory («The Platonic Permutation», 2015),[479] South Park («Members Only», 2016),[480][481] Rick and Morty («One Crew over the Crewcoo’s Morty», 2019),[482][483] Young Sheldon («A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®», 2017),[484] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[485] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[486][487]

Recognition

Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[488] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University[489] and IEEE Honorary Membership.[490] Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[491] the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[492] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[493] He was listed among Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in 2010,[494] 2013,[495] 2018,[496] and 2021.[497] Musk was selected as Time‘s «Person of the Year» for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that «Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too».[498][499] In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[500]

See also

  • Thud (media company)
  • List of richest Americans in history

Notes

  1. ^ His first child died in infancy.[2]
  2. ^ Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[66][67]
  3. ^ SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink.[96][97]
  4. ^ Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to marijuana.[138] Members of Tesla’s board and rapper Azealia Banks alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.[139][140]
  5. ^ He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws.[192]
  6. ^ According to the Wall Street Journal, he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.

References

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  2. ^ Berger (2021), pp. 182.
  3. ^ a b Southern, Keiran (July 7, 2022). Written at Los Angeles. «Elon Musk ‘had twins with one of his executives’«. The Times. London. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  4. ^ Mohamed, Theron (December 15, 2022). «Elon Musk just cashed in another $3.6 billion of Tesla stock as he wrestles with mounting interest payments at Twitter and a looming recession». Business Insider.
  5. ^ «Elon Musk». Bloomberg: Elon Musk net worth.
  6. ^ «Bloomberg Billionaires Index». Bloomberg L.P.
  7. ^ «Real Time Billionaires». Forbes.
  8. ^ a b Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). «Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege». The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  9. ^ Vance (2017), pp. 25, 31.
  10. ^ a b Hall, Dana (April 11, 2014). «Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk». The Mercury News. Archived from the original on April 14, 2014. Retrieved April 14, 2014.
  11. ^ Elliott, Hannah (March 26, 2012). «At Home With Elon Musk: The (Soon-to-Be) Bachelor Billionaire». Forbes. Archived from the original on May 27, 2012. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  12. ^ His biography author Ashlee Vance interviewed on the TV show Triangulation on the TWiT.tv network, discussion of his family starts around the 15th minute
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  18. ^ a b Smith, Adam (June 28, 2021). «50 years of Elon Musk’s huge wealth, from emeralds to SpaceX and Tesla». The Independent. Archived from the original on November 25, 2021. Retrieved December 20, 2021.
  19. ^ Lieberman, Hallie. «The Musk of Romance». Wired. Archived from the original on September 2, 2020. Retrieved September 2, 2020.
  20. ^ a b Hull, Dana; May, Patrick (April 10, 2014). «2014: Rocket Man: The otherworldly ambitions of Elon Musk». The Mercury News. Archived from the original on September 6, 2016. Retrieved April 7, 2021.
  21. ^ Keating, Joseph C. Jr. (September 1995). «Joshua N Haldeman, DC: the Canadian Years, 1926–1950». The Journal of the Canadian Chiropractic Association. PMC 2485067.
  22. ^ Vance (2017), pp. 26–30.
  23. ^ a b Strauss, Neil (November 15, 2017). «Elon Musk: The Architect of Tomorrow». Rolling Stone. Archived from the original on August 17, 2020. Retrieved November 15, 2017.
  24. ^ Crilly, Rob (March 25, 2018). «Elon Musk’s father has baby with step-daughter he has known since she was four». The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on April 26, 2021.
  25. ^ Vance (2017), pp. 33–34.
  26. ^ Vance (2017), p. 38.
  27. ^ O’Kane, Sean (June 9, 2015). «Play the PC game Elon Musk wrote as a pre-teen». The Verge. Archived from the original on February 7, 2018. Retrieved January 12, 2019.
  28. ^ Belfiore (2007), pp. 166–95.
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External links

Источник

Elon Musk

FRS
An image of Musk smiling in a suit, sans tie

Musk in 2018
Born

Elon Reeve Musk

June 28, 1971 (age 51)

Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa
Education University of Pennsylvania (BA, BS)
Title
  • Founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX
  • CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.
  • CEO of Twitter, Inc.
  • President of the Musk Foundation
  • Founder of The Boring Company and X.com (now part of PayPal)
  • Co-founder of Neuralink, OpenAI and Zip2
Spouses

  • Justine Wilson

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2000; div. 2008)​

  • Talulah Riley

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2010; div. 2012)​

    ​

    ​

    (m. 2013; div. 2016)​
Partner Grimes (2018–2021)[1]
Children 10[a][3]
Parents
  • Errol Musk
  • Maye Musk
Family Musk family
Awards List of honors and awards
Signature
Elon Musk Signature.svg

Elon Reeve Musk FRS ( EE-lon; born June 28, 1971) is a business magnate and investor. He is the founder, CEO and chief engineer of SpaceX; angel investor, CEO and product architect of Tesla, Inc.; owner and CEO of Twitter, Inc.; founder of The Boring Company; co-founder of Neuralink and OpenAI; and president of the philanthropic Musk Foundation. With an estimated net worth of around $196 billion as of February 15, 2023, primarily from his ownership stakes in Tesla and SpaceX,[4][5] Musk is the second-wealthiest person in the world, according to both the Bloomberg Billionaires Index and Forbes‘s real-time billionaires list.[6][7]

Musk was born in Pretoria, South Africa, and briefly attended at the University of Pretoria before moving to Canada at age 18, acquiring citizenship through his Canadian-born mother. Two years later, he matriculated at Queen’s University and transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where he received bachelor’s degrees in economics and physics. He moved to California in 1995 to attend Stanford University. After two days, he dropped out and with his brother Kimbal, co-founded the online city guide software company Zip2. In 1999, Zip2 was acquired by Compaq for $307 million and Musk co-founded X.com, a direct bank. X.com merged with Confinity in 2000 to form PayPal, which eBay acquired for $1.5 billion in 2002.

With $175.8 million, Musk founded SpaceX in 2002, a spaceflight services company. In 2004, he was an early investor in the electric vehicle manufacturer Tesla Motors, Inc. (now Tesla, Inc.). He became its chairman and product architect, assuming the position of CEO in 2008. In 2006, he helped create SolarCity, a solar energy company that was later acquired by Tesla and became Tesla Energy. In 2015, he co-founded OpenAI, a nonprofit artificial intelligence research company. The following year, he co-founded Neuralink—a neurotechnology company developing brain–computer interfaces—and The Boring Company, a tunnel construction company. Musk has also proposed a hyperloop high-speed vactrain transportation system. In 2022, his acquisition of Twitter for $44 billion was completed.

Musk has made controversial statements on politics and technology, particularly on Twitter, and is a polarizing figure. He has been criticized for making unscientific and misleading statements, including spreading COVID-19 misinformation. In 2018, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) sued Musk for falsely tweeting that he had secured funding for a private takeover of Tesla. Musk stepped down as chairman of Tesla and paid a $20 million fine as part of a settlement agreement with the SEC.

Early life

Childhood and family

Elon Reeve Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, one of South Africa’s capital cities.[8][9] Musk has British and Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[10][11] His mother is Maye Musk (née Haldeman), a model and dietitian born in Saskatchewan, Canada, and raised in South Africa.[12][13][14] His father, Errol Musk, is a South African electromechanical engineer, pilot, sailor, consultant, and property developer, who was a half-owner of a Zambian emerald mine near Lake Tanganyika.[15][16][17][18] Musk has a younger brother, Kimbal, and a younger sister, Tosca.[14][19]

Musk’s family was wealthy during his youth.[18] His father was elected to the Pretoria City Council as a representative of the anti-apartheid Progressive Party, with his children cited as sharing their father’s dislike of apartheid.[8] His maternal grandfather, Joshua Haldeman, was an adventurous American-born Canadian who took his family on record-breaking journeys to Africa and Australia in a single-engine Bellanca airplane.[20][21][22] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk chose to mostly live with his father.[10] Musk regretted his decision and has become estranged from his father.[23] He has a paternal half-sister and a half-brother.[20][24]

Ashlee Vance described Musk as an awkward and introverted child.[25] At age ten, he developed an interest in computing and video games, teaching himself how to program from the VIC-20 user manual.[26] At age twelve, he sold his BASIC-based game Blastar to PC and Office Technology magazine for approximately $500.[27][28]

Education

An ornate school building

Musk attended Waterkloof House Preparatory School, Bryanston High School, and Pretoria Boys High School, from which he graduated.[29] Musk applied for a Canadian passport through his Canadian-born mother,[30][31] knowing that it would be easier to immigrate to the United States this way.[32] While waiting for his application to be processed, he attended the University of Pretoria for five months.[33]

Musk arrived in Canada in June 1989 and lived with a second cousin in Saskatchewan for a year,[34] working odd jobs at a farm and lumber mill.[35] In 1990, he entered Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario.[36][37] Two years later, he transferred to the University of Pennsylvania (UPenn), where he completed studies for a Bachelor of Arts degree in physics and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics from the Wharton School.[38][39][40][41] Although Musk claims he earned the degrees in 1995, UPenn maintains it awarded them in 1997.[42] He reportedly hosted large, ticketed house parties to help pay for tuition, and wrote a business plan for an electronic book-scanning service similar to Google Books.[43]

In 1994, Musk held two internships in Silicon Valley: one at the energy storage startup Pinnacle Research Institute, which investigated electrolytic ultracapacitors for energy storage, and another at the Palo Alto–based startup Rocket Science Games.[44][45] In 1995, he was accepted to a PhD program in materials science at Stanford University.[46][47] However, Musk decided to join the Internet boom, instead dropping out two days after being accepted and applied for a job at Netscape, to which he reportedly never received a response.[48][30]

Business career

Zip2

Main article: Zip2

External video
video icon Musk speaks of his early business experience during a 2014 commencement speech at USC on YouTube

In 1995, Musk, his brother Kimbal, and Greg Kouri founded Zip2.[49][50] Errol Musk provided them with $28,000 in funding.[51] The company developed an Internet city guide with maps, directions, and yellow pages, and marketed it to newspapers.[52] They worked at a small rented office in Palo Alto,[53] Musk coding the website every night.[53] Eventually, Zip2 obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune.[43] The brothers persuaded the board of directors to abandon a merger with CitySearch;[54] however, Musk’s attempts to become CEO were thwarted.[55] Compaq acquired Zip2 for $307 million in cash in February 1999,[56][57] and Musk received $22 million for his 7-percent share.[58]

X.com and PayPal

Later in 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company.[59] X.com was one of the first federally insured online banks, and over 200,000 customers joined in its initial months of operation.[60] Even though Musk founded the company, investors regarded him as inexperienced and replaced him with Intuit CEO Bill Harris by the end of the year.[61]

In 2000, X.com merged with online bank Confinity to avoid competition,[53][61][62] as Confinity’s money-transfer service PayPal was more popular than X.com’s service.[63] Musk then returned as CEO of the merged company. His preference for Microsoft over Unix-based software caused a rift among the company’s employees, and led Peter Thiel, Confinity’s founder, to resign.[64] With the company suffering from compounding technological issues and the lack of a cohesive business model, the board ousted Musk and replaced him with Thiel in September 2000.[65][b] Under Thiel, the company focused on the money-transfer service and was renamed PayPal in 2001.[67][68]

In 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for $1.5 billion in stock, of which Musk—the largest shareholder with 11.72% of shares—received $175.8 million.[69][70] In 2017, more than 15 years later, Musk purchased the X.com domain from PayPal for its sentimental value.[71][72] In 2022, Musk discussed a goal of creating «X, the everything app».[73]

SpaceX

Musk shakes hands with NASA Administrator Charles Bolden before a SpaceX Dragon capsule

In early 2001, Musk became involved with the nonprofit Mars Society and discussed funding plans to place a growth-chamber for plants on Mars.[74] In October of the same year, he traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell and Adeo Ressi to buy refurbished intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) that could send the greenhouse payloads into space. He met with the companies NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras; however, Musk was seen as a novice[75] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia with Mike Griffin (president of In-Q-Tel) to look for three ICBMs. They had another meeting with Kosmotras and were offered one rocket for $8 million, which Musk rejected. He instead decided to start a company that could build affordable rockets.[75] With $100 million of his own money,[76] Musk founded SpaceX in May 2002 and became the company’s CEO and Chief Engineer.[77][78]

SpaceX attempted its first launch of the Falcon 1 rocket in 2006.[79] Though the rocket failed to reach Earth orbit, it was awarded a Commercial Orbital Transportation Services program contract from NASA Administrator (and former SpaceX consultant[80]) Mike Griffin later that year.[81][82] After two more failed attempts that nearly caused Musk and his companies to go bankrupt,[79] SpaceX succeeded in launching the Falcon 1 into orbit in 2008.[83] Later that year, SpaceX received a $1.6 billion Commercial Resupply Services contract from NASA for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the International Space Station, replacing the Space Shuttle after its 2011 retirement.[84] In 2012, the Dragon vehicle docked with the ISS, a first for a commercial spacecraft.[85]

Working towards its goal of reusable rockets, in 2015 SpaceX successfully landed the first stage of a Falcon 9 on an inland platform.[86] Later landings were achieved on autonomous spaceport drone ships, an ocean-based recovery platform.[87] In 2018, SpaceX launched the Falcon Heavy; the inaugural mission carried Musk’s personal Tesla Roadster as a dummy payload.[88][89] Since 2019,[90] SpaceX has been developing Starship, a fully-reusable, super-heavy-lift launch vehicle intended to replace the Falcon 9 and the Falcon Heavy.[91] In 2020, SpaceX launched its first crewed flight, the Demo-2, becoming the first private company to place astronauts into orbit and dock a crewed spacecraft with the ISS.[92]

