Как пишется биткоин на бирже

С начала 2020 года биткоин подорожал в 15 раз.

Деньги, которых не существует, стоят дороже нефти и золота. Расскажу, как на этом можно заработать.

Я попробовала торговать биткоинами. За 2 недели заработала 30%. Потом за месяц потеряла 15%.

Торговля криптовалютой — занятие рискованное. Вот что следует знать, если вы любите такой риск.

В Н И М А Н И Е

В этой статье описан личный опыт автора. Если вы планируете покупать и продавать биткоины, рекомендуем сначала уточнить в поддержке своего банка, как банк относится к таким операциям, чтобы избежать внезапной блокировки.

Что такое биткоин

Биткоин — это цифровые деньги. Физически этой валюты не существует, есть только специальные реестры, в которых ведется учет, сколько у кого биткоинов и кто куда их переводит. Эти журналы называются блокчейнами.

Это похоже на то, как устроены безналичные платежи в банках: когда вы платите картой в магазине, вы тоже не передаете никому никаких физических денег или золота. Просто где-то в банковском реестре прописывается ваша операция.

Биткоины отличаются от обычной валюты тем, что реестры хранятся не централизованно в банках и платежных системах, а одновременно на всех компьютерах, которые заняты биткоинами. Любой человек может посмотреть все операции со всеми биткоинами за всю историю.

Реестры защищены криптографией. Подделать их одновременно у всех нельзя. Невозможно переписать данные в блоках и заявить, что у кого-то теперь есть миллионы. Биткоин в этом смысле довольно защищенный. Правда, уже существует атака, которая позволяет дважды рассчитаться одними и теми же биткоинами, поэтому сказать, что биткоин абсолютно безопасен, нельзя.

Откуда берутся биткоины

Обычную валюту выпускает государство. Очень опосредованно она связана с запасами золота, но по факту она не связана ни с чем — сколько государству нужно, столько оно и напечатает.

Биткоины не связаны с каким-то одним государством. Новые единицы биткоина появляются в процессе того, как компьютеры в этой платежной сети обслуживают нужды этой же самой сети.

Например, где-то в Китае человек заплатил биткоинами за пиццу. Эту операцию нужно записать в реестры на всех компьютерах, которые подключены к биткоиновой сети. Чтобы записать операцию в реестр, нужно припечатать ее специальной подписью, как сургучной печатью. Эту подпись нужно рассчитать, это сложная компьютерная задача.

Где-то в Венесуэле стоит компьютер, который обслуживает биткоиновую сеть. Он только что вычислил эту криптографическую подпись. В знак благодарности владелец этого компьютера получает вознаграждение в виде биткоин-копеечки.

Для венесуэльца, который установил компьютер в режим вычисления криптографических подписей, это выглядит так: его компьютер что-то там себе шуршит, а ему на счет капают биткоин-копейки. Компьютер как будто добывает биткоины, хотя на самом деле он просто шифрует и припечатывает чужие операции. Такая как бы «добыча» биткоинов называется майнингом.

На самом деле добываются не сами биткоины, а «сургуч» для защиты реестров. Биткоины — это вознаграждение за службу.

Количество биткоинов ограничено — их может быть максимум 21 000 000. К началу 2022 года майнеры добыли около 90% монет.

Майнинг — отдельная большая тема. В двух словах: оборудование дорогое, эффективность низкая, вам придется конкурировать с мегаваттными китайскими майнинговыми кластерами, которые строят на базе электростанций. О майнинге мы написали отдельную статью и опубликовали рассказ читателя.

Зачем нужен биткоин

Криптовалюта позволяет переводить деньги под псевдонимом и без участия банков.

За биткоины можно купить билет «Эйрбалтик», компьютер «Делл». Можно даже пожертвовать биткоины буддийскому храму в Сеуле.

Где принимают к оплате биткоины в Москве — карта с сайта coinmap.org

Биткоинами торгуют на бирже, в них вкладывают деньги.

С 2015 года биткоин подорожал с 200—300 $ до своего максимума — 65 000 $ в ноябре 2021 года. Это сделало криптовалюты интересными для инвестиций и спекуляций.

Интерес подогревают истории успеха. В 2009 году норвежский студент Кристофер Кох наобум купил биткоины на 24 $. Он вспомнил о вложении через 4 года, когда его состояние достигло 885 000 $. И купил на часть вложенных денег квартиру в Осло.

Для переводов и оплаты услуг используют биткоин-кошельки. В них хранятся цифровые ключи, необходимые для транзакций. Если вы потеряете приватный ключ, то деньги пропадут навсегда. Их нельзя вернуть, позвонив в банк. У системы биткоинов нет ни единого центра, ни регулятора. По данным chainalysis.com, около 20% биткоинов потеряно, на начало 2022 года это примерно 177 млрд долларов.

Под псевдонимом — это не анонимно

Реестры операций биткоина содержат всю историю операций за все время по всем кошелькам. Если вы купили за биткоины что-нибудь нехорошее, а потом как-то стало известно, что за вами числится этот кошелек, то заинтересованный человек сможет увидеть все ваши операции.

Например, если вы купили билет на самолет за биткоины и указали при оплате свои личные данные, то заинтересованные спецслужбы уже смогут вас идентифицировать.

Есть, конечно, средства полной анонимизации платежей, но они стоят дорого.

Это законно?

1 января 2021 года вступил в силу закон о цифровых активах. Теперь криптовалюта законна, но ее нельзя использовать для оплаты товаров и услуг в России. Биткоины можно выпускать, продавать и покупать. Все владельцы криптовалюты обязаны подавать налоговую декларацию.

Важное пояснение

Мы приводим базовую схему покупки и продажи биткоинов через обменник и биржу. Все примеры в рублях, чтобы было понятно.

Дальше вы можете оптимизировать схему под свои нужды: завести долларовую карту, зарегистрироваться в удобной платежной системе или искать анонимные пути обмена денег.

Универсального способа нет. Если у вас есть свой рецепт торговли криптовалютой — приходите в комментарии.

Как купить биткоин через обменник

Интернет-обменники работают по тому же принципу, что и уличные, меняющие евро и доллары. Они покупают биткоины по цене ниже биржевого курса, продают — дороже. На разнице зарабатывают.

В 2017 году я выбирала обменник на сайте-мониторинге «Локалбиткоинс». Покупка криптовалюты заняла 10 минут. Еще 20 минут биткоины шли на мой кошелек. В 2022 году «Локалбиткоинс» на территории России не работает.

Сейчас лучшие курсы обмена электронных денег можно выбрать на сайтах-мониторингах bestchange.ru и okchanger.com.

Как пользоваться. Вводим в поиске сумму, на которую хотим купить биткоины. Выбираем самый низкий курс, подходящий способ оплаты.

Выбор обменника на bestchange.ru

Для каждого обменника сайт-мониторинг дает отзывы и дополнительную информацию: какую минимальную сумму можно обменять, будут ли дополнительные комиссии и нужна ли верификация. Курс меняется в течение дня.

Выбираем подходящий обменник и переходим на его сайт.

Покупка биткоинов на cashbank.pro

Если продавец согласен на сделку, он резервирует нужную сумму. Когда вы перечислите ему рубли, он отправит на ваш кошелек биткоины. Теперь вы можете купить что-то или перевести монеты в более защищенный кошелек на ПК или флешке.

Минусы. Курс в обменниках сильно завышен.

Комиссия. В 2017 году «Локалбиткоинс» взял комиссию за вывод денег 0,00039629 BTC. Я вложила 1000 Р, а получила биткоины на 826 Р. Транзакции поглотили 17,4%. В 2022 году обменники берут комиссию не меньше 5%, а 1—2% уходит платежной системе — банку или электронному кошельку, например «Киви».

Для больших сумм комиссии меньше. С обменниками можно договориться об индивидуальных условиях.

Рынок обменников в интернете никто не регулирует. Никто не гарантирует безопасность сделок. Если сомневаетесь — не переводите деньги либо попробуйте сначала обменять небольшую сумму. Учитывайте гигантскую комиссию обменников при покупке товаров или вложении денег в биткоины.

Как купить биткоин через биржу

Биржи — это интернет-площадки для торговли криптовалютой. На них встречаются продавцы и покупатели биткоинов. Если продавцов больше, курс падает. Если больше покупателей — растет.

Чтобы зарегистрироваться на небольшой бирже криптовалюты, достаточно адреса электронной почты, но чтобы торговать, придется пройти верификацию. Крупные площадки требуют скан паспорта или водительских прав, адрес и телефон. Чем больше сумма, которую вы меняете, тем больше персональных данных придется раскрыть.

Бирж много: binance.com, bitfinex.com, exmo.me, coinbase.com, cex.io. При выборе обратите внимание на два пункта: курс продажи валюты и система ввода денег.

Мой опыт. В 2017 году мне подошла биржа «Эксмо». Я переводила рубли на нее через «Киви». Хотя теперь этот способ уже исключили. Деньги шли на биржу почти 2 часа. Перевод в биткоины мгновенный.

Как пользоваться. На сайте биржи нажимаем «Купить криптовалюту» и вводим нужную сумму. Биржа принимает платежи с карт «Виза» и «Мастеркард».

Покупаем биткоины

Минусы. Биржи иногда блокируют вывод средств на 1—2 дня после пополнения счета. Объясняют это правилами платежных систем. Информация о блокировках указана на странице ввода денег.

Комиссия. За&nsp;ввод рублей биржи берут 3%. Еще они взимают комиссию с каждой транзакции. Как правило, это 0,4%. На вывод биткоинов тоже комиссия — 0,0005 BTC. Итого в 2022 году при покупке биткоинов на 50 000 Р потеряете в пересчете на рубли 1700 Р.

Сэкономить можно, если использовать долларовую или евровую карту или зарегистрироваться в международных платежных системах Payeer или ADVCash и пополнять через них. В этом случае комиссии могут быть меньше.

Чтобы подобрать самый удобный и дешевый способ обмена, придется зарегистрироваться и верифицироваться в нескольких сервисах. Придумайте заранее, куда будете записывать пароли и кому готовы дать паспортные данные.

Анонимные способы ввода и вывода денег дороже легальных и намного рискованнее. Пользоваться биткоинами — все равно что ходить по улице в маске, но с прозрачными карманами. Система не раскрывает владельца кошелька, но все транзакции записываются в открытом блокчейне. Иногда госслужбам удается связать биткоин-кошельки с реальными людьми по IP-адресу или адресам доставки покупок.

Чтобы достичь анонимности, пользователи несколько раз переводят деньги между новыми биткоин-кошельками, используют анонимную сеть «Тор» и биткоин-миксеры, например mixer.blindmixer.com. В миксере транзакции разных пользователей дробятся и смешиваются. В итоге остается тайной, кто, сколько и кому перевел. Услуга обходится в 1—5% от суммы.

На форумах можно найти человека, который обменяет биткоины на наличные деньги. Отследить их также почти невозможно. Впрочем, такой способ обмена очень рискованный: на форумах можно наткнуться на мошенников и остаться без денег.

Как продать биткоин

Допустим, с тех пор как вы купили биткоины, их курс настолько вырос, что перерос все ваши издержки на комиссии и переводы. Пора продавать биткоины и забирать заработанные деньги. В этой ситуации можно снова воспользоваться обменниками либо вывести деньги через биржу.

Опыт. Я вывожу средства с биржи «Эксмо» на карту «Виза» или «Мастеркард». Перевод с биржи на карту занимает меньше минуты.

Комиссия. Биржа берет за вывод денег 3—6%. Переводить биткоины на кошелек биржи можно без комиссии.

Не переводите биткоины прежде, чем вам отправят за них рубли. Транзакцию в биткоинах нельзя отменить.

Как зарабатывать на биткоинах

В сети можно найти много обучающих видео, блогов и форумов, где обещают доход 20% в месяц. Общий смысл: покупать биткоины по минимальному курсу с минимальными комиссиями и продавать по максимальному курсу и тоже с минимальными комиссиями.

Кажется, что торговать валютой просто, но не стоит рисковать сразу. Курс биткоина меняется очень быстро и резко. Для начала попробуйте торговать суммой, которую не жалко потерять. Когда получится стабильно зарабатывать, можно играть по-крупному.

Меньше всего рисков при торговле по тренду. Для этого нужно завести деньги на биржу, дождаться момента, когда курс упал и только начинает расти, а затем купить биткоины и ждать, когда курс достигнет пика. С такой стратегией безопаснее не хранить биткоины на бирже, а переводить их на отдельный кошелек.

Торги на бирже — это работа. Игроки следят за курсом валют постоянно, сверяются с китайскими биржами. Чтобы не пропускать колебания курса, можно настроить оповещения в приложении биржи. Как только биткоин начнет падать или расти, сработает будильник.

Еще зарабатывать можно на ICO. Initial Coin Offering — это аналог краудфандинга или выхода на биржу. Вы вкладываетесь в новую компанию, стартап, а за это получаете токены — подобие акций. Если повезет и компания вырастет, получите доход.

Закон устанавливает общие требования для ICO: токены должны выпускать в информационной системе, которая входит в реестр ЦБ. Как это будет работать на деле, пока непонятно. Раньше компании выходили на ICO без продукта и настоящего бизнеса, просто с целью собрать деньги с вкладчиков и уйти в закат. Поэтому вкладывайте в компании на свой страх и риск.

Еще вкладываются в другие криптовалюты. Помимо биткоина их несколько тысяч. Курс валюты монеро с 2017 по январь 2022 года почти в 16 раз, с 13 до 212 $. Эфириум за тот же период подорожал в 150 раз, а даш — в 15 раз.

Вложения в ICO и в новые криптовалюты — высокорисковые. Чтобы оценить перспективность стартапа, нужно разобраться в блокчейн-технологиях и бизнесе.

Запомнить

  1. Криптовалюта — рискованное занятие.
  2. Позаботьтесь о защите кошелька и надежно сохраните пароли. Утерянные ключи нельзя восстановить.
  3. Ознакомьтесь с комиссиями сервисов перед переводом средств. Транзакции могут съесть и 10, и 15, и даже 20%.
  4. Не переводите биткоины до подтверждения, что вам перечислили за них валюту. Транзакции с криптовалютами нельзя отменить.
  5. Если храните деньги в биткоинах, следите за его курсом.
  6. Начинайте торговать с суммы, которую не жалко потерять.
  7. Профессиональный трейдинг на биткоине — это полноценная работа. Если кто-то обещает гарантированный заработок без усилий, скорее всего, этот кто-то заработает на вас.

Как обозначается биткоин на бирже?

1 год назад

Накопил немного денег и хочу попробовать поторговать. Слышал, что криптовалютой можно прибыльно трейдить, только вот найти его не могу. Подскажите пожалуйста, как обозначается биткоин на бирже? Простите за такой вопрос, только начал разбираться в теме.

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Всем привет! У меня тут вопрос назрел. Говорят, в 2023 году намечается гиперинфляция, а деньги сохранить хочется. Криптовалюта, конечно, рискованный актив, но, глядишь, вырастет еще. Тем более аналитики предрекают рост из-за притока средств с классических рынков. В какой криптовалюте лучше хранить деньги?

5 ответов

Здравствуйте! Курсы криптовалют сильно скачут. Чтобы начать инвестировать, нужно понимать, что влияет на стоимость монет. Вопрос простой, от чего зависит курс Эфириума? Говорят, что после всех обновлений PoS цена улетит на луну. А может случиться такое, что стоимость монет сильно упадет?

5 ответов

Друзья, кто подскажет, сколько хешей в биткоине? И как рассчитать мощность для майнинга одной монеты?

5 ответов

Как только в сети не употребляют и не коверкают это слово. Попробуем разобраться, как и в каких случаях его писать.

Слово Bitcoin изначально было введено Сатоши Накамото, когда он опубликовал свою статью «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System». Он не ввел никакой жесткой терминологии на этот счет, так что нет «официальной версии», как оно пишется. Однако есть устоявшиеся правила, которые использует большая часть сообщества:

1. Bitcoin или Биткоин — (с заглавной буквы), когда речь идет о технологии, сети, концепции.

2. bitcoin или биткоин— (с строчной буквы), когда идет речь о единице валюты (2 биткоина, 5 биткоинов), для удобства еще используют сокращенный вариант BTC.

3. BitCoin, BitCoins, биткоен, биткоинт и т.п. — неверное написание, которого следует избегать.

Bitcoin (BTC)

BTC

Bitcoin
BTC

Цена 1 Bitcoin на сегодня (4 марта)

$ 22 355

-0,19%

Рыночная капитализация

$ 431 602 118 879

-5.9%

#1

Первые торги валютой начались 3 января 2009 года, к сегодняшнему дню Bitcoin (BTC) торгуется на 180 биржах, в числе которых ZB, Binance, CoinDCX и другие. Максимальный торговый объём наблюдается по торговой паре BTC/USDT и достигает 19,3 млрд. долларов (58% от общего объёма по всем биржам). В течение недели минимальная цена на Bitcoin (BTC) зафиксирована в субботу на отметке 22 354 доллара. Сейчас Bitcoin стоит 22 355 долларов или 1 685 897,44 рублей за 1 BTC.

Курс Bitcoin (BTC)

График популярности Bitcoin (BTC)

В построении графика учитывается историческая популярность поискового запроса «Bitcoin (BTC)». Данные актуальны на 4 марта 2023 года.

Биржа Пара Цена Объем, 24 ч
1
ZB
BTC/USDC

$ 23 023

USDC 23 017,82

$ 7 502 873 341 Перейти
2
CoinDCX
BTC/USDT

$ 22 447

₮ 22 345,79

$ 5 133 727 429 Перейти
3
Binance
BTC/USDT

$ 22 344

₮ 22 323,50

$ 4 975 721 466 Перейти
4
Binance
BTC/BUSD

$ 22 351

BUSD 22 323,87

$ 1 925 081 341 Перейти
5
CITEX
BTC/USDT

$ 22 387

₮ 22 365,44

$ 1 239 019 526 Перейти
6
Nami.Exchange
BTC/USDT

$ 22 349

₮ 22 349,93

$ 843 975 096 Перейти
7
Bione
BTC/USDT

$ 22 347

₮ 22 335,80

$ 487 100 058 Перейти
8
Tidex
BTC/USDT

$ 22 387

₮ 22 364,85

$ 457 083 078 Перейти
9
BTSE
BTC/USD

$ 22 333

$ 22 332,70

$ 426 008 281 Перейти
10
Hoo.com
BTC/USDT

$ 23 416

₮ 23 392,01

$ 312 320 287 Перейти

Калькулятор BTC

BTC


USDT

1 BTC = 22 355 USD

Что такое Биткоин?

Биткойн — это первые успешные интернет-деньги, основанные на технологии peer-to-peer; при этом ни один центральный банк или орган власти не участвует в транзакциях и производстве валюты биткойн. Он был создан анонимным человеком/группой под именем Сатоши Накамото. Исходный код находится в открытом доступе как проект с открытым исходным кодом, любой желающий может посмотреть на него и принять участие в процессе разработки.

Биткойн уже сейчас меняет наше представление о деньгах. Идея заключалась в том, чтобы создать средство обмена, не зависящее от какого-либо центрального органа, которое можно было бы передавать электронным способом в безопасной, проверяемой и неизменяемой форме. Это децентрализованная одноранговая интернет-валюта, упрощающая мобильные платежи, с очень низкими комиссионными за транзакции, защищающая вашу личность и работающая в любом месте и в любое время без центрального органа и банков.

Биткойн спроектирован таким образом, что в мире будет создано всего 21 миллион BTC, что делает его дефляционной валютой. Биткойн использует алгоритм хэширования SHA-256 со средним временем подтверждения транзакции 10 минут. Сегодня майнеры добывают Биткойн с помощью чипов ASIC, предназначенных только для добычи Биткойна, и хэшрейт вырос до пета хэшей.

Будучи первой успешной онлайн криптовалютой, биткойн вдохновил другие альтернативные валюты, такие как Litecoin, Peercoin, Primecoin и так далее.

Затем криптовалюта взлетела с инновацией смарт-контракта, завершенного по Тьюрингу, в Ethereum, что привело к развитию других удивительных проектов, таких как EOS, Tron и даже криптоколлекций, таких как CryptoKitties.

Где найти официальные сайты Биткоин?

Известно о 5 официальных ссылках на сайт и социальные сети Bitcoin:

  • Официальный сайт — bitcoin.org
  • Twitter — twitter.com/bitcoin
  • Reddit — reddit.com/r/Bitcoin
  • Facebook — facebook.com/bitcoins
  • GitHub — github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin

Полный обзор Bitcoin: Анализ криптовалюты и стоимость биткоина

Одной из самых фатальных ошибок криптовалютного трейдера считается его пренебрежение базами и основами. Как можно торговать криптовалютами не понимая что такое биткоин и его историю? Об особенностях криптовалюты, истории ее появления и нюансах текущего положения, вы узнаете из нашего материала.

Что такое биткоин и откуда он появился

Сразу, биткоин — это криптовалюта. В простонародье биток, он же BTC. Первое упоминание о биткоине появилось в статье «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System» (Биткоин: Одноранговая электронная денежная система). Само слово биткоин означает в переводе с английского: bit — минимальная единица информации, coin — монета.

Первыми с документами и упоминаниями о криптовалюте ознакомились криптографы, чьи электронные адреса входили в список рассылки для интересующихся новыми технологиями энтузиастов. В документе была представлена техническое описание и функции биткоина. Спустя несколько месяцев, в сети биткоина был сгенерирован первый блок – генезис.

Развитие биткоина

Ранние этапы развития криптовалюты можно представить следующим образом:

история развития биткоина

История биткоина
Дата Событие
18.08.2008 Зарегистрирован домен Bitcoin.org
31.10.2008 Опубликован White Paper биткоина (BTC)
09.11.2008 Регистрация BTC на ресурсе Sourseforge.net
03.01.2009 Генерация первого блока BTC. Получен первый биткоин
09.01.2009 Релиз программы Bitcoin Core v.0.1
12.01.2009 Первая транзакция (Накамото > Хэл Финни)
05.10.2009 Биткоин начал торговаться на бирже New Liberty Standart. Курс биткоина в долларах $1,3
09.10.2009 Регистрация канала для разработчиков биткиона
16.12.2009 Релиз Bitcoine Core v 0.2

Интересно! Существует мнение, согласно которому первый биткоин был создан для того, чтобы в будущем предотвратить мировой финансовый кризис. Данная теория основана на том, что первая криптовалюта появилась в 2008 году. Именно в этот период было зафиксировано обострение мирового финансового кризиса.

