Как пишется ахмад на английском

Перевод «ахмад» на английский

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Ahmad






Асад Ахмад Баракат: натурализованный ливанец, парагвайский гражданин.

Assad Ahmad Barakat: a naturalized Paraguayan of Lebanese origin.

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Контексты

Асад Ахмад Баракат: натурализованный ливанец, парагвайский гражданин.
Assad Ahmad Barakat: a naturalized Paraguayan of Lebanese origin.

Я не доверяю латину, как и Ахмад.
I do not trust the Latin and neither does Ahmad.

Ахмад, мой казначей, обсудит с вами перевоз и налоги.
Ahmad, my Minister of Finance, will discuss taxation and transit.

Салим Ахмад Хамдан был личным водителем Осамы бен Ладена.
Salim Ahmad Hamdan served as Osama bin Laden’s personal driver.

Гюль Ахмад Азами — афганский сенатор провинции Фарах, расположенной вдоль иранской границы.
Gul Ahmad Azami is an Afghan senator from Farah province, along the Iranian border.

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ахмад

  • 1
    Ахмад

    Новый русско-английский словарь > Ахмад

  • 2
    Гулам Ахмад, Мирза

    Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > Гулам Ахмад, Мирза

  • 3
    ахмадины

    the Ahmadiy(y)a, the Qadiyanis

    Русско-английский словарь религиозной лексики > ахмадины

См. также в других словарях:

  • Ахмад — Ахмад, Ахмед (ар أحمد) арабское имя Род: муж. Этимологическое значение: более достойный одобрения Связанные статьи: начинающиеся с «Ахмад, Ахмед» …   Википедия

  • Ахмад — Хвалимый, достойный похвалы. Мужские мусульманские имена. Словарь значений …   Словарь личных имен

  • Ахмад Шах Масуд — дари احمد شاه مسعود тадж. Аҳмадшоҳи Масъуд, Ahmadshohi Mas’ud …   Википедия

  • Ахмад-шах Дуррани — пушту احمد شاه دراني …   Википедия

  • Ахмад-Шах Дуррани — احمد شاه دراني Портрет Ахмада Шаха Дуррани …   Википедия

  • Ахмад Дониш — перс. احمد دانش‎, тадж. Аҳмади Дониш …   Википедия

  • Ахмад Шах (Великий Могол) — Ахмад Шах …   Википедия

  • Ахмад аль-Фаруки Сирхинди — (971/1563 1024/1615) выдающийся мусульманский реформатор, которого называли обновителем веры второго тысячелетия (муджаддид алф ас сани). Настоящее имя Абу аль Баракат Ахмад ибн Абд аль Ахад ибн Зайн аль Абидин. Его также называют имамом Раббани …   Ислам. Энциклопедический словарь.

  • Ахмад Бургани Фарагани — Связать? Ахмад Бургани Фарагани …   Википедия

  • Ахмад Джибрил — Ахмад Джибриль Ахмад Джибриль (араб. أحمد جبريل‎‎, род. 1935, Рамле)  лидер Народного фронта освобождения Палестины  Генеральное командование. Числится в «чёрном списке» наиболее опасных террористов, разыскиваемых спецслужбами Израиля …   Википедия

  • Ахмад Муса — Ахмад Муса. Архангел Джибраил несет пророка Мухаммеда над горами. 1330 50гг. Музей Топкапы Сарай, Стамбул. Ахмад Муса  персидский художник, работавший в 1330 1350 годах в Багдаде. Живший в XVI веке персидский автор «Трактата о каллиграфах и… …   Википедия

Ahmad (Arabic: أحمد, romanized: ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet.

Ahmad

Pronunciation
  • AH-mad, AH-med
  • Arabic: [ˈ(ʔ)aħmad]
  • Egyptian Arabic: [ˈæħmæd]
  • Turkish: [ˈahmet]
  • Persian: [ˈ(ʔ)æhmæd]
  • Urdu: [ˈɛɦməd]
Gender Male
Language(s) Arabic
Origin
Meaning «Highly Praised”
Other names
Alternative spelling Ahmed
Variant form(s) Ahmed

  • Achmad
  • Achmat
  • Achmed
  • Akhmed
  • Achmet
  • Ahmat
  • Ahmet
  • Ahmadu
  • Amadou
  • Ahmot
  • Amadu

EtymologyEdit

The word derives from the root ح م د (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic أَحْمَدَ (ʾaḥmad), from the verb حَمِدَ (ḥameda, «to thank or to praise»), non-past participle يَحْمَدُ (yaḥmadu).

LexicologyEdit

As an Arabic name, it has its origins in a Quranic prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quran 61:6 which most Islamic scholars concede is about Muhammad.[1] It also shares the same roots as Mahmud, Muhammad and Hamed. In its transliteration, the name has one of the highest number of spelling variations in the world.[2] Though Islamic scholars attribute the name Ahmed to Muhammed, the verse itself is about a Messenger named Ahmed, whilst Muhammed was a Messenger-Prophet.[3]

Some Islamic traditions view the name Ahmad as another given name of Muhammad at birth by his mother, considered by Muslims to be the more esoteric name of Muhammad and central to understanding his nature.[1][4] Over the centuries, some Islamic scholars have suggested the name’s parallel is in the word ‘Paraclete’ from the Biblical text,[5][6][7] although this view is not universal considering translations, meanings and etymology.[8][9]

Traditional Islamic sources, such as Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and others contain hadith in which Muhammad personally refers to himself as Ahmad.[10] Christian orientalist such as William Montgomery Watt, however, tried to argue that the use of Ahmad as a proper name for «Muhammad» did not exist until well into the second Islamic century, previously being used only in an adjectival sense. But his argument is weak,as Muhammad had called himself Ahmad. And Watt didn’t give any reference on behalf of his claim. As in Sahih Bukhari, 3532:

«I have five names: I am Muhammad; I am Ahmad; I am al-Maahi (the eraser) be means of whom Allah erases disbelief (kufr); I am al-Haashir – people will be resurrected on the Day of Judgment after me; I am al-Aaqib, (the last) Prophet and Messenger of Allah.»
— Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim

Watt concludes that the development of the term being used as a name in reference to Muhammad came later in the context of Christian-Muslim polemics, particularly with Muslim attempts to equate Muhammad with the Biblical ‘Paraclete’, owing to a prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quranic verse 61:6.[11]

Interpretations and meanings of AhmadEdit

DevelopmentEdit

Regarding Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, the Sirat Rasul Allah, Islamic scholar Alfred Guillaume wrote:

«Coming back to the term «Ahmad,» Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI.»[12]

Ahmad passageEdit

Here are two translations of the passage in question in Surat 61 verse 6:

«And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, «O children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad.» But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, «This is obvious magic.»
— Sahih International

«And when Jesus son of Mary said: O Children of Israel! Lo! I am the messenger of Allah unto you, confirming that which was (revealed) before me in the Torah, and bringing good tidings of a messenger who cometh after me, whose name is the Praised One. Yet when he hath come unto them with clear proofs, they say: This is mere magic.»
— Pickthall

The verse in the Quran attributes a name or designation, describing or identifying who would follow Jesus. In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would «send the Holy Spirit» to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: «whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth… shall bear witness of me.» John 14:17 states «[even] the Spirit of truth: whom the world cannot receive; for it beholdeth him not, neither knoweth him: ye know him; for he abideth with you, and shall be in you.»[13][14]

Regarding verse 61: 6 in the Quran:

«It is not clear to whom the pronoun ‘he’ refers in the concluding sentence. Bell says ‘probably Jesus,’ but ‘sometimes taken to refer to the promised messenger who is identified with Muhammad.’ Secondly, and in consequence the intervening words, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are grammatically superfluous. They do not help to make the pronominal reference any clearer as to who it was whose Evidences were greeted as magic. Without the clause about Ahmad the context would appear to demand that it was Jesus rather than the next ‘messenger’ who was intended. Whether we maintain the usual reading or adopt that of ‘magician’ (as read by Ibn Masud and others), the charge of sorcery generally would seem as true to the Jewish calumnies in the Fourth Gospel as to the somewhat similar charges brought against Muhammad. In any case it was the Banu Isra’il to whom both Jesus and the ‘messenger’ came, and who regarded the mission as ‘sorcery.’ Once more, if we omit the phrase, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ and regard Muhammad as still drawing lessons from previous history, the dubious passage might refer to what happened at Pentecost, and other incidents recorded in the earlier chapters of the Acts. With the absence of any claim on this passage either by Ibn Ishaq or Ibn Hisham, may we go further and suggest that the two Arabic words rendered by Dr. Bell, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are an interpolation to be dated after the death of Muhammad.» (emphasis in original)[15]

