Как написать гигабайт

гигабайт

Синонимы:

ГБ или Гб для обозначения гигабайта

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Как правильно пишется слово «гигабайт»

гигаба́йт

гигаба́йт, -а, р. мн. -ов, счетн. ф. -ба́йт

Источник: Орфографический
академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
2020)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The gigabyte ()^[1] is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 10⁹ in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.

This definition is used in all contexts of science (especially data science), engineering, business, and many areas of computing, including storage capacities of hard drives, solid state drives, and tapes, as well as data transmission speeds. However, the term is also used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 (1024³ or 2³⁰) bytes, particularly for sizes of RAM. Thus, prior to 1998, some usage of gigabyte has been ambiguous. To resolve this difficulty, IEC 80000-13 clarifies that a gigabyte (GB) is 10⁹ bytes and specifies the term gibibyte (GiB) to denote 2³⁰ bytes. These differences are still readily seen for example, when a 400 GB drive’s capacity is displayed by Microsoft Windows as 372 GB instead of 372 GiB. Analogously, a memory module that is labeled as having the size «1GB» has one gibibyte (1GiB) of storage capacity.

In response to litigation over whether the makers of electronic storage devices must conform to Microsoft Windows’ use of a binary definition of «GB» instead of the metric/decimal definition, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California rejected that argument, ruling that «the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the ‘preferred’ one for the purposes of ‘U.S. trade and commerce.'»^[2][3]

Definition[edit]

The term gigabyte has a standard definition of 1000³ bytes, as well as a discouraged^[2] meaning of 1024³ bytes. The latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (2¹⁰) is approximately 1000 (10³), roughly corresponding to SI multiples, it was used for binary multiples as well.

In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 1000³ bytes and gibibyte denote 1024³ bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST, and in 2009 it was incorporated in the International System of Quantities. Nevertheless, the term gigabyte continues to be widely used with the following two different meanings:

Base 10 (decimal)[edit]

• 1 GB = 1000000000 bytes (= 1000³ B = 10⁹ B)

Based on powers of 10, this definition uses the prefix giga- as defined in the International System of Units (SI). This is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).^[4] This definition is used in networking contexts and most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage,^[5][6] and DVDs, and is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefix in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are a notable example of this usage in software, which report files sizes in decimal units.^[7]

Base 2 (binary)[edit]

• 1 GiB = 1073741824 bytes (= 1024³ B = 2³⁰ B).

The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as does the architectural principle of binary computers.
This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory (e.g., RAM). This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.

Consumer confusion[edit]

Since the first disk drive, the IBM 350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes. With the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as «500 GB». The exact capacity of a given drive model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of hard disk drives and flash-memory disk devices^[5][6] continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes, which is displayed on the packaging. Some operating systems such as OS X^[8] express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers, while others such as Microsoft Windows report size using binary multipliers. This discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, 400 GB (meaning 400000000000bytes, equal to 372 GiB) might be reported by the operating system as «372 GB«.

The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE 100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes (2³⁰ bytes).^[9]

The difference between units based on decimal and binary prefixes increases as a semi-logarithmic (linear-log) function—for example, the decimal kilobyte value is nearly 98% of the kibibyte, a megabyte is under 96% of a mebibyte, and a gigabyte is just over 93% of a gibibyte value. This means that a 300 GB (279 GiB) hard disk might be indicated variously as «300 GB», «279 GB» or «279 GiB», depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences become more pronounced.

US lawsuits[edit]

A lawsuit decided in 2019 that arose from alleged breach of contract and other claims over the binary and decimal definitions used for «gigabyte» have ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 (10⁹) bytes (the decimal definition). Specifically, the courts held that «the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the ‘preferred’ one for the purposes of ‘U.S. trade and commerce’ …. The California Legislature has likewise adopted the decimal system for all ‘transactions in this state’.»^[2]

Earlier lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital.^[10][11] Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.^[10]
Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.^[10][12]

Other contexts[edit]

Because of their physical design, the capacity of modern computer random access memory devices, such as DIMM modules, is always a multiple of a power of 1024. It is thus convenient to use prefixes denoting powers of 1024, known as binary prefixes, in describing them. For example, a memory capacity of 1073741824bytes is conveniently expressed as 1 GiB rather than as 1.074 GB. The former specification is, however, often quoted as «1 GB» when applied to random access memory.^[13]

Software allocates memory in varying degrees of granularity as needed to fulfill data structure requirements and binary multiples are usually not required. Other computer capacities and rates, like storage hardware size, data transfer rates, clock speeds, operations per second, etc., do not depend on an inherent base, and are usually presented in decimal units. For example, the manufacturer of a «300 GB» hard drive is claiming a capacity of 300000000000bytes, not 300 × 1024³ (which would be 322122547200) bytes.