Starlink

50 Starlink satellites shortly before deployment to low Earth orbit, 2019

In 2015, SpaceX began development of the Starlink constellation of low-Earth-orbit satellites to provide satellite Internet access,[93] with the first two prototype satellites launched in February 2018. A second set of test satellites, and the first large deployment of a piece of the constellation, occurred in May 2019, when the first 60 operational satellites were launched.[94] The total cost of the decade-long project to design, build, and deploy the constellation is estimated by SpaceX to be about $10 billion.[95][c] Some critics, including the International Astronomical Union, have alleged that Starlink blocks the view of the sky and poses a collision threat to spacecraft.[98][99][100]

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, Musk sent Starlink terminals to Ukraine to provide Internet access and communication.[101] However, Musk refused to block Russian state media on Starlink, declaring himself «a free speech absolutist».[102][103] In October 2022, Musk stated that about 20,000 satellite terminals had been donated to Ukraine, together with free data transfer subscriptions, which cost SpaceX $80 million. After asking the United States Department of Defense to pay for further units and future subscriptions on behalf of Ukraine,[104] Musk publicly stated that SpaceX would continue to provide Starlink to Ukraine for free, at a yearly cost to itself of $400 million.[105][106][107]

Tesla

Musks stands, arms crossed and grinning, before a Tesla Model S

Tesla, Inc.—originally Tesla Motors—was incorporated in 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding. Both men played active roles in the company’s early development prior to Musk’s involvement.[108] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004; he invested $6.5 million, became the majority shareholder, and joined Tesla’s board of directors as chairman.[109] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[110]

Following a series of escalating conflicts in 2007, and the financial crisis of 2007–2008, Eberhard was ousted from the firm.[111][page needed][112] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect in 2008.[113] A 2009 lawsuit settlement with Eberhard designated Musk as a Tesla co-founder, along with Tarpenning and two others.[114][115] As of 2019, Musk was the longest-tenured CEO of any automotive manufacturer globally.[116] In 2021, Musk nominally changed his title to «Technoking» while retaining his position as CEO.[117]

Musk speaking with a microphone, a projected image of a Tesla is behind him

Musk before a Model X at the 2014 Tesla Inc. annual shareholder meeting

Tesla first built an electric sports car, the Roadster, in 2008. With sales of about 2,500 vehicles, it was the first serial production all-electric car to use lithium-ion battery cells.[118] Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan in 2012.[119] A cross-over, the Model X was launched in 2015.[120] A mass-market sedan, the Model 3, was released in 2017.[121] The Model 3 is the all-time bestselling plug-in electric car worldwide, and in June 2021 it became the first electric car to sell 1 million units globally.[122][123] A fifth vehicle, the Model Y crossover, was launched in 2020.[124] The Cybertruck, an all-electric pickup truck, was unveiled in 2019.[125] Under Musk, Tesla has also constructed multiple lithium-ion battery and electric vehicle factories, named Gigafactories.[126]

Since its initial public offering in 2010,[127] Tesla stock has risen significantly; it became the most valuable carmaker in summer 2020,[128][129] and it entered the S&P 500 later that year.[130][131] In October 2021, it reached a market capitalization of $1 trillion, the sixth company in U.S. history to do so.[132] In November 2021, Musk proposed, on Twitter, to sell 10% of his Tesla stock, since «much is made lately of unrealized gains being a means of tax avoidance».[133] After more than 3.5 million Twitter accounts supported the sale, Musk sold $6.9 billion of Tesla stock within a week,[133] and a total of $16.4 billion by year end, reaching the 10% target.[134] In February 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that both Elon and Kimbal Musk were under investigation by the SEC for possible insider trading related to the sale.[135] In 2022, Musk unveiled a robot developed by Tesla, Optimus.[136]

SEC and shareholder lawsuits regarding tweets

In 2018, Musk was sued by the SEC for a tweet claiming that funding had been secured for potentially taking Tesla private.[137][d] The lawsuit characterized the tweet as false, misleading, and damaging to investors, and sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO of publicly traded companies.[137][141][142] Two days later, Musk settled with the SEC, without admitting or denying the SEC’s allegations. As a result, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each, and Musk was forced to step down for three years as Tesla chairman but was able to remain as CEO.[143] Musk has stated in interviews that he does not regret posting the tweet that triggered the SEC investigation.[144][145] In April 2022, the shareholder who sued Musk over the tweet, along with several Tesla shareholders, said that a federal judge had ruled that the tweet was false, although the ruling in question has not been unsealed.[146] In February 2023, the jury found Musk and Tesla not liable.[147]

In 2019, Musk stated in a tweet that Tesla would build half a million cars that year.[148] The SEC reacted to Musk’s tweet by filing in court, asking the court to hold him in contempt for violating the terms of a settlement agreement with such a tweet; the accusation was disputed by Musk. This was eventually settled by a joint agreement between Musk and the SEC clarifying the previous agreement details.[149] The agreement included a list of topics that Musk would need preclearance before tweeting about.[150] In 2020, a judge prevented a lawsuit from proceeding that claimed a tweet by Musk regarding Tesla stock price («too high imo») violated the agreement.[151][152] FOIA-released records showed that the SEC itself concluded Musk has subsequently violated the agreement twice by tweeting regarding «Tesla’s solar roof production volumes and its stock price».[153]

SolarCity and Tesla Energy

Two green vans sporting the SolarCity logo

SolarCity solar-panel installation vans in 2009

Musk provided the initial concept and financial capital for SolarCity, which his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive founded in 2006.[154] By 2013, SolarCity was the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[155] In 2014, Musk promoted the idea of SolarCity building an advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States.[156] Construction of the factory started in 2014 and was completed in 2017. It operated as a joint venture with Panasonic until early 2020.[157][158]

Tesla acquired SolarCity for over $2 billion in 2016 and merged it with its battery unit to create Tesla Energy. The deal’s announcement resulted in a more than 10% drop in Tesla’s stock price. At the time, SolarCity was facing liquidity issues.[159] Multiple shareholder groups filed a lawsuit against Musk and Tesla’s directors, claiming that the purchase of SolarCity was done solely to benefit Musk and came at the expense of Tesla and its shareholders.[160][161] Tesla directors settled the lawsuit in January 2020, leaving Musk the sole remaining defendant.[162][163] Two years later, the court ruled in Musk’s favor.[164]

Neuralink

Musk standing next to bulky medical equipment on a stage

Musk discussing a Neuralink device during a live demonstration in 2020

In 2016, Musk co-founded Neuralink, a neurotechnology startup company, with an investment of $100 million.[165][166] Neuralink aims to integrate the human brain with artificial intelligence (AI) by creating devices that are embedded in the brain to facilitate its merging with machines. Such technology could enhance memory or allow the devices to communicate with software.[166][167] The company also hopes to develop devices with which to treat neurological conditions such as Alzheimer’s disease, dementia, and spinal cord injuries.[168]

In 2019, Musk announced work on a device akin to a sewing machine that could embed threads into a human brain.[165] Musk is listed as the sole author of an October 2019 paper that details some of Neuralink’s research,[169] although Musk’s being listed as such rankled the Neuralink team’s researchers.[170] At a 2020 live demonstration, Musk described one of their early devices as «a Fitbit in your skull» that could soon cure paralysis, deafness, blindness, and other disabilities. Many neuroscientists and publications criticized these claims,[171][172][173] with MIT Technology Review describing them as «highly speculative» and «neuroscience theater».[171] During the demonstration, Musk revealed a pig with a Neuralink implant that tracked neural activity related to smell.[168] In 2022, Neuralink announced that clinical trials would begin by the end of the year.[174]

Neuralink has conducted further animal testing on macaque monkeys at the University of California, Davis’ Primate Research Center. In 2021, the company released a video in which a Macaque played the video game Pong via a Neuralink implant. The company’s animal trials—which have caused the deaths of some monkeys—have led to claims of animal cruelty. The Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine has alleged that Neuralink’s animal trials have violated the Animal Welfare Act.[175] Employees have complained that pressure from Musk to accelerate development has led to botched experiments and unnecessary animal deaths. In 2022, a federal probe was launched into possible animal welfare violations by Neuralink.[176]

The Boring Company

Musk speaks to a crowd of journalists. Behind him is a lighted tunnel.

In 2017, Musk founded the Boring Company to construct tunnels and revealed plans for specialized, underground, high-occupancy vehicles that could travel up to 150 miles per hour (240 km/h) and thus circumvent above-ground traffic in major cities.[177][178] Early in 2017, the company began discussions with regulatory bodies and initiated construction of a 30-foot (9.1 m) wide, 50-foot (15 m) long, and 15-foot (4.6 m) deep «test trench» on the premises of SpaceX’s offices, as that required no permits.[179] The Los Angeles tunnel, less than two miles (3.2 km) in length, debuted to journalists in 2018. It used Tesla Model X’s and was reported to be a rough ride while traveling at suboptimal speeds.[180]

Two tunnel projects announced in 2018, in Chicago and West Los Angeles, have been canceled.[181][182] However, a tunnel beneath the Las Vegas Convention Center was completed in early 2021.[183] Local officials have approved further expansions of the tunnel system.[184] In 2021, tunnel construction was approved for Fort Lauderdale, Florida.[185]

Twitter

Musk expressed interest in buying Twitter as early as 2017,[187] and had previously questioned the platform’s commitment to freedom of speech.[188][189] In January 2022, Musk started purchasing Twitter shares, reaching a 9.2% stake by April,[190] making him the largest shareholder.[191][e] When this was publicly disclosed, Twitter shares experienced the largest intraday price surge since the company’s 2013 IPO.[193] On April 4, Musk agreed to a deal that would appoint him to Twitter’s board of directors and prohibit him from acquiring more than 14.9% of the company.[194][195] However, on April 13, Musk made a $43 billion offer to buy Twitter, launching a takeover bid to buy 100% of Twitter’s stock at $54.20 per share.[191][196] In response, Twitter’s board adopted a «poison pill» shareholder rights plan to make it more expensive for any single investor to own more than 15% of the company without board approval.[197] Nevertheless, by the end of the month Musk had successfully concluded his bid for approximately $44 billion.[198] This included about $12.5 billion in loans against his Tesla stock and $21 billion in equity financing.[199][200]

Tesla’s stock market value sank by over $100 billion the next day in reaction to the deal, causing Musk to lose around $30 billion of his net worth.[201][202] He subsequently tweeted criticism of Twitter executive Vijaya Gadde’s policies to his 86 million followers, which led to some of them engaging in sexist and racist harassment against her.[203] Exactly a month after announcing the takeover, Musk stated that the deal was «on hold» following a report that 5% of Twitter’s daily active users were spam accounts,[204] causing Twitter shares to drop more than 10 percent.[205] Although he initially affirmed his commitment to the acquisition,[206] he sent notification of his termination of the deal in July; Twitter’s Board of Directors responded that they were committed to holding him to the transaction.[207] On July 12, 2022, Twitter formally sued Musk in the Chancery Court of Delaware for breaching a legally binding agreement to purchase Twitter.[208] In October 2022, Musk reversed again, offering to purchase Twitter at $54.20 per share.[209] The acquisition was officially completed on October 27.[210]

Immediately after the acquisition, Musk fired top Twitter executives like CEO Parag Agrawal,[210][211] whom he replaced.[212] He instituted a $7.99 monthly subscription for a «blue check»,[213][214][215] and laid off a significant portion of the company’s staff.[216][217] Musk lessened content moderation,[218] and in December, Musk released internal documents relating to Twitter’s moderation of Hunter Biden’s laptop in the leadup to the 2020 presidential election.[219] The Southern Poverty Law Center noted that Twitter has verified numerous extremists.[220] A study of millions of tweets following the acquisition indicated that hate speech on the platform has become «more visible» under Musk’s leadership.[221]

Within the first weeks of ownership, Musk made a series of short-lived decisions and changes that he quickly reversed, including introducing a paid blue checkmark,[222] creating an «official» label[223] and forbidding linking to one’s profiles on other social media platforms.[224]

On December 18, Musk posted a poll to his Twitter account asking users to decide whether he should step down as the head of Twitter, with 57.5% out of the more than 17.5 million votes supporting that decision.[225] Musk then announced that he would resign as CEO «as soon as I find someone foolish enough to take the job».[226]

Leadership style

Musk giving a speech to SpaceX employees in 2012

Musk is often described as a micromanager and has called himself a «nano-manager».[227] The New York Times has characterized his approach as absolutist.[228] Musk does not make formal business plans;[228] instead, he says he prefers to approach engineering problems[non sequitur] with an «iterative design methodology» and «tolerance for failures».[229] He has forced employees to adopt the company’s own jargon and launched ambitious, risky, and costly projects against his advisors’ recommendations, such as removing front-facing radar from Tesla Autopilot. His insistence on vertical integration causes his companies to move most production in-house. While this resulted in saved costs for SpaceX’s rocket,[230] vertical integration has caused many usability problems for Tesla’s software.[227]

Musk’s handling of employees—whom he communicates with directly through mass emails—has been characterized as «carrot and stick», rewarding those «who offer constructive criticism» while also being known to impulsively threaten, swear at, and fire his employees.[231][232][233] Musk said he expects his employees to work for long hours, sometimes for 80 hours per week.[234] He has his new employees sign strict non-disclosure agreements and often fires in sprees,[235][236] such as during the Model 3 «production hell» in 2018.[236] In 2022, Musk revealed plans to fire 10 percent of Tesla’s workforce, due to his concerns about the economy.[237] That same month, he suspended remote work at SpaceX and Tesla and threatened to fire employees who do not work 40 hours per week in the office.[238]

