Как пишется алания на английском

Alanya (; Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city and a district of Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country’s Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. As of Turkey’s 2010 census, the city had a population of 98,627, while the district that includes the city and its built-up region had an area of 1,598.51 km² and 248,286 inhabitants.^[4]

Alanya
District
Castle and harbour of Alanya
Seal
Nicknames:  Güneşin gülümsediği yer («Where the Sun Smiles»)
Alanya Location of Alanya Alanya Alanya (Asia) Alanya Alanya (Mediterranean)
Coordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E
Country	Turkey
Region	Mediterranean
Province	Antalya
Incorporated	1872
Government
• Mayor	Adem Murat Yücel (MHP)
• Governor	Dr. Fatih Ürkmezer[1]
Area [2]
• District	1,598.51 km2 (617.19 sq mi)
Elevation	0–250 m (0–820 ft)
Population  (2012)[3]
• Urban	104,573
• District	264,692
• District density	170/km2 (430/sq mi)
Demonym	Alanyalılar
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code	07400
Area code	+90 242
Licence plate	07
Website	alanya.bel.tr alanya.gov.tr

Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains, Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Alanya’s greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I, from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city’s landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle.

The Mediterranean climate, natural attractions, and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism, and responsible for nine percent of Turkey’s tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city, resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya. In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel continues his duty as the Mayor of Alanya Municipality.^[5]

NamesEdit

The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in Latin as Coracesium or in Greek as Korakesion (Ancient Greek: Κορακήσιον) from the Luwian Korakassa meaning «point/protruding city».^[6] The Roman Catholic Church still recognizes the Latin name as a titular see in its hierarchy.^[7] Under the Byzantine Empire it became known as Kalonoros or Kalon Oros, meaning «beautiful/fine mountain» in Greek.^[8] The Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I’s name. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro.^[9] In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the ‘i’ and ‘e’ in Alaiye, reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933.^[10][11]

HistoryEdit

Further information on medieval beylik period: Alaiye

Piri Reis map of Alanya from 1525 showing the extent of the medieval city and the location on the Pamphylia plain.

Finds in the nearby Karain Cave indicate occupation during the Paleolithic era as far back as 20,000 BC,^[12] and archeological evidence shows a port existed at Syedra, south of the modern city, during the Bronze Age around 3,000 BC.^[13] A Phoenician language tablet found in the district dates to 625 BC, and the city is specifically mentioned in the 4th-century BC Greek geography manuscript, the periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.^[12] The castle rock was likely inhabited under the Hittites and the Achaemenid Empire, and was first fortified in the Hellenistic period following the area’s conquest by Alexander the Great.^[14] Alexander’s successors left the area to one of the competing Macedonian generals, Ptolemy I Soter, after Alexander’s death in 323 BC. His dynasty maintained loose control over the mainly Isaurian population, and the port became a popular refuge for Mediterranean pirates.^[6] The city resisted Antiochus III the Great of the neighboring Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port, begun under Diodotus.^[15]

The Roman Republic fought Cilician pirates in 102 BC, when Marcus Antonius the Orator established a proconsulship in nearby Side, and in 78 BC under Servilius Vatia, who moved to control the Isaurian tribes.^[16] The period of piracy in Alanya finally ended after the city’s incorporation into the Pamphylia province by Pompey in 67 BC, with the Battle of Korakesion fought in the city’s harbor.^[17] In Strabo’s reckoning, Coracesium marked the boundary between ancient Pamphylia and Cilicia (Cilicia Trachaea, in particular); though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere.^[18] Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408.^[19]

With the spread of Christianity Coracesium, as it was called, became a bishopric. Its bishop Theodulus took part in the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Matidianus in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Obrimus in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Nicephorus (Nicetas) in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. Coracesium was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Side, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged. It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century.^{[20][21][22][23]} No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.^[24]

Islam arrived in the 7th century with Arab raids, which led to the construction of new fortifications.^[12] The area fell from Byzantine control after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 to tribes of Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos.^[25]

Following the Fourth Crusade’s attack on the Byzantines, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia periodically held the port, and it was from an Armenian, Kir Fard, that the Turks took lasting control in 1221 when the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured it, assigning the former ruler, whose daughter he married, to the governance of the city of Akşehir.^[26] Seljuk rule saw the golden age of the city, and it can be considered the winter capital of their empire.^[27] Building projects, including the twin citadel, city walls, arsenal, and Kızıl Kule, made it an important seaport for western Mediterranean trade, particularly with Ayyubid Egypt and the Italian city-states.^[28] Alaeddin Kayqubad I also constructed numerous gardens and pavilions outside the walls, and many of his works can still be found in the city. These were likely financed by his own treasury and by the local emirs, and constructed by the contractor Abu ‘Ali al-Kattani al-Halabi.^[14] Alaeddin Kayqubad I’s son, Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240.^[29]

At the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongol hordes broke the Seljuk hegemony in Anatolia. Alanya was then subject to a series of invasions from Anatolian beyliks. Lusignans from Cyprus briefly overturned the then ruling Hamidid dynasty in 1371.^[30] The Karamanids sold the city in 1427 for 5,000 gold coins to the Mamluks of Egypt for a period before General Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1471 incorporated it into the growing Ottoman Empire. The city was made a capital of a local sanjak in the eyalet of Içel.^[8] The Ottomans extended their rule in 1477 when they brought the main shipping trade, lumber, then mostly done by Venetians, under the government monopoly.^[28] On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence.^[9]

The Seljuk era Tersane was a drydock for ships.

Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center.^[31] In 1571 the Ottomans designated the city as part of the newly conquered province of Cyprus.^[12] The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya’s port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya’s suburbs.^[8] The city was reassigned in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today.^[12] During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility, and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities.^[6] Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century.^[32]

After World War I, Alanya was nominally partitioned in the 1917 Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne to Italy, before returning to the Turkish Republic in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne.^[33] Like others in this region, the city suffered heavily following the war and the population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city’s Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens. The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914.^[34] Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave, and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort. Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure.^[35]

GeographyEdit

Map of the Alanya Peninsula

Located on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline.^[36] From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland, Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district.^[37] Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west route into the Mediterranean.^{[citation needed]}

The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest, which include Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine.^[38] The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya. This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ. The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window.^[39] Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined.^[40]

Tip of the Alanya Peninsula

The town is divided east–west by a rocky peninsula, which is the distinctive feature of the city. The harbor, city center, and Keykubat Beach, named after the Sultan Kayqubad I, are on the east side of the peninsula. Damlataş Beach, named for the famous «dripping caves», and Kleopatra Beach are to the west. The name «Cleopatra» possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess’ visit here or the area’s inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony.^[41] Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern, much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road, encircles the main town to the north.^{[citation needed]}

ClimateEdit

Alanya has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), or a humid subtropical climate (Trewartha climate classification: Cs). Located at the Mediterranean Basin, the subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot, and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan «where the sun smiles».^[42] Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore.^[43] The presence of the Taurus Mountain in close proximity to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings. The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on hot days in the city below. The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually, with an average August temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).^[44]

Climate data for Alanya (1970–2011)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	23.2 (73.8)	25.0 (77.0)	28.1 (82.6)	30.7 (87.3)	35.4 (95.7)	37.8 (100.0)	40.8 (105.4)	39.6 (103.3)	37.2 (99.0)	34.9 (94.8)	30.0 (86.0)	24.7 (76.5)	40.8 (105.4)
Average high °C (°F)	16.2 (61.2)	16.3 (61.3)	18.3 (64.9)	21.1 (70.0)	24.7 (76.5)	28.7 (83.7)	31.5 (88.7)	32.1 (89.8)	30.2 (86.4)	26.5 (79.7)	21.5 (70.7)	17.8 (64.0)	23.7 (74.7)
Daily mean °C (°F)	11.8 (53.2)	11.9 (53.4)	13.8 (56.8)	16.9 (62.4)	20.9 (69.6)	25.1 (77.2)	27.8 (82.0)	28.0 (82.4)	25.4 (77.7)	21.2 (70.2)	16.4 (61.5)	13.2 (55.8)	19.4 (66.9)
Average low °C (°F)	8.6 (47.5)	8.5 (47.3)	10.1 (50.2)	13.0 (55.4)	16.7 (62.1)	20.5 (68.9)	23.3 (73.9)	23.7 (74.7)	21.2 (70.2)	17.4 (63.3)	13.0 (55.4)	10.0 (50.0)	15.5 (59.9)
Record low °C (°F)	−1.9 (28.6)	−2.2 (28.0)	0.9 (33.6)	4.0 (39.2)	9.8 (49.6)	13.3 (55.9)	16.9 (62.4)	14.1 (57.4)	13.2 (55.8)	9.5 (49.1)	2.9 (37.2)	0.4 (32.7)	−2.2 (28.0)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	199.0 (7.83)	149.4 (5.88)	97.8 (3.85)	70.7 (2.78)	32.4 (1.28)	8.5 (0.33)	4.5 (0.18)	2.7 (0.11)	17.5 (0.69)	98.5 (3.88)	182.9 (7.20)	231.2 (9.10)	1,095.1 (43.11)
Average rainy days	13.8	11.6	9.5	8.5	4.4	1.5	0.4	0.5	2.1	6.6	9.9	13.0	81.8
Average relative humidity (%)	57	57	61	63	66	66	64	65	58	55	59	60	61
Mean monthly sunshine hours	127.1	127.1	192.2	219.0	288.3	348.0	325.5	316.2	273.0	220.1	159.0	133.3	2,728.8
Mean daily sunshine hours	4.1	4.5	6.2	7.3	9.3	11.6	10.5	10.2	9.1	7.1	5.3	4.3	7.5
Source 1: Turkish State Meteorological Service[45]
Source 2: Weather2 [46]

Alanya mean sea temperature^[47]

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
17.8 °C (64.0 °F)	16.9 °C (62.4 °F)	17.3 °C (63.1 °F)	17.9 °C (64.2 °F)	21.2 °C (70.2 °F)	25.3 °C (77.5 °F)	27.9 °C (82.2 °F)	29.0 °C (84.2 °F)	27.7 °C (81.9 °F)	24.9 °C (76.8 °F)	21.2 °C (70.2 °F)	19.0 °C (66.2 °F)

Main sightsEdit

The Byzantine era Church of Saint Constantine inside Alanya Castle was also used as a mosque.

