Как на китайском пишется инь янь

«Ying Yang» redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.

Yin and yang
Yin and Yang symbol.svg

The yin and yang symbol, with black representing yin and white representing yang

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 陰陽
Simplified Chinese 阴阳
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang
Wade–Giles yin1-yang2
IPA [ín.jǎŋ]
Hakka
Romanization yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization yām yèuhng
Jyutping jam1 joeng4
IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese ‘im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese âm dương
Hán-Nôm 陰陽
Korean name
Hangul 음양
Hanja 陰陽
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization eumyang
McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic арга билэг / арга билиг
Mongolian script ᠡ‍ᠠ‍᠊ᠷ᠊ᠭ᠎᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ᠊ᠯ᠊ᠢ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠡ᠋ / ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Japanese name
Kanji 陰陽
Hiragana いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn in’yō, on’yō, onmyō

Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1]

Taiji or tai chi (simplified Chinese: 太极; traditional Chinese: 太極; pinyin: tàijí; lit. ‘great pole’) is a Chinese cosmological term for the «Supreme Ultimate» state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be compared with the old wuji (無極, «without pole»). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy which this universe was created from is known as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things.[2] Included among these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[3] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (tai chi ch’üan) and qigong (ch’i kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term «dualistic-monism» or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[4] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[5]

Linguistic aspects[edit]

These Chinese terms yīn «dark side» and yáng «white side» are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters[edit]

«Yin-yang» in seal script (top), Traditional Chinese characters (middle), and Simplified Chinese characters (bottom)

The Chinese characters and for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component «mound; hill» radical (graphical variant of ) with the phonetic components jīn (and the added semantic component yún «pictographic: cloud») and yáng . In the latter, yáng «bright» features «sun» + + «The rays of the sun».

Pronunciations and etymologies[edit]

The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of is usually the level first tone yīn «shady; cloudy» or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn «to shelter; shade» while «sunny» is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn and yáng :

  • ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)[6]
    • ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)[7]
  • ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)[8]
  • ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)[9]
  • im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)[10]

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.

Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC «overcast; cloudy», Adi muk-jum «shade», and Lepcha so’yǔm «shade»; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ «dim; gloomy» and qīn < *khəm «blanket».

Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ «reflecting light», Burmese laŋB «be bright» and ə-laŋB «light»; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ «prosperous; bright» (compare areal words like Tai plaŋA1 «bright» & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ «bright»; however Schuessler reconstructs bǐng’s Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides liàng < *raŋh shuǎng < *sraŋʔ «twilight (of dawn)»; míng < *mraŋ «bright, become light, enlighten»; owing to «the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function».[11]

Meanings[edit]

Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis’s ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[12]

Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous

Yang 陽 or 阳 — Bound morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river

The compound yinyang 陰陽 means «yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.»

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin «shady side (of a mountain)» and yang «sunny side (of a mountain)» with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac «shady side of a mountain» and adret «sunny side of a mountain» (which are of French origin).[13]

Toponymy[edit]

Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang «sunny side» and a few contain yin «shady side». In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the «south side of a hill» in Hengyang 衡陽, which is south of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the «north bank of a river» in Luoyang 洛陽, which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to «north side of a hill» in Huayin 華陰, which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San’in region 山陰 from the south-side San’yō region 山陽, separated by the Chūgoku Mountains 中国山地.

Loanwords[edit]

English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:

yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.

b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a ‘seed’ of the other.

yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.

b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded «yin and yang» usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,[14] 1850 for yin-yang,[15] and 1959 for yang-yin.[16]

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. «foreign silver») «silver coin/dollar», but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[17] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term «irreversible binomial» refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).[18]

Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B. For example, tiandi 天地 «heaven and earth» and nannü 男女 «men and women». Yinyang meaning «dark and light; female and male; moon and sun», is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including «linguistic convenience» (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that «proto-Chinese society was matriarchal», or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was «purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions».[18]

History[edit]

Joseph Needham discusses yin and yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: «lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first.»[19]

He then discusses Zou Yan (鄒衍; 305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes «There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time.»[19]

Nature[edit]

Yin and yang is a concept originated in ancient Chinese philosophy that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.[20]

In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.[21] It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more.

Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.[22]

Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. The growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness.

The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season. In summer it seeks to procure healthier leaves, whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring. Where it’s gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. Creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.

Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:[23]

  • The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
  • Illness is the doorway to health.
  • Tragedy turns to comedy.
  • Disasters turn out to be blessings.

Modern usage[edit]

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. Other color arrangements have included the white of yang being replaced by red.[24] The taijitu is sometimes accompanied by other shapes.[24]

The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the ‘shady place’ or ‘north slope’) is the dark area occluded by the mountain’s bulk, while yang (literally the «sunny place’ or «south slope») is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destruction, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sun, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creation, and daytime.[25]

Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.[26] If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching[edit]

Symbol surrounded by trigrams

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,[27] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken () and yang is solid (). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ) or more yin (e.g. ) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., is heavily yang, while is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. and ). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu[edit]

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally «Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate»). The term is commonly used to mean the simple «divided circle» form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[28][29][30]

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.[31]

T’ai chi ch’uan[edit]

T’ai chi ch’uan or Taijiquan (太極拳), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:

Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – ‘In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.’ Others say: ‘Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.

— Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[32]

See also[edit]

  • Dualistic cosmology
    • Shatkona
  • Dialectic
  • Ayin and Yesh
  • Enantiodromia
  • Flag of Mongolia
  • Flag of South Korea
  • Flag of Tibet
  • Fu Xi
  • Gankyil
  • Huangdi Neijing
  • Ometeotl
  • Onmyōdō
  • T’ai chi ch’uan
  • Taegeuk
  • Tomoe
  • Zhuangzi

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-0415858816.
  2. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. «Chinese Religions.» Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150–151.
  3. ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. ISBN 0262160587.
  4. ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN 978-0918860170 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869. ISBN 978-0823940790.
  6. ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
  7. ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, «Studies on Archaic Chinese», translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
  8. ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
  9. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
  10. ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326–378.
  11. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007. pp. 168, 180, 558.
  12. ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
  13. ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
  14. ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: «The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention’d Beginnings of Yn or Yang.»
  15. ^ William Jones Boone, «Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language,» Chinese Repository XIX, 1850, 375: «… when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng.»
  16. ^ Carl Jung, «Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self», in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58″ «[The vision of «Ascension of Isaiah»] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as «God»).»
  17. ^ For instance, the Huainanzi says» «Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12, 材不及林,林不及雨,雨不及陰陽,陰陽不及和,和不及道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
  18. ^ a b Roger T. Ames, «Yin and Yang«, in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
  19. ^ a b Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
  20. ^ «The hidden meanings of yin and yang – John Bellaimey». TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  21. ^ Muller, Charles. «Daode Jing». Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  22. ^ Robin R. Wang «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  23. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, p. 33
  24. ^ a b The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 19. Chicago: Scott Fetzer Company. 2003. p. 36. ISBN 0-7166-0103-6. OCLC 50204221.
  25. ^ Osgood, Charles E. «From Yang and Yin to and or but.» Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
  26. ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132–143.
  27. ^
    The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou (周易 Zhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five Confucian Classics (2001), p. 228.
  28. ^ Giovanni Monastra: «The «Yin–Yang» among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine,» «Sophia,» Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
  29. ^ «Late Roman Shield Patterns – Magister Peditum». www.ne.jp.
  30. ^ Helmut Nickel: «The Dragon and the Pearl,» Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, fn. 5
  31. ^ Hughes, Kevin (2020). Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang. Independent. ISBN 979-8667867869.[page needed]
  32. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). «The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan». T’ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. 21 (3). ISSN 0730-1049.

Works cited[edit]

  • Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199945375.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.

  • Robin R. Wang. «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
  • Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
  • «Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang», by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)

«Ying Yang» redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.

Yin and yang
Yin and Yang symbol.svg

The yin and yang symbol, with black representing yin and white representing yang

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 陰陽
Simplified Chinese 阴阳
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang
Wade–Giles yin1-yang2
IPA [ín.jǎŋ]
Hakka
Romanization yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization yām yèuhng
Jyutping jam1 joeng4
IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese ‘im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese âm dương
Hán-Nôm 陰陽
Korean name
Hangul 음양
Hanja 陰陽
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization eumyang
McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic арга билэг / арга билиг
Mongolian script ᠡ‍ᠠ‍᠊ᠷ᠊ᠭ᠎᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ᠊ᠯ᠊ᠢ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠡ᠋ / ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Japanese name
Kanji 陰陽
Hiragana いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn in’yō, on’yō, onmyō

Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1]

Taiji or tai chi (simplified Chinese: 太极; traditional Chinese: 太極; pinyin: tàijí; lit. ‘great pole’) is a Chinese cosmological term for the «Supreme Ultimate» state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be compared with the old wuji (無極, «without pole»). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy which this universe was created from is known as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things.[2] Included among these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[3] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (tai chi ch’üan) and qigong (ch’i kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term «dualistic-monism» or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[4] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[5]

Linguistic aspects[edit]

These Chinese terms yīn «dark side» and yáng «white side» are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters[edit]

«Yin-yang» in seal script (top), Traditional Chinese characters (middle), and Simplified Chinese characters (bottom)

The Chinese characters and for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component «mound; hill» radical (graphical variant of ) with the phonetic components jīn (and the added semantic component yún «pictographic: cloud») and yáng . In the latter, yáng «bright» features «sun» + + «The rays of the sun».

Pronunciations and etymologies[edit]

The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of is usually the level first tone yīn «shady; cloudy» or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn «to shelter; shade» while «sunny» is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn and yáng :

  • ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)[6]
    • ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)[7]
  • ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)[8]
  • ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)[9]
  • im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)[10]

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.

Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC «overcast; cloudy», Adi muk-jum «shade», and Lepcha so’yǔm «shade»; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ «dim; gloomy» and qīn < *khəm «blanket».

Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ «reflecting light», Burmese laŋB «be bright» and ə-laŋB «light»; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ «prosperous; bright» (compare areal words like Tai plaŋA1 «bright» & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ «bright»; however Schuessler reconstructs bǐng’s Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides liàng < *raŋh shuǎng < *sraŋʔ «twilight (of dawn)»; míng < *mraŋ «bright, become light, enlighten»; owing to «the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function».[11]

Meanings[edit]

Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis’s ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[12]

Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous

Yang 陽 or 阳 — Bound morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river

The compound yinyang 陰陽 means «yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.»