Examples of gigabyte-sized storage[edit]

• One hour of SDTV video at 2.2 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• Seven minutes of HDTV video at 19.39 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• 114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• A single layer DVD+R disc can hold about 4.7 GB.
• A dual-layered DVD+R disc can hold about 8.5 GB.
• A single layer Blu-ray can hold about 25 GB.
• The largest Nintendo Switch cartridge available on the market holds about 32 GB.
• A dual-layered Blu-ray can hold about 50 GB.
• A triple-layered Ultra HD Blu-ray can hold about 100 GB.

Unicode character[edit]

The «gigabyte» symbol is encoded by Unicode at code point U+3387 ㎇ SQUARE GB.^[14]

See also[edit]

• Orders of magnitude (data)
• Binary prefix

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html
• http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm Archived 12 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine
• https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The gigabyte ()^[1] is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. The prefix giga means 10⁹ in the International System of Units (SI). Therefore, one gigabyte is one billion bytes. The unit symbol for the gigabyte is GB.

This definition is used in all contexts of science (especially data science), engineering, business, and many areas of computing, including storage capacities of hard drives, solid state drives, and tapes, as well as data transmission speeds. However, the term is also used in some fields of computer science and information technology to denote 1073741824 (1024³ or 2³⁰) bytes, particularly for sizes of RAM. Thus, prior to 1998, some usage of gigabyte has been ambiguous. To resolve this difficulty, IEC 80000-13 clarifies that a gigabyte (GB) is 10⁹ bytes and specifies the term gibibyte (GiB) to denote 2³⁰ bytes. These differences are still readily seen for example, when a 400 GB drive’s capacity is displayed by Microsoft Windows as 372 GB instead of 372 GiB. Analogously, a memory module that is labeled as having the size «1GB» has one gibibyte (1GiB) of storage capacity.

In response to litigation over whether the makers of electronic storage devices must conform to Microsoft Windows’ use of a binary definition of «GB» instead of the metric/decimal definition, the United States District Court for the Northern District of California rejected that argument, ruling that «the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the ‘preferred’ one for the purposes of ‘U.S. trade and commerce.'»^[2][3]

Definition[edit]

The term gigabyte has a standard definition of 1000³ bytes, as well as a discouraged^[2] meaning of 1024³ bytes. The latter binary usage originated as compromise technical jargon for byte multiples that needed to be expressed in a power of 2, but lacked a convenient name. As 1024 (2¹⁰) is approximately 1000 (10³), roughly corresponding to SI multiples, it was used for binary multiples as well.

In 1998 the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) published standards for binary prefixes, requiring that the gigabyte strictly denote 1000³ bytes and gibibyte denote 1024³ bytes. By the end of 2007, the IEC Standard had been adopted by the IEEE, EU, and NIST, and in 2009 it was incorporated in the International System of Quantities. Nevertheless, the term gigabyte continues to be widely used with the following two different meanings:

Base 10 (decimal)[edit]

• 1 GB = 1000000000 bytes (= 1000³ B = 10⁹ B)

Based on powers of 10, this definition uses the prefix giga- as defined in the International System of Units (SI). This is the recommended definition by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC).^[4] This definition is used in networking contexts and most storage media, particularly hard drives, flash-based storage,^[5][6] and DVDs, and is also consistent with the other uses of the SI prefix in computing, such as CPU clock speeds or measures of performance. The file manager of Mac OS X version 10.6 and later versions are a notable example of this usage in software, which report files sizes in decimal units.^[7]

Base 2 (binary)[edit]

• 1 GiB = 1073741824 bytes (= 1024³ B = 2³⁰ B).

