Как пишется алтай на английском

Not to be confused with the neighbouring Russian federal subject of Altai Krai.

Altai Republic

Республика Алтай

Republic

Other official transcription(s)
 • Altai Алтай Республика
 • Kazakh Алтай Республикасы / Altai Respublikasy

Flag of Altai Republic

Flag

Coat of arms of Altai Republic

Coat of arms

Anthem: National Anthem of the Altai Republic
Location of Altai Republic
Coordinates: 50°55′N 86°55′E / 50.917°N 86.917°ECoordinates: 50°55′N 86°55′E / 50.917°N 86.917°E
Country Russia
Federal district Siberian
Economic region West Siberian
Capital Gorno-Altaysk[1]
Government
 • Type State Assembly—El Kurultai[2]
 • Head[2] Oleg Khorokhordin[3]
Area

[4]

 • Total 92,903 km2 (35,870 sq mi)
Population

 (2021 Census)[5]

 • Total Increase 210,924
 • Rank 81st
 • Density 2.27/km2 (5.9/sq mi)
 • Urban 31%
 • Rural 69%
Time zone UTC+6 (MSK+3[6])
ISO 3166 code RU-AL
Vehicle registration 04
Official language(s)
  • Altai
  • Russian[7]
  • Kazakh[8]
Website www.altai-republic.ru

The Altai Republic (; Altai: Алтай Республика, Altay Respublika;[9] Kazakh: Алтай Республикасы, Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, romanized: Respublika Altay, pronounced [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɐlˈtaj]), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbouring Altai Krai as the Gornyi Altai (Russian: Горный Алтай, lit. ‘the mountainous Altai’), is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is a part of the Siberian Federal District, and covers an area of 92,903 square kilometers (35,870 sq mi); with a population of 210,924 residents. It is the least-populous republic of Russia and least-populous federal subject in the Siberian Federal District.[5] Gorno-Altaysk is the capital and the largest town of the republic.

The Altai Republic is one of Russia’s ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Altai people, a Turkic ethnic group that form 37% of the Republic’s population, while ethnic Russians form a majority at 54%, and with minority populations of Kazakhs, other Central Asian ethnicities, and Germans. The official languages of the Altai Republic are Russian and Altai. Kazakh is official in areas of compact settlement of its speakers.[10]

History[edit]

The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – AD 93) governed the territory of the modern Altai Republic. The area was part of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Empire, and the Yeniseian Kyrgyzs. It was during this time that the local population became fully Turkicized culturally and linguistically.[11]

The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate. The territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Golden Horde (1240–1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758) and Qing Empire (1757–1864).

The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building. This was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of the Qing. Since the 1820s, the routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians.

The entire Altan Nuur Uriankhai region was annexed into the Russian Empire in 1864–1867 by the Treaty of Tarbagatai. During the Russian Civil War, the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region) was established in 1918, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire.[12] But it never became a competing force in the Russian Civil War, and stayed neutral from 1918 until January 1920, when it was annexed back into Russia. A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921 and lasted until 1922 when they were annexed by the Bolsheviks.[12]

On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast (Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть), part of Altai Krai. The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948, it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic.

Geography[edit]

The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga, the steppes of Kazakhstan and the semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic’s territory.

  • Area: 92,600 km2 (35,800 sq mi)
  • Borders:
    • internal: Kemerovo Oblast (N), Republic of Khakassia (NE), Tuva Republic (E), and Altai Krai (W/NW).
    • international: Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province) (SE), China (Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang) (S), and Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Province) (S/SW)
  • Highest point: Mount Belukha (4,506 m)
  • Maximum N–S distance: 360 km
  • Maximum E–W distance: 380 km

Rivers and lakes[edit]

More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic’s largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya, both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River, one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean.

The source of the black Biya River is Lake Teletskoye, the region’s largest lake located in an isolated area far south in the mountains. The emerald-colored Katun River has its source at the Gebler glacier, which is situated on the Republic’s highest point, Mount Belukha. The Katun River, in particular, holds a religious significance for native Altaians, as well as for many Russians who live in the area, as Mount Belukha is known in Altai folklore to be the gateway to the mystical kingdom of Shambhala.[13]

The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km2 (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of a very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization.[14] Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water.

Potential groundwater storage is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780×106 cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m3 (1,600,000 cu ft) per day.

Shavlo Lake in Northern Chuysky Range

Mountains[edit]

The most striking geographical aspect of the Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the Altai Mountains system, which covers a large part of the Republic and continues into neighboring Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The region continues to experience periodic notable seismic activity, which is visually made apparent through the mountains’ characteristically high and rugged mountain ridges, separated by narrow and deep river valleys. The Republic’s highest peak, Mount Belukha (4,506 m), is the highest point in Siberia.

Natural resources[edit]

Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain a great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km3, 52 km3 of which is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km3 per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km2), Mensu (21 km2), Sofiysky (17 km2), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km2).

Mineral resources in the region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium, in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past.

Climate[edit]

The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March).

In general, the republic’s climate of the southeastern areas, such as the (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts), is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas.

  • Average annual temperature: +1 °C to −6.7 °C.
  • January temperature range: -9.2 °C to −31 °C.
  • July temperature range: +11 °C to +19 °C.
  • Average annual precipitation: 100–1000 mm.

Administrative divisions[edit]

The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten districts and Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug. The districts are further subdivided into ninety-two rural settlements.

Demographics[edit]

Population:
210,924 (2021 Census);[5] 206,168 (2010 Census);[15] 202,947 (2002 Census);[16] 191,649 (1989 Census).[17]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 2008-04-12 at the Wayback Machine[18][19]
Average population (× 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 168 3,236 1,486 1,750 19.3 8.8 10.4
1975 170 3,805 1,724 2,081 22.4 10.1 12.2
1980 175 3,841 2,082 1,759 21.9 11.9 10.1
1985 185 4,256 2,097 2,159 23.0 11.3 11.7
1990 194 3,753 2,126 1,627 19.3 10.9 8.4 2,52
1991 196 3,579 2,064 1,515 18.2 10.5 7.7 2,41
1992 197 3,263 2,271 992 16.6 11.5 5.0 2,25
1993 197 2,878 2,630 248 14.6 13.4 1.3 2,00
1994 198 2,931 2,875 56 14.8 14.5 0.3 2,03
1995 199 2,853 2,637 216 14.3 13.2 1.1 1,93
1996 200 2,704 2,567 137 13.5 12.8 0.7 1,80
1997 200 2,686 2,547 139 13.4 12.7 0.7 1,77
1998 201 2,923 2,367 556 14.5 11.8 2.8 1,89
1999 202 2,742 2,536 206 13.6 12.6 1.0 1,74
2000 203 2,907 2,645 262 14.3 13.0 1.3 1,82
2001 203 3,033 2,870 163 14.9 14.1 0.8 1,87
2002 203 3,252 3,061 191 16.0 15.1 0.9 1,98
2003 203 3,392 3,173 219 16.7 15.7 1.1 2,04
2004 202 3,513 3,015 498 17.4 14.9 2.5 2,08
2005 202 3,502 3,170 332 17.3 15.7 1.6 2,03
2006 202 3,395 2,837 558 16.8 14.1 2.8 1,93
2007 202 4,066 2,574 1,492 20.1 12.7 7.4 2,29
2008 203 4,442 2,549 1,893 21.9 12.5 9.3 2,48
2009 204 4,266 2,492 1,774 20.9 12.2 8.7 2,48
2010 206 4,224 2,508 1,716 20.6 12.2 8.3 2,48
2011 207 4,719 2,529 2,190 22.7 12.2 10.5 2,84
2012 209 4,693 2,416 2,277 22.4 11.5 10.9 2,91
2013 211 4,442 2,392 2,027 21.1 11.3 9.8 2,82
2014 213 4,404 2,365 2,039 20.7 11.1 9.6 2,88
2015 214 4,022 2,347 1,675 18.7 10.9 7.8 2,68
2016 216 3,911 2,151 1,760 18.1 10.0 8.1 2,63(e)
2017 217 3,443 2,099 1,344 15.8 9.6 6.2

