Как пишется дания на датском

дания

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    Дания

    Русско-датский словарь > Дания

  • 2
    Дания

    Danmark

    Danmark ; Kongeriget Danmark

    Русско-датский малый словарь > Дания

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    дания

    Русско-датский малый словарь > дания

См. также в других словарях:

  • Дания — Королевство Дания, гос во на С. Европы. В источниках V VI вв. упоминается др. герм, племя даны, жившее на Ютландском п ове. В IX в. при адм. устройстве пограничных земель империи Карла Великого была образована Danmark данская марка (марка др.… …   Географическая энциклопедия

  • Дания — Дания. Площадь городской мэрии в Копенгагене. ДАНИЯ (Королевство Дания), государство в Северной Европе, на полуострове Ютландия, прилегающих островах (Зеландия, Фюн, Лолланн, Фальстер и др.) и острове Борнхольм. Омывается Северным и Балтийскими… …   Иллюстрированный энциклопедический словарь

  • Дания — Дания. В центре Копенгагена. Дания. В центре Копенгагена. Дания государство в Северной Европе, на полуострове Ютландия, прилегающих островах (,.) и острове Борнхольм. Площадь 43,1 тыс. кв. км (). Население 5,2 млн. человек. В составе Дании… …   Энциклопедический словарь «Всемирная история»

  • ДАНИЯ — Общая площадь 43 тыс. кв. км, население немногим более 5,1 млн. человек. Местность в основном равнинная, высоты не превышают 30 50 м над уровнем моря. Дания развитая индустриально аграрная страна. Ведущая отрасль сельского хозяйства животноводст …   Мировое овцеводство

  • Дания —         (Danmark), Королевство Дания, государство в Западной Европе, расположенное на полуострове Ютландия, Датском архипелаге, а также на острове Борнхольм в Балтийском море. Памятники художественной культуры на территории Дании прослеживаются с …   Художественная энциклопедия

  • ДАНИЯ — (Danmark), Королевство Дания (Kongeriget Danmark), гос во в Сев. Европе, на п ове Ютландия, о вах Датского архипелага (Зеландия, Фюн, Лолланн и др.) и о. Борнхольм в Балтийском м Пл. 43 т. км2. Нас. 5150 т. ч. (1983). Столица Копенгаген (св.… …   Демографический энциклопедический словарь

  • Дания — государство в Северной Европе, на полуострове Ютландия, прилегающих островах (Зеландия, Фюн и др.) и острове Борнхольм. Площадь 43,1 тыс. км2 (без Фарерских островов и острова Гренландия). Население 5,2 млн.чел. В составе Дании Фарерские острова… …   Исторический словарь

  • ДАНИЯ — Близкая. Знаменитая, известная, прославленная. Синоним: Талия. Татарские, тюркские, мусульманские женские имена. Словарь терминов …   Словарь личных имен

  • дания — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • страна (281) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 …   Словарь синонимов

  • Дания — (Denmark), гос во на С. Европы. Участвовала в Наполеоновских войнах на стороне Франции, в 1814 г. вынуждена была уступить Швеции Норвегию. Конституция 1849 г. упразднила абс. монархию, введя более представительную конституционно монархическую… …   Всемирная история

  • ДАНИЯ — ДАНИЯ, занимает площадь в 44.325 км2, с населением в 3.457.390 ч. (1925). Д. одна из стран с наилучшими коефициентами сан. благополучия. В 1927 г. рождаемость в ней равнялась 19,6 на 1.000 населения, смертность 11,6, прирост населения 8,0. За… …   Большая медицинская энциклопедия

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Home>Слова, начинающиеся на букву Д>Дания>Перевод на датский язык

Как будет Дания по-датски

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Danmark
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Coordinates: 56°N 10°E / 56°N 10°E

Denmark

Danmark (Danish)

Constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark

Flag of Denmark
Flag

Official seal of Denmark
Coat of arms

Motto

Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke (Danish)[N 1]
(English: «God’s help, the love of the people, Denmark’s strength»[1])

Anthem: Der er et yndigt land (Danish)
(English: «There is a lovely country»)
National and royal anthem: Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (Danish)[N 2]
(English: «King Christian stood by the lofty mast»)
Location of metropolitan Denmark[N 3] (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)

Location of metropolitan Denmark[N 3] (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)

Sovereign state Kingdom of Denmark
Consolidation c. 8th century[3]
Christianization c. 965[4]
Constitutional Act 5 June 1849
Faroese home rule 24 March 1948
EEC accession 1 January 1973
Greenlandic home rule 1 May 1979
Capital

and largest city

Copenhagen
55°43′N 12°34′E / 55.717°N 12.567°E
Official languages Danish

Regional languages

German[N 4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)

  • 86.11% Danish[N 5]
  • 13.89% Others[5][6]
Religion

(2020)

  • 75.8% Christianity
  • —74.3% Church of Denmark (official)
  • —1.5% Other Christian
  • 19.1% No religion
  • 4.4% Islam
  • 0.7% Others[7][8]
Demonym(s)
  • Danish
  • Dane
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy

• Monarch

Margrethe II

• Prime Minister

Mette Frederiksen

• Speaker of the Folketing

Søren Gade
Legislature Folketing
Area

• Total

42,943[9] km2 (16,580 sq mi) (130th)

• Water (%)

1.74[10]
Highest elevation

(Møllehøj)

170.86 m (560.56 ft)
Population

• M10 2022 estimate

Neutral increase 5,928,364[11][N 6] (114th)

• Density

138.05/km2 (357.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $411.0 billion [12]
[N 7] (53nd)

• Per capita

Increase $69,273[12] (11th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $386.7 billion[12][N 7] (41st)

• Per capita

Increase $65,713 [12] (10th)
Gini (2021) Positive decrease 27.0[13]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.948[14]
very high · 6th
Currency Danish krone (kr.) (DKK)[N 8][citation needed]
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)

 • Summer (DST)

UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Mains electricity 230 V–50 Hz
Driving side right
Calling code +45
ISO 3166 code DK
Internet TLD .dk[N 9]

Denmark (Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈtænmɑk] (listen)) is a Nordic constituent country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,[N 10] a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean.[15] Metropolitan Denmark[N 3] is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying south-west of Sweden, south of Norway,[N 11] and north of Germany.

As of 2013, the Kingdom of Denmark, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, has a total of 1,419 islands above 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft); 443 of which have been named and of which 78 are inhabited.[16] Spanning a total area of 42,943 km2 (16,580 sq mi),[9] metropolitan Denmark consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[17] Of these, the most populated island is Zealand, on which the capital Copenhagen is situated, followed by Funen, the North Jutlandic Island, and Amager.[18] Denmark’s geography is characterised by flat, arable land, sandy coasts, low elevation, and a temperate climate. As of 2022, it had a population of 5.928 million (1 October 2022), of which 800,000 live in the capital and largest city, Copenhagen.[19] Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948 and in Greenland in 1979; the latter obtained further autonomy in 2009.

The unified Kingdom of Denmark emerged in the eighth century as a proficient maritime power amid the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea.[3] In 1397, it joined Norway and Sweden to form the Kalmar Union, which persisted until the latter’s secession in 1523. The remaining Kingdom of Denmark–Norway endured a series of wars in the 17th century that resulted in further territorial cessions to the Swedish Empire. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was absorbed into Sweden, leaving Denmark with the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848, though the Second Schleswig War of 1864 resulted in further territorial losses to Prussia. The period saw the adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy that was established in 1660 and introducing the current parliamentary system.

