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Fight Club
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	David Fincher
Screenplay by	Jim Uhls
Based on	Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk
Produced by	Art Linson Ceán Chaffin Ross Grayson Bell
Starring	Brad Pitt Edward Norton Helena Bonham Carter Meat Loaf Jared Leto
Cinematography	Jeff Cronenweth
Edited by	James Haygood
Music by	The Dust Brothers
Production companies	Fox 2000 Pictures Regency Enterprises Linson Films
Distributed by	20th Century Fox
Release dates	September 10, 1999 (Venice) October 15, 1999 (United States)
Running time	139 minutes[1]
Country	United States[nb 1]
Language	English
Budget	$63–65 million[1][4]
Box office	$101.2 million[1]

Fight Club is a 1999 American film directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt, Edward Norton, and Helena Bonham Carter. It is based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk. Norton plays the unnamed narrator, who is discontented with his white-collar job. He forms a «fight club» with soap salesman Tyler Durden (Pitt), and becomes embroiled in a relationship with a mysterious^[5][6] woman, Marla Singer (Bonham Carter).

Palahniuk’s novel was optioned by Fox 2000 Pictures producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation. Fincher was selected because of his enthusiasm for the story. He developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry. It was filmed in and around Los Angeles from July to December 1998. He and the cast compared the film to Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and The Graduate (1967), with a theme of conflict between Generation X and the value system of advertising.^[7][8]

Studio executives did not like the film, and they restructured Fincher’s intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses. Fight Club failed to meet the studio’s expectations at the box office, and received polarized reactions from critics. It was ranked as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1990s. The film later found commercial success with its home video release, establishing Fight Club as a cult classic and causing media to revisit the film. In 2009, on the tenth anniversary of the film’s release, The New York Times dubbed it the «defining cult movie of our time.»^[9]

Plot[edit]

The Narrator (who is not named in the movie) is a chronic insomniac who is unfulfilled both by his job as an automobile recall specialist and the material wealth it affords him. As a substitute for therapy, he attends support groups for problems he doesn’t really have, such as alcoholism and cancer. Another impostor, Marla Singer, begins attending the same groups. Her presence is taken by the Narrator as a constant reminder of his dishonesty, interfering with the therapeutic effect he’s after. He confronts Marla, and proposes they divide group attendance, to which she grudgingly agrees.

On a flight home from a business trip, the Narrator meets Tyler Durden, a soap salesman, who tells him he is trapped by consumerism. The Narrator’s apartment and all of his belongings are destroyed by an explosion, so he moves into Tyler’s dilapidated house in an industrial area. The two start having consensual fistfights in the parking lot of a bar, which attracts other men and eventually leads to the formation of Fight Club, which meets in the bar’s basement. Marla overdoses on pills while the Narrator ignores her phone call for help, but Tyler saves her and they begin a sexual relationship.

The Narrator quits his job and blackmails his boss for the company’s assets to support Fight Club. More members join Fight Club, one of them being Robert «Bob» Paulson, a man the Narrator had befriended at a cancer support group. Tyler then recruits the men to his new organization, Project Mayhem, which engages in acts of vandalism. When the Narrator complains about being excluded, Tyler reveals that he was the one who caused the explosion at the Narrator’s condo. Tyler disappears, and when Paulson is killed by the police during a sabotage operation, the Narrator tries to stop Project Mayhem. He follows a paper trail to cities Tyler had visited and finds that Project Mayhem has spread throughout the country. Marla and the Project members address the Narrator as «Mr. Durden,» and he realizes that he and Tyler are the same person.

The Narrator learns that Tyler plans to erase debt by destroying buildings containing credit card records. He tries to warn Marla, but she does not believe him. He goes to the police and is threatened by officers who reveal they are members of Project Mayhem; he then escapes to try to disarm the explosives in one building but is subdued by Tyler and held at gunpoint on the top floor. The Narrator realizes that it is actually himself who is holding the gun, and he fires the weapon into his own mouth, blowing a hole through his cheek. Tyler stands motionless, smoke coiling from his head, and then collapses and vanishes. Marla arrives, being brought by Project members and finds the Narrator badly wounded but alive. He tells her that she met him «at a very strange time» in his life, and they hold hands and watch as the buildings around them explode.

Cast[edit]

• Edward Norton as the Narrator. He adopts a number of aliases while attending support groups.
• Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
• Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
• Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
• Jared Leto as Angel Face, a young Fight Club recruit and member of Project Mayhem.
• Holt McCallany as the Mechanic
• Zach Grenier as Richard Chesler, the Narrator’s boss.
• Eion Bailey as Ricky
• Peter Iacangelo as Lou
• Thom Gossom Jr. as Detective Stern

Themes[edit]

Fincher said Fight Club was a coming of age film, like the 1967 film The Graduate but for people in their 30s. Fincher described the narrator as an «everyman»;^[10] the character is identified in the script as «Jack», but left unnamed in the film.^[11] Fincher outlined the Narrator’s background: «He’s tried to do everything he was taught to do, tried to fit into the world by becoming the thing he isn’t.» He cannot find happiness, so he travels on a path to enlightenment in which he must «kill» his parents, god, and teacher. By the start of the film, he has «killed off» his parents. With Tyler Durden, he kills his god by doing things they are not supposed to do. To complete the process of maturing, the Narrator has to kill his teacher, Tyler Durden.^[12]

The character is a 1990s inverse of the Graduate archetype: «a guy who does not have a world of possibilities in front of him, he has no possibilities, he literally cannot imagine a way to change his life.» He is confused and angry, so he responds to his environment by creating Tyler Durden, a Nietzschean Übermensch, in his mind. While Tyler is who the Narrator wants to be, he is not empathetic and does not help the Narrator face decisions in his life «that are complicated and have moral and ethical implications». Fincher explained: «[Tyler] can deal with the concepts of our lives in an idealistic fashion, but it doesn’t have anything to do with the compromises of real life as modern man knows it. Which is: you’re not really necessary to a lot of what’s going on. It’s built, it just needs to run now.»^[10] While studio executives worried that Fight Club was going to be «sinister and seditious», Fincher sought to make it «funny and seditious» by including humor to temper the sinister element.^[13]

Screenwriter Jim Uhls described the film as a romantic comedy, explaining: «It has to do with the characters’ attitudes toward a healthy relationship, which is a lot of behavior which seems unhealthy and harsh to each other, but in fact does work for them—because both characters are out on the edge psychologically.»^[14] The Narrator seeks intimacy, but avoids it with Marla Singer, seeing too much of himself in her.^[15] While Marla is a seductive and negativist prospect for the Narrator, he embraces the novelty and excitement that comes with befriending Tyler. The Narrator is comfortable being personally connected to Tyler, but becomes jealous when Tyler becomes sexually involved with Marla. When the Narrator argues with Tyler about their friendship, Tyler tells him that being friends is secondary to pursuing the philosophy they have been exploring.^[16] When Tyler implies that Marla is a risk they should remove, the Narrator realizes he should have focused on her and begins to diverge from Tyler’s path.^[15]

The Narrator, an unreliable narrator, is not immediately aware that he is mentally projecting Tyler. He also mistakenly promotes the fight clubs as a way to feel powerful,^[19] though the Narrator’s physical condition worsens while Tyler Durden’s appearance improves. While Tyler desires «real experiences» of actual fights like the Narrator at first,^[20] he manifests a nihilistic attitude of rejecting and destroying institutions and value systems.^[21] His impulsive nature, representing the id,^[15] is seductive and liberating to the Narrator and the members of Project Mayhem. Tyler’s initiatives and methods become dehumanizing;^[21] he orders around the members of Project Mayhem with a megaphone similar to camp directors at Chinese re-education camps.^[15] The Narrator pulls back from Tyler and arrives at a middle ground between his conflicting selves.^[16]

Fight Club examines Generation X angst as «the middle children of history».^[8] Norton said it examines the value conflicts of Generation X as the first generation raised on television: this generation had «its value system largely dictated to it by advertising culture», and was told one could achieve «spiritual happiness through home furnishing».^[7][20] His character walks through his apartment while visual effects identify his many IKEA possessions. Fincher described the Narrator’s immersion: «It was just the idea of living in this fraudulent idea of happiness.» Pitt said, «Fight Club is a metaphor for the need to push through the walls we put around ourselves and just go for it, so for the first time we can experience the pain.»^[23]

Fight Club also parallels the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause; both probe the frustrations of the people in the system.^[20] The characters, having undergone societal emasculation, are reduced to «a generation of spectators».^[24] A culture of advertising defines society’s «external signifiers of happiness», causing an unnecessary chase for material goods that replaces the more essential pursuit of spiritual happiness. The film references consumer products such as Gucci, Calvin Klein, and the Volkswagen New Beetle. Norton said of the Beetle, «We smash it … because it seemed like the classic example of a Baby Boomer generation marketing plan that sold culture back to us.»^[25] Pitt explained the dissonance: «I think there’s a self-defense mechanism that keeps my generation from having any real honest connection or commitment with our true feelings. We’re rooting for ball teams, but we’re not getting in there to play. We’re so concerned with failure and success—like these two things are all that’s going to sum you up at the end.»^[23]

The violence of the fight clubs serves not to promote or glorify combat, but for participants to experience feeling in a society where they are otherwise numb.^[26] The fights represent a resistance to the impulse to be «cocooned» in society.^[24] Norton believed the fighting strips away the «fear of pain» and «the reliance on material signifiers of their self-worth», leaving them to experience something valuable.^[20] When the fights evolve into revolutionary violence, the film only half-accepts the revolutionary dialectic by Tyler Durden; the Narrator pulls back and rejects Durden’s ideas.^[16] Fight Club purposely shapes an ambiguous message whose interpretation is left to the audience.^[21] Fincher said: «I love this idea that you can have fascism without offering any direction or solution. Isn’t the point of fascism to say, ‘This is the way we should be going’? But this movie couldn’t be further from offering any kind of solution.»^[13]

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

The novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk was published in 1996. Before its publication, a Fox Searchlight Pictures book scout sent a galley proof of the novel to creative executive Kevin McCormick. The executive assigned a studio reader to review the proof as a candidate for a film adaptation, but the reader discouraged it. McCormick then forwarded the proof to producers Lawrence Bender and Art Linson, who also rejected it. Producers Josh Donen and Ross Bell saw potential and expressed interest. They arranged unpaid screen readings with actors to determine the script’s length, and an initial reading lasted six hours. The producers cut out sections to reduce the running time, and they used the shorter script to record its dialogue. Bell sent the recording to Laura Ziskin, head of the division Fox 2000, who listened to the tape and purchased the rights to Fight Club from Palahniuk for $10,000.^[27]

Ziskin initially considered hiring Buck Henry to write the adaptation, finding Fight Club similar to the 1967 film The Graduate, which Henry had adapted. When a new screenwriter, Jim Uhls, lobbied Donen and Bell for the job, the producers chose him over Henry. Bell contacted four directors to direct the film. He considered Peter Jackson the best choice, but Jackson was too busy filming the 1996 film The Frighteners in New Zealand. Bryan Singer received the book but did not read it. Danny Boyle met with Bell and read the book, but he pursued another film. David Fincher, who had read Fight Club and had tried to buy the rights himself, talked with Ziskin about directing the film. He hesitated to accept the assignment with 20th Century Fox at first because he had an unpleasant experience directing the 1992 film Alien 3 for the studio. To repair his relationship with the studio, he met with Ziskin and studio head Bill Mechanic.^[27] In August 1997, 20th Century Fox announced that Fincher would direct the film adaptation of Fight Club.^[28]

Casting[edit]

Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for the role of Tyler Durden. Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with Pitt regarding the same role. Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe.^[27] Pitt was looking for a new film after the domestic failure of his 1998 film Meet Joe Black, and the studio believed Fight Club would be more commercially successful with a major star. The studio signed Pitt for US$17.5 million.^[29]

For the role of the unnamed Narrator, the studio desired a «sexier marquee name» such as Matt Damon to increase the film’s commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn. Fincher instead considered Norton based on his performance in the 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt.^[30] Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like The Talented Mr. Ripley and Man on the Moon. He was cast in Runaway Jury, but the film did not reach production. 20th Century Fox offered Norton $2.5 million for Fight Club. He could not accept the offer immediately because he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio’s future films for a smaller salary. Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in the 2003 film The Italian Job.^[29]

In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Pitt and Norton had been cast.^[31] The actors prepared by taking lessons in boxing, taekwondo, grappling,^[32] and soapmaking.^[33] Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth. The pieces were restored after filming concluded.^[34]

Fincher’s first choice for the role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo. While Fincher initially stated that she turned it down because she objected to the film’s sexual content, in an interview in 2020, Garofolo revealed she did accept the part but was dropped because Norton believed she was poorly suited to the part.^[35][36] The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as early candidates.^[37] The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon, but Fincher felt she was too young.^[29] He chose to cast Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film The Wings of the Dove.^[38]

Writing[edit]

Uhls started working on a draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived the technique as «hackneyed and trite» at the time. When Fincher joined the film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film’s humor came from the Narrator’s voice.^[29] He described the film without a voice-over as seemingly «sad and pathetic».^[39] Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements. When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden, was too one-dimensional. Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe, who suggested giving the character more ambiguity. Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance. He invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year.^[29]

Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how the film’s plot was more streamlined than the book’s. Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel. Fincher supported including the twist, arguing, «If they accept everything up to this point, they’ll accept the plot twist. If they’re still in the theater, they’ll stay with it.»^[40] Palahniuk’s novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which Fincher included in the film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the twists.^[41] The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the Narrator is an example of the overtones; the line, «I’m wondering if another woman is really the answer we need,» was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality.^[15] Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts a gun barrel down the Narrator’s mouth.^[42]

The Narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden’s dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel’s ending in which the Narrator is placed in a mental institution.^[13] Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in The Graduate, indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.^[16] Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: «I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing.»^[13]

Filming[edit]

Studio executives Mechanic and Ziskin planned an initial budget of US$23 million to finance the film,^[27] but by the start of production, the budget was increased to $50 million. Half was paid by New Regency, but during filming, the projected budget escalated to US$67 million. New Regency’s head and Fight Club executive producer Arnon Milchan petitioned Fincher to reduce costs by at least US$5 million. Fincher refused, so Milchan threatened Mechanic that New Regency would withdraw financing. Mechanic sought to restore Milchan’s support by sending him tapes of dailies from Fight Club. After seeing three weeks of filming, Milchan reinstated New Regency’s financial backing.^[43] The final production budget was $63–65 million.^[1][4]

The fight scenes were heavily choreographed, but the actors were required to «go full out» to capture realistic effects such as having the wind knocked out of them.^[23] Makeup artist Julie Pearce, who had worked for Fincher on the 1997 film The Game, studied mixed martial arts and pay-per-view boxing to portray the fighters accurately. She designed an extra’s ear to have cartilage missing, inspired by the boxing match in which Mike Tyson bit off part of Evander Holyfield’s ear.^[44] Makeup artists devised two methods to create sweat on cue: spraying mineral water over a coat of Vaseline, and using the unadulterated water for «wet sweat». Meat Loaf, who plays a fight club member who has «bitch tits», wore a 90-pound (40 kg) fat harness that gave him large breasts.^[32] He also wore eight-inch (20 cm) lifts in his scenes with Norton to be taller than him.^[15]

Filming lasted 138 days from July to December 1998,^[45] during which Fincher shot more than 1,500 rolls of film, three times the average for a Hollywood film.^[32] The locations were in and around Los Angeles and on sets built at the studio in Century City.^[45] Production designer Alex McDowell constructed more than 70 sets.^[32] The exterior of Tyler Durden’s house was built in Wilmington, California,^[46] while the interior was built on a sound stage at the studio’s location. The interior was given a decayed look to illustrate the deconstructed world of the characters.^[45] Marla Singer’s apartment was based on photographs of apartments in downtown LA. Overall, production included 300 scenes, 200 locations, and complex special effects. Fincher compared Fight Club to his subsequent, less complex film Panic Room: «I felt like I was spending all my time watching trucks being loaded and unloaded so I could shoot three lines of dialogue. There was far too much transportation going on.»^[47]

Cinematography[edit]

Fincher used the Super 35 format to film Fight Club since it gave him maximum flexibility to compose shots. He hired Jeff Cronenweth as cinematographer; Cronenweth’s father Jordan Cronenweth had been cinematographer for Fincher’s 1992 film Alien 3, but left midway through production due to Parkinson’s disease. Fincher explored visual styles in his previous films Seven and The Game, and he and Cronenweth drew elements from these styles for Fight Club.^[45]

Fincher and Cronenweth applied a lurid style, choosing to make people «sort of shiny». The appearance of the Narrator’s scenes without Tyler were bland and realistic. The scenes with Tyler were described by Fincher as «more hyper-real in a torn-down, deconstructed sense—a visual metaphor of what [the Narrator is] heading into». The filmmakers used heavily desaturated colors in the costuming, makeup, and art direction.^[45] Bonham Carter wore opalescent makeup to portray her romantic nihilistic character with a «smack-fiend patina». Fincher and Cronenweth drew influences from the 1973 film American Graffiti, which applied a mundane look to nighttime exteriors while simultaneously including a variety of colors.

The crew took advantage of both natural and practical light. Fincher sought various approaches to the lighting setups; for example, he chose several urban locations for the city lights’ effects on the shots’ backgrounds. The crew also embraced fluorescent lighting at other practical locations to maintain an element of reality and to light the prostheses depicting the characters’ injuries.^[45] On the other hand, Fincher also ensured that scenes were not so strongly lit so the characters’ eyes were less visible, citing cinematographer Gordon Willis’ technique as the influence.^[15]

Fight Club was filmed mostly at night, and Fincher filmed the daytime shots in shadowed locations. The crew equipped the bar’s basement with inexpensive work lamps to create a background glow. Fincher avoided stylish camerawork when filming early fight scenes in the basement and instead placed the camera in a fixed position. In later fight scenes, Fincher moved the camera from the viewpoint of a distant observer to that of the fighter.^[45]

The scenes with Tyler were staged to conceal that the character was a mental projection of the unnamed Narrator. Tyler was not filmed in two shots with a group of people, nor was he shown in any over-the-shoulder shots in scenes where Tyler gives the Narrator specific ideas to manipulate him. In scenes before the Narrator meets Tyler, the filmmakers inserted Tyler’s presence in single frames for subliminal effect. Tyler appears in the background and out of focus, like a «little devil on the shoulder».^[15] Fincher explained the subliminal frames: «Our hero is creating Tyler Durden in his own mind, so at this point he exists only on the periphery of the Narrator’s consciousness.»^[48]

While Cronenweth generally rated and exposed the Kodak film stock normally on Fight Club, several other techniques were applied to change its appearance. Flashing was implemented on much of the exterior night photography, the contrast was stretched to be purposely ugly, the print was adjusted to be underexposed, Technicolor’s ENR silver retention was used on a select number of prints to increase the density of the blacks, and high-contrast print stocks were chosen to create a «stepped-on» look on the print with a dirty patina.

Visual effects[edit]

Fincher hired visual effects supervisor Kevin Tod Haug, who worked for him on The Game, to create visual effects for Fight Club. Haug assigned the visual effects artists and experts to different facilities that each addressed different types of visual effects: CG modeling, animation, compositing, and scanning. Haug explained, «We selected the best people for each aspect of the effects work, then coordinated their efforts. In this way, we never had to play to a facility’s weakness.» Fincher visualized the Narrator’s perspective through a «mind’s eye» view and structured a myopic framework for the film audiences. Fincher also used previsualized footage of challenging main-unit and visual effects shots as a problem-solving tool to avoid making mistakes during the actual filming.^[48]

The film’s title sequence is a 90-second visual effects composition that depicts the inside of the Narrator’s brain at a microscopic level; the camera pulls back to the outside, starting at his fear center and following the thought processes initiated by his fear impulse. The sequence, designed in part by Fincher, was budgeted separately from the rest of the film at first, but the sequence was awarded by the studio in January 1999.^[48] Fincher hired Digital Domain and its visual effects supervisor Kevin Mack, who won an Academy Award for Visual Effects for the 1998 film What Dreams May Come, for the sequence. The company mapped the computer-generated brain using an L-system,^[50] and the design was detailed using renderings by medical illustrator Katherine Jones. The pullback sequence from within the brain to the outside of the skull included neurons, action potentials, and a hair follicle. Haug explained the artistic license that Fincher took with the shot, «While he wanted to keep the brain passage looking like electron microscope photography, that look had to be coupled with the feel of a night dive—wet, scary, and with a low depth of field.» The shallow depth of field was accomplished with the ray tracing process.^[48]

Other visual effects include an early scene in which the camera flashes past city streets to survey Project Mayhem’s destructive equipment lying in underground parking lots; the sequence was a three-dimensional composition of nearly 100 photographs of Los Angeles and Century City by photographer Michael Douglas Middleton. The final scene of the demolition of the credit card office buildings was designed by Richard Baily of Image Savant; Baily worked on the scene for over fourteen months.^[48]

Midway through the film, Tyler Durden points out the cue mark—nicknamed «cigarette burn» in the film—to the audience. The scene represents a turning point that foreshadows the coming rupture and inversion of the «fairly subjective reality» that existed earlier in the film. Fincher explained: «Suddenly it’s as though the projectionist missed the changeover, the viewers have to start looking at the movie in a whole new way.»^[48]

Score[edit]

Fincher was concerned that bands experienced in writing film scores would be unable to tie the themes together, so he sought a band which had never recorded for film. He pursued Radiohead,^[15] but the singer, Thom Yorke, declined as he was recovering from the stress of promoting their 1997 album OK Computer.^[51] Fincher instead commissioned the breakbeat producing duo Dust Brothers, who created a post-modern score encompassing drum loops, electronic scratches, and computerized samples. Dust Brothers performer Michael Simpson explained the setup: «Fincher wanted to break new ground with everything about the movie, and a nontraditional score helped achieve that.»^[52] The climax and end credits feature the song «Where Is My Mind?» by the Pixies.^[53]

Release[edit]

Marketing[edit]

Filming concluded in December 1998, and Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare Fight Club for a screening with senior executives. They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.^[54] Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: «So many incidences of Fight Club were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down.»^[55] Nevertheless, Fight Club was originally slated to be released in July 1999^[56] but was later changed to August 6, 1999. The studio further delayed the film’s release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.^[57] Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.^[58]

Marketing executives at Fox Searchlight Pictures faced difficulties in marketing Fight Club and at one point considered marketing it as an art film. They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Pitt would attract female filmgoers. Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers. Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan. The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title «Fight Club» embossed on it as the film’s main marketing image; the proposal was considered «a bad joke» by Fox executives. Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately. Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film’s fight scenes. The studio advertised Fight Club on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.^[54] Linson believed that the «ill-conceived one-dimensional» marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to Fight Club‘s lukewarm box office performance in the United States.^[59]

Theatrical run[edit]

The studio held Fight Club‘s world premiere at the 56th Venice International Film Festival on September 10, 1999.^[60][61] For the American theatrical release, the studio hired the National Research Group to test screen the film; the group predicted the film would gross between US$13 million and US$15 million in its opening weekend.^[62] Fight Club opened commercially in the United States and Canada on October 15, 1999 and earned US$11 million in 1,963 theaters over the opening weekend.^[1] The film ranked first at the weekend box office, beating Double Jeopardy and The Story of Us, a fellow weekend opener.^[63] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of «B−» on an A+ to F scale.^[64] The gender mix of audiences for Fight Club, argued to be «the ultimate anti-date flick», was 61% male and 39% female; 58% of audiences were below the age of 21. Despite the film’s top placement, its opening gross fell short of the studio’s expectations.^[65] Over the second weekend, Fight Club dropped 42.6% in revenue, earning US$6.3 million.^[66] In its original theatrical run, the film grossed US$37 million in the United States and Canada, and US$63.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of US$100.9 million. (With subsequent re-releases, the film’s worldwide gross increased to $101.2 million.)^[1] The underwhelming North American performance of Fight Club soured the relationship between 20th Century Fox’s studio head Bill Mechanic and media executive Rupert Murdoch, which contributed to Mechanic’s resignation in June 2000.^[67]

The British Board of Film Classification reviewed Fight Club for its November 12, 1999 release in the United Kingdom and removed two scenes involving «an indulgence in the excitement of beating a (defenseless) man’s face into a pulp». The board assigned the film an 18 certificate, limiting the release to adult-only audiences in the UK. The BBFC did not censor any further, considering and dismissing claims that Fight Club contained «dangerously instructive information» and could «encourage anti-social (behavior)». The board decided, «The film as a whole is—quite clearly—critical and sharply parodic of the amateur fascism which in part it portrays. Its central theme of male machismo (and the anti-social behaviour that flows from it) is emphatically rejected by the central character in the concluding reels.»^[68] The scenes were restored in a two-disc DVD edition released in the UK in March 2007.^[69]

Home media[edit]

Fincher supervised the composition of the DVD packaging and was one of the first directors to participate in a film’s transition to home media. The film was released on DVD on June 6, 2000, in both one and two-disc editions.^[70] The movie disc included four commentary tracks,^[71] while the bonus disc contained behind-the-scenes clips, deleted scenes, trailers, theater safety PSAs, the promotional music video «This is Your Life», Internet spots, still galleries, cast biographies, storyboards, and publicity materials.^[72] Fincher worked on the DVD as a way to finish his vision for the film. Julie Markell, 20th Century Fox’s senior vice president of creative development, said the DVD packaging complemented Fincher’s vision: «The film is meant to make you question. The package, by extension, tries to reflect an experience that you must experience for yourself. The more you look at it, the more you’ll get out of it.» The studio developed the packaging for two months.^[73] The two-disc special edition DVD was packaged to look covered in brown cardboard wrapper. The title «Fight Club» was labeled diagonally across the front, and packaging appeared tied with twine. Markell said, «We wanted the package to be simple on the outside, so that there would be a dichotomy between the simplicity of brown paper wrapping and the intensity and chaos of what’s inside.»^[73] Deborah Mitchell, 20th Century Fox’s vice president of marketing, described the design: «From a retail standpoint, [the DVD case] has incredible shelf-presence.»^[74] It was the first DVD release to feature the THX Optimode.^[75]

Fight Club won the 2000 Online Film Critics Society Awards for Best DVD, Best DVD Commentary, and Best DVD Special Features.^[76] Entertainment Weekly ranked the film’s two-disc edition in first place on its 2001 list of «The 50 Essential DVDs», giving top ratings to the DVD’s content and technical picture-and-audio quality.^[77] When the two-disc edition went out of print, the studio re-released it in 2004 because of fans’ requests.^[78] The film sold more than 6 million copies on DVD and video within the first ten years,^[79] making it one of the largest-selling home media items in the studio’s history,^[59] in addition to grossing over $55 million in video and DVD rentals.^[80] With a weak box office performance in the United States and Canada, a better performance in other territories, and the highly successful DVD release, Fight Club generated a US$10 million profit for the studio.^[59]