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin «shady side (of a mountain)» and yang «sunny side (of a mountain)» with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac «shady side of a mountain» and adret «sunny side of a mountain» (which are of French origin).[13]

Toponymy[edit]

Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang «sunny side» and a few contain yin «shady side». In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the «south side of a hill» in Hengyang 衡陽, which is south of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the «north bank of a river» in Luoyang 洛陽, which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to «north side of a hill» in Huayin 華陰, which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San’in region 山陰 from the south-side San’yō region 山陽, separated by the Chūgoku Mountains 中国山地.

Loanwords[edit]

English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:

yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.

b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a ‘seed’ of the other.

yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.

b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded «yin and yang» usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,[14] 1850 for yin-yang,[15] and 1959 for yang-yin.[16]

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. «foreign silver») «silver coin/dollar», but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[17] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term «irreversible binomial» refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).[18]

Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B. For example, tiandi 天地 «heaven and earth» and nannü 男女 «men and women». Yinyang meaning «dark and light; female and male; moon and sun», is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including «linguistic convenience» (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that «proto-Chinese society was matriarchal», or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was «purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions».[18]

History[edit]

Joseph Needham discusses yin and yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: «lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first.»[19]

He then discusses Zou Yan (鄒衍; 305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes «There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time.»[19]

Nature[edit]

Yin and yang is a concept originated in ancient Chinese philosophy that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.[20]

In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.[21] It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more.

Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.[22]

Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. The growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness.

The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season. In summer it seeks to procure healthier leaves, whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring. Where it’s gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. Creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.

Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:[23]

  • The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
  • Illness is the doorway to health.
  • Tragedy turns to comedy.
  • Disasters turn out to be blessings.

Modern usage[edit]

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. Other color arrangements have included the white of yang being replaced by red.[24] The taijitu is sometimes accompanied by other shapes.[24]

The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the ‘shady place’ or ‘north slope’) is the dark area occluded by the mountain’s bulk, while yang (literally the «sunny place’ or «south slope») is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destruction, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sun, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creation, and daytime.[25]

Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.[26] If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching[edit]

Symbol surrounded by trigrams

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,[27] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken () and yang is solid (). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ) or more yin (e.g. ) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., is heavily yang, while is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. and ). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu[edit]

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally «Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate»). The term is commonly used to mean the simple «divided circle» form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[28][29][30]

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.[31]

T’ai chi ch’uan[edit]

T’ai chi ch’uan or Taijiquan (太極拳), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:

Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – ‘In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.’ Others say: ‘Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.

— Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[32]

See also[edit]

  • Dualistic cosmology
    • Shatkona
  • Dialectic
  • Ayin and Yesh
  • Enantiodromia
  • Flag of Mongolia
  • Flag of South Korea
  • Flag of Tibet
  • Fu Xi
  • Gankyil
  • Huangdi Neijing
  • Ometeotl
  • Onmyōdō
  • T’ai chi ch’uan
  • Taegeuk
  • Tomoe
  • Zhuangzi

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-0415858816.
  2. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. «Chinese Religions.» Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150–151.
  3. ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. ISBN 0262160587.
  4. ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN 978-0918860170 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869. ISBN 978-0823940790.
  6. ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
  7. ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, «Studies on Archaic Chinese», translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
  8. ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
  9. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
  10. ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326–378.
  11. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007. pp. 168, 180, 558.
  12. ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
  13. ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
  14. ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: «The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention’d Beginnings of Yn or Yang.»
  15. ^ William Jones Boone, «Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language,» Chinese Repository XIX, 1850, 375: «… when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng.»
  16. ^ Carl Jung, «Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self», in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58″ «[The vision of «Ascension of Isaiah»] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as «God»).»
  17. ^ For instance, the Huainanzi says» «Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12, 材不及林,林不及雨,雨不及陰陽,陰陽不及和,和不及道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
  18. ^ a b Roger T. Ames, «Yin and Yang«, in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
  19. ^ a b Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
  20. ^ «The hidden meanings of yin and yang – John Bellaimey». TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  21. ^ Muller, Charles. «Daode Jing». Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  22. ^ Robin R. Wang «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  23. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, p. 33
  24. ^ a b The World Book Encyclopedia. Vol. 19. Chicago: Scott Fetzer Company. 2003. p. 36. ISBN 0-7166-0103-6. OCLC 50204221.
  25. ^ Osgood, Charles E. «From Yang and Yin to and or but.» Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
  26. ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132–143.
  27. ^
    The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou (周易 Zhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five Confucian Classics (2001), p. 228.
  28. ^ Giovanni Monastra: «The «Yin–Yang» among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine,» «Sophia,» Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
  29. ^ «Late Roman Shield Patterns – Magister Peditum». www.ne.jp.
  30. ^ Helmut Nickel: «The Dragon and the Pearl,» Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, fn. 5
  31. ^ Hughes, Kevin (2020). Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang. Independent. ISBN 979-8667867869.[page needed]
  32. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). «The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan». T’ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. 21 (3). ISSN 0730-1049.

Works cited[edit]

  • Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199945375.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.

  • Robin R. Wang. «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
  • Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
  • «Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang», by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)

Инь и Янь

Иероглиф Инь и Ян

Иероглиф Инь и Ян

Китайский иероглиф Инь и Янь

Иероглиф Инь и Янь в переводе на китайский состоит из двух иероглифов:

阴阳 – yīnyáng

смотрите инструкцию по применению, как пользоваться flash-карточками

инь, отрицательное женское начало, мироздания

ян, положительное мужское начало, позитивная субстанция

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Китайские иероглифы: инь и ян

Инь — это китайский иероглиф, который ассоциируется с тем, что относится к женскому, негативному, холодному или тёмному. Иллюстрация: Великая Эпоха 

Левая часть иероглифа «инь» — 阝— обозначает холм, гору.Правая верхняя часть иероглифа «инь» — 今— является фонетиком (подсказывает звучание), а нижняя правая часть иероглифа — 云— обозначает «облако», то есть означает, что облака затеняют солнце.

Китайские иероглифы: инь и ян

Иллюстрация: Великая Эпоха 

Тогда выходит, что иероглиф «инь» обозначает северную часть горы, а «ян» — южную. Иероглифы могут также означать тень и свет, ночь и день, тёмное и светлое, луну и солнце.Философия знаков инь и ян, которая возникла в далёкие времена, объясняет природу Вселенной, исходя из двух противоположных, но дополняющих друг друга взаимообуславливаемых энергий, или принципов.Кроме того, в соответствии с учением об инь и ян, верхняя, левая и задняя части тела человека считаются ян (мужской). В тоже время, нижняя, передняя и правая — инь (женская).

Китайские иероглифы: перейти в Алфавитный указатель

«Ying Yang» redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.

Yin and yang
Yin and Yang symbol.svg

The yin and yang symbol, with black representing yin and white representing yang

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 陰陽
Simplified Chinese 阴阳
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang
Wade–Giles yin1-yang2
IPA [ín.jǎŋ]
Hakka
Romanization yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization yām yèuhng
Jyutping jam1 joeng4
IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese ‘im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese âm dương
Hán-Nôm 陰陽
Korean name
Hangul 음양
Hanja 陰陽
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization eumyang
McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic арга билиг / арга билэг («arga bilig/bileg», meaning «method of knowledge/wisdom»)
Mongolian script ᠡ‍ᠠ‍᠊ᠷ᠊ᠭ᠎᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ᠊ᠯ᠊ᠢ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠡ᠋ / ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Japanese name
Kanji 陰陽
Hiragana いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn in’yō, on’yō, onmyō

Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1]

Taiji or Tai chi (simplified Chinese: 太极; traditional Chinese: 太極; pinyin: tàijí; lit. ‘great pole’) is a Chinese cosmological term for the «Supreme Ultimate» state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be compared with the old wuji (無極, «without pole»). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy, which this universe has created itself out of, is also referred to as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things.[2] Included among these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[3] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (tai chi chuan), and qigong (Chi Kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term «dualistic-monism» or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[4] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[5]

Linguistic aspects[edit]

These Chinese terms yīn «dark side» and yáng «white side» are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters[edit]

«Yin-yang» in seal script (top), Traditional Chinese characters (middle), and Simplified Chinese characters (bottom)

The Chinese characters and for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component «mound; hill» radical (graphical variant of ) with the phonetic components jīn (and the added semantic component yún «pictographic: cloud») and yáng . In the latter, yáng «bright» features «sun» + + «The rays of the sun».

Pronunciations and etymologies[edit]

The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of is usually the level first tone yīn «shady; cloudy» or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn «to shelter; shade» while «sunny» is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn and yáng :

  • ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)[6]
    • ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)[7]
  • ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)[8]
  • ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)[9]
  • im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)[10]

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.

Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC «overcast; cloudy», Adi muk-jum «shade», and Lepcha so’yǔm «shade»; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ «dim; gloomy» and qīn < *khəm «blanket».

Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ «reflecting light», Burmese laŋB «be bright» and ə-laŋB «light»; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ «prosperous; bright» (compare areal words like Tai plaŋA1 «bright» & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ «bright»; however Schuessler reconstructs bǐng’s Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides liàng < *raŋh shuǎng < *sraŋʔ «twilight (of dawn)»; míng < *mraŋ «bright, become light, enlighten»; owing to «the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function».[11]

Meanings[edit]

Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis’s ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[12]

Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous

Yang 陽 or 阳 — Bound morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river

The compound yinyang 陰陽 means «yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.»

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin «shady side (of a mountain)» and yang «sunny side (of a mountain)» with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac «shady side of a mountain» and adret «sunny side of a mountain» (which are of French origin).[13]

Toponymy[edit]

Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang «sunny side» and a few contain yin «shady side». In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the «south side of a hill» in Hengyang 衡陽, which is south of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the «north bank of a river» in Luoyang 洛陽, which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to «north side of a hill» in Huayin 華陰, which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San’in region 山陰 from the south-side San’yō region 山陽, separated by the Chūgoku Mountains 中国山地.

Loanwords[edit]

English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:

yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.

b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a ‘seed’ of the other.

yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.

b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded «yin and yang» usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,[14] 1850 for yin-yang,[15] and 1959 for yang-yin.[16]

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. «foreign silver») «silver coin/dollar», but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[17] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term «irreversible binomial» refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).[18]
Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B, for example, tiandi 天地 «heaven and earth» and nannü 男女 «men and women». Yinyang meaning «dark and light; female and male; moon and sun», however, is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including «linguistic convenience» (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that «proto-Chinese society was matriarchal», or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was «purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions».[18]

History[edit]

Joseph Needham discusses yin and yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: «lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first.» He then discusses Zou Yan (鄒衍; 305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes «There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time.»[19]

Nature[edit]

Yin and yang is a concept originated in ancient Chinese philosophy that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.[20]

In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.[21]  It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.[22] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. Also, the growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness. The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season until summer where it seeks to procure even healthier leaves, the whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, the growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring is where it’s gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. And creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.

Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:[23]

  • The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
  • Illness is the doorway to health.
  • Tragedy turns to comedy.
  • Disasters turn out to be blessings.

Modern usage[edit]

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the ‘shady place’ or ‘north slope’) is the dark area occluded by the mountain’s bulk, while yang (literally the «sunny place’ or «south slope») is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destruction, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sun, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creation, and daytime.[24]

Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.[25] If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching[edit]

Symbol surrounded by trigrams

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,[26] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken () and yang is solid (). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ) or more yin (e.g. ) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., is heavily yang, while is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. and ). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu[edit]

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally «Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate»). The term is commonly used to mean the simple «divided circle» form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[27][28][29]

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.[30]

T’ai chi ch’uan[edit]

T’ai chi ch’uan or Taijiquan (太極拳), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:

Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – ‘In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.’ Others say: ‘Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.

— Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[31]

See also[edit]

  • Dualistic cosmology
    • Shatkona
  • Dialectic
  • Ayin and Yesh
  • Enantiodromia
  • Flag of Mongolia
  • Flag of South Korea
  • Flag of Tibet
  • Fu Xi
  • Gankyil
  • Huangdi Neijing
  • Ometeotl
  • Onmyōdō
  • T’ai chi ch’uan
  • Taegeuk
  • Tomoe
  • Zhuangzi

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-0415858816.
  2. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. «Chinese Religions.» Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150–151.
  3. ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. ISBN 0262160587.
  4. ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN 978-0918860170 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869. ISBN 978-0823940790.
  6. ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
  7. ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, «Studies on Archaic Chinese», translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
  8. ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
  9. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
  10. ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326–378.
  11. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007. pp. 168, 180, 558.
  12. ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
  13. ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
  14. ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: «The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention’d Beginnings of Yn or Yang.»
  15. ^ William Jones Boone, «Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language,» Chinese Repository XIX, 1850, 375: «… when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng.»
  16. ^ Carl Jung, «Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self», in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58″ «[The vision of «Ascension of Isaiah»] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as «God»).»
  17. ^ For instance, the Huainanzi says» «Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12, 材不及林,林不及雨,雨不及陰陽,陰陽不及和,和不及道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
  18. ^ a b Roger T. Ames, «Yin and Yang«, in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
  19. ^ Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
  20. ^ «The hidden meanings of yin and yang – John Bellaimey». TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  21. ^ Muller, Charles. «Daode Jing». Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  22. ^ Robin R. Wang «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  23. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, p. 33
  24. ^ Osgood, Charles E. «From Yang and Yin to and or but.» Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
  25. ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132–143.
  26. ^
    The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou (周易 Zhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five Confucian Classics (2001), p. 228.
  27. ^ Giovanni Monastra: «The «Yin–Yang» among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine,» «Sophia,» Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
  28. ^ «Late Roman Shield Patterns – Magister Peditum». www.ne.jp.
  29. ^ Helmut Nickel: «The Dragon and the Pearl,» Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, fn. 5
  30. ^ Hughes, Kevin (2020). Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang. Independent. ISBN 979-8667867869.[page needed]
  31. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). «The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan». T’ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. 21 (3). ISSN 0730-1049.

Works cited[edit]

  • Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199945375.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.

  • Robin R. Wang. «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
  • Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
  • «Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang», by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)

«Ying Yang» redirects here. For Chinese people surnamed Yang, see Yang Ying.

Yin and yang
Yin and Yang symbol.svg

The yin and yang symbol, with black representing yin and white representing yang

Chinese name
Traditional Chinese 陰陽
Simplified Chinese 阴阳
Transcriptions
Standard Mandarin
Hanyu Pinyin yīnyáng
Gwoyeu Romatzyh inyang
Wade–Giles yin1-yang2
IPA [ín.jǎŋ]
Hakka
Romanization yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization yām yèuhng
Jyutping jam1 joeng4
IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese ‘im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Vietnamese name
Vietnamese âm dương
Hán-Nôm 陰陽
Korean name
Hangul 음양
Hanja 陰陽
Transcriptions
Revised Romanization eumyang
McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Mongolian name
Mongolian Cyrillic арга билиг / арга билэг («arga bilig/bileg», meaning «method of knowledge/wisdom»)
Mongolian script ᠡ‍ᠠ‍᠊ᠷ᠊ᠭ᠎᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢ᠊ᠯ᠊ᠢ᠊᠊ᠢ᠊ᠡ᠋ / ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Japanese name
Kanji 陰陽
Hiragana いんよう, おんよう, おんみょう
Transcriptions
Revised Hepburn in’yō, on’yō, onmyō

Yin and yang ( and ) is a Chinese philosophical concept that describes opposite but interconnected forces. In Chinese cosmology, the universe creates itself out of a primary chaos of material energy, organized into the cycles of yin and yang and formed into objects and lives. Yin is the receptive and yang the active principle, seen in all forms of change and difference such as the annual cycle (winter and summer), the landscape (north-facing shade and south-facing brightness), sexual coupling (female and male), the formation of both men and women as characters and sociopolitical history (disorder and order).[1]

Taiji or Tai chi (simplified Chinese: 太极; traditional Chinese: 太極; pinyin: tàijí; lit. ‘great pole’) is a Chinese cosmological term for the «Supreme Ultimate» state of undifferentiated absolute and infinite potential, the oneness before duality, from which yin and yang originate. It can be compared with the old wuji (無極, «without pole»). In the cosmology pertaining to yin and yang, the material energy, which this universe has created itself out of, is also referred to as qi. It is believed that the organization of qi in this cosmology of yin and yang has formed many things.[2] Included among these forms are humans. Many natural dualities (such as light and dark, fire and water, expanding and contracting) are thought of as physical manifestations of the duality symbolized by yin and yang. This duality lies at the origins of many branches of classical Chinese science and philosophy, as well as being a primary guideline of traditional Chinese medicine,[3] and a central principle of different forms of Chinese martial arts and exercise, such as baguazhang, taijiquan (tai chi chuan), and qigong (Chi Kung), as well as appearing in the pages of the I Ching.

The notion of duality can be found in many areas, such as Communities of Practice. The term «dualistic-monism» or dialectical monism has been coined in an attempt to express this fruitful paradox of simultaneous unity and duality. Yin and yang can be thought of as complementary (rather than opposing) forces that interact to form a dynamic system in which the whole is greater than the assembled parts.[4] According to this philosophy, everything has both yin and yang aspects (for instance, shadow cannot exist without light). Either of the two major aspects may manifest more strongly in a particular object, depending on the criterion of the observation. The yin yang (i.e. taijitu symbol) shows a balance between two opposites with a portion of the opposite element in each section.

In Taoist metaphysics, distinctions between good and bad, along with other dichotomous moral judgments, are perceptual, not real; so, the duality of yin and yang is an indivisible whole. In the ethics of Confucianism on the other hand, most notably in the philosophy of Dong Zhongshu (c. 2nd century BC), a moral dimension is attached to the idea of yin and yang.[5]

Linguistic aspects[edit]

These Chinese terms yīn «dark side» and yáng «white side» are linguistically analyzable in terms of Chinese characters, pronunciations and etymology, meanings, topography, and loanwords.

Characters[edit]

«Yin-yang» in seal script (top), Traditional Chinese characters (middle), and Simplified Chinese characters (bottom)

The Chinese characters and for the words yīn and yáng are both classified as Phono-semantic characters, combining the semantic component «mound; hill» radical (graphical variant of ) with the phonetic components jīn (and the added semantic component yún «pictographic: cloud») and yáng . In the latter, yáng «bright» features «sun» + + «The rays of the sun».

Pronunciations and etymologies[edit]

The Modern Standard Chinese pronunciation of is usually the level first tone yīn «shady; cloudy» or sometimes the falling fourth tone yìn «to shelter; shade» while «sunny» is always pronounced with rising second tone yáng.

Sinologists and historical linguists have reconstructed Middle Chinese pronunciations from data in the (7th century CE) Qieyun rhyme dictionary and later rhyme tables, which was subsequently used to reconstruct Old Chinese phonology from rhymes in the (11th–7th centuries BCE) Shijing and phonological components of Chinese characters. Reconstructions of Old Chinese have illuminated the etymology of modern Chinese words.

Compare these Middle Chinese and Old Chinese (with asterisk) reconstructions of yīn and yáng :

  • ˑiəm < *ˑiəm and iang < *diang (Bernhard Karlgren)[6]
    • ʔjəm and *raŋ (Li Fang-Kuei)[7]
  • ʔ(r)jum and *ljang (William H. Baxter)[8]
  • ʔjəm < *ʔəm and jiaŋ < *laŋ (Axel Schuessler)[9]
  • im < *qrum and yang < *laŋ (William H. Baxter and Laurent Sagart)[10]

Schuessler gives probable Sino-Tibetan etymologies for both Chinese words.

Yin < *ʔəm compares with Burmese ʔumC «overcast; cloudy», Adi muk-jum «shade», and Lepcha so’yǔm «shade»; and is probably cognate with Chinese àn < *ʔə̂mʔ «dim; gloomy» and qīn < *khəm «blanket».

Yang < *laŋ compares with Lepcha a-lóŋ «reflecting light», Burmese laŋB «be bright» and ə-laŋB «light»; and is perhaps cognate with Chinese chāng < *k-hlaŋ «prosperous; bright» (compare areal words like Tai plaŋA1 «bright» & Proto-Viet-Muong hlaŋB). To this word-family, Unger (Hao-ku, 1986:34) also includes bǐng < *pl(j)aŋʔ «bright»; however Schuessler reconstructs bǐng’s Old Chinese pronunciation as *braŋʔ and includes it in an Austroasiatic word family, besides liàng < *raŋh shuǎng < *sraŋʔ «twilight (of dawn)»; míng < *mraŋ «bright, become light, enlighten»; owing to «the different OC initial consonant which seems to have no recognizable OC morphological function».[11]

Meanings[edit]

Yin and yang are semantically complex words.