An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, which formed the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. Denmark remained neutral during World War I but regained the northern half of Schleswig in 1920. Danish neutrality was violated in World War II following a swift German invasion in April 1940. During occupation, a resistance movement emerged in 1943 while Iceland declared independence in 1944; Denmark was liberated in May 1945. In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroes, became a member of what is now the European Union, but negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone.

Denmark is a highly developed country with a high standard of living: the country performs at or near the top in measures of education, health care, civil liberties, democratic governance and LGBT equality.[20][21][22][23] Denmark is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE, and the United Nations; it is also part of the Schengen Area. Denmark maintains close political, cultural, and linguistic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours, with the Danish language being partially mutually intelligible with both Norwegian and Swedish.

Etymology

The etymology of the name «Denmark», the relationship between «Danes» and «Denmark», and the emergence of Denmark as a unified kingdom are topics of continuous scholarly debate.[24][25] This is centred primarily on the prefix «Dan» and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the —«mark» ending.

Most etymological dictionaries and handbooks derive «Dan» from a word meaning «flat land»,[26] related to German Tenne «threshing floor», English den «cave».[26] The element mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig.[27]

The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger of the two stones is popularly cited as the «baptismal certificate» (dåbsattest) of Denmark,[28] though both use the word «Denmark», in the accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and the genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ «tanmarkar» (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone, while the dative form tąnmarku (pronounced [danmarkʊ]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called tani ([danɪ]), or «Danes», in the accusative.

History

Prehistory

The earliest archaeological finds in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000 to 110,000 BC.[29] Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC.[30] The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1), native groups began migrating south, and the first tribal Danes came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age,[31] in the Roman Iron Age (AD 1–400).[30] The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron.

The tribal Danes came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic. Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes. The Jutes migrated to Great Britain eventually, some as mercenaries of Brythonic King Vortigern, and were granted the south-eastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes.

A short note about the Dani in Getica by the historian Jordanes is believed to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended.[32][33] The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king.[34] A new runic alphabet was first used around the same time and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about AD 700.

Viking and Middle Ages

The Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.

From the 8th to the 10th century the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings. They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. The Danish Vikings were most active in the eastern and southern British Isles and Western Europe. They settled in parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, and in France where Danes and Norwegians were allowed to settle in what would become Normandy in exchange of allegiance to Robert I of France with Rollo as first ruler. Some Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark.[35]

Large stone containing a carved depiction of Jesus Christ

Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings (reges). Under the reign of Gudfred in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the lands of Jutland, Scania and the Danish islands, excluding Bornholm.[36]

The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to Gorm the Old, who established his reign in the early 10th century.[3] As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were Christianised around 965 by Harald Bluetooth, the son of Gorm. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the Holy Roman Empire. A rising Christian power in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an important trading partner for the Danes. As a deterrent against this threat, Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke. In the early 11th century, Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years with a Scandinavian army.[35]

Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (the areas of Scania, Halland, and Blekinge in present-day south Sweden) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.

In 1397, Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I.[37] The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start, Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear «senior» partner of the union.[38] Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm. The Protestant Reformation spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count’s Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.

Early modern history (1536–1849)

After Sweden permanently broke away from the personal union, Denmark tried on several occasions to reassert control over its neighbour. King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 1611–1613 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the Älvsborg ransom.[39] King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg) and Christiania. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India’s Coromandel Coast. Denmark’s large colonial aspirations included a few key trading posts in Africa and India. While Denmark’s trading posts in India were of little note, it played an important role in the highly lucrative Atlantic slave trade, through its trading outposts in Fort Christiansborg in Osu, Ghana through which 1.5 million slaves were traded.[40] While the Danish colonial empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and plantations – ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation.[41]

In the Thirty Years’ War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter.[42] The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy, and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war.[43] Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but King Gustavus Adolphus’ intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark’s influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Scania in 1644. In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway.

Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland and, following the Swedish March across the frozen Danish straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having ruined Denmark and in August 1658, he launched a second attack on Denmark, conquered most of the Danish islands, and began a two-year-long siege of Copenhagen. King Frederick III actively led the defence of the city, rallying its citizens to take up arms, and repelled the Swedish attacks.[44] The siege ended following the death of Charles X Gustav in 1660.[45] In the ensuing peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.[46] Attaining great popularity following the war, Frederick III used this to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark.[47]

Denmark tried but failed to regain control of Scania in the Scanian War (1675–1679). After the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to regain control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg and the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its neutral status allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia.[48] The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet, in the other, burning large parts of the Danish capital. This led to the so-called Danish-British Gunboat War. British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union’s economy and in 1813 Denmark–Norway went bankrupt.

The union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814; the Danish monarchy «irrevocably and forever» renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king.[49] Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands and Greenland, all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries.[50] Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark continued to rule over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917.

Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)

Liberal movement and cession of Schleswig and Holstein

A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European Revolutions of 1848, Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. A new constitution established a two-chamber parliament. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial losses that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.

Industrialization

Industrialisation came to Denmark in the second half of the 19th century.[51] The nation’s first railways were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark’s lack of natural resources. Trade unions developed, starting in the 1870s. There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities, and Danish agriculture became centred on the export of dairy and meat products.

Denmark in World War I

Denmark maintained its neutral stance during World War I. After the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a plebiscite; the two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres (1,538 sq mi). The country’s first social democratic government took office in 1924.[52]

German non-aggression pact and invasion

In 1939 Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940 and the Danish government quickly surrendered. World War II in Denmark was characterised by economic co-operation with Germany until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent many of its officers to Sweden, which was neutral. The Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to evacuate several thousand Jews and their families to safety in Sweden before the Germans could send them to death camps. Some Danes supported Nazism by joining the Danish Nazi Party or volunteering to fight with Germany as part of the Frikorps Danmark.[53] Iceland severed ties with Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944; Germany surrendered in May 1945. In 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule. In 1949, Denmark became a founding member of NATO.

Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.

Denmark was a founding member of European Free Trade Association (EFTA). During the 1960s, the EFTA countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven, as opposed to the Inner Six of what was then the European Economic Community (EEC).[54] In 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, Denmark joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) after a public referendum. The Maastricht Treaty, which involved further European integration, was rejected by the Danish people in 1992; it was only accepted after a second referendum in 1993, which provided for four opt-outs from policies. The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in a referendum in 2000. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self-determination in 2009. Neither the Faroe Islands nor Greenland are members of the European Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Constitutional change in 1953 led to a single-chamber parliament elected by proportional representation, female accession to the Danish throne, and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark. The centre-left Social Democrats led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the 20th century, introducing the Nordic welfare model. The Liberal Party and the Conservative People’s Party have also led centre-right governments.

Geography

Satellite image

A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands

Located in Northern Europe, Denmark[N 3] consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[17] Of these, the largest island is Zealand, on which the capital Copenhagen is situated, followed by the North Jutlandic Island, Funen, and Lolland.[56] The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Fixed Link connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. The four cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.