Musk’s leadership has been praised by some, who credit it with the success of Tesla and his other endeavors,[227] and criticized by others, who see him as callous and his managerial decisions as «show[ing] a lack of human understanding.»[233][239] The 2021 book Power Play contains anecdotes of Musk berating employees.[240] The Wall Street Journal reported that, after Musk insisted on branding his vehicles as «self-driving», he faced criticism from his engineers for putting customer «lives at risk», with some employees resigning in consequence.[241]

Other activities

Musk Foundation

Musk is the president of the Musk Foundation,[242] whose stated purpose is to: provide solar-power energy systems in disaster areas; support research, development, and advocacy (for interests including human space exploration, pediatrics, renewable energy and «safe artificial intelligence»); and support science and engineering educational efforts.[243] From 2002 to 2018, the foundation gave $25 million directly to non-profit organizations, nearly half of which went to Musk’s OpenAI,[244] which was at the time a non-profit.[245]

Since 2002, the foundation has made over 350 donations. Around half were to scientific research or education nonprofits. Notable beneficiaries include the Wikimedia Foundation, his alma mater the University of Pennsylvania, and his brother Kimbal’s Big Green.[246] In 2012, Musk took the Giving Pledge, thereby committing to give the majority of his wealth to charitable causes either during his lifetime or in his will.[247] He has endowed prizes at the X Prize Foundation, including $100 million to reward improved carbon capture technology.[248]

Vox said «the Musk Foundation is almost entertaining in its simplicity and yet is strikingly opaque», noting that its website was only 33 words in plain-text.[244] The foundation has been criticized for the relatively small amount of wealth donated.[249] In 2020, Forbes gave Musk a philanthropy score of 1, because he had given away less than 1% of his net worth.[246] In November 2021, Musk donated $5.7 billion of Tesla’s shares to charity, according to regulatory filings;[250] however, Bloomberg News noted that all of it went to his own foundation, bringing Musk Foundation’s assets up to $9.4 billion at the end of 2021. The foundation disbursed $160 million to non-profits that year.[251]

Hyperloop

A long white tube about 10 feet in diameter

A tube part of the 2017 Hyperloop pod competition sponsored by SpaceX

In 2013, Musk announced plans for a version of a vactrain—a vacuum tube train—and assigned a dozen engineers from SpaceX and Tesla to establish the conceptual foundations and create initial designs.[252] Later that year, Musk unveiled the concept, which he dubbed the hyperloop.[253] The alpha design for the system was published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[254] The document scoped out the technology and outlined a notional route where such a transport system could be built between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, at an estimated cost of $6 billion.[255] The proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs cited, would make Hyperloop travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances.[256] Subsequently, Vance has claimed that the original purpose of Musk’s Hyperloop proposal was to thwart a high-speed rail project in California.[257]

In 2015, Musk announced a design competition for students and others to build Hyperloop pods, to operate on a SpaceX-sponsored mile-long track, for a 2015–2017 Hyperloop pod competition. The track was used in January 2017, and Musk also announced that the company started a tunnel project, with Hawthorne airport as its destination.[258] In July 2017, Musk claimed that he had received «verbal government approval» to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington, D.C., with stops in both Philadelphia and Baltimore.[259] Mention of the projected DC-to-Baltimore leg was removed from the Boring Company website in 2021.[260] The tunnel project to Hawthorne was discontinued in 2022 and is cited to be converted into parking spots for SpaceX workers.[261]

OpenAI

In 2015, Musk co-founded OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company aiming to develop artificial general intelligence intended to be safe and beneficial to humanity.[262] A particular focus of the company is to democratize artificial superintelligence systems, against governments and corporations.[23] In 2018, Musk left the OpenAI board to avoid possible future conflicts with his role as CEO of Tesla as the latter company increasingly became involved in AI through Tesla Autopilot.[263] Since then, OpenAI has made significant advances in machine learning, producing neural networks such as GPT-3 (producing human-like text),[264] and DALL-E (generating digital images from natural language descriptions).[265]

Tham Luang cave rescue and defamation case

Equipment during the Tham Luang cave rescue

During the Tham Luang cave rescue (pictured), Musk had proposed a mini-submarine to evacuate the children, which was rejected.

In July 2018, Musk arranged for his employees to build a mini-submarine to assist the rescue of children trapped in a flooded cavern in Thailand.[266] Richard Stanton, leader of the international rescue diving team, urged Musk to facilitate the construction of the vehicle as a back-up, in case flooding worsened.[267] Engineers at SpaceX and the Boring Company built the mini-submarine from a Falcon 9 liquid oxygen transfer tube in eight hours and personally delivered it to Thailand.[268][269] By this time, however, eight of the 12 children, had already been rescued, the rescuers employing full face masks, oxygen, and anesthesia; consequently, Thai authorities declined to use the submarine.[266] In March 2019, Musk was later one of the 187 people who received various honors conferred by the King of Thailand for involvement in the rescue effort.[270]

Soon after the rescue, Vernon Unsworth, a British recreational caver who had been exploring the cave for the previous six years and played a key advisory role in the operation, criticized the submarine on CNN as amounting to nothing more than a public relations effort with no chance of success, maintaining that Musk «had no conception of what the cave passage was like» and «can stick his submarine where it hurts». Musk asserted on Twitter that the device would have worked and referred to Unsworth as a «pedo guy».[271] He deleted the tweets,[271] and apologized,[272] and he deleted his responses to critical tweets from Cher Scarlett, a software engineer, which had caused his followers to harass her.[273] In an email to BuzzFeed News, Musk later called Unsworth a «child rapist» and said that he had married a child.[274][275]

In September, Unsworth filed a defamation suit in Los Angeles federal court.[276][277] In his defense, Musk argued that «‘pedo guy’ was a common insult used in South Africa when I was growing up … synonymous with ‘creepy old man’ and is used to insult a person’s appearance and demeanor».[29] The defamation case began in December 2019, with Unsworth seeking $190 million in damages.[278] During the trial Musk apologized to Unsworth again for the tweet. On December 6, the jury found in favor of Musk and ruled he was not liable.[279][280]

2018 Joe Rogan podcast appearance

In 2018, Musk appeared on The Joe Rogan Experience podcast and discussed various topics for over two hours. During the interview, Musk sampled a puff from a cigar consisting, the host claimed, of tobacco laced with cannabis. Tesla stock dropped after the incident, which coincided with the confirmation of the departure of Tesla’s vice president of worldwide finance earlier that day.[281] Fortune wondered if the cannabis use could have ramifications for SpaceX contracts with the United States Air Force, though an Air Force spokesperson told The Verge that there was no investigation and that the Air Force was still determining the facts.[282] In 2022, Musk claimed that he and other Space-X employees were subjected to random drug tests for about a year following the incident.[283] In a 60 Minutes interview, Musk said of the incident: «I do not smoke pot. As anybody who watched that podcast could tell, I have no idea how to smoke pot.»[284]

Music

In 2019, Musk, through Emo G Records, released a rap track, «RIP Harambe», on SoundCloud. The track, which refers to the killing of Harambe the gorilla and the subsequent Internet sensationalism surrounding the event, was performed by Yung Jake, written by Yung Jake and Caroline Polachek, and produced by BloodPop.[285][286] The following year, Musk released an EDM track, «Don’t Doubt Ur Vibe», featuring his own lyrics and vocals.[287] While Guardian critic Alexi Petridis described it as «indistinguishable… from umpteen competent but unthrilling bits of bedroom electronica posted elsewhere on Soundcloud»,[288] TechCrunch said it was «not a bad representation of the genre».[287]

Private jet

In 2003, Musk said his favorite plane he owned was an L-39 Albatros.[289] He uses a private jet owned by Falcon Landing LLC, a SpaceX-linked company, and acquired a second jet in August 2020.[290][291] His heavy use of the jet—it flew over 150,000 miles in 2018—and the consequent fossil fuel usage has received criticism.[290][292]

ElonJet account

His flight usage is tracked on social media through ElonJet. The Twitter version of the account was blocked in December 2022, after Musk claimed that his son X AE A-XII had been harassed by a stalker after the account posted the airport at which his jet had landed.[293][294][295] This led to Musk banning the ElonJet account on Twitter, as well as the accounts of journalists that posted stories regarding the incident, including Donie O’Sullivan, Keith Olbermann, and journalists from The New York Times, The Washington Post, CNN, and The Intercept.[296] Musk equated the reporting to doxxing.[297] The police do not believe there is a link between the account and alleged stalker.[298] Musk later took a Twitter poll on whether the journalists’ accounts should be reinstated, which resulted in reinstating the accounts.[299][296]

Wealth

A graph of Musk's net worth from 2012 to 2021, displaying a roughly exponential trend

Musk’s net worth from 2013 to 2022 as estimated by Forbes magazine

Musk made $175.8 million when PayPal was sold to eBay in 2002.[300] He was first listed on the Forbes Billionaires List in 2012, with a net worth of $2 billion.[301]

At the start of 2020, Musk had a net worth of $27 billion.[302] By the end of the year his net worth had increased by $150 billion, mostly driven by his ownership of around 20% of Tesla stock.[303] During this period, Musk’s net worth was often volatile. For example, it dropped $16.3 billion in September, the largest single-day plunge in Bloomberg Billionaires Index‘s history.[304] In November of that year, Musk passed Facebook co-founder Mark Zuckerberg to become the third-richest person in the world; a week later he passed Microsoft co-founder Bill Gates to become the second-richest.[305]

In January 2021, Musk, with a net worth of $185 billion, surpassed Amazon founder Jeff Bezos to become the richest person in the world.[306] Bezos reclaimed the top spot the following month.[307] On September 27, 2021, after Tesla stock surged, Forbes announced that Musk had a net worth of over $200 billion, and was the richest person in the world.[308] In November 2021, Musk became the first person worth over $300 billion.[309]

On December 30, 2022, it was reported that Musk had lost $200 billion from his net worth due to declining stock values in Tesla, becoming the first person in history to lose such a large sum of money.[310][311] In January 2023, Musk was recognised by Guinness World Records for experiencing the «largest loss of personal fortune in history» with regards to his financial losses since November 2021, which Guinness quoted a Forbes estimate of $182 billion.[312]

Sources of wealth

Around 75% of Musk’s wealth derived from Tesla stock in November 2020,[305] a proportion that fell to about 37% as of December 2022,[f] after selling nearly $40 billion in company shares since late 2021.[313] Musk does not receive a salary from Tesla; he agreed with the board in 2018 to a compensation plan that ties his personal earnings to Tesla’s valuation and revenue.[303] The deal stipulated that Musk only receives the compensation if Tesla reaches certain market values.[314] It was the largest such deal ever done between a CEO and a company board.[315] In the first award, given in May 2020, he was eligible to purchase 1.69 million Tesla shares (about 1% of the company) at below-market prices, which was worth about $800 million.[315][314]

Musk paid $455 million in taxes on $1.52 billion of income between 2014 and 2018.[316] According to ProPublica, Musk paid no federal income taxes in 2018.[317] He claimed his 2021 tax bill was estimated at $12 billion based on his sale of $14 billion worth of Tesla stock.[316]

Musk has repeatedly described himself as «cash poor»,[318][319] and has «professed to have little interest in the material trappings of wealth».[318] In May 2020, he pledged to sell almost all physical possessions.[319] Musk has defended his wealth by saying he is accumulating resources for humanity’s outward expansion to space.[320]

Personal views and Twitter usage

Since joining Twitter in 2009,[321] Musk has been an active user and has over 100 million followers as of June 2022.[322] He posts memes, promotes business interests, and comments on contemporary political and cultural issues.[323] Musk’s statements have provoked controversy, such as for mocking preferred gender pronouns,[324][325] and comparing Canadian prime minister Justin Trudeau to Adolf Hitler.[326] The New York Times describes his contributions to international relations as «chaotic», and critics of Musk argue that there is a lack of separation between his opinions and his business interests.[327]

Existential threats

Musk standing at a wooden podium talking at the 2006 Mars Society Conference

Musk has been described as believing in longtermism, emphasizing the needs of future populations.[328] Accordingly, Musk has stated that artificial intelligence poses the greatest existential threat to humanity.[329][330] He has warned of a «Terminator-like» AI apocalypse and suggested that the government should regulate its safe development.[331][332] In 2015, Musk was a cosignatory, along with Stephen Hawking and hundreds of others, of the Open Letter on Artificial Intelligence, which called for the ban of autonomous weapons.[333] Musk’s AI stances have been called alarmist and sensationalist by critics such as computer scientist Yann LeCun and Meta CEO Mark Zuckerberg,[334][335] and led the think tank Information Technology and Innovation Foundation to award Musk its Annual Luddite Award in 2016.[336]

Musk has described climate change as the greatest threat to humanity after AI,[337] and has advocated for a carbon tax.[338] Musk was a critic of President Donald Trump’s stance on climate change,[339][340] and resigned from two presidential business advisory councils following Trump’s 2017 decision to withdraw the United States from the Paris Agreement.[341]

