Как пишется чешская республика на чешском

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names at the United Nations are Česká republika and Česko in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia in English.^[1] All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech lands. Czechia (), the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by many international organisations.

Attested as early as 1841,^[2] then, for example in 1856^[3] or 1866,^[4] the word Czechia and the forms derived from it are always used by the authors synonymously with the territory of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia at that time).^[5]

However, most English speakers use [the] Czech Republic in all contexts.^{[6][7][needs update][better source needed]} Other languages generally have greater official use of a short form analogous to Česko or Czechia^[8][9] (such as French [la] Tchéquie, or Russian Чехия/Čehija, or Korean 체스꼬/Chesŭkko or 체코/Chekho) although forms equivalent to «Czech Republic» are not uncommon.^{[original research?]}

The Czech name Čechy is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands and the modern Czech Republic. The name Bohemia is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called «the Czech lands», they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective český means both «Czech» and «Bohemian».

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.^{[8][10][11][12][13][14]}

Czech-language name[edit]

The country is named after the Czechs (Czech: Češi), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).^[15]

Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph «cž» was used from the time of the 16th-century Bible of Kralice until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by «č» (changing Cžechy to Čechy). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. Rakousy → Rakousko for Austria, Uhry → Uhersko for Hungary). While the notion of Česko appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika, ČSR)^[12] was created on 1 January 1969.^[16] On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic (Česká republika, ČR).^[17] When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the «new» word Česko, which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of Československo.^[18] The older term Čechy was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. This feeling was especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia.^{[citation needed]}

The use of the word «Česko» within the country itself has increased in recent years.^{[citation needed][note 1]} During the 1990s, «Česko» was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of Česko and Czechia.^{[citation needed]} Václav Havel claimed that «Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko].» Miroslav Zikmund associated it with Hitler’s Nuremberg rallies.^[19] Minister Alexandr Vondra also strongly opposed using these forms.^{[citation needed]} In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia.^[20] The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004.^[21][22]

English-language name[edit]

The historical English name of the country is Bohemia. This name derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii, who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. Boiohaemum, as it was originally known in Latin, comes from the Germanic «Boi-haima», meaning «home of the Boii». The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others.^[23][24] The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called pars pro toto), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century.

The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged.^[9][23]

Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state.^[25] However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name «Czecho-Slovakia» (later «Czechoslovakia») was adopted instead.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name Czechia appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands^[26] and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article «Literary History of the Czechs», published by The New York Times.^[27] The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939.^{[28][29][30][31]}

The current English ethnonym Czech comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech.^[32][33][34] The words «Czechian», «Czechish», «Czechic» and later «Czech» (using antiquated Czech spelling)^[23] have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word «Czech» was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term «Czechia» is attested as early as 1569 in Latin^[23] and 1841 in English (Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia).^[9][23] There were other early mentions in 1856^[35] and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War.^[36]

Latin-language name[edit]

Although in Latin the Bohemian lands (three historical regions of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava), and Silesia (Slezsko) were referred to by the collective name Bohemia, based on the fact that they were part of the whole «Corona regni Bohemiae» (Bohemian Crown), in the first half of the 16th century Bohemia (proper) was referred to as Czechia, the first historically documented record of which can be found in the Chronicle of Bohemia (Kronyka Czeska) of Václav Hájek z Libočan in 1541. (Václav Hájek did not use the term in the Latin text, but in the Czech text; he replaced the present letter Č with the then-existing prefix Cž, i.e. Cžechya.^[37]

In the second half of the 16th century the name Czechia began to be commonly used in Latin and in 1598 Czechia was listed in the Bohemian(Czech)-Latin-Greek-German dictionary published by Daniel Adam z Veleslavína.^[38]

Furthermore, the designation Czechia is mentioned, for example, by Pavel Stránský ze Záp in his work Respublica Bojema from 1634, who mentions it already in his first chapter De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae: «Europaei orbis ea regio, quam (quemadmodum Chorographis placet) inter longitudinis gradum trigesimum quartum et quintum aliquanto ultra trigesimum octavum, et inter latitudinis gradum quadragesimum octavum et nonum ad quinquagesimum primum, gens mea colit, usitato jam nomine Bojemia, seu Bohemia, et Boemia, itemque Czechia vocatur.». In Emanuel Tonner’s translation, 1893: On the location and nature of the country of Bohemia: «That country in Europe, that part of the world, in which (as geographers teach) according to the longitude between the thirty-fourth and fifth degrees to the thirty-eighth, and according to the latitude between the forty-eighth and ninth degrees to the fifty-first, the Bohemians (Čechové, Czechs, i.e. Czech people) inhabit, my nation, by its usual name, is called Bohemia (Čechy, i.e. Czechia»). The description includes County of Kladsko, which belonged to Bohemia until 1742 (historical territory of Bohemia). Further east from Bohemia is Moravia.^[39]

The Latin name was later adopted into English (as well as the common «Bohemia» in the past).

Adoption of Czechia[edit]

In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs standardized Czechia as the English translation of Česko in early 1993.^[40]

Other names suggested in the 1990s included Czechomoravia or Czechlands.^[41] However, by 2000 a short name had still not been fully adopted by the Czech authorities. At that time, Giles Portman, the Second Secretary, Press and Politics, at the British Embassy in Prague, showed a willingness to accept the name Czechia. Portman said in 2000, «Czechs still use the name Česká republika rather than Česko, and the English equivalent, the Czech Republic, rather than Czechia. Were that pattern to change, we would have no problem at all with adapting accordingly. But we feel that the initiative for that change must come from the Czech side and not from us.»^{[note 2]}

The designation of the Czech Republic as Czechomoravia can also be encountered later, after 2016, in connection with efforts to promote the designation Czechia.^[42] In an open letter dated 31 December 2022, Jaroslav Krábek – president of the civic association Moravian National Community, called for the use of Czechomoravia as the name for the Czech-Moravian-Silesian area. This would be justified by the fact that the terms Čechy (Bohemia) and its variant Česko (Czechia) both have the same root. Therefore, the use of the proper name Czechia for the whole country would be to emphasise only Bohemia at the expense of Moravia. Jaroslav Krábek concludes that only the name Czechomoravia (and Czechomoravian) accurately reflects the geographical composition of the country.^[43]

In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of Czechia,^[44] and on 14 April 2016 the government agreed to make Czechia the official short name.^[45] The new name was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and registered on 5 July 2016.^{[clarification needed][46][47]} In November 2016 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name Czechia in international contexts.^[48] On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organised a special conference to assess the progress of the name’s proliferation.^[49]

The new short name was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 17 May 2016;^[1][10][50] and is now used on name plates at the United Nations. In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of Czechia and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names.^[51] On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name Czechia in the official ISO 3166 country codes list.^[52][53] The name Czechia and its respective translations are also included in the interinstitutional style guide of the European Union^[54][55] and of the Council of Europe.^[56]

Multinational technology companies that adopted the name Czechia include Google,^[57] Apple,^[58] and Microsoft with Bing Maps.^[59] The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to Czechia in October 2020.^[60] Microsoft updated its Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central to Czechia in January 2021.^[61]

The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to Czechia in December 2021.^[62] On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name Czechia shortly.^[63] The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names Česko and Czechia on 24 May 2022.^[64]

AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: «Czechia, the Czech Republic.
Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic.»^[65]

In August 2022, the United Nations list of member states was updated to Czechia and the exception of keeping the formal name on the country plates was dropped.^[66]

In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to Czechia.^[67] NATO, the World Bank, FIFA, ISU and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022.^{[68][69][70][71][72]}

On 1 November 2022, the Czech Olympic Committee requested the International Olympic Committee and European Olympic Committee to enter the name Czechia into their databases of countries for sports competitions. These were both adjusted.^[73][74][75]

In January 2023, The Czech Ministry of Tourism updated the website VisitCzechRepublic.com to VisitCzechia.com.^[76]

On 10 February 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the organisers of the Eurovision Song Contest, began to refer to the country as Czechia with the name being changed on the Eurovision website. This was announced with the release of the Czech entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, upon which the EBU confirmed that the country would be referred to as Czechia at the contest going forward.^[77]

See also[edit]

• Hyphen War

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• «Otevřený dopis českému olympijskému výboru, českým sportovním svazům, politikům, podnikatelům, médiím apod» [Open letter to the Czech Olympic Foundation, Czech Sports Union, politicians, business people, media, etc.»]. National Geographic (in Czech). 7 May 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
• Daniela Lazarova (13 May 2004). «Looking for a name». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
• Leoš Jeleček (1999). «Česko versus Czechy? On the geographic name of the Czech Republic». Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
• Jiří Šitler (12 July 2016). «From Bohemia to Czechia». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names at the United Nations are Česká republika and Česko in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia in English.^[1] All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech lands. Czechia (), the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by many international organisations.