Как работает биткоин

В основе идеи биткоина – отказ от задействования третьей стороны (банков, правительства) в финансовых операциях между людьми. Криптовалюта работает на базе открытого протокола, сам биткоин выполняет функции передачи данных. Важно, что пользователи не должны раскрывать свою личность. Для проведения транзакций в платежной системе биткоина не требуется доверие сторон – сеть криптовалюты в состоянии защитить интересы ее участников при помощи криптографии, без вмешательства третьей стороны. 

Курс биткоина формируется за счет уровней спроса и предложения. Также в основе BTC заложена система инфляционного контроля. Ее составными частями являются: ограниченное предложение монет на рынке и периодическое сокращение уровня вознаграждения за майнинг. Данный процесс называют халвингом.
*Майнинг — процесс добычи (высвобождения) криптовалюты. Подробнее — далее в материале.

Основа системы инфляционного контроля заключается в следующем:

  • Количество не добытых биткоинов постоянно сокращается. Соответственно, формируется дефицит.
  • Постепенное снижение уровня награды за майнинг позволяет контролировать скорость добычи BTC и ценность монет. 

Как и где хранить биткоин

Более детально о криптокошельках и о том, какой лучше выбрать мы уже писали, сейчас зацепим основные тезисы. Сама монета биткоин — расчетная единица. BTC состоит из более мелких единиц — Сатоши (названы в честь создателя криптовалюты). Монеты хранятся в кошельках. Каждому хранилищу присваивается свой адрес. Кошельки представлены на рынке в ряде вариаций, которые можно разделить на следующие категории:

  • Холодные. Без постоянного доступа к интернету. Отличаются высоким уровнем безопасности. Чаще всего холодные кошельки используют для долговременного хранения криптовалюты.
  • Горячие. Позволяют быстро совершать транзакции с криптовалютой в сети. Удобны для повседневного использования. Уровень безопасности уступает холодным. 

Обе категории, в свою очередь, делятся на виды и подвиды. На рынке представлено большое количество кошельков, предназначенных для самых разнообразных целей. Выбор осуществляется в зависимости от требования пользователя. Пример адреса биткоин-кошелька:

адрес биткоина

Зная адрес биткоин-кошелька, можно получить сведения обо всех операциях, которые когда-либо были совершены с его помощью.

блокчейн

Данные: blockchain.com

Как быстро купить Bitcoin

На эту тему уже написана подробная статья на нашем портале. Мы рассмотрели 3 способа покупки биткоина:

  • Используя биржу бинанс для покупки с карты Visa
  • Не используя биржи, но используя обменник. Покупка с карты Visa
  • Без бирж, но с обменником. Покупка через Qiwi.

Поэтому останавливаться на этом пункте особо нет смысла. Ссылка на статью выше.

Уровень анонимности Биткоина

Примечательно, что возможность отслеживания операций позволяет участникам криптосообщества видеть перемещение крупных сумм. Соответственно, пользователи знают, когда в рынок входит крупный игрок, объемы средств которого способны повлиять на поведение курса цифровых активов. Получается, что обладая информацией о личности человека и адресе его криптовалютного биткоин-кошелька, пожно получить представление о совершаемых им операциях. 

В этом заключается феномен «анонимной не анонимности» BTC. Для устранения этой проблемы можно использовать так называемые биткоин-миксеры. Их суть заключается в следующем:

  • Пользователь отправляет средства с указанием номера кошелька конечного адресата в сервис (миксер).
  • Миксер пересылает средства, но теперь в качестве отправителя будет указан другой адрес (не имеющий отношения к заказчику перевода).

Вся информация о подтвержденных транзакциях в сети биткоина сохраняется на блокчейн (цепочку блоков). Каждый блок привязывается к предыдущему и последующему при помощи информации. Соответственно, для изменения сведений в одном из блоков потребуется переписать все предыдущие и последующие. Последнее невозможно благодаря децентрализованной структуре сети.

Децентрализация подразумевает хранение сведений о сети (блокчейн) на компьютерах ее участников. Соответственно, чем больше устройств подключено – тем более защищенной она является.

Для проведения транзакции в сети биткоина необходимо ее подтверждение (проверка корректности данных). Этой работой занимаются майнеры. Сведения о транзакциях собираются в блоки. Объем последних не бесконечен. По их заполнению или истечению определенного времени, они вносятся в блокчейн. Данный процесс также часто называют нахождением блоков. В момент, когда блок был внесен в блокчейн, майнеру, который нашел его, выплачивается вознаграждение (в BTC). О технической составляющей процесса — далее в материале.

блоки биткоина

Информация о последних добытых, на момент написания материала, блоков. Данные: blockchain.com

Майнинг биткоина

Для обработки операций сети необходимо задействовать вычислительное оборудование. Самым простым примером последнего является компьютер. Чем больше вычислительной мощности – тем больше шанс найти блок и получить вознаграждение. Поэтому для заработка майнеры:

  • Объединяют вычислительные мощности, создавая так называемые пулы. Впоследствии вознаграждение делится между всеми участниками группы.
  • Создают майнинг-фермы, объединяя вычислительное оборудование.

видеокарты под биткоин

Ферма для майнинга из видеокарт.

Также для повышения эффективности майнинга можно использовать специально созданное под данный процесс оборудование – асики.

Эмиссия и комиссия биткоина

В сети запрограммировано ограниченное количество монет, известно что осталось биткоинов – около 21 млн монет. Единственный способ их эмиссии — майнинг. В момент, когда все монеты будут добыты (предположительно, это должно произойти в 2120 году), майнеры продолжат обслуживать блокчейн-сеть. Однако теперь их вознаграждение будет состоять только из комиссий за проведение транзакций.

Ранее мы делали обзор на криптовалюту AST

Комиссии биткоина в сети носят динамический характер. Они зависят от загруженности блокчейна. Максимальный уровень комиссии был зарегистрирован в конце 2017 года (в этот период курс BTC достиг наивысших значений). 

При необходимости проведения транзакции в максимально сжатые сроки, пользователь может повысить уровень комиссии. Чем выше оплата за операцию, тем быстрее она пройдет. Майнеры получают комиссию за проведение транзакций. Соответственно, участникам системы выгоднее браться за операции, уровень оплаты которых выше.

курс биткоина

Изменение комиссии за транзакции в сети биткоина. Данные: blockchain.com

Чрезмерная загруженность сети криптовалюты — следствие ее недостаточно высокого уровня масштабируемости. Для решения данной проблемы в была создана технология Lightning Network. Она представляет собой протокол второго слоя, построенный поверх сети биткоина. С его помощью пользователи могут совершать транзакции вне блокчейна, внося в цепочку исключительно результаты операций. Таким образом снижается загруженность сети и устраняется проблема чрезмерного роста комиссий.

Основа блокчейна: Алгоритм обработки данных сети биткоин

В сети биткоина ежедневно появляется большое количество данных. Поскольку все они должны стать составной частью общей цепи, для упрощения процесса их организации, применяется процесс криптошифрования. Для этого система задействует хэш-функции. Последние позволяют преобразовать большой массив данных в короткую строку, состоящую из набора букв и цифр (количество символов, в которые преобразуется информация, программируется заранее). 

Примечательно, что с небольшим количеством информации хэш-функция работает по аналогичному принципу. Получается, неважно, какой изначально был объем данных, — в любом случае система преобразует их в уникальную строку, состоящую из определенного количества символов. При этом при попытке перевести одну и ту же информацию в хэш, результат будет одинаковым.

Для блокчейна биткоина используются 256-битные хэши, состоящие из 64 символов. Данный алгоритм хэширования называется SHA 256. Преобразованная с его помощью информация выглядит следующим образом:

шифрование биткоина

Хэш-функции также нужны биткоину для того, чтобы его блокчейн был защищен от рисков, связанных с применением недостоверной информации. Корректность всех сведений, которые попадают в цепочку, должна быть доказана. Процесс обновления блокчейна сети самой популярной криптовалюты происходит благодаря алгоритму достижения консенсуса Proof of Work (доказательство работы).

Для добавления нового блока в реестр необходимо найти число (nonce), которое в комбинации со всеми предыдущими данными блокчейна даст определенный хэш (при переводе данных в хэш-функцию SHA 256). Этой работой занимаются майнеры (их устройства предлагают числа до тех пор, пока не будет найдено нужное). 

Чем больше у криптодобытчика вычислительной мощности, тем больше вероятность первым найти необходимое значение и получить награду. Число, которое в итоге позволит криптодобытчику внести блок в цепочку и получить награду, определяет блокчейном. Получается процесс, похожий на отгадывание загадки/решение головоломки.

На момент написания материала, награда за блок составляет 12,5 BTC (свыше $100 тыс., при курсе BTC $8300). В следующем году наступит халвинг 2020 года, в мае уровень вознаграждения снизится вдвое. 

кулдаун халвинга

Данные: bitcoinblockhalf.com

Скорость добычи блока, в среднем, составляет 10 минут. Код биткоина позволяет постоянно подстраивать майнинг под текущие показатели активности майнеров (при необходимости увеличивая сложность поиска хэша, или же уменьшая ее). В результате достигается баланс, благодаря которому скорость добычи остается примерно на одном и том же уровне.

Совокупный объем вычислительной мощности, направленной на обслуживание криптовалюты, называется хэшрейтом. Чем он выше — тем более защищенной становится сеть (за счет задействования устройств для защиты блокчейна биткоина от недостоверных данных).

хешрейт биткиона

Данные: bitinfocharts.com

Интересно! Известный трейдер и телеведущий Макс Кайзер представил теорию, согласно которой цена биткоина растет после изменения хешрейта.

Hashrate (more often than not) leads price. This is something not even #Bitcoin’s most ardent supporters understand. It’s the heart of the incentive scheme. It’s Satoshi’s ability to hack humans to create Gold 2.0. https://t.co/ylIaGjuTwa

— M🌋X (@maxkeiser) June 20, 2019

Анализ поведения BTC после вспышек роста его хэшрейта показал, что в большинстве случаев цена биткоина действительно выходит в рост.

хешрейт биткоина

Полезные ресурсы

Быть в курсе изменений, происходящих в сети биткоина и других криптовалют, вам помогут следующие ресурсы:

  • tradingview.com — тут можно смотреть курс биткоина строить графики.
  • bitinfocharts.com — цена биткоина в режиме онлайн плюс данные о хешрейте
  • bitcoinblockhalf.com — отсчет времени до следующего халвинга, информация о сети биткоина.
  • movable-type.co.uk/scripts/sha256.html — нахождение хэша информации.
  • blockchain.com — просмотр транзакций биткоина по номеру криптовалютного кошелька и системная информация о BTC (в том числе, показатели уровня комиссий сети).

Дополнительные ресурсы для отслеживания положения криптовалют в мире

  • coin.dance — статистические данные, карта легальности биткоина.
  • coinmap.org — информация о том, как и где расплатиться биткоином по всему миру.
  • coinmarketcap.com — рейтинг, курс биткоина к рублю, доллару и другим валютам

Создатель биткоина – кто он

Официально создателем биткоина является некий Сатоши (Сатоси) Накамото (Satoshi Nakamoto). Считается, что имя разработчика – псевдоним. Однако кто скрывается за ним – мужчина, женщина, или группа программистов – неизвестно.

В попытке выяснить, кто придумал биткоин и кем на самом деле является Сатоши Накамото, в криптосообщества возник ряд предположений. К наиболее популярным версиям можно отнести следующие:

Ник Сабо

Ник Сабо

Профессия: Криптограф, программист.

Аргументы в пользу причастности к созданию биткоина

Специалист в течение долгого времени занимался разработкой алгоритмов цифровой валюты. Является автором технологии Bit Gold, которая во многом схожа с биткоином. Ведет затворнический образ жизни, редко дает интервью. Исследователи, проанализировав стиль написания работ Ника Сабо с материалами, автором которых выступает Сатоши Накамото, пришли к выводу об их схожести. Сам криптограф отрицает свою причастность к созданию биткоина.

Хэл Финни

Хел Финни

Профессия: Специалист в области информатики.

Аргументы в пользу причастности к созданию биткоина

Официально является получателем первой биткоин-транзакции. В качестве аргументов, способных доказать отношение специалиста к созданию первой криптовалюты, часто используют скриншоты подсчетов развития сети BTC его авторства. 

You think bitcoin twitter is bullish? Hal Finney (@halfin), was calculating a bitcoin price of $10,000,000 per coin just ONE WEEK after the the genesis block on January 3rd, 2009.

Absolute legend. pic.twitter.com/5MptLhEYHL

— Doc 🏛 (@DrBitcoinMD) August 23, 2019

Крейг Райт

Крейг Райт

Профессия: Предприниматель, ученый.

Аргументы в пользу причастности к созданию биткоина

В отличие от других претендентов на звание создателя BTC, Крейг Райт самостоятельно всячески лоббирует свою причастность к первой криптовалюте. К аргументам «за» то, что австралийский предприниматель – Сатоши Накамото, принято причислять следующие:

  • за несколько месяцев до публикации White Paper биткоина, Крейг Райт представил анонс схожего проекта;
  • причастность ученого к созданию BTC подтвердил Гэвин Андрисен – один из пионеров криптоиндустрии, которому довелось в личной переписке общаться с Сатоши Накамото.

Однако при этом существует масса аргументов «против». Так, истинный Сатоши может легко доказать свою личность при помощи ключей доступа от блоков BTC. Другим способом мог стать перевод средств с кошельков, предположительно принадлежащим Накамото. От предложений доказать свою причастность к созданию bitcoin упомянутыми способами Крейг Райт отказался. В результате предприниматель получил негласное прозвище «лже Сатоши».

Чарли Ли

Чарли Ли

Профессия: Трейдер, программист. Является создателем одной из самых популярных криптовалют – Litecoin.

Аргументы в пользу причастности к созданию биткоина

В отношении Чарли Ли существует теория, согласно которой его проект Litecoin стал усовершенствованной версией bitcoin. Якобы Сатоши Накамото, увидев ряд проблем своей криптовалюты, принял решение о создании новой. 

В пользу данной теории свидетельствует ранний срок выпуска Litecoin (проект появился спустя два года после запуска BTC). Сам Чарли Ли, в ответ на статью, в которой его называют Сатоши, иронично написал в своем Twitter, что его «вычислили».

Дориан Сатоси Накамото

Единица биткоина - сатоши

Профессия: Физик, системный инженер.

Аргументы в пользу причастности к созданию биткоина

Главным аргументом в пользу того, что американец японского происхождения является создателем bitcoin оказалось его имя. Мужчина никогда не занимался серьезной научной деятельностью и не был замечен в связи с криптовалютами.

Именно Дориан Сатоси Накамото больше всех пострадал от охоты за создателем биткоина. В попытках найти доказательства причастности мужчины к первой криптовалюте, журналисты сделали его жизнь невыносимой. Дориан в течение долгого периода времени не мог спокойно выйти из дома: каждый его шаг сопровождался вспышками фотокамер. В результате физик был вынужден записать видеообращение, в котором он опроверг свою причастность к созданию биткоина.

Представленные претенденты – не единственные, кому приписывают создание биткоина. В свое время СМИ успели примерить роль Сатоши Накамото на Илона Маска, Виталика Бутерина (Ethereum) и многих других известных научных деятелей современности.

Что известно о самом Сатоши Накамото?

Информация о создателе первой криптовалюты собиралась участниками криптосообщества по крупицам. В частности, ряд сведений был взят из его профиля на ресурсе p2pfoundation, с которого он общался с коллегами.

Предположительно, Сатоши родился в 1975 году, и в настоящий момент проживает в Японии. Однако многие исследователи личности Накамото считают, что он может быть гражданином США, поскольку разработчик в совершенстве владеет американским английским. 

Считается, что Накамото является обладателем большого количества BTC. На скрине отображены предполагаемые блоки, добытые самим Сатоши. Соответственно, теоретически, он может влиять на рынок цифровых активов (путем продажи своих сбережений).

Предполагаемая активность Сатоши Накамото в сети

История биткоина: хронология

Прошло уже больше десяти лет с момента запуска сети биткоина. Далее необходимо обозначить значимые события, которые встретились на пути первой криптовалюты:

  • Май 2010. Первая в истории покупка товара за реальные биткионы. Майнер Ласло Ханеч купил две пиццы за 10 000 BTC ($83,5 млн, по состоянию на середину октября 2019 года).
  • Декабрь 2010 года. Сатоши Накамото прекращает участие в разработке криптовалюты и прерывает любое общение с программистами проекта.
  • 2011 год. Bitcoin приобретает популярность в качестве средства оплаты. К сожалению, во многом распространению криптовалюты способствовал рынок даркнета. Высокий уровень анонимности криптовалюты сделал его популярным средством платежей для покупки незаконных товаров.
  • 2012 год. Создается функционирующая по сей день организация Bitcoin Foundation, курирующая криптовалюту.
  • 2013 год. Пик биткоина в капитализации. Она впервые превысила 1$ млрд.
  • 2014-2016 годы. Распространение криптовалюты продолжается. Bitcoin постепенно уходит от статуса средства платежей исключительно для даркнета. В этот период особую роль в поведении криптовалюты сыграла остановка торгов на популярной бирже Mt.Gox. На фоне сложностей, после активного роста курса BTC, актив выходит в затяжное падение.

курс биткоина 2014 года

Криптосообщество продолжает расти. Регистрируются взломы бирж, разработчики создают решения в сфере безопасности, благодаря которым новый финансовый инструмент мог бы в полной мере занять место фиата.

  • 2017 год. Именно в этот период приходится пик биткоина, курс достиг своего максимума, приблизившись к уровню $20 тыс. Власти стран работают над формированием регуляторной основы для криптовалюты.

курс биткоина

  • 2018 год. После достижения курсом BTC своего исторического максимума, на рынке началась затяжная коррекция. 

Биткоин сегодня: особенности положения криптовалюты

Сегодня биткоин является самой капитализированной криптовалютой. Поведение его курса отражается на движении других активов, что можно объяснить следующим образом: BTC – олицетворение явления «криптовалюта». Его поведение – индикатор, отражающий отношение к новому финансовому инструменту в мире. Соответственно, в случае выхода негативной новости, касающейся криптовалют, с наибольшей вероятностью именно биткоин первым отреагирует на случившееся. Следом за BTC другие, менее капитализированные активы, последуют за своим «предводителем».

Любопытным исключением из правил являются стейблкоины (stablecoin рус. стабильная монета). Для примера возьмем самый популярный проект из представленной категории — Tether. Курс актива привязан к доллару США в пропорции 1:1. В случае выхода негативных новостей, способных стать причиной снижения курса криптовалют, часть пользователей предпочитает переводить средства из простых криптовалют (подобных биткоину) в стейблкоины. Причин для этого несколько:

  • «Стабильные монеты» позволяют отказаться от перевода активов в фиат, с целью сохранения ценности (на фоне риска снижения курса криптовалюты).
  • В дальнейшем, при перемене новостного фона, обратный перевод активов из стабильных монет в криптовалюту осуществить значительно проще, в сравнении с переводом фиата в цифровые активы.

В результате на рынке часто можно наблюдать следующую ситуацию: когда курс самых капитализированных криптовалют находится в падении, Tether и другие популярные стейблкоины демонстрируют позитивную динамику.

Цена Биткоина: Доминирование на рынке

Bitcoin, благодаря особенностям своего положения, остается самой популярной криптовалютой. По состоянию на момент написания обзора (середина октября 2019 года), он занимает 66,5% рынка. 

При рассмотрении графика биткоина, представленного ниже, можно увидеть, что в 2017 году случилось резкое падение доли BTC на рынке. Одновременно был реализован рост Ethereum (ETH) — второй по капитализации криптовалюты. Изменения можно объяснить вспышкой популярности ICO (первичное предложение монет). 

доминирование биткоина

За небольшой промежуток времени на рынке появилось большое количество стартапов. Команды последних, в поиске вариантов выпуска собственной криптовалюты, чаще всего обращались к платформе Ethereum. В результате возник большой спрос на ETH.

Многие стартапы оказались скамом (мошенническими, низкокачественными проектами). Пользуясь популярностью ICO, злоумышленники собирали инвестиции и пропадали с ними. Проводить подобную мошенническую схему им помогало отсутствие регуляторной основы для первичных предложений монет. 

В дальнейшем, когда законодательные органы обратили внимание на ICO и развернули борьбу против скама, количество мошенников в данной области убавилось. Вместе с последними ушел и активный спрос на ETH (что отражено на графике).

курс биткоина

Средства из стартапов, которые по тем или иным причинам были вынуждены закрыться, перетекли в другие криптовалюты. Большая часть средств досталась биткоину, как самому стабильному, в сравнении с другими, цифровому активу.

В дальнейшем на рынке также был всплеск популярности альткоинов (others). Его начало приходится на конец 2017 года (именно в этот период цена биткоина достигла пиковых значений приблизившись к уровню $20 тыс.). Однако в дальнейшем, в ходе коррекции курса криптовалюты, востребованность альткоинов пошла на убыль.

На момент написания материала (середина октября 2019 года), биткоин торгуется в среднем по $8300. Топ-3 самых капитализированных криптовалют выглядит следующим образом:

цена биткоина

Где можно расплатиться биткоином

Биткоин находится на начальном этапе своего распространения в мире в качестве платежного инструмента. В настоящий момент карта пунктов приема BTC в качестве средства оплаты выглядит следующим образом:

биткоин в россии

В России наибольшее количество точек, в которых можно рассчитаться биткоином, находится в Москве и Санкт-Петербурге. 