A labelled map of Denmark

The country occupies a total area of 42,943.9 square kilometres (16,581 sq mi).[9] The area of inland water is 700 km2 (270 sq mi), variously stated as from 500 to 700 km2 (193–270 sq mi).[citation needed] Lake Arresø northwest of Copenhagen is the largest lake. The size of the land area cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). Post-glacial rebound raises the land by a bit less than 1 cm (0.4 in) per year in the north and east, extending the coast. A circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would be 234 kilometres (145 miles) in diameter with a circumference of 736 km (457 mi) (land area only:232.33 km (144.36 mi) and 730 km (454 mi) respectively). It shares a border of 68 kilometres (42 mi) with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 8,750 km (5,437 mi) of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets).[57] No location in Denmark is farther from the coast than 52 km (32 mi). On the south-west coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m (3.28 and 6.56 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch.[58] Denmark’s territorial waters total 105,000 square kilometres (40,541 square miles).

Denmark’s northernmost point is Skagen point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45′ 7″ northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33′ 35″ northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4′ 22″ eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15° 11′ 55″ eastern longitude. This is in the small Ertholmene archipelago 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi).

The country is flat with little elevation, having an average height above sea level of 31 metres (102 ft). The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft).[59] Although this is by far the lowest high point in the Nordic countries and also less than half of the highest point in Southern Sweden, Denmark’s general elevation in its interior is generally at a safe level from rising sea levels. A sizeable portion of Denmark’s terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy, with large dunes in northern Jutland. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of arable land. It is drained by a dozen or so rivers, and the most significant include the Gudenå, Odense, Skjern, Suså and Vidå—a river that flows along its southern border with Germany.

The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the world’s largest island, and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. These territories are self-governing under their own parliaments (the Løgting and Inatsisartut) and form, together with continental Denmark, part of the Danish Realm.

Climate

Denmark has a temperate climate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), and cool summers, with a mean temperature in August of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F).[60] The most extreme temperatures recorded in Denmark, since 1874 when recordings began, was 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) in 1975 and −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) in 1982.[61] Denmark has an average of 179 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 765 millimetres (30 in) per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.[60] The position between a continent and an ocean means that the weather is often unstable.[62]

Because of Denmark’s northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm (standard time), as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm (daylight saving time).[63]

Ecology

Beech trees are common throughout Denmark, especially in the sparse woodlands.

Denmark belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests.[64][65] Almost all of Denmark’s primeval temperate forests have been destroyed or fragmented, chiefly for agricultural purposes during the last millennia.[66] The deforestation has created large swaths of heathland and devastating sand drifts.[66] In spite of this, there are several larger second growth woodlands in the country and, in total, 12.9% of the land is now forested.[67] Norway spruce is the most widespread tree (2017); an important tree in the Christmas tree production. Denmark holds a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.5/10, ranking it 171st globally out of 172 countries—behind only San Marino.[68][further explanation needed]

Roe deer occupy the countryside in growing numbers, and large-antlered red deer can be found in the sparse woodlands of Jutland. Denmark is also home to smaller mammals, such as polecats, hares and hedgehogs.[69] Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country.[70] Large marine mammals include healthy populations of Harbour porpoise, growing numbers of pinnipeds and occasional visits of large whales, including blue whales and orcas. Cod, herring and plaice are abundant culinary fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry.[71]

Environment

Denmark stopped issuing new licences for oil and gas extraction in December 2020.[72]

Land and water pollution are two of Denmark’s most significant environmental issues, although much of the country’s household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. The country has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973.[73] To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol.[74] However, the national ecological footprint is 8.26 global hectares per person, which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010.[75] Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land,[76] which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark (115.8 kilograms (255 lb) meat annually per capita) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries.[77] In December 2014, the Climate Change Performance Index for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table, explaining that although emissions are still quite high, the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies.[78] In 2020, Denmark was placed first in the index again.[79] In 2021 Denmark, with Costa Rica, launched the «Beyond Oil and Gas alliance» for stopping use fossil fuels.[80]

Denmark’s territories, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, catch approximately 650 whales per year.[81][82] Greenland’s quotas for the catch of whales are determined according to the advice of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), having quota decision-making powers.[83]

Government and politics

Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the Constitution of Denmark.[N 12] First written in 1849, it establishes a sovereign state in the form of a constitutional monarchy, with a representative parliamentary system. The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State (privy council).[85][86] In practice, the duties of the monarch are strictly representative and ceremonial,[N 13][87] such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other Government ministers. The Monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and their person is sacrosanct.[88] Hereditary monarch Queen Margrethe II has been head of state since 14 January 1972.

Government

The Danish parliament is unicameral and called the Folketing (Danish: Folketinget). It is the legislature of the Kingdom of Denmark, passing acts that apply in Denmark and, variably, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Folketing is also responsible for adopting the state’s budgets, approving the state’s accounts, appointing and exercising control of the Government, and taking part in international co-operation. Bills may be initiated by the Government or by members of parliament. All bills passed must be presented before the Council of State to receive Royal Assent within thirty days in order to become law.[89]

Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage.[N 14] Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties,[90] with a 2% electoral threshold. Denmark elects 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each—179 members in total.[91] Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign.[92]

The Government of Denmark operates as a cabinet government, where executive authority is exercised—formally, on behalf of the monarch—by the prime minister and other cabinet ministers, who head ministries. As the executive branch, the Cabinet is responsible for proposing bills and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of Denmark. The position of prime minister belongs to the person most likely to command the confidence of a majority in the Folketing; this is often the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties. A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a cabinet on its own; Denmark has often been ruled by coalition governments, themselves usually minority governments dependent on non-government parties.[93]

Following a general election defeat in June 2015, Helle Thorning-Schmidt, leader of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne), resigned as prime minister.[94] She was succeeded by Lars Løkke Rasmussen, the leader of the Liberal Party (Venstre). Rasmussen became the leader of a cabinet that, unusually, consisted entirely of ministers from his own party.[95] In November 2016, Liberal Alliance and the Conservatives joined the government.[96] Liberal Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen held the office from 2009 to 2011, and again from 2015 to 2019, with backing from the Danish People’s Party (DF). Following the 2019 general election, the Social Democrats, led by leader Mette Frederiksen, formed a single-party government with support from the left-wing coalition.[97] Frederiksen became prime minister on 27 June 2019.[98] In the November 2022 snap general election, Prime Minister Frederiksen’s Social Democrats remained the majority party, adding two more seats to gain its best result in two decades.[99] The second largest was the Venstre, led by Jakob Ellemann-Jensen. The recently formed Moderates party, led by former prime minister Rasmussen, became the third largest party in Denmark.[100] In December 2022, Frederiksen formed a new coalition government with the top three largest political parties. Ellemann-Jensen became deputy prime minister and defence minister, and Rasmussen was appointed foreign minister.[101]

Law and judicial system

King Christian V presiding over the Supreme Court in 1697.

Denmark has a civil law system with some references to Germanic law. Denmark resembles Norway and Sweden in never having developed a case-law like that of England and the United States nor comprehensive codes like those of France and Germany. Much of its law is customary.[102]

The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Articles sixty-two and sixty-four of the Constitution ensure judicial independence from government and Parliament by providing that judges shall only be guided by the law, including acts, statutes and practice.[103] The Kingdom of Denmark does not have a single unified judicial system – Denmark has one system, Greenland another, and the Faroe Islands a third.[104] However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom.