Attested as early as 1841,^[2] then, for example in 1856^[3] or 1866,^[4] the word Czechia and the forms derived from it are always used by the authors synonymously with the territory of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia at that time).^[5]

However, most English speakers use [the] Czech Republic in all contexts.^{[6][7][needs update][better source needed]} Other languages generally have greater official use of a short form analogous to Česko or Czechia^[8][9] (such as French [la] Tchéquie, or Russian Чехия/Čehija, or Korean 체스꼬/Chesŭkko or 체코/Chekho) although forms equivalent to «Czech Republic» are not uncommon.^{[original research?]}

The Czech name Čechy is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands and the modern Czech Republic. The name Bohemia is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called «the Czech lands», they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective český means both «Czech» and «Bohemian».

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.^{[8][10][11][12][13][14]}

Czech-language name[edit]

The country is named after the Czechs (Czech: Češi), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).^[15]

Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph «cž» was used from the time of the 16th-century Bible of Kralice until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by «č» (changing Cžechy to Čechy). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. Rakousy → Rakousko for Austria, Uhry → Uhersko for Hungary). While the notion of Česko appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika, ČSR)^[12] was created on 1 January 1969.^[16] On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic (Česká republika, ČR).^[17] When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the «new» word Česko, which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of Československo.^[18] The older term Čechy was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. This feeling was especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia.^{[citation needed]}

The use of the word «Česko» within the country itself has increased in recent years.^{[citation needed][note 1]} During the 1990s, «Česko» was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of Česko and Czechia.^{[citation needed]} Václav Havel claimed that «Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko].» Miroslav Zikmund associated it with Hitler’s Nuremberg rallies.^[19] Minister Alexandr Vondra also strongly opposed using these forms.^{[citation needed]} In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia.^[20] The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004.^[21][22]

English-language name[edit]

The historical English name of the country is Bohemia. This name derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii, who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. Boiohaemum, as it was originally known in Latin, comes from the Germanic «Boi-haima», meaning «home of the Boii». The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others.^[23][24] The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called pars pro toto), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century.

The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged.^[9][23]

Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state.^[25] However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name «Czecho-Slovakia» (later «Czechoslovakia») was adopted instead.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name Czechia appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands^[26] and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article «Literary History of the Czechs», published by The New York Times.^[27] The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939.^{[28][29][30][31]}

The current English ethnonym Czech comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech.^[32][33][34] The words «Czechian», «Czechish», «Czechic» and later «Czech» (using antiquated Czech spelling)^[23] have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word «Czech» was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term «Czechia» is attested as early as 1569 in Latin^[23] and 1841 in English (Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia).^[9][23] There were other early mentions in 1856^[35] and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War.^[36]

Latin-language name[edit]

Although in Latin the Bohemian lands (three historical regions of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava), and Silesia (Slezsko) were referred to by the collective name Bohemia, based on the fact that they were part of the whole «Corona regni Bohemiae» (Bohemian Crown), in the first half of the 16th century Bohemia (proper) was referred to as Czechia, the first historically documented record of which can be found in the Chronicle of Bohemia (Kronyka Czeska) of Václav Hájek z Libočan in 1541. (Václav Hájek did not use the term in the Latin text, but in the Czech text; he replaced the present letter Č with the then-existing prefix Cž, i.e. Cžechya.^[37]

In the second half of the 16th century the name Czechia began to be commonly used in Latin and in 1598 Czechia was listed in the Bohemian(Czech)-Latin-Greek-German dictionary published by Daniel Adam z Veleslavína.^[38]

Furthermore, the designation Czechia is mentioned, for example, by Pavel Stránský ze Záp in his work Respublica Bojema from 1634, who mentions it already in his first chapter De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae: «Europaei orbis ea regio, quam (quemadmodum Chorographis placet) inter longitudinis gradum trigesimum quartum et quintum aliquanto ultra trigesimum octavum, et inter latitudinis gradum quadragesimum octavum et nonum ad quinquagesimum primum, gens mea colit, usitato jam nomine Bojemia, seu Bohemia, et Boemia, itemque Czechia vocatur.». In Emanuel Tonner’s translation, 1893: On the location and nature of the country of Bohemia: «That country in Europe, that part of the world, in which (as geographers teach) according to the longitude between the thirty-fourth and fifth degrees to the thirty-eighth, and according to the latitude between the forty-eighth and ninth degrees to the fifty-first, the Bohemians (Čechové, Czechs, i.e. Czech people) inhabit, my nation, by its usual name, is called Bohemia (Čechy, i.e. Czechia»). The description includes County of Kladsko, which belonged to Bohemia until 1742 (historical territory of Bohemia). Further east from Bohemia is Moravia.^[39]

The Latin name was later adopted into English (as well as the common «Bohemia» in the past).

Adoption of Czechia[edit]

In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs standardized Czechia as the English translation of Česko in early 1993.^[40]

Other names suggested in the 1990s included Czechomoravia or Czechlands.^[41] However, by 2000 a short name had still not been fully adopted by the Czech authorities. At that time, Giles Portman, the Second Secretary, Press and Politics, at the British Embassy in Prague, showed a willingness to accept the name Czechia. Portman said in 2000, «Czechs still use the name Česká republika rather than Česko, and the English equivalent, the Czech Republic, rather than Czechia. Were that pattern to change, we would have no problem at all with adapting accordingly. But we feel that the initiative for that change must come from the Czech side and not from us.»^{[note 2]}

The designation of the Czech Republic as Czechomoravia can also be encountered later, after 2016, in connection with efforts to promote the designation Czechia.^[42] In an open letter dated 31 December 2022, Jaroslav Krábek – president of the civic association Moravian National Community, called for the use of Czechomoravia as the name for the Czech-Moravian-Silesian area. This would be justified by the fact that the terms Čechy (Bohemia) and its variant Česko (Czechia) both have the same root. Therefore, the use of the proper name Czechia for the whole country would be to emphasise only Bohemia at the expense of Moravia. Jaroslav Krábek concludes that only the name Czechomoravia (and Czechomoravian) accurately reflects the geographical composition of the country.^[43]

In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of Czechia,^[44] and on 14 April 2016 the government agreed to make Czechia the official short name.^[45] The new name was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and registered on 5 July 2016.^{[clarification needed][46][47]} In November 2016 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name Czechia in international contexts.^[48] On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organised a special conference to assess the progress of the name’s proliferation.^[49]

The new short name was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 17 May 2016;^[1][10][50] and is now used on name plates at the United Nations. In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of Czechia and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names.^[51] On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name Czechia in the official ISO 3166 country codes list.^[52][53] The name Czechia and its respective translations are also included in the interinstitutional style guide of the European Union^[54][55] and of the Council of Europe.^[56]

Multinational technology companies that adopted the name Czechia include Google,^[57] Apple,^[58] and Microsoft with Bing Maps.^[59] The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to Czechia in October 2020.^[60] Microsoft updated its Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central to Czechia in January 2021.^[61]

The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to Czechia in December 2021.^[62] On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name Czechia shortly.^[63] The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names Česko and Czechia on 24 May 2022.^[64]

AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: «Czechia, the Czech Republic.
Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic.»^[65]

In August 2022, the United Nations list of member states was updated to Czechia and the exception of keeping the formal name on the country plates was dropped.^[66]

In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to Czechia.^[67] NATO, the World Bank, FIFA, ISU and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022.^{[68][69][70][71][72]}

On 1 November 2022, the Czech Olympic Committee requested the International Olympic Committee and European Olympic Committee to enter the name Czechia into their databases of countries for sports competitions. These were both adjusted.^[73][74][75]

In January 2023, The Czech Ministry of Tourism updated the website VisitCzechRepublic.com to VisitCzechia.com.^[76]

On 10 February 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the organisers of the Eurovision Song Contest, began to refer to the country as Czechia with the name being changed on the Eurovision website. This was announced with the release of the Czech entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, upon which the EBU confirmed that the country would be referred to as Czechia at the contest going forward.^[77]

See also[edit]

• Hyphen War

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• «Otevřený dopis českému olympijskému výboru, českým sportovním svazům, politikům, podnikatelům, médiím apod» [Open letter to the Czech Olympic Foundation, Czech Sports Union, politicians, business people, media, etc.»]. National Geographic (in Czech). 7 May 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
• Daniela Lazarova (13 May 2004). «Looking for a name». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
• Leoš Jeleček (1999). «Česko versus Czechy? On the geographic name of the Czech Republic». Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
• Jiří Šitler (12 July 2016). «From Bohemia to Czechia». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names at the United Nations are Česká republika and Česko in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia in English.^[1] All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech lands. Czechia (), the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by many international organisations.

