1. Название статьи, автор, стиль.
The article I’m going to give a review of is taken from… — Статья, которую я сейчас хочу проанализировать из…
The headline of the article is — Заголовок статьи…
The author of the article is… — Автор статьи…
It is written by — Она написана …
The article under discussion is … — Статья, которую мне сейчас хочется обсудить, ….
2. Тема. Логические части.
The topic of the article is… — Тема статьи
The key issue of the article is… — Ключевым вопросом в статье является
The article under discussion is devoted to the problem… — Статью, которую мы обсуждаем, посвящена проблеме…
The author in the article touches upon the problem of… — В статье автор затрагивает проблему….
I’d like to mention briefly that… — Хотелось бы кратко отметить…
I’d like to comment on the problem of… — Я бы хотел прокомментировать проблему…
The article under discussion may be divided into several logically connected parts which are… — Статья может быть разделена на несколько логически взаимосвязанных частей, таких как…
3. Краткое содержание.
The author starts by telling the reader that — Автор начинает, рассказывая читателю, что
At the beginning of the story the author …— В начале истории автор
…describes — описывает
…depicts — изображает
…touches upon — затрагивает
…explains — объясняет
…introduces — знакомит
…mentions — упоминает
…recalls -вспоминает
…makes a few critical remarks on — делает несколько критических замечаний о
The story begins (opens) with a (the)… История начинается с….
…description of — описанием
…statement — заявлением
…introduction of — представлением
…the mention of — упоминанием
…the analysis of a summary of — кратким анализом
…the characterization of — характеристикой
…(author’s) opinion of — мнением автора
The scene is laid in … — Действие происходит в …
The opening scene shows (reveals) … — Первая сцена показывает (раскрывает)…
We first see (meet) … (the name of a character) as … — Впервые мы встречаемся с (имя главного героя или героев)
In conclusion the author …В заключении автор…
…dwells on — останавливается на
…points out — указывает на то
…generalizes — обобщает
…reveals — показывает
…exposes — показывает
…accuses/blames -обвиняет
…mocks at — издевается над
…gives a summary of -дает обзор
4. Отношение автора к отдельным моментам.
The author outlines… — Автор описывает
The article contains the following facts…./ describes in details… — Статья содержит следующие факты …. / подробно описывает
The author starts with the statement of the problem and then logically passes over to its possible solutions. — Автор начинает с постановки задачи, а затем логически переходит к ее возможным решениям.
The author asserts that… — Автор утверждает, что …
The author resorts to … to underline… — Автор прибегает к …, чтобы подчеркнуть …
Let me give an example… — Позвольте мне привести пример …
5. Вывод автора.
In conclusion the author says / makes it clear that…/ gives a warning that… — В заключение автор говорит / проясняет, что … / дает предупреждение, что …
At the end of the story the author sums it all up by saying … — В конце рассказа автор подводит итог всего этого, говоря …
The author concludes by saying that../ draws a conclusion that / comes to the conclusion that — В заключение автор говорит, что .. / делает вывод, что / приходит к выводу, что
6. Выразительные средства, используемые в статье.
To emphasize … the author uses… — Чтобы акцентировать внимание … автор использует
To underline … the author uses… Чтобы подчеркнуть … автор использует
To stress… — Усиливая
Balancing… — Балансируя
7. Ваш вывод.
Taking into consideration the fact that — Принимая во внимание тот факт, что
The message of the article is that /The main idea of the article is — Основная идея статьи (послание автора)
In addition…— Кроме того
On the one hand…, but on the other hand… — С одной стороны …, но с другой стороны …
Back to our main topic… — Вернемся к нашей основной теме
To come back to what I was saying… — Чтобы вернуться к тому, что я говорил
In conclusion I’d like to… — В заключение я хотел бы …
From my point of view… — С моей точки зрения …
As far as I am able to judge… — Насколько я могу судить .
My own attitude to this article is… — Мое личное отношение к
I fully agree with / I don’t agree with — Я полностью согласен с/ Я не согласен с
I have found the article dull / important / interesting /of great value — Я нахожу статью скучной / важной/ интересной/ имеющую большое значение (ценность)
1. Название статьи, автор, стиль.
The article I’m going to give a review of is taken from… — Статья, которую я сейчас хочу проанализировать из…
The headline of the article is — Заголовок статьи…
The author of the article is… — Автор статьи…
It is written by — Она написана …
The article under discussion is … — Статья, которую мне сейчас хочется обсудить, ….
2. Тема. Логические части.
The topic of the article is… — Тема статьи
The key issue of the article is… — Ключевым вопросом в статье является
The article under discussion is devoted to the problem… — Статью, которую мы обсуждаем, посвящена проблеме…
The author in the article touches upon the problem of… — В статье автор затрагивает проблему….
I’d like to make some remarks concerning… — Я бы хотел сделать несколько замечаний по поводу…
I’d like to comment on the problem of… — Я бы хотел прокомментировать проблему…
3. Краткое содержание.
The author starts by telling the reader that — Автор начинает, рассказывая читателю, что
At the beginning of the story the author — В начале истории автор
describes — описывает
depicts — изображает
touches upon — затрагивает
explains — объясняет
introduces — знакомит
The story begins (opens) with a (the) description of —история начинается описанием
statement — заявлением
introduction of — представлением
The scene is laid in … — Действие происходит в …
We first see (meet) … (the name of a character) as … — Впервые мы встречаемся с (имя главного героя или героев)
In conclusion the author
dwells on — останавливается на
points out — указывает на то
generalizes — обобщает
reveals — показывает
exposes — показывает
accuses/blames -обвиняет
mocks at — издевается над
gives a summary of -дает обзор
4. Отношение автора к отдельным моментам.
The author gives full coverage to… — Автор дает полностью охватывает…
The article contains the following facts…./ describes in details… — Статья содержит следующие факты …. / подробно описывает
The author resorts to … to underline… — Автор прибегает к …, чтобы подчеркнуть …
Let me give an example… — Позвольте мне привести пример …
5. Вывод автора.
In conclusion the author says / makes it clear that…/ gives a warning that… — В заключение автор говорит / проясняет, что … / дает предупреждение, что …
At the end of the story the author sums it all up by saying … — В конце рассказа автор подводит итог всего этого, говоря …
6. Ваш вывод.