Musk has long promoted the colonization of Mars and argues that humanity should become a «multiplanetary species».[342] He has suggested the use of nuclear weapons to terraform Mars.[343][344] He envisioned establishing a direct democracy on Mars, with a system in which more votes would be required to create laws than remove them.[345] Musk has also voiced concerns about human population decline,[346][347] saying that «Mars has zero human population. We need a lot of people to become a multiplanet civilization.»[348] Speaking at The Wall Street Journal‘s CEO Council session in 2021, Musk stated that a declining birth rate, and consequent population decline, is one of the biggest risks to human civilization.[349]

Politics

Musk converses with U.S. Senator Dianne Feinstein beside a red Tesla

Musk converses with U.S. Vice President Mike Pence, the Second Lady, and other officials

While often described as libertarian, Musk has called himself «politically moderate» and was a registered independent voter when he lived in California. The New York Times wrote that Musk «expresses views that don’t fit neatly into [the American] binary, left-right political framework».[350] Historically, Musk has donated to both Democrats and Republicans,[351] many of whom are in states in which he has a vested interest.[350] Beginning in the late 2010s, Musk’s political contributions have shifted to almost entirely supporting Republicans.[352]

Musk voted for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 U.S. presidential election.[353] In the 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries, Musk endorsed candidate Andrew Yang and expressed support for his proposed universal basic income.[354] He also endorsed Kanye West’s 2020 presidential campaign.[355] He said he voted for Joe Biden in the 2020 U.S. presidential election.[353] In 2022, Musk said that he could «no longer support» the Democrats because they are the «party of division & hate»,[356][357] and wrote a tweet encouraging «independent-minded voters» to vote Republican in the 2022 U.S. elections, which was an outlier among social media executives who typically avoid partisan political advocacy.[358][359] He also leaned towards supporting Republican Ron DeSantis in the 2024 U.S. presidential election if DeSantis were a candidate.[360][361]

Musk opposes a «billionaire’s tax»,[362] and has argued on Twitter with more left-leaning Democratic politicians such as Bernie Sanders,[363][364] Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez,[365] and Elizabeth Warren.[366] He has stated that «hands up, don’t shoot» (a rallying cry that arose after the 2014 shooting of an unarmed black teenager Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri) was based in «fiction», and has raised questions about the Black Lives Matter protests.[367][368] Musk also promoted a baseless theory relating to the attack of Speaker Nancy Pelosi’s husband, but Musk deleted his tweet.[369]

Musk has praised China and has been described as having mounted a «charm offensive» to woo the Chinese government and gain access to its markets for Tesla.[370] In 2022, Musk wrote an article for China Cyberspace, the official publication of Cyberspace Administration of China, which enforces Internet censorship in China. His writing the article was described as conflicting with his advocacy for free speech.[371][372] Musk later advocated for Taiwan to become a special administrative region of China which drew cross-party criticism from Taiwanese lawmakers.[373][374][375] In October 2022, Musk posted a Twitter poll and «peace plan» to resolve the Russian invasion of Ukraine.[376][377] It was reported that Musk allegedly spoke with Russian President Vladimir Putin prior to the proposal, which Musk denied.[378][379][380][381]

COVID-19

Musk wearing a face mask

Musk wears a bandana as a face mask during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Musk was criticized for his public comments and conduct related to the COVID-19 pandemic.[382][383] He spread misinformation about the virus, including promoting a widely discredited paper on the benefits of chloroquine and claiming that COVID-19 death statistics were inflated.[384]

In March 2020, Musk stated, «The coronavirus panic is dumb.»[385][386] In an email to Tesla employees, Musk referred to COVID-19 as a «specific form of the common cold» and predicted that confirmed COVID-19 cases would not exceed 0.1% of the U.S. population.[382] On March 19, 2020, Musk predicted that there would be «probably close to zero new cases in [the U.S.] by end of April».[383] Politico labeled this statement one of «the most audacious, confident, and spectacularly incorrect prognostications [of 2020]».[387] Musk also claimed falsely that children «are essentially immune» to COVID-19.[388][389]

Musk condemned COVID-19 lockdowns and initially refused to close the Tesla Fremont Factory in March 2020, defying the local shelter-in-place order.[382][390][391] In May 2020, he reopened the Tesla factory, defying the local stay-at-home order,[392][393] and warned workers that they would be unpaid, and their unemployment benefits might be jeopardized, if they did not report to work.[393] In December 2022, Musk called for prosecution of former NIAID director Anthony Fauci.[394][395]

In March 2020, Musk promised that Tesla would make ventilators for COVID-19 patients if there were a shortage.[396] After figures like New York City mayor Bill de Blasio responded to Musk’s offer,[397] Musk offered to donate ventilators which Tesla would build or buy from a third party.[396] However, Musk ended up buying and donating BiPAP and CPAP machines, which are non-invasive ventilators, rather than the much more expensive and sought-after invasive mechanical ventilator machines.[398][399]

In September 2020, Musk stated that he would not get the COVID-19 vaccine, because he and his children were «not at risk for COVID».[400][401] Two months later, Musk contracted COVID-19 and suggested his COVID-19 rapid antigen test results were dubious, after which the phrase «Space Karen» trended on Twitter, in reference to Musk.[402][403] However, in December 2021, Musk revealed that he and his eligible children had received the vaccine.[404] In January 2023, Musk revealed that he experienced intense adverse reactions after his 2nd COVID-19 vaccine booster shot.[405]

Finance

Musk said that the U.S. government should not provide subsidies to companies, but impose a carbon tax to discourage poor behavior.[406][407] The free market, in his view, would achieve the best solution, and producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should have consequences.[408] Tesla has received billions of dollars in subsidies.[409] In addition, Tesla made large sums from government-initiated systems of zero-emissions credits offered in California and at the United States federal level, which facilitated initial consumer adoption of Tesla vehicles, as the tax credits given by governments enabled Tesla’s battery electric vehicles to be price-competitive, in comparison with existing lower-priced internal combustion engine vehicles.[410] Notably, Tesla generates some of its revenue from its sales of carbon credits granted to the company, by both the European Union Emissions Trading System and the Chinese national carbon trading scheme.[411][412][413][414]

Musk, a longtime opponent of short-selling, has repeatedly criticized the practice and argued it should be illegal.[415][416] Wired magazine speculated that Musk’s opposition to short-selling stems from how short sellers have an incentive to find and promote unfavorable information about his companies.[417] In early 2021, he encouraged the GameStop short squeeze.[418][419]

In December 2022, Musk sold $3.6 billion of his stock in Tesla, equal to 22 million shares in the company,[420] despite pledging earlier in the year that he would not sell any additional shares.[421]

Technology

Musk has promoted cryptocurrencies and supports them over traditional government-issued fiat currencies.[422] Given the influence of Musk’s tweets in moving cryptocurrency markets,[423] his statements about cryptocurrencies have been viewed as market manipulation by some, such as economist Nouriel Roubini.[424] Musk’s social media praising of Bitcoin and Dogecoin was credited for increasing their prices. Consequently, Tesla’s 2021 announcement, against the backdrop of Musk’s social media behavior, that it bought $1.5 billion worth of Bitcoin, raised questions.[425] Tesla’s announcement that it would accept Bitcoin for payment was criticized by environmentalists and investors, due to the environmental impact of cryptocurrency mining. A few months later, in response to the criticism, Musk announced on Twitter that Tesla would no longer accept payments in Bitcoin and would not engage in any Bitcoin transactions until the environmental issues are solved.[426][427]

Despite the Boring Company’s involvement in building mass transit infrastructure, Musk has criticized public transport and promoted individualized transport (private vehicles).[428][429][430] His comments have been called «elitist» and have sparked widespread criticism from both transportation and urban planning experts, who have pointed out that public transportation in dense urban areas is more economical, more energy efficient, and requires much less space than private cars.[429][431][430]

Personal life

From the early 2000s until late 2020, Musk resided in California, where both Tesla and SpaceX were founded.[432] In 2020, he moved to Texas, saying that California had become «complacent» about its economic success.[432][433] While hosting Saturday Night Live in May 2021, Musk said that he has Asperger syndrome.[434]

Musk met his first wife, Canadian Justine Wilson, while attending Queen’s University in Ontario, Canada; and they married in 2000.[435] In 2002, their first child died of sudden infant death syndrome at the age of 10 weeks.[436] After his death, the couple decided to use IVF to continue their family.[437] They had twins in 2004 followed by triplets in 2006.[437] The couple divorced in 2008 and shared custody of their children.[438][439] In 2022, one of the twins officially changed her name to reflect her gender identity, and to use Wilson as her last name because she no longer wished to be associated with Musk.[440] In an October 2022 interview with FT.com, Musk blamed the estrangement of his daughter on what the Financial Times characterized as «the supposed takeover of elite schools and universities by neo-Marxists.»[441]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley.[442] They married two years later at Dornoch Cathedral in Scotland.[443][444] In 2012, the couple divorced, before remarrying the following year.[445] After briefly filing for divorce in 2014,[445] Musk finalized a second divorce from Riley in 2016.[446] Musk then dated Amber Heard for several months in 2017;[447] he had reportedly been pursuing her since 2012.[448] Musk was later accused by Johnny Depp of having an affair with Heard while she was still married to Depp.[449][450] Musk and Heard both denied the affair.[449]

In 2018, Musk and Canadian musician Grimes revealed that they were dating.[451] Grimes gave birth to their son in May 2020.[452][453] According to Musk and Grimes, his name was «X Æ A-12»; however, the name would have violated California regulations as it contained characters that are not in the modern English alphabet,[454][455] and was then changed to «X Æ A-Xii». This drew more confusion, as Æ is not a letter in the modern English alphabet.[456] The child was eventually named X AE A-XII Musk, with «X» as a first name, «AE A-XII» as a middle name, and «Musk» as surname.[457] In December 2021, Grimes and Musk had a second child, a daughter named Exa Dark Sideræl Musk (nicknamed «Y»), born via surrogacy.[1] Despite the pregnancy, Musk confirmed reports that the couple were «semi-separated» in September 2021; in an interview with Time in December 2021, he said he was single.[458][459] In March 2022, Grimes said of her relationship with Musk: «I would probably refer to him as my boyfriend, but we’re very fluid.»[1] Later that month, Grimes tweeted that she and Musk had broken up again but remained on good terms.[460]

In July 2022, Insider published court documents revealing that Musk had had twins with Shivon Zilis, director of operations and special projects at Neuralink, in November 2021.[3] They were born weeks before Musk and Grimes had their second child via surrogate in December. The news «raise[d] questions about workplace ethics», given that Zilis directly reported to Musk.[461] Also in July 2022, The Wall Street Journal reported that Musk allegedly had an affair with Nicole Shanahan, the wife of Google co-founder Sergey Brin, in 2021, leading to their divorce the following year.[462] Musk denied the report.[463]

Sexual misconduct allegations

In May 2022, Business Insider cited an anonymous friend of an unnamed SpaceX contract flight attendant, alleging that Musk engaged in sexual misconduct in 2016. The source stated that in November 2018, Musk, SpaceX, and the former flight attendant entered into a severance agreement granting the attendant a $250,000 payment in exchange for a promise not to sue over the claims.[464] Musk responded, «If I were inclined to engage in sexual harassment, this is unlikely to be the first time in my entire 30-year career that it comes to light». He accused the article from Business Insider of being a «politically motivated hit piece».[465][466] After the release of the Business Insider article, Tesla’s stock fell by more than 6%,[467] decreasing Musk’s net worth by $10 billion.[468] Barron‘s wrote «…some investors considered key-man risk – the danger that a company could be badly hurt by the loss of one individual.»[469]

Public perception

Though Musk’s ventures were influential within their own industries in the 2000s, Musk only became a public figure in the early 2010s. He is often described as an eccentric who makes spontaneous and controversial statements, contrary to other billionaires who prefer reclusiveness to protect their businesses.[470][471] Celebrated by fans and hated by critics, Musk was described by Vance as having become very polarizing because of his «part philosopher, part troll» role on Twitter.[472]

Media appearances

With Steve Jobs and Donald Trump, Musk served as inspiration for the characterization of Tony Stark in the Marvel film Iron Man (2008).[473] Musk had a cameo appearance in the 2010 sequel, Iron Man 2.[474] Musk has made cameos and appearances in other films such as Machete Kills (2013),[475] Why Him? (2016),[476] and Men in Black: International (2019).[477] Television series in which he has appeared include The Simpsons («The Musk Who Fell to Earth», 2015),[478] The Big Bang Theory («The Platonic Permutation», 2015),[479] South Park («Members Only», 2016),[480][481] Rick and Morty («One Crew over the Crewcoo’s Morty», 2019),[482][483] Young Sheldon («A Patch, a Modem, and a Zantac®», 2017),[484] and Saturday Night Live (2021).[485] He contributed interviews to the documentaries Racing Extinction (2015) and the Werner Herzog-directed Lo and Behold (2016).[486][487]

Recognition

Musk was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society (FRS) in 2018.[488] In 2015, he received an honorary doctorate in engineering and technology from Yale University[489] and IEEE Honorary Membership.[490] Awards for his contributions to the development of the Falcon rockets include the American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low Transportation Award in 2008,[491] the Fédération Aéronautique Internationale Gold Space Medal in 2010,[492] and the Royal Aeronautical Society Gold Medal in 2012.[493] He was listed among Time magazine’s 100 Most Influential People in 2010,[494] 2013,[495] 2018,[496] and 2021.[497] Musk was selected as Time‘s «Person of the Year» for 2021. Time editor-in-chief Edward Felsenthal wrote that «Person of the Year is a marker of influence, and few individuals have had more influence than Musk on life on Earth, and potentially life off Earth too».[498][499] In 2022, Musk was elected as a member of the National Academy of Engineering.[500]

See also

  • Thud (media company)
  • List of richest Americans in history

Notes

  1. ^ His first child died in infancy.[2]
  2. ^ Musk remained on the board and served as an advisor.[66][67]
  3. ^ SpaceX received nearly $900 million in Federal Communications Commission subsidies for Starlink.[96][97]
  4. ^ Musk stated he was considering taking Tesla private at a price of $420 a share, an alleged reference to marijuana.[138] Members of Tesla’s board and rapper Azealia Banks alleged that Musk may have been under the influence of recreational drugs when he wrote the tweet.[139][140]
  5. ^ He did not file the necessary SEC paperwork within 10 days of his stake passing 5%, a violation of U.S. securities laws.[192]
  6. ^ According to the Wall Street Journal, he was worth $140 billion, with $52 billion of that attributable to his ownership of Tesla stock.