Attested as early as 1841,^[2] then, for example in 1856^[3] or 1866,^[4] the word Czechia and the forms derived from it are always used by the authors synonymously with the territory of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia at that time).^[5]

However, most English speakers use [the] Czech Republic in all contexts.^{[6][7][needs update][better source needed]} Other languages generally have greater official use of a short form analogous to Česko or Czechia^[8][9] (such as French [la] Tchéquie, or Russian Чехия/Čehija, or Korean 체스꼬/Chesŭkko or 체코/Chekho) although forms equivalent to «Czech Republic» are not uncommon.^{[original research?]}

The Czech name Čechy is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands and the modern Czech Republic. The name Bohemia is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called «the Czech lands», they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective český means both «Czech» and «Bohemian».

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.^{[8][10][11][12][13][14]}

Czech-language name[edit]

The country is named after the Czechs (Czech: Češi), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).^[15]

Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph «cž» was used from the time of the 16th-century Bible of Kralice until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by «č» (changing Cžechy to Čechy). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. Rakousy → Rakousko for Austria, Uhry → Uhersko for Hungary). While the notion of Česko appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika, ČSR)^[12] was created on 1 January 1969.^[16] On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic (Česká republika, ČR).^[17] When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the «new» word Česko, which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of Československo.^[18] The older term Čechy was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. This feeling was especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia.^{[citation needed]}

The use of the word «Česko» within the country itself has increased in recent years.^{[citation needed][note 1]} During the 1990s, «Česko» was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of Česko and Czechia.^{[citation needed]} Václav Havel claimed that «Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko].» Miroslav Zikmund associated it with Hitler’s Nuremberg rallies.^[19] Minister Alexandr Vondra also strongly opposed using these forms.^{[citation needed]} In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia.^[20] The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004.^[21][22]

English-language name[edit]

The historical English name of the country is Bohemia. This name derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii, who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. Boiohaemum, as it was originally known in Latin, comes from the Germanic «Boi-haima», meaning «home of the Boii». The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others.^[23][24] The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called pars pro toto), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century.

The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged.^[9][23]

Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state.^[25] However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name «Czecho-Slovakia» (later «Czechoslovakia») was adopted instead.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name Czechia appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands^[26] and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article «Literary History of the Czechs», published by The New York Times.^[27] The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939.^{[28][29][30][31]}

The current English ethnonym Czech comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech.^[32][33][34] The words «Czechian», «Czechish», «Czechic» and later «Czech» (using antiquated Czech spelling)^[23] have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word «Czech» was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term «Czechia» is attested as early as 1569 in Latin^[23] and 1841 in English (Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia).^[9][23] There were other early mentions in 1856^[35] and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War.^[36]

Latin-language name[edit]

Although in Latin the Bohemian lands (three historical regions of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava), and Silesia (Slezsko) were referred to by the collective name Bohemia, based on the fact that they were part of the whole «Corona regni Bohemiae» (Bohemian Crown), in the first half of the 16th century Bohemia (proper) was referred to as Czechia, the first historically documented record of which can be found in the Chronicle of Bohemia (Kronyka Czeska) of Václav Hájek z Libočan in 1541. (Václav Hájek did not use the term in the Latin text, but in the Czech text; he replaced the present letter Č with the then-existing prefix Cž, i.e. Cžechya.^[37]

In the second half of the 16th century the name Czechia began to be commonly used in Latin and in 1598 Czechia was listed in the Bohemian(Czech)-Latin-Greek-German dictionary published by Daniel Adam z Veleslavína.^[38]

Furthermore, the designation Czechia is mentioned, for example, by Pavel Stránský ze Záp in his work Respublica Bojema from 1634, who mentions it already in his first chapter De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae: «Europaei orbis ea regio, quam (quemadmodum Chorographis placet) inter longitudinis gradum trigesimum quartum et quintum aliquanto ultra trigesimum octavum, et inter latitudinis gradum quadragesimum octavum et nonum ad quinquagesimum primum, gens mea colit, usitato jam nomine Bojemia, seu Bohemia, et Boemia, itemque Czechia vocatur.». In Emanuel Tonner’s translation, 1893: On the location and nature of the country of Bohemia: «That country in Europe, that part of the world, in which (as geographers teach) according to the longitude between the thirty-fourth and fifth degrees to the thirty-eighth, and according to the latitude between the forty-eighth and ninth degrees to the fifty-first, the Bohemians (Čechové, Czechs, i.e. Czech people) inhabit, my nation, by its usual name, is called Bohemia (Čechy, i.e. Czechia»). The description includes County of Kladsko, which belonged to Bohemia until 1742 (historical territory of Bohemia). Further east from Bohemia is Moravia.^[39]

The Latin name was later adopted into English (as well as the common «Bohemia» in the past).

Adoption of Czechia[edit]

In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs standardized Czechia as the English translation of Česko in early 1993.^[40]

Other names suggested in the 1990s included Czechomoravia or Czechlands.^[41] However, by 2000 a short name had still not been fully adopted by the Czech authorities. At that time, Giles Portman, the Second Secretary, Press and Politics, at the British Embassy in Prague, showed a willingness to accept the name Czechia. Portman said in 2000, «Czechs still use the name Česká republika rather than Česko, and the English equivalent, the Czech Republic, rather than Czechia. Were that pattern to change, we would have no problem at all with adapting accordingly. But we feel that the initiative for that change must come from the Czech side and not from us.»^{[note 2]}

The designation of the Czech Republic as Czechomoravia can also be encountered later, after 2016, in connection with efforts to promote the designation Czechia.^[42] In an open letter dated 31 December 2022, Jaroslav Krábek – president of the civic association Moravian National Community, called for the use of Czechomoravia as the name for the Czech-Moravian-Silesian area. This would be justified by the fact that the terms Čechy (Bohemia) and its variant Česko (Czechia) both have the same root. Therefore, the use of the proper name Czechia for the whole country would be to emphasise only Bohemia at the expense of Moravia. Jaroslav Krábek concludes that only the name Czechomoravia (and Czechomoravian) accurately reflects the geographical composition of the country.^[43]

In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of Czechia,^[44] and on 14 April 2016 the government agreed to make Czechia the official short name.^[45] The new name was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and registered on 5 July 2016.^{[clarification needed][46][47]} In November 2016 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name Czechia in international contexts.^[48] On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organised a special conference to assess the progress of the name’s proliferation.^[49]

The new short name was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 17 May 2016;^[1][10][50] and is now used on name plates at the United Nations. In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of Czechia and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names.^[51] On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name Czechia in the official ISO 3166 country codes list.^[52][53] The name Czechia and its respective translations are also included in the interinstitutional style guide of the European Union^[54][55] and of the Council of Europe.^[56]

Multinational technology companies that adopted the name Czechia include Google,^[57] Apple,^[58] and Microsoft with Bing Maps.^[59] The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to Czechia in October 2020.^[60] Microsoft updated its Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central to Czechia in January 2021.^[61]

The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to Czechia in December 2021.^[62] On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name Czechia shortly.^[63] The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names Česko and Czechia on 24 May 2022.^[64]

AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: «Czechia, the Czech Republic.
Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic.»^[65]

In August 2022, the United Nations list of member states was updated to Czechia and the exception of keeping the formal name on the country plates was dropped.^[66]

In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to Czechia.^[67] NATO, the World Bank, FIFA, ISU and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022.^{[68][69][70][71][72]}

On 1 November 2022, the Czech Olympic Committee requested the International Olympic Committee and European Olympic Committee to enter the name Czechia into their databases of countries for sports competitions. These were both adjusted.^[73][74][75]

In January 2023, The Czech Ministry of Tourism updated the website VisitCzechRepublic.com to VisitCzechia.com.^[76]

On 10 February 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the organisers of the Eurovision Song Contest, began to refer to the country as Czechia with the name being changed on the Eurovision website. This was announced with the release of the Czech entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, upon which the EBU confirmed that the country would be referred to as Czechia at the contest going forward.^[77]

See also[edit]

• Hyphen War

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• «Otevřený dopis českému olympijskému výboru, českým sportovním svazům, politikům, podnikatelům, médiím apod» [Open letter to the Czech Olympic Foundation, Czech Sports Union, politicians, business people, media, etc.»]. National Geographic (in Czech). 7 May 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
• Daniela Lazarova (13 May 2004). «Looking for a name». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
• Leoš Jeleček (1999). «Česko versus Czechy? On the geographic name of the Czech Republic». Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
• Jiří Šitler (12 July 2016). «From Bohemia to Czechia». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names at the United Nations are Česká republika and Česko in Czech, and the Czech Republic and Czechia in English.^[1] All these names derive from the name of the Czechs, the West Slavic ethnolinguistic group native to the Czech lands. Czechia (), the official English short name specified by the Czech government, is used by many international organisations.