On the one hand…, but on the other hand… — С одной стороны …, но с другой стороны …
To come back to what I was saying… — Чтобы вернуться к тому, что я говорил
In conclusion I’d like to… — В заключение я хотел бы …
From my point of view… — С моей точки зрения …
I fully agree with / I don’t agree with — Я полностью согласен с/ Я не согласен с
1.
SECRETS OF THE ANIMALS THAT DIVE DEEP INTO THE OCEAN
·
By Jane
Palmer 15
January 2015
When it comes to diving deep,
Cuvier’s beaked whales lead the pack. In a study published in March 2014, scientists
tracked these typically elusive whales and reported one whale dived to the
dizzying depths of 2,992 m (9,816ft). The same whale stayed underwater, without
taking a single breath, for 138 minutes.
The feat was exceptional, breaking
new mammalian dive records in two categories simultaneously. But while the Cuvier’s
beaked whales have proved themselves as the
champion divers, other marine mammals have also evolved, and honed, the ability
to dive deep and long. Sperm whales routinely dive between 500m and 1000m,
Weddell seals go to 600m, and elephant seals can hold their breath for two
hours.
«It’s just astonishing what
these animals can do,» says Andreas Fahlman of Texas A&M University in Corpus
Christi. «These animals do these deep dives day in, day out, sometimes
repeating the dives a number of times a day, and don’t seem to have any
problems with it. So the constant question we ask ourselves is: how do they do
that?»
Discover
the deepest-diving animals (Credit: Pierangelo Pirak / BBC Earth)
Animals dive deep for one reason, and
one reason alone: to get food, says Randall
Davis,
who is also at Texas A&M University. «These whales are making these
dives to tremendous depths because there’s some payback in terms of a food
resource,» Davis says. «Animals don’t do these kinds of things for
fun. This is how they make a living.»
But it’s a challenging way to make a
living. The most immediate problem is the extreme, crushing pressure. At 1000m
down, a Cuvier’s beaked whale experiences 100 times the pressure that they do
at the surface, enough to completely compress the air in their lungs.
To avoid this, Randall says, they
have rib cages that can fold down, collapsing their lungs and reducing air pockets. Then,
right before diving, these mammals exhale 90% of the air in their lungs. This
also reduces their buoyancy, making it easier to dive.
But that introduces a new problem.
With little oxygen in their lungs, the whales have to be thrifty when it comes
to using the gas on their dives. «They are very frugal,» Fahlman
says. «They’re just really, really tightly holding onto this oxygen and
trying to use it as conservatively as possible.»
A Cuvier’s
beaked whale (Ziphius cavirostris) (Credit: Todd Pusser / NPL)
To stop using so much
oxygen, diving mammals can stop their breathing and shunt blood flow from their
extremities to the brain, heart, and muscles. They also shut down digestion,
kidney and liver function.
Finally, they lower their heart rate.
Most mammals can do this when they dive, even humans. But in marine mammals the
slowdown can be extreme. Scientists have measured the heart rate of diving
Weddell seals at a mere four
beats per minute.
The animals also adapt their
behaviour to conserve oxygen by reducing how much they move. In 2000, Terrie
Williams of the University of California, Santa Cruz and colleagues attached
miniature cameras to Weddell seals, a bottlenose dolphin, an elephant seal and
a blue whale. They found that the animals simply glided
downwards without moving a muscle. Their shrunken lungs reduced their buoyancy, allowing
them to sink rather than swim.
But it’s not enough to
just be stingy with oxygen. Once they’re in deep water, divers like Cuvier’s
beaked whales have to sneak up on, and overcome, their prey. For that, they
need to find some oxygen.
Fortunately, they have a supply: they
store oxygen in their blood and muscles. Marine mammals have a higher
percentage of oxygen-storing red blood cells than most mammals, making
their blood thick and viscous. They also have a high blood-to-body-volume ratio.
«They simply have a bigger savings account than we do,» Fahlman says.
But this shouldn’t be enough.
«From what people have estimated for the oxygen stored, and the rate at
which they are consuming this oxygen, it shouldn’t be possible for animals to
dive to these depths at all,» says Michael
Berenbrink of the University of Liverpool in the
UK.
Then in 2013, Berenbrink
made a startling discovery about diving animals’ muscles. Like all mammals,
their muscles contain a protein called myoglobin that stores oxygen and gives
meat its red colour. Myoglobin is ten times more concentrated in the muscles of
diving animals than it is in human muscles. It is so concentrated in whales
that their flesh appears almost black.
But there should be a limit to the
amount of myoglobin that muscles can contain. If too many of the molecules pack
into a small space, they could stick together. Such clumping can cause serious
diseases in humans, such as diabetes and Alzheimer’s. Yet Berenbrink found that
diving animals’ muscles seemingly carry too much myoglobin.
What’s their secret? Berenbrink found
that the
myoglobin of diving animals is positively charged. Since like charges repel each
other, the positively-charged myoglobin molecules don’t stick together. This
means that huge amounts of myoglobin can be packed in, supplying plenty of
oxygen.
Berenbrink found that
all the diving mammals he studied had positively-charged myoglobin, although
some had larger positive charges than others. The highest concentrations of
myoglobin occur in the muscles needed for swimming, exactly where the divers
need it the most. What’s more, genetic analyses suggested that beaked whales
should have the highest levels of myoglobin, as we would expect.
But while Berenbrink’s
work has found a veritable built-in oxygen tank in divers, he says we still
don’t know whether this tank provides enough for the long dives made by beaked
whales. «There is still a lot that we don’t know,» Berenbrink says.
Even if the diving mammals do have
enough oxygen, they’re still not out of the woods. They must also deal with a
disorder called decompression sickness, or «the bends». In humans,
the bends can be fatal. And it turns out marine mammals are also at risk.
When a human scuba diver is at depth,
gases dissolve in their blood. If the diver then comes up too quickly, the
pressure drop causes gas bubbles to emerge from the bloodstream and get lodged
in capillaries and critical organs. This causes discomfort and pain, and
sometimes death.
Late in 2002, 14 beaked
whales washed ashore together on a beach in the Canary Islands. When scientists
performed an autopsy on 10 of the whales, they
found deadly tissue damage that is usually associated with pockets of gas in
vital organs.
That suggested the whales had the bends.