References

  1. ^ a b c Gordon, Devin (March 10, 2022). ««Infamy Is Kind Of Fun»: Grimes on Music, Mars, and—Surprise!—Her Secret New Baby With Elon Musk». Vanity Fair. Archived from the original on May 21, 2022. Retrieved March 10, 2022.
  2. ^ Berger (2021), pp. 182.
  3. ^ a b Southern, Keiran (July 7, 2022). Written at Los Angeles. «Elon Musk ‘had twins with one of his executives’«. The Times. London. Archived from the original on July 7, 2022. Retrieved July 7, 2022.
  4. ^ Mohamed, Theron (December 15, 2022). «Elon Musk just cashed in another $3.6 billion of Tesla stock as he wrestles with mounting interest payments at Twitter and a looming recession». Business Insider.
  5. ^ «Elon Musk». Bloomberg: Elon Musk net worth.
  6. ^ «Bloomberg Billionaires Index». Bloomberg L.P.
  7. ^ «Real Time Billionaires». Forbes.
  8. ^ a b Eligon, John; Chutel, Lynsey (May 5, 2022). «Elon Musk Left a South Africa That Was Rife With Misinformation and White Privilege». The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 11, 2022. Retrieved May 5, 2022.
  9. ^ Vance (2017), pp. 25, 31.
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Bibliography

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External links

Источник

Elon Musk
Elon Musk 2015.jpg

Musk at the 2015 Tesla Motors Annual Shareholder Meeting
Net worth US$12.2 billion (December 2015)[1]
Spouse(s)

Justine Musk

​

​

(m. 2000; div. 2008)​

Talulah Riley

​

​

(m. 2010; div. 2012)​

Talulah Riley

​

(m. after 2013)​

[2]

Children 6 sons (1 deceased)[3]
Parent(s) Maye Musk (mother)
Errol Musk (father)
Relatives Tosca Musk (sister)
Kimbal Musk (brother)
Website No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.
Signature
Elon Musk

Elon Reeve Musk (; born June 28, 1971) is a South African-born Canadian-American business magnate,[5][6] engineer,[7] inventor[8] and investor.[9][10][11] He is the CEO and CTO of SpaceX, CEO and product architect of Tesla Motors, and chairman of SolarCity as well as co-chairman of OpenAI.

He is the founder of SpaceX and a co-founder of Zip2, PayPal, and Tesla Motors.[12][13][14] He has also envisioned a conceptual high-speed transportation system known as the Hyperloop and has proposed a VTOL supersonic jet aircraft with electric fan propulsion.[15][16] He is the wealthiest person in Los Angeles.[17]

Early life[edit]

Early childhood[edit]

Musk was born June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, Transvaal, South Africa,[18] the son of Maye (née Haldeman), a model from Regina, Saskatchewan, Canada;[19] and Errol Musk, a South African-born electromechanical engineer. He has a younger brother, Kimbal (born 1972), and a younger sister, Tosca (born 1974).[19][20][21][22] His paternal grandmother was British, and he also has Pennsylvania Dutch ancestry.[23][24] After his parents divorced in 1980, Musk lived mostly with his father in locations in South Africa.[23]

At age 10, he discovered computing with the Commodore VIC-20.[25] He taught himself computer programming and at age 12 sold the code for a BASIC-based video game he created called Blastar to a magazine called PC and Office Technology for approximately US$500.[26][27] A web version of the game is available online.[26][28]

Musk was severely bullied throughout his childhood, and was once hospitalized when a group of boys threw him down a flight of stairs, and then beat him until he blacked out.[29]

Musk was initially educated in private education, attending the English-speaking Waterkloof House Preparatory School. Musk later graduated from Pretoria Boys High School and moved to Canada in June 1989, just before his 18th birthday,[30] after obtaining Canadian citizenship through his Canadian-born mother.[31][32]

University[edit]

At the age of 19, Musk was accepted into Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, for undergraduate study, and in 1992, after spending two years at Queen’s University, Musk transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, where, at the age of 24, he received a Bachelor of Science degree in physics at Penn’s College of Arts and Sciences, and a Bachelor of Science degree in economics at the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania. Musk stayed on a year to finish his second bachelor’s degree.[33] While at the University of Pennsylvania, Musk and fellow Penn student Adeo Ressi bought a 10-bedroom fraternity house, using it as an unofficial nightclub.[29]

In 1995, at age 24, Musk moved to California to begin a PhD in applied physics at Stanford University, but left the program to pursue his entrepreneurial aspirations in the areas of the Internet, renewable energy and outer space.[27][34] In 2002, he became a U.S. citizen.[35][36]

Career[edit]

Zip2[edit]

In 1995, Musk and his brother, Kimbal, started Zip2, a web software company, with US$28,000 of their father’s (Errol Musk) money.[29] The company developed and marketed an Internet «city guide» for the newspaper publishing industry.[37] Musk obtained contracts with The New York Times and the Chicago Tribune[38] and persuaded the board of directors to abandon plans for a merger with a company called CitySearch.[39] While at Zip2, Musk wanted to become CEO; however, none of the board members would allow it.[29] Compaq acquired Zip2 for US$307 million in cash and US$34 million in stock options in 1999.[40] Musk received 7% or US$22 million from the sale.[38]

X.com and PayPal[edit]

In March 1999, Musk co-founded X.com, an online financial services and e-mail payment company, with US$10 million from the sale of Zip2.[30][37][39] One year later, the company merged with Confinity,[38][41] which had a money transfer service called PayPal. The merged company focused on the PayPal service and was renamed PayPal in 2001. PayPal’s early growth was driven mainly by a viral marketing campaign where new customers were recruited when they received money through the service.[42] Musk was later ousted from his role as CEO over disagreements regarding the future architecture of PayPal as a proponent of Microsoft Windows.[43] In October 2002, PayPal was acquired by eBay for US$1.5 billion in stock, of which US$165 million was given to Musk.[44] Before its sale, Musk, who was the company’s largest shareholder, owned 11.7% of PayPal’s shares.[45]

SpaceX[edit]

In 2001, Musk conceptualized «Mars Oasis»; a project to land a miniature experimental greenhouse on Mars, containing food crops growing on Martian regolith, in an attempt to regain public interest in space exploration.[46][47] In October 2001, Musk traveled to Moscow with Jim Cantrell (an aerospace supplies fixer), and Adeo Ressi (his best friend from college), to buy refurbished ICBMs (Dnepr-1) that could send the envisioned payloads into space. The group met with companies such as NPO Lavochkin and Kosmotras, however, according to Cantrell, Musk was seen as a novice and was consequently spat on by one of the Russian chief designers,[48] and the group returned to the United States empty-handed. In February 2002, the group returned to Russia to look for three ICBMs, bringing along Mike Griffin, who had worked for the CIA’s venture capital arm, In-Q-Tel; NASA’s Jet Propulsion Laboratory; and was just leaving Orbital Sciences, a maker of satellites and spacecraft. The group met again with Kosmotras, and were offered one rocket for US$8 million, however, this was seen by Musk as too expensive; Musk consequently stormed out of the meeting. On the flight back from Moscow, Musk realized that he could start a company that could build the affordable rockets he needed.[48] According to early Tesla and SpaceX investor Steve Jurvetson,[49] Musk calculated that the raw materials for building a rocket actually were only 3 percent of the sales price of a rocket at the time. By applying vertical integration and the modular approach from software engineering, SpaceX could cut launch price by a factor of ten and still enjoy a 70 percent gross margin.[50] Ultimately, Musk ended up founding SpaceX with the long-term goal of creating a «true spacefaring civilization».[51]

Musk and President Barack Obama at the Falcon 9 launch site in 2010

With US$100 million of his early fortune,[52] Musk founded Space Exploration Technologies, or SpaceX, in June 2002.[53] Musk is chief executive officer (CEO) and chief technology officer (CTO) of the Hawthorne, California-based company. SpaceX develops and manufactures space launch vehicles with a focus on advancing the state of rocket technology. The company’s first two launch vehicles are the Falcon 1 and Falcon 9 rockets (a nod to Star Wars’ Millennium Falcon), and its first spacecraft is the Dragon (a nod to Puff the magic dragon).[54] In seven years, SpaceX designed the family of Falcon launch vehicles and the Dragon multipurpose spacecraft. In September 2009, SpaceX’s Falcon 1 rocket, became the first privately funded liquid-fueled vehicle to put a satellite into Earth orbit.[29] On May 25, 2012, the SpaceX Dragon vehicle berthed with the ISS, making history as the first commercial company to launch and berth a vehicle to the International Space Station.[55]

In 2006, SpaceX was awarded a contract from NASA to continue the development and test of the SpaceX Falcon 9 launch vehicle and Dragon spacecraft in order to transport cargo to the International Space Station,[56][not in citation given] followed by a US$1.6 billion NASA launch contract on December 23, 2008 for 12 flights of its Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft to the Space Station, replacing the US Space Shuttle after it retired in 2011. SpaceX is one of two contractors in the Commercial Resupply Services program, which replaced the cargo transport function of the Space Shuttle. Astronaut transport to the ISS is currently handled solely by the Soyuz, but as of 2014, SpaceX is also one of two companies remaining in the Commercial Crew Development program, which is intended to develop a US astronaut transport capability. SpaceX is both the largest private producer of rocket motors in the world, and holder of the record for highest thrust-to-weight ratio for any known rocket motor.[57] In two years, SpaceX has produced more than 100 operational Merlin 1D engines, currently the world’s most powerful motor for its weight. The relatively immense power to weight ratio allows each Merlin 1D motor to vertically lift the weight of 40 average family cars. In combination, the 9 Merlin engines in the Falcon 9 first stage produces anywhere from 5.8 to 6.7 MN (1.3 to 1.5 million pounds) of thrust, depending on altitude.[58]

Musk was influenced by Isaac Asimov’s Foundation series[59] and views space exploration as an important step in expanding—if not preserving—the consciousness of human life.[60] Musk said that multiplanetary life may serve as a hedge against threats to the survival of the human species.

An asteroid or a super volcano could destroy us, and we face risks the dinosaurs never saw: an engineered virus, inadvertent creation of a micro black hole, catastrophic global warming or some as-yet-unknown technology could spell the end of us. Humankind evolved over millions of years, but in the last sixty years atomic weaponry created the potential to extinguish ourselves. Sooner or later, we must expand life beyond this green and blue ball—or go extinct.

His goal is to reduce the cost of human spaceflight by a factor of 10.[61] In a 2011 interview, he said he hopes to send humans to Mars’ surface within 10–20 years.[62] In Ashlee Vance’s biography on Musk, Musk reveals that he wishes to establish a Mars colony by 2040, with a population of 80,000.[25]

Tesla Motors[edit]

Tesla Motors was incorporated in July 2003 by Martin Eberhard and Marc Tarpenning, who financed the company until the Series A round of funding.[63] Both men played active roles in the company’s early development prior to Elon Musk’s involvement.[64] Musk led the Series A round of investment in February 2004, joining Tesla’s board of directors as its chairman.[65] Musk took an active role within the company and oversaw Roadster product design at a detailed level, but was not deeply involved in day-to-day business operations.[66]

Following the financial crisis in 2008,[67] Musk assumed leadership of the company as CEO and product architect, positions he still holds today. Tesla Motors first built an electric sports car, the Tesla Roadster, with sales of about 2,500 vehicles to 31 countries. Tesla began delivery of its four-door Model S sedan on June 22, 2012. It unveiled its third product, the Model X, aimed at the SUV/minivan market, on February 9, 2012; the Model X launch was however delayed until September 2015.[68][69][70] In addition to its own cars, Tesla sells electric powertrain systems to Daimler for the Smart EV, Mercedes B-Class Electric Drive and Mercedes A Class and to Toyota for the RAV4 EV. Musk was able to bring in both companies as long-term investors in Tesla.[71]

  • Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011

    Musk standing in front of a Tesla Model S in 2011

Musk has favored building a sub-US$30,000 subcompact and building and selling electric vehicle powertrain components so that other automakers can produce electric vehicles at affordable prices without having to develop the products in-house.[72] Several mainstream publications have compared him with Henry Ford for his work on advanced vehicle powertrains.[73]

To overcome the range limitations of electric cars, Musk said in an interview with All Things Digital in May 2013 that Tesla is «dramatically accelerating» their network of supercharger stations, tripling the number on the East and West coasts of the U.S. that June, with plans for more expansion across North America, including Canada, throughout the year.[74] He is reported to have a 32% stake in Tesla, which was valued at US$18 billion in November 2013.[75][76] While previously taking large annual salaries at Tesla Motors, for example US$78.2 million in 2012; when Musk became the highest paid CEO in the world,[4] as of 2014, Musk’s annual salary is one dollar, and similar to Steve Jobs and others, the remainder of his compensation is in the form of stock and performance-based bonuses.[77][78]