биткоин карта

К вопросу о легальности биткоина

Положение биткоина меняется от страны к стране. Во многих юрисдикциях для криптовалюты не подготовлена регуляторная база. В результате новый финансовый инструмент вынужден существовать вне правового поля. Например, в России подготовка закона о криптовалютах ведется с осени 2017 года. В отсутствии четко прописанной регуляторной основы, цифровые активы в стране не запрещены, но одновременно с этим и не разрешены — они попросту не существуют, с точки зрения действующего законодательства.

Правительства ряда стран усмотрело в криптовалюте угрозу. В связи с этим финансовый инструмент был запрещен на их территории. По состоянию на середину октября карта легальности криптовалют, на примере биткоина, выглядит следующим образом:

география биткоина

Криптосообщество продолжает расти, поиски истинного Сатоши Накамото также не останавливаются ни на секунду. Многие аналитики предрекают дальнейший рост стоимости биткоина. Сбудутся ли их прогнозы, и сможет ли новый финансовый инструмент вытеснить фиат – неизвестно. Мы будем следить за изменениями.

Похожие криптовалюты

Ethereum

$1 569,75

-4.45%

Курс Биткоина сегодня

Bitcoin (Биткоин, биржевой тикер BTC) – самая первая и в настоящее время наиболее популярная криптовалюта в мире. За курсом Биткоина сегодня следят все участники криптосообщества, трейдеры и майнеры. Кроме этого, цена Биткоина онлайн интересует также инвесторов и аналитиков традиционных рынков.

Откуда берутся котировки?

Биткоин сегодня торгуется на нескольких десятках криптовалютных бирж. Котировки на каждой конкретной бирже будут несколько отличаться от аналогичного показателя на другой площадке. Поэтому для унификации, на сайте BlockChainDesk.ru приводится средневзвешенный курс BTC, то есть среднее значение, рассчитанное исходя из данных, собранных на ряде основных криптовалютных бирж, и его изменение за последние 24 часа.

Кроме этого, выводятся данные по капитализации Биткоина на данный момент времени и объем торгов за прошедшие 24 часа.

Изменение цены Биткоина

Bitcoin был создан в 2009 году, и на момент создания стоимость Биткоина составляла всего несколько центов. Однако уже за первые два года существования курс BTC возрос в 330 раз. Курс биткоина сегодня составляет уже несколько тысяч долларов США. Посчитать доходность от таких инвестиций довольно легко — они составляют тысячи процентов.

Столь резкий рост курса Биткоина к доллару превратил данную криптовалюту из малоизвестной разработки в перспективный инструмент не только для осуществления электронных платежей и переводов, но и для долгосрочного инвестирования, заработка на колебаниях курса, способа сбережения средств, а также обхода некоторых ограничений вследствие анонимности данной системы, основы для новых стартапов и прочего.

Известно множество головокружительных историй успеха, связанных с таким стремительным ростом стоимости Биткоина. Многие люди, порой даже не представляя себе будущую ценность данной криптовалюты, покупали ее в далеком 2009 году, и спустя несколько лет становились миллионерами.

Но наряду с этим, существуют и обратные, в некоторой степени обидные ситуации. Например, в 2010 году некий американец по имени Ласло разместил на тематическом криптофоруме пост, в котором сообщил, что был бы не прочь заказать пару пицц и заплатить за них новой криптовалютой. Нашелся человек, который доставил Ласло его ужин и получил от заказчика 10 000 Биткоинов, что по тогдашнему курсу BTC составляло $40-50. Легко представить себе сожаления этого человека, учитывая курс Бикоина сегодня.

Президент Сбербанка Герман Греф рассказал, что несколько лет назад приобрел футболку за 12 Биткоинов, цена которого на тот момент составляла 38 центов. Теперь, по признанию обладателя, эта футболка – самая дорогая вещь в его гардеробе.

От чего зависит стоимость Биткоина сегодня?

В отличие от национальных валют, курс которых устанавливается Центральным Банком на весь текущий день, курс Bitcoin никто не контролирует. Фиксированную цену на Биткоин не устанавливает ни ЦБ, ни какая-либо другая организация.

Курс биткоина к доллару зависит исключительно от естественного соотношения спроса и предложения, формирующегося участниками рынка. Вследствие высокой волатильности курса Bitcoin, никто не рискнет устанавливать определенный курс BTC на весь день, ведь порой дневные изменения стоимости могут составлять до десятков процентов.

Для многих жителей, например, из России, удобнее пользоваться курсом Биткоина к рублю, так как этот инструмент отражает курс BTC к местной валюте. Поэтому также приводятся значения курса Биткоина к рублю онлайн, пересчитанные с учетом текущего курса доллара.

График Биткоина к Доллару

В связи с довольно существенной нестабильностью курса Bitcoin, для представления общей ситуации на рынке удобно пользоваться онлайн графиком курса Биткоинa к доллару. Ведь чтобы предугадать возможные изменения курса, необходимо владеть информацией не только о текущих значениях, но и статистикой о котировках за определенный прошедший период времени.

На приведенном графике Биткоина отображается соотношение цены биткоина онлайн к доллару . Кроме этого, можно наблюдать изменение стоимости Биткоина за день, неделю, месяц, квартал и год.

Почему основные значения котировок отличаются от приводимых на графике?

Как говорилось выше, основные котировки являются неким средним значением, рассчитанным на основе данных торгов на нескольких биржах. Приведенные график же представляет собой прямую трансляцию торгов с одной конкретной биржи, в данном случае — Kraken.

Что такое Биткоин?

Термин Биткоин уже довольно прочно вошел в нашу жизнь. Средства массовой информации упоминают если и не каждый день, то с завидной регулярностью. Однако порой доходит до того, что Bitcoin отождествляется с какими-то нереальными цифровыми технологиями, настолько оторванными от жизни, что употребляется это слово исключительно в юмористическом контексте.

Между тем, в 2018 году Биткойн отпразднует 10 лет, а это немалый срок для современных изобретений, и хороший повод разобраться, что такое Биткоин.

Итак, эта статья является простой и понятной инструкцией для всех интересующихся криптовалютой Bitcoin. В материале вы найдете информацию о том, как работает Биткоин и варианты его применения, способы приобретения и хранения криптовалюты Биткоин, меры предосторожности и другие полезные сведения.

Что такое Биткоин?

Bitcoin (русская транслитерация – Биткоин или Биткойн, биржевой тикер BTC) — это электронная платежная система, основанная на технологии блокчейн и одноименная криптовалюта, которая используется для учета операций в данном протоколе.

Сеть и, соответственно, криптовалюта Биткоин была создана в 2008 году. По легенде, ее создателем является японский программист Сатоши Накамото, хотя многие считают, что за этим именем скрывается целая группа разработчиков. Более подробно о создании Bitcoin читайте в статье «Кто придумал Биткоин?».

Идея, которая закладывалась при создании Bitcoin, заключалась в разработке децентрализованной платежной платформы нового поколения, благодаря которой необходимость в посредниках при проведении транзакций исчезнет. Это в свою очередь приводит к отмене транзакционных комиссий и прозрачности выполняемых переводов.

Кроме этого, разработанная децентрализованная система позволяет каждому участнику лично следить за своими средствами и происходящими с ними операциями.

Криптовалюта Биткоин

На сегодняшний день криптовалюта Bitcoin является самой популярной и дорогостоящей цифровой валютой в мире. С помощью нее можно совершать платежи как в крупных компаниях (Dell, Expedia, Microsoft, PayPal и т.д.), так и в небольших предприятиях вроде закусочных KFC.

Реклама Биткойна висит на многих интернет-сайтах, о нем регулярно пишут различные СМИ, а на криптовалютных форумах ведутся ежедневные обсуждения методов его использования. Система обладает программным интерфейсом (API), обменным курсом и индексом цен. Хотя Bitcoin имеет некоторые недостатки (длительное проведение переводов, высокая волатильность, вероятность хакерских атак), в ряде стран он предполагает наиболее удобный и надежный способ получения и передачи денежных средств.

На криптовалютных биржах и обменниках, а также в стандартных операциях по переводу, криптовалюта Биткойн имеет обозначение BTC. По текущему курсу 1 BTC это довольно приличная сумма, и большинство товаров, которые можно купить за Биткоины стоят существенно меньше.

Но как российский Рубль делится на копейки, так и в системе Bitcoin предусмотрены меньшие, уже неделимые единицы — сатоши. Сатоши — это одна стомиллионная часть Биткоина. Ниже представлена наглядная таблица перевода.

Сатоши в Биткоин

Как работает Биткоин простыми словами

Блокчейн Биткоина

Важным понятием для понимания того, как работает Биткоин, да и другие криптовалюты, является хеш-функция. Это математическое преобразование, способное зашифровать любую информацию, преобразовав ее в код, состоящий из букв и цифр, и называемый хеш.

Основа системы Биткоин — блокчейн – распределенный реестр данный, состоящий из блоков, которые в случае с криптовалютой Bitcoin генерируются каждые 10 минут. Блоки – это записи, вносимые при каждом изменении, происходящем в сети – то есть при любой производимой операции.

Все записи в блокчейне Биткоина шифруются с помощи вышеупомянутой хеш-функции, таким образом достигается криптографическая защита данных.

Основная особенность блокчейна в том, что копия этой своеобразной базы данных хранится у каждого члена сети, своевременно обновляясь при добавлении новых блоков. То есть центрального сервера хранения данных не существует, сеть децентрализована.

В случае с криптовалютой Биткоин в блоках хранится информация не только о транзакциях – переводах, платежах и пр., но и записи об эмиссии новых Биткойнов, а также хеш предыдущего блока, и решение специальной криптографической задачи.

Сеть Биткоин

Откуда берется Bitcoin?

В сети Биткойн используется алгоритм консенсуса под названием Proof-of-Work – Доказательство выполнения работы. Согласно данному алгоритму, записать новый блок в блокчейн Биткоина имеет право только тот узел (компьютер – участник системы), который первым выполнит вычислительную работу по решению данной задачи, и соответственно получит за это вознаграждение – криптовалюту Биткоин. Это по сути и заключается Bitcoin-майнинг.

Остальные узлы могут сразу же проверить правильность решения задачи, а также подтвердить валидность всех сформированных в блоке транзакций.

Какую задачу решают майнеры в сети Биткоин?

Узлы должны сгенерировать блок таким образом, чтобы набор символов в хеше начинался с определенного числа нулей. Изменить хеш код для удовлетворения этого условия можно с помощью подбора специального параметра – nonce.

Криптографическая задача в системе Биткоин как раз и заключается в подборе данного параметра, которая решается перебором и требует достаточно большой мощности.

На первоначальном этапе существования сети Биткоин вознаграждение за генерацию нового блока составляло 50 BTC. Каждый четыре года размер вознаграждения уменьшается в два раза. В 2018 году оно составляет уже 12,5 BTC.

Сложность задачи

Количество майнеров в сети постоянно растет, что в свою очередь увеличивает совокупную мощность оборудования и, соответственно, по логике должно уменьшать время решения криптографической задачи.

Однако для того, чтобы поддерживать определенную скорость добычи и интервал генерации новых блоков, а также не допустить, чтобы все Биткойны были сразу же добыты, существует такой параметр, как сложность сети. Она увеличивается каждые 2016 блоков (около 14 суток).

Как происходит процесс перевода BTC?

Пожалуй, основное преимущество криптовалюты Bitcoin с точки зрения пользователя – это криптографическая защищенность. Физически Биткойнов не существует, как нет и карточек с фамилией обладателя и его балансов напротив — ваше присутствие в сети анонимно. Есть только записи о приходе-расходе между различными кошельками. У каждого кошелька есть Биткоин-адрес, а у каждого пользователя – Приватный ключ.

Если описывать процесс перевода Биткоина простыми словами от одного пользователя другому, то это происходит следующим образом. Допустим, вы хотите передать 1,5 BTC своему другу. Вам необходимо создать заявку на проведение такой операции, которая содержит три важных элемента: ссылка на транзакцию, по которой вы получили эти монеты ранее, количество криптовалюты для перевода и адрес кошелька друга. Заявка подписывается вашим приватным ключом.

Майнеры получают данную заявку и добавляют в блок. После попадания блока в блокчейн, можно считать, что транзакция прошла успешно и ваш друг увидит пополнение баланса на своем кошельке.

Есть еще один нюанс. Если в созданной заявке вы указали ссылку на предыдущую транзакцию, по которой получили 2 BTC, а другу хотите отправить только 1,5 BTC, то система создаст новую запись о входящей транзакции на сдачу — 0,5 BTC.

Сколько существует Биткойнов?

В отличие от традиционных валют, в системе Биткоин может быть сгенерировано только ограниченное количество криптовалюты – 21 млн BTC. По достижению этого количества майнинг Биткойнов будет уже невозможен.

В настоящий момент (начало 2018 года) сгенерировано 16,8 млн монет Bitcoin, таким образом осталось около 4 млн монет. Однако, в связи с растущей сложностью сети, генерация блоков требует все больше времени. По расчетам, последний блок в сети Биткоин будет добыт только в 2140 году.

Зачем нужен Bitcoin?

В настоящий момент Биткойн в первую очередь рассматривается как платежное средство.

С помощью криптовалюты Биткоин можно оплачивать различные товары и услуги, выполнять денежные переводы и совершать другие операции, как и в обычной электронной платежной системе.

Однако данная сеть обладает рядом уникальных особенностей, кардинально отличающей ее от любых других платежных средств.

Особенности сети Биткоин

  • Децентрализация. Сеть Биткоина основана на технологии блокчейн, то есть все изменения и операции записываются на тысячах компьютеров сети одновременно. Таким образом, эмиссия Биткойнов и контроль над деятельностью участников сети не осуществляется какой-либо одной организацией.
  • Невозможность отмены. После того, как транзакция получает подтверждение, ее не может отменить ни сам пользователь, ни банк, ни создатели Bitcoin. В случае отправления денежных средств на счет какого-либо преступника или их кражи хакерами, владельцу криптовалюты придется попрощаться с ними навсегда.
  • Анонимность. Аккаунты участников сети и выполняемые ими транзакции не обладают связями с чем-либо из реального мира. Биткойны перечисляются на адрес, выглядящий как произвольная строка, состоящая из трех десятков символов. Отслеживание переводов — вполне выполнимая, но довольно бессмысленная процедура, ведь зашифрованный адрес никак не связан с настоящей личностью участника криптовалютного рынка.
  • Высокая скорость и мировой масштаб. Данные о транзакции моментально расходятся по сети, получая подтверждение через несколько минут. Физическое местоположение пользователя не имеет значения, потому что весь процесс происходит в глобальной компьютерной сети. Все переводы выполняются с одной и той же скоростью вне зависимости от того, живет ли получатель в соседнем доме или другой стране.
  • Высокий уровень защиты. Баланс Bitcoin четко зафиксирован в криптографической системе. Поэтому осуществлять переводы криптомонет на всевозможные адреса может только обладатель частного ключа. Данная схема практически не поддается хакерским атакам благодаря криптографии.
  • Отсутствие регулирования. Для использования Bitcoin не требуется чье-либо разрешение, потому что он является лишь программным обеспечением. После его установки на компьютер, пользователь может приобретать или переводить Bitcoin и другие криптовалюты.

Покупка и хранение криптовалюты Bitcoin

Криптовалюту Биткоин можно приобрести на следующих ресурсах:

  • Криптовалютные биржи, которые позволяют ввести фиатную валюту (Доллары, Евро и тп.) и поменять ее на криптомонеты, в том числе на Bitcoin. Ознакомиться с наиболее популярными криптобиржами вы можете в специальном разделе.
  • Обменники, с помощью которых можно перевести средства с банковской карты, Qiwi или другой платежной системы в нужную криптовалюту. Стоит однако иметь в виду, что обменный курс на таких ресурсах практически всегда достаточно завышен.
  • Посреднические сервисы, предоставляющие прямую связь между покупателем и продавцом (например, LocalBitcoins).
  • Сайты, на которые идет торговля различными товарами и услугами за Биткойн (Purse и т.п.).

Чтобы не осуществить какую-либо сделку с участием мошенников и не потерять деньги, настоятельно рекомендуется изучить отзывы о выбранном сервисе и пообщаться с опытными держателями криптовалюты на специализированных форумах.

Более детальная информация о покупке данной криптовалюты доступна в статье: «Как купить Биткоины?».

Криптовалюта Биткоин

Однако, прежде чем приобретать криптовалюту Bitcoin, необходимо создать специальный кошелек, на котором она будет храниться. Существует несколько видов кошельков, отличающих удобством, функционалом и, самое главное, степенью безопасности. Более подробно о том, что такое биткоин кошелек, какие они бывают читайте в татье по ссылке.

Достоинства и недостатки системы Биткоин

Децентрализованность — самый главный плюс криптовалюты Bitcoin. Благодаря этому свойству пользователи имеют возможность совершать международные сделки, не испытывая проблемы, связанные с разницей обменных курсов, и не оплачивая дополнительные комиссии. Bitcoin не подвластен никакому Центральному банку или другой финансовой организации, поэтому пользователи могут не опасаться повышения процентных ставок.

Еще одно преимущество — прозрачность системы, которая позволяет пользователям полностью контролировать все действия, связанные с их средствами. Участники сети могут моментально принимать криптомонеты без каких-либо затрат на открытие торгового счета или приобретение специального оборудования. Кроме того, Bitcoin нельзя подделать, что исключает вероятность требования клиентом возврата средств.

Однако система Биткоин имеет и минусы, едва ли не главным из которых является весьма большое количество мошенников и хакеров. Взломы и кража денежных средств происходят как минимум раз в неделю.

Помимо этого, Bitcoin отличается достаточно сложным программным обеспечением, что вкупе с высокой волатильностью и долгим проведением транзакций (от десяти минут до одного часа) отпугивает многих начинающих добытчиков от входа в систему.

Мошенничество с криптовалютой BTC

Мошенники часто подключают пользователей к участию в финансовых пирамидах. Например, преступник просит осуществить перевод криптомонет на его кошелек под предлогом выплаты ежедневных и весьма высоких процентов (1-2%). Следует также избегать организаций, предлагающих осуществлять платежи в обход криптовалютных бирж (Coinbase, BitPay и др.).

Некоторые мошеннические биржи предлагают пользователям ряд функций, отсутствующих в стандартных криптовалютных кошельках. Например, это может быть куда более выгодный обменный курс или обработка выплат на PayPal. После получения данных по карте, преступники крадут деньги со счета пользователя.

Еще одна опасность кроется в кошельках мошенников, которые маскируют их под стандартные онлайн-кошельки. Разница заключается в том, что пользователю не дают собственный адрес. Вместо этого преступники предлагают уже готовый адрес, с которого все денежные средства пользователя могут исчезнуть навсегда.

Как защитить сбережения в Биткойнах?

В целях безопасности небольшое количество криптомонет, необходимых для повседневного использования, можно держать в кошельке на компьютере или смартфоне. Основную же и большую часть средств лучше хранить на отдельном адресе с повышенным уровнем защиты. Отличным вариантом является автономный аппаратный кошелек, не подключенный к сети.

Следует делать резервные копии кошелька, придумывать длинные пароли, регулярно обновлять необходимый софт. Стоит также обратить внимание на функцию множественной подписи, предусматривающую несколько независимых подтверждений для выполнения переводов.

Кроме этого, стоит производить замену публичных адресов после завершения каждой транзакции. Хотя отследить личность пользователя по его криптовалютному адресу очень сложно, все участники сети все равно могут видеть его баланс и журнал транзакций. Пользователям рекомендуется иметь несколько кошельков, предназначенных для разных задач. Это помогает скрыть объем общего баланса, историю всех переводов и количество подтверждений от посторонних глаз.

Не стоит забывать и о законодательстве. Правительства некоторых государств постепенно устанавливают определенные правила, касающиеся налоговых выплат с покупки или продажи криптовалют.

Однако правовой статус Биткойна пока что не определен, и в каждой стране в этой криптовалюте относятся по-своему. Например, использование криптовалюты Биткоин в Японии уже разрешено, в США она так или иначе регулируется лишь в нескольких штатах, а в России тот же Bitcoin находится вне поля зрения государственных органов. Впрочем, как сообщают новостные СМИ, Государственная дума в ближайшее время намеревается решить этот вопрос.

«₿» redirects here. Not to be confused with «฿» for Thai baht.

Bitcoin

Prevailing bitcoin logo

Official logo of Bitcoin

Denominations
Plural Bitcoins
Symbol
(Unicode: U+20BF BITCOIN SIGN)[a]
Code BTC,[b] XBT[c]
Precision 10−8
Subunits
11000 Millibitcoin
11000000 Microbitcoin
1100000000 Satoshi[2]
Development
Original author(s) Satoshi Nakamoto
White paper «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System»[3]
Implementation(s) Bitcoin Core
Initial release 0.1.0 / 9 January 2009 (14 years ago)
Latest release 24.0.1 / 12 December 2022 (2 months ago)[4]
Code repository github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin
Development status Active
Source model Free and open-source software
License MIT License
Ledger
Ledger start 3 January 2009 (14 years ago)
Timestamping scheme Proof-of-work (partial hash inversion)
Hash function SHA-256 (two rounds)
Issuance schedule Decentralized (block reward)
Initially ₿50 per block, halved every 210,000 blocks[5]
Block reward ₿6.25[d]
Block time 10 minutes
Circulating supply ₿18,925,000[e]
Supply limit ₿21,000,000[6][f]
Valuation
Exchange rate Floating
Demographics
Official user(s)
  • El Salvador[8]
  • Central African Republic[9]
Website
Website bitcoin.org
  1. ^ Encoded Unicode version 10.0 (2017) in Currency Symbols block[1]
  2. ^ Very early software versions used the code «BC».
  3. ^ Compatible with ISO 4217.
  4. ^ May 2020 to approximately 2024, halved approximately every four years
  5. ^ As of 2022-01-10
  6. ^ The supply will approach, but never reach, ₿21 million. Issuance will permanently halt c. 2140 at ₿20,999,999.9769.[7]: ch. 8 

Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC[a] or XBT[b]; sign: ) is a protocol which implements a highly available, public, permanent, and decentralized ledger. In order to add to the ledger, a user must prove they control an entry in the ledger. The protocol specifies that the entry indicates an amount of a token, bitcoin with a minuscule b. The user can update the ledger, assigning some of their bitcoin to another entry in the ledger. Because the token has characteristics of money, it can be thought of as a digital currency.[10]

Bitcoin transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto.[11] The currency began use in 2009,[12] when its implementation was released as open-source software.[7]: ch. 1 
The word «bitcoin» was defined in a white paper published on October 31, 2008.[3][13] It is a compound of the words bit and coin.[14]

The Library of Congress reports that, as of November 2021, nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, while a further forty-two have implicitly banned it.[15] A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. El Salvador has adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, although use by merchants remains low. Ukraine has accepted cryptocurrency donations to fund the resistance to the 2022 Russian invasion. Iran has used bitcoin to bypass sanctions.