Danish Realm

The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises, in addition to metropolitan Denmark, two autonomous territories[15] in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields.[105] Home rule was granted to the Faroe Islands in 1948 and to Greenland in 1979, each having previously had the status of counties.[106]

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively self-governing in regards to domestic affairs apart from the judicial system and monetary policy.[106] High Commissioners (Rigsombudsmand) act as representatives of the Danish government in the Faroese Løgting and in the Greenlandic Parliament, but they cannot vote.[106] The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government,[107] while the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.[108]

Autonomous territory Population (2020) Total area Capital Local parliament Premier
 Faroe Islands (Føroyar) 52,110[109] 1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi)  Tórshavn Løgting Bárður á Steig Nielsen
 Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) 56,081[110] 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)  Nuuk Inatsisartut Múte Bourup Egede

Administrative divisions

Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), is divided into five administrative regions (Danish: regioner). The regions are further subdivided into 98 municipalities (kommuner). The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares (0.16 sq mi), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.[111] The provinces of Denmark are statistical divisions of Denmark, positioned between the administrative regions and municipalities. They are not administrative divisions, nor subject for any kind of political elections, but are mainly for statistical use.

The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the 16 former counties. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, reducing the number from 270. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule.[112] The administrative divisions are led by directly elected councils, elected proportionally every four years; the most recent Danish local elections were held on 16 November 2021. Other regional structures use the municipal boundaries as a layout, including the police districts, the court districts and the electoral wards.

Regions

The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils, each with forty-one councillors elected for four-year terms. The councils are headed by regional district chairmen (regionsrådsformand), who are elected by the council.[113]
The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the national health service, social services and regional development.[113][114] Unlike the counties they replaced, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes and the health service is partly financed by a national health care contribution until 2018 (sundhedsbidrag), partly by funds from both government and municipalities.[115] From 1 January 2019 this contribution will be abolished, as it is being replaced by higher income tax instead.

The area and populations of the regions vary widely; for example, the Capital Region, which encompasses the Copenhagen metropolitan area with the exception of the subtracted province East Zealand but includes the Baltic Sea island of Bornholm, has a population three times larger than that of North Denmark Region, which covers the more sparsely populated area of northern Jutland. Under the county system certain densely populated municipalities, such as Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg, had been given a status equivalent to that of counties, making them first-level administrative divisions. These sui generis municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms.

Danish name English name Admin. centre Largest city
(populous)
Population
(April 2021)
Total area
(km2)
Hovedstaden Capital Region of Denmark Hillerød Copenhagen 1,856,061 2,568.29
Midtjylland Central Denmark Region Viborg Aarhus 1,333,245 13,095.80
Nordjylland North Denmark Region Aalborg Aalborg 590,322 7,907.09
Sjælland Region Zealand Sorø Roskilde 839,619 7,268.75
Syddanmark Region of Southern Denmark Vejle Odense 1,224,100 12,132.21
Source: Regional and municipal key figures

Foreign relations

Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs.[116] In recent years, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing, whaling, and geopolitical concerns. The foreign policy of Denmark is substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union (EU); Denmark including Greenland joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the EU’s predecessor, in 1973.[N 15] Denmark held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions, most recently from January to June 2012.[117] Following World War II, Denmark ended its two-hundred-year-long policy of neutrality. It has been a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1949, and membership remains highly popular.[118]

As a member of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid. In 2015, Denmark contributed 0.85% of its gross national income (GNI) to foreign aid and was one of only six countries meeting the longstanding UN target of 0.7% of GNI.[N 16][119] The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid, with the aid usually administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organisational name of Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is often used, in particular when operating bilateral aid.

Military

Danish MP-soldiers conducting advanced law enforcement training

Denmark’s armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). The Minister of Defence is commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad. During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts).[citation needed] The Danish Emergency Management Agency employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore, around 44,500 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard.[120]

Denmark is a long-time supporter of international peacekeeping, but since the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the War in Afghanistan in 2001, Denmark has also found a new role as a warring nation, participating actively in several wars and invasions. This relatively new situation has stirred some internal critique, but the Danish population has generally been very supportive, in particular of the War in Afghanistan.[121][122] The Danish Defence has around 1,400[123] staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with IFOR,[124] and now SFOR.[125] Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq.[126] Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF.[127] These initiatives are often described by the authorities as part of a new «active foreign policy» of Denmark.

Economy

A proportional representation of Denmark exports, 2019

Denmark has a developed mixed economy that is classed as a high-income economy by the World Bank.[128] In 2017, it ranked 16th in the world in terms of gross national income (PPP) per capita and 10th in nominal GNI per capita.[129] Denmark’s economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World.[130][131] It is the 10th most competitive economy in the world, and 6th in Europe, according to the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report 2018.[132]

Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world.[133] The country ranks highest in the world for workers’ rights.[134] GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. The country has a market income inequality close to the OECD average,[135][136] but after taxes and public cash transfers the income inequality is considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark’s Gini coefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017.[137]
According to the International Monetary Fund, Denmark has the world’s highest minimum wage.[138] As Denmark has no minimum wage legislation, the high wage floor has been attributed to the power of trade unions. For example, as the result of a collective bargaining agreement between the 3F trade union and the employers group Horesta, workers at McDonald’s and other fast food chains make the equivalent of US$20 an hour, which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States, and have access to five weeks’ paid vacation, parental leave and a pension plan.[139] Union density in 2015 was 68%.[140]

Once a predominantly agricultural country on account of its arable landscape, since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its industrial base and service sector. By 2017 services contributed circa 75% of GDP, manufacturing about 15% and agriculture less than 2%.[141] Major industries include wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, machinery and transportation equipment, food processing, and construction.[142] Circa 60% of the total export value is due to export of goods, and the remaining 40% is from service exports, mainly sea transport. The country’s main export goods are: wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, furniture and design.[142] Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus which has transformed the country from a net debitor to a net creditor country. By 1 July 2018, the net international investment position (or net foreign assets) of Denmark was equal to 64.6% of GDP.[143]

Denmark is a major producer and exporter of pork products.

A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of mercantilism and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s.[144] Even when other countries, such as Germany and France, raised protection for their agricultural sector because of increased American competition resulting in much lower agricultural prices after 1870, Denmark retained its free trade policies, as the country profited from the cheap imports of cereals (used as feedstuffs for their cattle and pigs) and could increase their exports of butter and meat of which the prices were more stable.[145] Today, Denmark is part of the European Union’s internal market, which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Support for free trade is high among the Danish public; in a 2016 poll 57% responded saw globalisation as an opportunity whereas 18% viewed it as a threat.[146] 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. As of 2017, Denmark’s largest export partners are Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[74]

Denmark’s currency, the krone (DKK), is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM II. Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro,[147] the country follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support joining the EMU, but since 2010 opinion polls have consistently shown a clear majority against adopting the euro. In May 2018, 29% of respondents from Denmark in a Eurobarometer opinion poll stated that they were in favour of the EMU and the euro, whereas 65% were against it.[148]