On the peninsula stands Alanya Castle, a Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226. Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack. In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center.^[48] Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent.^[49] The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas, well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century.^{[citation needed]}

The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) is a 108-foot (33 m) high brick building, standing at the harbor below the castle, and containing the municipal ethnographic museum. Sultan Kayqubad I brought the architect Ebu Ali from Aleppo, Syria to Alanya to design the building.^[50] The last of Alanya Castle’s 83 towers, the octagonal structure specifically protected the Tersane (dockyard), it remains one of the finest examples of medieval military architecture.^[51] The Tersane, a medieval drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with equilateral pointed arches.^[49] The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad’s authority, has been converted into a museum and heritage center.^[52]

Atatürk’s House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the «karniyarik» (stuffed eggplant) style. Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building, The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach.^[53]

Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.^[54] In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List.^[55][56]

Panorama from west side of peninsula.

DemographicsEdit

Historic populations

Year	District	City
1893[34]	37914
1965[57]	43459	12436
1970[58]	53552	15011
1975[59]	63235	18520
1980[60]	74148	22190
1985[61]	87080	28733
1990[62]	129106	52460
2000[63]	257671	88346
2007[64]	226236	91713
2008[65]	233919	92223
2009[66]	241451	94316
2010[67]	248286	98627
2011[68]	259787	103673

From only 87,080 in 1985, the district has surged to hold a population of 384,949 in 2007.^{[69][70][needs update]} This population surge is largely credited to immigration to the city as a result or byproduct of the increased prominence of the real estate sector and the growth of the housing market bubble.^[71] In 2007, the city itself had a population of 134,396, of which 9,789 are European expatriates, about half of them from Germany and Denmark.^[72] 17,850 total foreigners own property in Alanya.^[73] There are a lot of Iranians who have settled in the city. During the Persian New Year a lot of Iranians go to Alanya for vacation. The European expatriate population tends to be over fifty years old.^[74] During the summer the population increases due to large numbers of tourists, about 1.1 million each year pass through the city.^[36] Both Turks and Europeans, these vacationers provide income for much of the population.^{[citation needed]}

The city is home to many migrants from the Southeastern Anatolia Region and the Black Sea region. In the first decade of the 21st century, the town has seen a surge in illegal foreign immigrants from the Middle East and South Asia, both to stay and to attempt to enter European Union countries.^[75] As of 2006, 1,217 migrants claim residence in Alanya while working abroad.^{[76][needs update]} Yörük nomads also live in the Taurus Mountains north of the city on a seasonal basis.^[77] Additionally, there is a small African community descendant from imported Ottoman slaves.^[78] In 2018, it was estimated that around 300 Finns live permanently in Alanya and 3,000 during the Winter.^[79] According to the TÜİK Institute of Statistics, as of October 2022, 55,000 foreigners live in the city, more than half of them are Russian speakers.^[80]

Nationality ^{[81][82][83][79]}

Foreigners in Alanya
1	Germany	10,000
2	Denmark	3,821
3	Finland	3,000
4	Russia	769
5	Netherlands	634
6	Norway	521
7	England	475
8	Azerbaijan	383
9	Sweden	303
10	Ukraine	297

The city is nearly 99% Muslim, and although many ancient churches can be found in the district, there are no weekly Christian services. In 2006, a German language Protestant church with seasonal service opened with much fanfare, after receiving permission to do so in 2003, a sign of the growing European population in the city.^[84] In 2015, the town began renovations of the Greek Orthodox Agios Georgios Church in the village of Hacı Mehmetli, and the church has been used for a monthly Russian Orthodox service.^[85] Alanya also provides the Atatürk Cultural Center to Christian groups on a regular basis for larger religious ceremonies.^[86]

Education and healthEdit

Young students from an Alanya school at their class garden

The city has 95% literacy, with public and private schools, and a roughly 1:24 student-teacher ratio.^[36] Rural villages are, however, disadvantaged by the limited number of secondary schools outside the city center. Alantur Primary School, which opened in 1987, was built and is maintained under the Turkish «Build Your Own School» initiative, supported by the foundation of Ayhan Şahenk, the founder of Doğuş Holding.^[87]

In 2005, Akdeniz University of Antalya launched the Alanya Faculty of Business, as a satellite campus that focuses on the tourism industry.^[88] The school hosts an International Tourism Conference annually in coordination with Buckinghamshire New University.^[89] The city also has plans to open a private university in 2012.^[90] Georgetown University operates an annual study abroad program for American students known as the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, named for the United States Ambassador to Turkey from 1952 to 1953 George C. McGhee, and based in his villa.^[91] Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya, a teaching hospital run by Başkent University in Ankara is one of nineteen hospitals in Alanya.^[92] Other major hospitals include the 300-bed Alanya State Hospital and the 90-bed Private Hayat Hospital.^[93]

CultureEdit

The Kızıl Kule, or Red Tower, is home to the city ethnographic museum.

Alanya’s culture is a subculture of the larger Culture of Turkey. The city’s seaside position is central to many annual festivals. These include the Tourism and Arts Festival, which marks the opening of the tourism season from at the end of May or beginning of June.^[94][95] At the opposite end of the season, the Alanya International Culture and Art Festival is held in the last week of May, and is a notable Turkish festival.^[96] Other regular festivals include the Alanya Jazz Days, which has been held since 2002 in September or October at the Kızıl Kule, which is otherwise home to the municipal ethnographic museum. The Jazz Festival hosts Turkish and international jazz musicians in a series of five free concerts.^[97]

Rockcorn from Finland perform during the 2011 Alanya International Culture and Art Festival

The Alanya Chamber Orchestra, formed of members of the Antalya State Opera and Ballet, gave its inaugural performance on December 7, 2007.^[98] The International Alanya Stone Sculpture Symposium, begun is 2004, is held over the month of November.^[99] The Alanya Documentary Festival was launched in 2001 by the Alanya Cinémathèque Society and the Association of Documentary Filmmakers in Turkey.^[100] Onat Kutlar, Turkish poet and writer, and founder of the Istanbul International Film Festival was born in Alanya, as was actress Sema Önür.

Atatürk’s visit to Alanya is also celebrated on its anniversary each February 18, centered on Atatürk’s House and Museum.^[6] The Alanya Museum is home to archaeology found in and around the city, including a large bronze Hercules statue, ceramics, and Roman limestone ossuaries, as well as historic copies of the Qur’an.^[53][101] European residents of Alanya also often celebrate their national holidays, such as Norwegian Constitution Day,^[102] and the city set up a Christmas market in December 2010.^[103] Iranians also celebrate the Persian New Year, Nevruz, in Alanya.^[104]

GovernmentEdit

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)

Alanya was set up as a municipality in 1872, electing its first mayor in 1901. Today, Alanya is governed by a mayor and a municipality council made up of thirty-seven members.^[105] Eighteen councilors are from the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, seven are from the center-left Republican People’s Party, and twelve are of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party), which is currently in power in the national government. Mayor Adem Murat Yücel of the Nationalist Movement Party was elected in 2014 by unseating the incumbent Hasan Sipahioğlu, who had previously been mayor since 1999.^[106] Elections are held every five years, with the next to be held in March 2019. Alanya also has a deputy mayor, who often represents the city at its sporting events,^[107] and together the mayor and his team represent Alanya in the provincial assembly in Antalya.^[108]

Alanya District is divided up into 17 municipalities, including the city center, and 92 villages.^[69] Alanya is greatly influenced by the provincial government in Antalya, and the national government in Ankara, which appoints a governor for the district, currently Dr. Hulusi Doğan.^[109] Although Alanya has been part of Antalya Province since the Ottoman Empire, many local politicians have advocated a separate Alanya Province, a position supported by associations of foreign residents.^[110]

Nationally, in the 2007 election, the province voted with the Justice and Development Party, who were followed closely by the Republican People’s Party and the True Path Party.^[111] Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, is the only native Alanyalilar Member of Parliament representing Antalya Province in the Grand National Assembly, where he chairs the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population.^[112] Çavuşoğlu is the current^[when?] Turkish Foreign Minister and also served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.^{[citation needed]}

EconomyEdit

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)

Locally grown fruits for sale in a market in the farming district of Obaköy, outside Alanya

The tourist industry in Alanya is worth just under 1.1 billion euros per year, and is therefore the principal industry.^[36][when?] The area is further known for its many fruit farms, particularly lemons and oranges, and large harvests of tomatoes, bananas and cucumbers.^[36][113] About 80,000 tonnes of citrus fruits were produced in 2006 across 16,840 hectares (41,600 acres). The greengage plum and the avocado are increasingly popular early season fruits where citrus fruits are becoming unprofitable.^[114]

Despite the seaside location, few residents make their living on the sea, and fishing is not a major industry. In the early 1970s, when fish stocks ran low, a system of rotating access was developed to preserve this sector.^[115] This innovative system was part of Elinor Ostrom’s research on economic governance which led to her 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics.^[116] In 2007, locals protested the establishment of some larger chain supermarkets and clothing stores, which have opened branches in Alanya.^[117]

Beginning in 2003, with the provisional elimination of restrictions on land purchases by non-nationals, the housing industry in the city has become highly profitable with many new private homes and condominiums being built for European and Asian part-time residents.^[71] Sixty-nine percent of homes purchased by foreign nationals in the Antalya Province and 29.9% in all of Turkey are in Alanya.^[73][118] Buyers are primarily individuals, rather than investors.^[119] This housing boom put pressure on the city’s many gecekondu houses and establishments as property values rise and property sales to locals fall.^[120] A height restriction in the city limits most buildings to 21 feet (6.5 m).^[121] This keeps high rise hotels to the east and west of the city, preserving the central skyline at the expense of greater tourist potential. The fringes of the city however have seen uncontrolled expansion.^[122]

TourismEdit

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: covid-19. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020)

Tourism began following the opening of Damlataş Cave in the 1950s.

Since the first modern motel was built in 1958, considered the first year of the tourist industry in Alanya, hotels have raced to accommodate the influx of tourists, and the city as of 2007 claims 157,000 hotel beds.^[35][123] Damlataş Cave, which originally sparked the arrival of outsiders because of the cave’s microclimate, with an average temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and 95% humidity, is accessible on the west side of the peninsula with trails from Damlataş Beach.^[124] Many tourists, especially Scandinavians, Germans, Russians, and Dutch, regularly vacation in Alanya during the warmer months.^[125] They are drawn to the area because of property prices, warm weather, sandy beaches, access to Antalya’s historic sites, and fine cuisine.^[126]

Other outdoor tourist activities include wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating. Attractions include Europe’s largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey’s largest go-kart track.^[127] Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves.^[128]

MediaEdit

Alanya has 10 local daily newspapers.^[36] One of these is Yeni Alanya, which includes the news and lifestyles magazine Orange and is available in English, German and Turkish. Two native German language newspapers are published in Alanya, the Aktuelle Türkei Rundschau and Alanya Bote for the community of German speaking residents and visitors. A monthly magazine Hello Alanya published in Alanya for foreigners, appearing in English and Dutch.^[129] The free regional newspaper, Riviera News, is printed in English and is widely available in Alanya.