Contrary to the above claim that Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham did not mention Ahmad and the respective passage, there is Ibn Ishaq’s work with the title Kitab al-Maghazi and Ibn Hisham who mention and connect the words Mohammad & Ahmad with the Paraclete.[16][17][18] Additionally it has been documented that there was an attempt to connect the respective quranic verse with the Paraclete even earlier then Ibn Ishaq.[19] Moreover, a later interpolation of this passage to the Quran, just to serve as an ex eventu prove for the early Muslim scholars, has also been refuted in modern Islamic Studies.[20] This is supported by the fact that the earliest as well as the later manuscripts of the Quran contain the exact passage and wording in Surah 61.[21][22][23]

Scholarship regarding the Greek translationEdit

«Early translators knew nothing about the surmised reading of periklutos for parakletos, and its possible rendering as Ahmad …. Periklutos does not come into the picture as far as Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham are concerned. The deception is not theirs. The opportunity to introduce Ahmad was not accepted – though it is highly improbable that they were aware of it being a possible rendering of Periklutos. It would have clinched the argument to have followed the Johannine references with a Quranic quotation.»[9]

«Furthermore the Peshitta, Old Syriac, and Philoxenian versions all write the name of John in the form Yuhanan, not in the Greek form Yuhannis.. Accordingly to find a text of the Gospels from which Ibn Ishaq could have drawn his quotation we must look for a version which differs from all others in displaying these characteristics. Such a text is the Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels which will conclusively prove that the Arabic writer had a Syriac text before him which he, or his informant, skillfully manipulated to provide the reading we have in the Sira.».[24][25][26]

«Muslim children are never called Ahmad before the year 123AH. But there are many instances prior to this date of boys called ‘Muhammad.’ Very rarely is the name ‘Ahmad’ met with in pre-Islamic time of ignorance (Jahiliya), though the name Muhammad was in common use. Later traditions that the prophet’s name was Ahmad show that this had not always been obvious, though commentators assume it after about 22 (AH).»[26][27]

«It has been concluded that the word Ahmad in Quran as-Saff 61:6 is to be taken not as a proper name but as an adjective… and that it was understood as a proper name only after Muhammad had been identified with the Paraclete.»[28]

«Note that by the middle of the 2nd century AH, Muslims already identified Muhammad with the Greek word «Paracletos» (Counsellor / Advocate) or the Aramaic translation «Menahhemana.»[29]

Alleged historical document regarding the topicEdit

Text of the correspondence between `Umar II and Leo III:

«We recognize Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John as the authors of the Gospel, and yet I know that this truth, recognized by us Christians wounds you, so that you seek to find accomplices for your lie. In brief, you admit that we say that it was written by God, and brought down from the heavens, as you pretend for your Furqan, although we know that it was `Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian, who composed that, even though the rumor has got round among you that God sent it down from heavens…. [God] has chosen the way of sending [the human race] Prophets, and it is for this reason that the Lord, having finished all those things that He had decided on beforehand, and having fore-announced His incarnation by way of His prophets, yet knowing that men still had need of assistance from God, promised to send the Holy Spirit, under the name of Paraclete, (Consoler), to console them in the distress and sorrow they felt at the departure of their Lord and Master. I reiterate, that it was for this cause alone that Jesus called the Holy Spirit the Paraclete, since He sought to console His disciples for His departure, and recall to them all that He had said, all that He had done before their eyes, all that they were called to propagate throughout the world by their witness. Paraclete thus signifies «consoler», while Muhammad means «to give thanks», or «to give grace», a meaning which has no connection whatever with the word Paraclete.»[30]

However the authenticity of the correspondence has been put into question by scholars.[31][32][33]

TransliterationsEdit

Ahmad is the most elementary transliteration. It is used commonly all over the Muslim world, although primarily in the Middle East. More recently, this transliteration has become increasingly popular in the United States due to use by members of the African American community.

Ahmed is the most common variant transliteration, used especially in the context of the Ottoman Empire. This transliteration is also used throughout the Muslim world.

Ahmet is the modern Turkish transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.

The less common transliterations of Ahmad are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia.

Achmat is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa’s Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the <ch> which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans <g> [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans Final-obstruent devoicing principles.

List of people with the nameEdit

AhmadEdit

  • Ahmad ibn Hanbal, (780–855) was an Arab Muslim jurist, theologian, ascetic, hadith traditionist, and founder of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence.
  • Ahmad ibn Isma’il ibn Ali al-Hashimi, was an Abbasid provincial governor who was active in the late eighth century.
  • Ahmad ibn al-Mu’tasim, was an Abbasid prince and son of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu’tasim. He was also patron of Science, philosophy and Art.
  • Ahmad ibn Muhammad, (died 866) better known as Al-Musta’in was the twelfth Abbasid caliph (r. 862–866).
  • Ahmad Shah Durrani, Founder of Last Afghan Durrani Empire
  • Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Mughal Emperor
  • Sheikh Ahmad, Siamese official of Persian ancestry
  • Ahmad (rapper), West Coast hip hop performer
  • Ahmad Abbas, Saudi Arabian footballer
  • Ahmad Abdalla, Egyptian film director
  • Ahmad Adel, Egyptian footballer
  • Ahmad Ahmadi, Iranian physician
  • Ahmad Ismail Ali (1917–1974), Egyptian army officer
  • Ahmad Alaq, Khan of eastern Moghulistan
  • Ahmad Amin, Egyptian historian and writer
  • Ahmad A’zam, Uzbek writer
  • Ahmed Ibrahim Artan, Somali diplomat, author and politician
  • Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, The Somali Imam of Adal Sultanate who conquered Abyssinia
  • Ahmad Bahar, Iranian politician
  • Ahmad Balshe, Palestinian-Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known professionally as Belly
  • Ahmad Belal, Egyptian former football player
  • Ahmad Black, American football safety for the Florida Gators
  • Ahmad Bradshaw, American football running back for the Indianapolis Colts, released via free agency from the New York Giants
  • Ahmad Brooks, American football linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers
  • Ahmad Bunnag of Siam
  • Ahmad Bustomi, Indonesian footballer
  • Ahmad Carroll, American football free agent
  • Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesian Islamic revivalist
  • Ahmad Dhani, Indonesian musician
  • Ahmad Dukhqan, Jordanian politician
  • Ahmad Fanakati, financial officer of Kublai Khan’s Yuan Dynasty
  • Ahmad Fuadi, Indonesian writer
  • Ahmad «Sauce» Gardner (born 2000), American football player
  • Ahmad Gooden (born 1995), American football player
  • Ahmad Hardi, Kurdish poet
  • Ahmad Hawkins, American football defensive back for the Alabama Vipers
  • Ahmad Hijazi (born 1994), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Founder of the Hanbalite school of Muslim jurisprudence
  • Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Abbasid ambassador to the Volga Bulgars
  • Ahmad ibn Tulun, founder of the Tulunid dynasty
  • Ahmad-Jabir Ahmadov, «Honored teacher» of Azerbaijan
  • Ahmad Jalloul (born 1992), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad Jamal, American jazz pianist
  • Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician
  • Ahmad Karami (1944–2020), Lebanese politician
  • Ahmad Kasravi, Iranian linguists and historian
  • Ahmad Khatib, first Masjid al-Haram Imam of Indonesian origin
  • Ahmad Maher (disambiguation), various people
  • Ahmad Majid, Mughal faujdar of Sylhet
  • Ahmad Mohammad Hasher Al Maktoum
  • Ahmad Miller, former defensive tackle for the National Football League
  • Ahmad Mirfendereski (1918–2004), Iranian diplomat
  • Ahmad Merritt, American football free agent
  • Ahmad Muin Yaacob, Malaysian convicted murderer
  • Ahmad Nafisi (1919–2004), Iranian bureaucrat and mayor of Tehran (1961–1963)
  • Ahmad Nivins, American basketball player
  • Ahmad ibn Rustah, Persian chronicler born in Isfahan, Persia
  • Ahmad Rashad, sportscaster and former football player
  • Ahmad Al Abdullah Al Sabah (born 1952), Kuwaiti royal and politician
  • Ahmad Sa’adat, Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
  • Ahmad Saad, a Saudi Arabian football player.
  • Ahmad Said (politician), Malaysian politician
  • Ahmad Ali Sepehr, Iranian historian and politician
  • Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader Deputy Justice on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
  • Ahmad Shah Qajar, Last Shah of the Qajar dynasty
  • Ahmad Shamlou, Persian poet and writer
  • Ahmad Shukeiri, first Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
  • Ahmad Sohrab, Persian author
  • Ahmad Syafi’i Maarif, Indonesian intellectual
  • Ahmad Tajuddin, 27th Sultan of Brunei
  • Ahmad Taktouk (born 1984), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad Tekuder (died 1284), leader of the Mongol Ilkhanate
  • Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of Sierra Leone
  • Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar
  • Ahmad Thomas (born 1994), American football player
  • Ahmad Treaudo, American football cornerback for the California Redwoods
  • Ahmad Yani, Indonesian Army general
  • Ahmad Zarruq, Shadhili Sufi Sheikh
  • Ahmad Yaakob, Malaysian politician; Menteri Besar of Kelantan
  • Ahmad Najib Aris, Malaysian convicted rapist and killer who was hanged for the rape and murder of Canny Ong
  • Ahmad Lawan, President of the Senate of Nigeria