Scientists had thought
diving mammals were immune from the condition, even though they had found such
bubbles before in stranded animals. Between 1992 and 2003, researchers found
bubble-associated tissue injury in dolphins, porpoises and a single
Blainville’s beaked whale washed up on British shores.
The question was finally
settled in 2013, when Daniel García-Párraga of Oceanografic in Valencia, Spain
and his colleaguesdiagnosed the bends for the first
time in live marine animals: loggerhead sea turtles.
The turtles had been accidentally
caught in commercial fishing nets and bought in by local fishermen. Of the 21
that arrived alive, 9 showed signs of spasticity. CT scans revealed bubbles in
the turtles’ organs.
It’s easy to diagnose
decompression sickness: simply put the animal under higher pressure and see if
the symptoms clear. To that end, García placed the two smallest turtles in the
lab autoclave and recompressed them using similar protocols to those used for
human divers. The turtles made a full recovery and García eventually released
them back into the wild.
«That is the first
time anybody anywhere in the world has achieved a clinical diagnosis of
decompression sickness in a live marine vertebrate,» says Michael Moore of the Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution in Massachusetts.
The finding is important for efforts
to conserve sea turtles. We now know that turtles caught up in fishing nets may
suffer from the bends, and need treatment before being let go. If fishermen
simply untangle them from the nets and release them immediately, the turtles
may die of decompression sickness.
Outside of fishing,
though, it is hard to see why marine mammals would ever get the bends. A 2011
study by Fahlman and his colleagues indicated that they are always
susceptible to the condition, yet in normal conditions are able to avoid getting it.
Decompression sickness happens if they ascend too quickly, so surely they
should have evolved not to do that. But maybe something is forcing them to rush
to the surface?
In the 2002 beaching, a
series of military exercises involving sonar took place in the region just four
hours earlier. Since that incident, researchers have noted the links between
sonar activity and strandings of marine mammals on beaches in the Mediterranean
Sea, the Canary Islands, and the Bahamas.
In theory, if whales are
1000m or 2000m down, the noise of sonar could send them rocketing up to the
surface. If they came up too quickly, their anti-decompression mechanisms might
not keep up. But we can’t confirm this, Fahlman says. «No one even
understands how they avoid the bends, let alone how they then go on to get the
bends in certain situations,» Fahlman says.
Whales do seem to dislike sonar. When
scientists exposed Cuvier’s beaked whales to simulations of sonar for a 2013
study, the whales stopped fluking and echolocating, and swam away rapidly
and silently.
They then stayed underwater longer than normal.
«But really what
does that show?» asks Fahlman. «It doesn’t tell us anything about how
the whales might behave underwater, at great depths.»
Fahlman says the only
way to understand why the whales get the bends is to figure out their normal
behaviour and physiology, in particular how they cope when deep diving. But
that is no mean task, not least because whales are far too big to ever study in
a laboratory.
These studies could have
unexpected benefits, adds Fahlman. By unravelling the physiology of extreme
diving, researchers may figure out how to treat certain clinical conditions in
humans. One example is atelectasis, in which a person’s lungs collapse,
obstructing breathing. Marine mammals’ extreme dives may point the way to a
cure.
«They’re diving to
depths that are absolutely phenomenal,» Fahlman says. «With our
current knowledge of physiology, they’re going way over and beyond what they’re
supposed to be able to do.»
The article “Secrets of the animals that
dive deep into the ocean” is written by Jane Palmer 15 January
2015.
The author starts with a study published
in March 2014, where scientists tracked these typically elusive whales and
reported one whale dived to the dizzying depths of 2,992
m (9,816ft). The same whale stayed underwater, without taking a single breath,
for 138 minutes.
Then
the author give facts: Sperm
whales routinely dive between 500m and 1000m, Weddell seals go to 600m, and
elephant seals can hold their breath for two hours.
After that the author goes on to say that
with little oxygen in their lungs, the whales have to be thrifty when it comes
to using the gas on their dives.To stop using so much oxygen, diving mammals
can stop their breathing and shunt blood flow from their extremities to the
brain, heart, and muscles. They also shut down digestion, kidney and liver function.
The author also the results of different
reasechers: a Scientists had thought diving
mammals were immune from the condition, even though they had found such bubbles
before in stranded animals. Between 1992 and 2003, researchers found
bubble-associated tissue injury in dolphins, porpoises and a single
Blainville’s beaked whale washed up on British shores. The question was finally
settled in 2013, when Daniel García-Párraga of Oceanografic in Valencia, Spain
and his colleaguesdiagnosed the bends for the first time in live marine animals:
loggerhead sea turtles. The turtles had been accidentally caught in commercial
fishing nets and bought in by local fishermen. Of the 21 that arrived alive, 9
showed signs of spasticity. CT scans revealed bubbles in the turtles’ organs.
The
author concludes with the words of scientist Fahlman, who says “ They’re diving to depths that are
absolutely phenomenal. With our current knowledge of physiology, they’re going
way over and beyond what they’re supposed to be able to do”.
2. ‘Sick outs’ staged by teachers banned from striking
By Sean Coughlan Education
correspondent 28 January 2016
When is a strike not a strike? And when is it a lot of people not
coming into work on the same day?
Detroit, a US city in the
state of Michigan where it is illegal for teachers to strike, has seen a wave
of school closures, when large numbers of teachers have called in sick.
Last week, 88 out of about
100 state schools in the city were shut for a day by teachers not coming in. On
another day this month, 60 schools were affected, keeping tens of thousands of
pupils out of the classroom. There were some more schools closed again at the
beginning of this week.
These so-called
«sickouts» have angered legislators who thought such disruption was
illegal.
In Michigan, it is
unlawful for teachers in state schools to go on strike, which is defined as
«concerted failure to report for duty, the wilful absence from one’s
position».
‘Dummy mission’
But where does the law
stand if lots of teachers phone in to say they’re not well? And what happens if
such sickouts are not conventional strikes by a trade union but protests by a
grassroots social-media campaign?
Republicans in Michigan
are proposing changes to the law to take a tougher line on anyone promoting
such mass absences, including bigger fines and ways to have hearings against
more than one teacher at a time.
There have also been
attempts to use the courts to stop the sickouts, with Detroit Public Schools
saying such school closures are unacceptable, with seven school days already
lost.
But, this week, a court
rejected calls for a restraining order, finding there was not enough evidence
to prove teachers’ unions had organised staff not to come in to school.