Ethnic groups[edit]

As per the 2021 Census,[20] ethnic Russians make up 53.7% of the republic’s population, with the indigenous Altai people making up 37.0%. Other groups include people of Kazakh (6.4%), together with smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group
1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Altai 42,2131 42.4% 39,285 24.2% 38,019 24.2% 46,750 27.8% 50,203 29.2% 59,130 31.0% 68,0272 33.6% 69,9633 34.5% 73,242 37.0%4
Russians 51,813 52.0% 114,209 70.4% 109,661 69.8% 110,442 65.6% 108,795 63.2% 115,188 60.4% 116,510 57.5% 114,802 56.6% 106,258 53.7%
Kazakhs 2,326 2.3% 4,280 2.6% 4,745 3.0% 7,170 4.3% 8,677 5.0% 10,692 5.6% 12,108 6.0% 12,524 6.2% 12,647 6.4%
Others 3,309 3.3% 4,405 2.7% 4,736 3.0% 3,899 2.3% 4,365 2.5% 5,821 3.1% 5,914 2.9% 5,447 2.7% 5,741 2.9%
  1. including 3,414 Telengits, 1,384 Kumandins and 344 Teleuts
  2. including 2,368 Telengits, 1,533 Tubalars, 931 Kumandins, 830 Chelkans, 141 Shors and 32 Teleuts
  3. including 3,648 Telengits, 1,891 Tubalars, 1,062 Kumandins, 1,113 Chelkans and 87 Shors
  4. including 2,587 Telengits, 3,424 Tubalars, 1,037 Kumandins, 1,170 Chelkans and 91 Shors
  5. 3,432 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[21]

Politics[edit]

The head of government in the Altai Republic is the Head of the Republic, popularly elected for a four-year term. As of 2019, the Head of the Republic is Oleg Khorokhordin, who succeeded Alexander Berdnikov in this post. The supreme legislative body of the republic is the State Assembly—El Kurultai, with 41 deputies popularly elected every four years. Igor Yaimov is the current Chairman of the State Assembly-El Kurultai from January 2002.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on June 7, 1997.

Economy[edit]

The Altai Republic is a highly agricultural region. However, it does have some industry which includes foodstuffs, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemicals, gold mining, footwear, dairying, and timber. Tourism has also begun to be a large part of the economy, and a significant number of new hotels and resorts have appeared.

Mining[edit]

  • Alakhinskoye mine (lithium reserve)

Transportation[edit]

The Altai Republic is one of the few Russian political divisions without rail access. The main paved road is the Chuysky Tract, which spans the republic from the capital Gorno-Altaisk in the north to the Mongolian border in the south. The republic’s main paved road threads its way through the rugged Altai Mountains. A system of taxis and buses transports people between settlements. Within the settlements, people generally walk or ride horses.

Helicopters are used for emergency transportation, to supply remote government outposts, and by wealthy tourists. In 2012, runway capacity at the Gorno-Altaysk Airport near the republic’s capital, was doubled. In June that same year, S7 Airlines started direct flights from Moscow. Prior to this, passengers used to fly through Barnaul in Altai Krai or Novosibirsk.[22]

Tourism[edit]

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Altai Republic’s tourism industry has greatly expanded. Although wealthy Russians from neighboring Russian regions are the most common sort of tourist in Altai, foreign interest has also grown in the area, especially due to the area’s spiritual significance.[citation needed]

Popular tourist destinations tend to be concentrated in the north, where the roads are more accessible. They are also almost entirely located along the Chuiskiy highway, which is the main road from the north into the mountains (although it is currently[when?] only two lanes wide). The north is also significantly warmer than the elevated southern areas, which tend to be chilly even in the summer.[citation needed]

Some of the more well-known tourist spots in the Altai Republic include Lake Aiya, a popular bathing spot, and the picturesque Chemal region. More adventurous travelers sometimes visit the more remote Lake Teletskoye or Mount Belukha in the south.[citation needed]

Education[edit]

There is one university (Gorno-Altaisk State University), twelve colleges, and 205 secondary schools in the republic.

Religion[edit]

Different religions are present in Altai. According to a 2012 survey,[23] 27.6% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church. The second most popular religions are ethnic and nature religions, namely Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), Tengrism (Central Asians’ native faith) and Burkhanism, constituting altogether 13% of the population. 6% of the population follows Islam, 2% Hinduism (including Slavic-Vedic, Krishnaite, and Tantric movements), 1% are Old Believers and 1% Protestants. 25% of the population is «spiritual but not religious», 14% is atheist and 7.4% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[23]

The traditional religion of the native Altaians is Tengrist shamanism, revived by modern Tengrist movements and Burkhanism. Ethnic Russians primarily practice Russian Orthodox Christianity and Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), while Kazakhs are traditionally Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism has also recently begun making some inroads by way of neighboring Mongolia and Tuva.

It is unknown when Buddhism came into Altai but however, in various periods of history, the territory of the Altai and its population found themselves in full or partial subjection to neighboring states, where Buddhism was the official or one of the official religions: the state of the Khitans (tenth-twelfth centuries), the Mongol Empire (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries), and the Dzhungar Khanate (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries).[25]

From 1904 until the 1930s, a new religious movement called Burkhanism (or Ak Jang, the «white faith») was popularized among native Altaians. The religion originated in Altai and emphasized the «white» aspect of shamanistic practice. Burkhanism remains an important component of Altai national consciousness and is currently being revived in several forms along with indigenous Altai culture in general.

Russian Pagan followers often go on pilgrimages to Mount Belukha, which is considered to be the location of Shambhala both by some Pagans and locals of Altai. One can often find manifestations of shamanistic spirituality in the region; for example, at points along the Katun River, local believers in shamanic religions are known to tie white ribbons to nearby trees and leave offerings of coins or food to the spirits.[26] Although shamanism is much less widely practiced today, it is regaining popularity as a result of new religious freedom following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Culture[edit]

The indigenous Altai culture holds the lands of Altai to be sacred. The indigenous (Turkic) languages are focused on the stewardship of the lands. The Altai oral history is transmitted by throat-singers. The Altai culture was repressed during Soviet times and has been rebounding since then. The clans of all ten regions gather in the village of Yelo for a biennial cultural celebration.

There is also a large contingent of «Old Believers» who fled to Altai when they split from the Russian Orthodox Church over 300 years ago.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site «Golden Mountains» protects the Ukok Plateau, on which there are many standing stones and kurgans. Although archaeologists consider kurgans to be burial sites, the indigenous people believe that they are highly refined magnetic instruments for directing the flow of cosmic energy into the Earth.[citation needed] Thus, there is great local indignation about the excavation and removal of the Siberian Ice Maiden, an extraordinary 2,500-year-old mummy that had been preserved in permafrost.

Gorno-Altaisk is the location of the National Museum of the Altai Republic, which houses the mummy, the «Altai Princess», the National Library of the Republic of Altai, the National Theatre of the Republic of Altai and the Municipal House of Culture.

Regularly held national holiday Maslenitsa, Nowruz, Chaga – Bayram, received in February 2013 with the official status of the Republican celebration.

In 2013, the Altai Republic participated in the Turkvision Song Contest. The Altai Republic’s entry was the song «Altayym Menin» performed by Artur Marlujokov. The Altai Republic placed fifth in the contest.