Ranked by turnover in Denmark, the largest Danish companies are: A.P. Møller-Mærsk (international shipping), Novo Nordisk (pharmaceuticals), ISS A/S (facility services), Vestas (wind turbines), Arla Foods (dairy), DSV (transport), Carlsberg Group (beer), Salling Group (retail), Ørsted A/S (power), Danske Bank.[149]

Public policy

Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government welfare provisions. Denmark has a corporate tax rate of 22% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates.[150] The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% value-added tax, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) was 46% in 2017.[151] The tax structure of Denmark (the relative weight of different taxes) differs from the OECD average, as the Danish tax system in 2015 was characterised by substantially higher revenues from taxes on personal income and a lower proportion of revenues from taxes on corporate income and gains and property taxes than in OECD generally, whereas no revenues at all derive from social security contributions. The proportion deriving from payroll taxes, VAT, and other taxes on goods and services correspond to the OECD average[152]

As of 2014, 6% of the population was reported to live below the poverty line, when adjusted for taxes and transfers. Denmark has the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the OECD, below the 11.3% OECD average.[153] The share of the population reporting that they feel that they cannot afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average.[153]

Labour market

Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the Nordic Model, which combines free market capitalism with a comprehensive welfare state and strong worker protection.[154] As a result of its acclaimed «flexicurity» model, Denmark has the freest labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is relatively high (security). According to OECD, initial as well as long-term net replacement rates for unemployed persons were 65% of previous net income in 2016, against an OECD average of 53%.[155] Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs.[156] No restrictions apply regarding overtime work, which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.[157] With an employment rate in 2017 of 74.2% for people aged 15–64-years, Denmark ranks 9th highest among the OECD countries, and above the OECD average of 67.8%.[158] The unemployment rate was 5.7% in 2017,[159] which is considered close to or below its structural level.[160]

The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment and normally on membership of an unemployment fund, which is usually closely connected to a trade union, and previous payment of contributions. Circa 65% of the financing comes from earmarked member contributions, whereas the remaining third originates from the central government and hence ultimately from general taxation.[161]

Science and technology

With an investment of 8.5 million euros over the ten-year construction period, Denmark confirms participation in E-ELT.[162]

Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the scientific revolution. In current times, Denmark is participating in many high-profile international science and technology projects, including CERN, ITER, ESA, ISS and E-ELT. Denmark was ranked 10th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, down from 6th in 2020 and from 7th in 2019.[163][164][165]

In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the Maersk Triple E class, and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of Nordic Mobile Telephones, and the now-defunct Danish company DanCall was among the first to develop GSM mobile phones.

Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities. Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish biotech company Novozymes, the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch-based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol.[166] Medicon Valley, spanning the Øresund Region between Zealand and Sweden, is one of Europe’s largest life science clusters, containing a large number of life science companies and research institutions located within a very small geographical area.

Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world’s programming languages: Anders Hejlsberg (Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#); Rasmus Lerdorf (PHP); Bjarne Stroustrup (C++); David Heinemeier Hansson (Ruby on Rails); Lars Bak, a pioneer in virtual machines (V8, Java VM, Dart). Physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau is the first person to stop light, leading to advances in quantum computing, nanoscale engineering, and linear optics.

Energy

Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil[167] and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009.[168] Denmark is a long-time leader in wind power: In 2015 wind turbines provided 42.1% of the total electricity consumption.[169] In May 2011 Denmark derived 3.1% of its gross domestic product from renewable (clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[170] Denmark is connected by electric transmission lines to other European countries.

Denmark’s electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[171] The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).[172]

Denmark exported roughly 460 million GJ of energy in 2018.[173]

Transport

Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects Zealand and Funen. It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Cargo for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, Started in 2021.[175] Copenhagen has a rapid transit system, the Copenhagen Metro, and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. In the four largest cities – Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg – light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020.[176]

Cycling in Denmark is a very common form of transport, particularly for the young and for city dwellers. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km[177] and an estimated 7,000 km[178] of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure.

Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the high registration tax (150%), VAT (25%), and one of the world’s highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership.
In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars,[179] as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes.
As of 2011, the average car age is 9.2 years.[180]

With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia’s busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014.[174] Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport.

Demographics

Population by ancestry (Q2 2020):[19]

  People of Danish origin (including Faroese and Greenlandic) (86.11%)

  Immigrant (10.56%)

  Descendant of an immigrant (3.34%)

Population

The population of Denmark, as registered by Statistics Denmark, was 5.825 million in April 2020.[19] Denmark has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 41.9 years,[181] with 0.97 males per female. Despite a low birth rate, the population is growing at an average annual rate of 0.59%[142] because of net immigration and increasing longevity. The World Happiness Report frequently ranks Denmark’s population as the happiest in the world.[182][183][184] This has been attributed to the country’s highly regarded education and health care systems,[185] and its low level of income inequality.[186]

Denmark is a historically homogeneous nation.[187] However, as with its Scandinavian neighbours, Denmark has recently transformed from a nation of net emigration, up until World War II, to a nation of net immigration. Today, residence permits are issued mostly to immigrants from other EU countries (54% of all non-Scandinavian immigrants in 2017). Another 31% of residence permits were study- or work-related, 4% were issued to asylum seekers and 10% to persons who arrive as family dependants.[188] Overall, the net migration rate in 2017 was 2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population, somewhat lower than the United Kingdom and the other Nordic countries.[142][189][190]

There are no official statistics on ethnic groups, but according to 2020 figures from Statistics Denmark, 86.11% of the population in Denmark was of Danish descent (including Faroese and Greenlandic), defined as having at least one parent who was born in the Kingdom of Denmark and holds Danish Nationality.[19][N 7] The remaining 13.89% were of foreign background, defined as immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants. With the same definition, the most common countries of origin were Turkey, Poland, Syria, Germany, Iraq, Romania, Lebanon, Pakistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Somalia.[19]

The Inuit are indigenous to Greenland in the Kingdom and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska in the Arctic. From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Because of this «Danization process», several persons of Inuit ancestry now identify their mother tongue as Danish.

Largest cities in Denmark (as of 1 January 2016)

Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Aarhus
Aarhus

Rank Core City Region Urban Population Municipal Population
  • view
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Odense
Odense
Aalborg
Aalborg

1 Copenhagen Capital Region of Denmark 1,280,371 591,481
2 Aarhus Central Denmark Region 264,716 330,639
3 Odense Region of Southern Denmark 175,245 198,972
4 Aalborg North Denmark Region 112,194 210,316
5 Esbjerg Region of Southern Denmark 72,151 115,748
6 Randers Central Denmark Region 62,342 97,520
7 Kolding Region of Southern Denmark 59,712 91,695
8 Horsens Central Denmark Region 57,517 87,736
9 Vejle Region of Southern Denmark 54,862 111,743
10 Roskilde Region Zealand 50,046 86,207
Source: Statistics Denmark

Languages

Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark.[191] Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively.[191] German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County (now part of the Region of Southern Denmark), which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles.[191] Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish.[192] There is a limited degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a West Germanic language. Greenlandic or «Kalaallisut» is an Inuit language, and is entirely unrelated to Danish.[192]

A large majority (86%) of Danes speak English as a second language,[193] generally with a high level of proficiency. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency.[191] Denmark had 25,900 native speakers of German in 2007 (mostly in the South Jutland area).[191]