Five radio stations broadcast from the city.^[36] Alanya FM Radyo broadcasts on 106.0 FM and is partnered with Radio Flash, on 94.0 FM, both broadcasting popular music.^[130] Other stations include Alanya RadyoTime on 92.3 FM, which broadcasts a variety of Turkish music, news, and talk programming.^[131] Two television stations are local to Alanya, Kanal Alanya, and Alanya Televizyonu, abbreviated ATV, which is partnered with Alanya RadyoTime.^[132][133]

TransportationEdit

Alanya Marina was opened in 2010 at a cost of $10 million with space for 437 boats.^[134]

The D 400 Highway, the Alanya–Mersin Route, connects Alanya from the east and west, encircling it, and linking through the city center via Atatürk Bulvarı. The D695, the Ankara–Akşehir Route, runs north–south and reaches the sea 41 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city near Side, connecting with the D400. Antalya Airport is 121 kilometres (75 mi) away and connects internationally. The new Antalya Gazipaşa Airport, first begun in 1992, is only 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the city, and was expected to have its first regular domestic flights on May 22, 2010, although international flights were not expected before the start of the 2011 tourist season.^[135] No train routes go to Alanya or Antalya Province, and there are no train stations in the district.^[136]

There are bus and dolmuş systems out of Alanya’s two bus depots, but buses are usually limited to the major roads, and inside the city transportation is by car, taxi, or foot, as many roads in the old town are closed to vehicle traffic. The harbor includes cruise ship piers, and also seasonal ferries and hydrofoils depart for Kyrenia in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.^[137] Cruise ships docking at Alanya have increased 50% in 2013, with 53 estimated to have brought 56,000 passengers the end of the year.^[138] Further west of the city is the Alanya Marina, which started services in 2008 while still under construction,^[139] completing its expansion in 2010.^[134] The 85-km² (33-sq-mi) marina allowed Alanya to participate in the 2008 Eastern Mediterranean Yacht Rally.^[140][141] The city is also investing in a community bicycle program with 150 bicycles and twenty terminals.^[142]

SportsEdit

Women’s teams in the 2006 beach volleyball tournament

Alanya is home to a woman’s basketball team, Alanya Belediye, which started in the first division but was relegated after the 2002 season. The city hosts a Süper Lig soccer team, Alanyaspor. The club was founded in 1948, and play home games at Milli Egemenlik Stadium. It played in the Second League between 1988-1997 and 2014–2016. The club finally promoted to top level in 2015–16 season. In 2007, the city began constructing a new soccer facility with the intention of hosting winter competitions between major teams.^[143] The public Alanya Municipality Sports Facility is located adjacent to Milli Egemenlik Stadium, which is one of thirteen facilities.^[144][145]

Alanya’s waterfront location makes it suitable for certain events, and is perhaps most famous for its annual triathlon, part of the International Triathlon Union series, which has been held every October since 1990.^[146] Marathon swimming competitions have also been connected to the triathlon since 1992.^[147] Building on the triathlon’s success, Alanya hosted a modern pentathlon in 2009.^[148] Alanya is also the regular host of The Turkish Open, part of the Nestea European Beach Volleyball championship tour, which takes place in May.^[149] In 2007, the Turkish Volleyball Federation persuaded the European Volleyball Confederation to build a beach volleyball training facility in Alanya, and make it the exclusive «center of beach volleyball in Europe».^[150]

The city is also a frequent host to national events, such as the annual beach handball tournament.^[107] Alanya is the traditional finish site of the seven-day Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, though organizers reversed the route in 2012, and started the event in Alanya instead.^[151] Other cycling events include the Alanya International Mountain Bike Race.^[152] Additionally, the European Cycling Union had its 2010 European road cycling championship and 2010 ordinary congress meeting in Alanya.^[153]

NeighbourhoodsEdit

International relationsEdit

Twin towns — sister citiesEdit

The most significant tie is with the city of Nea Ionia, where many of Alanya’s Christians were resettled in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne. Alanya is twinned with:^[154]

•   Dergachyovsky District, Russia
•   Fushun, China
•   Geoagiu, Romania
•   Gladbeck, Germany
•   Goa, India
•   Keszthely, Hungary
•   Mahdia, Tunisia
•   Ankara, Turkey
•   Nea Ionia, Greece
•   Murmansk, Russia
•   Oer-Erkenschwick, Germany
•   Rovaniemi, Finland
•   Šilutė, Lithuania
•   South-Eastern AO (Moscow), Russia
•   Špindlerův Mlýn, Czech Republic
•   Talsi, Latvia
•   Trakai, Lithuania
•   Wodzisław Śląski, Poland
•   Wronki, Poland
•   Zelenogorsk, Russia
•   Borås, Sweden

Friendly citiesEdit

•   Nowy Sącz, Poland
•   Turek, Poland

Notable residentsEdit

• Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkish diplomat and politician; current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey

See alsoEdit

• List of governors of Alanya
• List of mayors of Alanya

ReferencesEdit

Further readingEdit

• Lloyd, Seton; Rice, D.S. (1958). Alanya (‘Alā’iyya). London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. OCLC 7230223.
• Redford, Scott. Landscape and the state in medieval Anatolia: Seljuk gardens and pavilions of Alanya, Turkey. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2000. ISBN 1-84171-095-4

External linksEdit

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Alanya.

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Alanya.

• Official website  
• Alanya Map
• Life in Alanya-Mahmutlar, Turkey
• Alanya Guide
• Cleopatra Beach

Coordinates: 36°33′0″N 32°0′0″E / 36.55000°N 32.00000°E

Перевод «алания» на английский

Ваш текст переведен частично.
Вы можете переводить не более 999 символов за один раз.

Войдите или зарегистрируйтесь бесплатно на PROMT.One и переводите еще больше!

<>

Алания

ж.р.
существительное

Склонение

Alania

С целью распространения свободной и объективной информации и содействия сближению местных жителей была создана русскоязычная телекомпания («Алания»).

A Russian-language TV Company (ALANIA) was established with the aim of disseminating free and unbiased information and bringing the local population closer together.

Словосочетания (6)

1. » Алания » Владикавказ — Alania Vladikavkaz
2. Алания Владикавказ — Alania Vladikavkaz
3. глава Респ . Северная Осетия — Алания — Governor of North Ossetia
4. глава Республики Северная Осетия — Алания — Governor of North Ossetia
5. Респ . Северная Осетия — Алания — Republic of North Ossetia-Alania
6. Республика Северная Осетия — Алания — Republic of North Ossetia-Alania

Контексты

С целью распространения свободной и объективной информации и содействия сближению местных жителей была создана русскоязычная телекомпания («Алания»).
A Russian-language TV Company (ALANIA) was established with the aim of disseminating free and unbiased information and bringing the local population closer together.

С 17 по 24 июня 2002 года Специальный представитель посетил Российскую Федерацию, включая три республики- Чечню, Ингушетию и Северную Осетию- Аланию.
The Special Representative visited the Russian Federation, including the three Republics of Chechnya, Ingushetia and North Ossetia-Alania, from 17 to 24 June 2002.

Бесплатный переводчик онлайн с русского на английский

Вам нужно переводить на английский сообщения в чатах, письма бизнес-партнерам и в службы поддержки онлайн-магазинов или домашнее задание? PROMT.One мгновенно переведет с русского на английский и еще на 20+ языков.

Точный переводчик

С помощью PROMT.One   наслаждайтесь точным переводом с русского на английский,  а также смотрите английскую транскрипцию, произношение и варианты переводов слов с примерами употребления в предложениях.  Бесплатный онлайн-переводчик PROMT.One  — достойная альтернатива Google Translate и другим сервисам, предоставляющим перевод с английского на русский и с русского на английский. Переводите в браузере на персональных компьютерах, ноутбуках, на мобильных устройствах или установите мобильное приложение Переводчик PROMT.One для iOS и Android.

Нужно больше языков?

PROMT.One бесплатно переводит онлайн с русского на азербайджанский, арабский, греческий, иврит, испанский, итальянский, казахский, китайский, корейский, немецкий, португальский, татарский, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, украинский, финский, французский, эстонский и японский.

Republic of North Ossetia–Alania
Republic
Республика Северная Осетия — Алания
Other transcription(s)
• Ossetian	Республикӕ Цӕгат Ирыстон — Алани
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania[3]
Coordinates: 43°11′N 44°14′E / 43.183°N 44.233°ECoordinates: 43°11′N 44°14′E / 43.183°N 44.233°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	North Caucasian[1]
Economic region	North Caucasus[2]
Capital	Vladikavkaz[4]
Government
• Body	Parliament[5]
• Head[5]	Sergey Menyaylo[6]
Area [7]
• Total	8,000 km2 (3,000 sq mi)
• Rank	79th
Population  (2021 Census)[8]
• Total	687,357
• Estimate  (2018)[9]	701,765
• Rank	63rd
• Density	86/km2 (220/sq mi)
• Urban	63.8%
• Rural	36.2%
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [10])
ISO 3166 code	RU-SE
License plates	15
OKTMO ID	90000000
Official languages	Russian;[11] Ossetian[12]
Website	www.rso-a.ru

North Ossetia (Russian: Северная Осетия; Ossetian: Цæгат Ирыстон), officially the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania,^[a] is a republic of Russia situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. Its population according to the 2021 Census was 687,357.^[8] The republic’s capital city is the city of Vladikavkaz, located on the foothills of the Caucasus Mountains.

Forming 65.1% of the republic’s population as of 2010, the Ossetians are an Iranian ethnic group native to the republic and neighboring South Ossetia.^[14] Ossetian is an east Iranian language descended from the medieval Alanic and ancient Sarmatian languages.^[15] Unlike many groups in the North Caucasus, Ossetians are predominantly Christians. However, almost 30% of the population adheres to Ossetian ethnic religion, generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, «True Faith»), and a sizable Muslim minority exists.^[16] Ethnic Russians and Ingush, who form a majority in neighboring Ingushetia, form substantial minorities in the republic.^[14]

The Ossetia region traces its history back to the ancient Alans, who founded the Kingdom of Alania in the 8th century and adopted Christianity in the 9th century. The kingdom would fall to the Mongols in the 13th century, and by the 17th century would be under the nominal rule of Safavid Iran. From 1774 to 1806, Ossetia was slowly incorporated into the Russian Empire, which would split the region into a northern part included in the Terek Oblast, and a southern one included in the Tiflis and Kutaisi governorates. This partition would persist in the Soviet period, where North Ossetia was made into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Russian SFSR, while South Ossetia became an autonomous oblast within the Georgian SSR.^[17]

Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the republic experienced internal conflict like in much of the North Caucasus. In 1992, a brief ethnic war between Ossetians and the predominantly Muslim Ingush population in the Prigorodny District took place. The republic has experienced spillover from the Chechen conflict, most notably in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege.^[18] Proposals for Russia to annex South Ossetia in order to incorporate the two as one entity exist to this day.