Sport[edit]

Bandy is played in the Altai Republic.[27][28]

Notable people[edit]

  • Alexander Berdnikov (born April 8, 1953), Chairman of the Government of the Altai Republic, and the head of the republic from January 20, 2006.
  • Grigory Gurkin (January 24, 1870 – October 11, 1937), landscape painter.
  • Mikhail Lapshin (September 1, 1934 – June 17, 2006), President of the Altai Republic from January 19, 2002, to January 19, 2006.
  • Sergey Mikayelyan (born April 27, 1992), cross-country skier.
  • Viktor Shvaiko (b. 1965), painter.
  • Semyon Zubakin (born May 4, 1952), Head of the Altai Republic in Russia from January 13, 1998, to January 19, 2002.

See also[edit]

  • Music of Altai
  • Altai-Sayan region

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Official website of the Altai Republic Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b Constitution, Article 8
  3. ^ Official website of the Altai Republic. Biography of Alexander Vasilyevich Berdnikov Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). «Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)». Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  5. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  7. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  8. ^ Constitution, Article 13.
  9. ^ «news-city.info». altaj.news-city.info. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  10. ^ «Статья 4. Правовое положение языков | ГАРАНТ». base.garant.ru.
  11. ^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World’s Minorities. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
  12. ^ a b Znamenski, Andrei (2005). «Power of Myth: Popular ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922» (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 22: 44–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-02.
  13. ^ «Wild Sightings in the Altai». altaiassistanceproject.org. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  14. ^ «Altai Republic, Russia». Archived from the original on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  15. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  16. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  17. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  18. ^ БГД Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  19. ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru (2010-05-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  20. ^ «Национальный состав населения». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  21. ^ Перепись-2010: русских становится больше Archived 2018-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  22. ^ James Brooke (March 27, 2013). «Altai Republic slowly opening up to outside world». www.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c «Main page project «Arena» : Non-profit research based consulting «Sreda»«. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  24. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. «Ogonek», No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  25. ^ Zhukovskaia, N. L. (2001-04-01). «Lamaism in the Altai». Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 39 (4): 50–51. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959390450. ISSN 1061-1959. S2CID 161432849.
  26. ^ «Home — Sustainability – Syracuse University». sustainability.syr.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006.
  27. ^ «РОО Республики Алтай «Федерация хоккея с мячом» | VK».
  28. ^ «Федерация хоккея с мячом России». rusbandy.ru.

Sources[edit]

  • 7 июня 1997 г. «Конституция Республики Алтай (Основной Закон)», в ред. Конституционного закона №5-КРЗ от 27 ноября 2007 г. (June 7, 1997 Constitution of the Altai Republic (Basic Law), as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-KRZ of November 27, 2007. ).

External links[edit]

  • Official website of the Altai Republic
  • United Nations University digital video (2009) «Rediscovering Altai’s human-nature relationships – Russia»: a Telengit community leader and shaman from the Russian Altai’s high altitude Kosh Agach Raion traversing Altai’s sacred lands Accessed 1 December 2009


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Перевод «Алтай» на английский

Предложения


Мы берем, скажем, несколько территорий, например, Алтай.



We take, let’s say, several territories, for example, Altai.


Алтай отличается от других горных систем большим разнообразием ландшафтов на сравнительно небольшой территории.



Altai differs from other mountain systems by a great variety of landscapes on a comparatively small territory.


Алтай земля, где мифы и легенды воплощаются в реальность.



Altay is a land where myths and legends are incarnated into reality.


Алтай вернулся и был встречен как герой.



Altay came back and was greeted as a hero.


Поэтому генетической родиной первых американцев следует считать Алтай.



That’s why the Altai Republic should be considered the genetic homeland of the first Americans.


Южная граница с республиками Алтай и Тува проходит по хребтам Западного Саяна.



The southern border with the Altai Republic and Tuva follows the Western Sayan ranges.


Особое место занимает Алтай, паломничества туда неразрывно связаны с изучением традиций местных жителей.



A special place is occupied by Altai, pilgrimages there are inextricably linked with the study of the traditions of local residents.


Санатории не зря располагаются в уникальных природных местах, которыми так богат Алтай.



Sanatoria are not in vain located in the unique natural places with which the Altai is so rich.


Как я упоминал ранее, Алтай был точкой отсчета.



As I have mentioned before, Altai was the starting point.


Наличие свободной и недорогой земли, льготы привлекли большое количество желающих переехать на Алтай.



With the presence of free and inexpensive land, and the privileges, many settlers were enticed to move to Altai.


Особое внимание участники встречи уделили результатам проектно-изыскательских работ для строительства газопровода «Алтай».



The meeting paid special attention to the results of the design and survey operations for the Altai gas pipeline.


Алтай не имеет аналогов по красоте своих пейзажей и разнообразию достопримечательностей.



Altai is second to none in the beauty of its landscapes, and in diversity of its attractions.


Помимо того, Алтай славится медом, травами и чайными церемониями.



In addition, Altai is famous for its honey, herbs, and tea ceremonies.


Ведь родиной этого лекарственного растения считается именно Алтай.



After all, the birthplace of this medicinal plant is considered to Altai.


К слову, продаваемый на Алтай уголь перерабатывается в огромное количество субпродуктов.



So, sold to the Altai coal is converted into a large number of product variants.


Республика Алтай становится одним из самых перспективных направлений внутреннего и въездного туризма.



The Altay Republic is becoming one of the most promising areas of domestic and inbound tourism.


В этом месте находится граница между двумя горными краями — Алтай и Саяны.



At this point, there is a boundary between two mountain edges — Altai and Sayani.


Алтай обладает высокой чувствительностью к процессам на Солнце.



Altai is highly sensitive to the processes on the Sun.


Сегодня мы увидим, история и основные достопримечательности Чуйского тракта (Алтай).



Today we will review the history and main sights of the Chui tract (Altai).


Алтай Кульгинов представил подробную информацию о состоянии благоустройства города и ходе отопительного сезона.



Altai Kulginov provided detailed information about the state of improvement of the city and the course of the heating season.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 1398. Точных совпадений: 1398. Затраченное время: 70 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

алтай

  • 1
    алтай

    Sokrat personal > алтай

  • 2
    Алтай

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Алтай

  • 3
    Алтай

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Алтай

  • 4
    Алтай

    Новый русско-английский словарь > Алтай

  • 5
    Алтай

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > Алтай

  • 6
    Алтай

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > Алтай

  • 7
    Алтай

    Русско-английский синонимический словарь > Алтай

  • 8
    алтай

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > алтай

  • 9
    (горн .сист.) Алтай

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (горн .сист.) Алтай

  • 10
    (горн .сист.) Монгольский Алтай

    Geography:

    Mongolian Altai

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (горн .сист.) Монгольский Алтай

  • 11
    Горный Алтай

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Горный Алтай

  • 12
    Республика Алтай

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Республика Алтай

  • 13
    Монгольский Алтай

    Geography: Mongolian Altai

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Монгольский Алтай

  • 14
    Гобийский Алтай

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Гобийский Алтай

  • 15
    Говь-Алтай

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Говь-Алтай

  • 16
    Республика Алтай

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Республика Алтай

  • 17
    Монгольский Алтай

    Новый русско-английский словарь > Монгольский Алтай

  • 18
    Горный Алтай

    Новый большой русско-английский словарь > Горный Алтай

  • 19
    гора Белуха

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > гора Белуха

  • 20
    Акташ

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Акташ

Страницы

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Алтай — Алтай …   Словник лемківскої говірки