Religion

Christianity is the dominant religion in Denmark. In January 2020, 74.3%[194] of the population of Denmark were members of the Church of Denmark (Den Danske Folkekirke), the officially established church, which is Protestant in classification and Lutheran in orientation.[195][N 17] The membership percentage have been in steadily decline since the 1970s, mainly as fewer newborns are being baptised into it.[196] Only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services[197][198] and only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life.[199]

The Constitution states that the sovereign must have the Lutheran faith, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths.[200][201][202] In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism,[202] although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Until the 1970s, the state formally recognised «religious societies» by royal decree. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.[202] Denmark’s Muslims make up approximately 4.4% of the population[203] and form the country’s second largest religious community and largest minority religion.[204] The Danish Foreign Ministry estimates that other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.[205]

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer Poll,[206] 28% of Danish nationals polled responded that they «believe there is a God», 47% responded that they «believe there is some sort of spirit or life force» and 24% responded that they «do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force». Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is the saviour of the world.[207]

Education

All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the Ministry of Education and administered by local municipalities. Folkeskole covers the entire period of compulsory education, encompassing primary and lower secondary education.[208] Most children attend folkeskole for 10 years, from the ages of 6 to 16. There are no final examinations, but pupils can choose to sit an exam when finishing ninth grade (14–15 years old). The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended. Alternatively pupils can attend an independent school (friskole), or a private school (privatskole), such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.

Following graduation from compulsory education, there are several continuing educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasises on subjects in economics. Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to Gymnasium (STX), but is one year shorter. For specific professions, there is vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.

The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95% and tertiary enrollment and completion rates of 60%.[209] All university and college (tertiary) education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses. Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU), which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.[210] Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, doctorates and student exchange programmes.[211]

Health

Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. Rigshospitalet is the most specialized hospital in Denmark and receives over 350,000 unique patients a year.[212]

As of 2015, Denmark has a life expectancy of 80.6 years at birth (78.6 for men, 82.5 for women), up from 76.9 years in 2000.[213] This ranks it 27th among 193 nations, behind the other Nordic countries. The National Institute of Public Health of the University of Southern Denmark has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy; this includes smoking, alcohol, drug abuse and physical inactivity.[214] Although the obesity rate is lower than in North America and most other European countries,[215] the large number of Danes becoming overweight is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of DKK 1,625 million.[214] In a 2012 study, Denmark had the highest cancer rate of all countries listed by the World Cancer Research Fund International; researchers suggest the reasons are better reporting, but also lifestyle factors like heavy alcohol consumption, smoking and physical inactivity.[216][217]

Denmark has a universal health care system, characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and, for most of the services, run directly by the regional authorities. One of the sources of income is a national health care contribution (sundhedsbidrag) (2007–11:8%; ’12:7%; ’13:6%; ’14:5%; ’15:4%; ’16:3%; ’17:2%; ’18:1%; ’19:0%) but it is being phased out and will be gone from January 2019, with the income taxes in the lower brackets being raised gradually each year instead.[115] Another source comes from the municipalities that had their income taxes raised by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007, a contribution confiscated from the former county tax to be used from 1 January 2007 for health purposes by the municipalities instead. This means that most health care provision is free at the point of delivery for all residents. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as physiotherapy.[218] As of 2012, Denmark spends 11.2% of its GDP on health care; this is up from 9.8% in 2007 (US$3,512 per capita).[218] This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries.[218][219]

Ghettos

Denmark is the only country to have officially used the word ‘ghetto’ in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas.[220] From 2010 to 2021, the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing published ghettolisten (List of ghettos) which in 2018 consisted of 25 areas.[220][221] As a result, the term is widely used in the media and common parlance.[222] The legal designation is applied to areas based on the residents’ income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and non-Western ethnic background.[221][222][223] In 2017, 8.7% of Denmark’s population consisted of non-Western immigrants or their descendants. The population proportion of ‘ghetto residents’ with non-Western background was 66.5%.[224]

In 2018, the government has proposed measures to solve the issue of integration and to rid the country of parallel societies and ghettos by 2030.[223][224][225][226] The measures focus on physical redevelopment, control over who is allowed to live in these areas, crime abatement and education.[221] These policies have been criticised for undercutting ‘equality before law’ and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.[221][227] While some proposals like restricting ‘ghetto children’ to their homes after 8 p.m. have been rejected for being too radical, most of the 22 proposals have been agreed upon by a parliamentary majority.[220][222]

In 2021, the term ghetto was dropped and replaced by parallel society and vulnerable region.[228]

Culture

Denmark shares strong cultural and historic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Norway. It has historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. In 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography,[229] and in 2012, Denmark replaced its «registered partnership» laws, which it had been the first country to introduce in 1989,[230][231] with gender-neutral marriage, and allowed same-sex marriages to be performed in the Church of Denmark.[232][233] Modesty and social equality are important parts of Danish culture.[234] In a 2016 study comparing empathy scores of 63 countries, Denmark ranked 4th world-wide having the highest empathy among surveyed European countries.[235]

The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Ludwig A. Colding’s (1815–1888) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr (1885–1962) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), the short stories of Karen Blixen (penname Isak Dinesen), (1885–1962), the plays of Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein (1905–1996), have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen (1865–1931). From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier.

A major feature of Danish culture is Jul (Danish Christmas). The holiday is celebrated throughout December, starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions, culminating with the Christmas Eve meal.

There are seven heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe: Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement, the Jelling Mounds (Runic Stones and Church), Kronborg Castle, Roskilde Cathedral, and The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand and 3 in the World Heritage list in North America: Ilulissat Icefjord, Aasivissuit — Nipisat, Kujataa within the Kingdom of Denmark.[237]

Human rights

Denmark has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women’s rights, minority rights, and LGBT rights. Human rights in Denmark are protected by the state’s Constitution of the Realm (Danmarks Riges Grundlov); applying equally in Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and through the ratification of international human rights treaties.[238] Denmark has held a significant role in the adoption of both the European Convention on Human Rights and in the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In 1987, the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget) established a national human rights institution, the Danish Centre of Human Rights, now the Danish Institute for Human Rights.[238]

In 2009, a referendum on changing the Danish Act of Succession were held to grant absolute primogeniture to the Danish throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child. The Danish constitution Article 2 states that «The monarchy is inherited by men and women».[239]

The Inuit have for decades been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant colonisers from Europe, those countries claiming possession of Inuit lands. The Inuit have never been a single community in a single region of Inuit.[240] From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the indigenous people of Greenland, the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Denmark has been greatly criticised by the Greenlandic community for the politics of Danization (50’s and 60’s) of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country. Critical treatment paying non-Inuit workers higher wages than the local people, the relocation of entire families from their traditional lands into settlements, and separating children from their parents and sending them away to Denmark for schooling has been practised.[241][242] Nevertheless, Denmark ratified, in 1996, to recognise the ILO-convention 169 on indigenous people recommended by the UN.

