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Московская область

ж.р.
существительное

Склонение

Moscow region

Вице-губернатор Подмосковья Юрий Олейников заявил, что почти треть сельских поселений Московской области являются полностью дотационными

The vice governor of the Moscow region Yuriy Oleynikov stated that almost a third of rural villages in the Moscow region are fully subsidized

Контексты

Прием информации со спутника обеспечивался приемным центром в Нойштрелице (Германия) и Центром прогнозов радиационной обстановки ИЗМИРАН (Институт земного магнетизма, ионосферы и распространения радиоволн) в Троицке (Московская область).
The data from the satellite were received at the receiving station at Neustrelitz in Germany and the radiation-forecasting centre of the Institute of Terrestrial Magnetism, Ionosphere and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN) in Troitsk, in the Moscow region.

Вице-губернатор Подмосковья Юрий Олейников заявил, что почти треть сельских поселений Московской области являются полностью дотационными
The vice governor of the Moscow region Yuriy Oleynikov stated that almost a third of rural villages in the Moscow region are fully subsidized

Наиболее многочисленные и активные отделения- в городе Москве (3 марта 1999 года прокурор города Москвы С. Герасимов обратился в Московский городской суд с требованием ликвидировать РНЕ, и соответствующее судебное решение было принято), Московской области, Красноярском и Ставропольском краях, Нижегородской, Новосибирской, Калининградской, Саратовской, Челябинской и Пермской областях, на Сахалине и Камчатке.
The largest and most active branches are in Moscow city (Moscow municipal procurator S. Gerasimov applied to the Moscow municipal court on 3 March 1999 to have Russian National Unity disbanded, and the court ruled in his favour), Moscow oblast, Krasnoyarsk and Stavropol territories, Nizhegorod, Novosibirsk, Kaliningrad, Saratov, Chelyabinsk and Perm oblasts, Sakhalin and Kamchatka.

Губернатор Московской области Андрей Воробьев сразу же поехал в Балашиху и пообещал закрыть свалку к 2019 году.
Andrei Vorobyev, the governor of the Moscow region immediately drove to Balashikha and promised to close the dump by 2019.

До этого губернатор Московской области заявил, что в рамках административной реформы в Подмосковье планируется уменьшить количество дотационных сельских поселений.
Before that, the governor of the Moscow region announced that within the scope of administrative reform, in the Moscow region it is planned to reduce the number of subsidized rural villages.

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This article is about political and administrative region. For urban geography, telecommunications and transport area, see Moscow metropolitan area.

Moscow Oblast
Oblast
Московская область
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 55°42′N 36°58′E / 55.700°N 36.967°ECoordinates: 55°42′N 36°58′E / 55.700°N 36.967°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	Central[1]
Economic region	Central[2]
Administrative center	None
Government
• Body	Oblast Duma[3]
• Governor[5]	Andrey Vorobyov[4]
Area [6]
• Total	44,300 km2 (17,100 sq mi)
• Rank	55th
Population  (2021 Census)[7]
• Total	8,524,665
• Estimate  (2018)[8]	7,503,385
• Rank	2nd
• Density	190/km2 (500/sq mi)
• Urban	80.1%
• Rural	19.9%
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [9])
ISO 3166 code	RU-MOS
License plates	50, 90, 150, 190, 750, 790
OKTMO ID	46000000
Official languages	Russian[10]
Website	mosreg.ru

Moscow Oblast (Russian: Моско́вская о́бласть, romanized: Moskovskaya oblast’, IPA: [mɐˈskofskəjə ˈobləsʲtʲ]), also known as Podmoskovye (Подмоско́вье, IPA: [pədmɐˈskovʲjə]),^[12] is a federal subject of Russia (an oblast). With a population of 8,524,665 (2021 Census) living in an area of 44,300 square kilometers (17,100 sq mi),^[13] it is one of the most densely populated regions in the country^[14] and is the second most populous federal subject.^[15] The oblast has no official administrative center; its public authorities are located in Moscow and Krasnogorsk (Moscow Oblast Duma and government), and also across other locations in the oblast.^[16]

Located in European Russia between latitudes 54° and 57° N and longitudes 35° and 41° E, Moscow Oblast borders Tver Oblast in the northwest, Yaroslavl Oblast in the north, Vladimir Oblast in the northeast and east, Ryazan Oblast in the southeast, Tula Oblast in the south, Kaluga Oblast in the southwest, and Smolensk Oblast in the west. The oblast mostly surrounds the federal city of Moscow, which is not part of the oblast, but rather a separate federal subject in its own right. The oblast is highly industrialized, with the major industries being metallurgy, oil refining, and mechanical engineering, along with the food, energy, and chemical industries.

Geography[edit]

Relief[edit]

The oblast is mostly flat, with some hills with a height of about 160 meters (520 ft) in the western and extensive lowlands in the eastern part. From the southwest to northeast, the oblast is crossed by the border of the Moscow glacier to the north of the common ice-erosion form with moraine ridges, and to the south – only erosional landforms. The western and northern parts of the oblast contain the Moscow Uplands. Their average height peaks at about 300 meters (980 ft) near Dmitrov and the upper point of 310 meters (1,020 ft) lies near the village of Shapkino in Mozhaysky District. The northern part of the Moscow Uplands is steeper than the southern part. The uplands contain lakes of glacial origin, such as Lakes Nerskoye and Krugloye. To the north of the Moscow Uplands lies the alluvial Verhnevolzhsk Depression; It is marshy and flat with the height varying between about 120 meters (390 ft) and 150 meters (490 ft).^[17]

To the south stretches a hilly area of the Moskvoretsko-Oksk plain. Its greatest height of 254 meters (833 ft) lies in the area of Tyoply Stan, within the Moscow city limits. The plain has clearly defined river valleys, especially in the south parts, and occasional karst relief, mostly in Serpukhovsky District. In the extreme south, after the Oka River, lies the Central Russian Upland. It contains numerous gullies and ravines and has average height above 200 m with the maximum of 236 m near Pushchino.^[18]

Most of the eastern part of Moscow Oblast is taken by the vast Meshchera Lowlands with much wetland in their eastern part. Their highest hill peaks at 214 meters (702 ft) but the average heights are 120–150 meters (390–490 ft). Most lakes of the lowlands, such as Lakes Chyornoye and Svyatoye, are of glacial origin. Here lies the lowest natural elevation of the region, the water level of Oka River at 97 meters (318 ft).^[19][20]

Geology and minerals[edit]

Geology[edit]

Moscow Oblast is located in the central part of the East European craton. Like all cratons, the latter is composed of the crystalline basement and sedimentary cover. The basement consists of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks and the cover is deposited in the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras. The lowest depth of the basement (1,000 meters (3,300 ft)) is to the south of Serebryanye Prudy, in the very south area of the oblast, and the largest (4,200 meters (13,800 ft)) is to the east of Sergiyev Posad, in the northeast region.^[21]