This unofficial industrial
dispute has left the school district having to use its Facebook page to tell
parents at short notice which schools are not going to open because of
«high teacher absences».
One parent posted she had
already sent her child to school, before finding it wasn’t going to open.
«These warnings need
to be made at 04:00,» she wrote.
«I work in the
morning myself, and everybody doesn’t drive to work. It’s too cold out here for
this dummy mission I just sent my child on.»
‘Shameful conditions’
The school closures are
the latest stage in a dispute about pay and what teachers say are the terrible
conditions in Detroit’s schools, with overcrowded, crumbling, unhygienic
classrooms and chronic underfunding.
When US President Barack
Obama attended a motor show in the city this month, the Detroit Federation of
Teachers marked the visit with protest leaflets saying teachers had to work in
«shameful conditions», with photographs of dead mice and a rat.
The sickouts have been
condemned by Darnell Earley, emergency manager of Detroit Public Schools, who
says pupils in the city can «ill-afford to lose instruction time».
He has also criticised how
the school closures have been «orchestrated».
The city’s Mayor, Mike
Duggan, is also opposed to the teachers’ sickouts.
Bu he has also said the
poor condition of some schools «would just break your heart», with
some pupils having to wear coats inside because it is so cold.
Michigan’s strike ban on
teachers has been in place for decades.
But teachers’ unions say
the current wave of unrest reflects that when there are serious problems,
banning strikes is not an answer.
‘Frustration’
«It clearly indicates
that when people reach their limit they will take action,» says David
Hecker, president of the American Federation of Teachers in Michigan.
«The sickouts are a
product of deep frustration and anger on the part of teachers,» says Mr
Hecker.
«In a certain sense,
it is surprising they have not happened sooner.»
He says the protests have
highlighted the «deplorable condition» of school buildings,
inadequate funding levels and poor pay, but it’s the «teachers who are
always blamed».
What isn’t in dispute is
that the Detroit school system is in trouble, both in its finances and results.
The teachers are staging
the sickouts, but it is the school system that is in need of urgent treatment.
Last week, Michigan’s
Republican Governor, Rick Snyder, described the Detroit Public School system as
«in crisis», with debts of $515m (£360m).
It meant money that should
be repairing buildings or paying teachers was being used to service debts, to
the level of $1,100 (£770) per year for every student.
Worst results in US
According to the annual
Nation’s Report Card, only 4% of 13- to 14-year-olds in Detroit schools are
proficient or better at maths and 7% for reading.
These are far below
average and the worst figures for any major US city.
Detroit has become one of
the highest-profile examples of US cities struggling with industrial decline,
with its population falling by more than half since the 1970s.
The number of students in
the Detroit Public School system has fallen even more sharply, down by about
80% compared with the 1970s.
As well as the collapse in
the local population, pupils have been moving to publicly funded but
independent «charter schools».
And there have been other
schools created by an intervention to replace those that are failing.
Governor Snyder has
announced a commission to examine ways to improve education and wants to
relaunch the city’s schools — saying after decades of malaise they urgently
need to be turned around.
He said: «We have a 19th
Century education system in the 21st Century. It’s time to ask ourselves
why?»
The article “’Sick outs’
staged by teachers banned from striking” is written by Sean Coughlan Education
correspondent 28 January 2016.
The author starts with telling
about Detroit,
a US city in the state of Michigan where it is illegal for teachers to strike,
has seen a wave of school closures, when large numbers of teachers have called
in sick.
Then the author describes
the situation: a court rejected calls for a restraining order, finding there
was not enough evidence to prove teachers’ unions had organised staff not to
come in to school.
This unofficial
industrial dispute has left the school district having to use its Facebook page
to tell parents at short notice which schools are not going to open because of
«high teacher absences».
One parent posted she had
already sent her child to school, before finding it wasn’t going to open.
«These warnings need
to be made at 04:00,» she wrote.
«I work in the
morning myself, and everybody doesn’t drive to work. It’s too cold out here for
this dummy mission I just sent my child on.»
The author explains the
reasons of teacher’s strike: the terrible conditions in Detroit’s schools, with
overcrowded, crumbling, unhygienic classrooms and chronic underfunding.
When US President Barack
Obama attended a motor show in the city this month, the Detroit Federation of
Teachers marked the visit with protest leaflets saying teachers had to work in
«shameful conditions», with photographs of dead mice and a rat. The
number of students in the Detroit Public School system has fallen even more
sharply, down by about 80% compared with the 1970s.
After that Michigan’s
Republican Governor, Rick Snyder, described the Detroit Public School system as
«in crisis», with debts of $515m (£360m).
The author concludes with
the words of Governor Snyder has announced a commission to examine ways to
improve education and wants to relaunch the city’s schools — saying after
decades of malaise they urgently need to be turned around.
3.The reason people shout into their mobile phones
Ever been irritated by someone bellowing into their mobile
phone in a public place? BBC Radio 4’s Adam Rutherford and Hannah Fry investigate
the causes.
We’ve all winced at
least once at the deafening sound of a commuter loudly conversing with someone
on a mobile phone. But why is shouting like this so common?
Recently, Drs Adam Rutherford and Hannah
Fry have been answering questions from listeners and the BBC Future audience
for a new BBC Radio 4 series called The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry.
One query came from Daniel Sarano of New
Jersey, USA.
Many people seem to talk loudly without
realising, but is there a reason?
“I have no interest in hearing about
other people’s private lives,” wrote Sarano, «the whole idea would have
seemed anathema to older generations. I think they would have considered it
rude to talk loudly in public.»
Many people seem to do it without
realising, but is there a scientific reason for their loudness?
The answer begins by looking at an
aspect of telephone design that pre-dates the mobile phone, called “sidetone” –
a feature whereby a caller could hear their own voice in the phone’s speaker
when talking.
This reassures the user that they can be
heard, leaving no reason to raise one’s voice. Landlines have sidetones
specifically to prevent bellowing in offices and indoor space. But did mobiles
do away with them? As acoustic technologist Nick Zakarov notes, no, they didn’t
– there are international guidelines that suggest a recommended decibel level
for sidetone in mobile phones.
But the problem with mobiles is that
they are mobile, and a fixed volume of sidetone isn’t always sufficient where
background noise is very high.