Attested as early as 1841,^[2] then, for example in 1856^[3] or 1866,^[4] the word Czechia and the forms derived from it are always used by the authors synonymously with the territory of Bohemia (Kingdom of Bohemia at that time).^[5]

However, most English speakers use [the] Czech Republic in all contexts.^{[6][7][needs update][better source needed]} Other languages generally have greater official use of a short form analogous to Česko or Czechia^[8][9] (such as French [la] Tchéquie, or Russian Чехия/Čehija, or Korean 체스꼬/Chesŭkko or 체코/Chekho) although forms equivalent to «Czech Republic» are not uncommon.^{[original research?]}

The Czech name Čechy is from the same root but means Bohemia, the westernmost and largest historical region of the Czech lands and the modern Czech Republic. The name Bohemia is an exonym derived from the Boii, a Celtic tribe inhabiting the area before the early Slavs arrived. The Lands of the Bohemian Crown (1348–1918) were part of the Holy Roman Empire; often called «the Czech lands», they sometimes extended further, to all of Silesia, Lusatia, and various smaller territories. The Czech adjective český means both «Czech» and «Bohemian».

The Czech Republic’s official formal and short names in Czech were decided at its creation after the dissolution of Czechoslovakia in 1992.^{[8][10][11][12][13][14]}

Czech-language name[edit]

The country is named after the Czechs (Czech: Češi), a Slavic tribe residing in central Bohemia that subdued the surrounding tribes in the late 9th century and created the Czech/Bohemian state. The origin of the name of the tribe itself is unknown. According to legend, it comes from their leader Čech, who brought them to Bohemia. Research regards Čech as a derivative of the root čel- (member of the people, kinsman).^[15]

Several variants of the name have been used over the centuries, due to the evolution of the Czech language. The digraph «cž» was used from the time of the 16th-century Bible of Kralice until the reform of 1842, being eventually replaced by «č» (changing Cžechy to Čechy). In the late 19th century the suffix for the names of countries changed from -y to -sko (e.g. Rakousy → Rakousko for Austria, Uhry → Uhersko for Hungary). While the notion of Česko appears for the first time in 1704, it only came into official use in 1918 as the first part of the name of the newly independent Czechoslovakia (Česko-Slovensko or Československo) . Within that state, the Czech Socialist Republic (Česká socialistická republika, ČSR)^[12] was created on 1 January 1969.^[16] On 6 March 1990 the Czech Socialist Republic was renamed the Czech Republic (Česká republika, ČR).^[17] When Czechoslovakia broke up in 1993, the Czech part of the name was intended to serve as the name of the Czech state. The decision started a dispute as many perceived the «new» word Česko, which before had been only rarely used alone, as harsh sounding or as a remnant of Československo.^[18] The older term Čechy was rejected by many because it was primarily associated with Bohemia proper and to use it for the whole country was seen as inappropriate. This feeling was especially prominent among the inhabitants of Moravia.^{[citation needed]}

The use of the word «Česko» within the country itself has increased in recent years.^{[citation needed][note 1]} During the 1990s, «Česko» was rarely used and viewed as controversial. Some Czech politicians and public figures (e.g. media magnate Vladimír Železný) expressed concern about the non-use of Česko and Czechia.^{[citation needed]} Václav Havel claimed that «Slugs crawl on me a little whenever I read or hear the word [Česko].» Miroslav Zikmund associated it with Hitler’s Nuremberg rallies.^[19] Minister Alexandr Vondra also strongly opposed using these forms.^{[citation needed]} In 1997, the Civic Initiative Czechia was formed by linguists and geographers in Brno to promote the use of Czechia.^[20] The following year, a conference of professionals aimed at encouraging the use of the name was held at Charles University in Prague. The Czech Senate held a session on the issue in 2004.^[21][22]

English-language name[edit]

The historical English name of the country is Bohemia. This name derives from the Celtic tribe of Boii, who inhabited the area from the 4th century BC. Boiohaemum, as it was originally known in Latin, comes from the Germanic «Boi-haima», meaning «home of the Boii». The name survived all the later migrations affecting the area, including the arrival of the Slavs and the creation of the Czech state. In the 9th century, the country became officially known as the Duchy of Bohemia, changing to the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 11th century, and the Crown of Bohemia in the 14th century. A number of other names for the country have been used, including Lands of the Bohemian Crown, Czech/Bohemian lands, Bohemian Crown, the lands of the Crown of Saint Wenceslas and others.^[23][24] The Bohemian state included the three historical lands: Bohemia proper (Čechy), Moravia (Morava) and Silesia (Slezsko). From the 14th century until 1635 it also included Upper and Lower Lusatia. The higher hierarchical status of the Bohemian region led to that name being used for the larger country (a linguistic device called pars pro toto), and the people and language of that country were referred to as Bohemian in English until the early 20th century.

The first known usage of the word Czechia in English comes from a book of 1841 by Henry and Thomas Rose, A New General Biographical Dictionary Projected and Partly Arranged.^[9][23]

Shortly before the disintegration of the Austro-Hungarian empire, there were proposals to use the traditional name Bohemia for the newly formed state.^[25] However, out of consideration for Slovak national aspirations, the name «Czecho-Slovakia» (later «Czechoslovakia») was adopted instead.

After the establishment of Czechoslovakia, the name Czechia appeared in English, alongside the official name, as a reference to all the Czech lands^[26] and to differentiate between the Czech and Slovak parts of the state. It was used at least as early as 4 January 1925; appearing in the article «Literary History of the Czechs», published by The New York Times.^[27] The name was used in the Anglophone press before the German occupation of the Czech lands in 1939.^{[28][29][30][31]}

The current English ethnonym Czech comes from the Polish ethnonym associated with the area, which ultimately comes from the Czech word Čech.^[32][33][34] The words «Czechian», «Czechish», «Czechic» and later «Czech» (using antiquated Czech spelling)^[23] have appeared in English-language texts since the 17th century. During the 19th-century national revival, the word «Czech» was also used to distinguish between the Czech- and German-speaking peoples living in the country. The term «Czechia» is attested as early as 1569 in Latin^[23] and 1841 in English (Poselkynie starych Przjbiehuw Czeskych – Messenger of the old Fates of Czechia).^[9][23] There were other early mentions in 1856^[35] and in an 1866 report on the Austro-Prussian War.^[36]

Latin-language name[edit]

Although in Latin the Bohemian lands (three historical regions of Bohemia (Čechy), Moravia (Morava), and Silesia (Slezsko) were referred to by the collective name Bohemia, based on the fact that they were part of the whole «Corona regni Bohemiae» (Bohemian Crown), in the first half of the 16th century Bohemia (proper) was referred to as Czechia, the first historically documented record of which can be found in the Chronicle of Bohemia (Kronyka Czeska) of Václav Hájek z Libočan in 1541. (Václav Hájek did not use the term in the Latin text, but in the Czech text; he replaced the present letter Č with the then-existing prefix Cž, i.e. Cžechya.^[37]

In the second half of the 16th century the name Czechia began to be commonly used in Latin and in 1598 Czechia was listed in the Bohemian(Czech)-Latin-Greek-German dictionary published by Daniel Adam z Veleslavína.^[38]

Furthermore, the designation Czechia is mentioned, for example, by Pavel Stránský ze Záp in his work Respublica Bojema from 1634, who mentions it already in his first chapter De situ qualitatibusque Bojemiae: «Europaei orbis ea regio, quam (quemadmodum Chorographis placet) inter longitudinis gradum trigesimum quartum et quintum aliquanto ultra trigesimum octavum, et inter latitudinis gradum quadragesimum octavum et nonum ad quinquagesimum primum, gens mea colit, usitato jam nomine Bojemia, seu Bohemia, et Boemia, itemque Czechia vocatur.». In Emanuel Tonner’s translation, 1893: On the location and nature of the country of Bohemia: «That country in Europe, that part of the world, in which (as geographers teach) according to the longitude between the thirty-fourth and fifth degrees to the thirty-eighth, and according to the latitude between the forty-eighth and ninth degrees to the fifty-first, the Bohemians (Čechové, Czechs, i.e. Czech people) inhabit, my nation, by its usual name, is called Bohemia (Čechy, i.e. Czechia»). The description includes County of Kladsko, which belonged to Bohemia until 1742 (historical territory of Bohemia). Further east from Bohemia is Moravia.^[39]

The Latin name was later adopted into English (as well as the common «Bohemia» in the past).