SurnameEdit

  • Alimuddin Ahmad (1884-1920), Bengali activist and revolutionary
  • Ekramuddin Ahmad (1872-1940), Bengali litterateur
  • Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (1918 — 1996), Bangladeshi politician
  • Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873-1952), Bengali Islamic scholar and Pir of Sarsina
  • Feroz Ahmad (born 1938), Indian academic and historian
  • Najm Hamad Al Ahmad (born 1969), Syrian politician
  • Ricky Ahmad Subagja, Indonesian badminton player

Fictional charactersEdit

  • Aĥmad, from Malatily Bathhouse

AhmedEdit

  • Ahmed I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed III, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed Abdel Wahab Pasha (1889–1938), Egyptian economist
  • Ahmed Abukhater, urban and regional planner and Palestinian-American powerlifter
  • Ahmed Ahmed, Egyptian American actor and comedian
  • Ahmed Arif (1927–1991), Turkish poet
  • Ahmed Ali Awan (born 1980), convicted of the racially motivated murder of Ross Parker
  • Ahmed Baduri, Eritrean diplomat
  • Ahmed Chalabi, leader of the Iraqi National Congress
  • Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, former President of Iraq
  • Ahmed Ben Bella, the first President of Algeria
  • Ahmed Sheikh Ali «Burale», Somali writer and politician
  • Ahmed Galal (politician) (born 1948), Egyptian economist
  • Ahmed al-Ghamdi (1979–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175
  • Ahmed al-Haznawi (1980–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
  • Ahmed Hulusi, Turkish writer and Sufi
  • Ahmed Hussein (disambiguation), multiple people
  • Ahmed Hussen, Somali-Canadian lawyer
  • Ahmed Imamovic, Bosnian film director
  • Ahmed Abu Ismail, Egyptian economist and politician
  • Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada (1929–2017), South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
  • Ahmed Khadr, Egyptian-Canadian senior associate and financier of al-Qaeda
  • Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Mujaddid of 14th century of Islam
  • Ahmed Köprülü, Ottoman Grand Vizier of the Köprülü family
  • Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati politician
  • Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati businessman
  • Ahmed M. Hassan Somali politician
  • Ahmed Marei, Egyptian basketball coach and former player
  • Ahmed Mohiuddin, Pakistani biologist
  • Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer
  • Ahmed Naamani (born 1979), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmed Nadeem, cricketer
  • Ahmed bin Saif Al Nahyan, founder and chairman of Etihad Airways
  • Ahmed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Emirati businessman
  • Ahmed al-Nami (1977–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
  • Ahmed Nazif (born 1952), Egyptian politician
  • Ahmed Nizam, Indian cricketer
  • Ahmed Elmi Osman, Somali politician
  • Ahmed Patel, Indian politician
  • Ahmed Plummer, former NFL player
  • Ahmed Rushdi, Pakistani singer
  • Ahmed Rushdi, Egyptian politician
  • Ahmed bin Salman Al Saud, member of the royal family of Saudi Arabia
  • Ahmed Sanjar, ruler of the Seljuk Turks
  • Ahmed Santos, Mexican newspaper columnist
  • Ahmed Al Saqr (born 1970), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmed Şerafettin, Turkish football manager
  • Ahmed Sheikh, Palestinian journalist
  • Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
  • Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Thunayan (1889–1923), Turkish born Saudi royal
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré, African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea
  • Ahmed Yassin, former leader of Palestinian Hamas
  • Ahmed Yesevi, leader of Sufi mysticism
  • Ahmed H. Zewail, the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry
  • Ahmed Bola Tinubu, President-elect of Nigeria
Surname
  • Nick Ahmed (born 1990), American baseball player
  • Riz Ahmed (born 1982), British actor and rapper

AhmetEdit

  • Ahmet Akdilek (born 1988), Turkish cyclist
  • Ahmet Alkan, Turkish economist
  • Ahmet Almaz, Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Bilek (1932–1971), Turkish Olympic champion
  • Ahmet Bozer (born 1960), Turkish business executive
  • Ahmet Cevdet, multiple people
  • Ahmet Cömert (1926–1990), Turkish amateur boxer, coach, referee, boxing judge and sports official
  • Ahmet Davutoğlu (born 1959), Turkish politician and political scientist
  • Ahmet Dursun (born 1978), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Enünlü (born 1948), Turkish bodybuilder
  • Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (born 1979), son of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
  • Ahmet Ertegun (923–2006), Turkish American founder and president of Atlantic Records
  • Ahmet Gülhan (born 1978), Turkish wrestler
  • Ahmet Haşim (1884–1933), Turkish writer
  • Ahmet Hromadžić (1923–2003), Bosnian writer
  • Ahmet İsvan (1923–2017), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Kaya (1957–2000), Turkish–Kurdish folk singer
  • Ahmet Mete Işıkara (1941–2013), Turkish seismologist
  • Ahmet İzzet Pasha (1864–1937), Ottoman general
  • Ahmet Kireççi (1914–1979), Turkish sports wrestler
  • Ahmet Koç, Turkish musician
  • Ahmet Köksal, (1920-1997), Turkish poet and writer
  • Ahmet Kuru (born 1982), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Li (born 1991), Chinese-Turkish table tennis player
  • Ahmet Öcal (born 1979), Belgian footballer
  • Ahmet Örken (born 1993), Turkish cyclist
  • Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı (born 1936), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Peker (born 1989), Turkish wrestler
  • Ahmet Rasim, Turkish writer and politician
  • Ahmet Sağlam (born 1987), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born 1941), tenth President of the Republic of Turkey
  • Ahmet Burak Solakel (born 1982), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901–1962), Turkish writer
  • Ahmet Türk (born 1942), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (1878–1942), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Ümit (born 1960), Turkish author
  • Ahmet Uzel (1930–1998), Turkish composer
  • Ahmet Üzümcü (born 1951), Turkish diplomat
  • Ahmet Uzun, Turkish Cypriot politician
  • Ahmet Vardar (1937–2010), Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Emin Yalman (1888–1972), Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Yıldırım (born 1974), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Yıldız (born 1979), Turkish scientist
  • Ahmet Zappa (born 1974), American musician, actor and novelist
  • Ahmet Zogu, King of Albania (1928-1939)

Other spellingsEdit

  • Achmad Jufriyanto, Indonesian footballer
  • Achmad Nawir, Dutch East Indies footballer
  • Achmad Saba’a, Arab-Israeli footballer
  • Achmad Soebardjo, Indonesian diplomat
  • Achmat Dangor, South African writer
  • Achmed Abdullah, Russian writer
  • Achmed Akkabi, Moroccan-Dutch presenter and actor
  • Achmed Labasanov, Russian mixed martial artist
  • Achmet (oneiromancer), Occultist
  • Ahmat Acyl, Chadian Arab insurgent leader
  • Ahmat Brahim, Chadian footballer
  • Ahmat Taboye, Chadian writer
  • Akhmed Avtorkhanov, Chechen leader
  • Akhmad Kadyrov, First President of the Chechen Republic
  • Akhmed Zakayev, Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic
  • Ahmaud Arbery, African American murder victim
Surname
  • Rosli Ahmat (1970–2002), Singaporean armed robber and murderer