The Laserdisc edition was only released in Japan on May 26, 2000^[81] and features a different cover art, as well as one of the very few Dolby Digital Surround EX soundtracks released on LD. The VHS edition was released on October 31, 2002, as a part of 20th Century Fox’s «Premiere Series» line. It includes a featurette after the film, «Behind the Brawl».^[82]

Fight Club was released in the Blu-ray Disc format in the United States on November 17, 2009.^[83] Five graffiti artists were commissioned to create 30 pieces of art for the packaging, encompassing urban aesthetics found on the East Coast and West Coast of the United States as well as influences from European street art.^[84] The Blu-ray edition opens with a menu screen for the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed starring Drew Barrymore before leading into the Fight Club menu screen. Fincher got permission from Barrymore to include the fake menu screen.^[85]

An online release in China from Tencent censored the bomb blasts at the end and replaced the ending with a message that Project Mayhem was thwarted,^[86] with Tyler Durden being arrested by law enforcement and placed in an insane asylum until 2012, adapting the ending of the original Fight Club novel.^[87] Weeks later, Tencent released a version of the film restoring 11 of the 12 minutes that had previously been cut.^[88][89]

Critical reception[edit]

When Fight Club premiered at the 56th Venice International Film Festival, the film was fiercely debated by critics. A newspaper reported, «Many loved and hated it in equal measures.» Some critics expressed concern that the film would incite copycat behavior, such as that seen after A Clockwork Orange debuted in Britain nearly three decades previously.^[90] Upon the film’s theatrical release, The Times reported the reaction: «It touched a nerve in the male psyche that was debated in newspapers across the world.»^[91] Although the film’s makers called Fight Club «an accurate portrayal of men in the 1990s,» some critics called it «irresponsible and appalling.» Writing for The Australian, Christopher Goodwin stated: «Fight Club is shaping up to be the most contentious mainstream Hollywood meditation on violence since Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange.»^[92] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of «B–» on an A+ to F scale.^[93]

Janet Maslin, reviewing for The New York Times, praised Fincher’s direction and editing of the film. She wrote that Fight Club carried a message of «contemporary manhood», and that, if not watched closely, the film could be misconstrued as an endorsement of violence and nihilism.^[94] Roger Ebert, reviewing for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave Fight Club two stars out of four, calling it «visceral and hard-edged», but also «a thrill ride masquerading as philosophy», whose promising first act is followed by a second that panders to macho sensibilities and a third he dismissed as «trickery».^[95] Ebert later acknowledged that the film was «beloved by most, not by me».^[96] He was later requested to have a shot-by-shot analysis of Fight Club at the Conference on World Affairs; he stated that «[s]eeing it over the course of a week, I admired its skill even more, and its thought even less.»^[97] Jay Carr of The Boston Globe opined that the film began with an «invigoratingly nervy and imaginative buzz», but that it eventually became «explosively silly».^[98] Newsweek‘s David Ansen described Fight Club as «an outrageous mixture of brilliant technique, puerile philosophizing, trenchant satire and sensory overload» and thought that the ending was too pretentious.^[99] Richard Schickel of Time described the mise en scène as dark and damp: «It enforces the contrast between the sterilities of his characters’ aboveground life and their underground one. Water, even when it’s polluted, is the source of life; blood, even when it’s carelessly spilled, is the symbol of life being fully lived. To put his point simply: it’s better to be wet than dry.» Schickel applauded the performances of Pitt and Norton, but criticized the «conventionally gimmicky» unfolding and the failure to make Bonham Carter’s character interesting.^[100]

Cineaste‘s Gary Crowdus reviewed the critical reception in retrospect: «Many critics praised Fight Club, hailing it as one of the most exciting, original, and thought-provoking films of the year.» He wrote of the negative opinion, «While Fight Club had numerous critical champions, the film’s critical attackers were far more vocal, a negative chorus which became hysterical about what they felt to be the excessively graphic scenes of fisticuffs … They felt such scenes served only as a mindless glamorization of brutality, a morally irresponsible portrayal, which they feared might encourage impressionable young male viewers to set up their own real-life fight clubs in order to beat each other senseless.»^[101]

Fight Club was nominated for the 2000 Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, but it lost to The Matrix.^[102] Bonham Carter won the 2000 Empire Award for Best British Actress.^[103] The Online Film Critics Society also nominated Fight Club for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor (Norton), Best Editing, and Best Adapted Screenplay (Uhls).^[104] Though the film won none of the awards, the organization listed Fight Club as one of the top ten films of 1999.^[105] The soundtrack was nominated for a BRIT Award, losing to Notting Hill.^[106]

On Rotten Tomatoes, Fight Club holds an approval rating of 79% based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site’s consensus reads, «Solid acting, amazing direction, and elaborate production design make Fight Club a wild ride.»^[107] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating «generally favorable reviews».^[108]

Cultural impact[edit]

Fight Club was one of the most controversial and talked-about films of the 1990s.^[23][109] The film was perceived as the forerunner of a new mood in American political life. Like other 1999 films Magnolia, Being John Malkovich, and Three Kings, Fight Club was recognized as an innovator in cinematic form and style, since it exploited new developments in filmmaking technology.^[110] After Fight Club‘s theatrical release, it became more popular via word of mouth,^[111] and the positive reception of the DVD established it as a cult film that David Ansen of Newsweek conjectured would enjoy «perennial» fame.^[112][113] The film’s success also heightened Palahniuk’s profile to global renown.^[114]

Following Fight Club‘s release, several fight clubs were reported to have started in the United States. A «Gentleman’s Fight Club» was started in Menlo Park, California, in 2000 and had members mostly from the tech industry.^[115] Teens and preteens in Texas, New Jersey, Washington state, and Alaska also initiated fight clubs and posted videos of their fights online, leading authorities to break up the clubs. In 2006, an unwilling participant from a local high school was injured at a fight club in Arlington, Texas, and the DVD sales of the fight led to the arrest of six teenagers.^[116] An unsanctioned fight club was also started at Princeton University, where matches were held on campus.^[117] The film was suspected of influencing Luke Helder, a college student who planted pipe bombs in mailboxes in 2002. Helder’s goal was to create a smiley pattern on the map of the United States, similar to the scene in Fight Club in which a building is vandalized to have a smiley on its exterior.^[118] On July 16, 2009, a 17-year-old who had formed his own fight club in Manhattan was charged with detonating a homemade bomb outside a Starbucks Coffee shop in the Upper East Side. The New York City Police Department reported the suspect was trying to emulate «Project Mayhem».^[119]

Fight Club had a significant impact on evangelical Christianity, in the areas of Christian discipleship and masculinity. A number of churches called their cell groups «fight clubs» with a stated purpose of meeting regularly to «beat up the flesh and believe the gospel of grace».^[120][121] Some churches, especially Mars Hill Church in Seattle, whose pastor Mark Driscoll was obsessed with the film,^[122] picked up the film’s emphasis on masculinity, and rejection of self-care. Jessica Johnson suggests that Driscoll even called on «his brothers-in-arms to foment a movement not unlike Project Mayhem.»^[123]

A Fight Club video game was released by Vivendi Universal Games in 2004 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and for mobile phones. The game was a critical and commercial failure, and was panned by such publications and websites as GameSpot, Game Informer, and IGN.^{[124][125][126]} The video game Jet Set Radio, initially released in 2000 for Sega’s Dreamcast console, was inspired by the film’s anti-establishment themes.^[127]

In 2003, Fight Club was listed as one of the «50 Best Guy Movies of All Time» by Men’s Journal.^[128] In 2004 and 2006, Fight Club was voted by Empire readers as the eighth and tenth greatest film of all time, respectively.^[129][130] Total Film ranked Fight Club as «The Greatest Film of our Lifetime» in 2007 during the magazine’s tenth anniversary.^[131] In 2007, Premiere selected Tyler Durden’s line, «The first rule of fight club is you do not talk about fight club,» as the 27th greatest movie line of all time.^[132] In 2008, readers of Empire ranked Tyler Durden eighth on a list of the 100 Greatest Movie Characters.^[133] Empire also identified Fight Club as the 10th greatest movie of all time in its 2008 issue The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.^[134]

In 2010, two viral mash-up videos featuring Fight Club were released. Ferris Club was a mash-up of Fight Club and the 1986 film Ferris Bueller’s Day Off. It portrayed Ferris as Tyler Durden and Cameron as the narrator, «claiming to see the real psychological truth behind the John Hughes classic».^[135] The second video Jane Austen’s Fight Club also gained popularity online as a mash-up of Fight Club‘s fighting rules and the characters created by 19th-century novelist Jane Austen.^[136]

See also[edit]

• List of American films of 1999

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Fight Club at IMDb
• Fight Club at AllMovie
• Fight Club at Fox Movies

Fight Club
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	David Fincher
Screenplay by	Jim Uhls
Based on	Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk
Produced by	Art Linson Ceán Chaffin Ross Grayson Bell
Starring	Brad Pitt Edward Norton Helena Bonham Carter Meat Loaf Jared Leto
Cinematography	Jeff Cronenweth
Edited by	James Haygood
Music by	The Dust Brothers
Production companies	Fox 2000 Pictures Regency Enterprises Linson Films
Distributed by	20th Century Fox
Release dates	September 10, 1999 (Venice) October 15, 1999 (United States)
Running time	139 minutes[1]
Country	United States[nb 1]
Language	English
Budget	$63–65 million[1][4]
Box office	$101.2 million[1]

Fight Club is a 1999 American film directed by David Fincher and starring Brad Pitt, Edward Norton, and Helena Bonham Carter. It is based on the 1996 novel of the same name by Chuck Palahniuk. Norton plays the unnamed narrator, who is discontented with his white-collar job. He forms a «fight club» with soap salesman Tyler Durden (Pitt), and becomes embroiled in a relationship with a mysterious^[5][6] woman, Marla Singer (Bonham Carter).

Palahniuk’s novel was optioned by Fox 2000 Pictures producer Laura Ziskin, who hired Jim Uhls to write the film adaptation. Fincher was selected because of his enthusiasm for the story. He developed the script with Uhls and sought screenwriting advice from the cast and others in the film industry. It was filmed in and around Los Angeles from July to December 1998. He and the cast compared the film to Rebel Without a Cause (1955) and The Graduate (1967), with a theme of conflict between Generation X and the value system of advertising.^[7][8]

Studio executives did not like the film, and they restructured Fincher’s intended marketing campaign to try to reduce anticipated losses. Fight Club failed to meet the studio’s expectations at the box office, and received polarized reactions from critics. It was ranked as one of the most controversial and talked-about films of 1990s. The film later found commercial success with its home video release, establishing Fight Club as a cult classic and causing media to revisit the film. In 2009, on the tenth anniversary of the film’s release, The New York Times dubbed it the «defining cult movie of our time.»^[9]

Plot[edit]

The Narrator (who is not named in the movie) is a chronic insomniac who is unfulfilled both by his job as an automobile recall specialist and the material wealth it affords him. As a substitute for therapy, he attends support groups for problems he doesn’t really have, such as alcoholism and cancer. Another impostor, Marla Singer, begins attending the same groups. Her presence is taken by the Narrator as a constant reminder of his dishonesty, interfering with the therapeutic effect he’s after. He confronts Marla, and proposes they divide group attendance, to which she grudgingly agrees.

On a flight home from a business trip, the Narrator meets Tyler Durden, a soap salesman, who tells him he is trapped by consumerism. The Narrator’s apartment and all of his belongings are destroyed by an explosion, so he moves into Tyler’s dilapidated house in an industrial area. The two start having consensual fistfights in the parking lot of a bar, which attracts other men and eventually leads to the formation of Fight Club, which meets in the bar’s basement. Marla overdoses on pills while the Narrator ignores her phone call for help, but Tyler saves her and they begin a sexual relationship.

The Narrator quits his job and blackmails his boss for the company’s assets to support Fight Club. More members join Fight Club, one of them being Robert «Bob» Paulson, a man the Narrator had befriended at a cancer support group. Tyler then recruits the men to his new organization, Project Mayhem, which engages in acts of vandalism. When the Narrator complains about being excluded, Tyler reveals that he was the one who caused the explosion at the Narrator’s condo. Tyler disappears, and when Paulson is killed by the police during a sabotage operation, the Narrator tries to stop Project Mayhem. He follows a paper trail to cities Tyler had visited and finds that Project Mayhem has spread throughout the country. Marla and the Project members address the Narrator as «Mr. Durden,» and he realizes that he and Tyler are the same person.

The Narrator learns that Tyler plans to erase debt by destroying buildings containing credit card records. He tries to warn Marla, but she does not believe him. He goes to the police and is threatened by officers who reveal they are members of Project Mayhem; he then escapes to try to disarm the explosives in one building but is subdued by Tyler and held at gunpoint on the top floor. The Narrator realizes that it is actually himself who is holding the gun, and he fires the weapon into his own mouth, blowing a hole through his cheek. Tyler stands motionless, smoke coiling from his head, and then collapses and vanishes. Marla arrives, being brought by Project members and finds the Narrator badly wounded but alive. He tells her that she met him «at a very strange time» in his life, and they hold hands and watch as the buildings around them explode.