Adoption of Czechia[edit]

In accordance with Resolution No. 4 I. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Geneva 1967) and Resolution No. 2 III. of the UN conference on the standardization of geographic names (Athens 1977), the Terminological Committee of the Czech Office for Surveying, Mapping, and Cadaster in cooperation with the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs standardized Czechia as the English translation of Česko in early 1993.^[40]

Other names suggested in the 1990s included Czechomoravia or Czechlands.^[41] However, by 2000 a short name had still not been fully adopted by the Czech authorities. At that time, Giles Portman, the Second Secretary, Press and Politics, at the British Embassy in Prague, showed a willingness to accept the name Czechia. Portman said in 2000, «Czechs still use the name Česká republika rather than Česko, and the English equivalent, the Czech Republic, rather than Czechia. Were that pattern to change, we would have no problem at all with adapting accordingly. But we feel that the initiative for that change must come from the Czech side and not from us.»^{[note 2]}

The designation of the Czech Republic as Czechomoravia can also be encountered later, after 2016, in connection with efforts to promote the designation Czechia.^[42] In an open letter dated 31 December 2022, Jaroslav Krábek – president of the civic association Moravian National Community, called for the use of Czechomoravia as the name for the Czech-Moravian-Silesian area. This would be justified by the fact that the terms Čechy (Bohemia) and its variant Česko (Czechia) both have the same root. Therefore, the use of the proper name Czechia for the whole country would be to emphasise only Bohemia at the expense of Moravia. Jaroslav Krábek concludes that only the name Czechomoravia (and Czechomoravian) accurately reflects the geographical composition of the country.^[43]

In 2013, Czech president Miloš Zeman recommended the wider official use of Czechia,^[44] and on 14 April 2016 the government agreed to make Czechia the official short name.^[45] The new name was approved by the Czech cabinet on 2 May 2016 and registered on 5 July 2016.^{[clarification needed][46][47]} In November 2016 the Czech Ministry of Foreign Affairs presented recommendations on how to use the short name Czechia in international contexts.^[48] On 1 June 2017, the geography department of the Faculty of Sciences of Charles University in Prague organised a special conference to assess the progress of the name’s proliferation.^[49]

The new short name was published in the United Nations UNTERM and UNGEGN country name databases on 17 May 2016;^[1][10][50] and is now used on name plates at the United Nations. In September 2016, the British Permanent Committee on Geographical Names (PCGN) recommended the use of Czechia and added it as the sole form of the country name to their list of country names.^[51] On 26 September 2016, the International Organization for Standardization included the short name Czechia in the official ISO 3166 country codes list.^[52][53] The name Czechia and its respective translations are also included in the interinstitutional style guide of the European Union^[54][55] and of the Council of Europe.^[56]

Multinational technology companies that adopted the name Czechia include Google,^[57] Apple,^[58] and Microsoft with Bing Maps.^[59] The business network LinkedIn updated its locations to Czechia in October 2020.^[60] Microsoft updated its Microsoft Dynamics 365 Business Central to Czechia in January 2021.^[61]

The International Ice Hockey Federation updated to Czechia in December 2021.^[62] On 28 April 2022, a conference of all sports associations was held under the patronage of the Foreign Ministry at the Czernin Palace. Following basketball, ice hockey, baseball, rugby, and association football, which started to use the short name, all remaining sports agreed to transition to the short name Czechia shortly.^[63] The Czech Football Association announced the adoption of the names Česko and Czechia on 24 May 2022.^[64]

AP Stylebook updated on 1 July 2022 online entry with the following statement: «Czechia, the Czech Republic.
Both are acceptable. The shorter name Czechia is preferred by the Czech government. If using Czechia, clarify in the story that the country is more widely known in English as the Czech Republic.»^[65]

In August 2022, the United Nations list of member states was updated to Czechia and the exception of keeping the formal name on the country plates was dropped.^[66]

In September 2022, the UEFA website was updated to Czechia.^[67] NATO, the World Bank, FIFA, ISU and the Universal Postal Union switched to Czechia in October 2022.^{[68][69][70][71][72]}

On 1 November 2022, the Czech Olympic Committee requested the International Olympic Committee and European Olympic Committee to enter the name Czechia into their databases of countries for sports competitions. These were both adjusted.^[73][74][75]

In January 2023, The Czech Ministry of Tourism updated the website VisitCzechRepublic.com to VisitCzechia.com.^[76]

On 10 February 2023, the European Broadcasting Union (EBU), the organisers of the Eurovision Song Contest, began to refer to the country as Czechia with the name being changed on the Eurovision website. This was announced with the release of the Czech entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 2023, upon which the EBU confirmed that the country would be referred to as Czechia at the contest going forward.^[77]

See also[edit]

• Hyphen War

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• «Otevřený dopis českému olympijskému výboru, českým sportovním svazům, politikům, podnikatelům, médiím apod» [Open letter to the Czech Olympic Foundation, Czech Sports Union, politicians, business people, media, etc.»]. National Geographic (in Czech). 7 May 2001. Archived from the original on 27 September 2007.
• Daniela Lazarova (13 May 2004). «Looking for a name». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
• Leoš Jeleček (1999). «Česko versus Czechy? On the geographic name of the Czech Republic». Archived from the original on 7 August 2011.
• Jiří Šitler (12 July 2016). «From Bohemia to Czechia». Radio Prague. Retrieved 8 October 2021.

Координаты: 49°45′00″ с. ш. 15°44′59″ в. д. / 49.75° с. ш. 15.749722° в. д. ^(G)

Чешская Республика
Česká republika

Флаг Чехии Герб Чехии
Девиз: «Pravda vítězí (русск. «Истина торжествует»)»
Гимн: «Kde domov můj»
Дата независимости	1 января 1993 (от Чехословакии)
Официальный язык	Чешский
Столица	Прага
Крупнейшие города	Прага, Брно, Острава, Пльзень
Форма правления	Парламентская республика
Президент Премьер-министр	Вацлав Клаус Ян Фишер
Территория   • Всего   • % водной поверхн.	114-я в мире 78 866 км² 2
Население   • Всего (2008)   • Плотность	79-е в мире 10 403 100[1] чел. 129 чел./км²
ВВП   • Итого (2008)   • На душу населения	41-й в мире $211,698 млрд.[2] $20 606[2]
Валюта	Чешская крона (CZK, код 203)
Интернет-домен	Телефонный код	+420
Часовой пояс	UTC +1

Че́хия (чешск. Česko^[3]), официальное название Че́шская Респу́блика (чешск. Česká republika), сокращенное ЧР (чешск. ČR) — внутреннее государство в Центральной Европе. Граничит с Польшей (длина границы 658 км.) на севере, Германией на северо-западе и западе (длина границы 646 км), Австрией на юге (длина границы 362 км) и Словакией на востоке (длина границы 214 км). Общая протяженность границы — 1 880 км. Название страны происходит от этнонима племени — чехи. Столица Прага — туристическая достопримечательность и самый большой из городов страны. Чехия образована слиянием двух исторических регионов (собственно Чехии (чешск. Čechy)^[4] и Моравии (чешск. Morava)) и части Силезии (чешск. České Slezsko). С 1 мая 2004 является членом Европейского союза.

История

Чешские земли известны с конца IX века, когда они была объединены Пржемысловичами. Королевство Чехия обладало значительной силой, но религиозные конфликты (гуситские войны в XV веке и Тридцатилетняя война в XVII веке) опустошали его. Позднее оно попало под влияние Габсбургов и стало частью Австро-Венгрии.