We have a natural tendency to raise our
voice to match the noise levels around us
Plus, there’s also the Lombard effect to
consider. This is our natural tendency to raise our voice to match the noise
levels around us. We tend to try and match the loudest sound we can hear. A
pneumatic drill on a building site, for example.
Hence the phenomenon of overly audible
mobile phone chats.
It’s worth pointing out, however, that
this would not be the first time that our use of phones has challenged the idea
of good manners. When phones were originally invented, they raised all sorts of
questions for Victorians. Should one have a phone conversation when undressed?
Was it proper to stand up when speaking to a woman on the phone?
It seems phones, then, are a technology
that may always pose new etiquette conundrums.
The article “The
reason people shout into their mobile phones” is taken from the unknown
search.
The
author starts with Drs Adam Rutherford and Hannah Fry have
been answering questions from listeners and the BBC Future audience for a new
BBC Radio 4 series called The Curious Cases of Rutherford and Fry.
Then
the author gives answers on the questions from people for this topic. He says
that this is our natural
tendency to raise our voice to match the noise levels around us. We tend to try
and match the loudest sound we can hear. A pneumatic drill on a building site,
for example.
After that the author goes on to say our use of phones has challenged the idea of
good manners. When phones were originally invented, they raised all sorts of
questions for Victorians. Should one have a phone conversation when undressed
The
author concludes with the idea that phones, then, are a technology that may always pose new etiquette
conundrums.
4. WATCH THAT HAND SHAKE
The
international business community is busy learning languages. One of the most important aspects of doing business
internationally is being able to speak other languages For this reason, there
is a current boom in language learning for business people. But unless they can
speak a foreign language really well, it is best to save it for socialising.
Using body
language can say much more than work.
But actions speak louder than words, and
psychologists say that your body language is much more important than what you
say. Doing the wrong thing, making eye contact, touching, using people’s first
names, even how you eat and drink — can all be hazardous for people who are
unfamiliar with certain cultures.
Some cultures
communicate using signals.
Cultures are divided into «low
context» and «high context». In low context cultures such as
North America, Britain, Sweden and Germany, people say things very plainly, and
rely on clear verbal communication. High context cultures such as France,
Japan, Spain, Saudi Arabia, China and South Korea often use silence or hand
signals to communicate, and this can sometimes be as important as speaking.
The handshake
is a universal form of greeting.
Shaking hands is often the most common
form of greeting people, but even this can create problems. In Japan, people
bow to each other. In England, people shake hands firmly — but not very often —
while in places like Italy and France people shake hands all the time but not
as firmly as the English. The Germans and the Danish nod their heads while they
shake hands, as a mark of respect, while people in Mediterranean countries
sometimes lean their heads backwards while doing the same thing.
Greeting
people with a kiss can create confusion.
People from «low context»
cultures tend to look into other people’s eyes, but in «high context»
cultures such as the Chinese and Japanese, this can be interpreted as
aggressive behaviour. As a rule, though, close physical greetings such as
kissing are not a good idea. For example, the British kiss each other once, on
the right cheek, the French kiss each other twice, first on the left cheek and
then on the right, but in some cultures, especially in the Middle East, they
kiss up to four times and still shake hands!
American
«openness» can cause offence.
Trying to make people from other cultures
feel comfortable can be confusing as well. Americans often use first names as a
way of making instant friends, but this does not always work, especially with
the Germans and the English. For although all three are «low context»
cultures, the British and Germans are not quite as «open» as the
North Americans.
Jokes are often
used to ease the formality of a situation.
One thing the British and Americans do
share when meeting each other, however, is the desire to break the ice by
making a joke. Some cultures, especially the «high context» ones,
could find this rude or disrespectful. Cultures and peoples vary so much,
though, that it is impossible to please all of the people all of the time. The
best thing you can do under these confusing circumstances is to be polite to
everyone you meet.
The article I’m going to give a review is
taken from the unknown search.
The
headline of the article is “watch that hand shake”.
The key issue of
the article is the idea that in other cultures, what you do may be more
important than what you say.
The
article under discussion can be divided into three logically connected parts:
the one devoted to “low context” and “high context” cultures, the second
devoted to shaking hands in different cultures, and the third – to the
differences between Americans and European.
The author starts
by telling the reader about one of the most important aspects of doing business
internationally being able to speak other languages. Then goes the fact that
your body language is much more important that what you say and about the
division into low and high context cultures. In low context cultures such as
North America, Britain, Sweden and Germany, people say things very plainly, and
rely on clear verbal communication. High context cultures such as France,
Japan, Spain, Saudi Arabia, China and South Korea often use silence or hand
signals to communicate. Finally we end up with the fact that trying to make
people from other cultures fell comfortable can be confusing as well, which is
explain differences in cultures.
In
conclusion I’d like to say that it is important to know cultures differences so
as not fail communication.
5. SHYNESS
Recent research in America
has shown that shyness is determined by our genes. The scientists believe that
we are all born more or less shy. It’s just that some are able to
deal with it better than others.
Shyness may not seem to be a serious
complaint, but for some it can Become unbearable. You start to feel hot and
shaky, your beats Faster, your knees feel weak, and it seems to last forever.
Shyness is
something we often recognize in others: turning red is One of the more visible
signs, for example. Yet we don’t judge someone Harshly because of this. But
shyness does mean you’re harder to Approach, so you become more isolated and
Experts have come up with various possible solutions, and one is the Key to
success — it is finding an interest in common with other people. You can start
by listening to what the others’re talking about and before You know it, you’ll
be having a . You could also join a class of Tap-dancing or flamenco, where
people are likely to laugh a lot. You’ll Feel relaxed and also much too busy to
feel shy. Remember That most people make a fool of themselves so often — and
it’s not the end of the world if you do!
The article I’m going to give a review is
taken from the unknown search.
The
headline of the article is “shyness”.
The article
is about the feeling of being nervous and uncomfortable about meeting and
talking to people.
The topic
of the article is the fact we all born more or less shy. It’s just that some
people are able to deal with it better than others. Personal circumstances have
an influence as well.
The key issue of the article is the secret
how to deal with shyness.
The
article under discussion can be divided into two logically connected parts: the
one devoted to the reactions of your body, to the felling of shyness and more
visible signs, the second devoted to the solution experts have come up to help.
The author starts
by telling the reader about the research in America which has shown that
shyness is determined by our genes. Then goes the description of how people
suffer from it. Finally we end up with advice:
1. You can start
by listening to other people.