Ossetian cuisine is distinguished as an integral aspect of Ossetian culture. Ossetian-style pies such as Fydzhin (a meat pie) are a quintessential component of Ossetian cuisine. The «three pies» concept holds special symbolic significance, and representing the Sun, Earth, and water.^[19]

Name[edit]

In the last years of the Soviet Union, as nationalist movements swept throughout the Caucasus, many intellectuals in the North Ossetian ASSR called for the revival of the name of Alania, a medieval kingdom of the Alans.

The term «Alania» quickly became popular in Ossetian daily life through the names of various enterprises, a TV channel, political and civic organizations, publishing house, football team, etc. In November 1994, the name «Alania» was officially added to the republic’s title (Republic of North Ossetia–Alania).^[20]

Geography[edit]

The republic is located in the North Caucasus. The northern part of the republic is situated in the Stavropol Plain. 22% of the republic’s territory is covered by forests.

• Area: 8,000 square kilometers (3,100 sq mi)
• Borders:
  • internal: Kabardino-Balkaria (W/NW/N), Stavropol Krai (N), Chechnya (NE/E), Ingushetia (E/SE)
  • international: Georgia (including South Ossetia; Mtskheta-Mtianeti, Racha-Lechkhumi and Kvemo Svaneti and Shida Kartli) (SE/S/SW)
• Highest point: Mount Kazbek (5,033 meters (16,512 ft))
• Maximum north–south distance: 130 kilometers (81 mi)
• Maximum east–west distance: 120 kilometers (75 mi)

Rivers[edit]

All of the republic’s rivers belong to the drainage basin of the Terek River. Major rivers include:

• Terek River (~600 km)
• Urukh River (104 km)
• Ardon River (101 km)
• Kambileyevka River (99 km)
• Gizeldon River (81 km)
• Fiagdon River
• Sunzha River (278 km)

Mountains[edit]

All of the mountains located on the territory of the republic are a part of the Caucasus. Mount Kazbek is the highest point (5,033 m), with Mount Dzhimara being the second-highest (4,780 m).

Natural resources[edit]

Natural resources include minerals (copper, silver, zinc), timber, mineral waters, hydroelectric power, and untapped reserves of oil and gas.

Climate[edit]

The climate is moderately continental.

• Average January temperature: −5 °C (23 °F)
• Average July temperature: +24 °C (75 °F)
• Average annual precipitation: 400–700 millimeters (16–28 in) in the plains; over 1,000 millimeters (39 in) in the mountains.

History[edit]

Early history: Kingdom of Alania and Middle Ages[edit]

The territory of North Ossetia was first inhabited by Caucasian tribes. Some Nomadic Alans settled in the region in the 7th century, forming the Kingdom of Alania. It was eventually converted to Christianity by missionaries from Byzantium.

Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory. At the time of the Mongol invasions of nearby Durdzuketia (modern Chechnya and Ingushetia), the Kingdom of Alania was multiethnic and included Dzurdzuks in its population.^[22]

After the Middle Ages, the Mongols’ and Tartars’ repeated invasions decimated the population, now known as the Ossetians. Islam was introduced to the region in the 17th century by Kabardians.

Russian imperial rule (1806–1917)[edit]

Conflicts between the Khanate of Crimea and the Ottoman Empire eventually pushed Ossetia into an alliance with Imperial Russia in the 18th century. Soon, Russia established a military base in the capital, Vladikavkaz, making it the first Russian-controlled area in the northern Caucasus. By 1806, Ossetia was under complete Russian control.

The Russians’ rule led to rapid development of industry and railways which overcame its isolation. The first books from the area came during the late 18th century, and became part of the Terskaya Region of Russia in the mid-19th century.

Soviet period (1917–1990)[edit]

The Russian Revolution of 1917 resulted in North Ossetia being merged into the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in 1921. It then became the North Ossetian Autonomous Oblast on 7 July 1924, then merged into the North Ossetian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic on 5 December 1936. In World War II, it was subject to a number of attacks by Nazi German invaders unsuccessfully trying to seize Vladikavkaz in 1942.

The North Ossetian ASSR declared itself the autonomous republic of the Soviet Union on 20 June 1990. Its name was changed to the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania in 1994.

Russian Federation period (1990–present)[edit]

The dissolution of the Soviet Union posed particular problems for the Ossetian people, who were divided between North Ossetia, which was part of the Russian SFSR, and South Ossetia, part of the Georgian SSR. In December 1990, the Supreme Soviet of the Georgian SSR abolished the autonomous Ossetian enclave amid the rising ethnic tensions in the region, which was further fanned by Moscow; a lot of the conflict zone population, faced with the ethnic cleansing, was forced to flee across the border to either North Ossetia or Georgia proper.

As a result, some 70,000 South Ossetian refugees were resettled in North Ossetia. Additionally, North Ossetia provoked the predominantly Ingush population in the Prigorodny District, which sparked the Ossetian–Ingush conflict. The results of the conflict were that 7,000 Ossetians and 64,000 Ingush refugees had to flee their homes.^[23] On 23 March 1995, North Ossetia–Alania signed a power-sharing agreement with the federal government, granting it autonomy.^[24] However, this agreement was abolished on 2 September 2002.^[25]

Following the de facto independence of South Ossetia, there have been proposals in this state of joining Russia and uniting with North Ossetia. As well as dealing with the effects of the conflict in South Ossetia, North Ossetia has had to deal with refugees and the occasional spillover of fighting from the wars around them. This notably manifested in the form of the 2004 Beslan school siege by Chechen terrorists.^[18]

Administrative divisions[edit]

Economy[edit]

In recent years, North Ossetia–Alania’s economic development has been successful; the indicators of the republic’s social and economic development between 2005 and 2007 revealed a stable growth of all sectors of the economy and major social parameters. The nature and climatic conditions of the republic contribute to the successful development of various economic sectors, which is compounded by the abundance of natural resources. Gross regional product pro capita of the region in 2006 was 61,000 rubles ($2,596) and increased 30% in the 2005–2007 time period.^[26] GRP pro capita in 2007 was 76,455 rubles.^[27] From 2005 to 2007, the average monthly wage in North Ossetia–Alania doubled, with the actual cash earnings increased by 42.5 percent. In terms of the average monthly wage growth, the Republic ranks first in the North Caucasus.^[26]

The regional government’s economic priorities include industrial growth, development of small enterprise, spas, and resorts, and strengthening the budgetary and tax discipline.^[28]

The largest companies in the region include Elektrozinc, Sevkavkazenergo, Pobedit (tungsten and molybdenum producer).^[29]

Natural resources, agriculture, and industry[edit]

The most widespread resources are zinc- and lead-containing complex ores. There are deposits of limestone, dolomites, marble, and touchstone. There is also a large availability of construction materials, such as clay, sand, and gravel. The local oil deposit reserves are estimated at 10 million metric tons.^[26]

The agricultural sector is varied and specializes in the cultivation of wheat, corn, and sunflowers; horticulture; viticulture; and cattle and sheep breeding.^[30][31]

North Ossetia’s industry is mainly concentrated in Vladikavkaz. Major companies located here include Elektrotsink, Gazoapparat, an instrument-making plant, Elektrokontraktor, a factory producing automotive electrical equipment, a large-panel construction complex, and companies in the food industry. The Sadonsky industrial center has grown around the mining and forest industries.^[31]

Tourism[edit]

Despite the proximity to Chechnya, North Ossetia is making efforts to develop its tourist industry.^[32] Projects under a program for spa, resort, and tourism development have been successfully implemented in the mountainous part of the republic, according to the head of the regional government.^[28] There are nearly 3,000 historical monuments in the Republic and more than half of its area is occupied by Alania National Park, the North Ossetia National Preserve, and game preserves.

There are more than 250 therapeutic, mineral, and freshwater springs in the republic with estimated daily reserves of 15,000 cubic meters. Besides providing the basis for health spas, these mineral waters also have the potential to be bottled and sold. North Ossetian mineral waters are known for their unique qualities, as well as special mineral composition.^[31][32]

Infrastructure[edit]

In terms of its infrastructure, North Ossetia–Alania ranks second in the Southern Federal District and 10th in the nation.^[26] The republic has some of the most extensive telecommunication networks in the North Caucasus region and in Russia. It ranks first in terms of its telecom network installations in the Southern Federal District.