ReferencesEdit

  1. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014-04-25). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
  2. ^ Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Asma Afsaruddin, A. H. Mathias Zahniser – 1997 p 389
  3. ^ «Quran, verse 33:40». Archived from the original on 2019-05-28.
  4. ^ «Muhammad: Prophet of Islam», Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  5. ^ Al-Masāq: studia arabo-islamica mediterranea: Volumes 9 à 10; Volume 9 University of Leeds. Dept. of Modern Arabic Studies, Taylor & Francis – 1997 «Many Muslim writers, including Ibn Hazm, al-Taban, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Taymiyya, have identified the Paraclete with Muhammad. Probably the first to do so was his biographer Ibn Ishaq in the mid eighth century.»
  6. ^ «Isa», Encyclopedia of Islam
  7. ^ Watt (1991) pp. 33–34
  8. ^ Glasse, p. 151.
  9. ^ a b A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, p. 253–254.
  10. ^ Mishkat Al-Masabih, Volume 2, University of Virginia, 1981, p. 1239{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ W. Montgomery Watt (1953) ‘HIS NAME IS AHMAD’ The Muslim World, 43 (2):110–117
  12. ^ Liddell and Scott`s celebrated Greek-English Lexicon gives this definition for periklutos: «heard of all round, famous, renowned, Latin inclytus: of things, excellent, noble, glorious». Rev. James M. Whiton, ed. A Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott`s Greek-English Lexicon. New York: American Book Company, N.D. c.1940s, p. 549. Periklutos occurs in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and Hesiod`s Theogony.
  13. ^ John by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2004 ISBN 978-0-8010-2644-7, page 442.
  14. ^ The Gospel of John: Question by Question by Judith Schubert 2009 ISBN 978-0-8091-4549-2, pages 112–127.
  15. ^ A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, The Paraclete, Almunhamanna and Ahmad, Muslim World XLI (October, 1951), p. 254–255: italics: emphasis in original
  16. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: New Light on Ibn Isḥāq’s (d. 150/767) Arabic Version of John 15:23–16:1,» Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79.2. Cambridge. p. 257. The earliest exemplar of muslim attempts to connect Q61:6 and the Paraclete is the translation of John 15:26–16:1, found in Ibn Ishaqs Kitab al-Maghazi […]
  17. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). «Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq’s (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 79 (2): 255. doi:10.1017/S0041977X16000458. S2CID 163407787.
  18. ^ Ibid. p. 262. Yet, Ibn Ishāq’s citation of the CPA (note: christian palestinian aramaic translation of John) ‘mnhmn’ to demonstrate Muhammad’s identity with the Paraclete is nearly without parallel –virtually all discussions of Muhammad as ‘mnhmn’ elsewhere derive from Ibn Hishām’s recension of his text.
  19. ^ Ibid. pp. 262, note 29. The sole exception to this general rule (note: the earliest mention of Mohammad, Ahmad and the Paraclete) is a tradition attributed to the early Basran traditionist Muhammad ibn Sīrīn (d. 728).
  20. ^ Ibid. p. 274. The scenario is so convoluted as to be absurd.
  21. ^ Déroche, Catalogue Des Manuscrits Arabes: Deuxième Partie: Manuscrits Musulmans — Tome I, 1: Les Manuscrits Du Coran: Aux Origines De La Calligraphie Coranique, 1983.
  22. ^ Sahin et al., The 1400th Anniversary Of The Qur’an, 2010, Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art Collection, Antik A.S. Cultural Publications: Turkey, pp. 144–145.
  23. ^ A. George, The Rise Of Islamic Calligraphy, 2010, Saqi Books: London (UK), pp. 75–80 & p. 148; F. B. Flood, The Qur’an, in H. C. Evans & B. Ratliff (Eds.), Byzantium And Islam: Age Of Transition 7th — 9th Century, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York (USA), pp. 270–271.
  24. ^ A. Guillaume. The Version of the Gospels Used in Medina Circa 700 A.D. Al-Andalus, 15 (1950) pp. 289–296.
  25. ^ Guillaume`s note: Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum ed. Count F.M. Erizzo, Verona, 1861, p. 347, and The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels re-edited from two Sinai MSS and from P. de Lagarde`s edition of the Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum by Agnes Smith Lewis and Magaret Dunlop Gibson, London, 1899, p. 187.
  26. ^ a b WATT, W. MONTGOMERY (April 1953). «His Name is Ahmad». The Muslim World. 43 (2): 110–117. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1953.tb02180.x.
  27. ^ W. M. Watt who researched the name «Ahmad», as quoted by G. Parrinder, Jesus in the Koran, Sheldon Press, pp. 98–99.
  28. ^ J. Schacht, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960, p. 267.
  29. ^ New Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960.
  30. ^ Arthur Jeffery. Ghevond`s Text of the Correspondence Between `Umar II and Leo III. Harvard Theological Review. XXXVII (1944), 269–332. Pp. 292–293.
  31. ^ Greenwood, Tim (24 March 2010). «Correspondence between ʿUmar II and Leo III». Christian-Muslim Relations 600 — 1500.
  32. ^ Palombo, Cecilia (2015). «The «correspondence» of Leo III and ‘Umar II: Traces of an early Christian Arabic apologetic work». Millennium. 12: 231–264. doi:10.1515/mill-2015-0110. S2CID 150172579.
  33. ^ Bart D. Ehrman Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics, Oxford University Press, USA (2012) 978-0199928033

Значение имени Ахмад

Чаще всего используется Ахмад, Ахмат, Ахмет, Ахмед
Женское имя/мужское имя мужское имя
Перевод тот, кто постоянно благодарит Бога
Что означает имя «самый прославленный»
Сокращение имени Меди
Уменьшительно-ласкательные варианты Производные имена: Ахматик, Ахмедик, Ахметка
Каким именем крестить Это имя упоминается в православном календаре.
Церковное имя Ахмет
Именины 6 января
Первое упоминание В Священном писании VII-VIII веков
Какой национальности имя арабское, мусульманское
Отчества, которые сочетаются с именем Байтурович, Дурсунович, Данилович
Как пишется имя на английском Ahmad; Ahmet; Ahmat; Ahmed
Варианты ников для социальных сетей AHMAD; A. H. M. A. D; [AhMad]; AHMAD; AhmедBOS; ahmo; AhmaD

Значение имени Ахмад

Существует много вариаций перевода, схожих по значению. Окунемся в истоки исламской религии. Посланник Аллаха в Священной книге имел два имени – Ахмад (позднее) и Мухаммад.  Мухаммад переводится как «достойный восхваления»; «хвалимый всеми». Ахмад – значит «достойный похвалы».

В переводе с арабского это слово означает «тот, кто постоянно благодарит бога»; «более достойный одобрения»; «самый прославленный»; «заслуживающий похвалы».

Возможно «Ахмад» имеет татарские или дагестанские корни. С азербайджанского – «достойный похвалы». С татарского – «прославленный». С дагестанского – «восхваляемый».

Характер

Характеристика этого имени весьма противоречива. Попробуем определить основные черты.

  1. Гордость и независимость.
  2. Самолюбивость.
  3. Добродеятельность.
  4. Целеустремленность, упорство.
  5. Предприимчивость, дисциплинированность.
  6. Трудолюбивость, надежность.
  7. Общительность, скромность.

Из негативных сторон личности можно выделить вспыльчивость, упрямство, способность пойти на риск, капризность.

История происхождения имени Ахмад

Имя Ахмад выступает как символ изобилия и успеха. В эпоху правления Османской империи имя существовало в Османском языке.

Предположительно имя Ахмад появилось от одного из арабских имен – Муххамад или Муххамед, т. к. у слов Муххамад и Ахмад один корень. Оно получило широкое распространение в мусульманских странах Среднего Востока. В тюркских и татарских селениях часто дети мужского пола носят имя Ахмет.

В последние годы возросла популярность имени Ахмад среди афроамериканцев. В мусульманских странах нередко можно встретить такую фамилию.

Имя в истории

В древней культуре различных народов, а также в их мифах есть упоминания имени Ахмад. Античный период богат частями этого слова.

Посланник Аллаха (Ахмад) говорил: «Называйте моим именем, но не давайте мою кунью (прозвища)».

Мусульмане верят, что даже если человек не совершил ни одного доброго дела, но его имя Ахмад, он попадет в рай. Аллах: « Введите их в Рай, потому что я дал клятву, что не войдет в Ад человек, чье имя Ахмад или Мухаммад».

В эпоху Османской империи правили султаны:

  • Ахмед I (1590 – 1617 гг.) на трон вступил в 1603 году.
  • Ахмед II (1643 – 1695 гг.) являлся 21 Османским султаном.
  • Ахмед III (1673 – 1736 гг.) правил с 1703 по 1730 год.

Святые покровители

Чтобы жить в гармонии со своим внутренним «Я» и добиться успеха, следует почитать и молиться своим святцам.

Святые покровители имени Ахмад Именинные дни
Святой мученик Ахмет Краснописец по происхождению – турок. Уверовал в Христа и принял за него смерть. 6 января

Астрология и нумерология для имени Ахмад

Имя для мальчика должно определяться согласно дате рождения. Это поможет ему скорее выбрать свой жизненный путь и смелее по нему идти.