2. You could try
asking neighbors if you can walk their dog.
3. Try joining a
class to learn smt like a tap-dancing or flamenco, where people are likely to
laugh a lot.
4. Try telling
yourself that it doesn’t matter if you say or do something silly.
In
conclusion I’d like to say that I find the article informative because I know
quite a lot people who suffer from shyness and I think that the solutions in
the article can help them.
6. LOUIS ARMSTRONG
Louis Armstrong played
jazz, sang jazz and wrote jazz. He recorded hit songs for fifty years and his
music is still heard today on television, radio and in movies.
Louis Armstrong was born in New Orleans, in the state of Louisiana on August
4th, 1901. His father was a factory worker and left the family soon after
Louis’s birth. Young Louis was desperately poor. He lived with his sister,
mother and grandmother in the poorest area of New Orleans known as ‘the
Battlefield’ because of the fighting and shooting that often happened there.
When Louis was eleven years old, he was arrested for firing a gun into
the air on New Year’s Eve. He was sent to a reform school, where he learned to
play the trumpet in the school’s band. Eighteen months later Louis was back
home and already dreaming of the life of a musician. He sold newspapers,
unloaded boats and sold coal. However, in the evenings Louis played the trumpet
with local groups or went to clubs to listen to jazz bands. He soon became
friends with one of the greatest musicians of the time, Joe Oliver, who became
young Louis’s teacher. As Louis’s skills developed, he began to perform
professionally.
He was soon able to stop working on manual labour jobs and began
concentrating full-time on music, playing at parties, dances, and at local
cafés. He joined Joe Oliver’s band and moved to Chicago. Later, Louis organised
his own band and began to record one of the greatest series of songs in the
history of jazz. Louis developed a unique style of singing: he could make his
voice sound like a musical instrument and he could make an instrument sound
like a singer’s voice. Louis enjoyed singing improvised melodies and rhythms.
Armstrong was an easy-going and communicative person. His fellow musicians
called him ‘Satchelmouth’ because of his wide smile. Later, it was shortened to
‘Satchmo’.
Armstrong’s biggest hits came later in his life. In 1964, his version
of the song ‘Hello Dolly’ was a top hit around the world. It even replaced a
top-selling hit by the hugely popular British group, the Beatles. Three years
later, he appeared in the film version of ‘Hello Dolly’ with the singer Barbra
Streisand. The song ‘What a Wonderful World’, recorded in 1968, was his final
big hit.
Louis Armstrong never finished the fifth grade in school, yet he wrote
two books about his life and many stories for magazines. He appeared in more than
thirty movies. He composed many jazz pieces. He won several gold records and
many other awards. Armstrong performed about three hundred concerts each year,
travelling all over the world. He became known as the legend and symbol of
jazz.
The
article I’m going to give a review is taken from the unknown search.
The headline of the article
is “LOUIS ARMSTRONG”.
The article is about one of
the most famous musicians of all time.
The topic of the article is about
how Louis Armstrong changed the manner of playing jazz music.
The article under discussion
can be divided into four logically connected parts: the one devoted to his
early career when he played with his friend Joe Oliver, the second devoted to his
marriage with Lil Harding and moving to New York where he joined to Fletcher
Henderson’s Big Ban, the third – to the change of a sound that was to turn the
world of jazz upside down, the forth – his popularity as a great entertainer
and the first great genius of jazz.
The author starts by telling the
reader when and where L.A. was born and grew up. Then go facts about his
friendship with Joe Oliver, a man 15 years his senior one of the first
musicians to take jazz to different parts of the US. Then the writer tell us about
how Louis met Lil Harding who convinced her husband that was time to emerge
from Oliver’s shadow. With his band “Hot Five” Louis created space for each
instrument to play extended solos. By 1929 the radio had helped him to break
through to an even wider audience and he soon became a national star. Finally,
we and up with the fact that All Stars and he had his band remained in popular
demand, appearing in films, on television and on stage.
In
conclusion I’d like to say that I admired Louis Armstrong because he lived
uneasy life but his song very positive and kind. Especially I enjoyed his song
“What a wonderful world”.
7. WORK
Mark
Twain pointed out that if work were so pleasant, the rich would keep it for
themselves. But however much people may think they dislike work, everyone has a
deep psychological need for it. Everyone wants to be valued, and wages and
salaries are the visible proof that we matter.
Not
all kinds of work, however. No matter how worthwhile or demanding they might
be, bringing up children, housework and voluntary employment are not usually
seen as “proper jobs”. The only “proper” job is one that provides paid
employment. Being paid for a job in our society means higher personal status.
Of course we would also
prefer work to be useful, pleasant and interesting – and also well paid. But
you don’t really have to enjoy your work to get pleasure from it. The fact that
we have to overcome some difficulties that we have to deal with doing routine
tasks, in some way gives us pleasure. For example, having to be in a particular
place at a particular time, working as part of a team towards a common goal,
gives us a sense of purpose. The modern workplace also provides somewhere where
people can assert their identity or create a new one.
Without
work many people become untidy and lazy, and find they are unable to enjoy the
leisure time which is available to them. When some people retire from work,
they lose their sense of value and purpose. For most of their lives their personality,
self-image and status have been defined by work; without it they lose their
appetite for life.
People
who suddenly lose their jobs can find the situation particularly difficult. At
a single stroke they lose all the advantages and status that a paid job
provides. In a culture dominated by work, they are seen by those with jobs as
incompetent or lazy. It is little wonder that stress and illness occur more
frequently among unemployed people.
The article I’m going to give a review is taken
from the unknown search.
The
headline of the article is “WORK”.
The article is about what works means to
the people.
The key issue of the article is that work
gives us sense of value and purpose.
The article under discussion can be
divided into three logically connected parts: the one devoted to our attitude
towards work, the second devoted to the problems people have when they lose
their jobs, the third – to the future of work.
The author starts by telling the reader
about Mark Twain who said that if work were so pleasant the rich would keep it
for themselves and adding that everyone wants to be valued and wages and
salaries are the risible proof that we matter. Then goes the opinion that the
only “proper” job is one that provides paid employment. There are also the fact
that we have to overcome some difficulties that we have to deal with doing
routine tasks, in some way gives up pleasure. F/e. having to be in a particular
place at a particular time, working as part of a team towards a common goal
gives us a sense of purpose. Unfortunately when some people retire from work
they lose their sense of value and purpose. Finally, we and up with idea that
we may no longer be able to depend on work to define ourselves and our position
in society, and that we will have to find new ways to give our lives a sense of
value and purpose.