Bitcoin has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[16]

The environmental effects of bitcoin are worth noting.[17] Its proof-of-work algorithm for bitcoin mining is designed to be computationally difficult, which requires the consumption of increasing quantities of electricity, the generation of which has contributed to climate change.[18][19] According to the University of Cambridge, bitcoin has emitted an estimated 200 million tonnes of carbon dioxide since its launch, [20] or about 0.04% of all carbon dioxide released since 2009.[21]

The UNESCO World Heritage Site, Virunga National Park, in eastern Congo, Africa pays for its operations, using a profitable Bitcoin mining operation powered by the Park’s hydroelectric plant.[22] Oil and gas giant Exxon mines Bitcoin using the natural gas flared by oil mining operations to generate their electricity.[23] Mining Bitcoin this way makes use of an otherwise «monumental waste of a valuable natural resource».[24] Still other miners reduce their overall energy bill by using the heat generated by their computers to heat their homes,[25] or hot tubs.[26]

Design

Units and divisibility

The unit of account of the bitcoin system is the bitcoin. Currency codes for representing bitcoin are BTC[a] and XBT.[b][30]: 2  Its Unicode character is ₿.[1] One bitcoin is divisible to eight decimal places.[7]: ch. 5  Units for smaller amounts of bitcoin are the millibitcoin (mBTC), equal to 11000 bitcoin, and the satoshi (sat), which is the smallest possible division, and named in homage to bitcoin’s creator, representing 1100000000 (one hundred millionth) bitcoin.[2] 100,000 satoshis are one mBTC.[31]

Blockchain

Data structure of blocks in the ledger

The bitcoin blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions.[32] It is implemented as a chain of blocks, each block containing a cryptographic hash of the previous block up to the genesis block[c] in the chain. A network of communicating nodes running bitcoin software maintains the blockchain.[33]: 215–219  Transactions of the form payer X sends Y bitcoins to payee Z are broadcast to this network using readily available software applications.

Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. To achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.[34] At varying intervals of time averaging to every 10 minutes, a new group of accepted transactions, called a block, is created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes, without requiring central oversight. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin was spent, which is needed to prevent double-spending. A conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, but as a digital ledger, bitcoins only exist by virtue of the blockchain; they are represented by the unspent outputs of transactions.[7]: ch. 5 

Individual blocks, public addresses, and transactions within blocks can be examined using a blockchain explorer.[35]

Transactions

Transactions are defined using a Forth-like scripting language.[7]: ch. 5  Transactions consist of one or more inputs and one or more outputs. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an output. To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain.[36] The use of multiple inputs corresponds to the use of multiple coins in a cash transaction. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs (coins used to pay) can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer.[36] Any input satoshis not accounted for in the transaction outputs become the transaction fee.[36]

Though transaction fees are optional, miners can choose which transactions to process and prioritize those that pay higher fees.[36] Miners may choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid as a fee. These fees are generally measured in satoshis per byte (sat/b). The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction and the number of outputs.[7]: ch. 8 

The blocks in the blockchain were originally limited to 32 megabytes in size. The block size limit of one megabyte was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2010.[clarification needed] Eventually, the block size limit of one megabyte created problems for transaction processing, such as increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions.[37] Andreas Antonopoulos has stated Lightning Network is a potential scaling solution and referred to lightning as a second-layer routing network.[7]: ch. 8 

Ownership

Simplified chain of ownership as illustrated in the bitcoin whitepaper.[3] In practice, a transaction can have more than one input and more than one output.[36]

In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses. Creating a bitcoin address requires nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second. But the reverse, computing the private key of a given bitcoin address, is practically unfeasible.[7]: ch. 4  Users can tell others or make public a bitcoin address without compromising its corresponding private key. Moreover, the number of valid private keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key pair that is already in use and has funds. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used to compromise a private key. To be able to spend their bitcoins, the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the transaction.[d] The network verifies the signature using the public key; the private key is never revealed.[7]: ch. 5 

If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership;[33] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. For example, in 2013 one user claimed to have lost ₿7,500, worth $7.5 million at the time, when he accidentally discarded a hard drive containing his private key.[40] About 20% of all bitcoins are believed to be lost—they would have had a market value of about $20 billion at July 2018 prices.[41]

To ensure the security of bitcoins, the private key must be kept secret.[7]: ch. 10  If the private key is revealed to a third party, e.g. through a data breach, the third party can use it to steal any associated bitcoins.[42] As of December 2017, around ₿980,000 have been stolen from cryptocurrency exchanges.[43]

Regarding ownership distribution, as of 28 December 2022, 9.62% of bitcoin addresses own 98.51% of all bitcoins ever mined.[44] The largest of these addresses are thought to belong to exchanges, which are keeping their bitcoin in cold storage.[45]

Mining

Later amateurs mined bitcoins with specialized FPGA and ASIC chips. The chips pictured have become obsolete due to increasing difficulty.

Today, bitcoin mining companies dedicate facilities to housing and operating large amounts of high-performance mining hardware.[47]

Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power.[f] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly grouping newly broadcast transactions into a block, which is then broadcast to the network and verified by recipient nodes.[32] Each block contains a SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the previous block,[32] thus linking it to the previous block and giving the blockchain its name.[7]: ch. 7 [32]

To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a proof-of-work (PoW).[32][g] The PoW requires miners to find a number called a nonce (a number used just once), such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network’s difficulty target.[7]: ch. 8  This PoW is easy for any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate. Miners must try many different nonce values (usually the sequence of tested values is the ascending natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …) before a result happens to be less than the difficulty target. Because the difficulty target is extremely small compared to a typical SHA-256 hash, block hashes have many leading zeros[7]: ch. 8  as can be seen in this example block hash:

0000000000000000000590fc0f3eba193a278534220b2b37e9849e1a770ca959

By adjusting this difficulty target, the amount of work needed to generate a block can be changed. Every 2,016 blocks (approximately 14 days given roughly 10 minutes per block), nodes deterministically adjust the difficulty target based on the recent rate of block generation, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.[7]: ch. 8  As of April 2022, it takes on average 122 sextillion (122 thousand billion billion) attempts to generate a block hash smaller than the difficulty target.[51][better source needed] Computations of this magnitude are extremely expensive and utilize specialized hardware.[52]

The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications to the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted.[53] As new blocks are being generated continuously, the difficulty of modifying an old block increases as time passes and the number of subsequent blocks (also called confirmations of the given block) increases.[32]

The vast majority of mining power is grouped together in mining pools to reduce variance in miner income. Independent miners may have to work for several years to mine a single block of transactions and receive payment. In a mining pool, all participating miners get paid every time any participant generates a block. This payment is proportionate to the amount of work an individual miner contributed to the pool.[54][better source needed]

Supply

Every 10 minutes,[55] the successful miner finding the new block is allowed by the rest of the network to collect for themselves all transaction fees from transactions they included in the block, as well as a predetermined reward of newly created bitcoins.[56] As of 11 May 2020, this reward was ₿6.25 in newly created bitcoins per block.[57] To claim this reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included in the block, with the miner as the payee.[7]: ch. 8  All bitcoins in existence have been created through this type of transaction. The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be reduced by half every 210,000 blocks (approximately every four years), until ₿21 million[h] are generated. Assuming the protocol is not changed and the 10 minute average block creation time remains constant, the last new bitcoin would be generated around the year 2140. After that, a successful miner would be rewarded by transaction fees only.[58]

Decentralization

Bitcoin is decentralized thus:[5]

  • Bitcoin does not have a central authority.[5]
  • The bitcoin network is peer-to-peer,[12] without central servers.
  • The network also has no central storage; the bitcoin ledger is distributed.[59]
  • The ledger is public; anybody can store it on a computer.[7]: ch. 1 
  • There is no single administrator;[5] the ledger is maintained by a network of equally privileged miners.[7]: ch. 1 
  • Anyone can become a miner.[7]: ch. 1 
  • The additions to the ledger are maintained through competition. Until a new block is added to the ledger, it is not known which miner will create the block.[7]: ch. 1 
  • The issuance of bitcoins is decentralized. They are issued as a reward for the creation of a new block.[56]
  • Anybody can create a new bitcoin address (a bitcoin counterpart of a bank account) without needing any approval.[7]: ch. 1 
  • Anybody can send a transaction to the network without needing any approval; the network merely confirms that the transaction is legitimate.[60]: 32 

Conversely, researchers[who?] have pointed out a «trend towards centralization»[citation needed]. Although bitcoin can be sent directly from user to user, in practice intermediaries are widely used.[33]: 220–222  Bitcoin miners join large mining pools to minimize the variance of their income.[33]: 215, 219–222 [61]: 3 [62] Because transactions on the network are confirmed by miners, decentralization of the network requires that no single miner or mining pool obtains 51% of the hashing power, which would allow them to double-spend coins, prevent certain transactions from being verified and prevent other miners from earning income.[63] As of 2013 just six mining pools controlled 75% of overall bitcoin hashing power.[63] In 2014 mining pool Ghash.io obtained 51% hashing power which raised significant controversies about the safety of the network. The pool has voluntarily capped its hashing power at 39.99% and requested other pools to act responsibly for the benefit of the whole network.[64] Around the year 2017, over 70% of the hashing power and 90% of transactions were operating from China.[65]

According to researchers, other parts of the ecosystem are also «controlled by a small set of entities», notably the maintenance of the client software, online wallets, and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients.[63]

Privacy and fungibility

Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through «idioms of use» (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses.[66] Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal information.[67] To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.[68]

While the Bitcoin network treats each bitcoin the same, thus establishing the basic level of fungibility, applications and individuals who use the network are free to break that principle. For instance, wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins equally, none is different from another. Still, the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that can allow users of chain analysis to refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions.[69] For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts of users who deposited bitcoins that were known to have just been stolen.[70]

Wallets

Bitcoin Core, a full client

Electrum, a lightweight client

A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold[71] or store bitcoins, due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A wallet is more correctly defined as something that «stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings» and allows one to access (and spend) them. [7]: ch. 1, glossary  Bitcoin uses public-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated.[72] At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys.

Software wallets

The first wallet program, simply named Bitcoin, and sometimes referred to as the Satoshi client, was released in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto as open-source software.[12] In version 0.5 the client moved from the wxWidgets user interface toolkit to Qt, and the whole bundle was referred to as Bitcoin-Qt.[73] After the release of version 0.9, the software bundle was renamed Bitcoin Core to distinguish itself from the underlying network.[74][75] Bitcoin Core is, perhaps, the best known implementation or client. Alternative clients (forks of Bitcoin Core) exist, such as Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Unlimited,[76] and Parity Bitcoin.[77]

There are several modes in which wallets can operate in. They have an inverse relationship with regard to trustlessness and computational requirements.

  • Full clients verify transactions directly by downloading a full copy of the blockchain (over 150 GB as of January 2018).[citation needed] They do not require trust in any external parties. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks, preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters network rules.[7]: ch. 1  Because of its size and complexity, downloading and verifying the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.
  • Lightweight clients consult full nodes to send and receive transactions without requiring a local copy of the entire blockchain (see simplified payment verificationSPV). This makes lightweight clients much faster to set up and allows them to be used on low-power, low-bandwidth devices such as smartphones. When using a lightweight wallet, however, the user must trust full nodes, as it can report faulty values back to the user. Lightweight clients follow the longest blockchain and do not ensure it is valid, requiring trust in full nodes.[78]

Third-party internet services called online wallets or webwallets offer similar functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user’s hardware.[79] As a result, the user must have complete trust in the online wallet provider. A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example of such a security breach occurred with Mt. Gox in 2011.[80]

Cold storage

A paper wallet with the address visible for adding or checking stored funds. The part of the page containing the private key is folded over and sealed.

A hardware wallet peripheral which processes bitcoin payments without exposing any credentials to the computer

Wallet software is targeted by hackers because of the lucrative potential for stealing bitcoins.[42] A technique called «cold storage» keeps private keys out of reach of hackers; this is accomplished by keeping private keys offline at all times[81][7]: ch. 4  by generating them on a device that is not connected to the internet.[82]: 39  The credentials necessary to spend bitcoins can be stored offline in a number of different ways, from specialized hardware wallets to simple paper printouts of the private key.[7]: ch. 10 

Hardware wallets

A hardware wallet is a computer peripheral that signs transactions as requested by the user. These devices store private keys and carry out signing and encryption internally,[81] and do not share any sensitive information with the host computer except already signed (and thus unalterable) transactions.[83] Because hardware wallets never expose their private keys, even computers that may be compromised by malware do not have a vector to access or steal them.[82]: 42–45 

The user sets a passcode when setting up a hardware wallet.[81] As hardware wallets are tamper-resistant,[83][7]: ch. 10  the passcode will be needed to extract any money.[83]

Paper wallets

A paper wallet is created with a keypair generated on a computer with no internet connection; the private key is written or printed onto the paper[i] and then erased from the computer.[7]: ch. 4  The paper wallet can then be stored in a safe physical location for later retrieval.[82]: 39 

Physical wallets can also take the form of metal token coins[84] with a private key accessible under a security hologram in a recess struck on the reverse side.[85]: 38  The security hologram self-destructs when removed from the token, showing that the private key has been accessed.[86] Originally, these tokens were struck in brass and other base metals, but later used precious metals as bitcoin grew in value and popularity.[85]: 80  Coins with stored face value as high as ₿1,000 have been struck in gold.[85]: 102–104  The British Museum’s coin collection includes four specimens from the earliest series[85]: 83  of funded bitcoin tokens; one is currently on display in the museum’s money gallery.[87] In 2013, a Utah manufacturer of these tokens was ordered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to register as a money services business before producing any more funded bitcoin tokens.[84][85]: 80 

History

Creation

External images
image icon Cover page of The Times 3 January 2009 showing the headline used in the genesis block
image icon Infamous photo of the two pizzas purchased by Laszlo Hanyecz for ₿10,000

The domain name bitcoin.org was registered on 18 August 2008.[88] On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[3] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[89] Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009.[90][91][12] Nakamoto’s identity remains unknown.[11]

No uniform convention for bitcoin capitalization exists; some sources use Bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and bitcoin, lowercase, for the unit of account.[92] The Wall Street Journal,[93] The Chronicle of Higher Education,[94] and the Oxford English Dictionary[14] advocate the use of lowercase bitcoin in all cases.

On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of the chain, known as the genesis block.[95][96] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text «The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks».[12] This note references a headline published by The Times and has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.[97]: 18 

The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was Hal Finney, who had created the first reusable proof-of-work system (RPoW) in 2004.[98] Finney downloaded the bitcoin software on its release date, and on 12 January 2009 received ten bitcoins from Nakamoto.[99][100] Other early cypherpunk supporters were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, creator of b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bit gold.[95] In 2010, the first known commercial transaction using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two Papa John’s pizzas for ₿10,000 from Jeremy Sturdivant.[101][103][104][105]

Blockchain analysts estimate that Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins[106] before disappearing in 2010 when he handed the network alert key and control of the code repository over to Gavin Andresen. Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation.[107][108] Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin, in contrast to the perceived authority of Nakamoto’s contributions.[76][108]

2011–2012

After early «proof-of-concept» transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting ₿9.9 million, worth about $214 million.[33]: 222 

In 2011, the price started at $0.30 per bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for the year. The price rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month, the price fell to $11.00. The next month it fell to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.[109]

In 2012, bitcoin prices started at $5.27, growing to $13.30 for the year.[109] By 9 January the price had risen to $7.38, but then crashed by 49% to $3.80 over the next 16 days. The price then rose to $16.41 on 17 August, but fell by 57% to $7.10 over the next three days.[110]

The Bitcoin Foundation was founded in September 2012 to promote bitcoin’s development and uptake.[111]

On 1 November 2011, the reference implementation Bitcoin-Qt version 0.5.0 was released. It introduced a front end that used the Qt user interface toolkit.[112] The software previously used Berkeley DB for database management. Developers switched to LevelDB in release 0.8 in order to reduce blockchain synchronization time.[citation needed] The update to this release resulted in a minor blockchain fork on 11 March 2013. The fork was resolved shortly afterwards.[citation needed] Seeding nodes through IRC was discontinued in version 0.8.2. From version 0.9.0 the software was renamed to Bitcoin Core. Transaction fees were reduced again by a factor of ten as a means to encourage microtransactions.[citation needed] Although Bitcoin Core does not use OpenSSL for the operation of the network, the software did use OpenSSL for remote procedure calls. Version 0.9.1 was released to remove the network’s vulnerability to the Heartbleed bug.[citation needed]

2013–2016

In 2013, prices started at $13.30 rising to $770 by 1 January 2014.[109]

In March 2013 the blockchain temporarily split into two independent chains with different rules due to a bug in version 0.8 of the bitcoin software. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each with its own version of the transaction history from the moment of the split. Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin software, selecting the backwards-compatible version of the blockchain. As a result, this blockchain became the longest chain and could be accepted by all participants, regardless of their bitcoin software version.[113] During the split, the Mt. Gox exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits and the price dropped by 23% to $37[113][114] before recovering to the previous level of approximately $48 in the following hours.[115]

The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for «decentralized virtual currencies» such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (MSBs), that are subject to registration or other legal obligations.[116][118]

In April, exchanges BitInstant and Mt. Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity[119] resulting in the bitcoin price dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.[120] The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then crashed by 83% to $45 over the next three days.[110]

On 15 May 2013, US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. Gox after discovering it had not registered as a money transmitter with FinCEN in the US.[121][122] On 23 June 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration listed ₿11.02 as a seized asset in a United States Department of Justice seizure notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881. This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoin.[123] The FBI seized about ₿30,000[124] in October 2013 from the dark web website Silk Road, following the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.[125][126][127] These bitcoins were sold at blind auction by the United States Marshals Service to venture capital investor Tim Draper.[124] Bitcoin’s price rose to $755 on 19 November and crashed by 50% to $378 the same day. On 30 November 2013, the price reached $1,163 before starting a long-term crash, declining by 87% to $152 in January 2015.[110]

On 5 December 2013, the People’s Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoin.[128] After the announcement, the value of bitcoin dropped,[129] and Baidu no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services.[130] Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.[131]

In 2014, prices started at $770 and fell to $314 for the year.[109] On 30 July 2014, the Wikimedia Foundation started accepting donations of bitcoin.[132]

In 2015, prices started at $314 and rose to $434 for the year. In 2016, prices rose and climbed up to $998 by 1 January 2017.[109]

Release 0.10 of the software was made public on 16 February 2015. It introduced a consensus library which gave programmers easy access to the rules governing consensus on the network. In version 0.11.2 developers added a new feature which allowed transactions to be made unspendable until a specific time in the future.[133]

In July 2016, the CheckSequenceVerify soft fork activated.[134] In August 2016, the Bitfinex cryptocurrency exchange platform was hacked in the second-largest breach of a Bitcoin exchange platform up to that time, and ₿119,756,[135] worth about $72 million at the time, were stolen.[136]

In October 2016, Bitcoin Core’s 0.13.1 release featured the «Segwit» soft fork that included a scaling improvement aiming to optimize the bitcoin blocksize.[citation needed] The patch was originally finalized in April, and 35 developers were engaged to deploy it.[citation needed] This release featured Segregated Witness (SegWit) which aimed to place downward pressure on transaction fees as well as increase the maximum transaction capacity of the network.[137][non-primary source needed] The 0.13.1 release endured extensive testing and research leading to some delays in its release date.[citation needed] SegWit prevents various forms of transaction malleability.[138][non-primary source needed]

2017–2019

Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimated that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.[139] On 15 July 2017, the controversial Segregated Witness [SegWit] software upgrade was approved («locked-in»). Segwit was intended to support the Lightning Network as well as improve scalability.[140] SegWit was subsequently activated on the network on 24 August 2017. The bitcoin price rose almost 50% in the week following SegWit’s approval.[140] On 21 July 2017, bitcoin was trading at $2,748, up 52% from 14 July 2017’s $1,835.[140] Supporters of large blocks who were dissatisfied with the activation of SegWit forked the software on 1 August 2017 to create Bitcoin Cash, becoming one of many forks of bitcoin such as Bitcoin Gold.[141]

Prices started at $998 in 2017 and rose to $13,412.44 on 1 January 2018,[109] after reaching its all-time high of $19,783.06 on 17 December 2017.[142]

China banned trading in bitcoin, with first steps taken in September 2017, and a complete ban that started on 1 February 2018. Bitcoin prices then fell from $9,052 to $6,914 on 5 February 2018.[110] The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese renminbi fell from over 90% in September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018.[143]

Throughout the rest of the first half of 2018, bitcoin’s price fluctuated between $11,480 and $5,848. On 1 July 2018, bitcoin’s price was $6,343.[144][145] The price on 1 January 2019 was $3,747, down 72% for 2018 and down 81% since the all-time high.[144][146]

In September 2018, an anonymous party discovered and reported an invalid-block denial-of-server vulnerability to developers of Bitcoin Core, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin Unlimited. Further analysis by bitcoin developers showed the issue could also allow the creation of blocks violating the 21 million coin limit and CVE-2018-17144 was assigned and the issue resolved.[147][non-primary source needed]

Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges, including thefts from Coincheck in January 2018, Bithumb in June, and Bancor in July. For the first six months of 2018, $761 million worth of cryptocurrencies was reported stolen from exchanges.[148] Bitcoin’s price was affected even though other cryptocurrencies were stolen at Coinrail and Bancor as investors worried about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges.[149][150][151] In September 2019, the Intercontinental Exchange (the owner of the NYSE) began trading of bitcoin futures on its exchange called Bakkt.[152] Bakkt also announced that it would launch options on bitcoin in December 2019.[153] In December 2019, YouTube removed bitcoin and cryptocurrency videos, but later restored the content after judging they had «made the wrong call».[154]

In February 2019, Canadian cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga Fintech Solutions failed with approximately $200 million missing.[155] By June 2019 the price had recovered to $13,000.[156]

2020–present

Bitcoin price in US dollars

On 13 March 2020, bitcoin fell below $4,000 during a broad market selloff, after trading above $10,000 in February 2020.[157] On 11 March 2020, 281,000 bitcoins were sold, held by owners for only thirty days.[156] This compared to ₿4,131 that had laid dormant for a year or more, indicating that the vast majority of the bitcoin volatility on that day was from recent buyers. During the week of 11 March 2020, cryptocurrency exchange Kraken experienced an 83% increase in the number of account signups over the week of bitcoin’s price collapse, a result of buyers looking to capitalize on the low price.[156] These events were attributed to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In August 2020, MicroStrategy invested $250 million in bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset.[158] In October 2020, Square, Inc. placed approximately 1% of total assets ($50 million) in bitcoin.[159] In November 2020, PayPal announced that US users could buy, hold, or sell bitcoin.[160] On 30 November 2020, the bitcoin value reached a new all-time high of $19,860, topping the previous high of December 2017.[161] Alexander Vinnik, founder of BTC-e, was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for money laundering in France while refusing to testify during his trial.[162] In December 2020, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company announced a bitcoin purchase of US$100 million, or roughly 0.04% of its general investment account.[163]

On 19 January 2021, Elon Musk placed the handle #Bitcoin in his Twitter profile, tweeting «In retrospect, it was inevitable», which caused the price to briefly rise about $5,000 in an hour to $37,299.[164] On 25 January 2021, Microstrategy announced that it continued to buy bitcoin and as of the same date it had holdings of ₿70,784 worth $2.38 billion.[165] On 8 February 2021 Tesla’s announcement of a bitcoin purchase of US$1.5 billion and the plan to start accepting bitcoin as payment for vehicles, pushed the bitcoin price to $44,141.[166] On 18 February 2021, Elon Musk stated that «owning bitcoin was only a little better than holding conventional cash, but that the slight difference made it a better asset to hold».[167] After 49 days of accepting the digital currency, Tesla reversed course on 12 May 2021, saying they would no longer take bitcoin due to concerns that «mining» the cryptocurrency was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels and climate change.[168] The decision resulted in the price of bitcoin dropping around 12% on 13 May.[169] During a July bitcoin conference, Musk suggested Tesla could possibly help bitcoin miners switch to renewable energy in the future and also stated at the same conference that if bitcoin mining reaches, and trends above 50 percent renewable energy usage, that «Tesla would resume accepting bitcoin.» The price for bitcoin rose after this announcement.[170]

In June 2021, the Taproot network software upgrade was approved, adding support for Schnorr signatures, improved functionality of Smart contracts and Lightning Network.[171] The upgrade was activated in November.[172]

In September 2021, Bitcoin in El Salvador became legal tender, alongside the US dollar.[173][8]

On 16 October 2021, the SEC approved the ProShares Bitcoin Strategy ETF, a cash-settled futures exchange-traded fund (ETF). The first bitcoin ETF in the United States gained 5% on its first trading day on 19 October 2021.[174][175]

On 25 March 2022, Pavel Zavalny stated that Russia might accept bitcoin for payment for oil and gas exports, in response to sanctions stemming from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[176]

On 27 April 2022 Central African Republic adopted bitcoin as legal tender alongside the CFA franc.[177][9]

On May 10, 2022, the bitcoin price fell to $31,324, as a result of a collapse of a UST stablecoin experiment named Terra, with bitcoin down more than 50% since the November 2021 high.[178] By June 13, 2022, the Celsius Network (a decentralized finance loan company) halted withdrawals and resulted in the bitcoin price falling below $20,000.[179][180]

In May 2022, following a vote by Wikipedia editors the previous month, the Wikimedia Foundation announced it would stop accepting donations in bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies—eight years after it had first started taking contributions in bitcoin.[181][182]

Associated ideologies

Satoshi Nakamoto stated in an essay accompanying bitcoin’s code that: «The root problem with conventional currencies is all the trust that’s required to make it work. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust.»[183]

Austrian economics roots

According to the European Central Bank, the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the Austrian school of economics, especially with Friedrich von Hayek in his book Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined,[184] in which Hayek advocates a complete free market in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of central banks.[185]: 22 

Anarchism and libertarianism

According to The New York Times, libertarians and anarchists were attracted to the philosophical idea behind bitcoin. Early bitcoin supporter Roger Ver said: «At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons. We saw bitcoin as a great idea, as a way to separate money from the state.»[183] The Economist describes bitcoin as «a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks».[186] Economist Paul Krugman argues that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are «something of a cult» based in «paranoid fantasies» of government power.[187]

External video
video icon The Declaration Of Bitcoin’s Independence, BraveTheWorld, 4:38[188]

Nigel Dodd argues in The Social Life of Bitcoin that the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control.[189] Dodd quotes a YouTube video, with Roger Ver, Jeff Berwick, Charlie Shrem, Andreas Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, Trace Meyer and other proponents of bitcoin reading The Declaration of Bitcoin’s Independence. The declaration includes a message of crypto-anarchism with the words: «Bitcoin is inherently anti-establishment, anti-system, and anti-state. Bitcoin undermines governments and disrupts institutions because bitcoin is fundamentally humanitarian.»[189][188]

David Golumbia says that the ideas influencing bitcoin advocates emerge from right-wing extremist movements such as the Liberty Lobby and the John Birch Society and their anti-Central Bank rhetoric, or, more recently, Ron Paul and Tea Party-style libertarianism.[190] Steve Bannon, who owns a «good stake» in bitcoin, considers it to be «disruptive populism. It takes control back from central authorities. It’s revolutionary.»[191]

A 2014 study of Google Trends data found correlations between bitcoin-related searches and ones related to computer programming and illegal activity, but not libertarianism or investment topics.[192]

Economics

Bitcoin is a digital asset designed to work in peer-to-peer transactions as a currency.[3][193] Bitcoins have three qualities useful in a currency, according to The Economist in January 2015: they are «hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify».[194] Per some researchers, as of 2015, bitcoin functions more as a payment system than as a currency.[33]

Economists define money as serving the following three purposes: a store of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account.[195] According to The Economist in 2014, bitcoin functions best as a medium of exchange.[195] However, this is debated, and a 2018 assessment by The Economist stated that cryptocurrencies met none of these three criteria.[186]
Yale economist Robert J. Shiller writes that bitcoin has potential as a unit of account for measuring the relative value of goods, as with Chile’s Unidad de Fomento, but that «Bitcoin in its present form … doesn’t really solve any sensible economic problem».[196]

According to research by the University of Cambridge, between 2.9 million and 5.8 million unique users used a cryptocurrency wallet in 2017, most of them for bitcoin. The number of users has grown significantly since 2013, when there were 300,000–1.3 million users.[139]

Acceptance by merchants

Dish Network, a Fortune 500 subscription TV provider, has been described as the first large company to accept bitcoin, in 2014.[197]

Bloomberg reported that the largest 17 crypto merchant-processing services handled $69 million in June 2018, down from $411 million in September 2017. Bitcoin is «not actually usable» for retail transactions because of high costs and the inability to process chargebacks, according to Nicholas Weaver, a researcher quoted by Bloomberg. High price volatility and transaction fees make paying for small retail purchases with bitcoin impractical, according to economist Kim Grauer. However, bitcoin continues to be used for large-item purchases on sites such as Overstock.com, and for cross-border payments to freelancers and other vendors.[198]

In 2017 and 2018, bitcoin’s acceptance among major online retailers included only three of the top 500 U.S. online merchants, down from five in 2016.[199] Reasons for this decline include high transaction fees due to bitcoin’s scalability issues and long transaction times.[200]

As of 2018, the overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions took place on cryptocurrency exchanges, rather than being used in transactions with merchants.[199] Delays processing payments through the blockchain of about ten minutes make bitcoin use very difficult in a retail setting. Prices are not usually quoted in units of bitcoin and many trades involve one, or sometimes two, conversions into conventional currencies.[33] Merchants that do accept bitcoin payments may use payment service providers to perform the conversions.[201]

Financial institutions

Bitcoins can be bought on digital currency exchanges.

Per researchers, «there is little sign of bitcoin use» in international remittances despite high fees charged by banks and Western Union who compete in this market.[33] The South China Morning Post, however, mentions the use of bitcoin by Hong Kong workers to transfer money home.[202]

In 2014, the National Australia Bank closed accounts of businesses with ties to bitcoin,[203] and HSBC refused to serve a hedge fund with links to bitcoin.[204] Australian banks in general have been reported as closing down bank accounts of operators of businesses involving the currency.[205]

On 10 December 2017, the Chicago Board Options Exchange started trading bitcoin futures,[206] followed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, which started trading bitcoin futures on 17 December 2017.[207]

In September 2019 the Central Bank of Venezuela, at the request of PDVSA, ran tests to determine if bitcoin and ether could be held in central bank’s reserves. The request was motivated by oil company’s goal to pay its suppliers.[208]

François R. Velde, Senior Economist at the Chicago Fed, described bitcoin as «an elegant solution to the problem of creating a digital currency».[209] David Andolfatto, Vice President at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, stated that bitcoin is a threat to the establishment, which he argues is a good thing for the Federal Reserve System and other central banks, because it prompts these institutions to operate sound policies.[49]: 33 [210][211]

As an investment

The Winklevoss twins have purchased bitcoin. In 2013, The Washington Post reported a claim that they owned 1% of all the bitcoins in existence at the time.[212]

Other methods of investment are bitcoin funds. The first regulated bitcoin fund was established in Jersey in July 2014 and approved by the Jersey Financial Services Commission.[213]

Forbes named bitcoin the best investment of 2013.[214] In 2014, Bloomberg named bitcoin one of its worst investments of the year.[215] In 2015, bitcoin topped Bloomberg’s currency tables.[216]

According to bitinfocharts.com, in 2017, there were 9,272 bitcoin wallets with more than $1 million worth of bitcoins.[217] The exact number of bitcoin millionaires is uncertain as a single person can have more than one bitcoin wallet.

Venture capital

Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund invested US$3 million in BitPay.[218] In 2012, an incubator for bitcoin-focused start-ups was founded by Adam Draper, with financing help from his father, venture capitalist Tim Draper, one of the largest bitcoin holders after winning an auction of ₿30,000,[219] at the time called «mystery buyer».[220] The company’s goal is to fund 100 bitcoin businesses within 2–3 years with $10,000 to $20,000 for a 6% stake.[219] Investors also invest in bitcoin mining.[221] According to a 2015 study by Paolo Tasca, bitcoin startups raised almost $1 billion in three years (Q1 2012 – Q1 2015).[222]

Price and volatility

The price of bitcoins has gone through cycles of appreciation and depreciation referred to by some as bubbles and busts.[223] In 2011, the value of one bitcoin rapidly rose from about US$0.30 to US$32 before returning to US$2.[224] In the latter half of 2012 and during the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, the bitcoin price began to rise,[225] reaching a high of US$266 on 10 April 2013, before crashing to around US$50. On 29 November 2013, the cost of one bitcoin rose to a peak of US$1,242.[226] In 2014, the price fell sharply, and as of April remained depressed at little more than half 2013 prices. As of August 2014 it was under US$600.[227]

According to Mark T. Williams, as of 30 September 2014, bitcoin has volatility seven times greater than gold, eight times greater than the S&P 500, and 18 times greater than the US dollar.[228] Hodl is a meme created in reference to holding (as opposed to selling) during periods of volatility. Unusual for an asset, bitcoin weekend trading during December 2020 was higher than for weekdays.[229] Hedge funds (using high leverage and derivates)[230] have attempted to use the volatility to profit from downward price movements. At the end of January 2021, such positions were over $1 billion, their highest of all time.[231]
As of 8 February 2021, the closing price of bitcoin equaled US$44,797.[232]

Legal status, tax and regulation

The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many of them. Regulations and bans that apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.[222] Because of its decentralized nature and its trading on online exchanges located in many countries, regulation of bitcoin has been difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a de facto ban.[233]

According to the Library of Congress, an «absolute ban» on trading or using cryptocurrencies applies in nine countries: Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the United Arab Emirates. An «implicit ban» applies in another 42 countries, which include Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macau, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan.[234] On 22 October 2015, the European Court of Justice ruled that bitcoin transactions would be exempt from Value Added Tax.[235]

Regulatory warnings

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has issued four «Customer Advisories» for bitcoin and related investments.[236] A July 2018 warning emphasized that trading in any cryptocurrency is often speculative, and there is a risk of theft from hacking, and fraud.[237] In May 2014 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission warned that investments involving bitcoin might have high rates of fraud, and that investors might be solicited on social media sites.[238] An earlier «Investor Alert» warned about the use of bitcoin in Ponzi schemes.[239]

The European Banking Authority issued a warning in 2013 focusing on the lack of regulation of bitcoin, the chance that exchanges would be hacked, the volatility of bitcoin’s price, and general fraud.[240] FINRA and the North American Securities Administrators Association have both issued investor alerts about bitcoin.[241][242]

Price manipulation investigation

An official investigation into bitcoin traders was reported in May 2018.[243] The U.S. Justice Department launched an investigation into possible price manipulation, including the techniques of spoofing and wash trades.[244][245][246]

The U.S. federal investigation was prompted by concerns of possible manipulation during futures settlement dates. The final settlement price of CME bitcoin futures is determined by prices on four exchanges, Bitstamp, Coinbase, itBit and Kraken. Following the first delivery date in January 2018, the CME requested extensive detailed trading information but several of the exchanges refused to provide it and later provided only limited data. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission then subpoenaed the data from the exchanges.[247][248]

State and provincial securities regulators, coordinated through the North American Securities Administrators Association, are investigating «bitcoin scams» and ICOs in 40 jurisdictions.[249]

Academic research published in the Journal of Monetary Economics concluded that price manipulation occurred during the Mt Gox bitcoin theft and that the market remains vulnerable to manipulation.[250] The history of hacks, fraud and theft involving bitcoin dates back to at least 2011.[251]

Research by John M. Griffin and Amin Shams in 2018 suggests that trading associated with increases in the amount of the Tether cryptocurrency and associated trading at the Bitfinex exchange account for about half of the price increase in bitcoin in late 2017.[252][253]

J.L. van der Velde, CEO of both Bitfinex and Tether, denied the claims of price manipulation: «Bitfinex nor Tether is, or has ever, engaged in any sort of market or price manipulation. Tether issuances cannot be used to prop up the price of bitcoin or any other coin/token on Bitfinex.»[254]

Use by governments

In June 2021, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted legislation to make bitcoin legal tender in El Salvador, alongside the US dollar.[j][262][258][263] The law took effect on 7 September, making El Salvador the first country to do so.[264][265][8] The implementation of the law has been met with protests[266] and calls to make the currency optional, not compulsory.[267] According to a survey by the Central American University, the majority of Salvadorans disagreed with using cryptocurrency as a legal tender,[268][269] and a survey by the Center for Citizen Studies (CEC) showed that 91% of the country prefers the dollar over bitcoin.[270] As of October 2021, the country’s government was exploring mining bitcoin with geothermal power and issuing bonds tied to bitcoin.[271] According to a survey done by the Central American University 100 days after the Bitcoin Law came into force: 34.8% of the population has no confidence in bitcoin, 35.3% has little confidence, 13.2% has some confidence, and 14.1% has a lot of confidence. 56.6% of respondents have downloaded the government bitcoin wallet; among them 62.9% has never used it or only once whereas 36.3% uses bitcoin at least once a month.[272][273] In 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision after bitcoin lost half its value in two months. The IMF also warned that it would be difficult to get a loan from the institution.[274] According to one report in 2022, 80% of businesses refused to accept bitcoin despite being legally required to.[275]

In April 2022, the Central African Republic (CAR) adopted Bitcoin as legal tender alongside the CFA franc. After El Salvador, CAR is the second country to do so.[177][9]

Ukraine is accepting donations in cryptocurrency, including bitcoin, to fund the resistance against the Russian invasion.[276][277][278][279][280] According to the officials, 40% of the Ukraine’s military suppliers are willing to accept cryptocurrencies without converting them into euros or dollars.[281] In March 2022, Ukraine has passed a law that creates a legal framework for the cryptocurrency industry in the country,[282] including judicial protection of the right to own virtual assets.[283] In the same month, a cryptocurrency exchange was integrated into the Ukrainian e-governance service Diia.[284]

Iran announced pending regulations that would require bitcoin miners in Iran to sell bitcoin to the Central Bank of Iran, and the central bank would use it for imports.[285] Iran, as of October 2020, had issued over 1,000 bitcoin mining licenses.[285] The Iranian government initially took a stance against cryptocurrency, but later changed it after seeing that digital currency could be used to circumvent sanctions.[286] The US Office of Foreign Assets Control listed two Iranians and their bitcoin addresses as part of its Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List for their role in the 2018 Atlanta cyberattack whose ransom was paid in bitcoin.[287]

Some constituent states accept tax payments in bitcoin, including Colorado (US)[288] and Zug (Switzerland).[289][290]

Economic and legal concerns

Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates, including Robert Shiller,[196] Joseph Stiglitz,[291] and Richard Thaler.[292][16] Economist and columnist Paul Krugman has described bitcoin as «a bubble wrapped in techno-mysticism inside a cocoon of libertarian ideology»,[187] economist Nouriel Roubini of New York University has called bitcoin the «mother of all bubbles»,[293] and University of Chicago economist James Heckman has compared it to the 17th-century tulip mania.[16]

Journalists, economists, investors, and the central bank of Estonia have voiced concerns that bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme.[294][295][296][297] Eric Posner, a law professor at the University of Chicago, states that «a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective delusion.»[298] A 2014 report by the World Bank concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme.[299]: 7  Also in 2014, the Swiss Federal Council examined concerns that bitcoin might be a pyramid scheme, and concluded that «since in the case of bitcoin the typical promises of profits are lacking, it cannot be assumed that bitcoin is a pyramid scheme.»[300]: 21 

Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated, with 0.01% holding 27% of in-circulation currency, as of 2021.[301]

Use in illegal transactions

The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media.[302]

Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods.[193][303] Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says that bitcoin’s anonymity encourages money laundering and other crimes.[304][305]

Environmental effects

The environmental effects of Bitcoin are considerable. One such environmental effect is that it worsens climate change.[306] This is because bitcoins are made using electricity partially generated by gas and coal-fired power plants. When burned, coal and natural gas emit greenhouse gases, which heat the Earth and change the climate.[307] As of 2022, such bitcoin mining is estimated to be responsible for 0.1% of world greenhouse gas emissions.[308] A second environmental effect is the air pollution caused by coal-fired electricity generation, and a third is the e-waste due to the short life expectancy of bitcoin-mining equipment.[306]

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency made by proof-of-work,[307][309] while some other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, are made by proof-of-stake,[310] which consumes less electricity.[311][312] As of 2022, the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) estimates that Bitcoin consumes around 100 TW⋅h (360 PJ) annually, and says bitcoin mining uses about as much electricity as Egypt.[313][314] But it is difficult to find out how the electricity used for mining was generated, and thus Bitcoin’s carbon footprint.[315][316][317][318] One study found that from 2016 to 2021, each US dollar worth of bitcoin mined caused 35 cents worth of climate damage, comparable to the beef industry and the gasoline industry.[319][320][321]

As of 2021, Bitcoin’s annual e-waste is estimated to be over 30,000 tonnes, which is comparable to the small IT equipment waste produced by the Netherlands. Creating one bitcoin generates 270 to 380 grams (9.5 to 13.4 oz) of e-waste. The average lifespan of bitcoin-mining devices is estimated to be about 1.3 years.[322][323][324] Unlike most computing hardware, the used application-specific integrated circuits have no alternative use beyond bitcoin mining.[325]

Reducing Bitcoin’s environmental effects is difficult; possible remedies include making bitcoin only where or when there is excess clean electricity.[326][327] Some policymakers have called for further restrictions or bans on bitcoin mining.[328][329]

Software implementation

Bitcoin Core

Bitcoin-core-v0.10.0.png

The start screen under Fedora Linux

Original author(s) Satoshi Nakamoto
Initial release 2009
Stable release 24.0.1 (12 December 2022; 2 months ago) [±]
Repository github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin
Written in C++
Operating system Linux, Windows, macOS
Type Cryptocurrency
License MIT License
Website bitcoincore.org

Bitcoin Core is free and open-source software that serves as a bitcoin node (the set of which form the bitcoin network) and provides a bitcoin wallet which fully verifies payments. It is considered to be bitcoin’s reference implementation.[330] Initially, the software was published by Satoshi Nakamoto under the name «Bitcoin», and later renamed to «Bitcoin Core» to distinguish it from the network.[331] It is also known as the Satoshi client.[332]

The MIT Digital Currency Initiative funds some of the development of Bitcoin Core.[333] The project also maintains the cryptography library libsecp256k1.[334]

Bitcoin Core includes a transaction verification engine and connects to the bitcoin network as a full node.[332] Moreover, a cryptocurrency wallet, which can be used to transfer funds, is included by default.[334] The wallet allows for the sending and receiving of bitcoins. It does not facilitate the buying or selling of bitcoin. It allows users to generate QR codes to receive payment.

