Как пишется ассамалейкум на арабском

Ассаля́му ‘алейкум (араб. السلام عليكم‎‎ [ʔæsːæˈlæːmʊ ʕɑˈlæɪkʊm] — мир на вас, мир вам) — арабское приветствие, укоренившееся в исламе и используемое мусульманами разных национальностей[1], его также используют арабы-христиане и арабские евреи. Эквивалент слова «здравствуйте»[1]. В ответ на это приветствие традиционно отвечают ва-алейкум ас-саля́м (араб. وعليكم السلام‎‎ — и вам мир)[1]. Понятие «салам», однокоренное слову «ислам», первоначально имело чисто религиозное значение и использовалось в смысле «мир с Богом»[2].

Содержание

  • 1 О приветствии в Коране и Сунне
  • 2 Другие виды приветствия
  • 3 Положения связанные с приветствием
  • 4 Литература
  • 5 Ссылки
  • 6 Примечания

О приветствии в Коране и Сунне

Согласно Корану, мусульмане обязаны отвечать на приветствие, используя не меньше слов, чем тот кто поприветствовал первым:

«Когда вас приветствуют, отвечайте ещё лучшим приветствием или тем же самым. Воистину, Аллах подсчитывает всякую вещь.»

— (Коран, 4:86)

Сунна пророка Мухаммада и юридические труды, посвящённые взаимоотношению мусульман и не-мусульман, говорят о том, что приветствие предназначено для обращения среди людей Писания. В одном из хадисов пророк говорит: «Когда люди Писания вас приветствуют словами ас-саму ‘алейкум (вместо ассаламу ‘алейкум), то отвечайте: ва-алейкум»[источник не указан 452 дня].

Согласно хадису, однажды еврей в присутствии Аиши приветствовал Мухаммада словами ас-саму ‘алейкум (вместо ассаламу ‘алейкум). Слово сам имеет значение «быстрая смерть». И Аиша стала громко ругаться с евреем, но Мухаммад сказал ей не ругаться, а что следует отвечать араб. وعليكم‎‎ «и вам» (ва-алейкум).

Другие виды приветствия

Строго говоря, грамматически Ассаляму алейкум указывает только на второе лицо множественного числа (вам).
Другие варианты приветствий и ответов на приветствия:

  • Ас-саля́му алейка (араб. السلام عليك‎‎ — мир над тобой) — при обращении на «ты» к одному мужчине;
  • Ас-саля́му алейки (араб. السلام عليك‎‎ — мир над тобой) — при обращении на «ты» к одной женщине;
  • Ас-саля́му алейкума (араб. السلام عليكما‎‎ — мир над вами (обоим)) — при обращении к двум людям любого пола;
  • Ас-саля́му алейкунна (араб. السلام عليكن‎‎ — мир над вами) — только при обращении к трём и более женщинам;
  • Ас-саля́му алейкуму (араб. السلام عليكم‎‎ — мир над вами) — при обращении к группе из трёх или более человек, в которой есть хотя бы один мужчина; или высшему государственному лицу (королю, министру и так далее);
  • Саля́м[1] (араб. سلام‎‎ — мир) — в последнее время в странах со смешанным населением, исповедующим разные религии, но преобладающим исламом, используют не «Ассала́му алейкум», а именно укороченное слово «Салам», причём и люди других религий здороваются с мусульманами и между собой укороченным словом.
  • Ас-саля́му алейкум ва-рахмату-Лла́х (араб. السلام عليكم ورحمة الله‎‎ — мир над вами и милость Божья) — форма приветствия, которое означает: «Мир вам и милость Аллаха»[1].
  • Ас-саляму алайкум ва-рахмату-Лла́хи ва-баракя́тух (араб. السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته‎‎ — мир над вами и милость Божья и Его благословение) — форма приветствия, которое означает: «Мир вам, милость Аллаха и Его благословение»[1].
  • Ва-алейкум ас-саля́м ва-рахмату-Лла́хи ва-баракя́тух (араб. وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته‎‎ — и над вами мир и милость Божья и Его благословение) — форма ответа на приветствие, которое означает: «И вам мир, милость Аллаха и Его благословение».

Положения связанные с приветствием

Пред тем как поприветствовать людей в мечети, мусульмане должны совершить молитву тахияту ль-масджид (приветствие мечети).

Мусульманам нельзя первым приветствовать:

  • Мужчинам — незнакомых девушек, молодых женщин.
  • Читающих молитву (намаз), проповедь (хутба) либо Коран.
  • Совершающего поминание Аллаха (зикр) или произносящего проповедь.
  • Муэдзина, призывающего к молитве (азан или икамат).
  • Человека, принимающего пищу или отправляющего естественную нужду.
  • Человека, совершающего грех[3].

Первыми должны приветствовать: старший — младшего, горожанин — сельского жителя, всадник — пешего, стоящий — сидящего, хозяин — прислугу, отец — сына, мать — свою дочь[3].

Литература

  • Bernard Lewis: Die politische Sprache des Islam. Berlin 1991. S. 133—135 (und Anm. 18-24 auf S. 233—234)
  • Ignaz Goldziher in: Die Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft, Bd. 46, S.22-23.

Ссылки

  • Audio clip for Salam  (англ.)  (ар.)

Примечания

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ислам: Словарь атеиста / Авксентьев А. В., Акимушкин О. Ф., Акиниязов Г. Б. и др.; Под общ. ред. Пиотровского М. Б., Прозорова С. М.. — М.: Политиздат, 1988. — 254 с. ISBN 5-250-000125-4 (С.194—195)
  2. Али-заде А.А. Исламский энциклопедический словарь. — М.: Ансар, 2007. — 400 с. — (Золотой фонд исламской мысли). — 3000 экз. — ISBN 5-98443-025-8
  3. 1 2 Приветствие в Исламе
 Просмотр этого шаблона Арабские фразы
Фразы Ассаламу алейкум • Ид мубарак • Иншаллах • Машаллах
Зикр Альхамдулиллах • Басмала • Калима • Салават • Субханаллах[en] • Тальбия • Такбир • Шахада

вот так если графически… но это со всеми огласовками. .

без огласовок вот так правильно: اللّه
Gin при написании зачем-то лишнюю букву «алиф» поставила..

Арабская вязь — одна из наиболее сложных систем письма. Трудность овладения ею вызывает в дальнейшем целый ряд трудностей, связанных уже непосредственно с изучением языка. Лучший способ разбираться в арабской письменности и научиться читать по-арабски — это овладение арабским письмом.Как писать на арабском

При обучении арабскому письму первое, что может вас удивить и что нужно обязательно учесть, — это его специфика. В странах, где используется эта система письма, пишут справа налево, а не слева направо, как мы привыкли. Однако к этой интересной особенности не настолько трудно привыкнуть, как это может показаться.