In regard to LGBT rights, Denmark was the first country in the world to grant legal recognition to same-sex unions in the form of registered partnerships in 1989. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012.[243] Greenland and the Faroe Islands legalised same-sex marriage in April 2016,[244] and in July 2017 respectively.[245] In January 2016, a resolution was implemented by the Danish parliament which prevented transgender being classified as a mental health condition.[224] In doing so, Denmark became the first country in Europe to go against the World Health Organisation (WHO) standards, which classified transgender identity as being a mental health issue until June 2018.[246][247]

Media

Danish mass media date back to the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. In 1666, Anders Bording, the father of Danish journalism, began a state paper. In 1834, the first liberal, factual newspaper appeared, and the 1849 Constitution established lasting freedom of the press in Denmark. Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century, usually tied to one or another political party or trade union. Modernisation, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after 1900. The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901, more than doubling to 1.2 million in 1925.[248] The German occupation during World War II brought informal censorship; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis. During the war, the underground produced 550 newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance.[248]

Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of productions due largely to funding by the state-supported Danish Film Institute. There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: erotic melodrama of the silent era; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s; and lastly, the Dogme 95 movement of the late 1990s, where directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big-budget studios. Danish films have been noted for their realism, religious and moral themes, sexual frankness and technical innovation. The Danish filmmaker Carl Th. Dreyer (1889–1968) is considered one of the greatest directors of early cinema.[249][250]

Other Danish filmmakers of note include Erik Balling, the creator of the popular Olsen-banden films; Gabriel Axel, an Oscar-winner for Babette’s Feast in 1987; and Bille August, the Oscar-, Palme d’Or- and Golden Globe-winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme movement, and multiple award-winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn. Mads Mikkelsen is a world-renowned Danish actor, having starred in films such as King Arthur, Casino Royale, the Danish film The Hunt, and the American TV series Hannibal. Another renowned Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau is internationally known for playing the role of Jaime Lannister in the HBO series Game of Thrones.

Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest newspapers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten and major tabloids B.T. and Ekstra Bladet. In television, publicly owned stations DR and TV 2 have large shares of the viewers.[251] DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Gråbøl. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations.[252]

Music

Denmark and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The country’s most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet, while the Royal Danish Ballet specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world’s oldest orchestras.[253] Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired international recognition.

The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of international fame, including Aqua, Alphabeat, D-A-D, King Diamond, Kashmir, Lukas Graham, Mew, Michael Learns to Rock, MØ, Oh Land, The Raveonettes and Volbeat, among others. Lars Ulrich, the drummer of the band Metallica, has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen is the largest music festival in Northern Europe since 1971 and Denmark has many recurring music festivals of all genres throughout, including Aarhus International Jazz Festival, Skanderborg Festival, The Blue Festival in Aalborg, Esbjerg International Chamber Music Festival and Skagen Festival among many others.[254][255]

Denmark has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1957 and has won the contest three times, in 1963, 2000 and 2013.

Architecture and design

Denmark’s architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country’s fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style.
During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th-century National Romantic style.[256]

The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including expressionism, best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint, which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and Nordic Classicism, which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon’s Sydney Opera House and Johan Otto von Spreckelsen’s Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad.[257]

Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Finn Juhl, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton.[258] Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel (1923–2003) in the area of industrial design, Jens Quistgaard (1919–2008) for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher (1903–1985) who had a classical approach to furniture design.

Literature and philosophy

The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.

In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the Modern Breakthrough, this movement was championed by Georg Brandes, Henrik Pontoppidan (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature) and J. P. Jacobsen. Romanticism influenced the renowned writer and poet Hans Christian Andersen, known for his stories and fairy tales, e.g. The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Other Danish writers of importance are Herman Bang, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nexø, Piet Hein, Hans Scherfig, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turèll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg.

Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Among Kierkegaard’s other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard’s views on the individual, and Rollo May, who helped create humanistic psychology. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.

Painting and photography

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th and 16th century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country’s older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.[259]

The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.

In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia’s most successful artists’ colonies specialising in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.[260] Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen,[261] and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.[262]

Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. These include impressionism and the modernist styles of expressionism, abstract painting and surrealism. While international co-operation and activity has almost always been essential to the Danish artistic community, influential art collectives with a firm Danish base includes De Tretten (1909–1912), Linien (1930s and 1940s), COBRA (1948–1951), Fluxus (1960s and 1970s), De Unge Vilde (1980s) and more recently Superflex (founded in 1993). Most Danish painters of modern times have also been very active with other forms of artistic expressions, such as sculpting, ceramics, art installations, activism, film and experimental architecture. Notable Danish painters from modern times representing various art movements include Theodor Philipsen (1840–1920, impressionism and naturalism), Anna Klindt Sørensen (1899–1985, expressionism), Franciska Clausen (1899–1986, Neue Sachlichkeit, cubism, surrealism and others), Henry Heerup (1907–1993, naivism), Robert Jacobsen (1912–1993, abstract painting), Carl Henning Pedersen (1913–2007, abstract painting), Asger Jorn (1914–1973, Situationist, abstract painting), Bjørn Wiinblad (1918–2006, art deco, orientalism), Per Kirkeby (b. 1938, neo-expressionism, abstract painting), Per Arnoldi (b. 1941, pop art), Michael Kvium (b. 1955, neo-surrealism) and Simone Aaberg Kærn (b. 1969, superrealism).

Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.[263]

Cuisine

Smørrebrød, a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies

The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country’s agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters.

The open sandwiches on rye bread, known as smørrebrød, which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality when prepared and decorated with a variety of fine ingredients. Hot meals traditionally consist of ground meats, such as frikadeller (meat balls of veal and pork) and hakkebøf (minced beef patties), or of more substantial meat and fish dishes such as flæskesteg (roast pork with crackling) and kogt torsk (poached cod) with mustard sauce and trimmings. Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters.

Since around 1970, chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced gourmet cooking, largely influenced by French cuisine. Also inspired by continental practices, Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce known as New Danish cuisine.[264] As a result of these developments, Denmark now has a considerable number of internationally acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded Michelin stars. This includes Geranium and Noma in Copenhagen.

Sports

Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish football player of all time by the Danish Football Union

Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The national sport is football, with over 320,000 players in more than 1600 clubs.[265] Denmark qualified six times consecutively for the European Championships between 1984 and 2004, and were crowned European champions in 1992; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Cup. Notable Danish footballers include Allan Simonsen, named the best player in Europe in 1977, Peter Schmeichel, named the «World’s Best Goalkeeper» in 1992 and 1993, and Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Union.[266]

There is much focus on handball, too. The women’s national team celebrated great successes during the 1990s and has won a total of 13 medals – seven gold (in 1994, 1996 (2), 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004), four silver (in 1962, 1993, 1998 and 2004) and two bronze (in 1995 and 2013). On the men’s side, Denmark has won 12 medals—four gold (in 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2019), four silver (in 1967, 2011, 2013 and 2014) and four bronze (in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2007)—the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history.[267] In 2019, the Danish men’s national handball team won their first World Championship title in the tournament that was co-hosted between Germany and Denmark.[citation needed]

In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic;[268] tennis—in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; basketball—Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in 1951;[269] rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950;[270] ice hockey— often competing in the top division in the Men’s World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton, table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals. Denmark’s numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, and many other water-themed sports.