John DeFrancis’s ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary gives the following translation equivalents.[12]

Yin 陰 or 阴 — Noun: ① [philosophy] female/passive/negative principle in nature, ② Surname; Bound morpheme: ① the moon, ② shaded orientation, ③ covert; concealed; hidden, ④ vagina, ⑤ penis, ⑥ of the netherworld, ⑦ negative, ⑧ north side of a hill, ⑨ south bank of a river, ⑩ reverse side of a stele, ⑪ in intaglio; Stative verb: ① overcast, ② sinister; treacherous

Yang 陽 or 阳 — Bound morpheme: ① [Chinese philosophy] male/active/positive principle in nature, ② the sun, ③ male genitals, ④ in relief, ⑤ open; overt, ⑥ belonging to this world, ⑦ [linguistics] masculine, ⑧ south side of a hill, ⑨ north bank of a river

The compound yinyang 陰陽 means «yin and yang; opposites; ancient Chinese astronomy; occult arts; astrologer; geomancer; etc.»

The sinologist Rolf Stein etymologically translates Chinese yin «shady side (of a mountain)» and yang «sunny side (of a mountain)» with the uncommon English geographic terms ubac «shady side of a mountain» and adret «sunny side of a mountain» (which are of French origin).[13]

Toponymy[edit]

Many Chinese place names or toponyms contain the word yang «sunny side» and a few contain yin «shady side». In China, as elsewhere in the Northern Hemisphere, sunlight comes predominantly from the south, and thus the south face of a mountain or the north bank of a river will receive more direct sunlight than the opposite side.

Yang refers to the «south side of a hill» in Hengyang 衡陽, which is south of Mount Heng 衡山 in Hunan province, and to the «north bank of a river» in Luoyang 洛陽, which is located north of the Luo River 洛河 in Henan.

Similarly, yin refers to «north side of a hill» in Huayin 華陰, which is north of Mount Hua 華山 in Shaanxi province.

In Japan, the characters are used in western Honshu to delineate the north-side San’in region 山陰 from the south-side San’yō region 山陽, separated by the Chūgoku Mountains 中国山地.

Loanwords[edit]

English yin, yang, and yin-yang are familiar loanwords of Chinese origin.

The Oxford English Dictionary defines:

yin (jɪn) Also Yin, Yn. [Chinese yīn shade, feminine; the moon.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the feminine or negative principle (characterized by dark, wetness, cold, passivity, disintegration, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj., and transf. Cf. yang.

b. Comb., as yin-yang, the combination or fusion of the two cosmic forces; freq. attrib., esp. as yin-yang symbol, a circle divided by an S-shaped line into a dark and a light segment, representing respectively yin and yang, each containing a ‘seed’ of the other.

yang (jæŋ) Also Yang. [Chinese yáng yang, sun, positive, male genitals.]

a. In Chinese philosophy, the masculine or positive principle (characterized by light, warmth, dryness, activity, etc.) of the two opposing cosmic forces into which creative energy divides and whose fusion in physical matter brings the phenomenal world into being. Also attrib. or as adj. Cf. yin.

b. Comb.: yang-yin = yin-yang s.v. yin b.

For the earliest recorded «yin and yang» usages, the OED cites 1671 for yin and yang,[14] 1850 for yin-yang,[15] and 1959 for yang-yin.[16]

In English, yang-yin (like ying-yang) occasionally occurs as a mistake or typographical error for the Chinese loanword yin-yang— yet they are not equivalents. Chinese does have some yangyin collocations, such as 洋銀 (lit. «foreign silver») «silver coin/dollar», but not even the most comprehensive dictionaries (e.g., the Hanyu Da Cidian) enter yangyin *陽陰. While yang and yin can occur together in context,[17] yangyin is not synonymous with yinyang. The linguistic term «irreversible binomial» refers to a collocation of two words A–B that cannot be idiomatically reversed as B–A, for example, English cat and mouse (not *mouse and cat) and friend or foe (not *foe or friend).[18]
Similarly, the usual pattern among Chinese binomial compounds is for positive A and negative B, where the A word is dominant or privileged over B, for example, tiandi 天地 «heaven and earth» and nannü 男女 «men and women». Yinyang meaning «dark and light; female and male; moon and sun», however, is an exception. Scholars have proposed various explanations for why yinyang violates this pattern, including «linguistic convenience» (it is easier to say yinyang than yangyin), the idea that «proto-Chinese society was matriarchal», or perhaps, since yinyang first became prominent during the late Warring States period, this term was «purposely directed at challenging persistent cultural assumptions».[18]

History[edit]

Joseph Needham discusses yin and yang together with Five Elements as part of the School of Naturalists. He says that it would be proper to begin with yin and yang before Five Elements because the former: «lay, as it were, at a deeper level in Nature, and were the most ultimate principles of which the ancient Chinese could conceive. But it so happens that we know a good deal more about the historical origin of the Five-Element theory than about that of the yin and the yang, and it will therefore be more convenient to deal with it first.» He then discusses Zou Yan (鄒衍; 305–240 BC) who is most associated with these theories. Although yin and yang are not mentioned in any of the surviving documents of Zou Yan, his school was known as the Yin Yang Jia (Yin and Yang School). Needham concludes «There can be very little doubt that the philosophical use of the terms began about the beginning of the 4th century, and that the passages in older texts which mention this use are interpolations made later than that time.»[19]

Nature[edit]

Yin and yang is a concept originated in ancient Chinese philosophy that describes how obviously opposite or contrary forces may actually be complementary, interconnected, and interdependent in the natural world, and how they may give rise to each other as they interrelate to one another.[20]

In Daoist philosophy, dark and light, yin and yang, arrive in the Tao Te Ching at chapter 42.[21]  It becomes sensible from an initial quiescence or emptiness (wuji, sometimes symbolized by an empty circle), and continues moving until quiescence is reached again. For instance, dropping a stone in a calm pool of water will simultaneously raise waves and lower troughs between them, and this alternation of high and low points in the water will radiate outward until the movement dissipates and the pool is calm once more. Yin and yang thus are always opposite and equal qualities. Further, whenever one quality reaches its peak, it will naturally begin to transform into the opposite quality: for example, grain that reaches its full height in summer (fully yang) will produce seeds and die back in winter (fully yin) in an endless cycle.

It is impossible to talk about yin or yang without some reference to the opposite, since yin and yang are bound together as parts of a mutual whole (for example, there cannot be the bottom of the foot without the top). A way to illustrate this idea is[citation needed] to postulate the notion of a race with only women or only men; this race would disappear in a single generation. Yet, women and men together create new generations that allow the race they mutually create (and mutually come from) to survive. The interaction of the two gives birth to things, like manhood.[22] Yin and yang transform each other: like an undertow in the ocean, every advance is complemented by a retreat, and every rise transforms into a fall. Thus, a seed will sprout from the earth and grow upwards towards the sky—an intrinsically yang movement. Then, when it reaches its full potential height, it will fall. Also, the growth of the top seeks light, while roots grow in darkness. The cycles of the seasons and of plants that progresses or entropies depending on the season until summer where it seeks to procure even healthier leaves, the whittling (entropy) of the plant is in autumn, the degrown plants (destruction) is in winter, the growth (creating) of the plant or tree during spring is where it’s gaining or progressing, fully progressed occurs during summer, summer seeks stability as it seeks to keep (progress) the leaves and branches that are healthy, growth and progress reaching its end point of a cycle. And creation as part of yang, and destruction as part of yin, progress on one side (yang) and entropy on the other side (yin), is represented in the cycles.

Certain catchphrases have been used to express yin and yang complementarity:[23]

  • The bigger the front, the bigger the back.
  • Illness is the doorway to health.
  • Tragedy turns to comedy.
  • Disasters turn out to be blessings.

Modern usage[edit]

Yin is the black side, and yang is the white side. The relationship between yin and yang is often described in terms of sunlight playing over a mountain and a valley. Yin (literally the ‘shady place’ or ‘north slope’) is the dark area occluded by the mountain’s bulk, while yang (literally the «sunny place’ or «south slope») is the brightly lit portion. As the sun moves across the sky, yin and yang gradually trade places with each other, revealing what was obscured and obscuring what was revealed.

Yin is characterized as slow, soft, yielding, diffuse, cold, wet, and passive; and is associated with water, earth, the moon, negativity, femininity, shadows/darkness, destruction, and night time.

Yang, by contrast, is fast, hard, solid, focused, hot/warm, dry, and active; and is associated with fire, sky/air, the sun, positivity, masculinity, glowing/light, creation, and daytime.[24]

Yin and yang also applies to the human body. In traditional Chinese medicine good health is directly related to the balance between yin and yang qualities within oneself.[25] If yin and yang become unbalanced, one of the qualities is considered deficient or has vacuity.

I Ching[edit]

Symbol surrounded by trigrams

In the I Ching, originally a divination manual of the Western Zhou period (c. 1000–750 BC) based on Chinese Astronomy,[26] yin and yang are represented by broken and solid lines: yin is broken () and yang is solid (). These are then combined into trigrams, which are more yang (e.g. ) or more yin (e.g. ) depending on the number of broken and solid lines (e.g., is heavily yang, while is heavily yin), and trigrams are combined into hexagrams (e.g. and ). The relative positions and numbers of yin and yang lines within the trigrams determines the meaning of a trigram, and in hexagrams the upper trigram is considered yang with respect to the lower trigram, yin, which allows for complex depictions of interrelations.

Taijitu[edit]

The principle of yin and yang is represented by the Taijitu (literally «Diagram of the Supreme Ultimate»). The term is commonly used to mean the simple «divided circle» form, but may refer to any of several schematic diagrams representing these principles, such as the swastika, common to Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism. Similar symbols have also appeared in other cultures, such as in Celtic art and Roman shield markings.[27][28][29]

In this symbol the two teardrops swirl to represent the conversion of yin to yang and yang to yin. This is seen when a ball is thrown into the air with a yang velocity then converts to a yin velocity to fall back to earth. The two teardrops are opposite in direction to each other to show that as one increases the other decreases. The dot of the opposite field in the tear drop shows that there is always yin within yang and always yang within yin.[30]

T’ai chi ch’uan[edit]

T’ai chi ch’uan or Taijiquan (太極拳), a form of martial art, is often described as the principles of yin and yang applied to the human body and an animal body. Wu Jianquan, a famous Chinese martial arts teacher, described Taijiquan as follows:

Various people have offered different explanations for the name Taijiquan. Some have said: – ‘In terms of self-cultivation, one must train from a state of movement towards a state of stillness. Taiji comes about through the balance of yin and yang. In terms of the art of attack and defense then, in the context of the changes of full and empty, one is constantly internally latent, to not outwardly expressive, as if the yin and yang of Taiji have not yet divided apart.’ Others say: ‘Every movement of Taijiquan is based on circles, just like the shape of a Taijitu. Therefore, it is called Taijiquan.