Лучший знак зодиака для имени Ахмад Скорпион (Лев, Овен, Рыбы)
Планета – покровитель + характеристика планеты Венера (спокойствие, настойчивость, скупость, упрямство)
Камень-талисман (оберег) Яшма, слоновая кость, дымчатый кварц, сапфир
Стихия Воздух, земля
Растительный символ Лилия, клевер
Цвет Желтый, малиновый, синий
Число для имени Тахир 8
Благоприятный день Понедельник и пятница
Идеальный сезон Весна
Год Козы, дракона, быка, собаки

Совместимость с женскими именами

У Ахмада возможно счастливое будущее с Аидой, Мустафой, Лейлой, Асмой, Гатой, Халидой, Утбой, Хузаймой, Амирой, Захирой, Маджидой, Раидой, Раной, Сахлей; а также с Мариной, Агнией, Натальей, Ефросиньей, Эльзой, Еленой, Эмилией, Василисой, Эвелиной, Анфисой, Ниной, Дианой, Раисой, Владой, Изольдой, Устиньей, Ингеборгой, Зоей, Матроной, Ираидой, Руфиной, Маргаритой, Прасковьей, Кристиной, Изабеллой, Лидией, Тамилой, Августой.

Неплохие отношения возможны с Инессой, Аглаей, Фотинией, Галиной, Флорой, Люцией, Илоной, Стефанией, Региной.

Наименьшая совместимость будет с Апполинарией, Владиславой, Елизаветой, Сусанной, Рикардой, Магдаленой, Викториной, Флорентиной, Флоренцией, Евангелиной.

Известные люди с именем Ахмад

Обратимся к историческим очеркам и найдем знаменитых людей с этим именем.

  1. Ахмет Байтурсынов (1872 – 1937 гг.) является ученым лингвистом.
  2. Ахмед Джафароглу (1899 – 1975 гг.) является профессором Стамбульского университета, членом-корреспондентом Венгерской академии наук.
  3. Ахмет Куанович Жубанов (1906 – 1968 гг.). Композитор, дирижер и артист.
  4. Ахмет Закирович Закиров (1911 – 1988 гг.). Является героем Советского союза. Командовал стрелковыми подразделениями.
  5. Ахмет Хамиевич Боков (1924 – 2006 гг.) появился на све в Ингушетии. Создавал научные романы.
  6. Ахмед Ахмедович Искендеров (1927 – 2017 гг.) являлся доктором исторических наук, редактором издания «Вопросы истории».
  7. Ахмет Недждет Сезер 1941 г. р., президент Турции.
  8. Ахмед Хасан Зевейл (1946 – 2016 гг.) физик, лауреат Нобелевской премии по химии.
  9. Ахмет Мухарбекович Хашегульгов (1955 – 2009 гг.) главнокомандующий ракетной дивизией.
  10. Ахмет Давутоглу 1959 г. р., министр иностранных дел Турции с 2009 года.
  11. Ахмет Коч 1968 г. р., родом из Турции. Исполняет песни и играет на тюркском народном инструменте – сазе.
  12. Ахмед Исмаил 1975 г. р., получил приз на Олимпийских играх 2004 года, занимается боксом.
  13. Ахмет Дурсун 1978 г. р., играет в футбол за турецкую сборную.

Интересные факты о людях с именем Ахмад

Это в основной своей массе люди-интроверты. Они проявляют осторожность при знакомстве с новыми лицами. Желают занимать лидирующие позиции во всем. У людей с именем Ахмад хорошо развита интуиция. Они трудолюбивы, что способствует неплохому заработку.

«Ахмад» очень эрудирован. Постоянно стремится к достижению новых целей. Может принимать быстрые и необдуманные решения, не обращая внимания на мелкие детали в деловых вопросах.

Такой человек станет прекрасным предпринимателем и будет успешным в торговых делах. В политике также добьется высот. Он сможет руководить большим коллективом, стать переводчиком или гидом. Если зарплата будет его устраивать, он будет трудиться слесарем, автомехаником или электриком.

«Ахмада» характеризует отменное здоровье. Болезни, связанные с нервами, могут возникнуть из-за физического переутомления.

Является привлекательным для женского пола. Но в отношениях может проявлять не только благородство, но и хитрость, а также мстительность. Если же решится жениться, то сделает все возможное, чтобы его семья ни в чем не нуждалась. Родители у такого человека не останутся брошенными. Он всегда им поможет.

Нередко «Ахмад» наделен экстрасенсорными способностями. Счастливые дни месяца у него: 8, 17, 26. Четверг – неблагоприятный день для принятия ответственных решений.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Ahmad

Pronunciation
  • AH-mad, AH-med
  • Arabic: [ˈ(ʔ)aħmad]
  • Egyptian Arabic: [ˈæħmæd]
  • Turkish: [ˈahmet]
  • Persian: [ˈ(ʔ)æhmæd]
  • Urdu: [ˈɛɦməd]
Gender Male
Language(s) Arabic
Origin
Meaning «Highly Praised”
Other names
Alternative spelling Ahmed
Variant form(s) Ahmed

  • Achmad
  • Achmat
  • Achmed
  • Akhmed
  • Achmet
  • Ahmat
  • Ahmet
  • Ahmadu
  • Amadou
  • Ahmot
  • Amadu

Ahmad (Arabic: أحمد, romanized: ʾAḥmad) is an Arabic male given name common in most parts of the Muslim world. Other spellings of the name include Ahmed and Ahmet.

Etymology[edit]

The word derives from the root ح م د (ḥ-m-d), from the Arabic أَحْمَدَ (ʾaḥmad), from the verb حَمِدَ (ḥameda, «to thank or to praise»), non-past participle يَحْمَدُ (yaḥmadu).

Lexicology[edit]

As an Arabic name, it has its origins in a Quranic prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quran 61:6 which most Islamic scholars concede is about Muhammad.[1] It also shares the same roots as Mahmud, Muhammad and Hamed. In its transliteration, the name has one of the highest number of spelling variations in the world.[2] Though Islamic scholars attribute the name Ahmed to Muhammed, the verse itself is about a Messenger named Ahmed, whilst Muhammed was a Messenger-Prophet.[3]

Some Islamic traditions view the name Ahmad as another given name of Muhammad at birth by his mother, considered by Muslims to be the more esoteric name of Muhammad and central to understanding his nature.[1][4] Over the centuries, some Islamic scholars have suggested the name’s parallel is in the word ‘Paraclete’ from the Biblical text,[5][6][7] although this view is not universal considering translations, meanings and etymology.[8][9]

Traditional Islamic sources, such as Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, and others contain hadith in which Muhammad personally refers to himself as Ahmad.[10] Christian orientalist such as William Montgomery Watt, however, tried to argue that the use of Ahmad as a proper name for «Muhammad» did not exist until well into the second Islamic century, previously being used only in an adjectival sense. But his argument is weak,as Muhammad had called himself Ahmad. And Watt didn’t give any reference on behalf of his claim. As in Sahih Bukhari, 3532:

«I have five names: I am Muhammad; I am Ahmad; I am al-Maahi (the eraser) be means of whom Allah erases disbelief (kufr); I am al-Haashir – people will be resurrected on the Day of Judgment after me; I am al-Aaqib, (the last) Prophet and Messenger of Allah.»
— Sahih Bukhari and Sahih Muslim

Watt concludes that the development of the term being used as a name in reference to Muhammad came later in the context of Christian-Muslim polemics, particularly with Muslim attempts to equate Muhammad with the Biblical ‘Paraclete’, owing to a prophecy attributed to Jesus in the Quranic verse 61:6.[11]

Interpretations and meanings of Ahmad[edit]

Development[edit]

Regarding Ibn Ishaq’s biography of Muhammad, the Sirat Rasul Allah, Islamic scholar Alfred Guillaume wrote:

«Coming back to the term «Ahmad,» Muslims have suggested that Ahmad is the translation of periklutos, celebrated or the Praised One, which is a corruption of parakletos, the Paraclete of John XIV, XV and XVI.»[12]

Ahmad passage[edit]

Here are two translations of the passage in question in Surat 61 verse 6:

«And [mention] when Jesus, the son of Mary, said, «O children of Israel, indeed I am the messenger of Allah to you confirming what came before me of the Torah and bringing good tidings of a messenger to come after me, whose name is Ahmad.» But when he came to them with clear evidences, they said, «This is obvious magic.»
— Sahih International

«And when Jesus son of Mary said: O Children of Israel! Lo! I am the messenger of Allah unto you, confirming that which was (revealed) before me in the Torah, and bringing good tidings of a messenger who cometh after me, whose name is the Praised One. Yet when he hath come unto them with clear proofs, they say: This is mere magic.»
— Pickthall

The verse in the Quran attributes a name or designation, describing or identifying who would follow Jesus. In his Farewell Discourse to his disciples, Jesus promised that he would «send the Holy Spirit» to them after his departure, in John 15:26 stating: «whom I will send unto you from the Father, [even] the Spirit of truth… shall bear witness of me.» John 14:17 states «[even] the Spirit of truth: whom the world cannot receive; for it beholdeth him not, neither knoweth him: ye know him; for he abideth with you, and shall be in you.»[13][14]