Если взялись осваивать арабскую вязь, с самого начала приучайте себя писать очень аккуратно, даже если у вас «докторский» почерк и никто не может понять ваши письмена. Дело в том, что многие арабские буквы очень похожи друг на друга и различаются только малейшим, на наш дилетантский взгляд, наклоном или точкой под буквой. Будьте предельно осторожны со всеми точками и закорючками.

Естественно, любое обучение письму начинается с изучения букв. Возьмитесь за это дело со всей серьёзностью: заведите отдельную тетрадку и начните, как в первом классе, прописывать каждую букву по строчке. Так вы отработаете буквы и привыкнете к иному направлению письма.

Есть у арабского письма ещё одна особенность, на которую стоит обратить пристальное внимание и в усвоении которой на начальном этапе обучения арабскому языку вам отлично поможет «метод прописи». Многие буквы в арабской системе письма пишутся по-разному в начале, середине и конце слова. Выучите все эти варианты и обратитесь к чтению (точнее, на начальном этапе это будет скорее простое распознавание букв в тексте): тренировка внимания и памяти поможет вам в обучении письму.

И напоследок: тренируйтесь как можно больше, списывайте арабскую вязь с этикеток, фантиков, руководств по использованию компьютера — со всякого мусора, какой только попадётся вам под руки. Регулярно проверяйте знание алфавита и звуков, которые соответствуют буквам. И учтите: без освоения арабской вязи невозможно перейти на следующую ступень — изучение языка.

По-арабски

На чтение 2 мин Просмотров 7 Опубликовано 18.03.2022

Написание – «по арабски» или «по-арабски» – определено правилом дефисного написания частей слов в наречиях.

Как пишется правильно: «по арабски» или «по-арабски»?

Какое правило применяется?

Лексема представляет собой наречие.

Этим словом называют речь, разговор, ведущийся на арабском языке; то, как делают арабы.
Наречие происходит от относительного прилагательного «арабский».
Бывают случаи, когда слово пишется неправильно: пишут наречие в два слова, по-видимому, считая «по» предлогом, что противоречит его орфографии.

Согласно вышеназванной орфограмме, выражение необходимо писать условно-слитно, так как оно содержит в своем морфемном составе префикс «по-» и суффикс «-ски». А наречия, которые имеет эти морфемы, пишутся через дефис. Следовательно, правильно пишем – по-арабски.

Примеры предложений

Мужчина что-то сказал по-арабски своей жене, и она принесла приборы для чаепития и чайник с кипятком.

Он владел несколькими языками, в том числе, писал и свободно говорил по-арабски.

Как неправильно писать

Ас-саля́му ‘алейкум – мусульманское приветствие (араб. ‏وعليكم السلام‎‎ — мир вам). На приветствие отвечают уа-алейкум ас-саля́м (араб. ‏وعليكم السلام‎‎ — и вам мир). Слово «салам», однокоренное с «ислам», буквально означало «мир с Богом».

Пророк Мухаммад, мир ему и благословение, сказал: «Вы не войдете в Рай, пока не уверуете, а не уверуете вы до тех пор, пока не станете любить друг друга. Так не указать ли мне вам на то, что приведет вас к взаимной любви, если вы будете делать это? Распространяйте приветствия между собой!» (Муслим)

Варианты приветствий

Ассаляму алейкум – общепринятая форма приветствия без конкретизации по полу, так как грамматически указывает на второе лицо множественного числа (вам).

Ас-саля́му алейка (араб. السلام عليك‎‎ — мир тебе) — при обращении на «ты» к одному
мужчине;

Ас-саля́му алейки (араб. السلام عليك‎‎ — мир тебе) — при обращении на «ты» к одной женщине;

Ас-саля́му алейкума (араб. السلام عليكما‎‎ — мир вам (обоим)) — при обращении к двум людям любого пола;

Ас-саля́му алейкунна (араб. السلام عليكن‎‎ — мир вам) — только при обращении к трём и более женщинам;

Ас-саля́му алейкуму (араб. السلام عليكم‎‎ — мир вам) — при обращении к группе из трёх или более человек, в которой есть хотя бы один мужчина; или высшему государственному лицу (королю, министру и так далее);

Ас-саля́му алейкум ва-рахмату-Лла́х (араб. السلام عليكم ورحمة الله‎‎) — форма приветствия, означающая: «Мир вам и милость Аллаха»;

Ас-саляму алейкум ва-рахмату-Лла́хи ва-барака́тух (араб. السلام عليكم ورحمة الله وبركاته‎‎) — форма приветствия, означающая: «Мир вам и милость Аллаха и Его благословение».

Ва-алейкум ас-саля́м ва-рахмату-Лла́хи ва-барака́тух (араб. وعليكم السلام ورحمة الله وبركاته‎‎) —
форма ответа на приветствие, означающая: «И вам мир, милость Аллаха и Его благословение».

Саля́м (араб. سلام‎‎ — мир) — так мусульмане приветствуют друг друга в некоторых странах. Причем,так могут здороваться с мусульманами и между собой и представители других религий.

Адабы приветствия

1. Быть щедрыми на приветствия. Пророк Мухаммад, мир ему и благословение, никогда не был скуп на приветствие. В передаче от Абдуллы бин Амра: «Пророка спросили: «О, Посланник Всевышнего! Что в Исламе наилучшее?». «Наилучшее — если накормишь голодного, поприветствуешь и знакомых, и незнакомых», — ответил Пророк».

2. Обязательно отвечать на приветствие. «Салям» — это еще и дуа (мольба), произнесенная языком и идущая от сердца, и нужно обязательно отвечать тому, кто желает вам мира, милости и благословения.

3. Согласно Корану, мусульмане обязаны отвечать на приветствие, используя не меньше слов, чем тот кто поприветствовал первым.

«Когда вас приветствуют, отвечайте еще лучшим приветствием или тем же самым. Воистину, Аллах подсчитывает всякую вещь»

Священный Коран. Сура 4 «Ан-Ниса» / «Женщины», аят 86

4. Мусульмане приветствуют друг друга, даже если они находятся в ссоре. Посланник Аллаха, мир ему и благословение, сказал: «Когда встретятся два мусульманина, то пусть приветствуют друг друга, а если между ними произошла ссора или возникла вражда, то пусть также приветствуют друг друга» (Абу Дауд).