Вследствие краха этого государства после Первой мировой войны Чехия, Словакия и Подкарпатская Русь объединились и сформировали независимую республику Чехословакия в 1918 году. В этой стране проживало достаточно большое этническое немецкое меньшинство, что стало поводом расформирования Чехословакии, когда Германия добилась аннексии Судетской области в результате Мюнхенского соглашения 1938 года, что привело к отделению Словакии. Оставшееся Чешское государство было оккупировано Германией в 1939 (Протекторат Богемия и Моравия).

После Второй мировой войны Чехословакия попала в советскую сферу влияния. В 1968 году вторжение войск Варшавского договора покончило с попытками лидеров страны под руководством Александра Дубчека либерализовать партийное правление и создать «социализм с человеческим лицом» во время Пражской весны.

В 1989 Чехословакия свернула с пути социалистического развития в результате Бархатной революции. 1 января 1993 страна мирно разделилась на две, с образованием независимых Чехии и Словакии.

Чехия вступила в НАТО в 1999 и в Европейский союз в 2004. Одновременно с вступлением в ЕС Чехия подписала Шенгенское соглашение, и с 21 декабря 2007 был отменён пограничный контроль на наземных границах Чехии. 31 марта 2008 контроль был также отменен и на авиарейсах, прибывающих из стран Шенгенского соглашения. С 1 января 2009 года Чехия стала Государством-председателем Совета Европейского союза на 6 месяцев.

См. также: Люстрация

Достопримечательности Чехии

Основная статья: Достопримечательности Чехии

Политическая структура

Основная статья: Политическая структура Чехии

Согласно Конституции, Чехия является парламентской демократией. Глава государства (президент) косвенно избирается каждые пять лет парламентом. Президенту предоставлены особые полномочия: предлагать судей Конституционного Суда, распускать парламент при определённых условиях, накладывать вето на законы. Он также назначает премьер-министра, который устанавливает направление внутренней и внешней политики, а также других членов правительственного кабинета по представлению премьер-министра.

Чешский парламент двухпалатный, состоит из палаты депутатов (Poslanecká sněmovna) и сената (Senát). 200 делегатов палаты избираются на 4-летний срок, на базе пропорционального представительства. 81 член сената служит в течение 6-летнего срока, с переизбранием трети состава каждые два года на основе мажоритарных выборов, которые проводятся в два тура.

Палата депутатов — главный законодательный орган государства, она может поставить вопрос о доверии правительству (по требованию не менее 50 парламентариев). Проект закона, принятый палатой депутатов, может не одобрить сенат (верхняя палата парламента). В отличие от сената, палата депутатов может быть распущена президентом ещё до истечения избирательного срока и могут быть объявлены досрочные выборы.

Высший апелляционный орган — верховный суд. Конституционный суд, которому подотчётны конституционные вопросы, назначается президентом, и его члены служат в течение 10 лет.

Последние выборы в палату депутатов, которые состоялись в 2006 году, показали следующие результаты:

• 1. ODS — 35,38 % (81 мандат, на 23 больше, чем в предыдущем созыве)
• 2. ČSSD — 32,32 % (74 мандата, на 4 больше, чем в предыдущем созыве)
• 3. KSČM — 12,81 % (26 мандатов, на 15 меньше, чем в предыдущем созыве)
• 4. KDU-ČSL — 7,22 % (13 мандатов, на 8 меньше, чем в предыдущем созыве)
• 5. Strana zelených — 6,29 % (6 мандатов, на 6 больше, чем в предыдущем созыве)

Участвовало избирателей: 64,47 %

Известные партии

• ODS — Гражданская демократическая партия
• ČSSD — Чешская социал-демократическая партия
• KSČM — Коммунистическая партия Чехии и Моравии
• KDU-ČSL — Христианско-демократический союз — Чехословацкая народная партия
• SZ (Strana zelených) — Партия зелёных
• US-DEU — Союз свободы — Демократический союз
• SNK ED — Объединение независимых кандидатов — Европейские демократы
• ČSNS — Чешская национально-социалистическая партия
• NBS ČS — Национал-большевистская партия Чехословакии
• KČ — Чешская Корона — монархическая партия Чехии, Богемии и Моравии

Административное деление

Чехия состоит из 13 краёв (областей) (kraje, ед. ч. — kraj) и столицы (hlavní město), отмеченной *:

Прага*	Praha*
Среднечешский край	Středočeský kraj
Южно-Чешский край	Jihočeský kraj
Пльзенский край	Plzeňský kraj
Карловарский край	Karlovarský kraj
Устецкий край	Ústecký kraj
Либерецкий край	Liberecký kraj
Краловеградецкий край	Královéhradecký kraj
Пардубицкий край	Pardubický kraj
Оломоуцкий край	Olomoucký kraj
Моравскосилезский край	Moravskoslezský kraj
Злинский край	Zlínský kraj
Высочина	Vysočina
Южно-Моравский край	Jihomoravský kraj

Географические данные

Территория Чехии составляет 78,9 тыс. квадратных километров. Чешский ландшафт весьма разнообразен. Западная часть (Богемия) лежит в бассейнах рек Лабы (Эльба) и Влтавы (Молдау), окруженных в основном низкими горами (Судеты и их часть — Крконоши), где находится высочайшая точка страны — гора Снежка высотой 1 602 м. Моравия, восточная часть, также достаточно холмиста и в основном лежит в бассейне реки Морава (Марх), а также содержит исток реки Одры (Одер). Реки из не имеющей выхода к морю Чехии текут в три моря: в Северное, Балтийское и Чёрное.

Климат умеренный с теплым летом и холодной, пасмурной и влажной зимой, определяется смешением морского и континентального влияния. Летом средняя температура воздуха +20 °C, зимой −5 °C.

Экономика

Чехия — индустриальная республика. Основные отрасли — топливно-энергетическая, металлургия, машиностроение, химическая, легкая и пищевая.^[5]

Среди всех посткоммунистических государств Чехия обладает одной из наиболее стабильных и успешных экономических систем. Её основой является промышленность (машиностроение, электротехника и электроника, химия, пищевая промышленность и чёрная металлургия) и сфера услуг. Доля сельского и лесного хозяйства, а также горнодобывающей промышленности незначительна и продолжает уменьшаться.

После падения коммунизма в 1989 году. Чехия унаследовала от ЧССР бывшую структуру экономики, которая в новых условиях оказалась энергетически неэффективной, неэкологичной, устаревшей и неадекватной с отраслевой точки зрения. Непропорционально большую долю занимала чёрная металлургия на привозном сырье, тяжёлое машиностроение и военная промышленность. Ассортимент производимых товаров значительно превышал объективные возможности страны, что вело к мелкосерийности производства и снижению его эффективности. Внешняя торговля подчинялась директивам СЭВ, ориентировалась на нужды СССР и по сравнению с развитыми странами была незначительной.

Ещё до распада ЧССР (ЧСФР в последние годы) в 1990—1992 гг. были произведены некоторые принципиальные перемены — отмена централизованного регулирования большинства оптовых и розничных цен, введение свободы частного предпринимательства, ликвидация монополии внешней торговли и т. п. 90-е гг. прошлого века отмечены значительными изменениями отношений собственности — были произведены т. н. малая и большая приватизация, а также реституция собственности, национализированной после установления коммунистического режима в 1948 г. В результате доля государства в ВВП с 97 % сократилась до менее чем 20 %. Открытие страны притоку иностранного капитала вызвало прилив зарубежных инвестиций, по уровню которых на душу населения страна является бесспорным лидером не только в Центральной и Восточной Европе, но и в международном масштабе. Это помогло в относительно короткий срок осуществить реструктуризацию и модернизацию промышленности и развитие необходимой технической и вспомогательной инфраструктуры. Следствием перемен явилась переориентация экономики с СССР на Западную Европу.

В 1995 году Чехия первой среди всех бывших коммунистических стран была принята в Организацию экономического сотрудничества и развития.

Денежной единицей Чехии является крона (1 крона = 100 геллеров), которая с 1995 года является полностью конвертируемой. В отличие от практически всех остальных пост-коммунистических стран Чехии удалось избежать гиперинфляции и резких девальваций национальной валюты. После некоторого ослабления кроны в конце 90-х гг. к настоящему времени её курс относительно главных мировых валют заметно вырос.