Regarding verse 61: 6 in the Quran:

«It is not clear to whom the pronoun ‘he’ refers in the concluding sentence. Bell says ‘probably Jesus,’ but ‘sometimes taken to refer to the promised messenger who is identified with Muhammad.’ Secondly, and in consequence the intervening words, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are grammatically superfluous. They do not help to make the pronominal reference any clearer as to who it was whose Evidences were greeted as magic. Without the clause about Ahmad the context would appear to demand that it was Jesus rather than the next ‘messenger’ who was intended. Whether we maintain the usual reading or adopt that of ‘magician’ (as read by Ibn Masud and others), the charge of sorcery generally would seem as true to the Jewish calumnies in the Fourth Gospel as to the somewhat similar charges brought against Muhammad. In any case it was the Banu Isra’il to whom both Jesus and the ‘messenger’ came, and who regarded the mission as ‘sorcery.’ Once more, if we omit the phrase, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ and regard Muhammad as still drawing lessons from previous history, the dubious passage might refer to what happened at Pentecost, and other incidents recorded in the earlier chapters of the Acts. With the absence of any claim on this passage either by Ibn Ishaq or Ibn Hisham, may we go further and suggest that the two Arabic words rendered by Dr. Bell, ‘bearing the name Ahmad,’ are an interpolation to be dated after the death of Muhammad.» (emphasis in original)[15]

Contrary to the above claim that Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham did not mention Ahmad and the respective passage, there is Ibn Ishaq’s work with the title Kitab al-Maghazi and Ibn Hisham who mention and connect the words Mohammad & Ahmad with the Paraclete.[16][17][18] Additionally it has been documented that there was an attempt to connect the respective quranic verse with the Paraclete even earlier then Ibn Ishaq.[19] Moreover, a later interpolation of this passage to the Quran, just to serve as an ex eventu prove for the early Muslim scholars, has also been refuted in modern Islamic Studies.[20] This is supported by the fact that the earliest as well as the later manuscripts of the Quran contain the exact passage and wording in Surah 61.[21][22][23]

Scholarship regarding the Greek translation[edit]

«Early translators knew nothing about the surmised reading of periklutos for parakletos, and its possible rendering as Ahmad …. Periklutos does not come into the picture as far as Ibn Ishaq and Ibn Hisham are concerned. The deception is not theirs. The opportunity to introduce Ahmad was not accepted – though it is highly improbable that they were aware of it being a possible rendering of Periklutos. It would have clinched the argument to have followed the Johannine references with a Quranic quotation.»[9]

«Furthermore the Peshitta, Old Syriac, and Philoxenian versions all write the name of John in the form Yuhanan, not in the Greek form Yuhannis.. Accordingly to find a text of the Gospels from which Ibn Ishaq could have drawn his quotation we must look for a version which differs from all others in displaying these characteristics. Such a text is the Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels which will conclusively prove that the Arabic writer had a Syriac text before him which he, or his informant, skillfully manipulated to provide the reading we have in the Sira.».[24][25][26]

«Muslim children are never called Ahmad before the year 123AH. But there are many instances prior to this date of boys called ‘Muhammad.’ Very rarely is the name ‘Ahmad’ met with in pre-Islamic time of ignorance (Jahiliya), though the name Muhammad was in common use. Later traditions that the prophet’s name was Ahmad show that this had not always been obvious, though commentators assume it after about 22 (AH).»[26][27]

«It has been concluded that the word Ahmad in Quran as-Saff 61:6 is to be taken not as a proper name but as an adjective… and that it was understood as a proper name only after Muhammad had been identified with the Paraclete.»[28]

«Note that by the middle of the 2nd century AH, Muslims already identified Muhammad with the Greek word «Paracletos» (Counsellor / Advocate) or the Aramaic translation «Menahhemana.»[29]

Alleged historical document regarding the topic[edit]

Text of the correspondence between `Umar II and Leo III:

«We recognize Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John as the authors of the Gospel, and yet I know that this truth, recognized by us Christians wounds you, so that you seek to find accomplices for your lie. In brief, you admit that we say that it was written by God, and brought down from the heavens, as you pretend for your Furqan, although we know that it was `Umar, Abu Turab and Salman the Persian, who composed that, even though the rumor has got round among you that God sent it down from heavens…. [God] has chosen the way of sending [the human race] Prophets, and it is for this reason that the Lord, having finished all those things that He had decided on beforehand, and having fore-announced His incarnation by way of His prophets, yet knowing that men still had need of assistance from God, promised to send the Holy Spirit, under the name of Paraclete, (Consoler), to console them in the distress and sorrow they felt at the departure of their Lord and Master. I reiterate, that it was for this cause alone that Jesus called the Holy Spirit the Paraclete, since He sought to console His disciples for His departure, and recall to them all that He had said, all that He had done before their eyes, all that they were called to propagate throughout the world by their witness. Paraclete thus signifies «consoler», while Muhammad means «to give thanks», or «to give grace», a meaning which has no connection whatever with the word Paraclete.»[30]

However the authenticity of the correspondence has been put into question by scholars.[31][32][33]

Transliterations[edit]

Ahmad is the most elementary transliteration. It is used commonly all over the Muslim world, although primarily in the Middle East. More recently, this transliteration has become increasingly popular in the United States due to use by members of the African American community.

Ahmed is the most common variant transliteration, used especially in the context of the Ottoman Empire. This transliteration is also used throughout the Muslim world.

Ahmet is the modern Turkish transliteration. Modern Turkish uses a Latin-based alphabet, and most Arabic-derived names have standardized Turkish spellings.

The less common transliterations of Ahmad are used by Muslims outside the Middle East proper, such as in Indonesia and Russia.

Achmat is the fairly standard transliteration used by South Africa’s Muslim community, and its pronunciation shows evidence of the influence of Afrikaans: the <ch> which represents ح [ħ] is pronounced as an Afrikaans <g> [x] (i.e. closer to the Arabic خ); and the د [d] is realised as a [t] (closer to the Arabic ت) which follows Afrikaans Final-obstruent devoicing principles.

List of people with the name[edit]

Ahmad[edit]