Tertiary deposits are almost absent within the oblast. Significantly more abundant are deposits of the Carboniferous and Jurassic periods. In the Cretaceous period, a sea was covering Moscow Oblast, as evidenced by phosphate deposits and a variety of sands. Cretaceous sediments are most common in the north of the oblast. The sea was wider in Jurassic than in Cretaceous period. Typical Jurassic deposits, in the form of black clay, are found within and around the city of Moscow and in the valley of the Moscow River. Carboniferous deposits in Moscow Oblast are represented by dolomite, limestone, and marl. Coal deposits rich in organic remains occur in the south, especially in Serpukhovsky District, and in the western regions. Devonian deposits were also found within the region.^[22]

Quaternary deposits are widely distributed in Moscow Oblast; their thickness decreases from the northwest to southeast. It is believed^[23] that there were four glaciations in the area. The first occurred in the Lower Pleistocene and spread to the east–west part of the Oka River valley, it left almost no trace in the region. In the Middle Pleistocene, there were two powerful glaciations. The Dnieper glacier covered a large part of the Russian Plain, whereas the Moscow glaciation stopped just south of the present city of Moscow. The last glaciation, the Valdai glaciation, occurred in the Late Pleistocene; it did not directly affect the territory of Moscow Oblast, but left traces in the form of fluvioglacial deposits, mainly in the north area. The glaciers left behind a moraine loam with pebbles and boulders of various rocks, such as granite, gneiss, quartzite, dolomite, limestone and sandstone. Its thickness varies between a few meters at watersheds and 100 m at moraine ridges.^[24]

Minerals[edit]

Moscow Oblast is rich in minerals. Sands from the sediments of different periods (mainly Quaternary and Cretaceous) are of high quality and are widely used in construction. Quartz sand (milled quartz) is used in the glass industry, their production is conducted from the end of 17th century near Lyubertsy. Much of the production is currently halted due to environmental concerns, and only the Yeganovskoye field is being exploited; its silica sand reserves are 33 million tonnes and annual production reaches 675,000 tonnes.^[25] Sand and gravel deposits are abundant within the Smolensk-Moscow Upland. Sandstone deposits are developed in Klinsky and Dmitrovsky Districts.

There are numerous clay deposits within the oblast; fusible clay is excavated in Sergiyev Posad. The Yeldiginskoye field near the village of Sofrino has reserves estimated at 30 million cubic meters; its annual production reaches 600,000 cubic meters (21,000,000 cu ft). Refractory white clay occurs in the eastern region, in the Carboniferous and Jurassic sediments, and is extracted from the 14th century near Gzhel. The largest (Kudinovskoye) deposit is near the town of Elektrougli with the reserves of 3 billion tonnes. Also widespread are loams which are used in brick manufacture and limestones («white stone»). The famous Myachkovo deposit of carboniferous limestone provided material that went for cladding of such buildings in Moscow as the Bolshoi Theater. The mining in Myachkovo had been stopped and currently, limestone is provided by the quarries of Podolsky, Voskresensky, and Kolomensky Districts. The latter district also provides marble-like limestone.^[26]

Other industrial minerals of Moscow Oblast are dolomite, limestone tuff, and marl; mostly in the southern and eastern parts. Dolomite is used in the cement industry. Its mining is concentrated mainly near Shchyolkovo, the reserves exceed 20 million tonnes and the annual production is about 650 tonnes.^[27]

Phosphates are produced in the Yegorevskoye and Severskoye fields. Meshchera and Verkhnevolzhsk Lowlands are rich in peat. The largest mines are «Ryazanovskoe» (840,000 tonnes per year) and «Radovitsky moss» (760,000 tonnes per year), both around Yegoryevsk.^[28][29] There are deposits of brown coal beyond the Oka River, but they have no commercial value. There are also minor deposits of titanium and iron ore in Serpukhovsky and Serebryano-Prudsky Districts.

Salts of potassium salt are being developed around Serpukhov and Yegoryevsk. There are also numerous mineral springs near Zvenigorod, Klin, and Serpukhov. They include surface springs and reservoirs at the depth of 300–500 meters (980–1,640 ft). Deeper, at 1–1.5 kilometers (0.62–0.93 mi) there is a large sea of salt extending beyond Moscow Oblast. Waters with the salt concentration up to 300 g/L are used in the local food industry and spas.^[30]

Climate[edit]

The climate of Moscow Oblast is humid continental, with clearly expressed seasonality – short but warm summers and long, cold winters; the continentality increases from northwest to southeast. The period of the average temperature below 0 °C (32 °F) lasts 130–150 days, beginning in early or mid-November and ending in late March (or very early April). The average annual temperature varies from +3.5 °C (38.3 °F) to +5.5 °C (41.9 °F). The coldest months are January and February with the average temperature of −9 °C (16 °F) in the west and −12 °C (10 °F) in the east. With the arrival of arctic air, the temperature drops to below −20 °C (−4 °F) that may last up to twenty days during the winter, with the temperatures reaching −45 °C (−49 °F). The minimum temperature of −54 °C (−65 °F) was observed in Naro-Fominsk. Thaws often occur in December and February due to the Atlantic, and rarely the Mediterranean cyclones. The thaws usually last several days, and their total number from November to March can reach fifty. Snow starts accumulating in November, though sometimes in late October or early December, and disappears in mid-April (sometimes in late March). The snow depth is 25–50 centimeters (9.8–19.7 in) and the soil freezes to 65–75 centimeters (26–30 in). The warmest month is July with the average temperature of +18.0 °C (64.4 °F) in the northwest and +20.0 °C (68.0 °F) in the southeast. The maximum temperature of +40 °C (104 °F) was recorded in Kolomna during 2010 Northern Hemisphere summer heat waves. The average annual rainfall is 450–650 millimeters (18–26 in), the precipitation is maximal in the northwestern and minimal in the southeastern regions. The summer precipitation is usually 75 millimeters (3.0 in), but severe droughts occur once in 25–30 years, with less than 5 millimeters (0.20 in) of rain over June–August.^[31][32]

Rivers and lakes[edit]

There are more than three hundred rivers with the length above 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) in Moscow Oblast. All rivers are calm and have well-developed valleys and floodplains. They are mostly fed by melting snow and the flood falls on April–May. The water level is low in summer and increases only with heavy rain. The rivers freeze over from late November until mid-April. The only navigable rivers are the Volga, the Oka, and the Moskva River.^[34]

Most rivers belong to the basin of the Volga, which itself only crosses a small part in the north of Moscow Oblast, near the border with Tver Oblast. The second largest river of the region is the Oka. The northern part of Moscow Oblast includes such Volga tributaries as the Shosha, the Lama, the Dubna, the Sestra, and the Yakhroma. On the south flow the tributaries of the Oka, including the Nara, the Protva, and the Lopasnya Rivers. The Moskva River, which almost entirely flows within the oblast, also belongs to the Oka basin. The eastern and northeastern regions, including much of Meschersk Depression, are irrigated by the tributaries of the Klyazma River, which itself is a main tributary of the Oka.^[34]

The Moscow Canal crosses the northern part of Moscow Oblast through the Ikshinskyoe, Klyazminskoye, Pyalovskoye, and Pestovskoye Reservoirs. In the basin of the Moskva River, there are also Ozerninskoye, Mozhayskoye, Istrinskoye, and Ruza Reservoirs, providing Moscow with drinking water.^[34]

There are about 350 lakes in the oblast, almost all are shallow (5–10 m) and many are of glacial origin. The largest are Senezh (15.4 square kilometers (5.9 sq mi)) and Svyatoe (12.6 square kilometers (4.9 sq mi)) whereas the deepest (32 meters (105 ft)) is Lake Glubokoye in Ruzsky District. There are also many marshes, especially within the Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands.^[35]

Soils[edit]

The oblast is dominated by relatively infertile podsol soils which require fertilizers for commercial agriculture. On the hills there is more loam and the low-lying areas have more of bog, sandy loam and sand. Chernozem is scarce and occurs only south of the Oka River. Gray forest soils are spread between the Oka, Moskva, and Klyazma Rivers, mostly in Ramensky and Voskresensky Districts. Marshy soils are common in Meshchersk and Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands. Valleys of large rivers are rich in alluvial soils. In general, soils are heavily polluted with chemical fertilizers, pesticides, and household and industrial waste, especially around Moscow, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Noginsk, and Voskresensk.