The software validates the entire blockchain, which includes all bitcoin transactions ever. This distributed ledger which has reached more than 235 gigabytes in size as of Jan 2019, must be downloaded or synchronized before full participation of the client may occur.[332] Although the complete blockchain is not needed all at once since it is possible to run in pruning mode. A command line-based daemon with a JSON-RPC interface, bitcoind, is bundled with Bitcoin Core. It also provides access to testnet, a global testing environment that imitates the bitcoin main network using an alternative blockchain where valueless «test bitcoins» are used. Regtest or Regression Test Mode creates a private blockchain which is used as a local testing environment.[335] Finally, bitcoin-cli, a simple program which allows users to send RPC commands to bitcoind, is also included.

Checkpoints which have been hard coded into the client are used only to prevent Denial of Service attacks against nodes which are initially syncing the chain. For this reason the checkpoints included are only as of several years ago.[336][337][failed verification] A one megabyte block size limit was added in 2010 by Satoshi Nakamoto. This limited the maximum network capacity to about three transactions per second.[338] Since then, network capacity has been improved incrementally both through block size increases and improved wallet behavior. A network alert system was included by Satoshi Nakamoto as a way of informing users of important news regarding bitcoin.[339] In November 2016 it was retired. It had become obsolete as news on bitcoin is now widely disseminated.

Bitcoin Core includes a scripting language inspired by Forth that can define transactions and specify parameters.[340] ScriptPubKey is used to «lock» transactions based on a set of future conditions. scriptSig is used to meet these conditions or «unlock» a transaction. Operations on the data are performed by various OP_Codes. Two stacks are used – main and alt. Looping is forbidden.

Bitcoin Core uses OpenTimestamps to timestamp merge commits.[341]

The original creator of the bitcoin client has described their approach to the software’s authorship as it being written first to prove to themselves that the concept of purely peer-to-peer electronic cash was valid and that a paper with solutions could be written. The lead developer is Wladimir J. van der Laan, who took over the role on 8 April 2014.[342] Gavin Andresen was the former lead maintainer for the software client. Andresen left the role of lead developer for bitcoin to work on the strategic development of its technology.[342] Bitcoin Core in 2015 was central to a dispute with Bitcoin XT, a competing client that sought to increase the blocksize.[343] Over a dozen different companies and industry groups fund the development of Bitcoin Core.

In popular culture

Term «HODL»

Hodl ( HOD-əl; often written HODL) is slang in the cryptocurrency community for holding a cryptocurrency rather than selling it. A person who does this is known as a Hodler. It originated in a December 2013 post on the Bitcoin Forum message board by an apparently inebriated user who posted with a typo in the subject, «I AM HODLING.»[344] It is often humorously suggested to be a backronym to «hold on for dear life».[345] In 2017, Quartz listed it as one of the essential slang terms in bitcoin culture, and described it as a stance, «to stay invested in bitcoin and not to capitulate in the face of plunging prices.»[346] TheStreet.com referred to it as the «favorite mantra» of bitcoin holders.[347] Bloomberg News referred to it as a mantra for holders during market routs.[348]

Literature

In Charles Stross’ 2013 science fiction novel, Neptune’s Brood, the universal interstellar payment system is known as «bitcoin» and operates using cryptography.[349] Stross later blogged that the reference was intentional, saying «I wrote Neptune’s Brood in 2011. Bitcoin was obscure back then, and I figured had just enough name recognition to be a useful term for an interstellar currency: it’d clue people in that it was a networked digital currency.»[350]

Film

The 2014 documentary The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin portrays the diversity of motives behind the use of bitcoin by interviewing people who use it. These include a computer programmer and a drug dealer.[351] The 2016 documentary Banking on Bitcoin is an introduction to the beginnings of bitcoin and the ideas behind cryptocurrency today.[352]

Music

In 2018, a Japanese band called Kasotsuka Shojo – Virtual Currency Girls – launched. Each of the eight members represented a cryptocurrency, including bitcoin, Ethereum and Cardano.[353][354]

Academia

In September 2015, the establishment of the peer-reviewed academic journal Ledger (ISSN 2379-5980) was announced. It covers studies of cryptocurrencies and related technologies, and is published by the University of Pittsburgh.[355] The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which will then be timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain. Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address in the first page of their papers.[356][357]

See also

  • Alternative currency
  • Base58
  • Crypto-anarchism
  • List of bitcoin companies
  • List of bitcoin organizations
  • SHA-256 crypto currencies
  • Virtual currency law in the United States

Notes

  1. ^ a b As of 2014, BTC is a commonly used code. It does not conform to ISO 4217 as BT is the country code of Bhutan, and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be ‘X’.
  2. ^ a b As of 2014, XBT, a code that conforms to ISO 4217 though is not officially part of it, is used by Bloomberg L.P.,[27] CNNMoney,[28] and xe.com.[29]
  3. ^ The genesis block is block number 0. The timestamp of the block is 2009-01-03 18:15:05. This block is unlike all other blocks in that it does not have a previous block to reference.
  4. ^ Bitcoin uses a custom elliptic curve called «secp256k1» with the ECDSA algorithm to produce signatures. The equation for this curve is y2=x3+7.[38] A proposed upgrade that would add support for Schnorr signatures is in development.[39]: 101 
  5. ^ Relative mining difficulty is defined as the ratio of the difficulty target on 9 January 2009 to the current difficulty target.
  6. ^ It is misleading to think that there is an analogy between gold mining and bitcoin mining. The fact is that gold miners are rewarded for producing gold, while bitcoin miners are not rewarded for producing bitcoins; they are rewarded for their record-keeping services.[49]
  7. ^ The system used is based on Adam Back’s 1997 anti-spam scheme, Hashcash.[50][failed verification][3]
  8. ^ The exact number is ₿20,999,999.9769.[7]: ch. 8 
  9. ^ The private key can be printed as a series of letters and numbers, a seed phrase, or a 2D barcode. Usually, the public key or bitcoin address is also printed, so that a holder of a paper wallet can check or add funds without exposing the private key to a device.
  10. ^ According to some reports, the law was approved on 8 June.[255][256][257] According to others, it was approved on 9 June.[258][173][259] The law was voted during the 8 June parliamentary session, and published in the official journal on 9 June.[260][261]

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External links

  • Media related to Bitcoin at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website
  • Bitcoin at Curlie

«₿» redirects here. Not to be confused with «฿» for Thai baht.

Bitcoin

Prevailing bitcoin logo

Official logo of Bitcoin

Denominations
Plural Bitcoins
Symbol
(Unicode: U+20BF BITCOIN SIGN)[a]
Code BTC,[b] XBT[c]
Precision 10−8
Subunits
11000 Millibitcoin
11000000 Microbitcoin
1100000000 Satoshi[2]
Development
Original author(s) Satoshi Nakamoto
White paper «Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System»[3]
Implementation(s) Bitcoin Core
Initial release 0.1.0 / 9 January 2009 (14 years ago)
Latest release 24.0.1 / 12 December 2022 (2 months ago)[4]
Code repository github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin
Development status Active
Source model Free and open-source software
License MIT License
Ledger
Ledger start 3 January 2009 (14 years ago)
Timestamping scheme Proof-of-work (partial hash inversion)
Hash function SHA-256 (two rounds)
Issuance schedule Decentralized (block reward)
Initially ₿50 per block, halved every 210,000 blocks[5]
Block reward ₿6.25[d]
Block time 10 minutes
Circulating supply ₿18,925,000[e]
Supply limit ₿21,000,000[6][f]
Valuation
Exchange rate Floating
Demographics
Official user(s)
  • El Salvador[8]
  • Central African Republic[9]
Website
Website bitcoin.org
  1. ^ Encoded Unicode version 10.0 (2017) in Currency Symbols block[1]
  2. ^ Very early software versions used the code «BC».
  3. ^ Compatible with ISO 4217.
  4. ^ May 2020 to approximately 2024, halved approximately every four years
  5. ^ As of 2022-01-10
  6. ^ The supply will approach, but never reach, ₿21 million. Issuance will permanently halt c. 2140 at ₿20,999,999.9769.[7]: ch. 8 

Bitcoin (abbreviation: BTC[a] or XBT[b]; sign: ) is a protocol which implements a highly available, public, permanent, and decentralized ledger. In order to add to the ledger, a user must prove they control an entry in the ledger. The protocol specifies that the entry indicates an amount of a token, bitcoin with a minuscule b. The user can update the ledger, assigning some of their bitcoin to another entry in the ledger. Because the token has characteristics of money, it can be thought of as a digital currency.[10]

Bitcoin transactions are verified by network nodes through cryptography and recorded in a public distributed ledger called a blockchain. The cryptocurrency was invented in 2008 by an unknown person or group of people using the name Satoshi Nakamoto.[11] The currency began use in 2009,[12] when its implementation was released as open-source software.[7]: ch. 1 
The word «bitcoin» was defined in a white paper published on October 31, 2008.[3][13] It is a compound of the words bit and coin.[14]

The Library of Congress reports that, as of November 2021, nine countries have fully banned bitcoin use, while a further forty-two have implicitly banned it.[15] A few governments have used bitcoin in some capacity. El Salvador has adopted Bitcoin as legal tender, although use by merchants remains low. Ukraine has accepted cryptocurrency donations to fund the resistance to the 2022 Russian invasion. Iran has used bitcoin to bypass sanctions.

Bitcoin has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight recipients of the Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences.[16]

The environmental effects of bitcoin are worth noting.[17] Its proof-of-work algorithm for bitcoin mining is designed to be computationally difficult, which requires the consumption of increasing quantities of electricity, the generation of which has contributed to climate change.[18][19] According to the University of Cambridge, bitcoin has emitted an estimated 200 million tonnes of carbon dioxide since its launch, [20] or about 0.04% of all carbon dioxide released since 2009.[21]

The UNESCO World Heritage Site, Virunga National Park, in eastern Congo, Africa pays for its operations, using a profitable Bitcoin mining operation powered by the Park’s hydroelectric plant.[22] Oil and gas giant Exxon mines Bitcoin using the natural gas flared by oil mining operations to generate their electricity.[23] Mining Bitcoin this way makes use of an otherwise «monumental waste of a valuable natural resource».[24] Still other miners reduce their overall energy bill by using the heat generated by their computers to heat their homes,[25] or hot tubs.[26]

Design

Units and divisibility

The unit of account of the bitcoin system is the bitcoin. Currency codes for representing bitcoin are BTC[a] and XBT.[b][30]: 2  Its Unicode character is ₿.[1] One bitcoin is divisible to eight decimal places.[7]: ch. 5  Units for smaller amounts of bitcoin are the millibitcoin (mBTC), equal to 11000 bitcoin, and the satoshi (sat), which is the smallest possible division, and named in homage to bitcoin’s creator, representing 1100000000 (one hundred millionth) bitcoin.[2] 100,000 satoshis are one mBTC.[31]

Blockchain

Data structure of blocks in the ledger

The bitcoin blockchain is a public ledger that records bitcoin transactions.[32] It is implemented as a chain of blocks, each block containing a cryptographic hash of the previous block up to the genesis block[c] in the chain. A network of communicating nodes running bitcoin software maintains the blockchain.[33]: 215–219  Transactions of the form payer X sends Y bitcoins to payee Z are broadcast to this network using readily available software applications.

Network nodes can validate transactions, add them to their copy of the ledger, and then broadcast these ledger additions to other nodes. To achieve independent verification of the chain of ownership, each network node stores its own copy of the blockchain.[34] At varying intervals of time averaging to every 10 minutes, a new group of accepted transactions, called a block, is created, added to the blockchain, and quickly published to all nodes, without requiring central oversight. This allows bitcoin software to determine when a particular bitcoin was spent, which is needed to prevent double-spending. A conventional ledger records the transfers of actual bills or promissory notes that exist apart from it, but as a digital ledger, bitcoins only exist by virtue of the blockchain; they are represented by the unspent outputs of transactions.[7]: ch. 5 

Individual blocks, public addresses, and transactions within blocks can be examined using a blockchain explorer.[35]

Transactions

Transactions are defined using a Forth-like scripting language.[7]: ch. 5  Transactions consist of one or more inputs and one or more outputs. When a user sends bitcoins, the user designates each address and the amount of bitcoin being sent to that address in an output. To prevent double spending, each input must refer to a previous unspent output in the blockchain.[36] The use of multiple inputs corresponds to the use of multiple coins in a cash transaction. Since transactions can have multiple outputs, users can send bitcoins to multiple recipients in one transaction. As in a cash transaction, the sum of inputs (coins used to pay) can exceed the intended sum of payments. In such a case, an additional output is used, returning the change back to the payer.[36] Any input satoshis not accounted for in the transaction outputs become the transaction fee.[36]

Though transaction fees are optional, miners can choose which transactions to process and prioritize those that pay higher fees.[36] Miners may choose transactions based on the fee paid relative to their storage size, not the absolute amount of money paid as a fee. These fees are generally measured in satoshis per byte (sat/b). The size of transactions is dependent on the number of inputs used to create the transaction and the number of outputs.[7]: ch. 8 

The blocks in the blockchain were originally limited to 32 megabytes in size. The block size limit of one megabyte was introduced by Satoshi Nakamoto in 2010.[clarification needed] Eventually, the block size limit of one megabyte created problems for transaction processing, such as increasing transaction fees and delayed processing of transactions.[37] Andreas Antonopoulos has stated Lightning Network is a potential scaling solution and referred to lightning as a second-layer routing network.[7]: ch. 8 

Ownership

Simplified chain of ownership as illustrated in the bitcoin whitepaper.[3] In practice, a transaction can have more than one input and more than one output.[36]

In the blockchain, bitcoins are registered to bitcoin addresses. Creating a bitcoin address requires nothing more than picking a random valid private key and computing the corresponding bitcoin address. This computation can be done in a split second. But the reverse, computing the private key of a given bitcoin address, is practically unfeasible.[7]: ch. 4  Users can tell others or make public a bitcoin address without compromising its corresponding private key. Moreover, the number of valid private keys is so vast that it is extremely unlikely someone will compute a key pair that is already in use and has funds. The vast number of valid private keys makes it unfeasible that brute force could be used to compromise a private key. To be able to spend their bitcoins, the owner must know the corresponding private key and digitally sign the transaction.[d] The network verifies the signature using the public key; the private key is never revealed.[7]: ch. 5 

If the private key is lost, the bitcoin network will not recognize any other evidence of ownership;[33] the coins are then unusable, and effectively lost. For example, in 2013 one user claimed to have lost ₿7,500, worth $7.5 million at the time, when he accidentally discarded a hard drive containing his private key.[40] About 20% of all bitcoins are believed to be lost—they would have had a market value of about $20 billion at July 2018 prices.[41]

To ensure the security of bitcoins, the private key must be kept secret.[7]: ch. 10  If the private key is revealed to a third party, e.g. through a data breach, the third party can use it to steal any associated bitcoins.[42] As of December 2017, around ₿980,000 have been stolen from cryptocurrency exchanges.[43]

Regarding ownership distribution, as of 28 December 2022, 9.62% of bitcoin addresses own 98.51% of all bitcoins ever mined.[44] The largest of these addresses are thought to belong to exchanges, which are keeping their bitcoin in cold storage.[45]

Mining

Later amateurs mined bitcoins with specialized FPGA and ASIC chips. The chips pictured have become obsolete due to increasing difficulty.

Today, bitcoin mining companies dedicate facilities to housing and operating large amounts of high-performance mining hardware.[47]

Mining is a record-keeping service done through the use of computer processing power.[f] Miners keep the blockchain consistent, complete, and unalterable by repeatedly grouping newly broadcast transactions into a block, which is then broadcast to the network and verified by recipient nodes.[32] Each block contains a SHA-256 cryptographic hash of the previous block,[32] thus linking it to the previous block and giving the blockchain its name.[7]: ch. 7 [32]

To be accepted by the rest of the network, a new block must contain a proof-of-work (PoW).[32][g] The PoW requires miners to find a number called a nonce (a number used just once), such that when the block content is hashed along with the nonce, the result is numerically smaller than the network’s difficulty target.[7]: ch. 8  This PoW is easy for any node in the network to verify, but extremely time-consuming to generate. Miners must try many different nonce values (usually the sequence of tested values is the ascending natural numbers: 0, 1, 2, 3, …) before a result happens to be less than the difficulty target. Because the difficulty target is extremely small compared to a typical SHA-256 hash, block hashes have many leading zeros[7]: ch. 8  as can be seen in this example block hash:

0000000000000000000590fc0f3eba193a278534220b2b37e9849e1a770ca959

By adjusting this difficulty target, the amount of work needed to generate a block can be changed. Every 2,016 blocks (approximately 14 days given roughly 10 minutes per block), nodes deterministically adjust the difficulty target based on the recent rate of block generation, with the aim of keeping the average time between new blocks at ten minutes. In this way the system automatically adapts to the total amount of mining power on the network.[7]: ch. 8  As of April 2022, it takes on average 122 sextillion (122 thousand billion billion) attempts to generate a block hash smaller than the difficulty target.[51][better source needed] Computations of this magnitude are extremely expensive and utilize specialized hardware.[52]

The proof-of-work system, alongside the chaining of blocks, makes modifications to the blockchain extremely hard, as an attacker must modify all subsequent blocks in order for the modifications of one block to be accepted.[53] As new blocks are being generated continuously, the difficulty of modifying an old block increases as time passes and the number of subsequent blocks (also called confirmations of the given block) increases.[32]

The vast majority of mining power is grouped together in mining pools to reduce variance in miner income. Independent miners may have to work for several years to mine a single block of transactions and receive payment. In a mining pool, all participating miners get paid every time any participant generates a block. This payment is proportionate to the amount of work an individual miner contributed to the pool.[54][better source needed]

Supply

Every 10 minutes,[55] the successful miner finding the new block is allowed by the rest of the network to collect for themselves all transaction fees from transactions they included in the block, as well as a predetermined reward of newly created bitcoins.[56] As of 11 May 2020, this reward was ₿6.25 in newly created bitcoins per block.[57] To claim this reward, a special transaction called a coinbase is included in the block, with the miner as the payee.[7]: ch. 8  All bitcoins in existence have been created through this type of transaction. The bitcoin protocol specifies that the reward for adding a block will be reduced by half every 210,000 blocks (approximately every four years), until ₿21 million[h] are generated. Assuming the protocol is not changed and the 10 minute average block creation time remains constant, the last new bitcoin would be generated around the year 2140. After that, a successful miner would be rewarded by transaction fees only.[58]

Decentralization

Bitcoin is decentralized thus:[5]

  • Bitcoin does not have a central authority.[5]
  • The bitcoin network is peer-to-peer,[12] without central servers.
  • The network also has no central storage; the bitcoin ledger is distributed.[59]
  • The ledger is public; anybody can store it on a computer.[7]: ch. 1 
  • There is no single administrator;[5] the ledger is maintained by a network of equally privileged miners.[7]: ch. 1 
  • Anyone can become a miner.[7]: ch. 1 
  • The additions to the ledger are maintained through competition. Until a new block is added to the ledger, it is not known which miner will create the block.[7]: ch. 1 
  • The issuance of bitcoins is decentralized. They are issued as a reward for the creation of a new block.[56]
  • Anybody can create a new bitcoin address (a bitcoin counterpart of a bank account) without needing any approval.[7]: ch. 1 
  • Anybody can send a transaction to the network without needing any approval; the network merely confirms that the transaction is legitimate.[60]: 32 

Conversely, researchers[who?] have pointed out a «trend towards centralization»[citation needed]. Although bitcoin can be sent directly from user to user, in practice intermediaries are widely used.[33]: 220–222  Bitcoin miners join large mining pools to minimize the variance of their income.[33]: 215, 219–222 [61]: 3 [62] Because transactions on the network are confirmed by miners, decentralization of the network requires that no single miner or mining pool obtains 51% of the hashing power, which would allow them to double-spend coins, prevent certain transactions from being verified and prevent other miners from earning income.[63] As of 2013 just six mining pools controlled 75% of overall bitcoin hashing power.[63] In 2014 mining pool Ghash.io obtained 51% hashing power which raised significant controversies about the safety of the network. The pool has voluntarily capped its hashing power at 39.99% and requested other pools to act responsibly for the benefit of the whole network.[64] Around the year 2017, over 70% of the hashing power and 90% of transactions were operating from China.[65]

According to researchers, other parts of the ecosystem are also «controlled by a small set of entities», notably the maintenance of the client software, online wallets, and simplified payment verification (SPV) clients.[63]

Privacy and fungibility

Bitcoin is pseudonymous, meaning that funds are not tied to real-world entities but rather bitcoin addresses. Owners of bitcoin addresses are not explicitly identified, but all transactions on the blockchain are public. In addition, transactions can be linked to individuals and companies through «idioms of use» (e.g., transactions that spend coins from multiple inputs indicate that the inputs may have a common owner) and corroborating public transaction data with known information on owners of certain addresses.[66] Additionally, bitcoin exchanges, where bitcoins are traded for traditional currencies, may be required by law to collect personal information.[67] To heighten financial privacy, a new bitcoin address can be generated for each transaction.[68]

While the Bitcoin network treats each bitcoin the same, thus establishing the basic level of fungibility, applications and individuals who use the network are free to break that principle. For instance, wallets and similar software technically handle all bitcoins equally, none is different from another. Still, the history of each bitcoin is registered and publicly available in the blockchain ledger, and that can allow users of chain analysis to refuse to accept bitcoins coming from controversial transactions.[69] For example, in 2012, Mt. Gox froze accounts of users who deposited bitcoins that were known to have just been stolen.[70]

Wallets

Bitcoin Core, a full client

Electrum, a lightweight client

A wallet stores the information necessary to transact bitcoins. While wallets are often described as a place to hold[71] or store bitcoins, due to the nature of the system, bitcoins are inseparable from the blockchain transaction ledger. A wallet is more correctly defined as something that «stores the digital credentials for your bitcoin holdings» and allows one to access (and spend) them. [7]: ch. 1, glossary  Bitcoin uses public-key cryptography, in which two cryptographic keys, one public and one private, are generated.[72] At its most basic, a wallet is a collection of these keys.