— Wu Jianquan, The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan[31]

See also[edit]

  • Dualistic cosmology
    • Shatkona
  • Dialectic
  • Ayin and Yesh
  • Enantiodromia
  • Flag of Mongolia
  • Flag of South Korea
  • Flag of Tibet
  • Fu Xi
  • Gankyil
  • Huangdi Neijing
  • Ometeotl
  • Onmyōdō
  • T’ai chi ch’uan
  • Taegeuk
  • Tomoe
  • Zhuangzi

References[edit]

Footnotes[edit]

  1. ^ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations. New York: Routledge. p. 150. ISBN 978-0415858816.
  2. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. «Chinese Religions.» Religions in the Modern World: Traditions and Transformations, Third ed., Routledge, 2016, pp. 150–151.
  3. ^ Porkert (1974). The Theoretical Foundations of Chinese Medicine. MIT Press. ISBN 0262160587.
  4. ^ Georges Ohsawa (1976). The Unique Principle. ISBN 978-0918860170 – via Google Books.
  5. ^ Taylor Latener, Rodney Leon (2005). The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Confucianism. Vol. 2. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. p. 869. ISBN 978-0823940790.
  6. ^ Bernhard Karlgren, Grammata Serica Recensa, Museum of Far Eastern Antiquities, 1957, 173, 188.
  7. ^ Li, Fang-Kuei, «Studies on Archaic Chinese», translated by Gilbert L. Mattos, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974:219–287.
  8. ^ William H. Baxter, A Handbook of Old Chinese Phonology, Mouton de Gruyter ,1992.
  9. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007, 558, 572.
  10. ^ Baxter & Sagart (2014), pp. 326–378.
  11. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC Etymological Dictionary of Old Chinese, University of Hawaii Press, 2007. pp. 168, 180, 558.
  12. ^ John DeFrancis, ed., ABC Chinese-English Comprehensive Dictionary, University of Hawaii Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
  13. ^ Rolf Stein (2010), Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua: With Additional Materials, Brill, p. 63.
  14. ^ Arnoldus Montanus, Atlas Chinensis: Being a relation of remarkable passages in two embassies from the East-India Company of the United Provinces to the Vice-Roy Singlamong, General Taising Lipovi, and Konchi, Emperor, Thomas Johnson, tr. by J. Ogilby, 1671, 549: «The Chineses by these Strokes ‥ declare ‥ how much each Form or Sign receives from the two fore-mention’d Beginnings of Yn or Yang.»
  15. ^ William Jones Boone, «Defense of an Essay on the proper renderings of the words Elohim and θεός into the Chinese Language,» Chinese Repository XIX, 1850, 375: «… when in the Yih King (or Book of Diagrams) we read of the Great Extreme, it means that the Great Extreme is in the midst of the active-passive primordial substance (Yin-yáng); and that it is not exterior to, or separate from the Yin-yáng.»
  16. ^ Carl Jung, «Aion: Researches into the Phenomenology of the Self», in The Collected Works of C. G. Jung, tr. by R. F. C. Hull, Volume 9, Part 2, p. 58″ «[The vision of «Ascension of Isaiah»] might easily be a description of a genuine yang-yin relationship, a picture that comes closer to the actual truth than the privatio boni. Moreover, it does not damage monotheism in any way, since it unites the opposites just and yang and yin are united in Tao (which the Jesuits quite logically translated as «God»).»
  17. ^ For instance, the Huainanzi says» «Now, the lumber is not so important as the forest; the forest is not so important as the rain; the rain is not so important as yin and yang; yin and yang are not so important as harmony; and harmony is not so important as the Way. (12, 材不及林,林不及雨,雨不及陰陽,陰陽不及和,和不及道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
  18. ^ a b Roger T. Ames, «Yin and Yang«, in Encyclopedia of Chinese Philosophy, ed. by Antonio S. Cua, Routledge, 2002, 847.
  19. ^ Needham, Joseph; Science and Civilization in China Vol.2: History of Scientific Thought; Cambridge University Press; 1956
  20. ^ «The hidden meanings of yin and yang – John Bellaimey». TED-Ed. Archived from the original on 28 October 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2013.
  21. ^ Muller, Charles. «Daode Jing». Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  22. ^ Robin R. Wang «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved 9 March 2018.
  23. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa & William Dufty (1965) You Are All Sanpaku, p. 33
  24. ^ Osgood, Charles E. «From Yang and Yin to and or but.» Language 49.2 (1973): 380–412 . JSTOR
  25. ^ Li CL. A brief outline of Chinese medical history with particular reference to acupuncture. Perspect Biol Med. 1974 Autumn;18(1):132–143.
  26. ^
    The text of the I Ching has its origins in a Western Zhou divination text called the Changes of Zhou (周易 Zhōu yì). Various modern scholars suggest dates ranging between the 10th and 4th centuries BC for the assembly of the text in approximately its current form. Nylan, Michael (2001), The Five Confucian Classics (2001), p. 228.
  27. ^ Giovanni Monastra: «The «Yin–Yang» among the Insignia of the Roman Empire? Archived 2011-09-25 at the Wayback Machine,» «Sophia,» Vol. 6, No. 2 (2000)
  28. ^ «Late Roman Shield Patterns – Magister Peditum». www.ne.jp.
  29. ^ Helmut Nickel: «The Dragon and the Pearl,» Metropolitan Museum Journal, Vol. 26 (1991), p. 146, fn. 5
  30. ^ Hughes, Kevin (2020). Introduction to the Theory of Yin-Yang. Independent. ISBN 979-8667867869.[page needed]
  31. ^ Woolidge, Doug (June 1997). «The International Magazine of T’ai Chi Ch’uan». T’ai Chi. Wayfarer Publications. 21 (3). ISSN 0730-1049.

Works cited[edit]

  • Baxter, William H.; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199945375.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Yin Yang.

  • Robin R. Wang. «Yinyang (Yin-yang)». Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy.
  • Yin Yang meaning in Chinese educational video.
  • Yin and Yang, goldenelixir.com
  • «Precelestial and Postcelestial Yin and Yang», by Liu Yiming (1734–1821)


Перевод «инь-ян» на китайский


阴阳, 陰陽 — самые популярные переводы слова «инь-ян» на китайский.
Пример переведенного предложения: Это своего рода инь-ян, баланс противоположностей, ↔ 这有点类似于阴阳平衡,

  • 阴阳

    Это своего рода иньян, баланс противоположностей,

    这有点类似于阴阳平衡,

  • Glosbe

  • Google

Наши китайские предки придумали очень сложную теорию, основанную на философии иньян, пяти элементах и 12 зодиакальных животных.

中国的老祖先以阴阳, 五行和12生肖为基础 建立了一套非常复杂的理论框架。

Инь и Янь необходимы, как ночь и день, для существования мира.

Это означает, что внутри нашего организма у нас есть «инь» и «ян» морали.

В каждом из нас есть инь и янь, Суки.

Инь и Янь не ненавидят друг друга.

Идея об инь и ян объединилась с представлением об энергии ци (буквально — «воздух» или «дыхание»).

阴阳之说加入“气”这个概念,连同所谓的五行——金、木、水、火、土,就构成风水的整套理论。

Даосы считали, что жизнь есть результат совокупления двух противоположных начал — инь и ян (мужского и женского).

因此,借着把铅(深黑,表)和水银(光亮,表)融合起来,炼丹术士以为他们模仿自然的过程,就能制成不死金丹。

Нарисовав эту схему, я была поражена осознанием того, что символ благосостояния во многих древних культурах отражает такое же понимание баланса, от двойной спирали народа маори до иньян в даосизме, вечного узла в буддизме и двойной спирали у кельтов.

我一画出这幅画就恍然大悟, 因为在许多古代文化中, 幸福的象征符号 反映了同样的动态平衡感, 从毛利人的高兰吉 到道教的阴阳、佛教的无止尽结, 凯尔特人的双螺旋。

Таким образом, словно инь и ян, тишина нуждается в шуме, а шум нуждается в тишине, чтобы оба явления имели какой-то эффект.

就像阴阳理论中说的 无声需要嘈杂,嘈杂也需要无声 (静中有动,动中有静), 两者相辅相成。

Они также ставили магические печати (обычно со знаками инь и ян) на стены и над дверями, чтобы отпугнуть злых духов и диких зверей.

他们也有一些通常画着阴阳表号的牌子,挂在建筑物或门上以驱逐邪灵和野兽。

Во-первых: в мире всегда были, есть и будут и добро, и зло, потому что добро и зло — это Инь и Ян человека.

一:这个世界,无论过去,现在,还是将来,都总是由善和恶组成, 因为善恶就如人类的阴阳

В своей книге «Чжуан-цзы» он не только дал новое пояснение дао, но и углубил понимание инь и ян, впервые описанных в «И цзин».

在他所著的《庄子》一书中,他不但对于道作出详细的阐述,而且解释由《易经》首先倡导的阴阳之理。(

«Ян», в противоположность «инь», символизирует мужское начало и относится ко всему светлому и горячему.

Когда Солнце достигает своей высшей точки (зенит), ян будет максимальным, а инь – минимальным.

Тем временем комиссар полиции Ян ван дер Стратэн (он возглавлял расследование до его выхода на пенсию в том же году) заявил, что «Холидэй-Инн» был устроен таким образом, что Холлоуэй вовсе не нужно было проходить через вестибюль, чтобы попасть в свой номер.

从立案开始主持调查直至2005年退休时止的警察总监扬·范德斯特拉滕(Jan van der Straten)对此称,霍洛威当晚肯定没有经酒店大堂返回房间。

Г‐н Осканян (Армения) (говорит по‐английски): Позвольте мне поздравить г‐жу Хайю Рашед Аль-Халифу с ее избранием на должность Председателя и пожелать ей, чтобы этот год был относительно свободным от конфликтов, кризисов и катастроф; иными словами, чтобы этот год был не похож на год предыдущий, в течение которого Его Превосходительство г‐н Ян Элиассон, благодаря его первоклассному руководству, внес весомый вклад в наше успешное плавание в беспокойных водах.

奥斯卡尼扬先生(亚美尼亚)(以英语发言):我要祝贺哈亚·拉希德·阿勒哈利法女士当选为主席,并祝愿她任职的一年中相对无冲突、危机和灾难,换句话说,不要象我们刚刚度过的一年那样,在这一年中,扬·埃利亚松阁下凭其巨大的领导能力,为成功引导驶过波涛汹涌的水域作出了巨大贡献。

Инь и ян (кит. трад. 陰陽, упрощ. 阴阳, пиньинь yīn yáng; яп. ин-ё) — одна из основных концепций древнекитайской философии.

В современной философии Ян и Инь — высшие архетипы : Ян — белое, мужское, акцент на внешнее; Инь — чёрное, женское, акцент на внутреннее.