  • Ahmad ibn Hanbal, (780–855) was an Arab Muslim jurist, theologian, ascetic, hadith traditionist, and founder of the Hanbali school of Islamic jurisprudence.
  • Ahmad ibn Isma’il ibn Ali al-Hashimi, was an Abbasid provincial governor who was active in the late eighth century.
  • Ahmad ibn al-Mu’tasim, was an Abbasid prince and son of Abbasid caliph Al-Mu’tasim. He was also patron of Science, philosophy and Art.
  • Ahmad ibn Muhammad, (died 866) better known as Al-Musta’in was the twelfth Abbasid caliph (r. 862–866).
  • Ahmad Shah Durrani, Founder of Last Afghan Durrani Empire
  • Ahmad Shah Bahadur, Mughal Emperor
  • Sheikh Ahmad, Siamese official of Persian ancestry
  • Ahmad (rapper), West Coast hip hop performer
  • Ahmad Abbas, Saudi Arabian footballer
  • Ahmad Abdalla, Egyptian film director
  • Ahmad Adel, Egyptian footballer
  • Ahmad Ahmadi, Iranian physician
  • Ahmad Ismail Ali (1917–1974), Egyptian army officer
  • Ahmad Alaq, Khan of eastern Moghulistan
  • Ahmad Amin, Egyptian historian and writer
  • Ahmad A’zam, Uzbek writer
  • Ahmed Ibrahim Artan, Somali diplomat, author and politician
  • Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, The Somali Imam of Adal Sultanate who conquered Abyssinia
  • Ahmad Bahar, Iranian politician
  • Ahmad Balshe, Palestinian-Canadian rapper, singer, songwriter, and record producer known professionally as Belly
  • Ahmad Belal, Egyptian former football player
  • Ahmad Black, American football safety for the Florida Gators
  • Ahmad Bradshaw, American football running back for the Indianapolis Colts, released via free agency from the New York Giants
  • Ahmad Brooks, American football linebacker for the San Francisco 49ers
  • Ahmad Bunnag of Siam
  • Ahmad Bustomi, Indonesian footballer
  • Ahmad Carroll, American football free agent
  • Ahmad Dahlan, Indonesian Islamic revivalist
  • Ahmad Dhani, Indonesian musician
  • Ahmad Dukhqan, Jordanian politician
  • Ahmad Fanakati, financial officer of Kublai Khan’s Yuan Dynasty
  • Ahmad Fuadi, Indonesian writer
  • Ahmad «Sauce» Gardner (born 2000), American football player
  • Ahmad Gooden (born 1995), American football player
  • Ahmad Hardi, Kurdish poet
  • Ahmad Hawkins, American football defensive back for the Alabama Vipers
  • Ahmad Hijazi (born 1994), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad ibn Hanbal, Founder of the Hanbalite school of Muslim jurisprudence
  • Ahmad ibn Fadlan, Abbasid ambassador to the Volga Bulgars
  • Ahmad ibn Tulun, founder of the Tulunid dynasty
  • Ahmad-Jabir Ahmadov, «Honored teacher» of Azerbaijan
  • Ahmad Jalloul (born 1992), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad Jamal, American jazz pianist
  • Ahmad Sayyed Javadi, Iranian lawyer and politician
  • Ahmad Karami (1944–2020), Lebanese politician
  • Ahmad Kasravi, Iranian linguists and historian
  • Ahmad Khatib, first Masjid al-Haram Imam of Indonesian origin
  • Ahmad Maher (disambiguation), various people
  • Ahmad Majid, Mughal faujdar of Sylhet
  • Ahmad Mohammad Hasher Al Maktoum
  • Ahmad Miller, former defensive tackle for the National Football League
  • Ahmad Mirfendereski (1918–2004), Iranian diplomat
  • Ahmad Merritt, American football free agent
  • Ahmad Muin Yaacob, Malaysian convicted murderer
  • Ahmad Nafisi (1919–2004), Iranian bureaucrat and mayor of Tehran (1961–1963)
  • Ahmad Nivins, American basketball player
  • Ahmad ibn Rustah, Persian chronicler born in Isfahan, Persia
  • Ahmad Rashad, sportscaster and former football player
  • Ahmad Al Abdullah Al Sabah (born 1952), Kuwaiti royal and politician
  • Ahmad Sa’adat, Secretary-General of the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
  • Ahmad Saad, a Saudi Arabian football player.
  • Ahmad Said (politician), Malaysian politician
  • Ahmad Ali Sepehr, Iranian historian and politician
  • Ahmad Shah Massoud, Afghan military leader Deputy Justice on the Supreme Court of Afghanistan
  • Ahmad Shah Qajar, Last Shah of the Qajar dynasty
  • Ahmad Shamlou, Persian poet and writer
  • Ahmad Shukeiri, first Chairman of the Palestine Liberation Organization
  • Ahmad Sohrab, Persian author
  • Ahmad Syafi’i Maarif, Indonesian intellectual
  • Ahmad Tajuddin, 27th Sultan of Brunei
  • Ahmad Taktouk (born 1984), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmad Tekuder (died 1284), leader of the Mongol Ilkhanate
  • Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President of Sierra Leone
  • Ahmad bin Ali Al Thani, Emir of the State of Qatar
  • Ahmad Thomas (born 1994), American football player
  • Ahmad Treaudo, American football cornerback for the California Redwoods
  • Ahmad Yani, Indonesian Army general
  • Ahmad Zarruq, Shadhili Sufi Sheikh
  • Ahmad Yaakob, Malaysian politician; Menteri Besar of Kelantan
  • Ahmad Najib Aris, Malaysian convicted rapist and killer who was hanged for the rape and murder of Canny Ong
  • Ahmad Lawan, President of the Senate of Nigeria

Surname[edit]

  • Alimuddin Ahmad (1884-1920), Bengali activist and revolutionary
  • Ekramuddin Ahmad (1872-1940), Bengali litterateur
  • Khondaker Mostaq Ahmad (1918 — 1996), Bangladeshi politician
  • Nesaruddin Ahmad (1873-1952), Bengali Islamic scholar and Pir of Sarsina
  • Feroz Ahmad (born 1938), Indian academic and historian
  • Najm Hamad Al Ahmad (born 1969), Syrian politician
  • Ricky Ahmad Subagja, Indonesian badminton player

Fictional characters[edit]

  • Aĥmad, from Malatily Bathhouse

Ahmed[edit]

  • Ahmed I, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed II, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed III, sultan of the Ottoman Empire
  • Ahmed Abdel Wahab Pasha (1889–1938), Egyptian economist
  • Ahmed Abukhater, urban and regional planner and Palestinian-American powerlifter
  • Ahmed Ahmed, Egyptian American actor and comedian
  • Ahmed Arif (1927–1991), Turkish poet
  • Ahmed Ali Awan (born 1980), convicted of the racially motivated murder of Ross Parker
  • Ahmed Baduri, Eritrean diplomat
  • Ahmed Chalabi, leader of the Iraqi National Congress
  • Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr, former President of Iraq
  • Ahmed Ben Bella, the first President of Algeria
  • Ahmed Sheikh Ali «Burale», Somali writer and politician
  • Ahmed Galal (politician) (born 1948), Egyptian economist
  • Ahmed al-Ghamdi (1979–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 175
  • Ahmed al-Haznawi (1980–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
  • Ahmed Hulusi, Turkish writer and Sufi
  • Ahmed Hussein (disambiguation), multiple people
  • Ahmed Hussen, Somali-Canadian lawyer
  • Ahmed Imamovic, Bosnian film director
  • Ahmed Abu Ismail, Egyptian economist and politician
  • Ahmed Mohamed Kathrada (1929–2017), South African politician, political prisoner and anti-apartheid activist.
  • Ahmed Khadr, Egyptian-Canadian senior associate and financier of al-Qaeda
  • Ahmed Raza Khan Barelvi, Mujaddid of 14th century of Islam
  • Ahmed Köprülü, Ottoman Grand Vizier of the Köprülü family
  • Ahmed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati politician
  • Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, United Arab Emirati businessman
  • Ahmed M. Hassan Somali politician
  • Ahmed Marei, Egyptian basketball coach and former player
  • Ahmed Mohiuddin, Pakistani biologist
  • Ahmed Musa, Nigerian footballer
  • Ahmed Naamani (born 1979), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmed Nadeem, cricketer
  • Ahmed bin Saif Al Nahyan, founder and chairman of Etihad Airways
  • Ahmed bin Zayed Al Nahyan, Emirati businessman
  • Ahmed al-Nami (1977–2001), Saudi hijacker of United Airlines Flight 93
  • Ahmed Nazif (born 1952), Egyptian politician
  • Ahmed Nizam, Indian cricketer
  • Ahmed Elmi Osman, Somali politician
  • Ahmed Patel, Indian politician
  • Ahmed Plummer, former NFL player
  • Ahmed Rushdi, Pakistani singer
  • Ahmed Rushdi, Egyptian politician
  • Ahmed bin Salman Al Saud, member of the royal family of Saudi Arabia
  • Ahmed Sanjar, ruler of the Seljuk Turks
  • Ahmed Santos, Mexican newspaper columnist
  • Ahmed Al Saqr (born 1970), Lebanese footballer
  • Ahmed Şerafettin, Turkish football manager
  • Ahmed Sheikh, Palestinian journalist
  • Ahmed Talbi, Moroccan footballer
  • Ahmed bin Abdullah Al Thunayan (1889–1923), Turkish born Saudi royal
  • Ahmed Sékou Touré, African political leader and president of the Republic of Guinea
  • Ahmed Yassin, former leader of Palestinian Hamas
  • Ahmed Yesevi, leader of Sufi mysticism
  • Ahmed H. Zewail, the winner of the 1999 Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his work on femtochemistry
  • Ahmed Bola Tinubu, President-elect of Nigeria
Surname
  • Nick Ahmed (born 1990), American baseball player
  • Riz Ahmed (born 1982), British actor and rapper

Ahmet[edit]