The republic ranks fourth in Russia in terms of its paved roads, and its expanding transport and logistics complex provides communication networks between Russia and the South Caucasus, as well as Central Asia. The complex includes two federal highways (Georgian Military Road connects Vladikavkaz with Transcaucasia) running across the Greater Caucasus Range, two customs checkpoints for cars, a developed railway network, Vladikavkaz international airport, and well-equipped transport terminals.^[26]

Demographics[edit]

Population: 712,980 (2010 Census);^[14] 710,275 (2002 Census);^[33] 634,009 (1989 Census).^[34]

Number of refugees: 12,570^[35]

Life expectancy:^[36][37]

	2019	2021
Average:	75.8 years	72.5 years
Male:	70.5 years	68.1 years
Female:	80.6 years	76.5 years

• 

  Life expectancy at birth in North Ossetia ^[36][37]

• 

  Life expectancy with calculated differences

• 

  Life expectancy in North Ossetia in comparison with neighboring regions of the country

Settlements[edit]

Vital statistics[edit]

[38]	Average population (per 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Fertility rates
1970	554	9,731	3,964	5,767	17.6	7.2	10.4
1975	575	10,368	4,664	5,704	18.0	8.1	9.9
1980	598	10,135	5,821	4,314	16.9	9.7	7.2
1985	617	11,598	6,047	5,551	18.8	9.8	9.0
1990	49	10,967	6,166	4,801	16.9	9.5	7.4	2.23
1991	679	10,985	6,694	4,291	16.2	9.9	6.3	2.09
1992	683	10,048	7,125	2,923	14.7	10.4	4.3	1.89
1993	661	8,251	7,872	379	12.5	11.9	0.6	1.67
1994	666	8,806	8,329	477	13.2	12.5	0.7	1.79
1995	674	8,781	8,574	207	13.0	12.7	0.3	1.78
1996	680	8,043	8,514	−471	11.8	12.5	−0.7	1.62
1997	681	7,758	8,378	−620	11.4	12.3	−0.9	1.56
1998	683	7,767	8,188	−421	11.4	12.0	−0.6	1.56
1999	689	7,195	8,412	−1,217	10.4	12.2	−1.8	1.43
2000	699	7,179	8,626	−1,447	10.3	12.3	−2.0	1.39
2001	707	7,317	8,205	−888	10.3	11.6	−1.3	1.39
2002	709	7,874	8,753	−879	11.1	12.3	−1.2	1.47
2003	709	7,978	8,952	−974	11.3	12.6	−1.4	1.48
2004	707	7,893	8,663	−770	11.2	12.2	−1.1	1.46
2005	706	7,894	8,654	−760	11.2	12.3	−1.1	1.46
2006	706	8,308	8,138	170	11.8	11.5	0.2	1.53
2007	706	9,556	7,806	1,750	13.5	11.1	2.5	1.76
2008	708	9,981	7,975	2,006	14.1	11.3	2.8	1.83
2009	710	10,017	7,987	2,030	14.1	11.3	2.9	1.84
2010	712	10,303	7,748	2,555	14.5	10.8	3.7	1.88
2011	715	10,375	7,720	2,655	14.5	10.8	3.7	1.88
2012	708	10,801	7,525	3,276	15.3	10.6	4.7	1.96
2013	705	10,760	7,394	3,366	15.3	10.5	4.8	1.98
2014	705	10,798	7,554	3,244	15.3	10.7	4.6	2.01
2015	704	10,341	7,558	2,783	14.6	10.7	3.9	1.93
2016	704	9,916	7,296	2,620	14.1	10.3	3.8	1.89
2017	702	8,992	7,151	1,841	12.8	10.2	2.6	1.75
2018		9,120	7,145	1,975	13.0	10.2	2.8	1.83
2019		8,589	7,220	1,369	12.3	10.3	2.0	1.75
2020		8,157	8,361	-204	11.7	12.0	-0.3	1.72
2021		8,091	9,784	-1,693	11.7	14.1	-2.4	1.71
2022		7,470	7,885	-415	10.9	11.5	-0.6

Ethnic groups[edit]

The majority of the population of North Ossetia are Christians who belong to the Russian Orthodox Church, although there is also a Muslim minority who are of Ossetian-speaking origin.

According to the 2021 Census,^[39] Ossetians make up 68.1% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (18.9%), Ingush (3.8%), Kumyks (2.8%), Armenians (1.8%), Georgians (1.0%), and a host of smaller groups, each accounting for less than 1% of the total population.

Ethnic group	1926 Census1	1939 Census	1959 Census	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census2
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Ossetians	141,723	49.6%	165,616	50.3%	215,463	47.8%	269,326	48.7%	299,022	50.5%	334,876	53.0%	445,310	62.7%	459,688	65.1%	439,949	68.1%
Russians	68,192	23.8%	122,614	37.2%	178,654	39.6%	202,367	36.6%	200,692	33.9%	189,159	29.9%	164,734	23.2%	147,090	20.8%	122,240	18.9%
Ingush	23,851	8.3%	6,106	1.9%	6,071	1.3%	18,387	3.3%	23,663	4.0%	32,783	5.2%	21,442	3.0%	28,336	4.0%	24,285	3.8%
Kumyks	3,153	1.1%	85	0.0%	3,921	0.9%	6,363	1.2%	7,610	1.3%	9,478	1.5%	12,659	1.8%	16,092	2.3%	18,054	2.8%
Armenians	9,185	3.2%	8,932	2.7%	12,012	2.7%	13,355	2.4%	12,912	2.2%	13,619	2.2%	17,147	2.4%	16,235	2.3%	11,668	1.8%
Georgians	6,057	2.1%	6,312	1.9%	8,160	1.8%	10,323	1.9%	11,347	1.9%	12,284	1.9%	10,803	1.5%	9,095	1.3%	6,756	1.0%
Ukrainians	19,101	6.7%	7,063	2.1%	9,362	2.1%	9,250	1.7%	10,574	1.8%	10,088	1.6%	5,198	0.7%	3,251	0.4%	925	0.1%
Others	14,690	5.1%	12,477	3.8%	16,938	3.8%	23,210	4.2%	26,182	4.4%	30,141	4.8%	32,982	4.6%	26,636	3.8%	22,418	3.5%
1 The results of the 1926 census refer to the present territory, which is a combination of the North Ossetian AO, the city of Vladikavkaz and adjacent areas.[40] 2 41,062 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[41]

Languages[edit]

There are two official languages in North Ossetia: Russian, which is official in all Russian territory, and Ossetian. Ossetian is an Indo-European language, belonging to the East Iranian group. Ossetian is one of the few Iranic languages spoken natively in Europe. Russian, acting as a lingua franca in the region, is an East Slavic language and as such also belongs to the Indo-European family, which means the two languages are related, albeit distantly.

Religion[edit]

According to a 2012 survey which interviewed 56,900 people,^[16] 49% of the population of North Ossetia–Alania adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church, 10% declare to be unaffiliated Christian believers, 2% are either Orthodox Christian believers who do not belong to churches or members of non-Russian Orthodox bodies. The second-largest religion is Ossetian ethnic religion, generally called Uatsdin (Уацдин, «True Faith»), a Scythian religion organized into movements such as the Atsætæ Church, comprising 29% of the population. Muslims constitute 15% of the population, and Protestants the 1%. In addition, 1% of the population declares to be «spiritual but not religious» and 3% to be atheist.^[16]

Education[edit]

The most important facilities of higher education include North Caucasus State Technological University, North Ossetian State University, North Ossetian State Medical Academy, and Mountain State Agrarian University – all in Vladikavkaz.

Politics[edit]

During the Soviet period, the high authority in the republic was shared between three people; the first secretary of the North Ossetia Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) Committee (who in reality had the biggest authority), the chairman of the oblast Soviet (legislative power), and the Chairman of the Republic Executive Committee (executive power). Since 1991, CPSU lost all the power, and the head of the Republic administration, and eventually the governor was appointed/elected alongside elected regional parliament.

The Charter of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the fundamental law of the region. The Parliament of North Ossetia–Alania is the republic’s regional standing legislative (representative) body. The Legislative Assembly exercises its authority by passing laws, resolutions, and other legal acts and by supervising the implementation and observance of the laws and other legal acts passed by it. The highest executive body is the Republic’s Government, which includes territorial executive bodies such as district administrations, committees, and commissions that facilitate development and run the day to day matters of the province. The Oblast administration supports the activities of the Governor who is the highest official and acts as guarantor of the observance of the krai Charter in accordance with the Constitution of Russia.

The head of government in the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania is the Head of the Republic. The current head of the republic is Sergey Menyaylo. Taymuraz Mamsurov succeeded Alexander Dzasokhov as head on 31 May 2005 following the Beslan school siege.^[43]

Culture[edit]

There are six professional theaters in North Ossetia–Alania, as well as Ossetian State Philharmonia.

Gallery[edit]

• 

• 

  North Ossetian landscape

See also[edit]

• South Ossetia
• Kosta Khetagurov
• Ossetian music
• Styr Nyxas

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

• Парламент Республики Северная Осетия — Алания. Закон №520А от 24 ноября 1994 г. «О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания», в ред. Закона №44-РЗ от 31 июля 2006 г «О внесении изменений в Закон Республики Северная Осетия — Алания «О государственном гимне Республики Северная Осетия — Алания»». Опубликован: Газета «Северная Осетия». (Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania. Law #520A of 14 November 1994 On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania, as amended by the Law #44-RZ of 31 July 2006 On Amending the Law of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania «On the State Anthem of the Republic of North Ossetia – Alania». ).
• Верховный Совет Республики Северная Осетия. 12 ноября 1994 г. «Республика Северная Осетия-Алания. Конституция.», в ред. Конституционного Закона №5-РКЗ от 4 декабря 2013 г. «О внесении изменений в Конституцию Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». Вступил в силу 7 декабря 1994 г. Опубликован: брошюрой «Конституция Республики Северная Осетия–Алания». (Supreme Council of the Republic of North Ossetia. November 12, 1994 Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Constitution., as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-RKZ of December 4, 2013 On Amending the Constitution of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania. Effective as of December 7, 1994.).
• Foltz, Richard (2022). The Ossetes: Modern-Day Scythians of the Caucasus. London: Bloomsbury. ISBN 9780755618453.

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (in Russian)
• (archived) Official website of the Parliament of the Republic of North Ossetia–Alania (in Russian)
• North Ossetia–Alania travel guide from Wikivoyage

алания

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Алания

Аланского

Alania

Осетия-Алания

Предложения

Alania has been waiting for a solution to this transport problem for many years.

Алания ждала решения этой транспортной проблемы много лет.

For a long period of time the public has persistently raised the question of returning to the historical name of our state — Alania.

«На протяжении долгого времени общественностью настойчиво ставится вопрос о возвращении исторического названия нашего государства — Алания.

Alania greatly profited from the Silk Road which passed through its territory.

Alania значительно получил прибыль от Великого шелкового пути, который прошел через его территорию.

the kingdom in the center of the Caucasus splits into Alania and Noble Alania (known from Russian as).

1200 н. э.: королевство в центре Кавказа разделяется на Alania и Noble Alania (известный с русского языка как Царственные Аланы).

Dome architecture comes to Alania with cross-shaped churches.

Купольная архитектура приходит в Аланию с крестообразными храмами.

The settlement was an important spiritual and economic center of Alania.

На территории городища находилось поселение — важный духовный и экономический центр Алании.

Incidentally, the draw allowed to maintain «Alania» theoretical chances for salvation.

Кстати, эта ничья позволила сохранить «Алании» теоретические шансы на спасение.

Alania was reckoned with by the neighbouring states as an independent and strong power.

С Аланией считались соседние государства как с самостоятельной и сильной державой.

Alania‘s high military and political potential during that period was a result of it’s internal social and political development.

Высокий военно-политический потенциал Алании в тот период был результатом внутреннего социально-политического развития (1).

Dependent on him were major princes and feudal lords, through whom the Tzar exercised his power over Alania.

В зависимости от него находились крупные князья и более мелкие феодалы, через которых царь и осуществлял свою власть над Аланией.