The binary definition uses powers of the base 2, as does the architectural principle of binary computers.
This usage is widely promulgated by some operating systems, such as Microsoft Windows in reference to computer memory (e.g., RAM). This definition is synonymous with the unambiguous unit gibibyte.

Consumer confusion[edit]

Since the first disk drive, the IBM 350, disk drive manufacturers expressed hard drive capacities using decimal prefixes. With the advent of gigabyte-range drive capacities, manufacturers based most consumer hard drive capacities in certain size classes expressed in decimal gigabytes, such as «500 GB». The exact capacity of a given drive model is usually slightly larger than the class designation. Practically all manufacturers of hard disk drives and flash-memory disk devices^[5][6] continue to define one gigabyte as 1000000000bytes, which is displayed on the packaging. Some operating systems such as OS X^[8] express hard drive capacity or file size using decimal multipliers, while others such as Microsoft Windows report size using binary multipliers. This discrepancy causes confusion, as a disk with an advertised capacity of, for example, 400 GB (meaning 400000000000bytes, equal to 372 GiB) might be reported by the operating system as «372 GB«.

The JEDEC memory standards use IEEE 100 nomenclature which quote the gigabyte as 1073741824bytes (2³⁰ bytes).^[9]

The difference between units based on decimal and binary prefixes increases as a semi-logarithmic (linear-log) function—for example, the decimal kilobyte value is nearly 98% of the kibibyte, a megabyte is under 96% of a mebibyte, and a gigabyte is just over 93% of a gibibyte value. This means that a 300 GB (279 GiB) hard disk might be indicated variously as «300 GB», «279 GB» or «279 GiB», depending on the operating system. As storage sizes increase and larger units are used, these differences become more pronounced.

US lawsuits[edit]

A lawsuit decided in 2019 that arose from alleged breach of contract and other claims over the binary and decimal definitions used for «gigabyte» have ended in favor of the manufacturers, with courts holding that the legal definition of gigabyte or GB is 1 GB = 1,000,000,000 (10⁹) bytes (the decimal definition). Specifically, the courts held that «the U.S. Congress has deemed the decimal definition of gigabyte to be the ‘preferred’ one for the purposes of ‘U.S. trade and commerce’ …. The California Legislature has likewise adopted the decimal system for all ‘transactions in this state’.»^[2]

Earlier lawsuits had ended in settlement with no court ruling on the question, such as a lawsuit against drive manufacturer Western Digital.^[10][11] Western Digital settled the challenge and added explicit disclaimers to products that the usable capacity may differ from the advertised capacity.^[10]
Seagate was sued on similar grounds and also settled.^[10][12]

Other contexts[edit]

Because of their physical design, the capacity of modern computer random access memory devices, such as DIMM modules, is always a multiple of a power of 1024. It is thus convenient to use prefixes denoting powers of 1024, known as binary prefixes, in describing them. For example, a memory capacity of 1073741824bytes is conveniently expressed as 1 GiB rather than as 1.074 GB. The former specification is, however, often quoted as «1 GB» when applied to random access memory.^[13]

Software allocates memory in varying degrees of granularity as needed to fulfill data structure requirements and binary multiples are usually not required. Other computer capacities and rates, like storage hardware size, data transfer rates, clock speeds, operations per second, etc., do not depend on an inherent base, and are usually presented in decimal units. For example, the manufacturer of a «300 GB» hard drive is claiming a capacity of 300000000000bytes, not 300 × 1024³ (which would be 322122547200) bytes.

Examples of gigabyte-sized storage[edit]

• One hour of SDTV video at 2.2 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• Seven minutes of HDTV video at 19.39 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• 114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s is approximately 1 GB.
• A single layer DVD+R disc can hold about 4.7 GB.
• A dual-layered DVD+R disc can hold about 8.5 GB.
• A single layer Blu-ray can hold about 25 GB.
• The largest Nintendo Switch cartridge available on the market holds about 32 GB.
• A dual-layered Blu-ray can hold about 50 GB.
• A triple-layered Ultra HD Blu-ray can hold about 100 GB.