Вслед за начальными трудностями, вызванными распадом СЭВ, разделом страны и изменением структуры экономики, и последующим ростом чешская экономика в 1997—1998 гг. испытала определённый кризис, выходить из которого она стала только с середины 1999 г. Результатом его был рост иностранной задолженности и скачок безработицы. Кризисные явления удалось преодолеть путём наращивания экспорта в страны рыночной экономики, прежде всего, Евросоюза (а в его рамках — Германии), привлечению зарубежных инвестиций и роста внутреннего потребления. После вступления в мае 2004 г в состав ЕС экономический рост Чехии заметно ускорился и, несмотря на в значительной мере популистскую экономическую политику нескольких правительств социал-демократов, достиг 6-7 % в год. Доля промышленности в ВВП, достигавшая к 1990 г 62 %, уменьшившаяся вначале наполовину, в настоящее время растёт и достигает 38 %, что является достаточно редким явлением среди развитых стран. Чёрная металлургия и военная промышленность потеряли своё значение за счёт автомобильной и электротехнической промышленности, благодаря развитию которых с 2004 г. Чехия имеет положительное сальдо внешнеторгового баланса, несмотря на быстрый рост цен на импортируемые энергоносители (нефть и газ). По размеру внешней торговли на душу населения страна является одним из лидеров, опережая такие страны как Япония, Великобритания, Франция или Италия.

Население

Основу населения Чехии (95 %) составляют этнические чехи и говорящие на чешском языке, принадлежащем к группе западно-славянских языков. Иностранцы составляют около 4 % населения страны. Среди иммигрантов самую многочисленную диаспору в Чехии составляют украинцы, которых в конце 2007 года проживало в стране 126 500. На втором месте находятся словаки (67 880), многие из которых после разделения в 1993 году остались в Чехии и составляют приблизительно 2 % населения. На третьем — граждане Вьетнама (51 000). Следом за ними идут граждане России (23 300) и Польши (20 600). Другие этнические группы включают немцев, цыган, венгров и евреев. Граница между Чехией и Словакией открыта для граждан бывшей Чехословакии.

По языку чехи относятся к западнославянским народам. В основу ранних произведений чешской письменности XIII—XIV веков был положен язык центральной Чехии. Но по мере усиления влияния в стране католической церкви, немецких феодалов и патрициата городов чешский язык стал подвергаться притеснениям в пользу немецкого и латинского языков. Но в период гуситских войн грамотность и литературный чешский язык получили широкое распространение среди народных масс. Затем наступил двухвековой упадок чешской культуры под властью Габсбургов, которые проводили политику онемечивания подвластных славянских народов (к середине XIX века на чешском языке разговаривало 15 % населения, в качестве литературного языка рассматривалась возможность взятие одного из славянских языков, в частности русского литературного языка). Чешский язык начал возрождаться лишь в конце XVIII века, его основой стал литературный язык XVI века, что и объясняет наличие в современном чешском языке многих архаизмов, в отличие от живого разговорного языка. Разговорный язык подразделяется на несколько групп диалектов: чешскую, среднеморавскую и восточноморавскую.

Чехия принадлежит к числу густонаселенных государств. Средняя плотность населения составляет 130 чел. на 1 кв.км. Размещение населения на территории республики относительно равномерное. Наиболее густонаселенными являются области крупных городских агломераций — Прага, Брно, Острава, Пльзень (до 250 чел. на 1 кв.км). Минимальную плотность населения имеют районы Чески-Крумлов и Прахатице (около 37 чел. на 1 кв.км). По состоянию на 1991 год в Чешской Республике насчитывалось 5 479 населенных пунктов. Чехия относится к высокоурбанизированным странам: в городах и городских поселках проживает около 71 % населения, при этом более 50 % — в городах с населением свыше 20 тыс. жителей, доля сельского населения продолжает снижаться. Единственным мегаполисом в Чехии является Прага, в которой постоянно проживает 1 188, тыс. жителей (по состоянию 31.12.2006 г; население Праги медленно уменьшается с 1985 года). По состоянию на 2006 г в Чехии есть 5 городов с населением более 100 000 жителей (Прага, Брно, Острава, Пльзень, Оломоуц), 17 городов с населением более 50 000 жителей и 44 — более 20 000 жителей.

Общая численность населения Чехии, достигнув послевоенного максимума в 1991 г. — 10 302 тыс. человек — в дальнейшем медленно снижалась до 2003 г, когда она составила чуть более 10 200 тыс. чел., однако с тех пор наблюдается небольшой прирост до 10 280 тыс. чел. — главным образом, вследствие увеличения потока мигрантов (прежде всего, с Украины, из Словакии, Вьетнама, России, Польши и стран быв. Югославии). Естественный рост населения был отрицательным в период 1994—2005 гг., в 2006 г наблюдается некоторый положительный рост вследствие повышения рождаемости и снижения смертности. Вместе с тем уровень фертильности женщин все ещё является глубоко недостаточным для воспроизводства населения (около 1,2 ребенка на 1 женщину в репродуктивном возрасте). В последние годы Чехия вошла в число государств с минимальным уровнем младенческой смертности (менее 4 чел. на 1000 рождённых). Начиная с 1990 года в Чехии наблюдается постоянное снижение числа абортов и случаев искусственного прерывания беременности.

Большая часть населения — 71,2 % — находится в продуктивном возрасте (от 15 до 65 лет), при этом 14,4 % граждан Чехии моложе 15 лет, а 14,5 % — старше 65 лет. В продуктивном возрасте численность мужчин незначительно превышает численность женщин, однако в постпродуктивном заметно превалируют женщины (на две женщины приходится один мужчина). Средний возраст населения Чехии — 39,3 лет (женщины — 41,1 лет, мужчины — 37,5 лет). Средняя продолжительность жизни составляет 72,9 года у мужчин и 79,7 лет у женщин (по состоянию на 2006 г.).

Большая часть взрослого населения состоит в браке, хотя доля холостых является сравнительно высокой: каждый пятый мужчина и каждая восьмая женщина не состоят в браке. В настоящее время мужчины вступают в брак в 28 лет, женщины — в 26 лет, что приближается к европейской тенденции (для сравнения: в 1993 г эти показатели составляли 23 и 19 лет соответственно). Первый ребенок появляется в семье чаще всего уже через 6 месяцев после свадьбы. Для чешских семей характерен высокий уровень разводов. В настоящее время почти каждый второй брак заканчивается разводом, в результате чего почти 80 % всех детей в возрасте до 15 лет живёт в неполных семьях. Средняя численность семьи уменьшилась за последние 30 лет с 3,5 до 2,2 человек.

Экономически активное население составляет 51,5 % от общей численности. Специфической особенностью Чехии среди других стран является высокий уровень занятости женщин, которые составляют около 48 % от всего экономически активного населения. Больше всего женщин работает в отраслях сферы обслуживания — здравоохранении, образовании, торговле и общественном питании. Большинство женщин работает в силу экономической необходимости с целью поддержания уровня жизни семьи. Уровень безработицы составляет 7,3 % (ноябрь 2006 г.), что больше, чем в 1990—1997 гг. (3-5 %), но заметно меньше, чем в 1999—2004 гг. (до 10,5 %).

Значительная часть чехов проживает за пределами Чешской Республики — в Австрии, Германии, США, Канаде, Австралии и других странах. Это является результатом экономической миграции в поисках заработка, которая приняла заметные масштабы в конце XIX-начале XX века, и политической эмиграции после политического переворота 1948 г и оккупации 1968 г.

Неграмотность в Чехии практически отсутствует (изредка встречается среди представителей цыганской национальности старшего возраста). Высокий уровень грамотности был типичным для чехов ещё во время Первой республики (1918—1938 гг.): в то время около 95 % всех жителей имели базовое образование. В последние годы уровень образования заметно вырос. Каждый третий экономически активный житель Чехии имеет законченное среднее образование (соответствует уровню 12-13-летнего обучения), а каждый десятый гражданин Чехии имеет или получает высшее образование. Типичный работник имеет, как минимум, среднюю профессиональную подготовку. Высокая квалификация чешских работников является одним из главных преимуществ экономики Чехии. Пока что страна отстает от наиболее развитых европейских стран по доле населения с законченным средним и высшим образованием.

Верующие: католики — 27 %, чешские братья-евангелисты — 1 %, чешские гуситы — 1 %, прочие религии (христианские миноритарные церкви и секты, православные, иудеи, мусульмане, буддисты и т. п.) — около 3 %. Большинство населения относит себя к атеистам (59 %), а почти 9 % затрудняются с ответом на вопрос о их вероисповедании.