Flora[edit]

Moscow Oblast lies within the zone of forests and steppes with forests covering over 40% of the region. Coniferous (mainly fir) trees dominate the northern (Verkhnevolzhsk lowlands) and western parts (Mozhaysky, Lotoshinsky, and Shakhovsky Districts). Forests of Meshchora consist primarily of pine; in waterlogged lowlands, there are individual alder forests. Central and eastern regions have coniferous-deciduous forests with the main tree species of spruce, pine, birch, and aspen often mixed with bushes of hazel. To the south lies the subzone of broad-leaved forests of oak, lime, maple and elm. Moscow-Oka Upland is the transition zone which is dominated by spruce, for example, in the upper reaches of the Lopasnya River. Valleys of the Oka are covered in pine forests of the steppe type and the far south regions (Serebryano-Prudsky and partially Serpukhovsky Districts) are cultivated steppes with occasional lime and oak groves.^[36]

The intensive cutting of Moscow region forests in the 18–19th centuries reduced them and changed their species: conifers were replaced by birch and aspen. There is almost no logging nowadays and the forests are being restored, especially around Moscow.

Swamps are prevalent in the eastern areas, such as Shatursky and Lukhovitsky Districts. The natural floodplain meadows are almost gone. The number of native plant species is reduced, but some foreign species flourish, such as Canadian maple. Endemic species include water caltrop and lady’s slipper.

Fauna[edit]

The mammals of Moscow Oblast include badger, squirrel, beaver, otter, muskrat, stoat, Russian desman, raccoon dog, hedgehog, hare (mountain and European), shrews (common shrew, Eurasian pygmy shrew, lesser white-toothed shrew, Eurasian water shrew, etc.), weasel, fox, moose, wild boar, European mole, brown and black rats, marten, mice and voles (wood mouse, yellow-necked mouse, house mouse, Eurasian harvest mouse, northern birch mouse, bank vole, field vole, tundra vole, European water vole), European mink, deer (roe, red, spotted), hazel and fat dormouse, and European polecat. At the borders there are occasional bears, lynxes and wolves. In the southern areas there are also speckled ground squirrel, dwarf hamster, great jerboa and beech marten. Some areas contain stable populations of imported animals, such as flying squirrel, American mink and Siberian roe deer. In the oblast, there are more than a dozen kinds of bat and moth.^[37]

There are more than 170 species of birds in the area with large numbers of crows, sparrows, ducks, magpies, woodpeckers, thrushes, grouses, bullfinches, nightingales, corncrakes, northern lapwings, white storks, grey herons, seagulls and grebes. Over forty species are being hunted.^[37]

Rivers and lakes of Moscow Oblast are rich in fish, such as ruffe, carp, bream, bass, roaches, Chinese sleeper, perch and pike. There are six species of reptiles: three lizards (slowworm, viviparous lizard and sand lizard) and three snakes (European adder, grass snake and smooth snake). There is evidence for bog turtles in some areas. Amphibians are represented by 11 species including smooth newt, great crested newt, common toad, European green toad, common frog, moor frog, marsh frog, common spadefoot and European fire-bellied toad. Insects are numerous, with bees alone accounting for more than 300 species.^[37]

In Serpukhovsky District, there is the Prioksko-Terrasny Nature Reserve which contains protected wisents. Near Moscow lies Losiny Ostrov National Park of federal significance.

Environment[edit]

Ecological situation in the Moscow Oblast is serious. The areas adjacent to Moscow, and industrial zones in the east and south-east regions are heavily polluted. Most contamination originates from emissions from Kashira and Shatura Power Stations and disposal of household and industrial waste. For example, the Timohovskaya dump is one of the largest in Europe; other objects of concern are aging oil storage tanks, and nuclear waste in the Sergiyevo-Posadsky District. Contamination level is highest in Moscow, Voskresensk and Klin, high in Dzerzhinsky, Kolomna, Mytishchi, Podolsk, Serpukhov, Shchyolkovo, and Elektrostal, and low in Prioksko-Terrasny Biosphere Reserve.^[38] The major contaminants are formaldehyde and phenol in Moscow; ammonia and hydrogen fluoride
in Voskresensk; formaldehyde in Klin, Kolomna, Mytishchi and Podolsk, phenol in Serpukhov. The most polluted rivers are Moscow, Oka and Klyazma. In the Moscow area and in major cities (in particular, in Podolsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo, Serpukhov, Lukhovitsy and Stupino) also heavily polluted are groundwaters.^[38]

History[edit]

The territory of what is now Moscow Oblast had been inhabited for more than twenty thousand years. Numerous mounds and settlements from Iron Age were discovered there. Up to the 9–10th centuries, the Moskva River basin and adjacent lands were inhabited by Finnic peoples. Slavs populated the area only in the 10th century. In mid-12th century, the lands became part of Vladimir-Suzdal Principality. Several important cities were founded around that time, including Volokolamsk (1135), Moscow (1147), Zvenigorod (1152), and Dmitrov (1154). In the first half of the 13th century, the entire Vladimir-Suzdal Principality, including the Moscow area, was conquered by the Mongols.^[39]

In the 13th century, the land around Moscow was part of Grand Duchy of Moscow, which subsequently was the center of the unification of Russian lands, in particular the Mongol raids. In 1380, from Kolomna the prince Dmitry Donskoy led his troops to defeat the Mongols at the Battle of Kulikovo. The southern part of Moscow Oblast was then part of the Principality of Ryazan; it was attached to Moscow only in the 1520.^[40]

In 1708, Moscow Governorate was established by the decree of Peter the Great; the area included most of the present Moscow Oblast. The Battle of Borodino, which decided the outcome of the French invasion of Russia was fought in 1812 near Mozhaysk.

Industries developed in Moscow Oblast in the 17–19th centuries.^[31] They were centered in Bogorodsk, Pavlovsky Posad, and Orekhovo-Zuyevo and were dominated by textile production. The first railway in Russia was constructed in the Moscow Oblast in 1851, connecting Moscow and Saint Petersburg, and in 1862 the line to Nizhny Novgorod was opened.