Unicode character[edit]

The «gigabyte» symbol is encoded by Unicode at code point U+3387 ㎇ SQUARE GB.^[14]

See also[edit]

• Orders of magnitude (data)
• Binary prefix

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• http://physics.nist.gov/cuu/Units/binary.html
• http://www.quinion.com/words/turnsofphrase/tp-kib1.htm Archived 12 June 2004 at the Wayback Machine
• https://www.nist.gov/public_affairs/techbeat/tb9903.htm Archived 20 August 2016 at the Wayback Machine

Всего найдено: 5

Добрый день. Склоняется ли слово «гигабайт/ы»? Например, «сотни гигабайт» или «сотни гигабайтов»? Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Счетная форма: 5, 100, сотни гигабайт. Если единица измерения употребляется вне «измерительного» контекста, то используется форма гигабайтов: не хватило гигабайтов.

Добрый день, Грамота! Пожалуйста, помоги разрешить спор. Словарь РАН под ред. Лопатина 2012 года фиксирует норму сокращения «килобайт» как «Кб», «мегабайт» — «Мб». Однако в Википедии я обнаружил ссылку на Постановление правительства, закрепляющую варианты ГБ и Гбайт (https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%82). Как же правильно? Заранее спасибо за ответ!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В 4-м издании «Русского орфографического словаря» РАН под ред. В. В. Лопатина и О. Е. Ивановой (М., 2012) зафиксированы сокращения: Кб и Кбайт (килобайт), Мб и Мбайт (мегабайт), Гб и Гбайт (гигабайт). Поэтому можно использовать сокращения Кбайт, Мбайт, Гбайт, которые закреплены и лингвистическими, и официальными источниками.

почему 5 турок, а не турков?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Для большей части существительных мужского рода, в начальной форме оканчивающихся на твердый согласный (апельсин, помидор, мухомор, компьютер, носок), характерно окончание -ов в форме родительного падежа множественного числа: апельсинов, помидоров, мухоморов, компьютеров, носков и т. д. Из этого правила можно выделить обширный ряд исключений — подобных существительных, но имеющих в форме родительного падежа множественного числа нулевое окончание: один чулок — нет чулок, один осетин — пятеро осетин, один грамм — пять граммов и пять грамм и т. п. К числу таких слов относятся:

• Названия людей по национальности и по принадлежности к воинским соединениям, преимущественно употребляющиеся в формах множественного числа в собирательном значении: мадьяры — мадьяр, туркмены — туркмен, гардемарины — гардемаринов и гардемарин, партизаны — партизан, солдаты — солдат; сюда же относится форма р. п. мн. ч. человек.

• Названия парных предметов: ботинки — ботинок, глаза — глаз, манжеты — манжет, погоны — погон, чулки — чулок, эполеты — эполет, сапоги — сапог.

• Названия мер и единиц измерения: 220 вольт, 1000 ватт, 5 ампер, 500 гигабайт. Если же такие названия употребляются вне «измерительного» контекста (иначе говоря, форма родительного падежа не является счетной), то используется окончание -ов: жить без избыточных килограммов, не хватает гигабайтов.

Нужно отметить, что названия плодов, фруктов и овощей, представляющие собой существительные мужского рода, в начальной форме оканчивающиеся на твердый согласный (апельсин, баклажан, помидор, мандарин), в форме родительного падежа мн. ч. имеют окончание -ов: пять апельсинов, килограмм баклажанов, Новый год без мандаринов, салат из помидоров.

Для некоторых существительных образование форм мн. ч. род. п. затруднено; это слова мечта, мольба, башка. Напротив, слова щец и дровец не имеют других форм, кроме формы мн. ч. род. падежа.

См.: «Русская грамматика», М., 1980.

Здравствуйте!
Скажите, пожалуйста, какие окончания имеют единицы измерения — герц, вольт, ватт, грамм, бит, байт — в форме родительного падежа множественного числа?

Юлия

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Если эти слова следуют за числительными, то они имеют нулевое окончание: пять килограмм, 220 вольт. Но без числительных используется окончание -ов: много килограммов, нехватка гигабайтов.

Правильно ли расставлены запятые? «Размер кэша в отличие от Вашего компьютера составляет не мегабайты, и даже не десятки мегабайт, а гигабайты.» Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Предложение следует перестроить: неясно, что с чем сравнивается. Обособление оборотов с предлогом _в отличие от_ факультативно (не обязательно).