  • Алтай — горная страна в Азии, на территории России (Алтайский край, Республика Алтай), Монголии и Китая. Древнее название, для объяснения которого существует ряд гипотез. По одной из них название образовано монг. народным геогр. термином алтай горная… …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Алтай — Алтай. Схема орографии. Цифрами обозначены межгорные котловины степи Алтая: 1. Канская степь 2. Абайская степь 3. Уймонская степь 4. Коттандинская степь 5. Курайская степь 6. Чуйская степь Алтай (от монгольского, алтан — золотой), горная… …   Словарь «География России»

  • Алтай — I горная страна на территории России, Казахстана, Монголии и Китая. Состоит из хребтов, образующих водораздел Оби, Иртыша, Енисея и рек бессточной области Центральной Азии. Длина свыше 2000 км. Разделяется на собственно Алтай, Гобийский Алтай и… …   Энциклопедический словарь

  • АЛТАЙ — АЛТАЙ, горная страна на территории России и Казахстана (южная часть Западной Сибири), а также Монголии и Китая. Длина свыше 2000 км. Высшая точка гора Белуха (4506 м). Алтай делят на собственно Алтай, Гобийский Алтай и Монгольский Алтай. Наиболее …   Современная энциклопедия

  • Алтай — Алтай. 1. Кемеровская область. Сокращения: Айгулак. хр. — Айгулакский хребет Сев. Чуйск. хр. — Северо Чуйский хребет Сёминск. хр. — Сёминский хребет Сумульт. хр. — Сумультинский хребет Чулышм. нагор. — Чулышманское… …   Словарь «География России»

  • АЛТАЙ — горная страна на территории Российской Федерации, Казахстана, Монголии и Китая. Состоит из хребтов, образующих водораздел Оби, Иртыша, Енисея и рек бессточной области Центральной Азии. Длина св. 2000 км. Разделяется на собственно Алтай, Гобийский …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • Алтай — Г.Белуха. Аккемская стена …   Энциклопедия туриста

  • АЛТАЙ — (Республика Алтай) в составе Российской Федерации. Образована 1.6.1922 как Ойротская авт. обл. 7.1.1948 переименована в Горно Алтайскую авт. обл. в 1991 преобразована в Горно Алтайскую ССР, в 1992 в Республику Алтай. 92,6 тыс. км². Население… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • Алтай — (муж.)(монгол.) золотая гора, название гор Алтай Казахские имена. Словарь значений.. АЛТАЙ Высокая гора, покрытая лесом. Золотая гора. Татарские, тюркские, мусульманские мужские имена. Словарь терминов …   Словарь личных имен

  • Алтай — Алтай, Халифа Халифа Алтай(1931 2000)  казахский писатель и антрополог, тюрколог, теолог, писатель и переводчик. Родился в Казахстане в 1931 году.[1] С 1954 года жил в Турции, возглавлял там казахскую диаспору, умер в 2000 году. Покинул… …   Википедия

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Altai






На Алтае перевернулся рейсовый автобус.

A commuter bus flipped over in Altai.

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Altay






К основным районам деятельности » CARNet » относятся Казахстан, Кыргызстан, Таджикистан, Туркменистан, Узбекистан и Республика Алтай Российской Федерации.

CARNet’s work focuses on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the Altay Republic of the Russian Federation.

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Словосочетания (7)

  1. глава Респ . Алтай — Governor of the Altai Republic
  2. глава Республики Алтай — Governor of the Altai Republic
  3. Монгольский Алтай — Mongolian Altai
  4. председатель правительства Республики Алтай — Chairman of the Altai Republic Government
  5. Республика Алтай — Altai Republic
  6. Юж . Алтай — South Altai Mountains
  7. Южный Алтай — Southern Altai

Контексты

Страны, по всей видимости, пришли к соглашению по условиям транспортировки газа из Западной Сибири в западные провинции Китая — по газопроводу «Алтай» — однако им так и не удалось договориться по ключевым пунктам, в том числе по вопросу о том, сколько Китай готов платить за российский газ.
The two sides apparently agreed on the outline of terms for Russia to ship gas from Western Siberia to China’s far-western provinces — the so-called Altai route — but could not resolve core differences such as how much China is actually willing to pay for the gas.

К основным районам деятельности » CARNet » относятся Казахстан, Кыргызстан, Таджикистан, Туркменистан, Узбекистан и Республика Алтай Российской Федерации.
CARNet’s work focuses on Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and the Altay Republic of the Russian Federation.

Или другой из наших дизайнеров, Алтай Сендил, тут его грудь покрыта эпиляционным воском, не потому что он очень волосат, хотя да, он волосат. Нет, я шучу. Но потому, что он хочет испытать боль, которую испытывают хронические больные, когда с них снимают одежду.
Or another one of our designers, Altay Sendil: heв ™s here having his chest waxed, not because heв ™s very vain, although actually he is — no, Iв ™m kidding — but in order to empathize with the pain that chronic care patients go through when theyв ™re having dressings removed.

На Алтае перевернулся рейсовый автобус.
A commuter bus flipped over in Altai.

Столь же системный характер имеют творческие школы для одаренных детей, проводимые в ряде субъектов Российской Федерации: Карачаево-Черкесии, Карелии, Хакасии, Алтае, Чукотке и др.
The creative schools for talented children are conducted in a number of entities of the Russian Federation: Karachai-Cherkesia, Karelia, Khakasia Altai, Chukotka and others.

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- Altai  — Алтай, Алтайские горы, алтайский
- Altaian  — алтаец, алтайка, алтайский язык, алтайский

Смотрите также

урало-алтайская группа языков; урало-алтайский — ural altaic

  • 1
    Алтайский край

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Алтайский край

  • 2
    алтайский край

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > алтайский край

  • 3
    Алтайский край

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Алтайский край

  • 4
    Алтайский край

    Новый русско-английский словарь > Алтайский край

  • 5
    Алтайский край

    Американизмы. Русско-английский словарь. > Алтайский край

  • 6
    алтайский

    Русско-английский большой базовый словарь > алтайский

  • 7
    Косиха

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Косиха

  • 8
    Белая

    I

    Belaya

    II

    Belaya

    III

    ) Belaya

    IV

    ) Belaya

    V

    ) Belaya

    VI

    ) Belaya

    VII

    ) Belaya

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Белая

  • 9
    Петропавловское

    I

    Petropavlovskoye

    II

    Petropavlovskoye

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Петропавловское

  • 10
    Троицкое

    I

    Troitskoye

    II

    Troitskoye

    III

    Troitskoye

    IV

    Troitskoye

    V

    Troitskoye

    VI

    Troitskoye

    VII

    Troitskoye

    VIII

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Троицкое

  • 11
    (г.) Бийск

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (г.) Бийск

  • 12
    (г.) Рубцовск

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > (г.) Рубцовск

  • 13
    Горно-Алтайская автономная область

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Горно-Алтайская автономная область

  • 14
    Бийск

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Бийск

  • 15
    Рубцовск

    Универсальный русско-английский словарь > Рубцовск

  • 16
    Алейск

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Алейск

  • 17
    Аллак

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Аллак

  • 18
    Алтайское

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Алтайское

  • 19
    Баево

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Баево

  • 20
    Барнаул

    Русско-английский географический словарь > Барнаул

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См. также в других словарях:

  • Алтайский край — Алтайский край. Алтайский край, расположен на Западно Сибирской равнине. Входит в Западно Сибирский экономический район. Площадь 169,1 тыс. км2. Население 2690,1 тыс. человек (1996). Центр — город Барнаул. Другие крупные города: Бийск,… …   Словарь «География России»

  • АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ — АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ, субъект Российской Федерации; расположен на Западно Сибирской равнине. Входит в Западно Сибирский экономике ский район. Пл. 169,1 тыс. км2. Население 2672 тыс. чел. (1998). Центр г. Барнаул. Другие крупные города: Бийск, Рубцовск …   Русская история

  • АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ — в Российской Федерации. 169,1 тыс. км&sup2. Население 2654 тыс. человек (1991), городское 58%. 11 городов. 30 поселков городского типа (1991). Центр Барнаул. Занимает часть Алтая и прилегающие к нему на севере части Западно Сибирской равнины.… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

  • Алтайский край — Координаты: 52°46′ с. ш. 82°37′ в. д. / 52.766667° с. ш. 82.616667° в. д.  …   Википедия

  • Алтайский край — адм. единица в составе России на ЮВ. Западной Сибири. Пл. 169,1 тыс. км². Образован в 1937 г.; в 1991 г. из состава края вышла Горно Алтайская Республика (с 1992 г. – Республика Алтай). На З. – засушливая степная Кулундинская равнина с… …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Алтайский край — в Российской Федерации. Образован 28 сентября 1937. 169,1 тыс. км2. Население 2672 тыс. человек (1998), городское 52,6%. 11 городов, 15 поселков городского типа. Центр  Барнаул. Занимает часть Алтая и прилегающие к нему на Севере части Западно… …   Энциклопедический словарь

  • Алтайский край — Российская Федерация Федеральные округа:   Дальневосточный • Приволжский • Северо Западный • Северо …   Бухгалтерская энциклопедия

  • Алтайский район (Алтайский край) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Алтайский район. Алтайский район Страна …   Википедия

  • Алтайский край —         в составе РСФСР. Образован 28 сентября 1937. Расположен на Ю. Западной Сибири, в бассейне верхнего течения Оби и её истоков Бии и Катуни. Охватывает почти весь Алтай, западные склоны Салаира и примыкающие к ним равнинные и предгорные… …   Большая советская энциклопедия

  • АЛТАЙСКИЙ КРАЙ — субъект Российской Федерации. Территория: 169,1 тыс. кв. км. Центр: г. Барнаул. География: край расположен в пределах Западно Сибирской равнины, входит в Западно Сибирский экономический р н. А. к. граничит на севере с Новосибирской обл., на… …   Православная энциклопедия

  • Алтайский край — Алт айский кр ай …   Русский орфографический словарь

Наталья Соколова



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Англо-русские и русско-английские словари и энциклопедии. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries and translations

Русско-английский перевод АЛТАЙ

алтай altai

Сократ.
Русско-Английский словарь Сократ.

     Russian-English dictionary Sokrat.
2012

Переводы

алогичный на английском языке — illogical, irrational, alogical, inconsistent, inconsequent, inconsecutive

алоэ на английском языке — aloe, of aloe, an aloe, aloe vera, the aloe, aloes

алтарь на английском языке — altar, chancel, the altar, altar of, the altar of, sanctuary

алфавит на английском языке — alphabet, the alphabet, alphabet of, an alphabet, alphabet is

услужить на английском языке — do a service, serve, to serve, oblige, to oblige, help, do

Алтай на английском языке — Словарь: русском » английский

Переводы: altai, Altai, Altay, the Altai, of Altai, of the Altai

Not to be confused with the neighbouring Russian federal subject of Altai Krai.

Altai Republic

Республика Алтай

Republic

Other transcription(s)
 • Altai Алтай Республика
 • Kazakh Алтай Республикасы / Altai Respublikasy

Flag of Altai Republic

Flag

Coat of arms of Altai Republic

Coat of arms

Anthem: National Anthem of the Altai Republic
Location of Altai Republic
Coordinates: 50°55′N 86°55′E / 50.917°N 86.917°ECoordinates: 50°55′N 86°55′E / 50.917°N 86.917°E
Country Russia
Federal district Siberian
Economic region West Siberian
Capital Gorno-Altaysk[1]
Government
 • Type State Assembly—El Kurultai[2]
 • Head[2] Oleg Khorokhordin[3]
Area

[4]

 • Total 92,903 km2 (35,870 sq mi)
Population

 (2021 Census)[5]

 • Total Increase 210,924
 • Rank 81st
 • Density 2.27/km2 (5.9/sq mi)
 • Urban 31%
 • Rural 69%
Time zone UTC+6 (MSK+3[6])
ISO 3166 code RU-AL
Vehicle registration 04
Official language(s) Russian,[7] Altai, Kazakh[8]
Website www.altai-republic.ru

The Altai Republic (; Russian: Респу́блика Алта́й, romanized: Respublika Altay, pronounced [rʲɪˈspublʲɪkə ɐlˈtaj]; Altai: Алтай Республика, Altay Respublika[9]), also known as Gorno-Altai Republic, and colloquially, and primarily referred to in Russian to distinguish from the neighbouring Altai Krai as the Gornyi Altai (Russian: Горный Алтай, lit. ‘the mountainous Altai’), is a republic of Russia located in southern Siberia. It is a part of the Siberian Federal District, and covers an area of 92,903 square kilometers (35,870 sq mi); with a population of 210,924 residents. It is the least-populous republic of Russia and least-populous federal subject in the Siberian Federal District.[5] Gorno-Altaysk is the capital and the largest town of the republic.

The Altai Republic is one of Russia’s ethnic republics, primarily representing the indigenous Altai people, a Turkic ethnic group that form 37% of the Republic’s population, while ethnic Russians form a majority at 54%, and with minority populations of Kazakhs, other Central Asian ethnicities, and Germans. The official languages of the Altai Republic are Russian and Altai. Kazakh is official in areas of compact settlement of its speakers.[10]

History[edit]

The Xiongnu Empire (209 BC – AD 93) governed the territory of the modern Altai Republic. The area was part of the First Turkic Khaganate, the Uyghur Empire, and the Yeniseian Kyrgyzs. It was during this time that the local population became fully Turkicized culturally and linguistically.[11]

The southern part of the Altai Republic came under the Naiman Khanate. The territory of the modern Altai Republic has been ruled by the Mongolic Xianbei state (93–234), Rouran Khaganate (330–555), Mongol Empire (1206–1368), Golden Horde (1240–1502), Zunghar Khanate (1634–1758) and Qing Empire (1757–1864).

The Qing period is a semi-autonomous period with the supervision of two Altan Nuur Uriankhai Governor Banners and part of the seven Altai Uriankhai banners. During the Qing administration, the General of Siberia Fedor Ivanovich Soimonov launched a non-military expedition into the Altan Nuur region in 1760 and began fort building. This was subsequently removed by Heseri Jalafungga of the Qing. Since the 1820s, the routine border check was less frequent and the Chuy drainage basin has been occupied by Russians.

The entire Altan Nuur Uriankhai region was annexed into the Russian Empire in 1864–1867 by the Treaty of Tarbagatai. During the Russian Civil War, the Confederated Republic of Altai (Karakorum-Altai Region) was established in 1918, and declared as the first step to rebuilding Genghis Khan’s Mongol Empire.[12] But it never became a competing force in the Russian Civil War, and stayed neutral from 1918 until January 1920, when it was annexed back into Russia. A second Altai Republic was formed in 1921 and lasted until 1922 when they were annexed by the Bolsheviks.[12]

On June 1, 1922, the Altaians regained autonomy with the creation of the Oyrot Autonomous Oblast (Ойро́тская автоно́мная о́бласть), part of Altai Krai. The original name for this region was Bazla. On January 7, 1948, it was renamed Gorno-Altai Autonomous Oblast (Го́рно-Алта́йская автоно́мная о́бласть). In 1991 it was reorganized into the Gorno-Altai Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (ASSR). In 1992 it was renamed as the Altai Republic.

Geography[edit]

The Altai Republic is situated in the Altai Mountains in the very center of Asia at the junction of the Siberian taiga, the steppes of Kazakhstan and the semi-deserts of Mongolia. Forests cover about 25% of the republic’s territory.