In the RSFSR, Central Industrial Oblast was established on January 14, 1929.^[11] It included the abolished Moscow, Ryazan, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, and Kaluga Governorates. The oblast was divided into ten okrugs and had the administrative center in Moscow. On June 3, 1929, the oblast was renamed Moscow Oblast and on July 30, 1930, the division into ten okrugs was abolished.^[41][42]

Parts of the then bulky Moscow Oblast were gradually transferred to other divisions. In particular, twenty-six districts became part of Kalinin Oblast in January 1935, and another seventy-seven districts were separated in September 1937 as Tula and Ryazan Oblasts. Borovsky, Vysokinichsky District [ru], Maloyaroslavetsky, Ugodsko-Zavodsky, and Petushinsky Districts were transferred in 1944 to Kaluga and Vladimir Oblasts.^[41][42]

In 1941–1942, one of the most significant military operations of World War II – the Battle of Moscow was fought in the Moscow Oblast. Germany reached Solnechnogorsky, Klinsky, Istrinsky, Lobninsky, Khimkinsky, Naro-Fominsky, Volokolamsky, Kolomensky, Kashirsky, Serybryano-Prudsky Districts and others.^{[citation needed]}

According to the Constitution of Russia, adopted in December 1993, Moscow Oblast is one of the 83 federal subjects of Russia.

Economy[edit]

Industry[edit]

In terms of industrial production, Moscow Oblast is second in Russia, after the city of Moscow. The industry of the Oblast relies on imported raw materials, strong scientific and technological base and highly skilled workforce; it is closely linked with the industry of Moscow.

Well developed are machinery and metalworking. There are plants for the thermal and nuclear power engineering (ZiO-Podolsk in Podolsk), nuclear fuel (TVEL in Elektrostal), space and missile (Energia in Korolyov, Lavochkin in Khimki, NGO engineering in Reutov, FTSDT «Union» in Dzerzhinsky – development of solid rocket fuel, etc., IBC «Horizon» in Dzerzhinsky – power plants for aircraft, etc.); locomotives (Kolomna factory), metro cars (Metrowagonmash in Mytischi), electric trains (Demikhovsky Engineering Works), cars (SeAZ), buses (Likinsky bus plant in Likino-Dulyovo); agricultural machines, excavators and cranes (Lyubertsy, Dmitrov, Balashikha); stainless steel (Elektrostal), cables (Podolsk), optical devices (Krasnogorsky plant, Lytkarino Optical Glass Factory).

There are many defense enterprises, such as Russian Center for demonstrations of weapons, military equipment and technology in Krasnoarmeysk; Kamov, Phazotron, Bazalt, NPP Zvezda, MKB Fakel, MKB Raduga, National Research Institute of Aviation Systems, Krasnozavodsk Chemical Plant, Tikhomirov Scientific Research Institute of Instrument Design, Moscow Research Institute «Agat», Dolgoprudnenskoe Scientific Production Plant, and many others.

Chemical industry of the Oblast produces acids (Shchyolkovo), mineral fertilizers (plants named «Phosphates» and «Mineral fertilizers» in Voskresensk), synthetic fibers (Serpukhov and Klin), plastics (Orekhovo-Zuyevo), varnishes and paints (Sergiyev Posad, Odintsovsky paint factories), pharmaceuticals (Staraya Kupavna). There is a well-developed industry of construction materials with production of cement in Voskresensk and Kolomna (Shchurovsky cement factory), earthenware, porcelain in the Likino-Dulyovo (Dulevo Porcelain Factory) and Verbilki and dry mortar plant in Krasnogorsk.^[31]

Light industry is the oldest in the region; it was started in the 17th century^[31] and with 35% contribution was leading the gross industrial production. There is still production of cotton (in Yegoryevsk, Noginsk, Orekhovo-Zuyevo), wool (in Pavlovsky Posad and Pushkino) and jerseys (in Ivanteyevka and Dmitrov). The silk production in Naro-Fominsk had been stopped. Traditional and renowned crafts include Gzhel, Zhostovo painting and Fedoskino miniature. Large foreign investment projects include the plant for manufacturing household appliances (TV sets, washing machines, refrigerators, etc.) by the South Korean company LG built near the village of Dorokhovo.^[43]

Energy[edit]

In 1999, Moscow Oblast consumed 15.4 billion m³ of natural gas, 3.32 million tonnes of oil, 2.13 million tonnes of coal and 8.5 billion kWh of electricity. Electricity for the Oblast is provided by the Kashirskaya thermal power plant (TPP, 1910 MW), Dzerzhynskaya TPP No 22 (1300 MW), Thermal Power Plant 27 (1100 MW), Shatura Power Station (1100 MW), Zagorskaya hydroelectric power plant (1200 MW), Elektrogorsk TPP (623 MW) and several smaller plants. Major new energy project in the region is the construction of Zagorsk hydroelectric plant with the capacity of 840 MW. The deficit of energy is provided by powerlines connecting the region with Saint Petersburg, Volga Hydroelectric Station and other energy suppliers.^[44]

Agriculture[edit]

Agriculture has a relatively minor role in the economy of the Oblast. Only 25% of land is cultivated and another 15% are used for other activities such as livestock farming. Agriculture is the least developed in the northern, eastern and western border regions. In the southern region, especially south of the Oka River, more than 50% of land is used in agriculture. Horticulture is typical for the southern region with most of the sown area (more than 3/5) occupied by forage crops. Large areas are reserved for grains, especially wheat, barley, oats and rye, and significant role plays potato. Greenhouses are very common and Moskovsky city hosts the largest greenhouse complex in Europe. Also grown are flowers and mushrooms. Livestock farming predominates over the crop, and is primarily aimed at the production of milk and meat. In addition to cattle, commonly bred are pigs and chickens.^[31]

The economic crisis of the 1990s in Russia had severely affected the agriculture of Moscow Oblast. In particular, in the 2000s, as compared with 1970–80s, the grain production has fallen by more than 3 times; potatoes by 2.5 times; vegetables, livestock and poultry by 30%; milk by 2 times and eggs by 4 times.^[45][46]

Transport[edit]

Moscow Oblast has a dense transport network, including roads, railways and waterways along the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs. Land routes are radially diverging from Moscow and crossed by one railway and two highway rings. Neither railways nor roads, built for the most part many years ago, can cope with the steadily mounting traffic flows. About half of the roads are overloaded and three quarters do not meet modern requirements. Insufficient width of the roads and frequent repairs cause traffic jams.^[47]

Moscow Oblast has the highest density of railways in Russia. Eleven major radial lines originate in Moscow and run through the Oblast; the total length of the railways reaches 2,700 km. Almost all railroads are electrified. The largest rail hubs are Orekhovo-Zuyevo and Bekasovo. Regular navigation is carried on the rivers Volga, Oka and Moscow, as well as on the Moscow Canal. Major river ports are in Serpukhov and Kolomna. Also well-developed is pipeline transport. There are two major oil lines, two natural gas rings and numerous radial lines connecting Moscow with the largest gas producing regions of the country.^[48]

Moscow and Moscow Oblast have several international passenger airports, namely Sheremetyevo (with two terminals), Vnukovo, Domodedovo and Ostafyevo. There is also Bykovo Airport, which is used for freight. The largest military airport is Chkalovsky (near Shchyolkovo) which also processes some civilian passenger and cargo flights.