Software wallets

The first wallet program, simply named Bitcoin, and sometimes referred to as the Satoshi client, was released in 2009 by Satoshi Nakamoto as open-source software.[12] In version 0.5 the client moved from the wxWidgets user interface toolkit to Qt, and the whole bundle was referred to as Bitcoin-Qt.[73] After the release of version 0.9, the software bundle was renamed Bitcoin Core to distinguish itself from the underlying network.[74][75] Bitcoin Core is, perhaps, the best known implementation or client. Alternative clients (forks of Bitcoin Core) exist, such as Bitcoin XT, Bitcoin Unlimited,[76] and Parity Bitcoin.[77]

There are several modes in which wallets can operate in. They have an inverse relationship with regard to trustlessness and computational requirements.

  • Full clients verify transactions directly by downloading a full copy of the blockchain (over 150 GB as of January 2018).[citation needed] They do not require trust in any external parties. Full clients check the validity of mined blocks, preventing them from transacting on a chain that breaks or alters network rules.[7]: ch. 1  Because of its size and complexity, downloading and verifying the entire blockchain is not suitable for all computing devices.
  • Lightweight clients consult full nodes to send and receive transactions without requiring a local copy of the entire blockchain (see simplified payment verificationSPV). This makes lightweight clients much faster to set up and allows them to be used on low-power, low-bandwidth devices such as smartphones. When using a lightweight wallet, however, the user must trust full nodes, as it can report faulty values back to the user. Lightweight clients follow the longest blockchain and do not ensure it is valid, requiring trust in full nodes.[78]

Third-party internet services called online wallets or webwallets offer similar functionality but may be easier to use. In this case, credentials to access funds are stored with the online wallet provider rather than on the user’s hardware.[79] As a result, the user must have complete trust in the online wallet provider. A malicious provider or a breach in server security may cause entrusted bitcoins to be stolen. An example of such a security breach occurred with Mt. Gox in 2011.[80]

Cold storage

A paper wallet with the address visible for adding or checking stored funds. The part of the page containing the private key is folded over and sealed.

A hardware wallet peripheral which processes bitcoin payments without exposing any credentials to the computer

Wallet software is targeted by hackers because of the lucrative potential for stealing bitcoins.[42] A technique called «cold storage» keeps private keys out of reach of hackers; this is accomplished by keeping private keys offline at all times[81][7]: ch. 4  by generating them on a device that is not connected to the internet.[82]: 39  The credentials necessary to spend bitcoins can be stored offline in a number of different ways, from specialized hardware wallets to simple paper printouts of the private key.[7]: ch. 10 

Hardware wallets

A hardware wallet is a computer peripheral that signs transactions as requested by the user. These devices store private keys and carry out signing and encryption internally,[81] and do not share any sensitive information with the host computer except already signed (and thus unalterable) transactions.[83] Because hardware wallets never expose their private keys, even computers that may be compromised by malware do not have a vector to access or steal them.[82]: 42–45 

The user sets a passcode when setting up a hardware wallet.[81] As hardware wallets are tamper-resistant,[83][7]: ch. 10  the passcode will be needed to extract any money.[83]

Paper wallets

A paper wallet is created with a keypair generated on a computer with no internet connection; the private key is written or printed onto the paper[i] and then erased from the computer.[7]: ch. 4  The paper wallet can then be stored in a safe physical location for later retrieval.[82]: 39 

Physical wallets can also take the form of metal token coins[84] with a private key accessible under a security hologram in a recess struck on the reverse side.[85]: 38  The security hologram self-destructs when removed from the token, showing that the private key has been accessed.[86] Originally, these tokens were struck in brass and other base metals, but later used precious metals as bitcoin grew in value and popularity.[85]: 80  Coins with stored face value as high as ₿1,000 have been struck in gold.[85]: 102–104  The British Museum’s coin collection includes four specimens from the earliest series[85]: 83  of funded bitcoin tokens; one is currently on display in the museum’s money gallery.[87] In 2013, a Utah manufacturer of these tokens was ordered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) to register as a money services business before producing any more funded bitcoin tokens.[84][85]: 80 

History

Creation

External images
image icon Cover page of The Times 3 January 2009 showing the headline used in the genesis block
image icon Infamous photo of the two pizzas purchased by Laszlo Hanyecz for ₿10,000

The domain name bitcoin.org was registered on 18 August 2008.[88] On 31 October 2008, a link to a paper authored by Satoshi Nakamoto titled Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System[3] was posted to a cryptography mailing list.[89] Nakamoto implemented the bitcoin software as open-source code and released it in January 2009.[90][91][12] Nakamoto’s identity remains unknown.[11]

No uniform convention for bitcoin capitalization exists; some sources use Bitcoin, capitalized, to refer to the technology and network and bitcoin, lowercase, for the unit of account.[92] The Wall Street Journal,[93] The Chronicle of Higher Education,[94] and the Oxford English Dictionary[14] advocate the use of lowercase bitcoin in all cases.

On 3 January 2009, the bitcoin network was created when Nakamoto mined the starting block of the chain, known as the genesis block.[95][96] Embedded in the coinbase of this block was the text «The Times 03/Jan/2009 Chancellor on brink of second bailout for banks».[12] This note references a headline published by The Times and has been interpreted as both a timestamp and a comment on the instability caused by fractional-reserve banking.[97]: 18 

The receiver of the first bitcoin transaction was Hal Finney, who had created the first reusable proof-of-work system (RPoW) in 2004.[98] Finney downloaded the bitcoin software on its release date, and on 12 January 2009 received ten bitcoins from Nakamoto.[99][100] Other early cypherpunk supporters were creators of bitcoin predecessors: Wei Dai, creator of b-money, and Nick Szabo, creator of bit gold.[95] In 2010, the first known commercial transaction using bitcoin occurred when programmer Laszlo Hanyecz bought two Papa John’s pizzas for ₿10,000 from Jeremy Sturdivant.[101][103][104][105]

Blockchain analysts estimate that Nakamoto had mined about one million bitcoins[106] before disappearing in 2010 when he handed the network alert key and control of the code repository over to Gavin Andresen. Andresen later became lead developer at the Bitcoin Foundation.[107][108] Andresen then sought to decentralize control. This left opportunity for controversy to develop over the future development path of bitcoin, in contrast to the perceived authority of Nakamoto’s contributions.[76][108]

2011–2012

After early «proof-of-concept» transactions, the first major users of bitcoin were black markets, such as Silk Road. During its 30 months of existence, beginning in February 2011, Silk Road exclusively accepted bitcoins as payment, transacting ₿9.9 million, worth about $214 million.[33]: 222 

In 2011, the price started at $0.30 per bitcoin, growing to $5.27 for the year. The price rose to $31.50 on 8 June. Within a month, the price fell to $11.00. The next month it fell to $7.80, and in another month to $4.77.[109]

In 2012, bitcoin prices started at $5.27, growing to $13.30 for the year.[109] By 9 January the price had risen to $7.38, but then crashed by 49% to $3.80 over the next 16 days. The price then rose to $16.41 on 17 August, but fell by 57% to $7.10 over the next three days.[110]

The Bitcoin Foundation was founded in September 2012 to promote bitcoin’s development and uptake.[111]

On 1 November 2011, the reference implementation Bitcoin-Qt version 0.5.0 was released. It introduced a front end that used the Qt user interface toolkit.[112] The software previously used Berkeley DB for database management. Developers switched to LevelDB in release 0.8 in order to reduce blockchain synchronization time.[citation needed] The update to this release resulted in a minor blockchain fork on 11 March 2013. The fork was resolved shortly afterwards.[citation needed] Seeding nodes through IRC was discontinued in version 0.8.2. From version 0.9.0 the software was renamed to Bitcoin Core. Transaction fees were reduced again by a factor of ten as a means to encourage microtransactions.[citation needed] Although Bitcoin Core does not use OpenSSL for the operation of the network, the software did use OpenSSL for remote procedure calls. Version 0.9.1 was released to remove the network’s vulnerability to the Heartbleed bug.[citation needed]

2013–2016

In 2013, prices started at $13.30 rising to $770 by 1 January 2014.[109]

In March 2013 the blockchain temporarily split into two independent chains with different rules due to a bug in version 0.8 of the bitcoin software. The two blockchains operated simultaneously for six hours, each with its own version of the transaction history from the moment of the split. Normal operation was restored when the majority of the network downgraded to version 0.7 of the bitcoin software, selecting the backwards-compatible version of the blockchain. As a result, this blockchain became the longest chain and could be accepted by all participants, regardless of their bitcoin software version.[113] During the split, the Mt. Gox exchange briefly halted bitcoin deposits and the price dropped by 23% to $37[113][114] before recovering to the previous level of approximately $48 in the following hours.[115]

The US Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) established regulatory guidelines for «decentralized virtual currencies» such as bitcoin, classifying American bitcoin miners who sell their generated bitcoins as Money Service Businesses (MSBs), that are subject to registration or other legal obligations.[116][118]

In April, exchanges BitInstant and Mt. Gox experienced processing delays due to insufficient capacity[119] resulting in the bitcoin price dropping from $266 to $76 before returning to $160 within six hours.[120] The bitcoin price rose to $259 on 10 April, but then crashed by 83% to $45 over the next three days.[110]

On 15 May 2013, US authorities seized accounts associated with Mt. Gox after discovering it had not registered as a money transmitter with FinCEN in the US.[121][122] On 23 June 2013, the US Drug Enforcement Administration listed ₿11.02 as a seized asset in a United States Department of Justice seizure notice pursuant to 21 U.S.C. § 881. This marked the first time a government agency had seized bitcoin.[123] The FBI seized about ₿30,000[124] in October 2013 from the dark web website Silk Road, following the arrest of Ross William Ulbricht.[125][126][127] These bitcoins were sold at blind auction by the United States Marshals Service to venture capital investor Tim Draper.[124] Bitcoin’s price rose to $755 on 19 November and crashed by 50% to $378 the same day. On 30 November 2013, the price reached $1,163 before starting a long-term crash, declining by 87% to $152 in January 2015.[110]

On 5 December 2013, the People’s Bank of China prohibited Chinese financial institutions from using bitcoin.[128] After the announcement, the value of bitcoin dropped,[129] and Baidu no longer accepted bitcoins for certain services.[130] Buying real-world goods with any virtual currency had been illegal in China since at least 2009.[131]

In 2014, prices started at $770 and fell to $314 for the year.[109] On 30 July 2014, the Wikimedia Foundation started accepting donations of bitcoin.[132]

In 2015, prices started at $314 and rose to $434 for the year. In 2016, prices rose and climbed up to $998 by 1 January 2017.[109]

Release 0.10 of the software was made public on 16 February 2015. It introduced a consensus library which gave programmers easy access to the rules governing consensus on the network. In version 0.11.2 developers added a new feature which allowed transactions to be made unspendable until a specific time in the future.[133]

In July 2016, the CheckSequenceVerify soft fork activated.[134] In August 2016, the Bitfinex cryptocurrency exchange platform was hacked in the second-largest breach of a Bitcoin exchange platform up to that time, and ₿119,756,[135] worth about $72 million at the time, were stolen.[136]

In October 2016, Bitcoin Core’s 0.13.1 release featured the «Segwit» soft fork that included a scaling improvement aiming to optimize the bitcoin blocksize.[citation needed] The patch was originally finalized in April, and 35 developers were engaged to deploy it.[citation needed] This release featured Segregated Witness (SegWit) which aimed to place downward pressure on transaction fees as well as increase the maximum transaction capacity of the network.[137][non-primary source needed] The 0.13.1 release endured extensive testing and research leading to some delays in its release date.[citation needed] SegWit prevents various forms of transaction malleability.[138][non-primary source needed]

2017–2019

Research produced by the University of Cambridge estimated that in 2017, there were 2.9 to 5.8 million unique users using a cryptocurrency wallet, most of them using bitcoin.[139] On 15 July 2017, the controversial Segregated Witness [SegWit] software upgrade was approved («locked-in»). Segwit was intended to support the Lightning Network as well as improve scalability.[140] SegWit was subsequently activated on the network on 24 August 2017. The bitcoin price rose almost 50% in the week following SegWit’s approval.[140] On 21 July 2017, bitcoin was trading at $2,748, up 52% from 14 July 2017’s $1,835.[140] Supporters of large blocks who were dissatisfied with the activation of SegWit forked the software on 1 August 2017 to create Bitcoin Cash, becoming one of many forks of bitcoin such as Bitcoin Gold.[141]

Prices started at $998 in 2017 and rose to $13,412.44 on 1 January 2018,[109] after reaching its all-time high of $19,783.06 on 17 December 2017.[142]

China banned trading in bitcoin, with first steps taken in September 2017, and a complete ban that started on 1 February 2018. Bitcoin prices then fell from $9,052 to $6,914 on 5 February 2018.[110] The percentage of bitcoin trading in the Chinese renminbi fell from over 90% in September 2017 to less than 1% in June 2018.[143]

Throughout the rest of the first half of 2018, bitcoin’s price fluctuated between $11,480 and $5,848. On 1 July 2018, bitcoin’s price was $6,343.[144][145] The price on 1 January 2019 was $3,747, down 72% for 2018 and down 81% since the all-time high.[144][146]

In September 2018, an anonymous party discovered and reported an invalid-block denial-of-server vulnerability to developers of Bitcoin Core, Bitcoin ABC and Bitcoin Unlimited. Further analysis by bitcoin developers showed the issue could also allow the creation of blocks violating the 21 million coin limit and CVE-2018-17144 was assigned and the issue resolved.[147][non-primary source needed]

Bitcoin prices were negatively affected by several hacks or thefts from cryptocurrency exchanges, including thefts from Coincheck in January 2018, Bithumb in June, and Bancor in July. For the first six months of 2018, $761 million worth of cryptocurrencies was reported stolen from exchanges.[148] Bitcoin’s price was affected even though other cryptocurrencies were stolen at Coinrail and Bancor as investors worried about the security of cryptocurrency exchanges.[149][150][151] In September 2019, the Intercontinental Exchange (the owner of the NYSE) began trading of bitcoin futures on its exchange called Bakkt.[152] Bakkt also announced that it would launch options on bitcoin in December 2019.[153] In December 2019, YouTube removed bitcoin and cryptocurrency videos, but later restored the content after judging they had «made the wrong call».[154]

In February 2019, Canadian cryptocurrency exchange Quadriga Fintech Solutions failed with approximately $200 million missing.[155] By June 2019 the price had recovered to $13,000.[156]

2020–present

Bitcoin price in US dollars

On 13 March 2020, bitcoin fell below $4,000 during a broad market selloff, after trading above $10,000 in February 2020.[157] On 11 March 2020, 281,000 bitcoins were sold, held by owners for only thirty days.[156] This compared to ₿4,131 that had laid dormant for a year or more, indicating that the vast majority of the bitcoin volatility on that day was from recent buyers. During the week of 11 March 2020, cryptocurrency exchange Kraken experienced an 83% increase in the number of account signups over the week of bitcoin’s price collapse, a result of buyers looking to capitalize on the low price.[156] These events were attributed to the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic.

In August 2020, MicroStrategy invested $250 million in bitcoin as a treasury reserve asset.[158] In October 2020, Square, Inc. placed approximately 1% of total assets ($50 million) in bitcoin.[159] In November 2020, PayPal announced that US users could buy, hold, or sell bitcoin.[160] On 30 November 2020, the bitcoin value reached a new all-time high of $19,860, topping the previous high of December 2017.[161] Alexander Vinnik, founder of BTC-e, was convicted and sentenced to five years in prison for money laundering in France while refusing to testify during his trial.[162] In December 2020, Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company announced a bitcoin purchase of US$100 million, or roughly 0.04% of its general investment account.[163]

On 19 January 2021, Elon Musk placed the handle #Bitcoin in his Twitter profile, tweeting «In retrospect, it was inevitable», which caused the price to briefly rise about $5,000 in an hour to $37,299.[164] On 25 January 2021, Microstrategy announced that it continued to buy bitcoin and as of the same date it had holdings of ₿70,784 worth $2.38 billion.[165] On 8 February 2021 Tesla’s announcement of a bitcoin purchase of US$1.5 billion and the plan to start accepting bitcoin as payment for vehicles, pushed the bitcoin price to $44,141.[166] On 18 February 2021, Elon Musk stated that «owning bitcoin was only a little better than holding conventional cash, but that the slight difference made it a better asset to hold».[167] After 49 days of accepting the digital currency, Tesla reversed course on 12 May 2021, saying they would no longer take bitcoin due to concerns that «mining» the cryptocurrency was contributing to the consumption of fossil fuels and climate change.[168] The decision resulted in the price of bitcoin dropping around 12% on 13 May.[169] During a July bitcoin conference, Musk suggested Tesla could possibly help bitcoin miners switch to renewable energy in the future and also stated at the same conference that if bitcoin mining reaches, and trends above 50 percent renewable energy usage, that «Tesla would resume accepting bitcoin.» The price for bitcoin rose after this announcement.[170]

In June 2021, the Taproot network software upgrade was approved, adding support for Schnorr signatures, improved functionality of Smart contracts and Lightning Network.[171] The upgrade was activated in November.[172]

In September 2021, Bitcoin in El Salvador became legal tender, alongside the US dollar.[173][8]

On 16 October 2021, the SEC approved the ProShares Bitcoin Strategy ETF, a cash-settled futures exchange-traded fund (ETF). The first bitcoin ETF in the United States gained 5% on its first trading day on 19 October 2021.[174][175]

On 25 March 2022, Pavel Zavalny stated that Russia might accept bitcoin for payment for oil and gas exports, in response to sanctions stemming from the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine.[176]

On 27 April 2022 Central African Republic adopted bitcoin as legal tender alongside the CFA franc.[177][9]

On May 10, 2022, the bitcoin price fell to $31,324, as a result of a collapse of a UST stablecoin experiment named Terra, with bitcoin down more than 50% since the November 2021 high.[178] By June 13, 2022, the Celsius Network (a decentralized finance loan company) halted withdrawals and resulted in the bitcoin price falling below $20,000.[179][180]

In May 2022, following a vote by Wikipedia editors the previous month, the Wikimedia Foundation announced it would stop accepting donations in bitcoin or other cryptocurrencies—eight years after it had first started taking contributions in bitcoin.[181][182]

Associated ideologies

Satoshi Nakamoto stated in an essay accompanying bitcoin’s code that: «The root problem with conventional currencies is all the trust that’s required to make it work. The central bank must be trusted not to debase the currency, but the history of fiat currencies is full of breaches of that trust.»[183]

Austrian economics roots

According to the European Central Bank, the decentralization of money offered by bitcoin has its theoretical roots in the Austrian school of economics, especially with Friedrich von Hayek in his book Denationalisation of Money: The Argument Refined,[184] in which Hayek advocates a complete free market in the production, distribution and management of money to end the monopoly of central banks.[185]: 22 

Anarchism and libertarianism

According to The New York Times, libertarians and anarchists were attracted to the philosophical idea behind bitcoin. Early bitcoin supporter Roger Ver said: «At first, almost everyone who got involved did so for philosophical reasons. We saw bitcoin as a great idea, as a way to separate money from the state.»[183] The Economist describes bitcoin as «a techno-anarchist project to create an online version of cash, a way for people to transact without the possibility of interference from malicious governments or banks».[186] Economist Paul Krugman argues that cryptocurrencies like bitcoin are «something of a cult» based in «paranoid fantasies» of government power.[187]

External video
video icon The Declaration Of Bitcoin’s Independence, BraveTheWorld, 4:38[188]

Nigel Dodd argues in The Social Life of Bitcoin that the essence of the bitcoin ideology is to remove money from social, as well as governmental, control.[189] Dodd quotes a YouTube video, with Roger Ver, Jeff Berwick, Charlie Shrem, Andreas Antonopoulos, Gavin Wood, Trace Meyer and other proponents of bitcoin reading The Declaration of Bitcoin’s Independence. The declaration includes a message of crypto-anarchism with the words: «Bitcoin is inherently anti-establishment, anti-system, and anti-state. Bitcoin undermines governments and disrupts institutions because bitcoin is fundamentally humanitarian.»[189][188]

David Golumbia says that the ideas influencing bitcoin advocates emerge from right-wing extremist movements such as the Liberty Lobby and the John Birch Society and their anti-Central Bank rhetoric, or, more recently, Ron Paul and Tea Party-style libertarianism.[190] Steve Bannon, who owns a «good stake» in bitcoin, considers it to be «disruptive populism. It takes control back from central authorities. It’s revolutionary.»[191]

A 2014 study of Google Trends data found correlations between bitcoin-related searches and ones related to computer programming and illegal activity, but not libertarianism or investment topics.[192]

Economics

Bitcoin is a digital asset designed to work in peer-to-peer transactions as a currency.[3][193] Bitcoins have three qualities useful in a currency, according to The Economist in January 2015: they are «hard to earn, limited in supply and easy to verify».[194] Per some researchers, as of 2015, bitcoin functions more as a payment system than as a currency.[33]

Economists define money as serving the following three purposes: a store of value, a medium of exchange, and a unit of account.[195] According to The Economist in 2014, bitcoin functions best as a medium of exchange.[195] However, this is debated, and a 2018 assessment by The Economist stated that cryptocurrencies met none of these three criteria.[186]
Yale economist Robert J. Shiller writes that bitcoin has potential as a unit of account for measuring the relative value of goods, as with Chile’s Unidad de Fomento, but that «Bitcoin in its present form … doesn’t really solve any sensible economic problem».[196]

According to research by the University of Cambridge, between 2.9 million and 5.8 million unique users used a cryptocurrency wallet in 2017, most of them for bitcoin. The number of users has grown significantly since 2013, when there were 300,000–1.3 million users.[139]

Acceptance by merchants

Dish Network, a Fortune 500 subscription TV provider, has been described as the first large company to accept bitcoin, in 2014.[197]

Bloomberg reported that the largest 17 crypto merchant-processing services handled $69 million in June 2018, down from $411 million in September 2017. Bitcoin is «not actually usable» for retail transactions because of high costs and the inability to process chargebacks, according to Nicholas Weaver, a researcher quoted by Bloomberg. High price volatility and transaction fees make paying for small retail purchases with bitcoin impractical, according to economist Kim Grauer. However, bitcoin continues to be used for large-item purchases on sites such as Overstock.com, and for cross-border payments to freelancers and other vendors.[198]

In 2017 and 2018, bitcoin’s acceptance among major online retailers included only three of the top 500 U.S. online merchants, down from five in 2016.[199] Reasons for this decline include high transaction fees due to bitcoin’s scalability issues and long transaction times.[200]

As of 2018, the overwhelming majority of bitcoin transactions took place on cryptocurrency exchanges, rather than being used in transactions with merchants.[199] Delays processing payments through the blockchain of about ten minutes make bitcoin use very difficult in a retail setting. Prices are not usually quoted in units of bitcoin and many trades involve one, or sometimes two, conversions into conventional currencies.[33] Merchants that do accept bitcoin payments may use payment service providers to perform the conversions.[201]

Financial institutions

Bitcoins can be bought on digital currency exchanges.