5. Первыми приветствуют: старший — младшего, горожанин — сельского жителя, всадник — пешего, стоящий — сидящего, хозяин — прислугу, отец — сына, мать — свою дочь. Пророк Мухаммад, мир ему и благословение, сказал: «Всадник (должен
первым) приветствовать пешего, идущий — сидящего, а меньшая (по количеству группа людей) — большую» (Аль-Бухари,
Муслим).

6. Пророк Мухаммад, мир ему и благословение, говорил: «Вновь прибывший из вас пусть приветствует присутствующих и покидающий вас пусть также выскажет приветствие остающимся. И не превосходит первое приветствие по значимости последнее».

7. Перед приветствием людей в мечети мусульмане должны совершить молитву тахияту ль-масджид (приветствие мечети).

8. Мусульманам нельзя первым приветствовать:

  • Мужчинам — незнакомых девушек, молодых женщин
  • Читающего молитву (намаз), проповедь (хутбу) либо Коран
  • Совершающего поминание Аллаха (зикр) или произносящего проповедь
  • Муэдзина, призывающего к молитве (азан или икамат)
  • Принимающего пищу или отправляющего естественную нужду
  • Человека, совершающего грех

Всевышний Аллах знает лучше

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From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As-salamu alaykum (Arabic: ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, as-salāmu ʿalaykum, Arabic: [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum] (listen)), also written salamun alaykum and typically rendered in English as salam alaykum, is a greeting in Arabic that means ‘Peace be upon you’. The salām (سَلَام, meaning ‘peace’) has become a religious salutation for Muslims[1] worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting pre-dates Islam, and is also common among Arabic speakers of other religions (such as Arab Christians and Mizrahi Jews[2]).

In colloquial speech, often only the first part of the phrase (so: salām, ‘peace’) is used to greet a person. The typical response to the greeting is wa ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ, Arabic: [wa ʔa.laj.kum mus.sa.laːm] (listen), ‘and peace be upon you’). The complete phrase is as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhū (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ, [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum wa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hi wa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.huː]), ‘Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and his blessings’.

This greeting in its abbreviated form, salām [3](سَلَام), has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well. Among Christians, during Mass or other liturgical services, the priest or pastor and the congregation often use the salutation, «peace be with you», sometimes replying, «and also with you».

Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).[4][5]

Pronunciation[edit]

The phrase is normally pronounced according to local dialects of speakers and is very often shortened.

For example:

  • In Egypt: [sæˈlæːmu ʕæˈleːku], [we ʕæˈleːkom es.sæˈlæːm]
  • By native English-speaking Muslims: ,

Grammatical variants[edit]

The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriate enclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules of Classical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced in pausa):

Gender Greeting Response
Singular
Masculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَيْكَ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ka] [wa.ʕa.laj.ka‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalayka wa ʿalayka s-salāmu
Singular
Feminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكِ وَعَلَيْكِ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ki] [wa.ʕa.laj.ki‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalayki wa ʿalayki s-salāmu
Dual
Unisex
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمَا وَعَلَيْكُمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ku.maː] [wa.ʕa.laj.ku.maː‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykumā wa ʿalaykumā s-salāmu
Plural
Masculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum] [wa.ʕa.laj.ku.mu‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa ʿalaykumu s-salāmu
Plural
Feminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُنَّ وَعَلَيْكُنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kun.na] [wa.ʕa.laj.kun.na‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykunna wa ʿalaykunna s-salāmu

A third-person variant, ʿalayhi as-salām, «peace be upon him», is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.

In Islam[edit]

According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting «Peace be upon you» dates back to the first human, Adam:

Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said: Peace be upon you. The angels said: Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah” [6]

The final Prophet said, “None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves.” [7]

It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: «However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand.» (An-Nur 24:61).[8]

The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time as salamun ʿalaykum (Arabic: سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ). In Classical Arabic, used in the Qur’an and early Hadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَٰتُهُ. In Rasm, it is written as السلم علىکم ورحمٮ ال‍له وٮرکٮه.

  • Surah Al-An’am (6), Ayah 54:

وَإِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ ۖ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ ٱلرَّحْمَةَ ۖ أَنَّهُۥ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوٓءًۢا بِجَهَالَةٍۢ ثُمَّ تَابَ مِنۢ بَعْدِهِۦ وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُۥ غَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ
“When those who have faith in Our signs come to you, say, ‘Peace to you! Your Lord has made mercy incumbent upon Himself: whoever of you commits an evil [deed] out of ignorance and then repents after that and reforms, then He is indeed All-Forgiving, All-Merciful.’”

  • Surah Al-A’raf (7), Ayah 46:

وَبَيْنَهُمَا حِجَابٌۭ ۚ وَعَلَى ٱلْأَعْرَافِ رِجَالٌۭ يَعْرِفُونَ كُلًّۢا بِسِيمَاهُمْ ۚ وَنَادَوْا۟ أَصْحَابَ ٱلْجَنَّةِ أَن سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ ۚ لَمْ يَدْخُلُوهَا وَهُمْ يَطْمَعُونَ
“And there will be a veil between them. And on the Elevations will be certain men who recognize each of them by their mark. They will call out to the inhabitants of paradise, ‘Peace be to you!’ They will not have entered it, though they would be eager to do so.”

  • Surah Ar-Ra’d (13), Ayah 24:

سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُم بِمَا صَبَرْتُمْ ۚ فَنِعْمَ عُقْبَى ٱلدَّارِ
“‘Peace be to you, for your patience.’ How excellent is the reward of the [ultimate] abode!”

  • Surah An-Nahl (16), Ayah 32:

ٱلَّذِينَ تَتَوَفَّاهُمُ ٱلْمَلَائِكَةُ طَيِّبِينَ ۙ يَقُولُونَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱدْخُلُوا۟ ٱلْجَنَّةَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ
“Those whom the angels take away while they are pure. They say [to them], ‘Peace be to you! Enter paradise because of what you used to do.’”

  • Surah Maryam (19), Ayah 47:

قَالَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ ۖ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي ۖ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّۭا
“He said, ‘Peace be to you! I shall plead with my Lord to forgive you. Indeed He is gracious to me.’”

  • Surah Al-Qasas (28), Ayah 55:

وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا۟ ٱللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا۟ عَنْهُ وَقَالُوا۟ لَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَا نَبْتَغِي ٱلْجَاهِلِينَ
“And when they hear vain talk, they avoid it and say, ‘Our deeds belong to us, and your deeds belong to you. Peace be to you. We do not court the ignorant.’”