  • Ahmet Akdilek (born 1988), Turkish cyclist
  • Ahmet Alkan, Turkish economist
  • Ahmet Almaz, Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Bilek (1932–1971), Turkish Olympic champion
  • Ahmet Bozer (born 1960), Turkish business executive
  • Ahmet Cevdet, multiple people
  • Ahmet Cömert (1926–1990), Turkish amateur boxer, coach, referee, boxing judge and sports official
  • Ahmet Davutoğlu (born 1959), Turkish politician and political scientist
  • Ahmet Dursun (born 1978), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Enünlü (born 1948), Turkish bodybuilder
  • Ahmet Burak Erdoğan (born 1979), son of Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan
  • Ahmet Ertegun (923–2006), Turkish American founder and president of Atlantic Records
  • Ahmet Gülhan (born 1978), Turkish wrestler
  • Ahmet Haşim (1884–1933), Turkish writer
  • Ahmet Hromadžić (1923–2003), Bosnian writer
  • Ahmet İsvan (1923–2017), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Kaya (1957–2000), Turkish–Kurdish folk singer
  • Ahmet Mete Işıkara (1941–2013), Turkish seismologist
  • Ahmet İzzet Pasha (1864–1937), Ottoman general
  • Ahmet Kireççi (1914–1979), Turkish sports wrestler
  • Ahmet Koç, Turkish musician
  • Ahmet Köksal, (1920-1997), Turkish poet and writer
  • Ahmet Kuru (born 1982), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Li (born 1991), Chinese-Turkish table tennis player
  • Ahmet Öcal (born 1979), Belgian footballer
  • Ahmet Örken (born 1993), Turkish cyclist
  • Ahmet Suat Özyazıcı (born 1936), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Peker (born 1989), Turkish wrestler
  • Ahmet Rasim, Turkish writer and politician
  • Ahmet Sağlam (born 1987), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Necdet Sezer (born 1941), tenth President of the Republic of Turkey
  • Ahmet Burak Solakel (born 1982), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Hamdi Tanpınar (1901–1962), Turkish writer
  • Ahmet Türk (born 1942), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Fikri Tüzer (1878–1942), Turkish politician
  • Ahmet Ümit (born 1960), Turkish author
  • Ahmet Uzel (1930–1998), Turkish composer
  • Ahmet Üzümcü (born 1951), Turkish diplomat
  • Ahmet Uzun, Turkish Cypriot politician
  • Ahmet Vardar (1937–2010), Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Emin Yalman (1888–1972), Turkish journalist
  • Ahmet Yıldırım (born 1974), Turkish footballer
  • Ahmet Yıldız (born 1979), Turkish scientist
  • Ahmet Zappa (born 1974), American musician, actor and novelist
  • Ahmet Zogu, King of Albania (1928-1939)

Other spellings[edit]

  • Achmad Jufriyanto, Indonesian footballer
  • Achmad Nawir, Dutch East Indies footballer
  • Achmad Saba’a, Arab-Israeli footballer
  • Achmad Soebardjo, Indonesian diplomat
  • Achmat Dangor, South African writer
  • Achmed Abdullah, Russian writer
  • Achmed Akkabi, Moroccan-Dutch presenter and actor
  • Achmed Labasanov, Russian mixed martial artist
  • Achmet (oneiromancer), Occultist
  • Ahmat Acyl, Chadian Arab insurgent leader
  • Ahmat Brahim, Chadian footballer
  • Ahmat Taboye, Chadian writer
  • Akhmed Avtorkhanov, Chechen leader
  • Akhmad Kadyrov, First President of the Chechen Republic
  • Akhmed Zakayev, Prime Minister of the Chechen Republic
  • Ahmaud Arbery, African American murder victim
Surname
  • Rosli Ahmat (1970–2002), Singaporean armed robber and murderer

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b Fitzpatrick, Coeli; Walker, Adam Hani (2014-04-25). Muhammad in History, Thought, and Culture: An Encyclopedia of the Prophet of God [2 volumes]. ABC-CLIO. p. 312. ISBN 978-1-61069-178-9.
  2. ^ Humanism, Culture, and Language in the Near East: Asma Afsaruddin, A. H. Mathias Zahniser – 1997 p 389
  3. ^ «Quran, verse 33:40». Archived from the original on 2019-05-28.
  4. ^ «Muhammad: Prophet of Islam», Encyclopædia Britannica, 28 September 2009. Retrieved 28 September 2009.
  5. ^ Al-Masāq: studia arabo-islamica mediterranea: Volumes 9 à 10; Volume 9 University of Leeds. Dept. of Modern Arabic Studies, Taylor & Francis – 1997 «Many Muslim writers, including Ibn Hazm, al-Taban, al-Qurtubi, and Ibn Taymiyya, have identified the Paraclete with Muhammad. Probably the first to do so was his biographer Ibn Ishaq in the mid eighth century.»
  6. ^ «Isa», Encyclopedia of Islam
  7. ^ Watt (1991) pp. 33–34
  8. ^ Glasse, p. 151.
  9. ^ a b A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, p. 253–254.
  10. ^ Mishkat Al-Masabih, Volume 2, University of Virginia, 1981, p. 1239{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  11. ^ W. Montgomery Watt (1953) ‘HIS NAME IS AHMAD’ The Muslim World, 43 (2):110–117
  12. ^ Liddell and Scott`s celebrated Greek-English Lexicon gives this definition for periklutos: «heard of all round, famous, renowned, Latin inclytus: of things, excellent, noble, glorious». Rev. James M. Whiton, ed. A Lexicon abridged from Liddell and Scott`s Greek-English Lexicon. New York: American Book Company, N.D. c.1940s, p. 549. Periklutos occurs in The Iliad and The Odyssey, and Hesiod`s Theogony.
  13. ^ John by Andreas J. Köstenberger 2004 ISBN 978-0-8010-2644-7, page 442.
  14. ^ The Gospel of John: Question by Question by Judith Schubert 2009 ISBN 978-0-8091-4549-2, pages 112–127.
  15. ^ A. Guthrie and E. F. F. Bishop, The Paraclete, Almunhamanna and Ahmad, Muslim World XLI (October, 1951), p. 254–255: italics: emphasis in original
  16. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: New Light on Ibn Isḥāq’s (d. 150/767) Arabic Version of John 15:23–16:1,» Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 79.2. Cambridge. p. 257. The earliest exemplar of muslim attempts to connect Q61:6 and the Paraclete is the translation of John 15:26–16:1, found in Ibn Ishaqs Kitab al-Maghazi […]
  17. ^ Anthony, Sean (2016). «Muḥammad, Menaḥem, and the Paraclete: new light on Ibn Isḥāq’s (d. 150/767) Arabic version of John 15: 23–16: 1». Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 79 (2): 255. doi:10.1017/S0041977X16000458. S2CID 163407787.
  18. ^ Ibid. p. 262. Yet, Ibn Ishāq’s citation of the CPA (note: christian palestinian aramaic translation of John) ‘mnhmn’ to demonstrate Muhammad’s identity with the Paraclete is nearly without parallel –virtually all discussions of Muhammad as ‘mnhmn’ elsewhere derive from Ibn Hishām’s recension of his text.
  19. ^ Ibid. pp. 262, note 29. The sole exception to this general rule (note: the earliest mention of Mohammad, Ahmad and the Paraclete) is a tradition attributed to the early Basran traditionist Muhammad ibn Sīrīn (d. 728).
  20. ^ Ibid. p. 274. The scenario is so convoluted as to be absurd.
  21. ^ Déroche, Catalogue Des Manuscrits Arabes: Deuxième Partie: Manuscrits Musulmans — Tome I, 1: Les Manuscrits Du Coran: Aux Origines De La Calligraphie Coranique, 1983.
  22. ^ Sahin et al., The 1400th Anniversary Of The Qur’an, 2010, Museum of Turkish and Islamic Art Collection, Antik A.S. Cultural Publications: Turkey, pp. 144–145.
  23. ^ A. George, The Rise Of Islamic Calligraphy, 2010, Saqi Books: London (UK), pp. 75–80 & p. 148; F. B. Flood, The Qur’an, in H. C. Evans & B. Ratliff (Eds.), Byzantium And Islam: Age Of Transition 7th — 9th Century, 2012, Metropolitan Museum of Art: New York (USA), pp. 270–271.
  24. ^ A. Guillaume. The Version of the Gospels Used in Medina Circa 700 A.D. Al-Andalus, 15 (1950) pp. 289–296.
  25. ^ Guillaume`s note: Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum ed. Count F.M. Erizzo, Verona, 1861, p. 347, and The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary of the Gospels re-edited from two Sinai MSS and from P. de Lagarde`s edition of the Evangeliarum Hierosolymitanum by Agnes Smith Lewis and Magaret Dunlop Gibson, London, 1899, p. 187.
  26. ^ a b WATT, W. MONTGOMERY (April 1953). «His Name is Ahmad». The Muslim World. 43 (2): 110–117. doi:10.1111/j.1478-1913.1953.tb02180.x.
  27. ^ W. M. Watt who researched the name «Ahmad», as quoted by G. Parrinder, Jesus in the Koran, Sheldon Press, pp. 98–99.
  28. ^ J. Schacht, Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960, p. 267.
  29. ^ New Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol I, 1960.
  30. ^ Arthur Jeffery. Ghevond`s Text of the Correspondence Between `Umar II and Leo III. Harvard Theological Review. XXXVII (1944), 269–332. Pp. 292–293.
  31. ^ Greenwood, Tim (24 March 2010). «Correspondence between ʿUmar II and Leo III». Christian-Muslim Relations 600 — 1500.
  32. ^ Palombo, Cecilia (2015). «The «correspondence» of Leo III and ‘Umar II: Traces of an early Christian Arabic apologetic work». Millennium. 12: 231–264. doi:10.1515/mill-2015-0110. S2CID 150172579.
  33. ^ Bart D. Ehrman Forgery and Counterforgery: The Use of Literary Deceit in Early Christian Polemics, Oxford University Press, USA (2012) 978-0199928033

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