  • Area: 92,600 km2 (35,800 sq mi)
  • Borders:
    • internal: Kemerovo Oblast (N), Republic of Khakassia (NE), Tuva Republic (E), and Altai Krai (W/NW).
    • international: Mongolia (Bayan-Ölgii Province) (SE), China (Altay Prefecture, Xinjiang) (S), and Kazakhstan (East Kazakhstan Province) (S/SW)
  • Highest point: Mount Belukha (4,506 m)
  • Maximum N–S distance: 360 km
  • Maximum E–W distance: 380 km

Rivers and lakes[edit]

More than 20,000 tributaries sprawl throughout the mountainous Republic, making for a total of more than 60,000 kilometers (37,000 mi) worth of waterways. The republic’s largest rivers are the Katun and the Biya, both of which originate in the mountains and flow northwards. The junction of the two rivers eventually forms the Ob River, one of the longest rivers in Siberia, which flows northward to the Arctic Ocean.

The source of the black Biya River is Lake Teletskoye, the region’s largest lake located in an isolated area far south in the mountains. The emerald-colored Katun River has its source at the Gebler glacier, which is situated on the Republic’s highest point, Mount Belukha. The Katun River, in particular, holds a religious significance for native Altaians, as well as for many Russians who live in the area, as Mount Belukha is known in Altai folklore to be the gateway to the mystical kingdom of Shambhala.[13]

The hydrographic network of the Republic also includes approximately 7,000 lakes, adding up to a total area of more than 700 km2 (270 sq mi). The largest lake is Lake Teletskoye, which is 80 km (50 mi) long and 5 kilometers (3.1 mi) wide, has an area of 230.8 square kilometers (89.1 sq mi), and has a maximum depth of 325 meters (1,066 ft). The mountain lakes of Altai contain enormous freshwater reserves of a very pure quality as a result of their distance from civilization.[14] Lake Teletskoye alone contains more than 40 cubic kilometers (9.6 cu mi) of very clear water.

Potential groundwater storage is evaluated at 22 million cubic metres (780×106 cu ft) per day, while the present use constitutes about 44,000 m3 (1,600,000 cu ft) per day.

Shavlo Lake in Northern Chuysky Range

Mountains[edit]

The most striking geographical aspect of the Republic of Altai is its mountainous terrain. The Republic is situated within the Russian part of the Altai Mountains system, which covers a large part of the Republic and continues into neighboring Kazakhstan, Mongolia and China. The region continues to experience periodic notable seismic activity, which is visually made apparent through the mountains’ characteristically high and rugged mountain ridges, separated by narrow and deep river valleys. The Republic’s highest peak, Mount Belukha (4,506 m), is the highest point in Siberia.

Natural resources[edit]

Various bodies of water are among the most important natural resources of the Republic. Mineral and hot springs are popular destinations for tourists and locals, sought for their therapeutic effects. Additionally, Altai glaciers contain a great amount of fresh water. The general volume of ice for registered Altai glaciers comes to a total of 57 km3, 52 km3 of which is water. The total water stock of the glaciers exceeds the average annual effluence of all Altai rivers, which are equal to 43 km3 per year. The largest glaciers are Bolshoy Taldurinsky (35 km2), Mensu (21 km2), Sofiysky (17 km2), and Bolshoy Maashey (16 km2).

Mineral resources in the region primarily include gold, silver, iron ores, and lithium, in addition to other smaller amounts of minerals. The large city of Barnaul in neighboring Altai Krai was founded as a processing center for minerals from the Altai region, although the mineral extraction industry today is much smaller than in the past.

Climate[edit]

The republic has a temperate continental climate with relatively short and mild summers (June–August); and long, cold, and often quite frosty winters (November–March).

In general, the republic’s climate of the southeastern areas, such as the (Ulagansky and Kosh-Agachsky Districts), is harsher than the climate of the less elevated northern areas.

  • Average annual temperature: +1 °C to −6.7 °C.
  • January temperature range: -9.2 °C to −31 °C.
  • July temperature range: +11 °C to +19 °C.
  • Average annual precipitation: 100–1000 mm.

Administrative divisions[edit]

The Altai Republic is administratively divided into ten districts and Gorno-Altaysk Urban Okrug. The districts are further subdivided into ninety-two rural settlements.

Demographics[edit]

Population:
210,924 (2021 Census);[5] 206,168 (2010 Census);[15] 202,947 (2002 Census);[16] 191,649 (1989 Census).[17]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service Archived 2008-04-12 at the Wayback Machine[18][19]
Average population (× 1000) Live births Deaths Natural change Crude birth rate (per 1000) Crude death rate (per 1000) Natural change (per 1000) Fertility rates
1970 168 3,236 1,486 1,750 19.3 8.8 10.4
1975 170 3,805 1,724 2,081 22.4 10.1 12.2
1980 175 3,841 2,082 1,759 21.9 11.9 10.1
1985 185 4,256 2,097 2,159 23.0 11.3 11.7
1990 194 3,753 2,126 1,627 19.3 10.9 8.4 2,52
1991 196 3,579 2,064 1,515 18.2 10.5 7.7 2,41
1992 197 3,263 2,271 992 16.6 11.5 5.0 2,25
1993 197 2,878 2,630 248 14.6 13.4 1.3 2,00
1994 198 2,931 2,875 56 14.8 14.5 0.3 2,03
1995 199 2,853 2,637 216 14.3 13.2 1.1 1,93
1996 200 2,704 2,567 137 13.5 12.8 0.7 1,80
1997 200 2,686 2,547 139 13.4 12.7 0.7 1,77
1998 201 2,923 2,367 556 14.5 11.8 2.8 1,89
1999 202 2,742 2,536 206 13.6 12.6 1.0 1,74
2000 203 2,907 2,645 262 14.3 13.0 1.3 1,82
2001 203 3,033 2,870 163 14.9 14.1 0.8 1,87
2002 203 3,252 3,061 191 16.0 15.1 0.9 1,98
2003 203 3,392 3,173 219 16.7 15.7 1.1 2,04
2004 202 3,513 3,015 498 17.4 14.9 2.5 2,08
2005 202 3,502 3,170 332 17.3 15.7 1.6 2,03
2006 202 3,395 2,837 558 16.8 14.1 2.8 1,93
2007 202 4,066 2,574 1,492 20.1 12.7 7.4 2,29
2008 203 4,442 2,549 1,893 21.9 12.5 9.3 2,48
2009 204 4,266 2,492 1,774 20.9 12.2 8.7 2,48
2010 206 4,224 2,508 1,716 20.6 12.2 8.3 2,48
2011 207 4,719 2,529 2,190 22.7 12.2 10.5 2,84
2012 209 4,693 2,416 2,277 22.4 11.5 10.9 2,91
2013 211 4,442 2,392 2,027 21.1 11.3 9.8 2,82
2014 213 4,404 2,365 2,039 20.7 11.1 9.6 2,88
2015 214 4,022 2,347 1,675 18.7 10.9 7.8 2,68
2016 216 3,911 2,151 1,760 18.1 10.0 8.1 2,63(e)
2017 217 3,443 2,099 1,344 15.8 9.6 6.2

Ethnic groups[edit]

As per the 2021 Census,[20] ethnic Russians make up 53.7% of the republic’s population, with the indigenous Altai people making up 37.0%. Other groups include people of Kazakh (6.4%), together with smaller groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population.