Cast[edit]

• Edward Norton as the Narrator. He adopts a number of aliases while attending support groups.
• Brad Pitt as Tyler Durden
• Helena Bonham Carter as Marla Singer
• Meat Loaf as Robert Paulson
• Jared Leto as Angel Face, a young Fight Club recruit and member of Project Mayhem.
• Holt McCallany as the Mechanic
• Zach Grenier as Richard Chesler, the Narrator’s boss.
• Eion Bailey as Ricky
• Peter Iacangelo as Lou
• Thom Gossom Jr. as Detective Stern

Themes[edit]

Fincher said Fight Club was a coming of age film, like the 1967 film The Graduate but for people in their 30s. Fincher described the narrator as an «everyman»;^[10] the character is identified in the script as «Jack», but left unnamed in the film.^[11] Fincher outlined the Narrator’s background: «He’s tried to do everything he was taught to do, tried to fit into the world by becoming the thing he isn’t.» He cannot find happiness, so he travels on a path to enlightenment in which he must «kill» his parents, god, and teacher. By the start of the film, he has «killed off» his parents. With Tyler Durden, he kills his god by doing things they are not supposed to do. To complete the process of maturing, the Narrator has to kill his teacher, Tyler Durden.^[12]

The character is a 1990s inverse of the Graduate archetype: «a guy who does not have a world of possibilities in front of him, he has no possibilities, he literally cannot imagine a way to change his life.» He is confused and angry, so he responds to his environment by creating Tyler Durden, a Nietzschean Übermensch, in his mind. While Tyler is who the Narrator wants to be, he is not empathetic and does not help the Narrator face decisions in his life «that are complicated and have moral and ethical implications». Fincher explained: «[Tyler] can deal with the concepts of our lives in an idealistic fashion, but it doesn’t have anything to do with the compromises of real life as modern man knows it. Which is: you’re not really necessary to a lot of what’s going on. It’s built, it just needs to run now.»^[10] While studio executives worried that Fight Club was going to be «sinister and seditious», Fincher sought to make it «funny and seditious» by including humor to temper the sinister element.^[13]

Screenwriter Jim Uhls described the film as a romantic comedy, explaining: «It has to do with the characters’ attitudes toward a healthy relationship, which is a lot of behavior which seems unhealthy and harsh to each other, but in fact does work for them—because both characters are out on the edge psychologically.»^[14] The Narrator seeks intimacy, but avoids it with Marla Singer, seeing too much of himself in her.^[15] While Marla is a seductive and negativist prospect for the Narrator, he embraces the novelty and excitement that comes with befriending Tyler. The Narrator is comfortable being personally connected to Tyler, but becomes jealous when Tyler becomes sexually involved with Marla. When the Narrator argues with Tyler about their friendship, Tyler tells him that being friends is secondary to pursuing the philosophy they have been exploring.^[16] When Tyler implies that Marla is a risk they should remove, the Narrator realizes he should have focused on her and begins to diverge from Tyler’s path.^[15]

The Narrator, an unreliable narrator, is not immediately aware that he is mentally projecting Tyler. He also mistakenly promotes the fight clubs as a way to feel powerful,^[19] though the Narrator’s physical condition worsens while Tyler Durden’s appearance improves. While Tyler desires «real experiences» of actual fights like the Narrator at first,^[20] he manifests a nihilistic attitude of rejecting and destroying institutions and value systems.^[21] His impulsive nature, representing the id,^[15] is seductive and liberating to the Narrator and the members of Project Mayhem. Tyler’s initiatives and methods become dehumanizing;^[21] he orders around the members of Project Mayhem with a megaphone similar to camp directors at Chinese re-education camps.^[15] The Narrator pulls back from Tyler and arrives at a middle ground between his conflicting selves.^[16]

Fight Club examines Generation X angst as «the middle children of history».^[8] Norton said it examines the value conflicts of Generation X as the first generation raised on television: this generation had «its value system largely dictated to it by advertising culture», and was told one could achieve «spiritual happiness through home furnishing».^[7][20] His character walks through his apartment while visual effects identify his many IKEA possessions. Fincher described the Narrator’s immersion: «It was just the idea of living in this fraudulent idea of happiness.» Pitt said, «Fight Club is a metaphor for the need to push through the walls we put around ourselves and just go for it, so for the first time we can experience the pain.»^[23]

Fight Club also parallels the 1955 film Rebel Without a Cause; both probe the frustrations of the people in the system.^[20] The characters, having undergone societal emasculation, are reduced to «a generation of spectators».^[24] A culture of advertising defines society’s «external signifiers of happiness», causing an unnecessary chase for material goods that replaces the more essential pursuit of spiritual happiness. The film references consumer products such as Gucci, Calvin Klein, and the Volkswagen New Beetle. Norton said of the Beetle, «We smash it … because it seemed like the classic example of a Baby Boomer generation marketing plan that sold culture back to us.»^[25] Pitt explained the dissonance: «I think there’s a self-defense mechanism that keeps my generation from having any real honest connection or commitment with our true feelings. We’re rooting for ball teams, but we’re not getting in there to play. We’re so concerned with failure and success—like these two things are all that’s going to sum you up at the end.»^[23]

The violence of the fight clubs serves not to promote or glorify combat, but for participants to experience feeling in a society where they are otherwise numb.^[26] The fights represent a resistance to the impulse to be «cocooned» in society.^[24] Norton believed the fighting strips away the «fear of pain» and «the reliance on material signifiers of their self-worth», leaving them to experience something valuable.^[20] When the fights evolve into revolutionary violence, the film only half-accepts the revolutionary dialectic by Tyler Durden; the Narrator pulls back and rejects Durden’s ideas.^[16] Fight Club purposely shapes an ambiguous message whose interpretation is left to the audience.^[21] Fincher said: «I love this idea that you can have fascism without offering any direction or solution. Isn’t the point of fascism to say, ‘This is the way we should be going’? But this movie couldn’t be further from offering any kind of solution.»^[13]

Production[edit]

Development[edit]

The novel Fight Club by Chuck Palahniuk was published in 1996. Before its publication, a Fox Searchlight Pictures book scout sent a galley proof of the novel to creative executive Kevin McCormick. The executive assigned a studio reader to review the proof as a candidate for a film adaptation, but the reader discouraged it. McCormick then forwarded the proof to producers Lawrence Bender and Art Linson, who also rejected it. Producers Josh Donen and Ross Bell saw potential and expressed interest. They arranged unpaid screen readings with actors to determine the script’s length, and an initial reading lasted six hours. The producers cut out sections to reduce the running time, and they used the shorter script to record its dialogue. Bell sent the recording to Laura Ziskin, head of the division Fox 2000, who listened to the tape and purchased the rights to Fight Club from Palahniuk for $10,000.^[27]

Ziskin initially considered hiring Buck Henry to write the adaptation, finding Fight Club similar to the 1967 film The Graduate, which Henry had adapted. When a new screenwriter, Jim Uhls, lobbied Donen and Bell for the job, the producers chose him over Henry. Bell contacted four directors to direct the film. He considered Peter Jackson the best choice, but Jackson was too busy filming the 1996 film The Frighteners in New Zealand. Bryan Singer received the book but did not read it. Danny Boyle met with Bell and read the book, but he pursued another film. David Fincher, who had read Fight Club and had tried to buy the rights himself, talked with Ziskin about directing the film. He hesitated to accept the assignment with 20th Century Fox at first because he had an unpleasant experience directing the 1992 film Alien 3 for the studio. To repair his relationship with the studio, he met with Ziskin and studio head Bill Mechanic.^[27] In August 1997, 20th Century Fox announced that Fincher would direct the film adaptation of Fight Club.^[28]

Casting[edit]

Producer Ross Bell met with actor Russell Crowe to discuss his candidacy for the role of Tyler Durden. Producer Art Linson, who joined the project late, met with Pitt regarding the same role. Linson was the senior producer of the two, so the studio sought to cast Pitt instead of Crowe.^[27] Pitt was looking for a new film after the domestic failure of his 1998 film Meet Joe Black, and the studio believed Fight Club would be more commercially successful with a major star. The studio signed Pitt for US$17.5 million.^[29]

For the role of the unnamed Narrator, the studio desired a «sexier marquee name» such as Matt Damon to increase the film’s commercial prospects; it also considered Sean Penn. Fincher instead considered Norton based on his performance in the 1996 film The People vs. Larry Flynt.^[30] Other studios were approaching Norton for leading roles in developing films like The Talented Mr. Ripley and Man on the Moon. He was cast in Runaway Jury, but the film did not reach production. 20th Century Fox offered Norton $2.5 million for Fight Club. He could not accept the offer immediately because he still owed Paramount Pictures a film; he had signed a contractual obligation with Paramount to appear in one of the studio’s future films for a smaller salary. Norton later satisfied the obligation with his role in the 2003 film The Italian Job.^[29]

In January 1998, 20th Century Fox announced that Pitt and Norton had been cast.^[31] The actors prepared by taking lessons in boxing, taekwondo, grappling,^[32] and soapmaking.^[33] Pitt voluntarily visited a dentist to have pieces of his front teeth chipped off so his character would not have perfect teeth. The pieces were restored after filming concluded.^[34]

Fincher’s first choice for the role of Marla Singer was Janeane Garofalo. While Fincher initially stated that she turned it down because she objected to the film’s sexual content, in an interview in 2020, Garofolo revealed she did accept the part but was dropped because Norton believed she was poorly suited to the part.^[35][36] The filmmakers considered Courtney Love and Winona Ryder as early candidates.^[37] The studio wanted to cast Reese Witherspoon, but Fincher felt she was too young.^[29] He chose to cast Bonham Carter based on her performance in the 1997 film The Wings of the Dove.^[38]

Writing[edit]

Uhls started working on a draft of the adapted screenplay, which excluded a voice-over because the industry perceived the technique as «hackneyed and trite» at the time. When Fincher joined the film, he thought that the film should have a voice-over, believing that the film’s humor came from the Narrator’s voice.^[29] He described the film without a voice-over as seemingly «sad and pathetic».^[39] Fincher and Uhls revised the script for six to seven months and by 1997 had a third draft that reordered the story and left out several major elements. When Pitt was cast, he was concerned that his character, Tyler Durden, was too one-dimensional. Fincher sought the advice of writer-director Cameron Crowe, who suggested giving the character more ambiguity. Fincher also hired screenwriter Andrew Kevin Walker for assistance. He invited Pitt and Norton to help revise the script, and the group drafted five revisions in the course of a year.^[29]

Palahniuk praised the faithful film adaptation of his novel and applauded how the film’s plot was more streamlined than the book’s. Palahniuk recalled how the writers debated if film audiences would believe the plot twist from the novel. Fincher supported including the twist, arguing, «If they accept everything up to this point, they’ll accept the plot twist. If they’re still in the theater, they’ll stay with it.»^[40] Palahniuk’s novel also contained homoerotic overtones, which Fincher included in the film to make audiences uncomfortable and accentuate the surprise of the twists.^[41] The bathroom scene where Tyler Durden bathes next to the Narrator is an example of the overtones; the line, «I’m wondering if another woman is really the answer we need,» was meant to suggest personal responsibility rather than homosexuality.^[15] Another example is the scene at the beginning of the film in which Tyler Durden puts a gun barrel down the Narrator’s mouth.^[42]

The Narrator finds redemption at the end of the film by rejecting Tyler Durden’s dialectic, a path that diverged from the novel’s ending in which the Narrator is placed in a mental institution.^[13] Norton drew parallels between redemption in the film and redemption in The Graduate, indicating that the protagonists of both films find a middle ground between two divisions of self.^[16] Fincher considered the novel too infatuated with Tyler Durden and changed the ending to move away from him: «I wanted people to love Tyler, but I also wanted them to be OK with his vanquishing.»^[13]

Filming[edit]

Studio executives Mechanic and Ziskin planned an initial budget of US$23 million to finance the film,^[27] but by the start of production, the budget was increased to $50 million. Half was paid by New Regency, but during filming, the projected budget escalated to US$67 million. New Regency’s head and Fight Club executive producer Arnon Milchan petitioned Fincher to reduce costs by at least US$5 million. Fincher refused, so Milchan threatened Mechanic that New Regency would withdraw financing. Mechanic sought to restore Milchan’s support by sending him tapes of dailies from Fight Club. After seeing three weeks of filming, Milchan reinstated New Regency’s financial backing.^[43] The final production budget was $63–65 million.^[1][4]

The fight scenes were heavily choreographed, but the actors were required to «go full out» to capture realistic effects such as having the wind knocked out of them.^[23] Makeup artist Julie Pearce, who had worked for Fincher on the 1997 film The Game, studied mixed martial arts and pay-per-view boxing to portray the fighters accurately. She designed an extra’s ear to have cartilage missing, inspired by the boxing match in which Mike Tyson bit off part of Evander Holyfield’s ear.^[44] Makeup artists devised two methods to create sweat on cue: spraying mineral water over a coat of Vaseline, and using the unadulterated water for «wet sweat». Meat Loaf, who plays a fight club member who has «bitch tits», wore a 90-pound (40 kg) fat harness that gave him large breasts.^[32] He also wore eight-inch (20 cm) lifts in his scenes with Norton to be taller than him.^[15]

Filming lasted 138 days from July to December 1998,^[45] during which Fincher shot more than 1,500 rolls of film, three times the average for a Hollywood film.^[32] The locations were in and around Los Angeles and on sets built at the studio in Century City.^[45] Production designer Alex McDowell constructed more than 70 sets.^[32] The exterior of Tyler Durden’s house was built in Wilmington, California,^[46] while the interior was built on a sound stage at the studio’s location. The interior was given a decayed look to illustrate the deconstructed world of the characters.^[45] Marla Singer’s apartment was based on photographs of apartments in downtown LA. Overall, production included 300 scenes, 200 locations, and complex special effects. Fincher compared Fight Club to his subsequent, less complex film Panic Room: «I felt like I was spending all my time watching trucks being loaded and unloaded so I could shoot three lines of dialogue. There was far too much transportation going on.»^[47]

Cinematography[edit]

Fincher used the Super 35 format to film Fight Club since it gave him maximum flexibility to compose shots. He hired Jeff Cronenweth as cinematographer; Cronenweth’s father Jordan Cronenweth had been cinematographer for Fincher’s 1992 film Alien 3, but left midway through production due to Parkinson’s disease. Fincher explored visual styles in his previous films Seven and The Game, and he and Cronenweth drew elements from these styles for Fight Club.^[45]

Fincher and Cronenweth applied a lurid style, choosing to make people «sort of shiny». The appearance of the Narrator’s scenes without Tyler were bland and realistic. The scenes with Tyler were described by Fincher as «more hyper-real in a torn-down, deconstructed sense—a visual metaphor of what [the Narrator is] heading into». The filmmakers used heavily desaturated colors in the costuming, makeup, and art direction.^[45] Bonham Carter wore opalescent makeup to portray her romantic nihilistic character with a «smack-fiend patina». Fincher and Cronenweth drew influences from the 1973 film American Graffiti, which applied a mundane look to nighttime exteriors while simultaneously including a variety of colors.