Major highways of Moscow Oblast are as follows:

• Minsk highway (M1 «Belarus» Moscow – Belarus) (E101)
• Simferopol highway (M2 «Crimea») Moscow – Belgorod (E105)
• Kiev highway (M3 «Ukraine» Moscow – Kaluga – Bryansk – Kyiv)
• M4 highway (Russia) (M4 «Don» Moscow – Voronezh — Rostov-on-Don — Krasnodar) (E115)
• Ryazan highway (M5 «Ural» Moscow – Chelyabinsk) (E30)
• Nizhny Novgorod highway (M7 «Volga» Moscow – Ufa) (E22)
• Kholmogory – Yaroslavl highway (M8 «Kholmogory» Moscow – Arkhangelsk) (E115)
• Novorizhskoe highway (M9 «Baltic» Moscow – Riga) (E22)
• Leningrad highway (M10 «Russia» Moscow – Tver – Novgorod – Saint Petersburg) (E105)
• Mozhaysk highway (A100 Moscow – Borodino)
• М11 Neva Moscow–Saint Petersburg motorway
• Kaluga highway (A101, Moscow – Troitsk – Obninsk – Kaluga)
• Schelkovskoe highway (A103 Moscow – Shchyolkovo – Chernogolovka)
• Dmitrovskoe (A104 Moscow – Dubna)
• Small Concrete Ring (A107)
• Large Concrete Ring (А108)
• Central Ring Road (А113)
• Yegoryevsk highway (R105 Moscow – Kasimov)
• Pyatnitskoe highway (R111 Moscow – Solnechnogorsk)
• Rogachev highway (P113 Lobnya – Rogachevo)
• Nosovihinskoe highway (Moscow – Likino-Dulyovo)
• Warsaw highway (Moscow – Podolsk – Obninsk – Roslavl)
• Borovskoye highway (Moscow – Vnukovo)
• Rublyovo-Uspenskoe highway
• Dzerzhynsk highway (Dzerzhinsky – Kotelniki – Novoryazanskoye highway)
• Ostashkovskoye highway (Moscow – Mytischi)

Government and awards[edit]

Moscow Oblast was awarded three Orders of Lenin, on 3 January 1934, 17 December 1956 and 5 December 1966.

The highest executive organ is the Government of Moscow Oblast. Eighteen ministries act as the executive bodies of state authority.^[49] The powers, tasks, functions and competence of the Government are defined by the Charter of the Moscow Region. The Governor of the Moscow Oblast will be elected with the term of 5 years.^[50] The Regional Duma of Moscow Oblast was formed on 12 December 1993. It consists of 50 deputies also serving a 5-year term.^[50]

Sergey Shoygu was elected as Governor of Moscow Oblast in April 2012 by the Moscow Oblast Duma.^[51] Shoygu left office after only six months with his appointment when he was appointed as Minister of Defence by Vladimir Putin. Andrei Vorobyov was appointed as acting governor and won a full term to the office in the 2013 elections.^[52][53]

Science[edit]

Moscow Oblast has a high density of scientific research institutions, especially related to engineering and military technologies. The latter started developing in the region in 1930–1940s in Zhukovsky (aeronautical engineering), Klimovsk (development of small arms), Reutov (Missile Engineering), Fryazino (microwave electronics)^[54] and Korolyov (space technology). They were later joined by famous centers for basic sciences in Troitsk, Chernogolovka (physics and chemistry), Dubna and Protvino (nuclear physics) and Pushchino (biology). Moscow Oblast hosts Mission Control Centers for spacecraft (in Korolyov) and military satellites (Krasnoznamensk), as well as a number of test sites.^[55][56]

Sport[edit]

Bandy[edit]

Zorky from Krasnogorsk has become national bandy champions three times. In the 2017–18 season, Zorky is back in Super League, after one season in the second-tier league. Obukhovo is the only location in Russia without a Super League team which has a bandy venue with artificial ice.^[57] A plan for artificial ice also existed in Korolyov.^[58] However, the project was abandoned. Although an indoor ice hockey-sized arena entered the plans instead, the official reason given was financial problems.^[59]

The Russian Rink Bandy Cup 2017 was played in Balashikha.^[60]

Speed skating[edit]

The 2008 European Speed Skating Championships and the 2016 World Single Distance Speed Skating Championships were held in Kolomna.

Association football[edit]

FK Khimki and Saturn Ramenskoye are the most supported clubs that represent the region. The third professional club Znamya Truda is the oldest existing football club in the country founded in 1909.

Culture and recreation[edit]

Moscow Oblast has numerous therapeutic and recreational facilities located mainly in western, northwestern and northern parts, and also near Moscow. Of great importance for recreation are forests, which occupy over 40% of the region, as well as horticultural activities. The region has the highest number (over 1 million) of dachas with associated individual gardens. Also numerous are manor complexes, such as those in Abramtsevo, Muranovo, Ostafievo, historical towns (Vereya, Volokolamsk, Dmitrov, Zaraysk, Zvenigorod, Istra, Kolomna, Sergiyev Posad, Serpukhov, etc.), monasteries (Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius, Joseph-Volokolamsk Monastery, Savvino-Storozhevsky Monastery, Nikolo-Ugresh monastery, etc.), and museums (Chekhov museum in Melikhovo, Tchaikovsky museum in Klin, Serpukhov Historical and Art Museum, etc.). The oldest surviving building is the Kamenskoye Church.

Demographics[edit]

After the population decline from 6,693,623 as of the 1989 Census^[61] to 6,618,538 in the 2002 Census^[62] the population of the oblast grew to 7,095,120 (2010 Census).^[15] The average population density, at 147.4 inhabitants/km² (2010), is the largest in Russia, due to a high proportion of urban population (80.85% in 2010). The highest density occurs in and around Moscow (Lyubertsy, Balashikha, Khimki, Krasnogorsk, etc.) and the lowest – about 20 people/km² – is in the outlying areas of Lotoshinsky, Shakhovskoy, Mozhaysk and Meshchersk lowlands.^[63]

Ethnic groups[edit]

Nationalities represented by more than 1000 people in Moscow Oblast in 2010[64]
Russians	6,202,672		Tajiks	3,404
Ukrainians	119,474	Koreans	3,232
Tatars	56,202	Mari	2,554
Belarusians	31,665	Kazakhs	2,493
Armenians	63,306	Ossetians	2,389
Mordvins	18,678	Lezgins	2,130
Azerbaijanis	19,061	Chechens	1,941
Chuvashi	12,466	Greeks	1,850
Moldovans	19,611	Udmurts	1,847
Jews	7,164	Bulgarians	1,511
Georgians	9,888	Gipsies	1,511
Germans	4,607	Avars	1,242
Uzbeks	4,183	Lithuanians	1,172
Bashkirs	3,565	Unidentified	172,090

Vital statistics[edit]

2012

• Births: 83 382 (12.0 per 1000)
• Deaths: 99 773 (14.4 per 1000)^[65]

2013

• Births: 85 386 (12.1 per 1000)
• Deaths: 98 942 (14.1 per 1000)

2014

• Births: 90 041 (12.6 per 1000)
• Deaths: 99 389 (13.9 per 1000)

2015

• Births: 94 688 (13.1 per 1000)
• Deaths: 94 333 (13.0 per 1000)

Total fertility rate:^[66]

Religion[edit]

According to a 2012 survey^[67] 45.5% of the population of Moscow Oblast adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 3% are unaffiliated generic Christians, 2% are Orthodox Christian believers who don’t belong to church or belong to non-Russian Orthodox churches, 1% are adherents of Rodnovery (the Slavic folk religious movement) and 1% to Islam. In addition, 29% of the population declares to be «spiritual but not religious», 9% is atheist, and 9.5% follows other religions or did not give an answer to the question.^[67]

Administrative and municipal divisions[edit]

Administratively, the oblast is divided into 38 cities/towns under oblast jurisdiction and 36 administrative districts, consisting of 46 towns of district significance, 72 urban-type settlements, and 6,119 rural localities.