  • Surah Az-Zumar (39), Ayah 73:

وَسِيقَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا۟ رَبَّهُمْ إِلَى ٱلْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَآءُوهَا وَفُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَا سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَٱدْخُلُوهَا خَالِدِينَ
“Those who are wary of their Lord will be led to paradise in throngs. When they reach it, and its gates are opened, its keepers will say to them, ‘Peace be to you! You are welcome! Enter it to remain [forever].’”

Other variants, such as salamun ʿalā (سَلَامٌ عَلَىٰ), or the term salam (سَلَام) alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur’an.

Usage by non-Arabic speakers[edit]

  • Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).[4][9]
  • In Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, Salâm (سلام) is used alone more frequently, with occasional use of Salam-o aleykom and the more common beh salâmat (به سلامت), meaning «[go] with peace». Goodbye is supplanted by a Khudâ hâfez (Persian: خدا حافظ), meaning «with the protection of God».
  • In Albania and Kosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language, Selamun Alejkem or Selamun Alejqum is rarely used, the ‘q’ being a voiceless palatal stop typical of Balkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology.[10] Similarly, Bosniaks and Macedonian Muslims use the phrase «selam alejkum» (Cyrillic: селам алејкум).
  • In Amharic, the native Amharic term Selam is used in place of Tadias, which is the equivalent of «What’s up».
  • In Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, many religious people use «Äs-sälamwaleykum» or «selamun aleyküm» and shake hands and it is the same for saying «Hello»; more secular and non-religious people say «Selam» and in Kazakhstan say «Sälem» or «Sälemetsız be» as an equivalent to «Hello» or «Hi». However, many Turks pronounce it differently as «Selamün aleyküm«.
  • In Pakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting is preferred versus the shorter greeting, «salam». Goodbye is supplanted by a «Khuda Hafiz» or the variation «Allah Hafiz», both of which mean «May God protect you».
  • In India, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum (Hindi: असलम अलैकुम) or the shorter greeting «Salam» is used in informal situations. Goodbye is supplanted by a «Khuda Hafiz» or the alternative form «Allah Hafiz» (Hindi: अल्लाह हफीज, romanized: Allāh Hāphêj), both of which mean «May God protect you».
  • In Bangladesh, Assalamu alaikum (Bengali: আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting.[11] Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead.[12] Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say «Khoda Hafez» or «Allah Hafez» (Bengali: আল্লাহ হাফেজ, romanized: Āllāha hāphêj) «May God protect you».
  • In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Assalomu aleykum is used as an informal greeting.
  • In Indonesia, the greeting is sometimes mixed with other greeting phrases of other religions.
  • Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As’kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam.
  • In Chechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salamun Alaykum (Chechen: Саламун алайкум) is used to say hello, in Ossetia, a corrupted version of Salam is used (Ossetian: Шалам).
  • In Senegal which has a majority of Muslims with Tasawwuf-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced in Wolof: «a-sala māleykum», with the reply being «må-lekum salām.»
  • In Xinjiang, China, «Essalam eleykum» is used as a greeting by Uyghurs, and the reply is «We-eleykum essalam».
  • In Portugal, the expression Salamaleque gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: due to the habit of Iberian Arabs to bow and wave their hand when greeting a person, the expression «Salamaleque» is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal, entertaining or fancy. «Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques».
  • In Italy, Salamelecco has a similar meaning, referring to excessive courtesy and politeness.
  • In France, salamalec has similar meaning, referring to excessive flattery.
  • In Malta, «Is-sliem għalikom» is often used in Catholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying «peace be upon you». As the Maltese language derives from Arabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.
  • In the Maldives, «އައްސަލާމް ޢަލައިކުމް» (assalaam ‘alaikum) is used as a common formal greeting, used similar to «hello».[13]
  • In Nigeria, the phrase «assalamu alaikum» is used as a formal greeting by Muslims.
  • In Kurdish, the phrase «selam eleykum» is used as a formal greeting among, often shortened to just «selam«.
  • In Russia, Muslims use variations of the phrase, such as «салам алейкум» (Russian) and «салам алайкум» (Tatar).

See also[edit]

  • Adhan
  • Dhikr
  • Pax vobiscum
  • Peace be upon him
  • Š-L-M
  • Salawat
  • Shahadah
  • Shalom aleichem (equivalent Hebrew phrase)
  • Tashahhud

References[edit]

  1. ^ «Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) — Sahih Al-Bukhari-«. www.ahadith.net. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  2. ^ «‘As-Salaamu-Alaikum’ and ‘Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam’«. Ccnmtl.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  3. ^ assalamu, alaikum. «Assalamu Alaikum सलाम करने के 38 सुन्नते और आदाब In HIndi». Irfani-Islam. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  4. ^ a b «shalom aleichem». Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  5. ^ «shalom aleichem». Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  6. ^ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5873, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2841
  7. ^ [Muslim (54), Aḥmad (2/391), and al-Tirmidhī (2513) narrated from Abū Hurairah]
  8. ^ «Surat An-Nur [24:61] — The Noble Qur’an — القرآن الكريم». Quran.com. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  9. ^ «shalom aleichem». Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  10. ^ Friedman, Victor A. «Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas» (PDF). University of Chicago: 12. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  11. ^ «Introduction to the bangla language» (PDF). Peace Corps: 6. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  12. ^ Enamul Haq (2012). «Customs and Traditions». In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  13. ^ https://english2dhivehi.com/

External links[edit]

  • A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
  • How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic
  • How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic
  • How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

As-salamu alaykum (Arabic: ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ, as-salāmu ʿalaykum, Arabic: [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum] (listen)), also written salamun alaykum and typically rendered in English as salam alaykum, is a greeting in Arabic that means ‘Peace be upon you’. The salām (سَلَام, meaning ‘peace’) has become a religious salutation for Muslims[1] worldwide when greeting each other, though its use as a greeting pre-dates Islam, and is also common among Arabic speakers of other religions (such as Arab Christians and Mizrahi Jews[2]).

In colloquial speech, often only the first part of the phrase (so: salām, ‘peace’) is used to greet a person. The typical response to the greeting is wa ʿalaykumu s-salām (وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ, Arabic: [wa ʔa.laj.kum mus.sa.laːm] (listen), ‘and peace be upon you’). The complete phrase is as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa-raḥmatu -llāhi wa-barakātuhū (ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَةُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَاتُهُ, [as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum wa.raħ.ma.tu‿ɫ.ɫaː.hi wa.ba.ra.kaː.tu.huː]), ‘Peace be upon you, as well as the mercy of God and his blessings’.

This greeting in its abbreviated form, salām [3](سَلَام), has come to be used as the general salutation in other languages as well. Among Christians, during Mass or other liturgical services, the priest or pastor and the congregation often use the salutation, «peace be with you», sometimes replying, «and also with you».

Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).[4][5]

Pronunciation[edit]

The phrase is normally pronounced according to local dialects of speakers and is very often shortened.

For example:

  • In Egypt: [sæˈlæːmu ʕæˈleːku], [we ʕæˈleːkom es.sæˈlæːm]
  • By native English-speaking Muslims: ,

Grammatical variants[edit]

The expression commonly uses the second person plural masculine, even when used to address one person. It may be modified by choosing the appropriate enclitic pronoun to address a person in the masculine and feminine singular form, the dual form, or the feminine plural form. The conjugations are as follows (note: according to the standard pronunciation rules of Classical Arabic, the last short vowel in each word is not pronounced in pausa):

Gender Greeting Response
Singular
Masculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكَ وَعَلَيْكَ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ka] [wa.ʕa.laj.ka‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalayka wa ʿalayka s-salāmu
Singular
Feminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكِ وَعَلَيْكِ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ki] [wa.ʕa.laj.ki‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalayki wa ʿalayki s-salāmu
Dual
Unisex
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمَا وَعَلَيْكُمَا ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.ku.maː] [wa.ʕa.laj.ku.maː‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykumā wa ʿalaykumā s-salāmu
Plural
Masculine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَعَلَيْكُمُ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kum] [wa.ʕa.laj.ku.mu‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykum wa ʿalaykumu s-salāmu
Plural
Feminine
ٱلسَّلَامُ عَلَيْكُنَّ وَعَلَيْكُنَّ ٱلسَّلَامُ
[as.sa.laː.mu ʕa.laj.kun.na] [wa.ʕa.laj.kun.na‿s.sa.laː.mu]
as-salāmu ʿalaykunna wa ʿalaykunna s-salāmu

A third-person variant, ʿalayhi as-salām, «peace be upon him», is often used by Muslims for prophets other than Muhammad and other holy personalities, such as angels.

In Islam[edit]

According to Islamic tradition, the origin of the greeting «Peace be upon you» dates back to the first human, Adam:

Abu Huraira reported: The Prophet, peace and blessings be upon him, said, “Allah said: Go and greet with peace these groups of assembled angels and listen to how they greet you, for this will be the greeting among your progeny. Adam said: Peace be upon you. The angels said: Peace be upon you and the mercy of Allah. Thus, they added the mercy of Allah” [6]

The final Prophet said, “None of you will enter paradise until you believe and you will not believe until you love one another. Shall I not tell you about something which, if you do it, you will love one another? Spread salaam amongst yourselves.” [7]

It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon a verse of the Quran: «However, when you enter houses, greet one another with a greeting ˹of peace˺ from Allah, blessed and good. This is how Allah makes His revelations clear to you, so perhaps you will understand.» (An-Nur 24:61).[8]

The phrase appears a total of 7 times in the Quran, each time as salamun ʿalaykum (Arabic: سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ). In Classical Arabic, used in the Qur’an and early Hadith manuscripts, the phrase is spelled as ٱلسَّلَٰمُ عَلَيْكُمْ وَرَحْمَتُ ٱللَّٰهِ وَبَرَكَٰتُهُ. In Rasm, it is written as السلم علىکم ورحمٮ ال‍له وٮرکٮه.

  • Surah Al-An’am (6), Ayah 54:

وَإِذَا جَآءَكَ ٱلَّذِينَ يُؤْمِنُونَ بِآيَاتِنَا فَقُلْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ ۖ كَتَبَ رَبُّكُمْ عَلَىٰ نَفْسِهِ ٱلرَّحْمَةَ ۖ أَنَّهُۥ مَنْ عَمِلَ مِنكُمْ سُوٓءًۢا بِجَهَالَةٍۢ ثُمَّ تَابَ مِنۢ بَعْدِهِۦ وَأَصْلَحَ فَأَنَّهُۥ غَفُورٌۭ رَّحِيمٌۭ
“When those who have faith in Our signs come to you, say, ‘Peace to you! Your Lord has made mercy incumbent upon Himself: whoever of you commits an evil [deed] out of ignorance and then repents after that and reforms, then He is indeed All-Forgiving, All-Merciful.’”

  • Surah Al-A’raf (7), Ayah 46:

وَبَيْنَهُمَا حِجَابٌۭ ۚ وَعَلَى ٱلْأَعْرَافِ رِجَالٌۭ يَعْرِفُونَ كُلًّۢا بِسِيمَاهُمْ ۚ وَنَادَوْا۟ أَصْحَابَ ٱلْجَنَّةِ أَن سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ ۚ لَمْ يَدْخُلُوهَا وَهُمْ يَطْمَعُونَ
“And there will be a veil between them. And on the Elevations will be certain men who recognize each of them by their mark. They will call out to the inhabitants of paradise, ‘Peace be to you!’ They will not have entered it, though they would be eager to do so.”

  • Surah Ar-Ra’d (13), Ayah 24:

سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُم بِمَا صَبَرْتُمْ ۚ فَنِعْمَ عُقْبَى ٱلدَّارِ
“‘Peace be to you, for your patience.’ How excellent is the reward of the [ultimate] abode!”

  • Surah An-Nahl (16), Ayah 32:

ٱلَّذِينَ تَتَوَفَّاهُمُ ٱلْمَلَائِكَةُ طَيِّبِينَ ۙ يَقُولُونَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمُ ٱدْخُلُوا۟ ٱلْجَنَّةَ بِمَا كُنتُمْ تَعْمَلُونَ
“Those whom the angels take away while they are pure. They say [to them], ‘Peace be to you! Enter paradise because of what you used to do.’”

  • Surah Maryam (19), Ayah 47:

قَالَ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكَ ۖ سَأَسْتَغْفِرُ لَكَ رَبِّي ۖ إِنَّهُۥ كَانَ بِي حَفِيًّۭا
“He said, ‘Peace be to you! I shall plead with my Lord to forgive you. Indeed He is gracious to me.’”

  • Surah Al-Qasas (28), Ayah 55:

وَإِذَا سَمِعُوا۟ ٱللَّغْوَ أَعْرَضُوا۟ عَنْهُ وَقَالُوا۟ لَنَا أَعْمَالُنَا وَلَكُمْ أَعْمَالُكُمْ سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ لَا نَبْتَغِي ٱلْجَاهِلِينَ
“And when they hear vain talk, they avoid it and say, ‘Our deeds belong to us, and your deeds belong to you. Peace be to you. We do not court the ignorant.’”