The crew took advantage of both natural and practical light. Fincher sought various approaches to the lighting setups; for example, he chose several urban locations for the city lights’ effects on the shots’ backgrounds. The crew also embraced fluorescent lighting at other practical locations to maintain an element of reality and to light the prostheses depicting the characters’ injuries.^[45] On the other hand, Fincher also ensured that scenes were not so strongly lit so the characters’ eyes were less visible, citing cinematographer Gordon Willis’ technique as the influence.^[15]

Fight Club was filmed mostly at night, and Fincher filmed the daytime shots in shadowed locations. The crew equipped the bar’s basement with inexpensive work lamps to create a background glow. Fincher avoided stylish camerawork when filming early fight scenes in the basement and instead placed the camera in a fixed position. In later fight scenes, Fincher moved the camera from the viewpoint of a distant observer to that of the fighter.^[45]

The scenes with Tyler were staged to conceal that the character was a mental projection of the unnamed Narrator. Tyler was not filmed in two shots with a group of people, nor was he shown in any over-the-shoulder shots in scenes where Tyler gives the Narrator specific ideas to manipulate him. In scenes before the Narrator meets Tyler, the filmmakers inserted Tyler’s presence in single frames for subliminal effect. Tyler appears in the background and out of focus, like a «little devil on the shoulder».^[15] Fincher explained the subliminal frames: «Our hero is creating Tyler Durden in his own mind, so at this point he exists only on the periphery of the Narrator’s consciousness.»^[48]

While Cronenweth generally rated and exposed the Kodak film stock normally on Fight Club, several other techniques were applied to change its appearance. Flashing was implemented on much of the exterior night photography, the contrast was stretched to be purposely ugly, the print was adjusted to be underexposed, Technicolor’s ENR silver retention was used on a select number of prints to increase the density of the blacks, and high-contrast print stocks were chosen to create a «stepped-on» look on the print with a dirty patina.

Visual effects[edit]

Fincher hired visual effects supervisor Kevin Tod Haug, who worked for him on The Game, to create visual effects for Fight Club. Haug assigned the visual effects artists and experts to different facilities that each addressed different types of visual effects: CG modeling, animation, compositing, and scanning. Haug explained, «We selected the best people for each aspect of the effects work, then coordinated their efforts. In this way, we never had to play to a facility’s weakness.» Fincher visualized the Narrator’s perspective through a «mind’s eye» view and structured a myopic framework for the film audiences. Fincher also used previsualized footage of challenging main-unit and visual effects shots as a problem-solving tool to avoid making mistakes during the actual filming.^[48]

The film’s title sequence is a 90-second visual effects composition that depicts the inside of the Narrator’s brain at a microscopic level; the camera pulls back to the outside, starting at his fear center and following the thought processes initiated by his fear impulse. The sequence, designed in part by Fincher, was budgeted separately from the rest of the film at first, but the sequence was awarded by the studio in January 1999.^[48] Fincher hired Digital Domain and its visual effects supervisor Kevin Mack, who won an Academy Award for Visual Effects for the 1998 film What Dreams May Come, for the sequence. The company mapped the computer-generated brain using an L-system,^[50] and the design was detailed using renderings by medical illustrator Katherine Jones. The pullback sequence from within the brain to the outside of the skull included neurons, action potentials, and a hair follicle. Haug explained the artistic license that Fincher took with the shot, «While he wanted to keep the brain passage looking like electron microscope photography, that look had to be coupled with the feel of a night dive—wet, scary, and with a low depth of field.» The shallow depth of field was accomplished with the ray tracing process.^[48]

Other visual effects include an early scene in which the camera flashes past city streets to survey Project Mayhem’s destructive equipment lying in underground parking lots; the sequence was a three-dimensional composition of nearly 100 photographs of Los Angeles and Century City by photographer Michael Douglas Middleton. The final scene of the demolition of the credit card office buildings was designed by Richard Baily of Image Savant; Baily worked on the scene for over fourteen months.^[48]

Midway through the film, Tyler Durden points out the cue mark—nicknamed «cigarette burn» in the film—to the audience. The scene represents a turning point that foreshadows the coming rupture and inversion of the «fairly subjective reality» that existed earlier in the film. Fincher explained: «Suddenly it’s as though the projectionist missed the changeover, the viewers have to start looking at the movie in a whole new way.»^[48]

Score[edit]

Fincher was concerned that bands experienced in writing film scores would be unable to tie the themes together, so he sought a band which had never recorded for film. He pursued Radiohead,^[15] but the singer, Thom Yorke, declined as he was recovering from the stress of promoting their 1997 album OK Computer.^[51] Fincher instead commissioned the breakbeat producing duo Dust Brothers, who created a post-modern score encompassing drum loops, electronic scratches, and computerized samples. Dust Brothers performer Michael Simpson explained the setup: «Fincher wanted to break new ground with everything about the movie, and a nontraditional score helped achieve that.»^[52] The climax and end credits feature the song «Where Is My Mind?» by the Pixies.^[53]

Release[edit]

Marketing[edit]

Filming concluded in December 1998, and Fincher edited the footage in early 1999 to prepare Fight Club for a screening with senior executives. They did not receive the film positively and were concerned that there would not be an audience for the film.^[54] Executive producer Art Linson, who supported the film, recalled the response: «So many incidences of Fight Club were alarming, no group of executives could narrow them down.»^[55] Nevertheless, Fight Club was originally slated to be released in July 1999^[56] but was later changed to August 6, 1999. The studio further delayed the film’s release, this time to autumn, citing a crowded summer schedule and a hurried post-production process.^[57] Outsiders attributed the delays to the Columbine High School massacre earlier in the year.^[58]

Marketing executives at Fox Searchlight Pictures faced difficulties in marketing Fight Club and at one point considered marketing it as an art film. They considered that the film was primarily geared toward male audiences because of its violence and believed that not even Pitt would attract female filmgoers. Research testing showed that the film appealed to teenagers. Fincher refused to let the posters and trailers focus on Pitt and encouraged the studio to hire the advertising firm Wieden+Kennedy to devise a marketing plan. The firm proposed a bar of pink soap with the title «Fight Club» embossed on it as the film’s main marketing image; the proposal was considered «a bad joke» by Fox executives. Fincher also released two early trailers in the form of fake public service announcements presented by Pitt and Norton; the studio did not think the trailers marketed the film appropriately. Instead, the studio financed a $20 million large-scale campaign to provide a press junket, posters, billboards, and trailers for TV that highlighted the film’s fight scenes. The studio advertised Fight Club on cable during World Wrestling Federation broadcasts, which Fincher protested, believing that the placement created the wrong context for the film.^[54] Linson believed that the «ill-conceived one-dimensional» marketing by marketing executive Robert Harper largely contributed to Fight Club‘s lukewarm box office performance in the United States.^[59]

Theatrical run[edit]

The studio held Fight Club‘s world premiere at the 56th Venice International Film Festival on September 10, 1999.^[60][61] For the American theatrical release, the studio hired the National Research Group to test screen the film; the group predicted the film would gross between US$13 million and US$15 million in its opening weekend.^[62] Fight Club opened commercially in the United States and Canada on October 15, 1999 and earned US$11 million in 1,963 theaters over the opening weekend.^[1] The film ranked first at the weekend box office, beating Double Jeopardy and The Story of Us, a fellow weekend opener.^[63] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of «B−» on an A+ to F scale.^[64] The gender mix of audiences for Fight Club, argued to be «the ultimate anti-date flick», was 61% male and 39% female; 58% of audiences were below the age of 21. Despite the film’s top placement, its opening gross fell short of the studio’s expectations.^[65] Over the second weekend, Fight Club dropped 42.6% in revenue, earning US$6.3 million.^[66] In its original theatrical run, the film grossed US$37 million in the United States and Canada, and US$63.8 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of US$100.9 million. (With subsequent re-releases, the film’s worldwide gross increased to $101.2 million.)^[1] The underwhelming North American performance of Fight Club soured the relationship between 20th Century Fox’s studio head Bill Mechanic and media executive Rupert Murdoch, which contributed to Mechanic’s resignation in June 2000.^[67]

The British Board of Film Classification reviewed Fight Club for its November 12, 1999 release in the United Kingdom and removed two scenes involving «an indulgence in the excitement of beating a (defenseless) man’s face into a pulp». The board assigned the film an 18 certificate, limiting the release to adult-only audiences in the UK. The BBFC did not censor any further, considering and dismissing claims that Fight Club contained «dangerously instructive information» and could «encourage anti-social (behavior)». The board decided, «The film as a whole is—quite clearly—critical and sharply parodic of the amateur fascism which in part it portrays. Its central theme of male machismo (and the anti-social behaviour that flows from it) is emphatically rejected by the central character in the concluding reels.»^[68] The scenes were restored in a two-disc DVD edition released in the UK in March 2007.^[69]

Home media[edit]

Fincher supervised the composition of the DVD packaging and was one of the first directors to participate in a film’s transition to home media. The film was released on DVD on June 6, 2000, in both one and two-disc editions.^[70] The movie disc included four commentary tracks,^[71] while the bonus disc contained behind-the-scenes clips, deleted scenes, trailers, theater safety PSAs, the promotional music video «This is Your Life», Internet spots, still galleries, cast biographies, storyboards, and publicity materials.^[72] Fincher worked on the DVD as a way to finish his vision for the film. Julie Markell, 20th Century Fox’s senior vice president of creative development, said the DVD packaging complemented Fincher’s vision: «The film is meant to make you question. The package, by extension, tries to reflect an experience that you must experience for yourself. The more you look at it, the more you’ll get out of it.» The studio developed the packaging for two months.^[73] The two-disc special edition DVD was packaged to look covered in brown cardboard wrapper. The title «Fight Club» was labeled diagonally across the front, and packaging appeared tied with twine. Markell said, «We wanted the package to be simple on the outside, so that there would be a dichotomy between the simplicity of brown paper wrapping and the intensity and chaos of what’s inside.»^[73] Deborah Mitchell, 20th Century Fox’s vice president of marketing, described the design: «From a retail standpoint, [the DVD case] has incredible shelf-presence.»^[74] It was the first DVD release to feature the THX Optimode.^[75]

Fight Club won the 2000 Online Film Critics Society Awards for Best DVD, Best DVD Commentary, and Best DVD Special Features.^[76] Entertainment Weekly ranked the film’s two-disc edition in first place on its 2001 list of «The 50 Essential DVDs», giving top ratings to the DVD’s content and technical picture-and-audio quality.^[77] When the two-disc edition went out of print, the studio re-released it in 2004 because of fans’ requests.^[78] The film sold more than 6 million copies on DVD and video within the first ten years,^[79] making it one of the largest-selling home media items in the studio’s history,^[59] in addition to grossing over $55 million in video and DVD rentals.^[80] With a weak box office performance in the United States and Canada, a better performance in other territories, and the highly successful DVD release, Fight Club generated a US$10 million profit for the studio.^[59]

The Laserdisc edition was only released in Japan on May 26, 2000^[81] and features a different cover art, as well as one of the very few Dolby Digital Surround EX soundtracks released on LD. The VHS edition was released on October 31, 2002, as a part of 20th Century Fox’s «Premiere Series» line. It includes a featurette after the film, «Behind the Brawl».^[82]

Fight Club was released in the Blu-ray Disc format in the United States on November 17, 2009.^[83] Five graffiti artists were commissioned to create 30 pieces of art for the packaging, encompassing urban aesthetics found on the East Coast and West Coast of the United States as well as influences from European street art.^[84] The Blu-ray edition opens with a menu screen for the romantic comedy Never Been Kissed starring Drew Barrymore before leading into the Fight Club menu screen. Fincher got permission from Barrymore to include the fake menu screen.^[85]

An online release in China from Tencent censored the bomb blasts at the end and replaced the ending with a message that Project Mayhem was thwarted,^[86] with Tyler Durden being arrested by law enforcement and placed in an insane asylum until 2012, adapting the ending of the original Fight Club novel.^[87] Weeks later, Tencent released a version of the film restoring 11 of the 12 minutes that had previously been cut.^[88][89]

Critical reception[edit]