На конец марта 2008 года в Чехии по долговременному и постоянному видам на жительство проживали 402 300 иностранцев^[6]. За 2007 год в Чехию прибыло для проживания 70 600 иностранных поданных, что составляет абсолютный рекорд за всю историю.^[7] По данным чешского статистического управления, к концу 2008 года в Чехии проживали 438 301 иностранец, из которых 265 374 имели статус долговременного места жительства, остальная часть иностранцев владеет статусом ПМЖ.^[8]

Культура

Основная статья: Культура Чехии

• Известные люди Чехии
• Музыка Чехии
• Кино Чехии
• Литература Чехии
• Сокольское движение

Гуманитарные организации

Чешский Красный Крест (чешск.Český červený kříž, англ. Czech Red Cross)

Чешский Красный Крест (ЧКК) — гуманитарная организация, действующая по всей территории Чешской республики. В своей деятельности ЧКК концентрируется на гуманитарных вопросах и предоставлении медицинской и социальной помощи населению.

В настоящее время, количество членов ЧКК достигает 70381 человек, работающих в 1712 местных организаций.

Чешский Красный Крест является единственным международно-признанным Национальным обществом Красного Креста в Чешской Республике, которое признано государством. В соответствии с Женевскими Конвенциями ЧКК оказывает содействие и поддержку медицинской службе вооруженных сил.

Статус ЧКК и его цели регулируются Законом о защите эмблемы и названия Чешского Красного Креста и о Чехословацком Красном Кресте (Act No. 126/1992).

26 августа 1993 г,ЧКК был признан Международным Комитетом Красного Креста (МККК)и 25 октября 1993 г принят в члены Международной Федерации обществ Красного Креста и Красного Полумесяца (МФККиКП).

Чешский Красный Крест продолжает деятельность своих предшественников — Патриотического Общества помощи Чехословацкого Королевства (чешск. «Vlastenecký pomocný spolek pro Království české», англ.»Patriotic Society for Aid in the Czech Kingdom.») (основанного 5 сентября 1868 г.) и Чехословацкого Красного Креста (основанного 6 февраля 1919 года).

Как самостоятельная организация ЧКК, после разделения Чехословацкого Красного Креста был зарегистрирован МВД Чешской Республики 10 июня 1993 г (Ministerstvo vnitra ČR dne 10. 6. 1993 pod čj. VS/1-20998/93-R)

Спорт

Сборная Чехии по футболу (2-е место на чемпионате Европы по футболу 1996 года и полуфиналист в 2004 году) и Сборная Чехии по хоккею (пятикратный чемпион мира) известны всему миру и одинаково сильны. Даже спортивная форма у них примерно одинаковая — дома чехи играют в белых футболках, в гостях — в красных футболках. Примерно такое же соотношение цветов формы в футболе и хоккее имеют Россия, Польша, Словакия, Германия и другие страны.

Различные вопросы

• Телекоммуникации в Чехии
• Транспорт в Чехии
• Железные дороги Чехии (České dráhy)
• Вооружённые силы Чехии
• Международные отношения Чехии
• Туризм в Чехии
• Чешская кухня
• Список городов Чехии
• Официальные праздники Чехии

См. также

• Чехословакия
• Словакия

Примечания

Ссылки

• Чехия в DMOZ
• Карта Чехии

Информация

• Официальный портал Чешской Республики(рус.)(чешск.)(англ.)(нем.)(фр.)(исп.)
• Официальный портал правительства ЧР(чешск.)
• Официальный сайт президента ЧР(чешск.)(англ.)
• Официальный сайт палаты депутатов ЧР(чешск.)(англ.)
• Официальный сайт сената ЧР(чешск.)(англ.)
• Расписания поездов и автобусов(чешск.)(англ.)(нем.)
• Посольство Чешской Республики в Мoскве(рус.)(англ.)

Страны и регионы со значимым присутствием славянских этносов
Славянские страны	восточные славяне  Белоруссия •  Россия •  Украина •  Приднестровье (не признано) западные славяне  Польша •  Словакия •  Чехия южные славяне  Болгария •  Босния и Герцеговина •  Македония •  Сербия •  Словения •  Хорватия •  Черногория
Страны и регионы с присутствием славянского этноса	более 20 %  Казахстан •  Латвия •  Эстония •  Шпицберген 10—20 %  Абхазия (частично признана) •  Литва •  Эгейская Македония •  Молдавия 5—10 %  Канада •  Косово (частично признано) •  Киргизия •  Узбекистан 2—5 %  Австралия •  Австрия •  Азербайджан •  Грузия •  Израиль •  Кипр •  Лужица •  Туркмения
Исторические государства	средние века Великая Моравия •  Великое княжество Литовское •  Дубровницкая республика • Карантания • Киевская Русь •  Речь Посполитая • Русские княжества • Государство Само с нового времени  Российская империя •  СССР •  Чехословакия •  Югославия
Источники и проценты

Если до сих пор вам казалось, что Чешская Республика и Чехия — одно и то же, вы ошибались. Немного, но ошибались. Официального сокращенного названия у Чешской Республики не было, и называть ее одним привычным нам словом можно было только неофициально. Но скоро называть страну Чехией (в английском варианте Czechia, в немецком — Tschechien, во французском — Tchequie) можно будет на законных основаниях.

Самым сложным было договориться внутри страны. Потому что исторически Чехия (Богемия) — только часть территории, на которой сегодня расположена Чешская Республика. В ее составе есть и другие исторические области — Моравия и Силезия, которым не нравится, что всю страну будут называть именем только одного региона. А потому спорили долго. Специалисты говорят, что слово «Чехия» — неологизм: на латыни оно впервые встречается в позднем для европейской истории 1634 году. На английском и того позже — в 1861–м. Зато нынешний президент Чешской Республики Милош Земан, выступая на английском языке, использует название достаточно активно. Находясь в 2013 году с визитом в Израиле, он объяснял своему коллеге Шимону Пересу: «Я использую название «Чехия», потому что оно звучит лучше и короче, чем холодная «Чешская Республика».

Другой весомый аргумент против — сходство звучания Чехии и Чечни: Czechia и Chechnya. Члены Гражданской инициативы Czechia (она была основана в 1997 году именно с целью поддержки сокращенного названия страны) на это отвечают просто: если кто–то не знает географию, это не значит, что мы должны идти у них на поводу. Хотя есть аргумент и посерьезнее: Чечня не является независимым государством и членом ООН. Тем не менее министр регионального развития Карла Шлехтова уже выразила несогласие с «Чехией»: «Я не хочу, чтобы люди путали мою страну с Чечней».

Споры насчет «Чехии» как сокращенного названия страны ведутся аж с 1993 года. «Как только мы договоримся об этом внутри государства, мы отправим наше требование в ООН, чтобы в соответствующую базу данных было внесено изменение. Тогда единственным верным сокращенным переводом станет слово Czechia», — разъяснял ситуацию министр иностранных дел Чешской Республики Любомир Заоралек накануне встречи высшего руководства страны, которая прошла 14 апреля в Праге. Заявка отправлена.

Дело в том, что для базы данных ООН каждое государство, наряду со своим официальным названием, может предложить сокращенный географический вариант (Российская Федерация — Россия, ФРГ — Германия, Французская Республика — Франция). До сих пор в базе данных было указано единственное название — «Чешская Республика», а вот более практичной «Чехии» не было. А потому, например, на майках хоккеистов (а все, что связано с хоккеем, в Чешской Республике рассматривается крайне серьезно) писали Czech, что в переводе с английского означает «Чешская» и не может считаться названием страны.

«Я предполагаю, что затем соответствующим образом будут исправлены таблички на конференциях, а также нашивки на спортивных костюмах наших спортсменов, потому что, как правило, на одежду спортсменов не помещают полное название государства», — рассказывает министр иностранных дел Чехии. И правильно: скоро ведь Олимпиада, время шить костюмы.

sbchina@mail.ru

Советская Белоруссия № 71 (24953). Суббота, 16 апреля 2016

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ЧЕШСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА — больше примеров перевода

ЧЕШСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА — больше примеров перевода

ЧЕШСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА
перевод с русского языка на чешский язык в других словарях

перевод слов, содержащих
ЧЕШСКАЯ РЕСПУБЛИКА,
с русского языка на чешский язык в других словарях (первые 3 слова)