In conclusion I’d like to say that I find
the article interesting and I also agree with the author who says that working
people would like to feel sense of value and purpose so work can become lovely
part of life not something negatively and a burden.
8. THE CHERNOBYL
It is almost 30 years to the day
since Chernobyl became synonymous with nuclear disaster.
In the early hours of 26 April 1986, an
experiment designed to investigate the safety of the nuclear reactor went badly
wrong. Radiation spilled into the environment.
Within weeks, hundreds of thousands
of people in a 30km exclusion zone around the plant had been evacuated. To
this day the zone remains largely uninhabited.
It is far from lifeless, though. Visit the
exclusion zone today — which some
bold tourists do — and you will find
that the local wildlife is thriving.
The big question: does this mean that the
environment can cope with a nuclear disaster even on the scale of Chernobyl?
No one doubts that the immediate
ecological effects of the Chernobyl disaster were devastating.
One to two years after the accident
populations began to recover
In one area of forest covering
between 4 and 5 sq km (1.5-1.9 sq miles), many coniferous trees died. The
dying needles turned rusty red, earning the region a new name: the Red Forest.
«In that first year, in the most
contaminated areas many soil invertebrates were killed, and the small mammal
population plummeted,» says Nick
Beresford at the Centre for Ecology &
Hydrology in Lancaster, UK.
However, in large areas of the exclusion
zone radiation levels dropped dramatically within months, says Jim
Smith at the University of Portsmouth, UK.
Wildlife began to bounce back, taking advantage of the absence of people.
Exactly why, how and even when that
recovery began is unclear.
Within 10 years of the disaster, the small
mammal populations were apparently showing no ill effects
The Iron Curtain still separated east from
west at the time, and the Chernobyl region was accessible only to Soviet
scientists. «Understandably their early research focus was on exposure of
humans and how this could be reduced,» says Beresford.
Even so, in the late 1980s local
scientists did start a programme of aerial survey counts of three wild species:
elk, roe deer and wild boar. The surveys showed slow but steady rises in the
abundance of all three species.
«That helicopter data isn’t exactly
brilliant,» says Smith. «The counts were done only once a year, and
they didn’t cover the whole area. But it does suggest that one to two years
after the accident populations began to recover.»
In the mid-1990s came better evidence
of what was going on.
A team of US and Ukrainian ecologists set
up traps to explore how small mammals were responding. They caught a range of
voles, mice and shrews – and found that the abundance of animals and the
diversity of species was more or less
identical both inside and outside the exclusion zone.
If anything, wolves are faring better at
Chernobyl than at the other reserves
In other words, within 10 years of the
disaster, the small mammal populations were apparently showing no ill effects
from the radiation.
We should not be surprised by these
findings, says Smith. «There have been a lot of
radiobiological studies over the decades to find out what it takes to really
damage animal populations, to do some serious reproductive damage. And across
most of the exclusion zone, the doses aren’t really high enough to have that
effect.»
Last year Smith and his colleagues in
Belarus, the UK, Russia and Germany published details of the most
in-depth survey to date into the mammalian
populations in the exclusion zone. Again, they suggest that the radiation now
has only a limited impact on wildlife.
Between 2008 and 2010 they surveyed
hundreds of kilometres of animal trackways, to assess population densities of
elk, wolf, wild boar, roe deer and foxes. They found that the track densities
were similar to those recorded at four radiation-free nature reserves in
Belarus.
There is a clear signal of the
negative effects of radiation on wild populations
If anything, wolves are faring better at Chernobyl
than at the other reserves. The data suggests they might be seven times as
abundant.
Beresford, with his colleague Mike
Wood of the University of Salford, UK,
has also reported encouraging results.
They set up motion-activated camera
traps in the exclusion zone, as part of an ongoing
project to better understand the risk to humans and wildlife associated with
exposure to radioactivity. They found evidence of
an extraordinary
abundance of species. There were beavers, badgers, lynx
and bison: even a brown bear made an appearance.
But it would be wrong to say there is universal
scientific agreement that the wildlife of Chernobyl is hale and hearty.
The emphasis now is on making sure
that the studies involve scientists with expertise in radiation studies as well
as in ecology, so that there can be no doubting either the quality of the
research or the conclusions that are reached.
The hope must be that by the time the next significant
Chernobyl anniversary rolls by, the legacy of the disaster is clear and
unambiguous.
The article I’m going to give a review is
taken from the BBC.
The
headline of the article is “THE CHERNOBYL”.
The
article is about the impact of nuclear disaster in Chernobyl after 30 years.
The topic
of the article is if the environment can cope with a nuclear disaster.
The key issue of the article is wildlife
begins to bounce back taking advantage of the absence of people.
The article under discussion can be
divided into two logically connected parts: the one devoted to the immediate
ecological effects of the Chernobyl disaster, the second devoted to scientific
researchers of the wild species at their population in the exclusion zone.
The author starts by telling the reader that
it’s almost 30 years to the day since Chernobyl became synonymous with nuclear
disaster. Then goes the fact how the zone became uninhabited. In one area of forest
covering between 4 and 5 sq km (1.5-1.9 sq miles), many coniferous trees died.
However, in
large areas of the exclusion zone radiation levels dropped dramatically within
months. Exactly
why, how and even when that recovery began is unclear. Scientists suggest that the
radiation now has only a limited impact on wildlife. There is universal
scientific agreement. The results, published in 2013, suggested that track abundance is low where radiation levels are high. Finally, we
and up with the
emphasis which is now on making sure that the studies involve scientists with
expertise in radiation studies as well as in ecology.
In
conclusion I’d like to say that the article makes me feel trouble about the
catastrophe and consequence which badly influence on the life and health of
people and animals.
9. EXPLORING THE ANTARCTIC
In earlier centuries the Antarctic was thought to be a huge continent.
Its existence in the southern hemisphere, around the South Pole was believed to act as a balance to the known
continents in the northern hemisphere. In the 18th century, it was discovered to be far smallerthan
people had first thought. This was after Captain Cook sailed for the first time south of theAntarctic
circle and reached the edge of the ice-pack.