When Fight Club premiered at the 56th Venice International Film Festival, the film was fiercely debated by critics. A newspaper reported, «Many loved and hated it in equal measures.» Some critics expressed concern that the film would incite copycat behavior, such as that seen after A Clockwork Orange debuted in Britain nearly three decades previously.^[90] Upon the film’s theatrical release, The Times reported the reaction: «It touched a nerve in the male psyche that was debated in newspapers across the world.»^[91] Although the film’s makers called Fight Club «an accurate portrayal of men in the 1990s,» some critics called it «irresponsible and appalling.» Writing for The Australian, Christopher Goodwin stated: «Fight Club is shaping up to be the most contentious mainstream Hollywood meditation on violence since Stanley Kubrick’s A Clockwork Orange.»^[92] Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of «B–» on an A+ to F scale.^[93]

Janet Maslin, reviewing for The New York Times, praised Fincher’s direction and editing of the film. She wrote that Fight Club carried a message of «contemporary manhood», and that, if not watched closely, the film could be misconstrued as an endorsement of violence and nihilism.^[94] Roger Ebert, reviewing for the Chicago Sun-Times, gave Fight Club two stars out of four, calling it «visceral and hard-edged», but also «a thrill ride masquerading as philosophy», whose promising first act is followed by a second that panders to macho sensibilities and a third he dismissed as «trickery».^[95] Ebert later acknowledged that the film was «beloved by most, not by me».^[96] He was later requested to have a shot-by-shot analysis of Fight Club at the Conference on World Affairs; he stated that «[s]eeing it over the course of a week, I admired its skill even more, and its thought even less.»^[97] Jay Carr of The Boston Globe opined that the film began with an «invigoratingly nervy and imaginative buzz», but that it eventually became «explosively silly».^[98] Newsweek‘s David Ansen described Fight Club as «an outrageous mixture of brilliant technique, puerile philosophizing, trenchant satire and sensory overload» and thought that the ending was too pretentious.^[99] Richard Schickel of Time described the mise en scène as dark and damp: «It enforces the contrast between the sterilities of his characters’ aboveground life and their underground one. Water, even when it’s polluted, is the source of life; blood, even when it’s carelessly spilled, is the symbol of life being fully lived. To put his point simply: it’s better to be wet than dry.» Schickel applauded the performances of Pitt and Norton, but criticized the «conventionally gimmicky» unfolding and the failure to make Bonham Carter’s character interesting.^[100]

Cineaste‘s Gary Crowdus reviewed the critical reception in retrospect: «Many critics praised Fight Club, hailing it as one of the most exciting, original, and thought-provoking films of the year.» He wrote of the negative opinion, «While Fight Club had numerous critical champions, the film’s critical attackers were far more vocal, a negative chorus which became hysterical about what they felt to be the excessively graphic scenes of fisticuffs … They felt such scenes served only as a mindless glamorization of brutality, a morally irresponsible portrayal, which they feared might encourage impressionable young male viewers to set up their own real-life fight clubs in order to beat each other senseless.»^[101]

Fight Club was nominated for the 2000 Academy Award for Best Sound Editing, but it lost to The Matrix.^[102] Bonham Carter won the 2000 Empire Award for Best British Actress.^[103] The Online Film Critics Society also nominated Fight Club for Best Film, Best Director, Best Actor (Norton), Best Editing, and Best Adapted Screenplay (Uhls).^[104] Though the film won none of the awards, the organization listed Fight Club as one of the top ten films of 1999.^[105] The soundtrack was nominated for a BRIT Award, losing to Notting Hill.^[106]

On Rotten Tomatoes, Fight Club holds an approval rating of 79% based on 181 reviews, with an average rating of 7.4/10. The site’s consensus reads, «Solid acting, amazing direction, and elaborate production design make Fight Club a wild ride.»^[107] On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 66 out of 100 based on 35 critics, indicating «generally favorable reviews».^[108]

Cultural impact[edit]

Fight Club was one of the most controversial and talked-about films of the 1990s.^[23][109] The film was perceived as the forerunner of a new mood in American political life. Like other 1999 films Magnolia, Being John Malkovich, and Three Kings, Fight Club was recognized as an innovator in cinematic form and style, since it exploited new developments in filmmaking technology.^[110] After Fight Club‘s theatrical release, it became more popular via word of mouth,^[111] and the positive reception of the DVD established it as a cult film that David Ansen of Newsweek conjectured would enjoy «perennial» fame.^[112][113] The film’s success also heightened Palahniuk’s profile to global renown.^[114]

Following Fight Club‘s release, several fight clubs were reported to have started in the United States. A «Gentleman’s Fight Club» was started in Menlo Park, California, in 2000 and had members mostly from the tech industry.^[115] Teens and preteens in Texas, New Jersey, Washington state, and Alaska also initiated fight clubs and posted videos of their fights online, leading authorities to break up the clubs. In 2006, an unwilling participant from a local high school was injured at a fight club in Arlington, Texas, and the DVD sales of the fight led to the arrest of six teenagers.^[116] An unsanctioned fight club was also started at Princeton University, where matches were held on campus.^[117] The film was suspected of influencing Luke Helder, a college student who planted pipe bombs in mailboxes in 2002. Helder’s goal was to create a smiley pattern on the map of the United States, similar to the scene in Fight Club in which a building is vandalized to have a smiley on its exterior.^[118] On July 16, 2009, a 17-year-old who had formed his own fight club in Manhattan was charged with detonating a homemade bomb outside a Starbucks Coffee shop in the Upper East Side. The New York City Police Department reported the suspect was trying to emulate «Project Mayhem».^[119]

Fight Club had a significant impact on evangelical Christianity, in the areas of Christian discipleship and masculinity. A number of churches called their cell groups «fight clubs» with a stated purpose of meeting regularly to «beat up the flesh and believe the gospel of grace».^[120][121] Some churches, especially Mars Hill Church in Seattle, whose pastor Mark Driscoll was obsessed with the film,^[122] picked up the film’s emphasis on masculinity, and rejection of self-care. Jessica Johnson suggests that Driscoll even called on «his brothers-in-arms to foment a movement not unlike Project Mayhem.»^[123]

A Fight Club video game was released by Vivendi Universal Games in 2004 for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, and for mobile phones. The game was a critical and commercial failure, and was panned by such publications and websites as GameSpot, Game Informer, and IGN.^{[124][125][126]} The video game Jet Set Radio, initially released in 2000 for Sega’s Dreamcast console, was inspired by the film’s anti-establishment themes.^[127]

In 2003, Fight Club was listed as one of the «50 Best Guy Movies of All Time» by Men’s Journal.^[128] In 2004 and 2006, Fight Club was voted by Empire readers as the eighth and tenth greatest film of all time, respectively.^[129][130] Total Film ranked Fight Club as «The Greatest Film of our Lifetime» in 2007 during the magazine’s tenth anniversary.^[131] In 2007, Premiere selected Tyler Durden’s line, «The first rule of fight club is you do not talk about fight club,» as the 27th greatest movie line of all time.^[132] In 2008, readers of Empire ranked Tyler Durden eighth on a list of the 100 Greatest Movie Characters.^[133] Empire also identified Fight Club as the 10th greatest movie of all time in its 2008 issue The 500 Greatest Movies of All Time.^[134]

In 2010, two viral mash-up videos featuring Fight Club were released. Ferris Club was a mash-up of Fight Club and the 1986 film Ferris Bueller’s Day Off. It portrayed Ferris as Tyler Durden and Cameron as the narrator, «claiming to see the real psychological truth behind the John Hughes classic».^[135] The second video Jane Austen’s Fight Club also gained popularity online as a mash-up of Fight Club‘s fighting rules and the characters created by 19th-century novelist Jane Austen.^[136]

See also[edit]

• List of American films of 1999

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Fight Club at IMDb
• Fight Club at AllMovie
• Fight Club at Fox Movies

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Бойцовский клуб.

Бойцовский клуб
Fight Club
Обложка первого американского издания книги
Автор:	Чак Паланик
Жанр:	Роман Контркультура
Язык оригинала:	английский
Оригинал издан:	17 августа 1996
Переводчик:	Илья Кормильцев
Серия:	Альтернатива
Издательство:	АСТ
Выпуск:	2002
Страниц:	256
ISBN:	978-5-17-016682-4
Следующая:	Уцелевший
Электронная версия

«Бойцовский клуб» (англ. Fight Club) — роман американского автора Чака Паланика, выпущенный в 1996 году в США издательством «W. W. Norton & Company» и в 2002 году в России издетельством «АСТ». В центре сюжета находится герой, страдающий бессонницей, которая вызвана неприятием общества потребления. Также причиной его недуга является недовольство тем, как понимается мужественность в американской культуре. Следуя совету своего доктора, он начинает посещать группы поддержки для больных различными заболеваниями, вследствие чего бессонница отступает. Но через некоторое время такой способ перестаёт действовать. В попытке побороть это герой встречает таинственного человека по имени Тайлер Дёрден и создаёт подпольный бойцовский клуб как радикальную форму психотерапии^{[прим. 1]}.

Дэвид Финчер в 1999 году снял одноименный фильм, главные роли в котором исполнили Брэд Питт и Эдвард Нортон. Фильм приобрёл культовый статус даже несмотря на кассовые сборы, оказавшиеся намного ниже ожидаемых. Выход фильма, большое количество положительных отзывов как кинокритиков, так и обычных зрителей подняли популярность Паланика, укрепили его позиции и позволили начать публикацию новых романов с промо-турами, на которых он читал свои новые, ещё неизданные произведения.

Сюжет

Главный герой (Рассказчик) работает консультантом по страховым выплатам в компании, занимающейся производством автомобилей. Из-за своей работы он постоянно путешествует по стране. В поездках героя окружают одноразовые вещи и одноразовые люди, целый одноразовый мир. Герой мучается бессонницей, из-за которой уже с трудом откликается на реальность. Несмотря на мучения Рассказчика, доктор не прописывает ему снотворное, а советует просто отдохнуть и посещать группу поддержки для неизлечимо больных, чтобы увидеть, как выглядит настоящее страдание. Главный герой находит, что посещение группы поддержки несколько улучшает его состояние, несмотря на то, что он не является неизлечимо больным.

Взяв отпуск, Рассказчик отправляется на пляж, где встречает странного молодого человека по имени Тайлер Дёрден, который создаёт с помощью брёвен тень гигантской руки, чтобы минуту посидеть рядом с совершенством. Но отдых не помогает и герой снова возвращается к единственному средству, которое спасает его от бессонницы — посещение групп поддержки для умирающих от различных заболеваний. Но эти встречи помогали до того, как их стала посещать Марла Зингер — девушка, спасающаяся от страха смерти наблюдением за людьми, которые действительно умирают. После появления Марлы группы поддержки перестают помогать и герой снова лишается сна. Возможно именно Марла напоминает ему, что он — обманщик, который не должен находиться в этой группе. Он начинает ненавидеть Марлу за это. После ссоры они принимают решение посещать две разные группы поддержки, чтобы не встречаться друг с другом, однако к Рассказчику снова возвращается бессонница.

Вскоре, во время одной из поездок героя, его багаж с набором необходимых вещей заподозрили в наличии взрывчатки и задержали на другом конце страны. В его квартире происходит взрыв, полностью её уничтожающий. Все вещи Рассказчика, вся его мебель, его жизнь уничтожены в пламени взрыва. Рассказчику некуда идти, и он отправляется к своему единственному знакомому — Тайлеру. После вечера в баре, на стоянке у этого бара, Тайлер просит Рассказчика ударить его: «Я хочу, чтобы ты врезал мне изо всей силы»^[1]. Постепенно неуклюжий обмен ударами перерастает в драку, в которой оба участника выплёскивают свои проблемы и дерутся не друг с другом, а со своими проблемами, наслаждаясь дракой. Вскоре к главным героям присоединяются другие люди, позже эта «группа для драк» перебирается в подвал бара и превращается в «бойцовский клуб». В это же время главный герой перебирается к Тайлеру, в заброшенный и полуразвалившийся дом на Бумажную улицу. В клубе есть свои правила, нарушать которые не смеет никто, — даже его организаторы:

1. Никому не рассказывать о бойцовском клубе.
2. Никогда никому не рассказывать о бойцовском клубе^{[прим. 2]}.
3. Если противник потерял сознание или делает вид, что потерял, или говорит «Хватит» — поединок окончен^{[прим. 3]}.
4. В схватке участвуют только двое.
5. Не более одного поединка за один раз.
6. Бойцы сражаются без обуви и голые по пояс.
7. Поединок продолжается столько, сколько потребуется.
8. Новичок обязан принять бой^[1].

Оригинальный текст  (англ.)  

1. You don’t talk about fight club.
2. You don’t talk about fight club.
3. When someone says stop, or goes limp, even if he’s just faking it, the fight is over.
4. Only two guys to a fight.
5. One fight at a time.
6. They fight without shirts or shoes.
7. The fights go on as long as they have to.
8. If this is your first night at fight club, you have to fight.

— 8 правил бойцовского клуба^{[прим. 4]}

Медленно Тайлер вводит Рассказчика в свой мир и свой круг общения. Так герои несколько раз оказываются на различных приемах (где выступают в качестве прислуги), где занимаются мелким хулиганством (например, пописать в чужой суп). Тем временем «Бойцовский клуб» набирает популярность, его филиалы открываются по всей стране. Со временем Тайлер убеждает героя, что этого мало и нужны более веские методы воздействия на окружающий мир. Так у воспитанников клуба появляется «домашнее задание», которое они должны беспрекословно выполнять (в основном это различные акты вандализма, например, подраться с первым попавшимся человеком на улице, выкинуть в окно телевизор и т. д.). Постепенно мужское увлечение превращается в подпольную организацию.