As of 2011, Moscow Oblast is municipally subdivided into 38 urban okrugs and 36 municipal districts, which consist of 114 urban settlements and 193 rural settlements.

The three largest cities of the oblast are Balashikha (215,494), Khimki (207,425), and Podolsk (186,961).^[15] Most other towns have ten to fifty thousand people. The smallest town is Vereya in Naro-Fominsky District with the population of 4,957 (2002 Census)^[69]. Among the urban-type settlements, the largest is Nakhabino (36,546) followed by Tomilino (30,605).^[15] The oldest populated place in the oblast is Volokolamsk, first mentioned in 1135; slightly younger towns are Zvenigorod (1152), Dmitrov (1154), and Kolomna (1177).

The city of Baikonur in Kazakhstan also belongs administratively to the oblast, as part of Odintsovsky District.^[70][71]

The most intensive formation of towns occurred in 1938–1940. The youngest towns are Golitsyno and Kubinka. They existed for quite some time, but were granted town status only in 2004. Some recent towns separated from the other towns, such as Yubileyny and Peresvet.

New projects have been announced at the beginning of the 21st century. One of them is Rublyovo-Arkhangelsk, which is designed for 30,000 inhabitants with high income and is called by the media the «city for millionaires».^[72][73] Another is «Great Domodedovo, 30 kilometers (19 mi) south of the Moscow Ring Road, which is designed for 450,000 residents.^[74] The new city A101 was designed for 300,000 residents in 2009 and the sale of its land in Leninsky District has already begun; the city’s construction is planned to take thirty-five years.^[75][76][77]

A part of Moscow Oblast’s former territory, mainly to the southwest of the city of Moscow, was merged with the federal city of Moscow on July 1, 2012.^[78]

The housing stock of the oblast is approximately 125 million square meters. Almost all the houses are equipped with water supply, sewerage, gas,^[79] central heating and hot water. However, the telephone network is underdeveloped in rural areas. In the competition for the most comfortable city of 2006 in the Moscow Oblast the winner was Kolomna followed by Balashikha (for cities with population over 100,000) and Vidnoye (<100,000) and then by Mytishchi and Noginsk.

Sister regions[edit]

This article needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2022)

See also[edit]

• List of rural localities in Moscow Oblast

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• №55/96-ОЗ 11 декабря 1996 г. «Устав Московской области», в ред. Закона №258/2015-ОЗ от 28 декабря 2015 г. «О поправке к Уставу Московской области». Вступил в силу через 10 дней после первого официального опубликования, за исключением положений, для которых установлены иные сроки или особый порядок введения в действие. Опубликован: «Подмосковные известия», №239, 18 декабря 1996 г. (#55/96-OZ December 11, 1996 Charter of Moscow Oblast, as amended by the Law #258/2015-OZ of December 28, 2012 On the Amendment to the Charter of Moscow Oblast. Effective as of the date which is 10 days after the first official publication date, with the exception of clauses for which different dates or special procedures of taking effect have been established.).
• «СССР. Административно-территориальное деление союзных республик. 1987.» (USSR. Administrative-Territorial Structure of the Union Republics. 1987) / Составители В. А. Дударев, Н. А. Евсеева. — М.: Изд-во «Известия Советов народных депутатов СССР», 1987. — 673 с.
• B.B. Wagner, B.O. Manucharyants. «Геология, рельеф и полезные ископаемые Московского региона». Moscow, MGPU, 2003. (in Russian)

External links[edit]

• Moscow Oblast travel guide from Wikivoyage
• (in Russian) Official website of Moscow Oblast

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «Московская область» на английский

Moscow region

Moscow Oblast

Moscow area

Moskovskaya oblast

Moscovskaya oblast

Московская область вовсе не входит в программу переселения.

Moscow region is not included in the resettlement program at all…

В 1929 году образована Московская область.

Например, Московская область говорит, что у них минимальный разрыв между подтверждением диагноза и началом лечения.

For example, Moscow Oblast states that they have a minimal gap between the diagnosis confirmation and the beginning of treatment.

Москва получила 12,5%, Московская область — 4,5%.

Следом идут Московская область (7,8 тыс.

It is followed by the Moscow area (4.8 square meters.

Московская область, Кашира, средняя скорость ветра 5,7 м/с.

Moscow area, Kashira, average speed of wind of 5,7 m/s.

Такой же рост показала Московская область.

«Московская область отличается очень высокой степенью концентрации историко-культурных памятников.

The Moscow region has a very high concentration of historical and cultural monuments.

В лидерах здесь Московская область — 16 млн.

And taking into account the Moscow region — 16 million.

Первое место заняла Московская область, которая представила 6 туристских брендов.

The first place in the ranking was taken by the Moscow Region, represented by six brands.

Лидирующие позиции традиционно заняли Москва и Московская область, суммарная доля которых превысила 12 %.

Leading positions are occupied traditionally by Moscow and Moscow region, the total share of which exceeds 12%.

Опытный образец беспилотного варианта электромобиля уже прошел испытания на Дмитровском полигоне (Московская область).

A prototype unmanned version of an electric vehicle has already been tested at the Dmitrov training ground (in the Moscow region).

Московская область, как известно, самый «дачный» регион России.

Moscow region, as we know, most «suburban» area of Russia.

Зона деятельности ЦЭД МОТ — вся Московская область.

The area of activity of the MRC CED is the entire Moscow region.

Способна ли Московская область производить экспортный продукт?

На данный момент Московская область является одним из самых проблемных регионов в плане несоблюдения экологических норм и требований.

Moscow Region is currently one of the most problematic regions in terms of noncompliance with environmental rules and regulations.

Готова ли Московская область обеспечить кадрами промышленные предприятия?

Is Moscow Region ready to provide industrial enterprises with personnel?

При этом Московская область имеет особые преимущества и соответствующие программы по субсидированию.

At the same time Moscow region has special advantages and the corresponding subsidy program.

Московская область: природные ресурсы, их потенциал (2004).

Moscow region: natural resources, their capacity (2004).

Московская область — 90000 тонн в год.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 836. Точных совпадений: 836. Затраченное время: 81 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Как написать «Московская область» по-английски в анкете на визу

На чтение 4 мин Просмотров 1.1к. Опубликовано 28.07.2021

Анкета-заявление для получения визы должна быть заполнена латинскими буквами. Особое внимание уделяют графам, в которых указывается имя, фамилия и адрес – ошибки в написании могут привести к отказу в выдаче въездного разрешения либо запрету пересечения границы.