In 2014, Musk announced that Tesla Motors will allow its technology patents to be used by anyone in good faith in a bid to entice automobile manufacturers to speed up development of electric cars. «The unfortunate reality is electric car programs (or programs for any vehicle that doesn’t burn hydrocarbons) at the major manufacturers are small to non-existent, constituting an average of far less than 1% of their total vehicle sales», Musk said.[79]

SolarCity[edit]

Musk provided the initial concept, and financial capitals for SolarCity, which was then co-founded in 2006 by his cousins Lyndon and Peter Rive.[80][81] Musk remains the largest shareholder. SolarCity is now the second largest provider of solar power systems in the United States.[82]

The underlying motivation for funding both SolarCity and Tesla is to help combat global warming.[83] In 2012, Musk announced that SolarCity and Tesla Motors are collaborating to use electric vehicle batteries to smooth the impact of rooftop solar on the power grid, with the program going live in 2013.[84]

On June 17, 2014, Musk committed to building a SolarCity advanced production facility in Buffalo, New York, that would triple the size of the largest solar plant in the United States. Musk stated the plant will be «one of the single largest solar panel production plants in the world», and it will be followed by one or more even bigger facilities in subsequent years.[85]

Hyperloop[edit]

On August 12, 2013, Musk unveiled a proposal for a new form of transportation between the Greater Los Angeles Area and the San Francisco Bay Area, after being disappointed with the approved California High-Speed Rail system.[86] After envisioning Hyperloop, Musk assigned a dozen engineers from Tesla Motors and SpaceX who worked for nine months, establishing the conceptual foundations and creating the designs for the transportation system.[87] An early design for the system was then published in a whitepaper posted to the Tesla and SpaceX blogs.[88][89]

Musk named it «hyperloop», a hypothetical subsonic air travel machine that stretches approximately 350 miles (560 kilometres)* from Sylmar (a northern district of Los Angeles) to Hayward (east of San Francisco) and would theoretically allow commuters to travel between the cities in 35 minutes or less, providing a shorter traveling time than even a commercial airplane can currently provide.[90] Musk’s proposal, if technologically feasible at the costs he has cited, would make travel cheaper than any other mode of transport for such long distances. The system is proposed to use a partial vacuum to reduce aerodynamic drag, which it is theorized would allow for high speed travel with relatively low power. He has estimated the total cost of the system at US$6 billion, but this amount is speculative.[91] On January 15, 2015 Elon Musk announced via Twitter that he would be building a 5-mile-long Hyperloop track most likely in Texas for students and companies to work with.[92]

The company Hyperloop Transportation Technologies has agreed to a deal with proposed 75,000-resident solar power city Quay Valley, California, halfway between Los Angeles and San Francisco, to build a 5-mile Hyperloop track around the community. Construction is set to begin in 2016.[93]

OpenAI[edit]

In December 2015, Elon Musk announced the creation of OpenAI, a not-for-profit artificial intelligence (AI) research company. OpenAI aims to develop artificial general intelligence in a way that is safe and beneficial to humanity.[94] By making AI available to everyone, OpenAI wants to ensure that corporations and governments do not gain too much power by them employing advanced AI.[95]

In October 2014, Musk had voiced concerns about existential risk from advanced artificial intelligence, and called for regulatory oversight of research done in the area.[96] Advanced AI is an example of a global catastrophic risk, a (hypothetical) event that could potentially result in human extinction.

Political positions[edit]

Politically, Musk has described himself as «half Democrat, half Republican». In his own words «I’m somewhere in the middle, socially liberal and fiscally conservative.»[97]

Nationalism[edit]

Musk is a self-described American exceptionalist and nationalist, describing himself as «nauseatingly pro-American». According to Musk, the United States is «[inarguably] the greatest country that has ever existed on Earth», describing it as «the greatest force for good of any country that’s ever been». Musk believes outright that there «would not be democracy in the world if not for the United States», arguing on «three separate occasions in the 20th-century where democracy would have fallen with World War I, World War II and the Cold War, if not for the United States».[98]

Lobbying[edit]

In an interview with the Washington Post, Musk stated he was a «significant (though not top-tier) donor to Democrats, but that he also gives heavily to Republicans». Musk further stated, «in order to have your voice be heard in Washington, you have to make some little contribution.»[99][100]

A recent report from the Sunlight Foundation (a nonpartisan group that tracks government spending), found that «SpaceX has spent over US$4 million on lobbying Congress since it was established in 2002 and doled out more than US$800,000 in political contributions» to Democrats and Republicans. The same report noted that «SpaceX’s campaign to win political support has been systematic and sophisticated», and that «unlike most tech-startups, SpaceX has maintained a significant lobbying presence in Washington almost since day 1″. The report further noted that «Musk himself has donated roughly US$725,000 to various campaigns since 2002. In 2004, he contributed US$2,000 to President George W. Bush’s reelection campaign, maxing out (over US$100,000)[101] to Obama’s reelection campaign and donated US$5,000 to Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who represents Florida, a state critical to the space industry … All told, Musk and SpaceX gave out roughly US$250,000 in the 2012 election cycle.[99][102] Additionally, SpaceX hired former Republican Senate Majority Leader Trent Lott to represent the company, via the Washington-based lobbying group Patton Boggs LLP. Alongside Patton Boggs LLP, SpaceX uses several other outside lobbying firms, who work alongside SpaceX’s own lobbyists.[103]

Musk had been a supporter of the U.S. political action committee FWD.us, which was started by fellow high-profile entrepreneur Mark Zuckerberg and advocates for immigration reform. However, in May 2013, Musk publicly withdrew his support in protest of advertisements the PAC was running that supported causes like the Keystone Pipeline. Musk and other members, including David O. Sacks, pulled out, criticizing the strategy as «cynical».[104] Musk further stated, «we shouldn’t give in to the politics. If we give in to that, we’ll get the political system we deserve».[citation needed] However in December 2013 Sean Becker on media/political website Mic called Musk a «complete hypocrite», stating that «For the 2014 election cycle, Musk has contributed to the Longhorn PAC and the National Republican Congressional Committee — both of which have funded the campaigns of anti-science, anti-environment candidates, like Rep. Michelle Bachman (R-Minn.).»[105] Additionally, Musk has directly contributed to politicians such as Republican Sen. Marco Rubio, who hold similar positions regarding climate change.[102]

Subsidies[edit]

Musk has stated that he does not believe the U.S. government should provide subsidies to environmentally friendly companies, as was done with Tesla Motors and SolarCity, but the government should instead use a carbon tax to discourage «bad behaviour». Musk argues that the free market would achieve the «best solution», and that producing environmentally unfriendly vehicles should come with its own consequences.

Musk’s statements have been widely criticised, with Stanford University Professor Fred Turner noting that «if you’re an entrepreneur like Elon Musk, you will take the money where you can get it, but at the same time believe as a matter of faith that it’s entrepreneurship and technology that are the sources of social change, not the state. It is not quite self-delusion, but there is a habit of thinking of oneself as a free-standing, independent agent, and of not acknowledging the subsidies that one received. And this goes on all the time in Silicon Valley.»[106] Author Michael Shellenberger argued that «in the case of Musk, it is hard not to read that as a kind of defensiveness. And I think there is a business reason for it. They are dealing with a lot of investors for whom subsidies are not the basis for a long-term viable business, and they often want to exaggerate the speed with which they are going to be able to become independent». Shellenberger continues, «we would all be better off if these entrepreneurs were a bit more grateful, a bit more humble». While journalist and author Jim Motavalli, who interviewed Musk for High Voltage, his 2011 book about the electric vehicle industry, speculated that «Elon is now looking at it from the point of view of a winner, and he doesn’t want to see other people win because they get government money – I do think there is a tendency of people, once they have succeeded, to want to pull the ladder up after them.»[107]

In 2015, Musk’s statements came under further scrutiny after an LA Times article revealed that SpaceX, Tesla Motors and SolarCity, had together received an estimated US$4.9 billion in government subsidies; the article further noted Tesla Motors and SolarCity’s dependence on government support, their continued annual financial net losses, and questioned the possibility of their self-sufficiency. Numerous analysts also pointed to large amounts of government support as a common point to all three of Musk’s companies, with one analyst (Dan Dolev) arguing that Musk «definitely goes where there’s government money».[108]

Opinions[edit]

Destiny and religion[edit]

When asked whether he believed «there was some kind of destiny involved» in humanity’s transition to a multi-planetary species, rather than «just physics», Musk responded:

Well, I do. Do I think that there’s some sort of master intelligence architecting all of this stuff? I think probably not because then you have to say: «Where does the master intelligence come from?» So it sort of begs the question. So I think really you can explain this with the fundamental laws of physics. You know its complex phenomenon from simple elements.[109]

Musk has stated that he does not pray, or worship any being, although previously admitted to praying before an important Falcon 1 launch, asking «any entities that [were] listening», to «bless [the] launch». When asked whether he believed «religion and science could co-exist», Musk replied «probably not».[110]

[edit]

Musk argues that «there is a good chance that there is simple life on other planets», however «questions whether there is other intelligent life in the known universe».[110] Musk later clarified his «hope that there is other intelligent life in the known universe», and stated that it is «probably more likely than not, but that’s a complete guess.»[111]

Additionally, Musk has considered the simulation hypothesis as a potential solution to the Fermi paradox:

The absence of any noticeable life may be an argument in favour of us being in a simulation…. Like when you’re playing an adventure game, and you can see the stars in the background, but you can’t ever get there. If it’s not a simulation, then maybe we’re in a lab and there’s some advanced alien civilization that’s just watching how we develop, out of curiosity, like mould in a petri dish…. If you look at our current technology level, something strange has to happen to civilizations, and I mean strange in a bad way…. And it could be that there are a whole lot of dead, one-planet civilizations.[112]

Artificial intelligence[edit]

Musk has frequently spoken out about the potential dangers of artificial intelligence, declaring it «the most serious threat to the survival of the human race». During an interview at the MIT AeroAstro Centennial Symposium, Musk described AI as «[humanity’s] biggest existential threat», further stating, «I’m increasingly inclined to think that there should be some regulatory oversight, maybe at the national and international level, just to make sure that we don’t do something very foolish». Musk described the creation of artificial intelligence as «summoning the demon».[96]

Despite this, Musk has previously invested in DeepMind (an AI firm) and Vicarious, a company working to improve machine intelligence. In January 2015, he donated $10 million to the Future of Life Institute, an organization focused on challenges posed by advanced technologies.[113] He is the co-chairman of OpenAI, a non-profit artificial intelligence research company.[114] Musk has said that his investments are, «not from the standpoint of actually trying to make any investment return… I like to just keep an eye on what’s going on with artificial intelligence.» Musk continued, «There have been movies about this, you know, like Terminator – there are some scary outcomes. And we should try to make sure the outcomes are good, not bad.»[115]

Personal life[edit]

Musk owned a McLaren F1 supercar, which he crashed while it was uninsured.[116] He also previously owned a Czech-made jet trainer aircraft Aero L-39.[117] The 1994 model Dassault Falcon 900 aircraft used in the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking is registered to Musk (N900SX),[118] and Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his plane, opening the door for Robert Duvall and escorting Aaron Eckhart aboard. Musk owns Wet Nellie, the Lotus Esprit from the James Bond film The Spy Who Loved Me. He plans to convert it into the functional car-submarine from the film.[119]

Musk attended the Burning Man festival in 2004 and has said he first thought up the idea for SolarCity at the festival.[84]

Tosca Musk, Elon’s sister, is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced various movies.[120]

Philanthropy[edit]

Musk is chairman of the Musk Foundation, which focuses its philanthropic efforts on providing solar-power energy systems in disaster areas. In 2010, the Musk foundation collaborated with SolarCity to donate a 25 kW solar power system to the South Bay Community Alliance’s (SBCA) hurricane response centre in Coden, Alabama.[121] In July 2011, the Musk Foundation donated US$250,000 towards a solar power project in Sōma, Japan, a city that had been recently devastated by tsunami.[122]

In July 2014, Musk was asked by cartoonist Matthew Inman and the great-nephew of Nikola Tesla (William Terbo) to donate US$8 million towards the construction of the Tesla Science Center at Wardenclyffe.[123] Ultimately, Musk agreed to donate US$1 million towards the project and additionally pledged to build a Tesla Supercharger in the museum car park.[124]

In January 2015, Musk donated US$10 million to the Future of Life Institute to run a global research program aimed at keeping artificial intelligence beneficial to humanity.[125][126][127]

As of 2015, Musk is a trustee of the X Prize Foundation[128] and signatory of The Giving Pledge.[129]

Marriages[edit]

Musk met his first wife, Canadian author Justine Musk (née Wilson), while both were students at Ontario’s Queen’s University. They married in 2000 and separated in 2008, after having six sons. Their first son, Nevada Alexander Musk, died of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at the age of 10 weeks.[3] They later had five sons through in vitro fertilization; twins, Griffin and Xavier, in 2004; followed by triplets Damian, Saxon and Kai in 2006; of whom they share custody.[130] Following their divorce in 2008, Justine Musk gave an interview describing her marriage with Musk in Marie Claire magazine, describing herself as «a starter wife».[131]