В «Книге перемен» («И цзин») ян и инь служили для выражения светлого и тёмного, твёрдого и мягкого, мужского и женского начал в природе. В процессе развития китайской философии ян и инь все более символизировали взаимодействие крайних противоположностей: света и тьмы, дня и ночи, солнца и луны, неба и земли, жары и холода, положительного и отрицательного и т. д. Исключительно абстрактное значение инь-ян получили в спекулятивных схемах неоконфуцианства, особенно в учении о «ли» (кит. ) — абсолютном законе. Концепция о взаимодействии полярных сил инь-ян, которые рассматриваются как основные космические силы движения, как первопричины постоянной изменчивости в природе, составляет главное содержание большинства диалектических схем китайских философов. Учение о дуализме сил инь-ян — непременный элемент диалектических построений в китайской философии. Представления об инь-ян нашли также разнообразное применение в разработке теоретических основ китайской медицины, химии, музыки и т. д.

Открытый в Китае несколько тысячелетий назад, этот принцип первоначально базировался на физическом мышлении. Однако по мере развития он стал более метафизическим понятием. В японской же философии сохранился физический подход, поэтому деление объектов по инь-ян-свойствам у китайцев и японцев различаются[1]. В новояпонской религии оомото-кё это понятия божественных Идзу (огонь, ё) и Мидзу (вода, ин).

Единая изначальная материя тайцзи порождает две противоположные субстанции — ян и инь, которые едины и неделимы. Первоначально «инь» означало «северный, теневой», а «ян» — «южный, солнечный склон горы». Позднее инь воспринималось как негативное, холодное, темное и женское, а ян — как позитивное, светлое, теплое и мужское начало.

В трактате «Ней-цзин» по этому поводу говорится:

Чистая субстанция ян претворяется в небе; мутная субстанция инь претворяется в земле… Небо — это субстанция ян, а земля — это субстанция инь. Солнце — это субстанция ян, а Луна — это субстанция инь… Субстанция инь — это покой, а субстанция ян — это подвижность. Субстанция ян рождает, а субстанция инь взращивает. Субстанция ян трансформирует дыхание-ци, а субстанция инь формирует телесную форму.

Пять стихий и три круга: зелеными стрелками обозначен круг порождения, красными — круг преодоления, синими — круг контроля (погашения)

Взаимодействие и борьба этих начал порождают пять стихий (первоэлементов) — у син: воду, огонь, дерево, металл и землю, из которых возникает все многообразие материального мира — «десять тысяч вещей» — вань у, включая человека. Пять стихий находятся в постоянном движении и гармонии, взаимном порождении (вода порождает дерево, дерево — огонь, огонь — землю, земля — металл, а металл — воду) и взаимном преодолении (вода тушит огонь, огонь плавит металл, металл разрушает дерево, дерево — землю, а земля засыпает воду).

См. также

  • Китайский гороскоп

Ссылки

  • Понятие о концепции Инь-Ян
  • Инь и Ян

Примечания

  1. Сиро Мацуоки Начало Йиня и Яня//Прикладная макробиотика.

Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.

«Инь янь» перенаправляется сюда. Для использования в других целях, см Инь Ян (значения) .

«Инь Ян» перенаправляется сюда. Для китайцев по фамилии Ян см. Ян Ин .

Инь Янь
Инь и янь.svg

Символ инь-янь;
Инь-тьма справа и ян-свет слева

китайское имя
Традиционный китайский
Упрощенный китайский
Литературное значение «темный свет»
Транскрипции
Стандартный мандарин
Ханю Пиньинь Инь Янь
Гвойеу Роматзих иньян
Уэйд – Джайлз инь 1- ян 2
IPA [ín.jǎŋ]
Хакка
Romanization yim1-yong2
Yue: Cantonese
Yale Romanization yām-yèuhng
Jyutping jam1-joeng4
IPA [jɐ́m.jœ̏ːŋ]
Southern Min
Hokkien POJ im-iông
Middle Chinese
Middle Chinese ‘im-yang
Old Chinese
Baxter (1992) *ʔrjum ljang
Baxter–Sagart (2014) *q(r)um lang
Вьетнамское имя
вьетнамский Ам Дунг
Хан-Ном 陰陽
Корейское имя
Хангыль
Ханджа 陰陽
Транскрипции
Revised Romanization eumyang
McCune–Reischauer ŭmyang
Монгольское имя
Монгольская кириллица Арга билэг
Монгольский сценарий ᠠᠷᠭ᠎ᠠ ᠪᠢᠯᠢᠭ
Японское имя
Кандзи 陰陽
Хирагана い ん よ う, お ん よ う, お ん み ょ う
Транскрипции
Revised Hepburn in’yō, on’yō, onmyō

В древней китайской философии , инь и ян ( и ; китайский : Yinyang выражен [в JAN] , лит «темно-свет», «отрицательный-положительный») — это концепция дуализма , описывающая, как очевидно противоположные или противоположные силы могут на самом деле быть дополнительными, взаимосвязанными и взаимозависимыми в естественном мире, и как они могут порождать друг друга, поскольку они взаимосвязаны друг с другом. [1]В китайской космологии Вселенная творится из первичного хаоса материальной энергии, организованной в циклы Инь и Ян и сформированных в объекты и жизни. Инь — восприимчивый, а Ян — активный принцип, проявляющийся во всех формах изменений и различий, таких как годовой цикл (зима и лето), ландшафт (тень на севере и яркость на юге), половая связь (женщина и мужчина). , формирование как мужчин, так и женщин как персонажей и социально-политической истории (беспорядок и порядок). [2]

В китайской космологии есть разные динамики. В космологии, относящейся к Инь и Ян, материальная энергия, из которой эта вселенная создала себя, также называется ци . Считается, что организация ци в космологии Инь и Ян сформировала множество вещей. [3] К этим формам относятся люди. Многие природные двойственности (такие как свет и тьма , огонь и вода, расширение и сжатие) считаются физическими проявлениями двойственности, символизируемой инь и ян. Эта двойственность лежит у истоков многих отраслей классической китайской науки и философии, а также является основным ориентиром в традиционной китайской медицине , [4]и центральный принцип различных форм китайских боевых искусств и упражнений, таких как багуачжан , тайцзицюань (тай-чи) и цигун ( цигун ), а также появляющийся на страницах « И Цзин» .

Понятие двойственности можно найти во многих областях, таких как Сообщества практиков . Термин «дуалистический монизм» или диалектический монизм был придуман в попытке выразить этот плодотворный парадокс одновременного единства и двойственности. Инь и янь можно рассматривать как взаимодополняющие (а не противодействующие) силы, которые взаимодействуют, образуя динамическую систему, в которой целое больше, чем собранные части. [5] Согласно этой философии, все имеет аспекты как инь, так и ян (например, тень не может существовать без света). Любой из двух основных аспектов может сильнее проявляться в конкретном объекте, в зависимости от критерия наблюдения. Инь янь (т.е. тайцзиту символ) показывает баланс между двумя противоположностями с частью противоположного элемента в каждой секции.

В даосской метафизике различия между добром и злом, наряду с другими дихотомическими моральными суждениями, являются перцептивными, а не реальными; Итак, двойственность инь и янь — неделимое целое. С другой стороны, в этике конфуцианства , особенно в философии Дун Чжуншу ( ок. II в. До н. Э.), Идеям инь и янь придается моральное измерение. [6]

Лингвистические аспекты [ править ]

Эти китайские термины инь «черная сторона» и ян «белая сторона» поддаются лингвистическому анализу с точки зрения китайских иероглифов , произношения и этимологии , значений , топографии и заимствований .

Персонажи [ править ]

» Инь-янь » в печатях (вверху), традиционных (в центре) и упрощенных (внизу) китайских иероглифах.

В китайские символы идля слов инь и янь классифицируются как фоно-семантических символов , сочетающий в себе смысловой компонент «насыпь; холм» радикальный (графический вариант) с фонетические компоненты JIN (и добавленный семантический компонент yún «пиктографическое: облако») и yáng . В последнем, YANG «яркая» особенность«солнце» ++«лучи солнца».

Произношения и этимологии [ править ]

Синолог обнаружил, что белый символизирует «Инь», а черный — «Ян» в династии Шан, эти изменения в перевернутом виде вверх ногами проводились с конца периода враждующих государств. [ необходима цитата ]

Современная стандартная китайское произношение, как правило , уровень первого тона инь «теневая; облачно» или иногда падает четвёртую тон инь «для укрытия; тень» , а«солнечный» всегда произносится с повышением тона второго YANG .

Китаеведов и исторические лингвисты реконструировали Средний китайские произношения на основе данных в (CE 7 века) Qieyun словарь рифм и позже рифма таблиц , которые впоследствии использовали для реконструкции старой китайской фонологии от рифмы в (11-седьмых веках до н.э.) Shijing и фонологических компонентов китайских иероглифов. Реконструкции древнекитайского языка пролили свет на этимологию современных китайских слов.

Сравните эти среднекитайские и древнекитайские (со звездочкой) реконструкции инь и ян :

  • ˑIəm <* ˑiəm и iang <* diang ( Бернхард Карлгрен ) [7]
  • * ʔjəm и * raŋ ( Ли Фанг-Куэй ) [8]
  • ʔ (r) jum and * ljang ( Уильям Х. Бакстер ) [9]
  • ʔjəm <* ʔəm и jiaŋ <* laŋ (Аксель Шуесслер) [10]
  • im <* qrum и yang <* laŋ ( Уильям Х. Бакстер и Лоран Сагарт ) [11]

Шуесслер дает вероятные китайско-тибетские этимологии обоих китайских слов.

Инь <* ʔəm сравнивается с бирманским ʔum C «пасмурно; облачно», Adi muk-jum «тень» и Lepcha so’yǔm «тень»; и, вероятно , родственно с китайским Àn <* ʔəmʔ «затемнить, мрачный» и Qin <* khəm «одеяло».

Ян <* laŋ сравнивает с Lepcha a-lóŋ «отражающий свет», бирманским laŋ B «быть ярким» и ə-laŋ B «светом»; и, возможно , родственно с китайским Чанга <* к-hlaŋ «процветающим, ярким» (сравните площадные слова , как Tai PLAN A1 «яркий» & прото Вьет-Мыонг hlaŋ B ). К этому семейству слов Унгер (Hao-ku, 1986: 34) также включает bǐng < * pl (j) aŋʔ «яркий»;Однако Schuessler реконструирует bǐng»s Древнекитайское произношение как * braŋʔ и включает его в австроазиатское семейство слов, помимо liàng <* raŋh shuǎng <* sraŋʔ «сумерки (рассвета)»; míng < mraŋ «яркий, стань светом, просвети»; из-за «различного начального согласного ОС, который, кажется, не имеет распознаваемой морфологической функции ОС». [12]

Значения [ править ]

Инь и ян — семантически сложные слова.