  • Surah Az-Zumar (39), Ayah 73:

وَسِيقَ ٱلَّذِينَ ٱتَّقَوْا۟ رَبَّهُمْ إِلَى ٱلْجَنَّةِ زُمَرًا ۖ حَتَّىٰ إِذَا جَآءُوهَا وَفُتِحَتْ أَبْوَابُهَا وَقَالَ لَهُمْ خَزَنَتُهَا سَلَامٌ عَلَيْكُمْ طِبْتُمْ فَٱدْخُلُوهَا خَالِدِينَ
“Those who are wary of their Lord will be led to paradise in throngs. When they reach it, and its gates are opened, its keepers will say to them, ‘Peace be to you! You are welcome! Enter it to remain [forever].’”

Other variants, such as salamun ʿalā (سَلَامٌ عَلَىٰ), or the term salam (سَلَام) alone is also mentioned in several other Ayahs of the Qur’an.

Usage by non-Arabic speakers[edit]

  • Cognate Semitic language parallels include the Aramaic/Classical Syriac šlāmā ʿalḵōn (ܫܠܵܡܵܐ ܥܲܠܟ݂ܘܿܢ), and the Hebrew Shalom aleichem (שָׁלוֹם עֲלֵיכֶם shālôm ʻalêḵem).[4][9]
  • In Iran, Afghanistan, Azerbaijan and Tajikistan, Salâm (سلام) is used alone more frequently, with occasional use of Salam-o aleykom and the more common beh salâmat (به سلامت), meaning «[go] with peace». Goodbye is supplanted by a Khudâ hâfez (Persian: خدا حافظ), meaning «with the protection of God».
  • In Albania and Kosovo, a diminutive form in the Albanian language, Selamun Alejkem or Selamun Alejqum is rarely used, the ‘q’ being a voiceless palatal stop typical of Balkan Turkish and Thracian Turkish phonology.[10] Similarly, Bosniaks and Macedonian Muslims use the phrase «selam alejkum» (Cyrillic: селам алејкум).
  • In Amharic, the native Amharic term Selam is used in place of Tadias, which is the equivalent of «What’s up».
  • In Turkey, Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan, many religious people use «Äs-sälamwaleykum» or «selamun aleyküm» and shake hands and it is the same for saying «Hello»; more secular and non-religious people say «Selam» and in Kazakhstan say «Sälem» or «Sälemetsız be» as an equivalent to «Hello» or «Hi». However, many Turks pronounce it differently as «Selamün aleyküm«.
  • In Pakistan, the greeting is also associated with shaking right hands and is also often accompanied with a hug when meeting infrequently (only between the same gender). In some places, people put a hand on their heart as they shake your hand and greet. Also, the full greeting is preferred versus the shorter greeting, «salam». Goodbye is supplanted by a «Khuda Hafiz» or the variation «Allah Hafiz», both of which mean «May God protect you».
  • In India, the greeting mostly among Muslims is a simple handshake or hug, As-salamu alaykum (Hindi: असलम अलैकुम) or the shorter greeting «Salam» is used in informal situations. Goodbye is supplanted by a «Khuda Hafiz» or the alternative form «Allah Hafiz» (Hindi: अल्लाह हफीज, romanized: Allāh Hāphêj), both of which mean «May God protect you».
  • In Bangladesh, Assalamu alaikum (Bengali: আসসালামু আলাইকুম) is the most common Muslim greeting.[11] Some Muslims greet their elders with these words whilst raising their right hand to the forehead.[12] Assalamu alaikum is even used as to say goodbye, while many others say «Khoda Hafez» or «Allah Hafez» (Bengali: আল্লাহ হাফেজ, romanized: Āllāha hāphêj) «May God protect you».
  • In Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, Assalomu aleykum is used as an informal greeting.
  • In Indonesia, the greeting is sometimes mixed with other greeting phrases of other religions.
  • Shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S., As’kum (in Malaysia), or AsA is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. This trend is similar to writing (S) or SAWS in place of ṣallā llāhu ʿalayhi wa-sallam.
  • In Chechnya and other parts of the Caucasus, Salamun Alaykum (Chechen: Саламун алайкум) is used to say hello, in Ossetia, a corrupted version of Salam is used (Ossetian: Шалам).
  • In Senegal which has a majority of Muslims with Tasawwuf-orientation, it is a common greeting. Spelled and pronounced in Wolof: «a-sala māleykum», with the reply being «må-lekum salām.»
  • In Xinjiang, China, «Essalam eleykum» is used as a greeting by Uyghurs, and the reply is «We-eleykum essalam».
  • In Portugal, the expression Salamaleque gained a totally distinct and curious meaning: due to the habit of Iberian Arabs to bow and wave their hand when greeting a person, the expression «Salamaleque» is applied to exaggerated movements or acts in order to appear to be formal, entertaining or fancy. «Os rapazes chegaram cheios de salamaleques».
  • In Italy, Salamelecco has a similar meaning, referring to excessive courtesy and politeness.
  • In France, salamalec has similar meaning, referring to excessive flattery.
  • In Malta, «Is-sliem għalikom» is often used in Catholic Church masses as a way of greeting, often by the priest, as a way of saying «peace be upon you». As the Maltese language derives from Arabic, it inherited and still uses Arabic terms for religion amongst other things.
  • In the Maldives, «އައްސަލާމް ޢަލައިކުމް» (assalaam ‘alaikum) is used as a common formal greeting, used similar to «hello».[13]
  • In Nigeria, the phrase «assalamu alaikum» is used as a formal greeting by Muslims.
  • In Kurdish, the phrase «selam eleykum» is used as a formal greeting among, often shortened to just «selam«.
  • In Russia, Muslims use variations of the phrase, such as «салам алейкум» (Russian) and «салам алайкум» (Tatar).