By the 11th century A.D. the medieval kingdom of Alania had been established in the region.

В ХI веке н.э. на этой территории уже сформировалось средневековое государство Алания.

Cylindrical drum of the dome of the church is the biggest among churches in Alania.

Цилиндрический барабан купола Среднего храма является самым большим среди храмов Алании.

The name given to the capital of the medieval state of Alania, which was destroyed in the 1239 year by Batu.

Название дано по столице средневекового государства Алания, разрушенной в 1239 году Батыем.

Undoubtedly, Alania and Bodrum — these two resort cities are beautiful in their own way, and deserve the attention of tourists.

Бесспорно, Алания и Бодрум — эти два курортных города прекрасны по своему, и заслуживают внимания туристов.

Alania and Bodrum — the names of these two resorts, as they say, are well known.

Алания и Бодрум — имена двух этих курортов, как говорится, находятся на слуху.

However, Terek, as well as «Alania«, was rescued just an incredible confluence of events in the form of misfires rivals.

Впрочем, «Терек», так же как и «Аланию», выручит только неимоверное стечение обстоятельств в виде осечек соперников.

Such an alignment has greatly contributed to misfire and «Locomotive» in the game with «Alania«.

Такому раскладу во многом способствовала и осечка «Локомотива» в игре с «Аланией».

Abkhazia and Alania, where a local version of the provincial (Pontic) Byzantine architecture was created.

IX в. в Абхазии и Алании, где появился местный вариант провинциальной (понтийской) византийской архитектуры.

Some Nomadic Alans settled in the region in the 7th century, forming the kingdom of Alania.

Некоторый Кочевой Alans поселился в области в 7-м веке, формируя королевство Алания.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Предложения, которые содержат Alania

Результатов: 234. Точных совпадений: 234. Затраченное время: 81 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Alanya
District
Castle and harbour of Alanya
Seal
Nicknames:  Güneşin gülümsediği yer («Where the Sun Smiles»)
Alanya Location of Alanya Alanya Alanya (Asia) Alanya Alanya (Mediterranean)
Coordinates: 36°33′N 32°00′E / 36.550°N 32.000°E
Country	Turkey
Region	Mediterranean
Province	Antalya
Incorporated	1872
Government
• Mayor	Adem Murat Yücel (MHP)
• Governor	Dr. Fatih Ürkmezer[1]
Area [2]
• District	1,598.51 km2 (617.19 sq mi)
Elevation	0–250 m (0–820 ft)
Population  (2012)[3]
• Urban	104,573
• District	264,692
• District density	170/km2 (430/sq mi)
Demonym	Alanyalılar
Time zone	UTC+3 (TRT)
Postal code	07400
Area code	+90 242
Licence plate	07
Website	alanya.bel.tr alanya.gov.tr

Alanya (; Turkish pronunciation: [aˈɫanja]), formerly Alaiye, is a beach resort city and a district of Antalya Province on the southern coast of Turkey, in the country’s Mediterranean Region, 133 kilometres (83 mi) east of the city of Antalya. As of Turkey’s 2010 census, the city had a population of 98,627, while the district that includes the city and its built-up region had an area of 1,598.51 km² and 248,286 inhabitants.^[4]

Because of its natural strategic position on a small peninsula into the Mediterranean Sea below the Taurus Mountains, Alanya has been a local stronghold for many Mediterranean-based empires, including the Ptolemaic, Seleucid, Roman, Byzantine, and Ottoman Empires. Alanya’s greatest political importance came in the Middle Ages, with the Seljuk Sultanate of Rûm under the rule of Alaeddin Kayqubad I, from whom the city derives its name. His building campaign resulted in many of the city’s landmarks, such as the Kızıl Kule (Red Tower), Tersane (Shipyard), and Alanya Castle.

The Mediterranean climate, natural attractions, and historic heritage make Alanya a popular destination for tourism, and responsible for nine percent of Turkey’s tourism sector and thirty percent of foreign purchases of real estate in Turkey. Tourism has risen since 1958 to become the dominant industry in the city, resulting in a corresponding increase in city population. Warm-weather sporting events and cultural festivals take place annually in Alanya. In 2014 Mayor Adem Murat Yücel, of the Nationalist Movement Party unseated Hasan Sipahioğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, who had previously led the city since 1999. Adem Murat Yücel continues his duty as the Mayor of Alanya Municipality.^[5]

Names[edit]

The city has changed hands many times over the centuries, and its name has reflected this. Alanya was known in Latin as Coracesium or in Greek as Korakesion (Ancient Greek: Κορακήσιον) from the Luwian Korakassa meaning «point/protruding city».^[6] The Roman Catholic Church still recognizes the Latin name as a titular see in its hierarchy.^[7] Under the Byzantine Empire it became known as Kalonoros or Kalon Oros, meaning «beautiful/fine mountain» in Greek.^[8] The Seljuks renamed the city Alaiye (علائیه), a derivative of the Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I’s name. In the 13th and 14th centuries, Italian traders called the city Candelore or Cardelloro.^[9] In his 1935 visit, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk finalized the name in the new alphabet as Alanya, changing the ‘i’ and ‘e’ in Alaiye, reportedly because of a misspelled telegram in 1933.^[10][11]

History[edit]

Further information on medieval beylik period: Alaiye

Finds in the nearby Karain Cave indicate occupation during the Paleolithic era as far back as 20,000 BC,^[12] and archeological evidence shows a port existed at Syedra, south of the modern city, during the Bronze Age around 3,000 BC.^[13] A Phoenician language tablet found in the district dates to 625 BC, and the city is specifically mentioned in the 4th-century BC Greek geography manuscript, the periplus of Pseudo-Scylax.^[12] The castle rock was likely inhabited under the Hittites and the Achaemenid Empire, and was first fortified in the Hellenistic period following the area’s conquest by Alexander the Great.^[14] Alexander’s successors left the area to one of the competing Macedonian generals, Ptolemy I Soter, after Alexander’s death in 323 BC. His dynasty maintained loose control over the mainly Isaurian population, and the port became a popular refuge for Mediterranean pirates.^[6] The city resisted Antiochus III the Great of the neighboring Seleucid kingdom in 199 BC, but was loyal to the pirate Diodotus Tryphon when he seized the Seleucid crown from 142 to 138 BC. His rival Antiochus VII Sidetes completed work in 137 BC on a new castle and port, begun under Diodotus.^[15]

The Roman Republic fought Cilician pirates in 102 BC, when Marcus Antonius the Orator established a proconsulship in nearby Side, and in 78 BC under Servilius Vatia, who moved to control the Isaurian tribes.^[16] The period of piracy in Alanya finally ended after the city’s incorporation into the Pamphylia province by Pompey in 67 BC, with the Battle of Korakesion fought in the city’s harbor.^[17] In Strabo’s reckoning, Coracesium marked the boundary between ancient Pamphylia and Cilicia (Cilicia Trachaea, in particular); though other ancient authors placed the boundary elsewhere.^[18] Isaurian banditry remained an issue under the Romans, and the tribes revolted in the fourth and fifth centuries AD, with the largest rebellion being from 404 to 408.^[19]

With the spread of Christianity Coracesium, as it was called, became a bishopric. Its bishop Theodulus took part in the First Council of Constantinople in 381, Matidianus in the Council of Ephesus in 431, Obrimus in the Council of Chalcedon in 451, and Nicephorus (Nicetas) in the Third Council of Constantinople in 680. Coracesium was a suffragan of the metropolitan see of Side, the capital of the Roman province of Pamphylia Prima, to which Coracesium belonged. It continued to be mentioned in the Notitiae Episcopatuum as late as the 12th or 13th century.^{[20][21][22][23]} No longer a residential bishopric, Coracesium is today listed by the Catholic Church as a titular see.^[24]

Islam arrived in the 7th century with Arab raids, which led to the construction of new fortifications.^[12] The area fell from Byzantine control after the Battle of Manzikert in 1071 to tribes of Seljuk Turks, only to be returned in 1120 by John II Komnenos.^[25]

Following the Fourth Crusade’s attack on the Byzantines, the Christian Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia periodically held the port, and it was from an Armenian, Kir Fard, that the Turks took lasting control in 1221 when the Anatolian Seljuk Sultan Alaeddin Kayqubad I captured it, assigning the former ruler, whose daughter he married, to the governance of the city of Akşehir.^[26] Seljuk rule saw the golden age of the city, and it can be considered the winter capital of their empire.^[27] Building projects, including the twin citadel, city walls, arsenal, and Kızıl Kule, made it an important seaport for western Mediterranean trade, particularly with Ayyubid Egypt and the Italian city-states.^[28] Alaeddin Kayqubad I also constructed numerous gardens and pavilions outside the walls, and many of his works can still be found in the city. These were likely financed by his own treasury and by the local emirs, and constructed by the contractor Abu ‘Ali al-Kattani al-Halabi.^[14] Alaeddin Kayqubad I’s son, Sultan Gıyaseddin Keyhüsrev II, continued the building campaign with a new cistern in 1240.^[29]

At the Battle of Köse Dağ in 1243, the Mongol hordes broke the Seljuk hegemony in Anatolia. Alanya was then subject to a series of invasions from Anatolian beyliks. Lusignans from Cyprus briefly overturned the then ruling Hamidid dynasty in 1371.^[30] The Karamanids sold the city in 1427 for 5,000 gold coins to the Mamluks of Egypt for a period before General Gedik Ahmed Pasha in 1471 incorporated it into the growing Ottoman Empire. The city was made a capital of a local sanjak in the eyalet of Içel.^[8] The Ottomans extended their rule in 1477 when they brought the main shipping trade, lumber, then mostly done by Venetians, under the government monopoly.^[28] On September 6, 1608, the city rebuffed a naval attack by the Order of Saint Stephen from the Duchy of Florence.^[9]

Trade in the region was negatively impacted by the development of an oceanic route from Europe around Africa to India, and in the tax registers of the late sixteenth century, Alanya failed to qualify as an urban center.^[31] In 1571 the Ottomans designated the city as part of the newly conquered province of Cyprus.^[12] The conquest further diminished the economic importance of Alanya’s port. Traveler Evliya Çelebi visited the city in 1671/1672, and wrote on the preservation of Alanya Castle, but also on the dilapidation of Alanya’s suburbs.^[8] The city was reassigned in 1864 under Konya, and in 1868 under Antalya, as it is today.^[12] During the 18th and 19th centuries numerous villas were built in the city by Ottoman nobility, and civil construction continued under the local dynastic Karamanid authorities.^[6] Bandits again became common across Antalya Province in the mid-nineteenth century.^[32]