Джон Дефрансис «ы ABC китайско-английский словарь Всестороннее дает следующие эквиваленты перевода. [13]

Инь陰 или 阴 — Существительное : ① [философия] женское / пассивное / отрицательное начало в природе, ② Фамилия; Связанная морфема : ① луна, заштрихованная ориентация, ③ скрытая; скрытый; скрыто, ④ влагалище, ⑤ пенис, ⑥ преисподней, негатив, северная сторона холма, ⑨ южный берег реки, ⑩ обратная сторона стелы, ⑪ глубокой печати; Статический глагол : пасмурно, зловещий; коварный

Ян陽 или 阳 — Связанная морфема : ① [китайская философия] положительное / активное / мужское начало в природе, ② солнце, ③ мужские гениталии, ④ рельефно, ⑤ открытое; явный, ⑥ принадлежащий этому миру, ⑦ [лингвистика] мужской род, ⑧ южная сторона холма, ⑨ северный берег реки

В составе Yinyang 陰陽означает «инь и ян; противоположность; древняя китайская астрономию; оккультные искусства; астролог; геомант; и т.д.»

Китаевед Rolf Stein этимологически переводит китайский инь «теневая сторону (от горы)» и яньте «солнечной сторону (от горы)» с незаурядным английского географическими терминами УДСКА «теневой стороной горы» и Adret «солнечной стороной гора »( французского происхождения ). [14]

Топонимия [ править ]

Многие китайские топонимы или топонимы содержат слово ян «солнечная сторона», а некоторые содержат слово инь «темная сторона». В Китае , как и везде в Северном полушарии , солнечный свет приходит преимущественно с юга, и поэтому южная сторона горы или северный берег реки будут получать больше прямого солнечного света, чем противоположная сторона.

Ян относится к «южной стороне холма» в Хэнъяне 衡陽, который находится к югу от горы Хэн 衡山в провинции Хунань , и к «северному берегу реки» в Лояне 洛陽, который расположен к северу от реки Ло 洛河в провинции Хэнань .

Точно так же, инь относится к «северной стороне холма» в Huayin 華陰, что к северу от горы Hua 華山в Шэньси провинции.

В Японии , символы используются в западной части Хонсю очертить север стороны San’in области 山陰с юго стороной San’yō области 山陽, отделенной Тюгоку гором 中国山地.

Ссуды [ править ]

Английский инь , янь и инь-янь знакомы заимствованные из китайского происхождения .

В Оксфордский словарь английского языка определяет:

инь (jɪn) Также Инь , Yn . [Китайский оттенок инь , женский; Луна.]

а. В китайской философии женский или отрицательный принцип (характеризующийся темнотой, влажностью, холодом, пассивностью, распадом и т. Д.) Двух противостоящих космических сил, на которые разделяется творческая энергия и слияние которых в физической материи порождает феноменальный мир. Также аттриб . или как прил . и трансф . Ср. Ян .

б. Гребень , как инь-ян , сочетание или слияние двух космических сил; частота атрибут, особенно как символ инь-ян , круг, разделенный S-образной линией на темный и светлый сегменты, представляющие соответственно Инь и Ян , каждый из которых содержит «семя» другого.

ян (j) Также Ян . [Китайский янь янь, солнце, положительные, мужские половые органы.]

а. В китайской философии — мужской или положительный принцип (характеризующийся светом, теплотой, сухостью, активностью и т. Д.) Двух противостоящих космических сил, на которые разделяется творческая энергия и чье слияние в физической материи порождает феноменальный мир. Также аттриб. или как прил. Ср. инь .

б. Гребень. : ян-инь = инь-ян св инь б.

Для самых ранних записанных использований «инь и ян», то КДИ цитирует 1671 для инь и ян , [15] 1850 для инь-ян , [16] и 1959 для ян-инь . [17]

В английском языке ян-инь (например, инь -ян ) иногда встречается как ошибка или опечатка для китайского заимствованного слова инь-ян, но они не являются эквивалентами. В китайском есть некоторые словосочетания янъинь , такие как洋 銀(букв. «Иностранное серебро») «серебряная монета / доллар», но даже в самых полных словарях (например, Hanyu Da Cidian ) нет слов yangyin *陽陰. Хотя ян и инь могут встречаться вместе в контексте, [18] янъинь не является синонимом иньняна . Лингвистический термин « необратимый двучлен «относится к сочетанию двух слов AB, которые нельзя идиоматически перевернуть как BA, например, английские кошка и мышь (не * мышь и кошка ) и друг или враг (не * враг или друг ). [19]

Точно так же обычный образец среди китайских биномиальных соединений — для положительного A и отрицательного B, где слово A доминирует или имеет преимущество над B, например, tiandi 天地«небо и земля» и nannü 男女«мужчины и женщины». Иньян, означающий «темный и светлый; женский и мужской; луна и солнце», однако, является исключением. Ученые предложили различные объяснения того , почему Yinyang нарушает эту закономерность, в том числе «лингвистического удобства» (это легче сказать Yinyang чем yangyin ), идея , что «прото-китайское общество было матриархальная», или , возможно, так как YinYangВпервые получивший широкое распространение в конце периода Воюющих Государств, этот термин был «намеренно направлен на то, чтобы бросить вызов стойким культурным представлениям». [19]

История [ править ]

Нидхэм обсуждает Инь и Ян вместе с Пяти Элементами в рамках Школы Натуралистов . Он говорит, что было бы правильно начать с Инь и Ян до Пяти Элементов, потому что первые «лежали как бы на более глубоком уровне в Природе и были самыми окончательными принципами, которые могли постичь древние китайцы. так получилось, что мы знаем гораздо больше об историческом происхождении теории пяти элементов, чем об истории инь и янь, и поэтому будет удобнее сначала разобраться с ней ». [20] Затем он обсуждает Цзоу Янь (鄒衍; 305 — 240 г. до н.э.), который больше всего связан с этими теориями. Хотя Инь и Ян не упоминаются ни в одном из сохранившихся документов Цзоу Яня, его школа была известна как Инь Ян Цзя (Школа Инь и Ян). Нидхэм заключает: «Не может быть никаких сомнений в том, что философское использование этих терминов началось примерно с начало -4 века, и что отрывки в более старых текстах, которые упоминают это использование, являются вставками, сделанными позже того времени ». [20]

Китайские гендерные роли [ править ]

Несмотря на то, что в современном контексте они используются для оправдания эгалитаризма с точки зрения «необходимости» как инь, так и ян, на практике концепция инь и янь привела к оправданию патриархальной истории Китая. [21] В частности, в конфуцианстве ян (как принцип солнца) считается более высоким, чем «инь» (темный принцип), поэтому мужчинам предоставляется правящая позиция, тогда как женщинам предоставляется только право, если в некоторых примечательных обстоятельствах они не обладают достаточным количеством ян. [ необходима цитата ]

Природа [ править ]

В даосской философии тьма и свет, инь и ян появляются в Дао дэ цзин в главе 42. [22]   Это становится ощутимым из начального состояния покоя или пустоты ( уцзи , иногда символизируемого пустым кругом) и продолжает движение до состояния покоя.снова достигается. Например, если бросить камень в спокойный бассейн с водой, это одновременно вызовет волну и более низкие впадины между ними, и это чередование высоких и низких точек в воде будет излучаться наружу, пока движение не исчезнет и бассейн снова не станет спокойным. Таким образом, инь и ян всегда противоположны и равны. Кроме того, всякий раз, когда одно качество достигает своего пика, оно естественным образом начинает трансформироваться в противоположное качество: например, зерно, которое достигает своей полной высоты летом (полностью ян), дает семена и отмирает зимой (полностью инь) в бесконечном цикл.

Невозможно говорить об инь или ян без какой-либо ссылки на противоположное, поскольку инь и ян связаны вместе как части общего целого (например, не может быть низа стопы без верха). Способ проиллюстрировать эту идею — [ цитата необходима ] постулировать понятие расы, состоящей только из женщин или только мужчин; эта раса исчезнет за одно поколение. Тем не менее, женщины и мужчины вместе создают новые поколения, которые позволяют расе, которую они создают вместе (и происходят из них), выжить. Взаимодействие этих двух порождает такие вещи, как мужественность. [23]Инь и янь трансформируют друг друга: подобно отливу в океане, каждое продвижение дополняется отступлением, и каждый подъем превращается в падение. Таким образом, семя прорастет из земли и вырастет вверх к небу — внутреннее движение Ян. Затем, когда он достигнет своей полной потенциальной высоты, он упадет. Также рост верхушки ищет света, в то время как корни растут в темноте.

Некоторые крылатые фразы использовались для выражения взаимодополняемости инь и ян: [24]

  • Чем больше передняя часть, тем больше задняя часть.
  • Болезнь — это путь к здоровью.
  • Трагедия превращается в комедию.
  • Бедствия оборачиваются благословением.

Современное использование [ править ]

Инь — это черная сторона, а ян — белая. Отношения между инь и ян часто описываются как солнечный свет, играющий над горой и долиной. Инь (буквально «тенистое место» или «северный склон») — это темная область, закрытая громадой горы, а ян (буквально «солнечное место» или «южный склон») — ярко освещенная часть. небо, инь и ян постепенно меняются местами друг с другом, открывая то, что было затемнено, и затемняя то, что было открыто.

Инь характеризуется как медленный, мягкий, уступчивый, рассеянный, холодный, влажный и пассивный; и ассоциируется с водой, землей, луной, негативом, женственностью , тенями / тьмой, разрушительностью и ночным временем.

Ян, напротив, быстрый, твердый, твердый, сосредоточенный, горячий / теплый, сухой и активный; и ассоциируется с огнем, небом / воздухом, солнцем, позитивом, мужественностью , сиянием / светом, творчеством и днем. [25]

Инь и янь также применимы к человеческому телу. В традиционной китайской медицине хорошее здоровье напрямую связано с балансом между качествами инь и ян внутри человека. [26] Если инь и ян становятся неуравновешенными, одно из качеств считается недостаточным или имеет пустоту .