See also[edit]

  • Adhan
  • Dhikr
  • Pax vobiscum
  • Peace be upon him
  • Š-L-M
  • Salawat
  • Shahadah
  • Shalom aleichem (equivalent Hebrew phrase)
  • Tashahhud

References[edit]

  1. ^ «Sayings of the Messenger (s.a.w) — Sahih Al-Bukhari-«. www.ahadith.net. Retrieved 2019-03-25.
  2. ^ «‘As-Salaamu-Alaikum’ and ‘Wa-Alaikum-as-Salaam’«. Ccnmtl.columbia.edu. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  3. ^ assalamu, alaikum. «Assalamu Alaikum सलाम करने के 38 सुन्नते और आदाब In HIndi». Irfani-Islam. Retrieved 2022-03-01.
  4. ^ a b «shalom aleichem». Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  5. ^ «shalom aleichem». Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  6. ^ Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī 5873, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim 2841
  7. ^ [Muslim (54), Aḥmad (2/391), and al-Tirmidhī (2513) narrated from Abū Hurairah]
  8. ^ «Surat An-Nur [24:61] — The Noble Qur’an — القرآن الكريم». Quran.com. Retrieved 2013-07-27.
  9. ^ «shalom aleichem». Collins Dictionary. Retrieved May 19, 2018.
  10. ^ Friedman, Victor A. «Balkan Turkish in Macedonia and Adjacent Areas» (PDF). University of Chicago: 12. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  11. ^ «Introduction to the bangla language» (PDF). Peace Corps: 6. Retrieved 18 December 2019.
  12. ^ Enamul Haq (2012). «Customs and Traditions». In Islam, Sirajul; Miah, Sajahan; Khanam, Mahfuza; Ahmed, Sabbir (eds.). Banglapedia: the National Encyclopedia of Bangladesh (Online ed.). Dhaka, Bangladesh: Banglapedia Trust, Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. ISBN 984-32-0576-6. OCLC 52727562. Retrieved 3 March 2023.
  13. ^ https://english2dhivehi.com/

External links[edit]

  • A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
  • How to pronounce As salamu alaykum in Arabic
  • How To Pronounce Assalamualaikum Warahmatullahi Wabarakatuh in Arabic
  • How to pronounce Walaikum Assalam in Arabic

As-Salāmu `Alaykum (السلام عليكم) is an Arabic spoken greeting used by Muslims and to a lesser extent by Arab Christians and Jews. The term salam in Arabic means «peace». The greeting may also be transliterated as Asalam ‘Alaykum which means «peace be upon you». The traditional response is Wa `Alaykum as-Salaam,(و عليكم السلام) meaning «and upon you be peace». This type of greeting is common in the Middle East, Africa, The Balkans and South Asia. Its Hebrew counterpart greeting is Shalom aleichem and its Maltese is Sliem ghalikom.

Usage

  • In Arabia the greeting is associated with two or three light cheek to cheek kisses (especially between the same gender).[1]
  • In Pakistan, the greeting is often accompanied with an obeisance; the slight bowing of the head. In Bangladesh, some parts of Pakistan, India and South Asia, the greeting is accompanied by raising the right hand to the forehead.
  • In Indonesia, the greeting is usually accompanied with a kind of two-handed «handshake», whereby the shaker’s palms remain closed, and the fingers alone open to admit the other’s proffered hand- which briefly touches the proffered’s fingers or fingertips alone. In this way more adherent males and females may greet though touching- but remain true to the Islamic or cultural teachings forbidding physical contact between the genders. Occasionally, the right-hand will touch the left-breast or heart area after this «salem».
  • In Javanese culture, a remnant of feudalism is retained, where an elder’s proffered right hand is taken and pressed briefly against the forehead. Some may instead briefly kiss the hand or the main ring. This is very common for young children to greet older relatives (of their parents’ age, though on occasion if very polite children, younger). As per Turkey, «slm» is common for teen «SMS» or internet speak.

Some more pious Muslims may say «Selam» and then perform two very brief cheek kisses, or cheek brushes- but only among the same gender.

  • In Turkey, Many Turks use this statement and hugs each other, more secular and non-religious people, say «Selam» as an equivalent to «Hello» or «Hi». This use has extended onto the internet with the abbreviated «slm» being commonly used amongst Turks on social networking websites.
  • In Amharic (Ethiopian), the term «Selam» is used in place of «Tadias» which is the equivalent of «What’s up». The word «Selam» has the same meaning in Amharic as in Arabic which is «peace».

Pronunciation

  • Audio clip for Salam

The term As-Salāmu `Aleykum varies slightly in pronunciation from country to country, but always remains universally intelligible. The classical pronunciation of the greeting in Fus’ha (Classical) Arabic is [ʔæsːæˈlæːmʊ ʕæˈlæɪkʊm] Many people today omit the initial ‘As’ and pronounce the word as «Salaamu `Alaykum». In many parts of the world, indeed in most of the non-Arabic speaking countries the greeting is pronounced [asalaːmʊ aleɪkʊm] or in a similar variation. This is especially common in Africa, the South Asia, South East Asia and in Eastern Europe. Amongst various Arabic speaking countries there is also a varied pronunciation. In Morocco the greeting is usually pronounced [səleːmu leikum]

Variation

The term in Arabic uses the second person plural, even when used to address one person, similar to the use of vous in French. However the term may also be used addressing a person in the singular form both masculine and feminine, the dual form, or the feminine plural. This is how they are said:

As-Salāmu `Alayk(a) —Peace be upon you (m. sing.)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(i) —Peace be upon you (f. sing)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(uma) —Peace be upon you (to two people of any gender)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(unna) —Peace be upon you (f. plural — to three or more females only)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(um)—Peace be upon you (To a group of three or more people, where at least one is a male — or to a member of state such as a prime minister, president, king, or queen)

The correct classical Arabic response depends on who is addressing you. The same rules apply as above; -ka, -ki, -kuma, -kunna, -kum; </br>
wa alayk(…) as-salām

(Note: According to classical Arabic pronunciation, the last vowel in each word is not pronounced unless it is followed by another word.)

Similarly, the word As-Salaam (السلام) may be replaced by Salaamun (سلامٌ). This form of the word is used in a passage of the Qur’an describing the greeting of the Angels towards the inhabitants of Paradise:

And angels shall enter unto them from every gate (saying) Salaamun ‘Aleykum (peace be upon you) for you persevered in patience! Excellent indeed is the final home!’— (Ar-Ra’ad 13:23-24)

The form Salaamun `Aleykum is especially used in Turkey, where it is spelled Selamün Aleyküm.

It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also when leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurayrah said “When one of you joins a gathering, let him say salaam. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say salaam. The former is not more important than the latter.” (Saheeh — at-Tirmidhi)

  • According to hadith the Islamic prophet Muhammad was asked who should «begin» the salam greeting, and he said:
«The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking, and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting, and the smaller group should greet the larger group.» (Saheeh — Al-Bukhaari, 6234; Muslim, 2160)[2]
  • It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon the verse of the Qur’an:
«But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from Allah (i.e. say: Assalaamu ‘Aleykum — peace be on you), blessed and good.» (Al-Noor 24:61)
  • The trend of shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S.,As’kum(in Malaysia) or AsA, is disliked; however, it is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. As the full word is not written, it is disliked; however, the meaning is usually understood by the recipient. Other variations of this are adding ‘wr wb’ at the end as well. This trend is similar to writing (S) or ‘SAWS’ in place of ‘Sallallaahu `Aleyhi wa Sallam’.