After World War I, Alanya was nominally partitioned in the 1917 Agreement of St.-Jean-de-Maurienne to Italy, before returning to the Turkish Republic in 1923 under the Treaty of Lausanne.^[33] Like others in this region, the city suffered heavily following the war and the population exchanges that heralded the Turkish Republic, when many of the city’s Christians resettled in Nea Ionia, outside Athens. The Ottoman census of 1893 listed the number of Greeks in the city at 964 out of a total population of 37,914.^[34] Tourism in the region started among Turks who came to Alanya in the 1960s for the alleged healing properties of Damlataş Cave, and later the access provided by Antalya Airport in 1998 allowed the town to grow into an international resort. Strong population growth through the 1990s was a result of immigration to the city, and has driven a rapid modernization of the infrastructure.^[35]

Geography[edit]

Located on the Gulf of Antalya on the Anatolian coastal plain of Pamphylia, the town is situated between the Taurus Mountains to the north and the Mediterranean Sea, and is part of the Turkish Riviera, occupying roughly 70 kilometres (43 mi) of coastline.^[36] From west to east, the Alanya district is bordered by the Manavgat district along the coast, the mountainous Gündoğmuş inland, Hadim and Taşkent in the Province of Konya, Sarıveliler in the Province of Karaman, and the coastal Gazipaşa district.^[37] Manavgat is home to the ancient cities of Side and Selge. East of the city, the Dim River flows from the mountains in Konya on a south-west route into the Mediterranean.^{[citation needed]}

The Pamphylia plain between the sea and the mountains is an isolated example of an Eastern Mediterranean conifer-sclerophyllous-broadleaf forest, which include Lebanon Cedar, evergreen scrub, fig trees, and black pine.^[38] The Alanya Massif refers to the area of metamorphic rocks east of Antalya. This formation is divided into three nappes from lowest to highest, the Mahmutlar, the Sugözü, and the Yumrudağ. The similar lithology extends beneath the city in a tectonic window.^[39] Bauxite, an aluminum ore, is common to the area north of city, and can be mined.^[40]

The town is divided east–west by a rocky peninsula, which is the distinctive feature of the city. The harbor, city center, and Keykubat Beach, named after the Sultan Kayqubad I, are on the east side of the peninsula. Damlataş Beach, named for the famous «dripping caves», and Kleopatra Beach are to the west. The name «Cleopatra» possibly derives from either the Ptolemaic princess’ visit here or the area’s inclusion in her dowry to Mark Antony.^[41] Atatürk Bulvarı, the main boulevard, runs parallel to the sea, and divides the southern, much more touristic side of Alanya from the northern, more indigenous side that extends north into the mountains. Çevre Yolu Caddesi, another major road, encircles the main town to the north.^{[citation needed]}

Climate[edit]

Alanya has a typical hot-summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: Csa), or a humid subtropical climate (Trewartha climate classification: Cs). Located at the Mediterranean Basin, the subtropical high pressure zone ensures that most rain comes during the winter, leaving the summers long, hot, and dry, prompting the Alanya board of Tourism to use the slogan «where the sun smiles».^[42] Storm cells sometimes bring with them fair weather waterspouts when close to the shore.^[43] The presence of the Taurus Mountain in close proximity to the sea causes fog, in turn creating visible rainbows many mornings. The height of the mountains creates an interesting effect as snow can often be seen on them even on hot days in the city below. The sea at Alanya has an average temperature of 21.4 °C (71 °F) annually, with an average August temperature of 28 °C (82 °F).^[44]

Alanya mean sea temperature^[47]

Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec
17.8 °C (64.0 °F)	16.9 °C (62.4 °F)	17.3 °C (63.1 °F)	17.9 °C (64.2 °F)	21.2 °C (70.2 °F)	25.3 °C (77.5 °F)	27.9 °C (82.2 °F)	29.0 °C (84.2 °F)	27.7 °C (81.9 °F)	24.9 °C (76.8 °F)	21.2 °C (70.2 °F)	19.0 °C (66.2 °F)

Main sights[edit]

On the peninsula stands Alanya Castle, a Seljuk era citadel dating from 1226. Most major landmarks in the city are found inside and around the castle. The current castle was built over existing fortifications and served the double purpose of a palace of local government and as a defensive structure in case of attack. In 2007, the city began renovating various sections of the castle area, including adapting a Byzantine church for use as a Christian community center.^[48] Inside the castle is the Süleymaniye mosque and caravanserai, built by Suleiman the Magnificent.^[49] The old city walls surround much of the eastern peninsula, and can be walked. Inside the walls are numerous historic villas, well preserved examples of the classical period of Ottoman architecture, most built in the early 19th century.^{[citation needed]}

The Kızıl Kule (Red Tower) is a 108-foot (33 m) high brick building, standing at the harbor below the castle, and containing the municipal ethnographic museum. Sultan Kayqubad I brought the architect Ebu Ali from Aleppo, Syria to Alanya to design the building.^[50] The last of Alanya Castle’s 83 towers, the octagonal structure specifically protected the Tersane (dockyard), it remains one of the finest examples of medieval military architecture.^[51] The Tersane, a medieval drydock built by the Seljuk Turks in 1221, 187 by 131 feet (57 by 40 m), is divided into five vaulted bays with equilateral pointed arches.^[49] The Alara Castle and caravanserai near Manavgat, also built under Kayqubad’s authority, has been converted into a museum and heritage center.^[52]

Atatürk’s House and Museum, from his short stay in the city on February 18, 1935, is preserved in its historic state and is an example of the interior of a traditional Ottoman villa, with artifacts from the 1930s. The house was built between 1880 and 1885 in the «karniyarik» (stuffed eggplant) style. Bright colors and red roofs are often mandated by neighborhood councils, and give the modern town a pastel glow. Housed in a 1967 Republican era building, The Alanya Museum is inland from Damlataş Beach.^[53]

Alanya is a member of the Norwich-based European Association of Historic Towns and Regions.^[54] In 2009, city officials filed to include Alanya Castle and Tersane as UNESCO World Heritage Sites, and were named to the 2009 Tentative List.^[55][56]

Demographics[edit]

Historic populations

Year	District	City
1893[34]	37914
1965[57]	43459	12436
1970[58]	53552	15011
1975[59]	63235	18520
1980[60]	74148	22190
1985[61]	87080	28733
1990[62]	129106	52460
2000[63]	257671	88346
2007[64]	226236	91713
2008[65]	233919	92223
2009[66]	241451	94316
2010[67]	248286	98627
2011[68]	259787	103673

From only 87,080 in 1985, the district has surged to hold a population of 384,949 in 2007.^{[69][70][needs update]} This population surge is largely credited to immigration to the city as a result or byproduct of the increased prominence of the real estate sector and the growth of the housing market bubble.^[71] In 2007, the city itself had a population of 134,396, of which 9,789 are European expatriates, about half of them from Germany and Denmark.^[72] 17,850 total foreigners own property in Alanya.^[73] There are a lot of Iranians who have settled in the city. During the Persian New Year a lot of Iranians go to Alanya for vacation. The European expatriate population tends to be over fifty years old.^[74] During the summer the population increases due to large numbers of tourists, about 1.1 million each year pass through the city.^[36] Both Turks and Europeans, these vacationers provide income for much of the population.^{[citation needed]}

The city is home to many migrants from the Southeastern Anatolia Region and the Black Sea region. In the first decade of the 21st century, the town has seen a surge in illegal foreign immigrants from the Middle East and South Asia, both to stay and to attempt to enter European Union countries.^[75] As of 2006, 1,217 migrants claim residence in Alanya while working abroad.^{[76][needs update]} Yörük nomads also live in the Taurus Mountains north of the city on a seasonal basis.^[77] Additionally, there is a small African community descendant from imported Ottoman slaves.^[78] In 2018, it was estimated that around 300 Finns live permanently in Alanya and 3,000 during the Winter.^[79] According to the TÜİK Institute of Statistics, as of October 2022, 55,000 foreigners live in the city, more than half of them are Russian speakers.^[80]

Nationality ^{[81][82][83][79]}

Foreigners in Alanya
1	Germany	10,000
2	Denmark	3,821
3	Finland	3,000
4	Russia	769
5	Netherlands	634
6	Norway	521
7	England	475
8	Azerbaijan	383
9	Sweden	303
10	Ukraine	297

The city is nearly 99% Muslim, and although many ancient churches can be found in the district, there are no weekly Christian services. In 2006, a German language Protestant church with seasonal service opened with much fanfare, after receiving permission to do so in 2003, a sign of the growing European population in the city.^[84] In 2015, the town began renovations of the Greek Orthodox Agios Georgios Church in the village of Hacı Mehmetli, and the church has been used for a monthly Russian Orthodox service.^[85] Alanya also provides the Atatürk Cultural Center to Christian groups on a regular basis for larger religious ceremonies.^[86]

Education and health[edit]

The city has 95% literacy, with public and private schools, and a roughly 1:24 student-teacher ratio.^[36] Rural villages are, however, disadvantaged by the limited number of secondary schools outside the city center. Alantur Primary School, which opened in 1987, was built and is maintained under the Turkish «Build Your Own School» initiative, supported by the foundation of Ayhan Şahenk, the founder of Doğuş Holding.^[87]

In 2005, Akdeniz University of Antalya launched the Alanya Faculty of Business, as a satellite campus that focuses on the tourism industry.^[88] The school hosts an International Tourism Conference annually in coordination with Buckinghamshire New University.^[89] The city also has plans to open a private university in 2012.^[90] Georgetown University operates an annual study abroad program for American students known as the McGhee Center for Eastern Mediterranean Studies, named for the United States Ambassador to Turkey from 1952 to 1953 George C. McGhee, and based in his villa.^[91] Başkent University Medical and Research Center of Alanya, a teaching hospital run by Başkent University in Ankara is one of nineteen hospitals in Alanya.^[92] Other major hospitals include the 300-bed Alanya State Hospital and the 90-bed Private Hayat Hospital.^[93]

Culture[edit]

Alanya’s culture is a subculture of the larger Culture of Turkey. The city’s seaside position is central to many annual festivals. These include the Tourism and Arts Festival, which marks the opening of the tourism season from at the end of May or beginning of June.^[94][95] At the opposite end of the season, the Alanya International Culture and Art Festival is held in the last week of May, and is a notable Turkish festival.^[96] Other regular festivals include the Alanya Jazz Days, which has been held since 2002 in September or October at the Kızıl Kule, which is otherwise home to the municipal ethnographic museum. The Jazz Festival hosts Turkish and international jazz musicians in a series of five free concerts.^[97]

The Alanya Chamber Orchestra, formed of members of the Antalya State Opera and Ballet, gave its inaugural performance on December 7, 2007.^[98] The International Alanya Stone Sculpture Symposium, begun is 2004, is held over the month of November.^[99] The Alanya Documentary Festival was launched in 2001 by the Alanya Cinémathèque Society and the Association of Documentary Filmmakers in Turkey.^[100] Onat Kutlar, Turkish poet and writer, and founder of the Istanbul International Film Festival was born in Alanya, as was actress Sema Önür.