Решив покончить с собой, Марла глотает снотворное и звонит Рассказчику, но трубку снимает Тайлер. Он привозит её к себе, спасает от самоубийства и вступает в половую связь, чем вызывает странную зависть у Рассказчика. Тем временем, под лозунгами борьбы с современным обществом «белых воротничков», клуб превращается в проект «Разгром». Тайлер начинает крупномасштабную подготовку бойцов. Для этого заброшенное здание, где живут герои, превращается в огромный полигон, где воспитанники проходят суровую военную подготовку. После нескольких акций вандализма, начинается охота на местных чиновников, где им ампутируют половые органы (в знак назидания и урока для других). Кроме того, боевиками готовится мощный террористический акт. В проекте «Разгром» также действует ряд правил:

1. Не задавать вопросов о проекте «Разгром».
2. Никогда не задавать вопросов о проекте «Разгром».
3. Оправдания не принимаются.
4. Не лгать.
5. Тайлер всегда прав.

Оригинальный текст  (англ.)  

1. You don’t ask questions.
2. You don’t ask questions.
3. No excuses.
4. No lies.
5. You have to trust Tyler.

• Цель проекта — уничтожение современной цивилизации.
• Проект состоит из пяти комитетов: Разбоя, Поджогов, Налётов, Неповиновения и Дезинформации.

— Правила проекта «Разгром»^[1]

Вскоре героя начинает пугать деятельность организации, особенно после того, как во время одной из операций организации погибает Боб — друг Рассказчика, с которым он познакомился, посещая группу поддержки. В автомобиле на мокрой ночной дороге герои долго спорят, в результате чего машина попадает в аварию. Очнувшись, герой не обнаруживает Тайлера и решает, что он отправился в другой бойцовский клуб в ином городе. После неудачной акции один из боевиков погибает, и герой решает окончательно покончить с организацией. Он пытается найти Тайлера и для этого объезжает несколько городов, где находит другие подпольные клубы, в которых его принимают за Тайлера. После разговора с Марлой, герой осознает страшную правду: он и Тайлер — это одно лицо. Тайлер — это альтер-эго героя, которое несколько раз брало над ним верх и он не осознавал, что делает (он сам взорвал свою квартиру и сам с собой дрался на стоянке за баром).

Неожиданно появляется Тайлер и подтверждает догадки героя. Альтер-эго героя планирует взорвать небоскрёб, используя самодельные бомбы, созданные проектом «Разгром»; однако, фактическая цель взрыва — стоящий по соседству национальный музей. Тайлер планирует умереть как мученик во время этого теракта, убив также и Рассказчика. Не осознавая, что Тайлер — часть его разума, герой пытается остановить его от совершения теракта. Через некоторое время он впадает в беспамятство, а когда приходит в себя, то видит, что находится в окружении своих же воспитанников. Здесь же появляется Тайлер, и после непродолжительной беседы герой понимает, что единственный способ остановить его, — это убить самого себя. Герой направляет пистолет себе в рот и стреляет.

Герой не погиб, и попал в психбольницу. Не осознавая этого, герой уверен, что умер и попал в рай. Он встречается с Богом (который описывается, как главврач), а также узнаёт, что теракт не удался. В какой-то момент он видит нескольких боевиков организации, которые выполняют функции служащих и уборщиков. Один из них шепчет герою, чтобы тот не унывал — они уже готовят план побега.

Персонажи

• Рассказчик (англ. Narrator) — главный герой романа. Работает консультантом по страховым выплатам в компании, занимающейся производством автомобилей. Страдает от бессонницы, борется с ней, посещая группы поддержки для больных различными заболеваниями. Нигде в романе не упоминается его настоящее имя. Некоторые читатели называют его «Джо», так как он постоянно использует это имя в некоторых своих фразах, таких как «Я — точка кипения Джо» или «Я — полная невозмутимость Джо». Подобные фразы герой прочитал в старых номерах журнала «Ридерз Дайджест», где человеческие органы пишут о себе в первом лице, например, «Я — печень Джо». В фильме «Джо» изменено на «Джек», вследствие чего некоторые поклонники называют героя «Джеком». В романе и фильме он использует псевдонимы, посещая группы поддержки. Подсознание Рассказчика нуждается в свободе, он чувствует, что заперт в своём собственном теле, поэтому когда появляется Тайлер Дёрден, он оказывается наделён всеми теми качествами, в которых испытывал нехватку сам: «Мне многое нравится в Тайлере Дёрдене. Его смелость и смекалка. Его выдержка. Тайлер — забавный, обаятельный, сильный и независимый. Люди верят ему, верят, что он изменит мир к лучшему. Тайлер — свободный и независимый. А я — нет»^[1].
• Тайлер Дёрден (англ. Tyler Durden) — харизматичный молодой человек, разработавший очень странную, нигилистическую, нео-луддисткую и анархо-примитивистическую философскую систему. Работает механиком в кинотеатре, где вклеивает кадры порнографии в плёнки семейных фильмов, официантом на приёмах, где вредит клиентам, например, помочившись в еду, а также варит на продажу высококачественное мыло из человеческого жира, который он крадёт из клиник по липосакции. Обладает многими необычными знаниями, например, знает, как сделать взрывчатку, напалм или нервно-паралитический газ. Живёт в пустующем доме, по адресу 5123 NE Paper street. Он — соучредитель бойцовского клуба, так как именно драка с Расказчиком, спровоцированная им, привела к идее создания клуба. Позже он создал проект «Разгром», в котором вместе с другими участниками совершает разбойные нападения и террористические акты. Тайлер — блондин («он, как всегда, красив красотой ангела-блондина»^[1]). Позже он становится антагонистом романа.
• Марла Зингер (англ. Marla Singer) — женщина, посещающая группы поддержки вместе с Рассказчиком. Последний перестаёт получать нужный лечебный эффект от посещений групп поддержки, так как узнаёт, что Марла фальсифицирует свои проблемы со здоровьем, как и он сам. После того, как Рассказчик перестёт посещать группы, он встречает её снова, когда та становится возлюбленной Тайлера. Марла является крайне неприятной и невнимательной, а также склонной к суициду, хотя время от времени и показывает свою более мягкую и заботливую сторону. Подозревает у себя рак груди. Зарабатывает деньги, воруя вещи из прачечных и продавая их скупщику. Живёт в отеле «Регент».
• Роберт «Большой Боб» Полсон (англ. Robert «Bob» Paulson) — вместе с Рассказчиком ходит в группы поддержки для больных раком яичка. Бывший трижды женатый бодибилдер-миллионер, в романе из-за приёма гормональных препаратов и удаления яичек является растолстевшим человеком. Его фигура изменилась по женскому типу, а голос стал более высоким и мягким. Впоследствии вошёл в «бойцовский клуб». Рассказчик оказывает поддержку Бобу, а после прекращения посещений групп поддержки встречает его в бойцовском клубе. Смерть Боба, случившаяся во время выполнения очередной операции проекта «Разгром», заставила Рассказчика повернуться против Тайлера.
• Мистер Ангел (англ. Angel Face) — молодой человек, который присоединяется к бойцовскому клубу. Он первым присоединяется к проекту «Разгром» и очень лоялен к нему, вандализм вызывает у него улыбку. Ему нравится, когда его преступления попадают в сводку новостей. Обладает, как предполагается, красивым (ангельским) лицом — отсюда и его прозвище: с языка оригинала его можно перевести как «ангельское лицо» или «лицо ангела». Красавец-блондин оказывается избит Рассказчиком во время одного из боёв в клубе, после чего Рассказчик заявляет, что «хотел разрушить что-то красивое».
• Начальник Рассказчика — непосредственный руководитель Рассказчика в компании, занимающейся производством автомобилей. Он даже немного нравится Рассказчику, но совсем не нравится Тайлеру. Поэтому Тайлер убил его в собственном офисе, залив самодельный напалм в трубку монитора его компьютера, вследствие чего компьютер взорвался.

История

История создания

К написанию романа Паланика вдохновила драка, в которой он участвовал во время поездки в летний лагерь^[2]. Несмотря на то, что у него были ушибы и синяки, его коллеги предпочли не спрашивать, что с ним произошло в поездке. Именно их нежелание знать, что случилось, вдохновило писателя на написание романа «Бойцовский клуб».

Паланик сначала пытался выпустить роман «Невидимки», но издатель не согласился опубликовать его, посчитав слишком возмутительным. Поэтому писатель сконцентрировался на написании «Бойцовского клуба», стараясь сделать его ещё более возмутительным назло издателю. Первоначально «Бойцовский клуб» был издан в виде рассказа на семь страниц в сборнике «Pursuit of Happiness», но позже Паланик расширил его до полноценного романа (в котором оригинальный короткий рассказ стал шестой главой)^[3].

«Бойцовский клуб» был переиздан в 1999 и 2004 годах. Последний выпуск включал в себя предисловие автора про успех самого романа и его экранизации. Автор объяснил успех так: «Книжные магазины были заполнены такими книгами как „Клуб радости и удачи“, „Божественные тайны сестричек Я-Я“ и „Лоскутное одеяло“. Все эти романы представили социальную модель для женщин. Но не было романов, которые представили бы новую социальную модель для мужчин». Позже он пояснил: «В действительности то, что я написал, было просто немного обновлённым романом „Великий Гэтсби“. Это был „апостольский“ роман — где выживающий апостол рассказывает историю своего героя. Есть два мужчины и женщина. И один мужчина, герой, погибает от пули».

Культурное влияние

Оригинальный выпуск «Бойцовского клуба» в твёрдом переплёте был хорошо принят критикой. В итоге книгой заинтересовались кинематографисты. В 1999 году сценаристы Джим Улс, Огаст Олсен и сопродюсеры Конор Стрэйт и Аарон Керри присоединились к режиссёру Дэвиду Финчеру, чтобы снять одноимённый фильм. Картина провалилась в кинопрокате^[4], но приобрела культовый статус после выпуска на DVD, в результате чего оригинальный выпуск романа в твёрдом переплёте является теперь коллекционным экземпляром^[5].

В различных интервью на вопрос фанатов о том, где находится реальный бойцовский клуб, Паланик настаивает, что в реальности подобной организации не существует. Однако, он слышал о реальных бойцовских клубах, которые существовали до выхода романа. В предисловии романа автор говорит о том вреде, что привносит в общество произведение «Бойцовский клуб». Так, в книге «Фантастичнее Вымысла», Паланик пишет, как один молодой человек рассказал писателю, что ему понравилось, когда в романе официанты портят пищу посетителей. «Маргарет Тэтчер отведала мою сперму» — сказал он Паланику. Кроме того, проект «Разгором» отчасти основан на организации Cacophony Society, членом которой был писатель ещё до начала писательской карьеры; некоторые события, которые происходили с Палаником, когда он входил в организацию, также нашли отражение в романе^[6].

Культурное влияние «Бойцовского клуба» выражается также в том, что организации американских подростков и компьютерщиков создали собственные бойцовские клубы^[7]. Такие описанные в романе злые шутки как порча еды в ресторане повторили поклонники Паланика в реальной жизни, о чём писатель написал в своём эссе «Обезьяньи привычки», которое позже вошло в сборник «Фантастичнее вымысла»^[6]. Другие поклонники наоборот были вдохновлены на прообщественную деятельность; они рассказали Паланику, что после прочтения романа решили вернуться в колледж^[3]. В 2004 году «Бойцовский клуб» был поставлен на театральной сцене в виде мюзикла усилиями Паланика, Финчера и Трента Резнора^[8]. Драматическая версия была написана Диланом Йетсом, а поставлена в городах Сиэтл и Шарлотт (Северная Каролина)^[9].

Мотивы

В двух местах в романе Рассказчик заявляет, что хочет «подтереться Моной Лизой»; Механик, который присоединяется к бойцовскому клубу, также однажды советует ему это сделать^[1]. Этот мотив показывает стремление героя к хаосу, что позже явно выражается в его желании «разрушить что-то красивое». Кроме того, он говорит однажды, что «ничего не статично, даже Мона Лиза разваливается»^[1]. Литератор из университета в Калгари Пол Кеннетт утверждает, что желание хаоса является результатом эдипова комплекса — Рассказчик, Тайлер и Механик испытывают ненависть к своим отцам^[10]. Это наиболее ярко выражено в сцене, в которой появляется Механик:

Механик говорит: «Если ты американец мужского пола и христианского вероисповедания, то твой отец — это модель твоего Бога. А если ты при этом не знаешь своего отца, если он умер, бросил тебя или его никогда нет дома, что ты можешь знать о Боге?»
…
По мнению Тайлера, если Бог обращает на тебя внимание, потому что ты ведёшь себя плохо, то это всё же лучше, чем если ему вообще на тебя наплевать. Возможно, потому что Божья ненависть всё же лучше Божьего безразличия.
Если у тебя есть выбор – стать врагом Бога или стать ничтожеством, – что выберешь ты?
По мнению Тайлера Дёрдена мы – нежеланные дети Божьи. Для нас в истории не оставлено места.
Если мы не привлечём к себе внимания Бога, то у нас нет надежды ни на вечное проклятие, ни на искупление грехов.
Что хуже: ад или ничто?
Мы можем обрести спасение, только если нас поймают и накажут.
«Сожги Лувр, — повторяет механик, — и подотрись Моной Лизой. Так, по крайней мере, Бог будет знать твоё имя».