Per researchers, «there is little sign of bitcoin use» in international remittances despite high fees charged by banks and Western Union who compete in this market.[33] The South China Morning Post, however, mentions the use of bitcoin by Hong Kong workers to transfer money home.[202]

In 2014, the National Australia Bank closed accounts of businesses with ties to bitcoin,[203] and HSBC refused to serve a hedge fund with links to bitcoin.[204] Australian banks in general have been reported as closing down bank accounts of operators of businesses involving the currency.[205]

On 10 December 2017, the Chicago Board Options Exchange started trading bitcoin futures,[206] followed by the Chicago Mercantile Exchange, which started trading bitcoin futures on 17 December 2017.[207]

In September 2019 the Central Bank of Venezuela, at the request of PDVSA, ran tests to determine if bitcoin and ether could be held in central bank’s reserves. The request was motivated by oil company’s goal to pay its suppliers.[208]

François R. Velde, Senior Economist at the Chicago Fed, described bitcoin as «an elegant solution to the problem of creating a digital currency».[209] David Andolfatto, Vice President at the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, stated that bitcoin is a threat to the establishment, which he argues is a good thing for the Federal Reserve System and other central banks, because it prompts these institutions to operate sound policies.[49]: 33 [210][211]

As an investment

The Winklevoss twins have purchased bitcoin. In 2013, The Washington Post reported a claim that they owned 1% of all the bitcoins in existence at the time.[212]

Other methods of investment are bitcoin funds. The first regulated bitcoin fund was established in Jersey in July 2014 and approved by the Jersey Financial Services Commission.[213]

Forbes named bitcoin the best investment of 2013.[214] In 2014, Bloomberg named bitcoin one of its worst investments of the year.[215] In 2015, bitcoin topped Bloomberg’s currency tables.[216]

According to bitinfocharts.com, in 2017, there were 9,272 bitcoin wallets with more than $1 million worth of bitcoins.[217] The exact number of bitcoin millionaires is uncertain as a single person can have more than one bitcoin wallet.

Venture capital

Peter Thiel’s Founders Fund invested US$3 million in BitPay.[218] In 2012, an incubator for bitcoin-focused start-ups was founded by Adam Draper, with financing help from his father, venture capitalist Tim Draper, one of the largest bitcoin holders after winning an auction of ₿30,000,[219] at the time called «mystery buyer».[220] The company’s goal is to fund 100 bitcoin businesses within 2–3 years with $10,000 to $20,000 for a 6% stake.[219] Investors also invest in bitcoin mining.[221] According to a 2015 study by Paolo Tasca, bitcoin startups raised almost $1 billion in three years (Q1 2012 – Q1 2015).[222]

Price and volatility

The price of bitcoins has gone through cycles of appreciation and depreciation referred to by some as bubbles and busts.[223] In 2011, the value of one bitcoin rapidly rose from about US$0.30 to US$32 before returning to US$2.[224] In the latter half of 2012 and during the 2012–13 Cypriot financial crisis, the bitcoin price began to rise,[225] reaching a high of US$266 on 10 April 2013, before crashing to around US$50. On 29 November 2013, the cost of one bitcoin rose to a peak of US$1,242.[226] In 2014, the price fell sharply, and as of April remained depressed at little more than half 2013 prices. As of August 2014 it was under US$600.[227]

According to Mark T. Williams, as of 30 September 2014, bitcoin has volatility seven times greater than gold, eight times greater than the S&P 500, and 18 times greater than the US dollar.[228] Hodl is a meme created in reference to holding (as opposed to selling) during periods of volatility. Unusual for an asset, bitcoin weekend trading during December 2020 was higher than for weekdays.[229] Hedge funds (using high leverage and derivates)[230] have attempted to use the volatility to profit from downward price movements. At the end of January 2021, such positions were over $1 billion, their highest of all time.[231]
As of 8 February 2021, the closing price of bitcoin equaled US$44,797.[232]

Legal status, tax and regulation

The legal status of bitcoin varies substantially from country to country and is still undefined or changing in many of them. Regulations and bans that apply to bitcoin probably extend to similar cryptocurrency systems.[222] Because of its decentralized nature and its trading on online exchanges located in many countries, regulation of bitcoin has been difficult. However, the use of bitcoin can be criminalized, and shutting down exchanges and the peer-to-peer economy in a given country would constitute a de facto ban.[233]

According to the Library of Congress, an «absolute ban» on trading or using cryptocurrencies applies in nine countries: Algeria, Bolivia, Egypt, Iraq, Morocco, Nepal, Pakistan, Vietnam, and the United Arab Emirates. An «implicit ban» applies in another 42 countries, which include Bahrain, Bangladesh, China, Colombia, the Dominican Republic, Indonesia, Kuwait, Lesotho, Lithuania, Macau, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and Taiwan.[234] On 22 October 2015, the European Court of Justice ruled that bitcoin transactions would be exempt from Value Added Tax.[235]

Regulatory warnings

The U.S. Commodity Futures Trading Commission has issued four «Customer Advisories» for bitcoin and related investments.[236] A July 2018 warning emphasized that trading in any cryptocurrency is often speculative, and there is a risk of theft from hacking, and fraud.[237] In May 2014 the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission warned that investments involving bitcoin might have high rates of fraud, and that investors might be solicited on social media sites.[238] An earlier «Investor Alert» warned about the use of bitcoin in Ponzi schemes.[239]

The European Banking Authority issued a warning in 2013 focusing on the lack of regulation of bitcoin, the chance that exchanges would be hacked, the volatility of bitcoin’s price, and general fraud.[240] FINRA and the North American Securities Administrators Association have both issued investor alerts about bitcoin.[241][242]

Price manipulation investigation

An official investigation into bitcoin traders was reported in May 2018.[243] The U.S. Justice Department launched an investigation into possible price manipulation, including the techniques of spoofing and wash trades.[244][245][246]

The U.S. federal investigation was prompted by concerns of possible manipulation during futures settlement dates. The final settlement price of CME bitcoin futures is determined by prices on four exchanges, Bitstamp, Coinbase, itBit and Kraken. Following the first delivery date in January 2018, the CME requested extensive detailed trading information but several of the exchanges refused to provide it and later provided only limited data. The Commodity Futures Trading Commission then subpoenaed the data from the exchanges.[247][248]

State and provincial securities regulators, coordinated through the North American Securities Administrators Association, are investigating «bitcoin scams» and ICOs in 40 jurisdictions.[249]

Academic research published in the Journal of Monetary Economics concluded that price manipulation occurred during the Mt Gox bitcoin theft and that the market remains vulnerable to manipulation.[250] The history of hacks, fraud and theft involving bitcoin dates back to at least 2011.[251]

Research by John M. Griffin and Amin Shams in 2018 suggests that trading associated with increases in the amount of the Tether cryptocurrency and associated trading at the Bitfinex exchange account for about half of the price increase in bitcoin in late 2017.[252][253]

J.L. van der Velde, CEO of both Bitfinex and Tether, denied the claims of price manipulation: «Bitfinex nor Tether is, or has ever, engaged in any sort of market or price manipulation. Tether issuances cannot be used to prop up the price of bitcoin or any other coin/token on Bitfinex.»[254]

Use by governments

In June 2021, the Legislative Assembly of El Salvador voted legislation to make bitcoin legal tender in El Salvador, alongside the US dollar.[j][262][258][263] The law took effect on 7 September, making El Salvador the first country to do so.[264][265][8] The implementation of the law has been met with protests[266] and calls to make the currency optional, not compulsory.[267] According to a survey by the Central American University, the majority of Salvadorans disagreed with using cryptocurrency as a legal tender,[268][269] and a survey by the Center for Citizen Studies (CEC) showed that 91% of the country prefers the dollar over bitcoin.[270] As of October 2021, the country’s government was exploring mining bitcoin with geothermal power and issuing bonds tied to bitcoin.[271] According to a survey done by the Central American University 100 days after the Bitcoin Law came into force: 34.8% of the population has no confidence in bitcoin, 35.3% has little confidence, 13.2% has some confidence, and 14.1% has a lot of confidence. 56.6% of respondents have downloaded the government bitcoin wallet; among them 62.9% has never used it or only once whereas 36.3% uses bitcoin at least once a month.[272][273] In 2022, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) urged El Salvador to reverse its decision after bitcoin lost half its value in two months. The IMF also warned that it would be difficult to get a loan from the institution.[274] According to one report in 2022, 80% of businesses refused to accept bitcoin despite being legally required to.[275]

In April 2022, the Central African Republic (CAR) adopted Bitcoin as legal tender alongside the CFA franc. After El Salvador, CAR is the second country to do so.[177][9]

Ukraine is accepting donations in cryptocurrency, including bitcoin, to fund the resistance against the Russian invasion.[276][277][278][279][280] According to the officials, 40% of the Ukraine’s military suppliers are willing to accept cryptocurrencies without converting them into euros or dollars.[281] In March 2022, Ukraine has passed a law that creates a legal framework for the cryptocurrency industry in the country,[282] including judicial protection of the right to own virtual assets.[283] In the same month, a cryptocurrency exchange was integrated into the Ukrainian e-governance service Diia.[284]

Iran announced pending regulations that would require bitcoin miners in Iran to sell bitcoin to the Central Bank of Iran, and the central bank would use it for imports.[285] Iran, as of October 2020, had issued over 1,000 bitcoin mining licenses.[285] The Iranian government initially took a stance against cryptocurrency, but later changed it after seeing that digital currency could be used to circumvent sanctions.[286] The US Office of Foreign Assets Control listed two Iranians and their bitcoin addresses as part of its Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons List for their role in the 2018 Atlanta cyberattack whose ransom was paid in bitcoin.[287]

Some constituent states accept tax payments in bitcoin, including Colorado (US)[288] and Zug (Switzerland).[289][290]

Economic and legal concerns

Bitcoin, along with other cryptocurrencies, has been described as an economic bubble by at least eight Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences laureates, including Robert Shiller,[196] Joseph Stiglitz,[291] and Richard Thaler.[292][16] Economist and columnist Paul Krugman has described bitcoin as «a bubble wrapped in techno-mysticism inside a cocoon of libertarian ideology»,[187] economist Nouriel Roubini of New York University has called bitcoin the «mother of all bubbles»,[293] and University of Chicago economist James Heckman has compared it to the 17th-century tulip mania.[16]

Journalists, economists, investors, and the central bank of Estonia have voiced concerns that bitcoin is a Ponzi scheme.[294][295][296][297] Eric Posner, a law professor at the University of Chicago, states that «a real Ponzi scheme takes fraud; bitcoin, by contrast, seems more like a collective delusion.»[298] A 2014 report by the World Bank concluded that bitcoin was not a deliberate Ponzi scheme.[299]: 7  Also in 2014, the Swiss Federal Council examined concerns that bitcoin might be a pyramid scheme, and concluded that «since in the case of bitcoin the typical promises of profits are lacking, it cannot be assumed that bitcoin is a pyramid scheme.»[300]: 21 

Bitcoin wealth is highly concentrated, with 0.01% holding 27% of in-circulation currency, as of 2021.[301]

Use in illegal transactions

The use of bitcoin by criminals has attracted the attention of financial regulators, legislative bodies, law enforcement, and the media.[302]

Several news outlets have asserted that the popularity of bitcoins hinges on the ability to use them to purchase illegal goods.[193][303] Nobel-prize winning economist Joseph Stiglitz says that bitcoin’s anonymity encourages money laundering and other crimes.[304][305]

Environmental effects

The environmental effects of Bitcoin are considerable. One such environmental effect is that it worsens climate change.[306] This is because bitcoins are made using electricity partially generated by gas and coal-fired power plants. When burned, coal and natural gas emit greenhouse gases, which heat the Earth and change the climate.[307] As of 2022, such bitcoin mining is estimated to be responsible for 0.1% of world greenhouse gas emissions.[308] A second environmental effect is the air pollution caused by coal-fired electricity generation, and a third is the e-waste due to the short life expectancy of bitcoin-mining equipment.[306]

Bitcoin is a cryptocurrency made by proof-of-work,[307][309] while some other cryptocurrencies, such as Ethereum, are made by proof-of-stake,[310] which consumes less electricity.[311][312] As of 2022, the Cambridge Centre for Alternative Finance (CCAF) estimates that Bitcoin consumes around 100 TW⋅h (360 PJ) annually, and says bitcoin mining uses about as much electricity as Egypt.[313][314] But it is difficult to find out how the electricity used for mining was generated, and thus Bitcoin’s carbon footprint.[315][316][317][318] One study found that from 2016 to 2021, each US dollar worth of bitcoin mined caused 35 cents worth of climate damage, comparable to the beef industry and the gasoline industry.[319][320][321]

As of 2021, Bitcoin’s annual e-waste is estimated to be over 30,000 tonnes, which is comparable to the small IT equipment waste produced by the Netherlands. Creating one bitcoin generates 270 to 380 grams (9.5 to 13.4 oz) of e-waste. The average lifespan of bitcoin-mining devices is estimated to be about 1.3 years.[322][323][324] Unlike most computing hardware, the used application-specific integrated circuits have no alternative use beyond bitcoin mining.[325]

Reducing Bitcoin’s environmental effects is difficult; possible remedies include making bitcoin only where or when there is excess clean electricity.[326][327] Some policymakers have called for further restrictions or bans on bitcoin mining.[328][329]

Software implementation

Bitcoin Core

Bitcoin-core-v0.10.0.png

The start screen under Fedora Linux

Original author(s) Satoshi Nakamoto
Initial release 2009
Stable release 24.0.1 (12 December 2022; 2 months ago) [±]
Repository github.com/bitcoin/bitcoin
Written in C++
Operating system Linux, Windows, macOS
Type Cryptocurrency
License MIT License
Website bitcoincore.org

Bitcoin Core is free and open-source software that serves as a bitcoin node (the set of which form the bitcoin network) and provides a bitcoin wallet which fully verifies payments. It is considered to be bitcoin’s reference implementation.[330] Initially, the software was published by Satoshi Nakamoto under the name «Bitcoin», and later renamed to «Bitcoin Core» to distinguish it from the network.[331] It is also known as the Satoshi client.[332]

The MIT Digital Currency Initiative funds some of the development of Bitcoin Core.[333] The project also maintains the cryptography library libsecp256k1.[334]

Bitcoin Core includes a transaction verification engine and connects to the bitcoin network as a full node.[332] Moreover, a cryptocurrency wallet, which can be used to transfer funds, is included by default.[334] The wallet allows for the sending and receiving of bitcoins. It does not facilitate the buying or selling of bitcoin. It allows users to generate QR codes to receive payment.

The software validates the entire blockchain, which includes all bitcoin transactions ever. This distributed ledger which has reached more than 235 gigabytes in size as of Jan 2019, must be downloaded or synchronized before full participation of the client may occur.[332] Although the complete blockchain is not needed all at once since it is possible to run in pruning mode. A command line-based daemon with a JSON-RPC interface, bitcoind, is bundled with Bitcoin Core. It also provides access to testnet, a global testing environment that imitates the bitcoin main network using an alternative blockchain where valueless «test bitcoins» are used. Regtest or Regression Test Mode creates a private blockchain which is used as a local testing environment.[335] Finally, bitcoin-cli, a simple program which allows users to send RPC commands to bitcoind, is also included.

Checkpoints which have been hard coded into the client are used only to prevent Denial of Service attacks against nodes which are initially syncing the chain. For this reason the checkpoints included are only as of several years ago.[336][337][failed verification] A one megabyte block size limit was added in 2010 by Satoshi Nakamoto. This limited the maximum network capacity to about three transactions per second.[338] Since then, network capacity has been improved incrementally both through block size increases and improved wallet behavior. A network alert system was included by Satoshi Nakamoto as a way of informing users of important news regarding bitcoin.[339] In November 2016 it was retired. It had become obsolete as news on bitcoin is now widely disseminated.

Bitcoin Core includes a scripting language inspired by Forth that can define transactions and specify parameters.[340] ScriptPubKey is used to «lock» transactions based on a set of future conditions. scriptSig is used to meet these conditions or «unlock» a transaction. Operations on the data are performed by various OP_Codes. Two stacks are used – main and alt. Looping is forbidden.

Bitcoin Core uses OpenTimestamps to timestamp merge commits.[341]

The original creator of the bitcoin client has described their approach to the software’s authorship as it being written first to prove to themselves that the concept of purely peer-to-peer electronic cash was valid and that a paper with solutions could be written. The lead developer is Wladimir J. van der Laan, who took over the role on 8 April 2014.[342] Gavin Andresen was the former lead maintainer for the software client. Andresen left the role of lead developer for bitcoin to work on the strategic development of its technology.[342] Bitcoin Core in 2015 was central to a dispute with Bitcoin XT, a competing client that sought to increase the blocksize.[343] Over a dozen different companies and industry groups fund the development of Bitcoin Core.

In popular culture

Term «HODL»

Hodl ( HOD-əl; often written HODL) is slang in the cryptocurrency community for holding a cryptocurrency rather than selling it. A person who does this is known as a Hodler. It originated in a December 2013 post on the Bitcoin Forum message board by an apparently inebriated user who posted with a typo in the subject, «I AM HODLING.»[344] It is often humorously suggested to be a backronym to «hold on for dear life».[345] In 2017, Quartz listed it as one of the essential slang terms in bitcoin culture, and described it as a stance, «to stay invested in bitcoin and not to capitulate in the face of plunging prices.»[346] TheStreet.com referred to it as the «favorite mantra» of bitcoin holders.[347] Bloomberg News referred to it as a mantra for holders during market routs.[348]

Literature

In Charles Stross’ 2013 science fiction novel, Neptune’s Brood, the universal interstellar payment system is known as «bitcoin» and operates using cryptography.[349] Stross later blogged that the reference was intentional, saying «I wrote Neptune’s Brood in 2011. Bitcoin was obscure back then, and I figured had just enough name recognition to be a useful term for an interstellar currency: it’d clue people in that it was a networked digital currency.»[350]

Film

The 2014 documentary The Rise and Rise of Bitcoin portrays the diversity of motives behind the use of bitcoin by interviewing people who use it. These include a computer programmer and a drug dealer.[351] The 2016 documentary Banking on Bitcoin is an introduction to the beginnings of bitcoin and the ideas behind cryptocurrency today.[352]

Music

In 2018, a Japanese band called Kasotsuka Shojo – Virtual Currency Girls – launched. Each of the eight members represented a cryptocurrency, including bitcoin, Ethereum and Cardano.[353][354]

Academia

In September 2015, the establishment of the peer-reviewed academic journal Ledger (ISSN 2379-5980) was announced. It covers studies of cryptocurrencies and related technologies, and is published by the University of Pittsburgh.[355] The journal encourages authors to digitally sign a file hash of submitted papers, which will then be timestamped into the bitcoin blockchain. Authors are also asked to include a personal bitcoin address in the first page of their papers.[356][357]

See also

  • Alternative currency
  • Base58
  • Crypto-anarchism
  • List of bitcoin companies
  • List of bitcoin organizations
  • SHA-256 crypto currencies
  • Virtual currency law in the United States

Notes

  1. ^ a b As of 2014, BTC is a commonly used code. It does not conform to ISO 4217 as BT is the country code of Bhutan, and ISO 4217 requires the first letter used in global commodities to be ‘X’.
  2. ^ a b As of 2014, XBT, a code that conforms to ISO 4217 though is not officially part of it, is used by Bloomberg L.P.,[27] CNNMoney,[28] and xe.com.[29]
  3. ^ The genesis block is block number 0. The timestamp of the block is 2009-01-03 18:15:05. This block is unlike all other blocks in that it does not have a previous block to reference.
  4. ^ Bitcoin uses a custom elliptic curve called «secp256k1» with the ECDSA algorithm to produce signatures. The equation for this curve is y2=x3+7.[38] A proposed upgrade that would add support for Schnorr signatures is in development.[39]: 101 
  5. ^ Relative mining difficulty is defined as the ratio of the difficulty target on 9 January 2009 to the current difficulty target.
  6. ^ It is misleading to think that there is an analogy between gold mining and bitcoin mining. The fact is that gold miners are rewarded for producing gold, while bitcoin miners are not rewarded for producing bitcoins; they are rewarded for their record-keeping services.[49]
  7. ^ The system used is based on Adam Back’s 1997 anti-spam scheme, Hashcash.[50][failed verification][3]
  8. ^ The exact number is ₿20,999,999.9769.[7]: ch. 8 
  9. ^ The private key can be printed as a series of letters and numbers, a seed phrase, or a 2D barcode. Usually, the public key or bitcoin address is also printed, so that a holder of a paper wallet can check or add funds without exposing the private key to a device.
  10. ^ According to some reports, the law was approved on 8 June.[255][256][257] According to others, it was approved on 9 June.[258][173][259] The law was voted during the 8 June parliamentary session, and published in the official journal on 9 June.[260][261]

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External links

  • Media related to Bitcoin at Wikimedia Commons
  • Official website
  • Bitcoin at Curlie

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