Atatürk’s visit to Alanya is also celebrated on its anniversary each February 18, centered on Atatürk’s House and Museum.^[6] The Alanya Museum is home to archaeology found in and around the city, including a large bronze Hercules statue, ceramics, and Roman limestone ossuaries, as well as historic copies of the Qur’an.^[53][101] European residents of Alanya also often celebrate their national holidays, such as Norwegian Constitution Day,^[102] and the city set up a Christmas market in December 2010.^[103] Iranians also celebrate the Persian New Year, Nevruz, in Alanya.^[104]

Government[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)

Alanya was set up as a municipality in 1872, electing its first mayor in 1901. Today, Alanya is governed by a mayor and a municipality council made up of thirty-seven members.^[105] Eighteen councilors are from the far-right Nationalist Movement Party, seven are from the center-left Republican People’s Party, and twelve are of the Justice and Development Party (AK Party), which is currently in power in the national government. Mayor Adem Murat Yücel of the Nationalist Movement Party was elected in 2014 by unseating the incumbent Hasan Sipahioğlu, who had previously been mayor since 1999.^[106] Elections are held every five years, with the next to be held in March 2019. Alanya also has a deputy mayor, who often represents the city at its sporting events,^[107] and together the mayor and his team represent Alanya in the provincial assembly in Antalya.^[108]

Alanya District is divided up into 17 municipalities, including the city center, and 92 villages.^[69] Alanya is greatly influenced by the provincial government in Antalya, and the national government in Ankara, which appoints a governor for the district, currently Dr. Hulusi Doğan.^[109] Although Alanya has been part of Antalya Province since the Ottoman Empire, many local politicians have advocated a separate Alanya Province, a position supported by associations of foreign residents.^[110]

Nationally, in the 2007 election, the province voted with the Justice and Development Party, who were followed closely by the Republican People’s Party and the True Path Party.^[111] Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, of the Justice and Development Party, is the only native Alanyalilar Member of Parliament representing Antalya Province in the Grand National Assembly, where he chairs the Committee on Migration, Refugees and Population.^[112] Çavuşoğlu is the current^[when?] Turkish Foreign Minister and also served as the president of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe.^{[citation needed]}

Economy[edit]

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (November 2020)

The tourist industry in Alanya is worth just under 1.1 billion euros per year, and is therefore the principal industry.^[36][when?] The area is further known for its many fruit farms, particularly lemons and oranges, and large harvests of tomatoes, bananas and cucumbers.^[36][113] About 80,000 tonnes of citrus fruits were produced in 2006 across 16,840 hectares (41,600 acres). The greengage plum and the avocado are increasingly popular early season fruits where citrus fruits are becoming unprofitable.^[114]

Despite the seaside location, few residents make their living on the sea, and fishing is not a major industry. In the early 1970s, when fish stocks ran low, a system of rotating access was developed to preserve this sector.^[115] This innovative system was part of Elinor Ostrom’s research on economic governance which led to her 2009 Nobel Prize in Economics.^[116] In 2007, locals protested the establishment of some larger chain supermarkets and clothing stores, which have opened branches in Alanya.^[117]

Beginning in 2003, with the provisional elimination of restrictions on land purchases by non-nationals, the housing industry in the city has become highly profitable with many new private homes and condominiums being built for European and Asian part-time residents.^[71] Sixty-nine percent of homes purchased by foreign nationals in the Antalya Province and 29.9% in all of Turkey are in Alanya.^[73][118] Buyers are primarily individuals, rather than investors.^[119] This housing boom put pressure on the city’s many gecekondu houses and establishments as property values rise and property sales to locals fall.^[120] A height restriction in the city limits most buildings to 21 feet (6.5 m).^[121] This keeps high rise hotels to the east and west of the city, preserving the central skyline at the expense of greater tourist potential. The fringes of the city however have seen uncontrolled expansion.^[122]

Tourism[edit]

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: covid-19. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2020)

Since the first modern motel was built in 1958, considered the first year of the tourist industry in Alanya, hotels have raced to accommodate the influx of tourists, and the city as of 2007 claims 157,000 hotel beds.^[35][123] Damlataş Cave, which originally sparked the arrival of outsiders because of the cave’s microclimate, with an average temperature of 72 °F (22 °C) and 95% humidity, is accessible on the west side of the peninsula with trails from Damlataş Beach.^[124] Many tourists, especially Scandinavians, Germans, Russians, and Dutch, regularly vacation in Alanya during the warmer months.^[125] They are drawn to the area because of property prices, warm weather, sandy beaches, access to Antalya’s historic sites, and fine cuisine.^[126]

Other outdoor tourist activities include wind surfing, parasailing, and banana boating. Attractions include Europe’s largest waterpark, Sealanya, and Turkey’s largest go-kart track.^[127] Hunting season also attracts some tourist for wild goat, pig and partridge hunting in area nature reserves.^[128]

Media[edit]

Alanya has 10 local daily newspapers.^[36] One of these is Yeni Alanya, which includes the news and lifestyles magazine Orange and is available in English, German and Turkish. Two native German language newspapers are published in Alanya, the Aktuelle Türkei Rundschau and Alanya Bote for the community of German speaking residents and visitors. A monthly magazine Hello Alanya published in Alanya for foreigners, appearing in English and Dutch.^[129] The free regional newspaper, Riviera News, is printed in English and is widely available in Alanya.

Five radio stations broadcast from the city.^[36] Alanya FM Radyo broadcasts on 106.0 FM and is partnered with Radio Flash, on 94.0 FM, both broadcasting popular music.^[130] Other stations include Alanya RadyoTime on 92.3 FM, which broadcasts a variety of Turkish music, news, and talk programming.^[131] Two television stations are local to Alanya, Kanal Alanya, and Alanya Televizyonu, abbreviated ATV, which is partnered with Alanya RadyoTime.^[132][133]

Transportation[edit]

The D 400 Highway, the Alanya–Mersin Route, connects Alanya from the east and west, encircling it, and linking through the city center via Atatürk Bulvarı. The D695, the Ankara–Akşehir Route, runs north–south and reaches the sea 41 kilometres (25 mi) west of the city near Side, connecting with the D400. Antalya Airport is 121 kilometres (75 mi) away and connects internationally. The new Antalya Gazipaşa Airport, first begun in 1992, is only 14.5 kilometres (9.0 mi) from the city, and was expected to have its first regular domestic flights on May 22, 2010, although international flights were not expected before the start of the 2011 tourist season.^[135] No train routes go to Alanya or Antalya Province, and there are no train stations in the district.^[136]

There are bus and dolmuş systems out of Alanya’s two bus depots, but buses are usually limited to the major roads, and inside the city transportation is by car, taxi, or foot, as many roads in the old town are closed to vehicle traffic. The harbor includes cruise ship piers, and also seasonal ferries and hydrofoils depart for Kyrenia in the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus.^[137] Cruise ships docking at Alanya have increased 50% in 2013, with 53 estimated to have brought 56,000 passengers the end of the year.^[138] Further west of the city is the Alanya Marina, which started services in 2008 while still under construction,^[139] completing its expansion in 2010.^[134] The 85-km² (33-sq-mi) marina allowed Alanya to participate in the 2008 Eastern Mediterranean Yacht Rally.^[140][141] The city is also investing in a community bicycle program with 150 bicycles and twenty terminals.^[142]

Sports[edit]

Alanya is home to a woman’s basketball team, Alanya Belediye, which started in the first division but was relegated after the 2002 season. The city hosts a Süper Lig soccer team, Alanyaspor. The club was founded in 1948, and play home games at Milli Egemenlik Stadium. It played in the Second League between 1988-1997 and 2014–2016. The club finally promoted to top level in 2015–16 season. In 2007, the city began constructing a new soccer facility with the intention of hosting winter competitions between major teams.^[143] The public Alanya Municipality Sports Facility is located adjacent to Milli Egemenlik Stadium, which is one of thirteen facilities.^[144][145]

Alanya’s waterfront location makes it suitable for certain events, and is perhaps most famous for its annual triathlon, part of the International Triathlon Union series, which has been held every October since 1990.^[146] Marathon swimming competitions have also been connected to the triathlon since 1992.^[147] Building on the triathlon’s success, Alanya hosted a modern pentathlon in 2009.^[148] Alanya is also the regular host of The Turkish Open, part of the Nestea European Beach Volleyball championship tour, which takes place in May.^[149] In 2007, the Turkish Volleyball Federation persuaded the European Volleyball Confederation to build a beach volleyball training facility in Alanya, and make it the exclusive «center of beach volleyball in Europe».^[150]

The city is also a frequent host to national events, such as the annual beach handball tournament.^[107] Alanya is the traditional finish site of the seven-day Presidential Cycling Tour of Turkey, though organizers reversed the route in 2012, and started the event in Alanya instead.^[151] Other cycling events include the Alanya International Mountain Bike Race.^[152] Additionally, the European Cycling Union had its 2010 European road cycling championship and 2010 ordinary congress meeting in Alanya.^[153]

Neighbourhoods[edit]

International relations[edit]

Twin towns — sister cities[edit]

The most significant tie is with the city of Nea Ionia, where many of Alanya’s Christians were resettled in 1923 after the Treaty of Lausanne. Alanya is twinned with:^[154]

Friendly cities[edit]

Notable residents[edit]

• Mevlüt Çavuşoğlu, Turkish diplomat and politician; current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Turkey

See also[edit]

• List of governors of Alanya
• List of mayors of Alanya

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Lloyd, Seton; Rice, D.S. (1958). Alanya (‘Alā’iyya). London: British Institute of Archaeology at Ankara. OCLC 7230223.
• Redford, Scott. Landscape and the state in medieval Anatolia: Seljuk gardens and pavilions of Alanya, Turkey. Oxford: Archaeopress; 2000. ISBN 1-84171-095-4

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Alanya Map
• Life in Alanya-Mahmutlar, Turkey
• Alanya Guide
• Cleopatra Beach

Coordinates: 36°33′0″N 32°0′0″E / 36.55000°N 32.00000°E