—Бойцовский клуб, С. 141^[1]

Кеннетт также утверждает, что Тайлер хочет использовать этот хаос так, чтобы «нежеланные дети Божьи» имели какое-то историческое значение, пусть даже это закончится «вечным проклятием или искуплением грехов»^[11]. Это в фигуральном смысле вернёт их отцов, поскольку оценка будущими поколениями заменит оценку их отцами.

После прочтения статей «Ридерз Дайджест», написанными от лица человеческих органов, принадлежащих некоему Джо, Рассказчик начинает использовать подобные формулировки, чтобы описать свои чувства, зачастую заменяя внутренние органы органами чувств и вещами, окружающими его в повседневной жизни («Я — кровавая месть Джо»).

Васильковый цвет впервые появляется в романе как цвет галстука босса Рассказчика и позже используется как цвет, символизирующий босса^[1]. Далее упоминается, что у него глаза такого же цвета. В официальном русском переводе романа васильковый цвет (cornflower blue) переводится как голубой. Данные упоминания о васильковом цвете являются первыми из множественного использования этого цвета в последующих романах писателя.

Изоляционизм, направленный на материальные вещи и имущество, встречается на протяжении всего романа. Тайлер действует как главный катализатор разрушения тщеславия и поиска своего внутреннего Я. «Я покончил с жаждой физической власти и собственническим инстинктом, — шепчет Тайлер, — потому что только через саморазрушение я смогу прийти к власти над духом».

Темы

Большая часть романа показывает, сколько мужчин в современном обществе неудовлетворены состоянием мужественности. Герои романа отличаются тем, что многие из них были выращены и воспитаны матерями, потому что их отцы или бросили семью или развелись. В результате герои видят себя «поколением мужчин, воспитанных женщинами»^[1]. В их жизни не хватает мужского воспитания для формирования их мужественности. Это соединяется с темой общества потребления, поскольку мужчины в романе рассматривают свой «инстинкт вложения средств в IKEA» как очередной шаг на пути к феминизации мужчин в матриархальной культуре. Тема общества потребления, показанная в романе, очень хорошо обоснована Рассказчиком тягой к покупкам в квартиру: «Ты покупаешь мебель. Ты уверяешь сам себя, что это — первая и последняя софа, которую ты покупаешь в жизни. Купив её, ты пару лет спокоен в том смысле, что как бы ни шли дела, а уж вопрос с софой, по крайней мере, решён. Затем решается посудный вопрос. Постельный вопрос. Ты покупаешь шторы, которые тебя устраивают, и подходящий ковёр. И вот ты стал пленником своего уютного гнёздышка, и вещи, хозяином которых ты некогда был, становятся твоими хозяевами»^[1].

Профессор Джесси Кавадло, из Маривильского университета в Сент-Луисе, в выпуске литературного журнала «Stirrings Still» утверждал, что неприятие Рассказчиком тенденции ослабления мужчин — это лишь способ выделиться, и проблема, с которой он борется, является его собственной^[12]. Он также утверждает, что Паланик использует экзистенциализм в романе, чтобы скрыть подтексты феминизма и романтики, дабы передать эту концепцию в романе, который главным образом нацелен на мужскую аудиторию^[13]. Паланик намного проще характеризует тему романа, заявляя, что «все мои книги об одиноком человеке, который ищет, к кому бы прибиться»^[14].

Пол Кеннетт утверждает, что драки Рассказчика с Тайлером, являющиеся борьбой с самим собой и происходящие в отеле прямо перед боссом — это способы самоутвердиться в качестве своего собственного босса. Кеннетт утверждает, что эти драки олицетворяют трудности, которые испытывает пролетариат в руках вышестоящей капиталистической власти, и, утверждаясь в способности к созданию такой же власти, герой, таким образом, становится своим собственным владельцем. Позже, когда бойцовский клуб уже сформирован, все участники одеваются и выглядят одинаково, им позволяется символически драться друг с другом и получить такую же власть^[15].

Кеннетт говорит, что Тайлер тоскует по патриархальной власти, захватившей его мысли, и создаёт проект «Разгром» для достижения этой власти^[16]. При помощи статуса лидера этого проекта, Тайлер использует свою власть, чтобы стать «Богом/Отцом» для «обезьянок-астронавтов», которыми являются другие члены проекта «Разгром» (хотя к концу романа он больше говорит, нежели делает из-за угрозы «обезьянок-астронавтов» кастрировать Рассказчика, когда тот встаёт против Тайлера). Согласно Кеннетту, это противоречит выдвигаемой Тайлером идее о том, что мужчины, которые хотят стать свободными от отцовского управления, смогут реализовать это, когда сами станут отцами^[17]. Эта новая структура заканчивается тем, что Рассказчик устраняет Тайлера, позволяя себе самому определять свою свободу.

«Бумажная улица», на которой располагается дом Тайлера Дёрдена, является игрой слов, так как термин «бумажная улица» (paper street) означает улицу, изображённую на карте, но фактически не существующую. Йоханнес Хелл утверждает, что использование Палаником сомнамбулизма Рассказчика — простая попытка выделить опасные, но всё же смелые возможности жизни. Хелл настаивает на важности лунатизма и значительных утрат Рассказчика, поскольку они имеют устойчивое влияние на переживания читателей^[18]. С обратной точки зрения, это, в некотором роде, утешение для всех, кто страдает в некой степени лунатизмом, так как это им показывает, что всё может быть намного хуже^[18].

Критика

Боб Майклз из Amazon.com сравнивает роман Паланика с такими книгами английского писателя Джеймса Балларда, как «Кокаиновые ночи» и «Автокатастрофа». Критик находит схожесть между этими книгами в том, что они видят безопасную повседневную жизнь как еле удерживающуюся крышку на кипящем котле преступного мира и человеческой жестокости. Но если персонажи Балларда просто получают наслаждение от организации автокатастроф, то герои Паланика организовывают кровавые бои и продают мыло, чтобы финансировать анархию и гибель мира. Авторы используют одинаковые ингредиенты, но готовят при разных температурах. Если британец остаётся равнодушным к своим героям, отстраняется от них, анализирует, но исключает любую возможность соотнесения себя с ними, то Паланик несчастлив, если находится не в центре романа, полностью срастаясь в единое целое со своими героями^[19].

Томас Гайган с интернет-портала «Booklist Online» видит «Бойцовский клуб» в качестве целого мира, изощрённого мира, не имеющего ничего общего с привычным нам миром. Здесь, по словам критика, молодые люди могут найти тепло и поддержку только в группах поддержки для неизлечимо больных, после чего они собираются в подвале, где дерутся с незнакомцами пока могут. Это мир, где никого не заботит, жив он или уже умер. Гайган сравнивает эффект, производимый первым романом Паланика с тем, как каждое поколение пугает и шокирует своих родителей. Автор утверждает, что «Бойцовский клуб» — это мрачная и тревожащая книга, которая настраивается на новое поколение и, вероятно, способна ужаснуть родителей подростков. В целом, критик считает роман очень сильным для первого опыта в карьере писателя^[20].

В издании «Kirkus Reviews» книгу охарактеризовали следующим образом: «Брутальный и безжалостный дебютный роман Паланика поднимает шик анархии до совершенно нового уровня. Бросающий в дрожь, конфронтационный роман, который является также цинично-умным и написанным в агрессивном стиле. Эта блестящая частица нигилизма преуспевает там, где большинство трансгрессивных романов теряются»^[21]. Автор рецензии на сайте «Barnes & Noble» написал: «Возмутительный, мрачно-комический первый роман Чака Паланика является жёстким напоминанием, что в каждом из нас есть частица, способная сыграть в апокалипсис»^[22].

На страницах журнала «Publishers Weekly» роман не рекомендуется слабонервным, так как содержит описание изготовления мыла из человеческого жира, порчи еды официантами в ресторанах и создания организации, целью которой является установление анархии на земле. В связи с этим автор статьи называет роман апокалиптическим. Он также считает Паланика опасным автором, готовым пойти на риск, включив в роман жёсткую иронию, особенно причудливые повороты сюжета, едкость, возмутительность, рискнув тем самым оскорбить всех, кого только можно. По мнению критика это сильное, тревожное и необычайно оригинальное творение писателя заставит даже самого пресытившегося читателя сидеть и читать^[23].

В объёмном обзоре романа критиком Грегом Бёркманом из издания «The Seattle Times» утверждается, что «Бойцовский клуб» является удивительным дебютом, разрушающим заблуждения 1980-х годов о непринуждённости и комфорте корпоративного образа жизни. В целом, роман характеризуется как «мрачная, тревожная и нервирующая сатира на беловоротничковое общество». Бёркмана удивляет та смертельная серьёзность, с которой роман настаивает на возможности анархического национального кошмара. Критик считает, что Паланик видит угрозу, находящуюся в самом сердце корпоративной Америки^[24].

Литературный критик Лев Данилкин написал обзор романа для журнала «Афиша». На вопрос о том, что лучше, книга или фильм, Данилкин отвечает, что сначала обязательно нужно прочитать роман. Более того, критик считает, что она должна иметься в библиотеке каждого мужчины, ибо когда-нибудь, да пригодится, словно Библия мужчины. Автор обзорной статьи сравнивает роман с сабельной атакой и звёздным десантом, говоря, что он написан специально для мужчин — этим и выделяется среди подавляющего большинства книг, нацеленных на женскую аудиторию. По мнению Данилкина, «роман создал новый социальный образ для мужчин с призывом истребить в себе гламурного мужчинку, морячка с рекламы туалетной воды»^[25].

Награды

Роман получил следующие награды:

• 1997 Pacific Northwest Booksellers Association Award^[26]
• 1997 Oregon Book Award в номинации «Лучший роман»

Издания

Первое американское издание романа в твёрдом переплёте было выпущено нью-йоркским издательством «W. W. Norton & Company» в августе 1996 года. В 2005 году была переиздана в мягком переплёте с такой же обложкой. Впервые же в мягком переплёте книга была издана в 1997 году издательством «Owl Books», дважды переиздавалась в 1999 году (с обложкой из фильма) и в 2004 году (с новым введением автора). Кроме того, в 1999 году издательством «Tandem Books» было выпущено издание для школ и библиотек. Также роман дважды вышел в виде аудиокниг в 1999 и 2008 годах.

В России изданием книги занимается компания «АСТ». Впервые книга была выпущена в 2002 году в твёрдом переплёте, а затем ещё четырежды переиздавалась в период с 2003 по 2010 года. Первое издание в мягком переплёте появилось на свет в 2006 году, после чего ещё трижды переиздавалась в период с 2008 по 2010 года. Кроме того, в 2008 году книга вышла от владимирской издательской компании ВКТ. Дважды вышла в виде аудиокниг: в 2006 году от компании «Аудиостудия Метрополия» (текст читает Денис Земцов) и в 2011 году от компании «Астрель» (текст читает Семён Мендельсон). Официальный перевод книг, выпущенных издательством «АСТ», выполнил Илья Кормильцев. Также в сети можно найти роман в переводах Дмитрия Савочкина и Алексея Егоренкова.

См. также

• Бойцовский клуб (фильм)
• 1996 год в литературе
• Множественная личность

Примечания

Комментарии

1. ↑ В романе название клуба написано строчными буквами; с начальными заглавными буквами написано только название книги. В этой статье «бойцовский клуб» обозначает название клуба, а «Бойцовский клуб» — название романа.
2. ↑ Первые два правила как бойцовского клуба, так и проекта «Разгром» на языке оригинала звучат абсолютно одинаково для акцента на этом правиле, для большей выразительности. В переводе на русский язык во втором правиле появилось слово «никогда». Фанаты романа и фильма превратили первые два правила в мем, который затем перерос в популярное выражение (оно было немного изменено на «Вы не говорите о бойцовской клубе» («you do not talk about fight club»), что было основано на варианте из фильма).
3. ↑ Вскоре после того, как третье правило было введено, его исключили из списка, вследствие чего другие правила были сдвинуты в списке на один номер вверх. Данное правило упоминается Рассказчиком в первый раз, когда он формулирует правила, но его не упоминает Тайлер, когда оглашает список правил. Тайлер также добавляет восьмое правило, которое становится седьмым в его версии правил. Возможно такая ситуация сложилась просто вследствие ошибки, хотя также возможно, что Тайлер изменил правила, чтобы позволить Рассказчику нарушать третье правило по ходу романа. По другой версии причиной этому послужило то, что первый вариант правил легче для бойцов, чем исправленный, которые придумал более агрессивный Тайлер, чтобы сильнее влиять на Рассказчика.
4. ↑ Позже в романе механик говорит Рассказчику о двух новых правилах бойцовского клуба: никто не может находиться в центре бойцовского клуба за исключением двух бойцов; бойцовский клуб всегда будет бесплатным.

Источники

Литература

Ссылки

• «Бойцовский клуб» на сайте первого издателя «W. W. Norton & Company»  (англ.)
• Роман на Google Books  (англ.)
• Книга на официальном сайте писателя  (англ.)

Чак Паланик
Романы	Бойцовский клуб (1996) • Уцелевший (1999) • Невидимки (1999) • Удушье (2001) • Колыбельная (2002) • Дневник (2003) • Призраки (2005) • Рэнт: биография Бастера Кейси (2007) • Снафф (2008) • Пигмей (2009) • Кто всё расскажет (2010) • Проклятая (2011)
Научно-популярные	Беглецы и бродяги (2003) • Фантастичнее Вымысла (2004)
Экранизации произведений	Бойцовский клуб (1999) • Удушье (2008)

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