Ethnic
group
1926 Census 1939 Census 1959 Census 1970 Census 1979 Census 1989 Census 2002 Census 2010 Census 2021 Census
Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number % Number %
Altai 42,2131 42.4% 39,285 24.2% 38,019 24.2% 46,750 27.8% 50,203 29.2% 59,130 31.0% 68,0272 33.6% 69,9633 34.5% 73,242 37.0%4
Russians 51,813 52.0% 114,209 70.4% 109,661 69.8% 110,442 65.6% 108,795 63.2% 115,188 60.4% 116,510 57.5% 114,802 56.6% 106,258 53.7%
Kazakhs 2,326 2.3% 4,280 2.6% 4,745 3.0% 7,170 4.3% 8,677 5.0% 10,692 5.6% 12,108 6.0% 12,524 6.2% 12,647 6.4%
Others 3,309 3.3% 4,405 2.7% 4,736 3.0% 3,899 2.3% 4,365 2.5% 5,821 3.1% 5,914 2.9% 5,447 2.7% 5,741 2.9%
  1. including 3,414 Telengits, 1,384 Kumandins and 344 Teleuts
  2. including 2,368 Telengits, 1,533 Tubalars, 931 Kumandins, 830 Chelkans, 141 Shors and 32 Teleuts
  3. including 3,648 Telengits, 1,891 Tubalars, 1,062 Kumandins, 1,113 Chelkans and 87 Shors
  4. including 2,587 Telengits, 3,424 Tubalars, 1,037 Kumandins, 1,170 Chelkans and 91 Shors
  5. 3,432 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[21]

Politics[edit]

The head of government in the Altai Republic is the Head of the Republic, popularly elected for a four-year term. As of 2019, the Head of the Republic is Oleg Khorokhordin, who succeeded Alexander Berdnikov in this post. The supreme legislative body of the republic is the State Assembly—El Kurultai, with 41 deputies popularly elected every four years. Igor Yaimov is the current Chairman of the State Assembly-El Kurultai from January 2002.

The Republic’s Constitution was adopted on June 7, 1997.

Economy[edit]

The Altai Republic is a highly agricultural region. However, it does have some industry which includes foodstuffs, non-ferrous metallurgy, chemicals, gold mining, footwear, dairying, and timber. Tourism has also begun to be a large part of the economy, and a significant number of new hotels and resorts have appeared.

Transportation[edit]

The Altai Republic is one of the few Russian political divisions without rail access. The main paved road is the Chuysky Tract, which spans the republic from the capital Gorno-Altaisk in the north to the Mongolian border in the south. The republic’s main paved road threads its way through the rugged Altai Mountains. A system of taxis and buses transports people between settlements. Within the settlements, people generally walk or ride horses.

Helicopters are used for emergency transportation, to supply remote government outposts, and by wealthy tourists. In 2012, runway capacity at the Gorno-Altaysk Airport near the republic’s capital, was doubled. In June that same year, S7 Airlines started direct flights from Moscow. Prior to this, passengers used to fly through Barnaul in Altai Krai or Novosibirsk.[22]

Tourism[edit]

With the dissolution of the Soviet Union, the Altai Republic’s tourism industry has greatly expanded. Although wealthy Russians from neighboring Russian regions are the most common sort of tourist in Altai, foreign interest has also grown in the area, especially due to the area’s spiritual significance.[citation needed]

Popular tourist destinations tend to be concentrated in the north, where the roads are more accessible. They are also almost entirely located along the Chuiskiy highway, which is the main road from the north into the mountains (although it is currently[when?] only two lanes wide). The north is also significantly warmer than the elevated southern areas, which tend to be chilly even in the summer.[citation needed]

Some of the more well-known tourist spots in the Altai Republic include Lake Aiya, a popular bathing spot, and the picturesque Chemal region. More adventurous travelers sometimes visit the more remote Lake Teletskoye or Mount Belukha in the south.[citation needed]

Education[edit]

There is one university (Gorno-Altaisk State University), twelve colleges, and 205 secondary schools in the republic.

Religion[edit]

Different religions are present in Altai. According to a 2012 survey,[23] 27.6% of the population adheres to the Russian Orthodox Church. The second most popular religions are ethnic and nature religions, namely Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), Tengrism (Central Asians’ native faith) and Burkhanism, constituting altogether 13% of the population. 6% of the population follows Islam, 2% Hinduism (including Slavic-Vedic, Krishnaite, and Tantric movements), 1% are Old Believers and 1% Protestants. 25% of the population is «spiritual but not religious», 14% is atheist and 7.4% follows other religions or did not answer the question.[23]

The traditional religion of the native Altaians is Tengrist shamanism, revived by modern Tengrist movements and Burkhanism. Ethnic Russians primarily practice Russian Orthodox Christianity and Rodnovery (Slavic native faith), while Kazakhs are traditionally Muslims. Tibetan Buddhism has also recently begun making some inroads by way of neighboring Mongolia and Tuva.

It is unknown when Buddhism came into Altai but however, in various periods of history, the territory of the Altai and its population found themselves in full or partial subjection to neighboring states, where Buddhism was the official or one of the official religions: the state of the Khitans (tenth-twelfth centuries), the Mongol Empire (thirteenth-fourteenth centuries), and the Dzhungar Khanate (seventeenth-eighteenth centuries).[25]

From 1904 until the 1930s, a new religious movement called Burkhanism (or Ak Jang, the «white faith») was popularized among native Altaians. The religion originated in Altai and emphasized the «white» aspect of shamanistic practice. Burkhanism remains an important component of Altai national consciousness and is currently being revived in several forms along with indigenous Altai culture in general.

Russian Pagan followers often go on pilgrimages to Mount Belukha, which is considered to be the location of Shambhala both by some Pagans and locals of Altai. One can often find manifestations of shamanistic spirituality in the region; for example, at points along the Katun River, local believers in shamanic religions are known to tie white ribbons to nearby trees and leave offerings of coins or food to the spirits.[26] Although shamanism is much less widely practiced today, it is regaining popularity as a result of new religious freedom following the collapse of the Soviet Union.

Culture[edit]

The indigenous Altai culture holds the lands of Altai to be sacred. The indigenous (Turkic) languages are focused on the stewardship of the lands. The Altai oral history is transmitted by throat-singers. The Altai culture was repressed during Soviet times and has been rebounding since then. The clans of all ten regions gather in the village of Yelo for a biennial cultural celebration.

There is also a large contingent of «Old Believers» who fled to Altai when they split from the Russian Orthodox Church over 300 years ago.

The UNESCO World Heritage Site «Golden Mountains» protects the Ukok Plateau, on which there are many standing stones and kurgans. Although archaeologists consider kurgans to be burial sites, the indigenous people believe that they are highly refined magnetic instruments for directing the flow of cosmic energy into the Earth.[citation needed] Thus, there is great local indignation about the excavation and removal of the Siberian Ice Maiden, an extraordinary 2,500-year-old mummy that had been preserved in permafrost.

Gorno-Altaisk is the location of the National Museum of the Altai Republic, which houses the mummy, the «Altai Princess», the National Library of the Republic of Altai, the National Theatre of the Republic of Altai and the Municipal House of Culture.

Regularly held national holiday Maslenitsa, Nowruz, Chaga – Bayram, received in February 2013 with the official status of the Republican celebration.

In 2013, the Altai Republic participated in the Turkvision Song Contest. The Altai Republic’s entry was the song «Altayym Menin» performed by Artur Marlujokov. The Altai Republic placed fifth in the contest.

Sport[edit]

Bandy is played in the Altai Republic.[27][28]

Notable people[edit]

  • Alexander Berdnikov (born April 8, 1953), Chairman of the Government of the Altai Republic, and the head of the republic from January 20, 2006.
  • Grigory Gurkin (January 24, 1870 – October 11, 1937), landscape painter.
  • Mikhail Lapshin (September 1, 1934 – June 17, 2006), President of the Altai Republic from January 19, 2002, to January 19, 2006.
  • Sergey Mikayelyan (born April 27, 1992), cross-country skier.
  • Viktor Shvaiko (b. 1965), painter.
  • Semyon Zubakin (born May 4, 1952), Head of the Altai Republic in Russia from January 13, 1998, to January 19, 2002.