References

  1. «Saudi Arabia — Communication Styles». Centre For Intercultural Learning. http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/intercultural_issues-en.asp?lvl=8&ISO=SA&SubjectID=2. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  2. http://63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&lv=browse&QR=72231&dgn=4

External links

  • A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
  • LivingHalal.com Islamic audio project
  • Islam Q&A — Fataawa related to the manners of greeting with Salaam
  • Islamic glossary

As-Salāmu `Alaykum (السلام عليكم) is an Arabic spoken greeting used by Muslims and to a lesser extent by Arab Christians and Jews. The term salam in Arabic means «peace». The greeting may also be transliterated as Asalam ‘Alaykum which means «peace be upon you». The traditional response is Wa `Alaykum as-Salaam,(و عليكم السلام) meaning «and upon you be peace». This type of greeting is common in the Middle East, Africa, The Balkans and South Asia. Its Hebrew counterpart greeting is Shalom aleichem and its Maltese is Sliem ghalikom.

Usage

  • In Arabia the greeting is associated with two or three light cheek to cheek kisses (especially between the same gender).[1]
  • In Pakistan, the greeting is often accompanied with an obeisance; the slight bowing of the head. In Bangladesh, some parts of Pakistan, India and South Asia, the greeting is accompanied by raising the right hand to the forehead.
  • In Indonesia, the greeting is usually accompanied with a kind of two-handed «handshake», whereby the shaker’s palms remain closed, and the fingers alone open to admit the other’s proffered hand- which briefly touches the proffered’s fingers or fingertips alone. In this way more adherent males and females may greet though touching- but remain true to the Islamic or cultural teachings forbidding physical contact between the genders. Occasionally, the right-hand will touch the left-breast or heart area after this «salem».
  • In Javanese culture, a remnant of feudalism is retained, where an elder’s proffered right hand is taken and pressed briefly against the forehead. Some may instead briefly kiss the hand or the main ring. This is very common for young children to greet older relatives (of their parents’ age, though on occasion if very polite children, younger). As per Turkey, «slm» is common for teen «SMS» or internet speak.

Some more pious Muslims may say «Selam» and then perform two very brief cheek kisses, or cheek brushes- but only among the same gender.

  • In Turkey, Many Turks use this statement and hugs each other, more secular and non-religious people, say «Selam» as an equivalent to «Hello» or «Hi». This use has extended onto the internet with the abbreviated «slm» being commonly used amongst Turks on social networking websites.
  • In Amharic (Ethiopian), the term «Selam» is used in place of «Tadias» which is the equivalent of «What’s up». The word «Selam» has the same meaning in Amharic as in Arabic which is «peace».

Pronunciation

  • Audio clip for Salam

The term As-Salāmu `Aleykum varies slightly in pronunciation from country to country, but always remains universally intelligible. The classical pronunciation of the greeting in Fus’ha (Classical) Arabic is [ʔæsːæˈlæːmʊ ʕæˈlæɪkʊm] Many people today omit the initial ‘As’ and pronounce the word as «Salaamu `Alaykum». In many parts of the world, indeed in most of the non-Arabic speaking countries the greeting is pronounced [asalaːmʊ aleɪkʊm] or in a similar variation. This is especially common in Africa, the South Asia, South East Asia and in Eastern Europe. Amongst various Arabic speaking countries there is also a varied pronunciation. In Morocco the greeting is usually pronounced [səleːmu leikum]

Variation

The term in Arabic uses the second person plural, even when used to address one person, similar to the use of vous in French. However the term may also be used addressing a person in the singular form both masculine and feminine, the dual form, or the feminine plural. This is how they are said:

As-Salāmu `Alayk(a) —Peace be upon you (m. sing.)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(i) —Peace be upon you (f. sing)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(uma) —Peace be upon you (to two people of any gender)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(unna) —Peace be upon you (f. plural — to three or more females only)

As-Salāmu `Alayk(um)—Peace be upon you (To a group of three or more people, where at least one is a male — or to a member of state such as a prime minister, president, king, or queen)

The correct classical Arabic response depends on who is addressing you. The same rules apply as above; -ka, -ki, -kuma, -kunna, -kum; </br>
wa alayk(…) as-salām

(Note: According to classical Arabic pronunciation, the last vowel in each word is not pronounced unless it is followed by another word.)

Similarly, the word As-Salaam (السلام) may be replaced by Salaamun (سلامٌ). This form of the word is used in a passage of the Qur’an describing the greeting of the Angels towards the inhabitants of Paradise:

And angels shall enter unto them from every gate (saying) Salaamun ‘Aleykum (peace be upon you) for you persevered in patience! Excellent indeed is the final home!’— (Ar-Ra’ad 13:23-24)

The form Salaamun `Aleykum is especially used in Turkey, where it is spelled Selamün Aleyküm.

It is also preferred to use the greeting when arriving and also when leaving. It was reported that Abu Hurayrah said “When one of you joins a gathering, let him say salaam. When he wants to get up and leave, let him say salaam. The former is not more important than the latter.” (Saheeh — at-Tirmidhi)

  • According to hadith the Islamic prophet Muhammad was asked who should «begin» the salam greeting, and he said:
«The one who is riding should greet the one who is walking, and the one who is walking should greet the one who is sitting, and the smaller group should greet the larger group.» (Saheeh — Al-Bukhaari, 6234; Muslim, 2160)[2]
  • It is also stated that one should give the Salam greeting upon entering a house. This is based upon the verse of the Qur’an:
«But when you enter the houses, greet one another with a greeting from Allah (i.e. say: Assalaamu ‘Aleykum — peace be on you), blessed and good.» (Al-Noor 24:61)
  • The trend of shortening the greeting to acronyms, such as A.S.,As’kum(in Malaysia) or AsA, is disliked; however, it is becoming common amongst Internet users in chat rooms and by people using SMS. As the full word is not written, it is disliked; however, the meaning is usually understood by the recipient. Other variations of this are adding ‘wr wb’ at the end as well. This trend is similar to writing (S) or ‘SAWS’ in place of ‘Sallallaahu `Aleyhi wa Sallam’.

References

  1. «Saudi Arabia — Communication Styles». Centre For Intercultural Learning. http://www.intercultures.ca/cil-cai/intercultural_issues-en.asp?lvl=8&ISO=SA&SubjectID=2. Retrieved 2008-06-26.
  2. http://63.175.194.25/index.php?ln=eng&ds=qa&lv=browse&QR=72231&dgn=4

External links

  • A brief illustrated guide to understanding Islam
  • LivingHalal.com Islamic audio project
  • Islam Q&A — Fataawa related to the manners of greeting with Salaam
  • Islamic glossary

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