Как в анкете на визу написать Московская область, какими онлайн-сервисами пользоваться, где помогут с транслитерацией данных – об этом в статье.

Содержание

1. Заполнение анкеты на английском языке
2. Как выполнить транслитерацию самостоятельно
3. Куда обратиться за помощью
4. Московская область: перевод или транслитерация

Заполнение анкеты на английском языке

Визовые анкеты необходимо заполнять только латинскими буквами на английском, немецком, русском или другом языке.

Информация во всех полях заявки указывается четко, без исправлений. Малейшая ошибка или неточность могут послужить причиной отказа в предоставлении въездного документа.

Заполнить анкету на визу можно двумя способами:

1. Онлайн на сайте консульства или визового центра.
2. Бланк анкеты скачивают и распечатывают, затем заполняют (следует использовать пасту черного цвета).

При заполнении визовой анкеты необходимо придерживаться правил:

• имя и фамилия указываются в соответствии с написанием в паспорте для зарубежных поездок.
• в графе «Фамилия при рождении» можно оставить пустое место или написать девичью фамилию;
• для заполнения графы «Дата рождения» допустимы три разных формата: 1985-12-31, 31/12/1985 и 31.12.1985; можно выбрать любой вариант, но лучше ориентироваться на образец бланка из консульства;
• в пункте «Место рождения» указывается город и страна в соответствии с данными свидетельства о рождении;
• в графе с домашним адресом указывается место фактического проживания; если оно отличается от адреса прописки, в консульстве могут запросить дополнительные бумаги, например, договор об аренде жилой недвижимости.

При неуверенности в собственных силах рекомендуется заполнить анкету с помощью онлайн-сервисов либо воспользоваться услугами визовых центров.

Как выполнить транслитерацию самостоятельно

Чтобы правильно транслитерировать персональные данные, названия российских городов и областей, следует использовать таблицу.

Кириллица	Латиница
А	A
Б	B
В	V
Г	G
Д	D
Е	E YE (после гласных, а также мягкого и твердого знаков)
Ё	E YE YO
Ж	ZH
З	Z
И	I
Й	Y
К	K
Л	L
М	M
Н	N
О	O
П	P
Р	R
С	S
Т	T
У	U
Ф	F
Х	KH H
Ц	TS
Ч	CH
Ш	SH
Щ	SCH SHCH
Ъ	–
Ы	Y
Ь	–
Э	E
Ю	U YU IU JU
Я	YA IA

Русские буквы «Ъ» и «Ь» не переводятся на английский язык.

Если таблица соответствия русских и английских букв не всегда находится под рукой, а правило вспомнить сложно, рекомендуется во избежание ошибок воспользоваться онлайн-сервисами, которые выполняют транслитерацию автоматически.

Самый удобный – https://transliteration.pro. Главная страница сайта содержит два окошка. В первое необходимо ввести текст на кириллице и нажать на кнопку «Перевести». После этого в течение нескольких секунд результат отобразится во втором окошке.

Еще один вариант – сайт http://translit-online.ru. Принцип его работы прост: в первое окошко нужно ввести текст, который подлежит транслитерации (ограничение по количеству символов – 5000). Нажать на кнопку «Перевести» и прочитать готовый результат в нижнем окошке.

Куда обратиться за помощью

Визовые центры предоставляют профессиональные услуги по оформлению виз (сюда входит и грамотное заполнение анкеты на английском языке).

Чтобы заказать данную услугу, нужно посетить визовый центр и предоставить необходимые документы.

За помощью можно обратиться в следующие организации:

1. Единый визовый центр, расположенный в Москве по адресу: Цветной бульвар, 34, офис 410. Контактный телефон: +7(495)109-00-23. Сайт компании: https://единый-визовый-центр.рф.
2. Официальный визовый центр находится по адресу: Москва, Волоколамское шоссе, 73. График работы: с понедельника по пятницу, с 10:00 до 20:00 ч. Сайт центра: https://официальный-визовый-центр.москва. Контактный телефон: +7 (495) 212-10-88.

Стоимость заполнения визовой анкеты составляет 250–300 рублей.

Московская область: перевод или транслитерация

Чтобы понять, как пишется Московская область по-английски для визы, достаточно заглянуть в загранпаспорт. Допускается два варианта написания: перевод на English (Moscow region) и транслит (Moskovskaya oblast).

При заполнении визовой анкеты необходимо особое внимание уделять написанию имен, фамилий и названий городов. Избежать ошибок помогут автоматические сервисы транслитерации. Кроме того, можно обратиться в визовый центр и заказать услугу заполнения анкеты.

московская область

Все зависит от того,какой вид трансформации выберет автор.

Единицы с нестандартной зависимостью требуют особой переводческой технологии, так как их структура и функции могут существенно различаться в двух языках и в условиях различных социально-культурных традиций, а также индивидуального опыта автора исходного текста, переводчика и получателя переводного текста. При переводе этих единиц требуются специальные приемы преобразования, при этом важно учитывать сочетание таких факторов, как языковой, культурологический и психологический.
Языковой фактор выражается в том, что переводчик применяет тот или иной вид трансформации определенных элементов исходного текста: транслитерацию, калькирование, модификацию, замену, переводческий комментарий и т. п.
Лексические приемы применимы, когда в исходном тексте встречается нестандартная языковая единица на уровне слова, например, какое-либо имя собственное, присущее исходной языковой культуре и отсутствующее в переводящем языке; термин в той или иной профессиональной области; слова, обозначающие предметы, явления и понятия, характерные для исходной культуры или для традиционного именования элементов третьей культуры, но отсутствующие или имеющие иную структурно-функциональную упорядоченность в переводящей культуре. Такие слова занимают очень важное место в процессе перевода, так как, будучи сравнительно независимыми от контекста, они, тем не менее, придают переводному тексту различную направленность, в зависимости от выбора переводчика. Так, русские имена славянского происхождения типа Людмила или Светлана, будучи переданными по-английски с помощью традиционного приема транслитерации как Ludmila или Svetlana, выполнят роль внутритекстового имени, но безусловно потеряют при этом внетекстовые ассоциации: в частности, таким путем невозможно без потерь или комментария перевести такие выражения, как Людмила — людям мила, Светлана — светлая, и т. п. При переводе с английского Bloody Mary, являясь в исходной культуре одновременно названием коктейля и аллюзией к историческому титулу одной из английских королев, имеет общую форму для обоих значений, тогда как в русском языке за этим выражением закрепились две различные формы: Кровавая Мэри (коктейль) и Мария Кровавая (королева). В большинстве контекстов такое расщепление исходного единства оказывается несущественным, но стоит автору исходного текста использовать его для создания более сложного текстового целого — образа, включающего цепочку или систему нестандартных зависимостей, как переводчик окажется перед сложной задачей: ему придется создавать свой собственный стилистический прием, так как при этом проблема выбора соответствия из разряда лексических неизбежно переходит в разряд стилистических, то есть меняется уровень переводимой единицы.