See also[edit]

  • Music of Altai
  • Altai-Sayan region

References[edit]

Citations[edit]

  1. ^ Official website of the Altai Republic Archived 2011-05-14 at the Wayback Machine
  2. ^ a b Constitution, Article 8
  3. ^ Official website of the Altai Republic. Biography of Alexander Vasilyevich Berdnikov Archived 2011-07-17 at the Wayback Machine
  4. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). «Территория, число районов, населённых пунктов и сельских администраций по субъектам Российской Федерации (Territory, Number of Districts, Inhabited Localities, and Rural Administration by Federal Subjects of the Russian Federation)». Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Archived from the original on 2011-09-28. Retrieved 2011-11-01.
  5. ^ a b c Russian Federal State Statistics Service. Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 года. Том 1 [2020 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (XLS) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  6. ^ «Об исчислении времени». Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). Retrieved 19 January 2019.
  7. ^ Official throughout the Russian Federation according to Article 68.1 of the Constitution of Russia.
  8. ^ Constitution, Article 13.
  9. ^ «news-city.info». altaj.news-city.info. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  10. ^ «Статья 4. Правовое положение языков | ГАРАНТ». base.garant.ru.
  11. ^ Skutsch, Carl, ed. (2005). Encyclopedia of the World’s Minorities. Vol. 1. New York: Routledge. p. 82. ISBN 1-57958-468-3.
  12. ^ a b Znamenski, Andrei (2005). «Power of Myth: Popular ethnonationalism and Nationality Building in Mountain Altai, 1904–1922» (PDF). Acta Slavica Iaponica. 22: 44–47. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2019-08-02.
  13. ^ «Wild Sightings in the Altai». altaiassistanceproject.org. Archived from the original on November 21, 2008. Retrieved August 10, 2016.
  14. ^ «Altai Republic, Russia». Archived from the original on 2007-01-01. Retrieved 2006-12-28.
  15. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года [2010 All-Russia Population Census] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service.
  16. ^ Russian Federal State Statistics Service (21 May 2004). Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек [Population of Russia, Its Federal Districts, Federal Subjects, Districts, Urban Localities, Rural Localities—Administrative Centers, and Rural Localities with Population of Over 3,000] (XLS). Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года [All-Russia Population Census of 2002] (in Russian).
  17. ^ Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. 1989 – via Demoscope Weekly.
  18. ^ БГД Archived 2018-02-19 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru. Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  19. ^ Каталог публикаций::Федеральная служба государственной статистики Archived 2018-12-24 at the Wayback Machine. Gks.ru (2010-05-08). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  20. ^ «Национальный состав населения». Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 30 December 2022.
  21. ^ Перепись-2010: русских становится больше Archived 2018-12-25 at the Wayback Machine. Perepis-2010.ru (2011-12-19). Retrieved on 2013-08-20.
  22. ^ James Brooke (March 27, 2013). «Altai Republic slowly opening up to outside world». www.telegraph.co.uk. Archived from the original on March 26, 2014.
  23. ^ a b c «Main page project «Arena» : Non-profit research based consulting «Sreda»«. Retrieved 2022-12-31.
  24. ^ 2012 Arena Atlas Religion Maps. «Ogonek», No. 34 (5243), 27/08/2012. Retrieved 21/04/2017. Archived.
  25. ^ Zhukovskaia, N. L. (2001-04-01). «Lamaism in the Altai». Anthropology & Archeology of Eurasia. 39 (4): 50–51. doi:10.2753/AAE1061-1959390450. ISSN 1061-1959. S2CID 161432849.
  26. ^ «Home — Sustainability – Syracuse University». sustainability.syr.edu. Archived from the original on September 5, 2006.
  27. ^ «РОО Республики Алтай «Федерация хоккея с мячом» | VK».
  28. ^ «Федерация хоккея с мячом России». rusbandy.ru.

Sources[edit]

  • 7 июня 1997 г. «Конституция Республики Алтай (Основной Закон)», в ред. Конституционного закона №5-КРЗ от 27 ноября 2007 г. (June 7, 1997 Constitution of the Altai Republic (Basic Law), as amended by the Constitutional Law #5-KRZ of November 27, 2007. ).

External links[edit]

  • Official website of the Altai Republic
  • United Nations University digital video (2009) «Rediscovering Altai’s human-nature relationships – Russia»: a Telengit community leader and shaman from the Russian Altai’s high altitude Kosh Agach Raion traversing Altai’s sacred lands Accessed 1 December 2009

gen.
Республика Алтай в составе Российской Федерации. Образована 1.6.1922 как Ойротская авт. обл. 7.1.1948 переименована в Горно-Алтайскую авт. обл., в 1991 преобразована в Горно-Алтайскую ССР, в 1992 — в Республику Алтай. 92,6 тыс. км2. Население 196,6 тыс. человек 1991 , городское 27%; алтайцы, русские, казахи. 1 город — Горно-Алтайск центр , 2 посёлка городского типа 1991 . Большая часть территории — горы Алтая высотой до 4506 м г. Белуха . Средние температуры января от — 12 до — 32 °С, июля 9-18 °С. Осадков от 100 в межгорных котловинах до 1000 мм в год. Реки — басс. Оби; крупное озеро — Телецкое. Леса занимают 1/4 территории. Алтайский заповедник. Промышленность: лесная, деревообрабатывающая, лёгкая, пищевая и стройматериалов. Имеется электротехническая промышленность. Добыча минеральных строительных материалов. Основная отрасль хозяйства — животноводство овцы, козы, крупный рогатый скот, лошади, яки , разводят маралов и пятнистых оленей. Пчеловодство. Охотничий промысел. Посевы кормовых и зерновых культур. Основная транспортная магистраль — Чуйский тракт. Горноклиматический курорт Чемал. Большой Энциклопедический словарь ; горная страна на территории Российской Федерации, Казахстана, Монголии и Китая. Состоит из хребтов, образующих водораздел Оби, Иртыша, Енисея и рек бессточной области Центральной Азии. Длина св. 2000 км. Разделяется на собственно Алтай, Гобийский Алтай и Монгольский Алтай. Наиболее высокие хребты собственно Алтая — Катунский, Сев. — и Юж.-Чуйские достигают высоты 3000-4000 м наибольший 4506 м — г. Белуха и несут современные ледники общая площадь оледенения более 900 км2 . Для собственно Алтая типичны также хребты и массивы высотой 1500-2500 м со слабо расчленёнными гребнями, разделённые межгорными котловинами, носящими название степей — Чуйская степь, Курайская и др. Наиболее значительные реки — Катунь, Бухтарма, Чуя, Бия. Имеет более 3500 озёр наибольшие Телецкое, Маркаколь . В Алтае распространены горностепные, горнолесные и высокогорные ландшафты. В северо-восточной части — Алтайский заповедник. Алтай, особенно т. н. Рудный Алтай в Казахстане , богат месторождениями полиметаллов, золота, железАЛТАЙ, город в Монголии, административный центр Гоби-Алтайского аймака. 13 тыс. жителей. Лёгкая, пищевая промышленность. ной руды, ртути, редкими металлами. Туризм. Большой Энциклопедический словарь ; город в Монголии, административный центр Гоби-Алтайского аймака. 13 тыс. жителей. Лёгкая, пищевая промышленность. Большой Энциклопедический словарь

Англо-русские и русско-английские словари и энциклопедии. English-Russian and Russian-English dictionaries and translations

Перевод и значение ALTAI в английском и русском языках

transcription, транскрипция: [ ælʹtaı ]

n геогр.

Алтай ( горная система )


Англо-Русско-Английский словарь общей лексики, сборник из лучших словарей.

     English-Russian-English dictionary of general lexis, the collection of the best dictionaries.
2012

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