In 2008, Musk began dating English actress Talulah Riley, and in 2010, the couple married. In January 2012, Musk announced that he had recently ended his four-year relationship with Riley,[22][132] tweeting to Riley, «It was an amazing four years. I will love you forever. You will make someone very happy one day.»[133] However, in July 2013, Musk and Riley remarried. In December 2014, Musk filed for a second divorce from Riley; however the action was withdrawn.[2]

Awards and recognition[edit]

  • In 2006, Musk served as a member of the United States National Academy of Sciences Aeronautics and Space Engineering Board.[134]
  • R&D Magazine Innovator of the Year for 2007 for SpaceX, Tesla and SolarCity.[135]
  • Inc Magazine Entrepreneur of the Year award for 2007 for his work on Tesla and SpaceX.[136]
  • 2007 Index Design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster.[137] Global Green 2006 product design award for his design of the Tesla Roadster, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.[138]
  • American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics George Low award for the most outstanding contribution in the field of space transportation in 2007/2008. Musk was recognized for his design of the Falcon 1, the first privately developed liquid fuel rocket to reach orbit.[139]
  • National Wildlife Federation 2008 National Conservation Achievement award for Tesla Motors and SolarCity. Other 2008 recipients include journalist Thomas Friedman, U.S. Senator Patrick Leahy (D-VT), and Florida Governor Charlie Crist.[140]
  • The Aviation Week 2008 Laureate for the most significant achievement worldwide in the space industry.[141]
  • National Space Society’s Von Braun Trophy in 2008/2009, given for leadership of the most significant achievement in space. Prior recipients include Burt Rutan and Steve Squyres.[142]
  • Automotive Executive of the Year (worldwide) in 2010 for demonstrating technology leadership and innovation via Tesla Motors. Prior awardees include Bill Ford Jr, Bob Lutz, Dieter Zetsche and Lee Iacocca. Musk is the youngest ever recipient of this award.[143]
  • Listed as one of Time‘s 100 people who most affected the world in 2010.[144]
  • The world governing body for aerospace records, Fédération Aéronautique Internationale, presented Musk in 2010 with the highest award in air and space, the FAI Gold Space Medal, for designing the first privately developed rocket to reach orbit. Prior recipients include Neil Armstrong, Burt Rutan of Scaled Composites and John Glenn.[145]
  • Named as one of the 75 most influential people of the 21st century by Esquire magazine.[60]
  • Recognized as a Living Legend of Aviation in 2010 by the Kitty Hawk Foundation for creating the successor to the Space Shuttle (Falcon 9 rocket and Dragon spacecraft). Other recipients include Buzz Aldrin and Richard Branson.[146]
  • In 2010, Musk was elected to the board of trustees of the California Institute of Technology,[147] however no longer holds the position.[148]
  • In a 2010 Space Foundation survey, he was ranked as the No. 10 (tied with rocketry pioneer and scientist Wernher von Braun) most popular space hero.[149]
  • In February 2011, Forbes listed Musk as one of «America’s 20 Most Powerful CEOs 40 And Under».[150]
  • In June 2011, Musk was awarded the US$250,000 Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization[151]
  • In 2011, Musk was honored as a Legendary Leader at the Churchill Club Awards.[152]
  • In 2012, Musk was awarded with the Royal Aeronautical Society’s highest award: a Gold Medal.[153]
  • Musk was the 2012 recipient of Smithsonian magazine’s American Ingenuity Award in the Technology category.
  • In 2013, Musk was named the Fortune Businessperson of the year for SpaceX, SolarCity, and Tesla Motors.[154]
  • In 2014, Musk was awarded the World Technology Award in the categories of Energy and Space, winning two of the twenty awards given by the World Technology Network.[155]
  • In 2015 he was awarded IEEE Honorary Membership.[156]
  • As of 2015, Musk serves on the board of advisors of Social Concepts, Inc.[157]

Honorary doctorates[edit]

  • Honorary doctorate in Design from the Art Center College of Design[158]
  • Honorary doctorate (DUniv) in Aerospace Engineering from the University of Surrey[159]
  • Honorary doctorate of Engineering and Technology from Yale University[160]

In popular media[edit]

In the 2005 film Thank You for Smoking Musk had a cameo as the pilot of his own plane, opening the door for the Captain (Robert Duvall) and escorting Nick Naylor (Aaron Eckhart) aboard. In Iron Man 2 (2010) he met Tony Stark (Robert Downey Jr.) in a restaurant, and had some brief lines regarding an «idea for an electric jet». In January 2015, he made a guest appearance playing himself on The Simpsons in an episode titled «The Musk Who Fell to Earth»; the episode poked fun at many of the inventor’s ideas.[161] In November 2015, Musk appeared in an episode of The Big Bang Theory, playing himself, volunteering at a soup kitchen with Howard.[162]

Test edit.

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  157. ^ «Social Concepts, Inc: We connect people ™». socialconcepts.com. Retrieved November 4, 2015.
  158. ^ «Graduation show, Art Center College of Design». Cumulusassociation.org. November 23, 2010. Retrieved August 15, 2013.
  159. ^ Surrey celebrates its honorary graduates https://www.surrey.ac.uk/features/surrey-celebrates-graduation-2015, Surrey Graduate, Surrey Alumni Society (Autumn/Winter 2009)
  160. ^ SEAS Celebrates Class of 2015, Honors Innovators Elon Musk and Dean Kamen, 314th commencement (Spring 2015)
  161. ^ «Elon Musk SpaceX Tesla on the Simpsons – Business Insider». Business Insider. January 27, 2015. Retrieved April 19, 2015.
  162. ^ «Tesla CEO Elon Musk To Appear On Upcoming Episode Of The Big Bang Theory — CBS.com». CBS. Retrieved December 4, 2015.

External links[edit]

Template:Wikimedia

  • No URL found. Please specify a URL here or add one to Wikidata.
  • Musk Foundation website
  • Elon Musk on the Internet Movie Database

Articles[edit]

  • Gimien, Mark (August 17, 1999). «Fast Track». Salon.
  • Statement of Elon Musk at House Space and Aeronautics Subcommittee Hearings on the Future Market for Commercial Space (2005)
  • History of PayPal, gawker.com (2007)
  • Bailey, Brandon (2010). «Elon Musk: Will his Silicon Valley story have a Hollywood ending?». San Jose Mercury News.
  • «Science Fiction Books That Inspired Elon Musk», MediaBistro.com, March 19, 2013.
  • «Elon Musk’s Space Dream Almost Killed Tesla» (Bloomberg, 2015)

Interviews[edit]

  • Appearances on C-SPAN
  • «An interview with Elon Musk». HobbySpace. August 5, 2003.
  • {{cite web|url=https://techlandnews.com/3-right-career-options-for-you |title=3 Right Career Options For You

= Techlandnews|date=September 4, 2005}}[dead link]

  • Bergin, Chris (January 20, 2006). «SpaceX’s Musk and Thompson Q and A». nasaspaceflight.com.
  • Video interview of Elon Musk by Zadi Diaz of EPIC FU, June 17, 2008. Retrieved April 27, 2014
  • Gray, Sadie (January 4, 2009). «Forget the bungalow, retire to Mars». Sunday Times. London, UK. Retrieved April 27, 2014.
  • Musk profile onInnovation.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014
  • An interview at the Founders Showcase[dead link], August 5, 2010
  • Elon Musk: ‘I’m planning to retire to Mars’, video interview for The Guardian, August 1, 2010
  • 60 Minutes interview; March 18, 2012.
  • A 20 minute interview about sending humans to Mars with BBC’s Jonathan Amos, March 20, 2012
  • Elon Musk: The mind behind Tesla, SpaceX, SolarCity, ted.com. Retrieved April 27, 2014
  • Musk, Elon (January 6, 2015). «I am Elon Musk, CEO/CTO of a rocket company, AMA!». Reddit.com. Retrieved January 7, 2015.

Template:Elon Musk
Template:Tesla Motors
Template:PayPal Mafia
Template:SpaceX

Источник

Илон Маск (англ. Elon Reeve Musk, род. 28 июня 1971 года, Претория, ЮАР)[3] — американский миллиардер и изобретатель. Журнал Forbes в 2022 году оценил состояние Илона Маска в 219 миллиардов долларов[4]. Глава компаний Tesla и SpaceX[5].

Илон Маск
англ. Elon Reeve Musk
Илон Маск в Бразилии (2022 год)
Илон Маск в Бразилии (2022 год)
Дата рождения 28 июня 1971 (51 год)
Место рождения Претория, ЮАР
Гражданство

 ЮАР

 Канада
Флаг США США[1]
Род деятельности изобретатель, программист, инженер, предприниматель, инвестор, промышленный магнат, Бизнес-ангел
Образование Пенсильванский университет (1995)
Состояние ▲300 млрд $ (1 ноября 2021 года)[2][⇨]
Компания Twitter
Должность Председатель совета директоров, генеральный директор
Компания SpaceX
Должность Основатель, генеральный директор и главный инженер
Компания Tesla
Должность Генеральный директор и архитектор продукта
Компания The Boring Company и X.com
Должность Основатель
Супруга
  • Джастин Уилсон (2000—2008)
  • Талула Райли (2010—2012, 2013—2016)
Дети
  • Невада (2002—2002)
  • Гриффин (2004)
  • Ксавье (2004)
  • Дэмиан (2006)
  • Сэксон (2006)
  • Кай (2006)
  • Экс Эш Эй-12 (2020)
  • Экза Дарк Сайдерил (2021)
Награды и премии

член Лондонского королевского общества (2018)
Золотая медаль Королевского общества аэронавтики (2012)
Человек года по версии журнала «Time» (2021)
Time 100 (2021)
Человек года (Financial Times) (2021)
медаль Джона Фрица (2021)

Автограф Автограф
Commons-logo.svg Медиафайлы на Викискладе

Биография

Илон Маск родился 28 июня 1971 года в Претории в ЮАР[3]. Свое имя мальчик получил в честь прадеда Джона Илона Хельдмана[6], который родился в штате Иллинойс в Америке в 1872 году. Женой Джона Илона Хельдмана стала Альмеда Джейн Норман. Семья обосновалась в городе Пеко, у них родился сын Джошуа Норман Хельдман. Со временем Джошуа переехал в провинцию Саскачеван и стал там заниматься фермерством, пока в 1930-х годах банк не конфисковал его земли из-за невыплаты кредита[7]. В 1958 году Джошуа Хельдман женился на Уин Жозефине Флетчер и начал работать мануальным терапевтом. У них родились близнецы Кэй и Мэй, Мэй впоследствии стала матерью Илона Маска[8]. В 1950-х годах семья переехала в ЮАР[9]. Джошуа Хельдман погиб в 1974 году[10]. Мать Илона, Мэй, в подростковом возрасте занималась модельным бизнесом и стала финалисткой конкурса «Мисс Южная Африка»[11]. Отцом Илона Маска был инженер Эррол Маск[3]. Предки Эррола Маска с давних пор обосновались в Претории. Отцом Эррола был Уолтер Герни Джеймс Маск — армейский сержант. Мать Эррола — Кора Амелия Маск — родом из Англии[12]. Родители Илона Маска росли в одном районе Претории и были знакомы с 11 лет[11].

У Илона Маска есть брат Кимбал и сестра Тоска[13].

В подростковом возрасте на Илона Маска сильное впечатление произвела книга «Автостопом по Галактике», и по словам изобретателя, эта книга научила его правильно задавать вопросы, потому что на правильно поставленный вопрос можно легко найти ответ[14]. В детстве Маск много времени уделял чтению[15]. Спустя какое-то время, семья Масков распалась и Мэй Маск вместе с детьми стала жить в загородном доме в Дурбане. Через несколько лет Илон принял решение жить с отцом[16].

Когда Илону Маску исполнилось 17 лет, он переехал в Канаду, полагая, что это даст возможность позже переехать в США[17]. Он жил у своего троюродного брата в городке Суифт-Карренте[18] и зарабатывал на жизнь, подрабатывая на ферме, лесопильне и других местах. В 1989 году он поступил в Королевский университет в Кингстоне и в это же время в Канаду перебрался его брат Кимбал[18].

Бизнесмен и изобретатель Илон Маск, 21 мая 2022 года

В 1992 году Илон Маск был удостоен стипендии от Пенсильванского университета и стал получать степень бакалавра по физике и экономике[19]. Во время обучения усилился интерес Маска к солнечной энергии и поиску новых способов её использования. В декабре 1994 года он написал доклад «О важности использования солнечной энергии», в котором подробно рассказал о работе солнечных батарей и способах повышения их эффективности. Он описал электростанцию будущего, которая представляет собой огромные солнечные батареи, расположенные в космосе, которые отправляют на Землю энергию в виде микроволн. За этот доклад Маск получил 98 баллов. Второй его доклад был посвящен электронному сканированию книг и документов, оптическому распознаванию их содержания и созданию единой базы на основе полученной информации. Ещё одна его работа касалась суперконденсаторов[20]. Он завершил обучение в 1995 году[3] и занялся бизнесом. Маск организовал компанию по производству ПО, которая называлась Zip2[3][21].

Zip2 приобрела компания Compaq за 307 миллионов долларов в 1999 году, Маск заработал на сделке 22 миллиона долларов[21]. Он основал другой стартап — X. com[21], который был ориентирован на предоставление финансовых услуг[22].

На базе этого стартапа была создана компания PayPal[3].

В 2002 году eBay купил PayPal за 1,5 миллиарда долларов, а Маск, как крупнейший акционер PayPal, смог на этом заработать состояние[21] и получить 165 миллионов долларов[22].

В 2002 году Илон Маск получил гражданство США[22]. Он инвестировал 100 миллионов долларов в SpaceX, 30 миллионов долларов в SalarCity и 70 миллионов долларов в Tesla[21].