Т. А. КАЗАКОВА
ПРАКТИЧЕСКИЕ ОСНОВЫ ПЕРЕВОДА
ENGLISH <=> RUSSIAN
«ИЗДАТЕЛЬСТВО СОЮЗ»
САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ 2001

To Dimking
Согласен с Вами, и, видимо, это связано с тем, что немцы и итальянцы любят свою страну и родной язык, а некоторые из нас (за всех не скажу) — не очень…

To Аристарх
Конечно, гибрид, но различие в том, что «шоп», «ресепшенист, «мезчендайзер» искусственно перетянуты на нашу почву, и обычно имеется сносный русский эквивалент; Московскую область пока никто за океан не перетянул, хотя и многие стараются (дальше могу только повториться на тему реалий).

Это уже столько раз обсуждалось!

The following is how to format names and addresses: name [paragraph], chair or department, company (university, institute), department (branch), street and number, city, oblast, zip code, and country. If an e-mail address is supplied, it should appear on а separate line below the street address.
O. V. Senko
Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine,
Kharkovskoye shosse 48, Kiev, Ukraine 252660
For sovereign autonomous regions.
Institute of Chemistry, pr. Oktyabrya 71, Ufa, Bashkortostan, Russia 450054
Note: In Russian addresses use transliteration of ulitsa (ul.), ploshchad (pl.), prospekt (pr.), oblast, kray, okrug, etc. Do not capitalize these words.
Write the street name and number in the order it would be written in Russian.
ul. Vavilova 22
pr. Mira 143
А street name such as 2-я Бауманская улица should be transliterated as Vtoraya Baumanskaya ul., not as
2-уа Baumanskaya ul. or 2nd Baumanskaya ul.

**Если существует перевод слова область на английский (а именно region), значит надо же его переводить, или где?**

Да хотя бы и куда… Если все тексты переводить строго по словарику, мы так напереводим… А если серьезно, то словарь — это еще не стандарт (но, конечно, согласен, что надо придерживаться толкований авторитетных словарей), и вопрос действительно дискуссионный — см. хотя бы эту страницу: тут ведь собрались, в основном, люди, которые не первый день переводят, и мнения весьма различаются.

Аристарх,

А для кого переводятся Ваши тексты? если не секрет. Идут ли Ваши переводы в английские или американские медиа? На какую публику рассчитаны?

Таймс однако не гнушается писать Oblast, да и в других газетах я часто встречал, а уж в документах, связанных с Россией, так только Область.

С адресами ситуация может быть только одна. Адрес пишется на языке той страны, куда послана корреспонденция

Примеры из текстов

Московская область имеет весьма обширную транспортную сеть, включающую автомобильные и железные дороги, водные пути по крупнейшим рекам, озёрам и водохранилищам.

The Moscow region has a vast transport network that includes roads and railways, waterways on the largest rivers, lakes and reservoirs.

Состоялось подписание Соглашения о сотрудничестве между Внешторгбанком и Правительством Московской области.

A Cooperation Agreement between Vneshtorgbank and the Government of the Moscow Region has been signed.

Продажа тепловой энергии потребителям в Москве и семи городах Московской области осуществляет филиал ОАО «Мосэнерго» — Теплосбыт.

Heat sales to customers in Moscow and seven towns of Moscow Region are handled by Teplosbyt, a MOSENERGO branch.

© 2008-2010 ОАО Мосэнерго

© 2008-2010 OAO Mosenergo

Губернатор Московской области Б.В. ГРОМОВ

Governor of the Moscow region B.V. GROMOV

В апреле 2007 года Постановлением Правительства РФ «Триумф» принят на вооружение, изготовлен первый серийный образец ЗРС и 6 августа 2007 года он поставлен на боевое дежурство в районе г. Электросталь Московской области.

The Triumph SAM system was fielded under a governmental decree in April 2007, the first mass-produced system was manufactured and put on combat duty outside a town of Elektrostal, Moscow Region, on August 6, 2007.

© Publishing House «MILITARY PARADE» Ltd. 2011

© ООО Издательский дом «ВОЕННЫЙ ПАРАД» 2011 г.

Среднеотпускной тариф для конечных потребителей тепловой энергии за 12 месяцев составил 458,69 руб./Гкал., в т.ч. по Москве — 459,02 руб./Гкал, по Московской области — 45 1,26 руб./Гкал.

The average tariff for supply of heat to end consumers over 12 months was RUR 458.69/Gcal, including RUR 459.02/Gcal in Moscow and RUR 451.26/Gcal in the Moscow Region.

© 2008-2010 ОАО Мосэнерго

© 2008-2010 OAO Mosenergo

Общее собрание должно проводиться в г. Москва, являющемся местом нахождения исполнительных органов Общества, или в Московской области, месте нахождения основного базирования Общества;

The General Meeting shall be held in the city of Moscow that is the place of residence of executive bodies of the Company or in Moscow region that is the place of the main base of the Company;

© 2002-2008 Аэрофлот — Российские авиалинии

© 2002-2008 Aeroflot — Russian Airlines

Были также отозваны долгосрочные рейтинги в иностранной валюте Московской области и Красноярского края (агентство «Фитч»), Свердловской области (агентство «Мудиз»), Нижегородской и Ростовской областей (агентство «Стэндард энд Пурс»).

Long-term ratings in foreign currency were also withdrawn from the Moscow Region and the Krasnoyarsk Territory (by Fitch), Sverdlovsk Region (by Moody’s) and Nizhni Novgorod and Rostov regions (by S&P).

© 2000-2009 Bank of Russia

Преимущество Группы ПИК перед другими строительными компаниями состоит в качестве портфеля проектов, который расположен в Москве и Московской области — регионе с наилучшим спросом и высокими ценами на жилую недвижимость.

Advantage of PIK Group over other developers is in a portfolio of projects in Moscow and Moscow Region — region with the best demand and high prices for residential real estate.

Статистика регистраций новых автомобилей иностранных брендов в 6 ключевых федеральных округах, Москве и Московской области, Санкт-Петербурге и Ленинградской области

Foreign brand registration statistics for six key federal districts, Moscow and the Moscow Region, St Petersburg and the Leningrad Region

Далхаймер, Маттиас Калле

лхаймер, Маттиас Калле

Далхаймер, Маттиас Калл

Новые уточненные показатели потребовали увеличения инвестиционной программы ТГК-4, обслуживающей регионов к югу от Московской области.

The new figures have called for an increase in TGK- 4’s investment program since the company serves regions to the south of the Moscow Oblast.

Остатки на клиентских счетах дополнительных офисов в Москве и Московской области, млрд руб.

By January 1,2008, GLOBEXBANK Moscow and Moscow region network included 33 offices, being one of the major networks among large Moscow banks.

© 2007—2010 Банк «ГЛОБЭКС»

Продукция, выпускаемая Заводом ЖБИ-6, используется в большинстве проектов, реализуемых Группой ЛСР на территории Московской области.

EURO’Pa housing series is used in the majority of the projects developed by LSR Group in Moscow Region.

Плюсы и минусы столицы за счет Московской области

The pluses and minuses of Moscow’s expansion at the expense of Moscow Region

© 2008 The Russia Corporate World

Турбины были установлены на Чукотке, в Архангельской, Московской и Челябинской областях.

They were installed in Arkhangelsk region, in Chukotka peninsula, in Moscow region and in Cheliabinsk region.

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