И Цзин [ править ]

Символ в окружении триграмм

В « И Цзин» , первоначально руководстве по гаданию периода Западной Чжоу (ок. 1000–750 до н.э.), основанном на китайской астрономии [27], инь и ян представлены пунктирными и сплошными линиями: инь прерван ( ), а ян — твердый ( ). Затем они объединяются в триграммы , которые больше ян ( например, ) или больше инь ( например, ) в зависимости от количества ломаных и сплошных линий ( например , сильно ян, а сильно инь), и триграммы объединяются. в гексаграммы ( например и). Относительное положение и количество линий инь и ян в триграммах определяет значение триграммы, а в гексаграммах верхняя триграмма считается ян по отношению к нижней триграмме, инь, что позволяет создавать сложные изображения взаимосвязей.

Тайдзиту [ править ]

Принцип Инь и Ян представлен Тайцзиту (буквально «Схема Высшего Предельного »). Этот термин обычно используется для обозначения простой формы «разделенного круга», но может относиться к любой из нескольких схематических диаграмм, представляющих эти принципы, например свастике , общей для индуизма, буддизма и джайнизма. Подобные символы также появлялись в других культурах, например, в кельтском искусстве и римских щитах . [28] [29] [30]

В этом символе две слезинки вихрем символизируют преобразование инь в янь и янь в инь. Это видно, когда мяч подбрасывается в воздух со скоростью ян, а затем преобразуется в скорость инь, чтобы упасть обратно на землю. Две капли расположены противоположно друг другу, чтобы показать, что по мере увеличения одной капли другая уменьшается. Точка на противоположном поле слезы показывает, что всегда есть инь внутри янь и всегда янь внутри инь. [31]

Тайцзи-цюань [ править ]

Тайцзи-цюань или тайцзицюань (太極拳), форма боевого искусства, часто описывается как принципы инь и янь, применяемые к человеческому телу и телу животного. У Цзяньцюань , известный учитель китайских боевых искусств , описал тайцзицюань следующим образом:

Различные люди предлагали разные объяснения названия тайцзицюань . Некоторые говорят: «Что касается самосовершенствования , нужно тренироваться от состояния движения к состоянию покоя. Тайцзи возникает благодаря равновесию инь и янь . С точки зрения техники нападения и защиты затем, в контексте изменений в полном объеме и опорожнить, один постоянно внутренне латентный, чтобы внешне не выразительным, как будто инь и янь из Тайцзи еще не разделены друг от друга. Другие говорят: «Каждое движение тайцзицюань основано на кругах, как и форма тайцзиту.. Поэтому это называется тайцзицюань .

-  У Цзяньцюань, Международный журнал Тайцзицюань [32]

См. Также [ править ]

  • Дуалистическая космология
    • Шаткона
  • Энантиодромия
  • Флаг Южной Кореи
  • Флаг Тибета
  • Фу Си
  • Ганкыл
  • Хуанди Нейцзин
  • Ометеотль
  • Onmyōd
  • Тай-чи-цюань
  • Taegeuk
  • Томоэ
  • Чжуанцзы

Ссылки [ править ]

Сноски [ править ]

  1. ^ «Скрытые значения инь и ян — Джон Беллэйми» . TED-Ed. Архивировано из оригинального 28 октября 2021 года . Проверено 2 августа 2013 года .
  2. Перейти ↑ Feuchtwang, Stephan (2016). Религии в современном мире: традиции и трансформации . Нью-Йорк: Рутледж. п. 150. ISBN 978-0-415-85881-6.
  3. ^ Feuchtwang, Sephan. «Китайские религии». Религии в современном мире: традиции и трансформации, Третье изд., Рутледж, 2016, стр. 150-151.
  4. ^ Поркерт (1974). Теоретические основы китайской медицины . MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-16058-7.
  5. ^ Жорж Осава (1976). Уникальный принцип . ISBN 978-0-918860-17-0— через Google Книги .
  6. ^ Тэйлор Latener, Родни Леона (2005). Иллюстрированная энциклопедия конфуцианства . 2 . Нью-Йорк: издательство Rosen Publishing Group. п. 869. ISBN 978-0-8239-4079-0.
  7. ^ Карлгрены, Grammata Serica Recensa , Музей Дальневосточных древностей, 1957, 173, 188.
  8. Ли, Фанг-Куэй, «Исследования древнего китайского языка», перевод Гилберта Л. Маттоса, Monumenta Serica 31, 1974: 219–287.
  9. ^ Уильям Х. Бакстер, Справочник по древнекитайской фонологии , Mouton de Gruyter, 1992.
  10. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC этимологический словарь древнекитайского языка , Гавайский университет Press , 2007, 558, 572.
  11. ^ Бакстер & Sagart (2014), стр. 326-378.
  12. ^ Schuessler, Axel, ABC этимологический словарь древнекитайского языка , Гавайский университет Press , 2007. стр. 168, 180, 558.
  13. ^ Джон Дефрансис, изд., ABC китайско-английский словарь Всестороннее , Гавайский университет Press, 2003, 1147, 1108.
  14. ^ Рольф Штайн (2010), Tibetica Antiqua Рольфа Штайна: с дополнительными материалами , Brill, стр. 63.
  15. ^ Арнолдус Монтанус , Atlas Chinensis: Будучи относительно примечательных пассажей в двух посольствах из Восточно-Индской компании Соединенных Провинций к вице-Рой Singlamong генерал Taising Lipovi и Konchi, император, Томас Джонсон , тр. Дж. Огилби, 1671, 549: «Китайцы этими штрихами заявляют, сколько каждая Форма или Знак получает от двух упомянутых выше Началов Инь или Ян».
  16. ^ Уильям Джонс Бун , «Защита эссе о правильном переводе слов Элохим и θεός на китайский язык», « Китайский репозиторий XIX», 1850, 375: «… когда в Йих-короле (или Книге диаграмм) мы если читать о Великой крайности, это означает, что Великая крайность находится посреди активной-пассивной изначальной субстанции (Инь-янь), и что она не является внешней по отношению к Инь-ян и не отделена от нее ».
  17. Карл Юнг , «Aion: исследования феноменологии самости», в «Собрании работ К.Г. Юнга» , тр. RFC Hull, том 9, часть 2, стр. 58 «» [Видение «Вознесения Исайи»] легко может быть описанием подлинных отношений ян-инь, картиной, которая ближе к истинной истине, чем privatio boni . Более того, он никоим образом не вредит монотеизму, так как объединяет противоположности справедливости, а ян и инь объединяются в Дао (которое иезуиты вполне логично перевели как «Бог») ».
  18. ^ Например, Хуайнаньцзы говорит: «Теперь пиломатериалы не так важны, как лес; лес не так важен, как дождь; дождь не так важен, как инь и янь; инь и янь не так важны, как гармония; а гармония не так важна, как Путь. (12,材 不及 林 , 林 不及 雨 , 雨 , 陰陽 不及 和 , 和 不及 道; tr. Major et al. 2010, 442).
  19. ^ a b Роджер Т. Эймс, « Инь и Ян », в Энциклопедии китайской философии , изд. Антонио С. Куа, Routledge, 2002, 847.
  20. ^ a b Нидхэм, Джозеф; Наука и цивилизация в Китае Том 2: История научной мысли; Издательство Кембриджского университета ; 1956 г.
  21. ^ «Гендер в китайской философии | Интернет-энциклопедия философии» . Проверено 7 ноября 2021 года .
  22. ^ Мюллер, Чарльз. «Даодэ Цзин» . Проверено 9 марта 2018 .
  23. ^ Робин Р. Ван «Иньян (Инь-ян)» . Интернет-энциклопедия философии . Проверено 9 марта 2018 .
  24. ^ Nyoiti Sakurazawa и Уильям Дафти (1965) Вы все Sanpaku , страница 33
  25. ^ Осгуд, Чарльз Э. «От Ян и Инь к и или но». Язык 49.2 (1973): 380–412. JSTOR
  26. ^ Ли CL. Краткий очерк истории болезни Китая с особым акупунктурой. Perspect Biol Med. Осень 1974; 18 (1): 132-43.

  27. Текст «
    И Цзин» берет свое начало втексте предсказаний Западной Чжоу, который называется « Изменения Чжоу» (周易 Zhōu yì ). Различные современные ученые предлагают даты в диапазоне между 10 и 4 веками до нашей эры для сборки текста примерно в его нынешней форме. Нилан, Майкл (2001), Пять конфуцианских классиков (2001), стр. 228.
  28. ^ Джованни Monastra: « „инь-ян“среди Insignia Римской империи? Архивированные 2011-09-25 в Wayback Machine », «София» Vol. 6, № 2 (2000)
  29. ^ «Позднеримские образцы щитов — Magister Peditum» . www.ne.jp .
  30. Гельмут Никель: «Дракон и жемчужина», журнал Метрополитен-музей, Vol. 26 (1991), стр. 146, Fn. 5
  31. ^ Хьюз, Кевин (2020). Введение в теорию инь-янь . Независимый. ISBN 979-8667867869.
  32. ^ Woolidge, Дуги (июнь 1997). «T’AI CHI Международный журнал Тай Чи Чуань Том 21 № 3». Тай Чи . Публикации Wayfarer. ISSN 0730-1049 . 

Процитированные работы [ править ]

  • Бакстер, Уильям Х .; Сагарт, Лоран (2014). Старый китайский: новая реконструкция . Оксфорд: Издательство Оксфордского университета . ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.

Внешние ссылки [ править ]

Викискладе есть медиафайлы по теме Инь Ян .
Найдите инь , ян или инь-ян в Викисловаре, бесплатном словаре.
  • Инь Ян означает в китайском образовательном видео.
  • Инь и Ян , goldenelixir.com
  • Лю Иминь (1734–1821) «Преднебесные и послелестиальные инь и янь».

Инь и Ян в китайском языке ☯

Инь и Ян в китайском языке ☯

Знакомимся с культурой Китая.

Инь и Ян — кит.трад. — 陰陽; упр.- 阴阳. В процессе развития китайский философии ян и инь всё более символизировали взаимодействие крайних противоположностей: света и тьмы, дня и ночи, солнца и луны и так далее. В любом случае о тайных смыслах этих двух противоположностей рассказывать можно очень долго. Сегодня преподаватель нашей школы Никита Ван подробно расскажет вам о значении Инь и Ян в китайском языке.

10 марта 2021, 18:10

1133

24 февраля 2019
/ китайский язык

Значение Инь и Ян по-китайски

Значение Инь и Ян по-китайски

Инь и Ян — часть китайской философии о женской Инь и мужской Ян энергии (инь — 阴, ян — 阳). Ян — мужская, небесная, теплая и светлая энергия. Инь — женская, земная, темная, холодная.

Инь

阴 — Китайский иероглиф негатив, отрицательный звучит как Yīn

Ян

阳 — Китайский иероглиф положительный звучит как Yáng.

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