A small part of the ice-covered continent — the coast of
Graham Land — was first seen in 1820.
Explorers from various countries saw parts of the coastlinein
other areas, but the first large-scale exploration was made by Captain James Clarke Ross in 1841.
With his two ships, Erebus and Terror, he went right into the Ross Sea and discovered the
great Ross Ice Barrier. After that, explorers ignored the Antarctic and there were no furtherjourneys
there until the 1890’s, when an international plan of study was set up.
A Norwegian, C.E.Borchgrevink, was the first person to spend a winter in the Antarctic and to travel on the ice
barrier. He was there from 1898 to 1900.Several other explorers followed.From 1901 to 1904 Captain Scott journeyed in his ship, Discovery.
Once on land, they travelled further south than anyone had done before.
A little later, Ernest Shackleton beat this by
travelling to within 160 kilometers of the South Pole.
In 1910 Captain Scott organised his second
journey, determined to reach the South Pole this time, but for him it became an impossible goal.
Atthe same time, another Norwegian explorer, Roald Amundsen, made clear his intention ofreaching
the South PoleIt had become a race. Amundsen set up his base at the eastern end of the Ross Ice Barrier and, using teams of
dogs to pull his sledges, reached the Pole on 14 December, 1911.
Meanwhile, Scott and his teamhad their start delayed by bad weather.
When they did set off they had to pull their sledgesthemselves, as
Scott was against animal labour. It went from bad to worse and when at last they reached theSouth
Pole, it was a month after Amundsen’s arrival.
The return was just as difficult. They struggled against the weather and their own weakness,
until they died only a few kilometres from their base.
Other outstanding explorations werecarried out: one by Admiral Byrd in 1929, when he
flew over the South Pole, the British trip of 1934, which made the first maps of any part of the
Antarctic, and the American Navy expedition of 1940
During this one, they sailed round the entire
continent and large areas were photographed from the air. The Antarctic was the scene of greatadventure during the International Geophysical year in 1958 and 1959, where scientists from allover
the world met and all took part in the explorations.
Most recently, in 1993, two British explorerscompleted the first crossing of the Antarctic without any outside help, and the longest polarjourney- both world records.
The article I’m going to give a review is
taken from the unknown source.
The
headline of the article is “EXPLORING THE ANTARCTIC”.
The
article is about the people who exploring the six continent.
The topic
of the article is the history of discoveries and the explorers who did them.
The
article under discussion can be divided into three logically connected parts:
the one devoted to the early history of exploring the Antarctic, the second
devoted to the competition between British explorer captain Scott and Norwegian
explorer Amudsen.
The author starts by telling the reader about
the Antarctic was thought to be a huge continent In earlier centuries.
Then
goes some facts about the race between Scott and Amudsen, who intended to reach
the South Pole. Amudsen using teams of dogs to pull his sledges, reached
the Pole on 14 December, 1911. Meanwhile, Scott and his team had their start delayed
by bad weather. Finally, we and up with that the scientists
from all over the world meet in the Antarctic and take part in the
explorations.
In conclusion I’d
like to say that I find the article informative. I would like to know how
people exploring different continents. But I think it’s very dangerous and
unfortunately some people died in such journeys as the article tell us.
10. THE STORY OF DOGS
About 14,000 years ago
the evolutionary path of some wolves, Canis Lupus, was
altered when some of them wandered into prehistoric camps in search of scraps.
According to Dr. Joshua Akey, assistant professor of genome at University of
Washington, it was this pivotal point in time when some wolves started down the
path of domestication to become the dogs we see today. So for the next few
thousand years dogs basically remained wolf-like in appearance but their
behavior slowly changed from a wild predator type personality to a more
friendly, domesticated one. They became more approachable to humans as a result
of this change in behavior.
Even though selective
breeding has been going on for thousands of years with dogs, most of the 400
breeds we see today were created by selective breeding in the last 200 to 300
years by farmers, hunters, and royal families. It was this observation made by
Charles Darwin on the multitude of dog breeds that lead him to develop
the Theory of Evolution. He knew at the time that all these
breeds of dogs were due to different genetic information being transferred from
one generation to the next depending on the parents of the dogs. But he could
not explain how this was happening at the time.
Scientists today know
that there are approximately 155 regions in the genome, total hereditary
information, of dogs totally responsible for all the different breeds we see
today. Each region contains about 11 genes that causes the changes such as fur
color, dog size, leg length, tail length, dog size, etc. Dog breeders uses
these characteristics of dogs to produce larger dogs, smaller dogs, dogs with
short legs, dogs with short tails and the list goes on. But all this selective
breeding with dogs has come with a price.
Many of these relatively
new breeds of dogs are suffering from a myriad of health problems and a lot of
it has to do with inbreeding through selective breeding. The majority of these
breeds has more than one health problem and the interesting thing about all of
this is that the more wolf-like a dog is in appearance; the less health
problems it has when compared to the least wolf-like dogs such as pugs and toy
dogs. Today a lot of these traits are fatal for some domesticated dogs and
these traits would put a lot of dogs at disadvantage if they were released into
the wild. These dogs simply would not survive long out there if they were to
encounter one of their ancestral wolf cousin or a dog that have become feral.
The article I’m
going to give a review is taken from the unknown search.
The
headline of the article is “The story of dogs”.
The
article is about how dogs came in from the wild to become man’s best friend.
The topic
of the article is the problems related to the dogs evolution which have been
caused by specialized breeding.
The key issue of
the article
The
article under discussion can be divided into three logically connected parts:
the one devoted to story of dogs: the first dogs which appeared 67 million
years ago and developed through time, the second devoted to the very early
stages of dog evolution becoming clearer to scientists, the third – to the
health problems in the process of the breeding.
The author starts
by telling the reader about that in a recent study, scientists managed to
identify all the genes that make up a human being, this not only identify the
genes for different types of dog and their characteristics, but also to try and
get rid of illnesses passed down through the genes which have been caused by
specialized breeding. Then goes some facts that
there are approximately 155 regions in the genome, total hereditary
information, of dogs totally responsible for all the different breeds we see
today.
Finally we end up with some dogs simply would not survive long out there if they
were to encounter one of their ancestral wolf cousin or a dog that have become
feral.
In conclusion I’d like to
say that I find the article informative but I against for such operations on
dogs. It is run counter to nature.