В 2006 году состоялся запуск первой космической ракеты SpaceX[3].

Илон Маск встречался с актрисой Эмбер Хёрд, бывшей женой Джонни Деппа. Согласно официальной версии, роман миллиардера и актрисы начался сразу после её развода. В августе 2017 года Маск и Хёрд расстались[23].

Бизнес

Zip2

В 1995 году у Илона и Кимбала Масков появилась идея создания стартапа Global Link Information Network, который позже будет носить название Zip2[24]. В то время небольшие предприятия не очень хорошо понимали, какие преимущества им может дать Интернет, зачем нужно создавать свой собственный сайт и наполнять его контентом, или зачем вносить информацию о своем предприятии в онлайн-реестр. Братья поставили перед собой задачу убедить компании в том, что им необходимо публиковать информацию о себе в Интернете[25].

Zip2 был основан в Пало-Альто на Шерман-авеню, 430. Площадь офиса составляла 6х9 метров, лифтов в здании не было. Для обеспечения помещения Интернетом, Маск заключил договор с предпринимателем, у которого был офис в этом же здании и который предоставлял услуги доступа в Сеть. Братья распределили между собой обязанности: Кимбал налаживал продажи, а Маск программировал[25].

Маск купил лицензию на базу данных предприятий Области залива Сан-Франциско, где были перечислены названия компаний и их адреса. После этого он вышел на связь с компанией Navteq, которая занималась созданием цифровых карт и маршрутов и после переговоров компания бесплатно предоставила братьям свою технологию. Маск объединил обе базы и смог создать достаточно простую систему[25]. В конце 1995 года Илон и Кимбал Маски стали нанимать первых сотрудников[26]. Также одним из сооснователей Zip2 был канадский бизнесмен Грег Коури. В начале 1996 года инвестиционная компания Mohr Davidow Ventures инвестировала в Zip2 3 миллиона долларов[27]. После этого компания стала официально называться не Global Link, а Zip2. Офис компании переехал на Кембридж-авеню, 390 в Пало-Альто и решил не ограничивать свою деятельность только Сан-Франциско, а продвигать разработанную технологию по поиску адресов в Интернете по всей стране[28]. Zip2 создала специальную программу для компаний, которые бы при её помощи могли создавать собственные каталоги, при этом не разрабатывая свои технологии с нуля. Генеральным директором компании стал Рич Соркин, а Илон Маск — директором по технологиям[28]. Услугами компании стали пользоваться Knight-Ridder, The New York Times и многие другие. Некоторые из них вкладывали в компанию миллионы дополнительного инвестирования. В 1977 году компания переехала в более просторный офис на Кастро-стрит, 444 в Маунтин-Вью[29]. В апреле 1998 года произошло слияние компании Zip2 с конкурентом CitySearch[29], но уже в мае сделку отменили[30]. В феврале 1999 года производитель персональных компьютеров Compaq предложил купить Zip2 за 307 миллионов долларов. Илон Маск и Кимбал Маск получили по 22 и 15 миллионов[31].

SpaceX

Космический стартап Space Exploration Technologies (сокращенно — SpaceX) Илон Маск основал в 2002 году[22]. В 2006 году состоялся запуск первой ракеты Falcon 1 — всего было пять запусков, но первые три не были удачными. В 2018 году состоялся запуск ракеты Falcon Heavy, которая является самой мощной ракетой-носителем из тех, которые были запущены на протяжении последних трех десятилетий[32]. SpaceX стал проводить испытания многоразовых ракет, которые способны доставлять грузы в космосе, а затем возвращаться обратно на планету[33]. В 2008 году Национальное агентство США по аэронавтике и исследованию космического пространства заявило, что заключило контракт с компанией Маска, чтобы доставлять грузы на МКС при помощи частных космических аппаратов. Компания SpaceX заявила, что основная цель её существования сделать освоение космоса более доступным[22].

Илон Маск — генеральный директор и главный инженер SpaceX[22].

Starlink

Про разработку спутникового интернета Starlink было объявлено в 2015 году. Идея Илона Маска состояла в следующем: разместить на околоземной орбите в большом количестве малые аппараты, которые смогут заменить вышки и обеспечить население высокоскоростным интернетом. Изначально планировалось вывести на орбиту свыше 11 тысяч спутников. Первые 60 аппаратов появились в космосе в мае 2019 года[32].

Tesla

Илон Маск в 2003 году стал инвестором Tesla Motors, со временем компания получила название Tesla. Её специалисты занимаются производством электромобилей. Илон Маск контролирует проектирование электромобилей и их производство. Компания в 2006 году представила свою первую модель Roadster, позже был представлен седан S, в 2015 году — внедорожник X[22].

Семья

Первый брак Илона Маска с писательницей Джастин Уилсон длился с 2000 по 2008 год[3]. Джастин была сокурсницей Илона по Королевскому университету[34], они поддерживали отношения даже тогда, когда Маск получил стипендию от Пенсильванского университета и переехал в США[35].

Второй женой бизнесмена стала актриса Талула Райли. Также Маска связывали отношения с певицей Клэр Буше (Граймс). Илон Маск отец шестерых детей[3].

Литература

  • Алексей Шорохов. Илон Маск: сумасшедший гений. — Москва: АСТ, 2021. — 304 с. — ISBN 978-5-17-137088-6.
  • Пер. с англ./ Эшли Вэнс. Илон Маск: Tesla, SpaseX и дорога в будущее. — М.: Олимп-Пресс, 2015. — 416 с. — ISBN 978-5-9693-0307-2.

Примечания

  1. ↑ Tom Junod. Triumph of His Will (неопр.). Esquire (15 ноября 2012). Дата обращения: 15 января 2022. Архивировано 7 февраля 2015 года.
  2. ↑ Маск стал первым человеком в истории с состоянием в 300 миллиардов долларов. «РИА Новости» (1 ноября 2021). Дата обращения: 4 ноября 2021. Архивировано 4 ноября 2021 года.
  3. ↑ 3,0 3,1 3,2 3,3 3,4 3,5 3,6 3,7 3,8 Кто такой Илон Маск? Биография и личная жизнь богатейшего человека планеты.
  4. ↑ Профиль человека будущего: что нужно знать об Илоне Маске.
  5. ↑ Илон Маск стал самым богатым человеком планеты.
  6. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 20.
  7. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 21.
  8. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 22.
  9. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 23.
  10. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 24.
  11. ↑ 11,0 11,1 Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 26.
  12. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 35.
  13. ↑ Алексей Шорохов, 2021, с. 27.
  14. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 24.
  15. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 32.
  16. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 34.
  17. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 42.
  18. ↑ 18,0 18,1 Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 46.
  19. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 47.
  20. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 53.
  21. ↑ 21,0 21,1 21,2 21,3 21,4 Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 14.
  22. ↑ 22,0 22,1 22,2 22,3 22,4 22,5 22,6 Биография Илона Маска.
  23. ↑ Все романы Эмбер Херд — от Таси Ван Ри до Джонни Деппа и Илона Маска.
  24. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 60.
  25. ↑ 25,0 25,1 25,2 Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 61.
  26. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 62.
  27. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 65.
  28. ↑ 28,0 28,1 Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 66.
  29. ↑ 29,0 29,1 Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 70.
  30. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 71.
  31. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 72.
  32. ↑ 32,0 32,1 Илону Маску — 50 лет.
  33. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 15.
  34. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 48.
  35. ↑ Эшли Вэнс, 2015, с. 51.

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Источник

Childhood & Early Life

Elon Musk was born on June 28, 1971, in Pretoria, South Africa. The oldest of three siblings with a prodigious family name, he grew up in the last decades of Apartheid.

His parents were Maye Musk, a British-Canadian model and Errol Musk, a South Africa born British electrical engineer. When they divorced in 1980, Elon stayed mainly with his father in South Africa. A few years later, he began teaching himself computer programming and sold his first video game at the age of 12.

For his undergraduate education he attended the Queen’s University in Kingston, Ontario, in 1990. He eventually transferred to the University of Pennsylvania, earning dual degree in Physics and Economics.

In addition to the bachelor’s degrees, he earned in physics and economics, he also holds an honorary doctorate in Design from the ‘Art Center College of Design’ and an honorary doctorate in Aerospace Engineering from the ‘University of Surrey’.

elon-musk-66535.jpg

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Career

He moved to California to attend Stanford for a PhD in applied physics in 1995, but quit within a few of days to pursue his own interests in avenues of technology and entrepreneurship. Later that year, he worked with his brother, Kimbal Musk, to develop the software company ‘Zip2’, which provided services to high end newspaper clients like ‘The New York Times’ and the ‘Chicago Tribune’.

After the successful sale of Zip2 to Compaq in 1999, Musk went straight into his next venture, an online financial service called ‘X.com’. Shortly after the company acquired a money transfer service called ‘PayPal’, through a merger, they began to focus their efforts exclusively on building this internet payment service. The success of ‘PayPal’ led Musk to sell his stock in the company to ‘eBay’ for $165 million.

In 2002, he invested his millions in his third company ‘Space Exploration Technologies’ or just ‘SpaceX’. Within seven years, the company had designed the ‘Falcon’ line of space launch vehicles and the ‘Dragon’ line of multi-purpose spacecraft and was making history with their privately funded innovation. ‘SpaceX’ received contracts from NASA to create a launch craft to deliver cargo to the ‘International Space Station’.

Tesla Motors was founded with the mission of designing and building electric cars. Musk invested in the company and became its chairman in 2004, a year after its inception, taking on an active role in the design of the ‘Roadster’, which won the ‘Global Green’ product award. During the recession when the company was adversely affected, he went on to become the CEO and product architect of the company, a role he holds till today.

After designing the initial concept for ‘SolarCity’, Musk remains its biggest shareholder. Today, it is the second largest provider of solar energy in the United States, with a focus on combating global warming.

On August 12, 2013, Musk announced revolutionary plans for a high speed travel technology that, in theory, could replace airplane travel as a faster and cheaper option. His company ‘SpaceX’ is currently working on putting his plans into practice, with the design intended to run entirely on solar energy.

He has envisioned a high-speed transportation system known as the Hyperloop. It incorporates reduced-pressure tubes in which pressurized capsules ride on air bearings driven by linear induction motors and air compressors.

In July 2017, he announced that first successful test run of Hyperloop has been done in Nevada. He also said that he has got verbal approval to build a hyperloop from New York City to Washington D.C.

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Controversy

In September 2018, U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filed a lawsuit against Musk for a tweet in which he claimed that funding had been secured for taking Tesla. Musk reached a private. The lawsuit sought to bar Musk from serving as CEO on publicly traded companies.

Later on Musk reached a settlement with the SEC. Under it terms, Musk and Tesla were fined $20 million each and Musk had to step down as Tesla chairman while remaining Tesla’s CEO. In place of Musk, Robyn Denholm was named as Tesla’s acting Chairman

Major Works

SpaceX has completed several contracts for NASA, sending its Falcon 9 spacecraft to the International Space Station with cargo. This spacecraft replaced the space shuttle when it retired in 2011.

Musk was heavily involved in the design of Tesla Motors’ first electric sports car, the ‘Tesla Roadster’. Musk received the 2006 ‘Global Green’ product design award for this vehicle, presented by Mikhail Gorbachev.

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Awards & Achievements

In 2010, the premier world organization for aerospace records, the ‘Fédération Aéronautique Internationale’ awarded Musk the ‘FAI Gold Space Medal. He shares this highest honor with prominent personalities like Neil Armstrong and John Glenn.

He has won multiple awards and recognitions for his many advancements in science, technology and business alike and in 2013 was named ‘Fortune’ magazine’s ‘Businessperson of the Year’ for his companies ‘SpaceX’, ‘Tesla Motors’ and ‘SolarCity’

In 2016, he was ranked 21st on the Forbes list of The World’s Most Powerful People.

He was ranked 21st wealthiest person in America in the 2017 Forbes 400 list.

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Family & Personal Life

Elon Musk has married thrice and twice to the same woman. His first marriage was to Canadian author Justine Wilson in 2000. They had six children together: all sons. Their first son, Nevada Alexander Musk, died at the age of 10 weeks. The couple had five more sons through IVF; twins in 2004, followed by triplets in 2006. Elon Musk and Justine Wilson divorced in 2008.

In 2008, he began dating English actress, Talulah Riley, and the two of them got married in 2010. The couple separated in 2012.

In 2013, Elon Musk remarried Talulah Riley but the couple filed for divorce in 2014 and it was finalised in 2016.

Elon Musk was briefly in a relationship with American actress Amber Heard in 2016, but the couple split owing to their conflicting schedules.

Elon Musk started dating Canadian musician Grimes in 2018. In May 2020, Grimes gave birth to their son. In March 2021, Musk stated that he was single. In March 2022, Grimes revealed that they have broken up and she further stated that they welcomed a daughter through surrogacy in December 2021. 

In 2022, Insider, an American financial and business news website published court documents stating that Musk fathered twins with Shivon Zilis, the company’s top executive, in November 2021. As of June 2022, Elon Musk has nine children with three different women.

Elon Musk’s sister, Tosca Musk, is the founder of Musk Entertainment and has produced several movies.

Trivia

In 2004, the famous inventor attended the ‘Burning Man’ arts festival in Nevada. According to him, it was at this notoriously radical art and music festival that he came up with the idea of ‘SolarCity’.

Elon Musk believes there could be simple life on other planets, but he is not sure about the possibility of other intelligent life.

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