See also

  • Index of Denmark-related articles
  • Outline of Denmark
  • Religion in Denmark

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ «Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke» has been adopted by Queen Margrethe II as her Language of Choice (valgsprog).
  2. ^ Kong Christian has equal status as a national anthem but is generally used only on royal and military occasions.[2]
  3. ^ a b c The Kingdom of Denmark’s territory in continental Europe is referred to as «metropolitan Denmark»,[55] «Denmark proper» (Danish: egentlig Danmark), or simply «Denmark». In this article, usage of «Denmark» excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  4. ^ German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
  5. ^ including Faroese, indigenous group Inuit, and minority group German
  6. ^ The Kingdom has a total population of 5,958,380.
  7. ^ a b c This data is for Denmark proper only. For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles.
  8. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency.
  9. ^ The top-level domain name .eu is shared with other European Union countries.
  10. ^ Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkʰɔŋəʁiːð̩ ˈtænmɑk] (listen)
  11. ^ The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea.
  12. ^ Denmark has a codified constitution. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40% of the electorate through a referendum.[84]
  13. ^ The Constitution refers to «the King» (Danish: kongen), rather than the gender-neutral term «monarch». In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet.
  14. ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit, while acknowledging that democracy is difficult to measure, listed Denmark 5th on its index of democracy.[21]
  15. ^ The Faroese declined membership in 1973; Greenland chose to leave the EEC in 1985, following a referendum.
  16. ^ As measured in official development assistance (ODA). Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    exceeded the United Nations’ ODA target of 0.7% of GNI.
  17. ^ The Church of Denmark is the established church (or state religion) in Denmark and Greenland; the Church of the Faroe Islands became an independent body in 2007.

Citations

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General and cited sources

  • Stone, Andrew; Bain, Carolyn; Booth, Michael; Parnell, Fran (2008). Denmark (5th ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-74104-669-4.
  • (in Danish) Busck, Steen (2002). Poulsen, Henning (ed.). «Danmarks historie  – i grundtræk». Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 978-87-7288-941-2.
  • Englund, Peter (2000). Den oövervinnerlige (in Swedish). Stockholm: Atlantis. ISBN 978-91-7486-999-6.
  • Frost, Robert I. (2000). The Northern Wars (1558–1721). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
  • Gammelgaard, Frederik; Sørensen, Niels (1998). Danmark – en demokratisk stat (in Danish). Alinea. ISBN 978-87-23-00280-8.
  • Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85057-25-2.
  • Jørgensen, Gitte (1995). Sådan styres Danmark (in Danish). Flachs. ISBN 978-87-7826-031-4.
  • (in Danish) Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, «Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid», Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN 978-87-00-69328-9
  • (in Swedish) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 978-91-7024-619-7.

External links

  • Denmark.dk Archived 11 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Denmark entry at Britannica.com.
  • Gosse, Edmund William (1878). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VII (9th ed.). pp. 80–94.
  • Gosse, Edmund William (1911). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 23–44.
  • Kristiansen, M. (1922). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.).
  • Denmark at Curlie
  • Denmark profile from the BBC News.
  • Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures.

Coordinates: 56°N 10°E / 56°N 10°E

Denmark

Danmark (Danish)

Constituent part of the Kingdom of Denmark

Flag of Denmark
Flag

Official seal of Denmark
Coat of arms

Motto

Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke (Danish)[N 1]
(English: «God’s help, the love of the people, Denmark’s strength»[1])

Anthem: Der er et yndigt land (Danish)
(English: «There is a lovely country»)
National and royal anthem: Kong Christian stod ved højen mast (Danish)[N 2]
(English: «King Christian stood by the lofty mast»)
Location of metropolitan Denmark[N 3] (dark green) – in Europe (green & dark grey) – in the European Union (green)

Location of metropolitan Denmark[N 3] (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)
– in the European Union (green)

Sovereign state Kingdom of Denmark
Consolidation c. 8th century[3]
Christianization c. 965[4]
Constitutional Act 5 June 1849
Faroese home rule 24 March 1948
EEC accession 1 January 1973
Greenlandic home rule 1 May 1979
Capital

and largest city

Copenhagen
55°43′N 12°34′E / 55.717°N 12.567°E
Official languages Danish

Regional languages

German[N 4]
Ethnic groups

(2020)

  • 86.11% Danish[N 5]
  • 13.89% Others[5][6]
Religion

(2020)

  • 75.8% Christianity
  • —74.3% Church of Denmark (official)
  • —1.5% Other Christian
  • 19.1% No religion
  • 4.4% Islam
  • 0.7% Others[7][8]
Demonym(s)
  • Danish
  • Dane
Government Unitary parliamentary constitutional monarchy

• Monarch

Margrethe II

• Prime Minister

Mette Frederiksen

• Speaker of the Folketing

Søren Gade
Legislature Folketing
Area

• Total

42,943[9] km2 (16,580 sq mi) (130th)

• Water (%)

1.74[10]
Highest elevation

(Møllehøj)

170.86 m (560.56 ft)
Population

• M10 2022 estimate

Neutral increase 5,928,364[11][N 6] (114th)

• Density

138.05/km2 (357.5/sq mi)
GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $411.0 billion [12]
[N 7] (53nd)

• Per capita

Increase $69,273[12] (11th)
GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase $386.7 billion[12][N 7] (41st)

• Per capita

Increase $65,713 [12] (10th)
Gini (2021) Positive decrease 27.0[13]
low
HDI (2021) Increase 0.948[14]
very high · 6th
Currency Danish krone (kr.) (DKK)[N 8][citation needed]
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)

 • Summer (DST)

UTC+02:00 (CEST)
Date format dd/mm/yyyy
Mains electricity 230 V–50 Hz
Driving side right
Calling code +45
ISO 3166 code DK
Internet TLD .dk[N 9]

Denmark (Danish: Danmark, pronounced [ˈtænmɑk] (listen)) is a Nordic constituent country in Northern Europe. It is the most populous and politically central constituent of the Kingdom of Denmark,[N 10] a constitutionally unitary state that includes the autonomous territories of the Faroe Islands and Greenland in the North Atlantic Ocean.[15] Metropolitan Denmark[N 3] is the southernmost of the Scandinavian countries, lying south-west of Sweden, south of Norway,[N 11] and north of Germany.

As of 2013, the Kingdom of Denmark, including the Faroe Islands and Greenland, has a total of 1,419 islands above 100 square metres (1,100 sq ft); 443 of which have been named and of which 78 are inhabited.[16] Spanning a total area of 42,943 km2 (16,580 sq mi),[9] metropolitan Denmark consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[17] Of these, the most populated island is Zealand, on which the capital Copenhagen is situated, followed by Funen, the North Jutlandic Island, and Amager.[18] Denmark’s geography is characterised by flat, arable land, sandy coasts, low elevation, and a temperate climate. As of 2022, it had a population of 5.928 million (1 October 2022), of which 800,000 live in the capital and largest city, Copenhagen.[19] Denmark exercises hegemonic influence in the Danish Realm, devolving powers to handle internal affairs. Home rule was established in the Faroe Islands in 1948 and in Greenland in 1979; the latter obtained further autonomy in 2009.

The unified Kingdom of Denmark emerged in the eighth century as a proficient maritime power amid the struggle for control of the Baltic Sea.[3] In 1397, it joined Norway and Sweden to form the Kalmar Union, which persisted until the latter’s secession in 1523. The remaining Kingdom of Denmark–Norway endured a series of wars in the 17th century that resulted in further territorial cessions to the Swedish Empire. Following the Napoleonic Wars, Norway was absorbed into Sweden, leaving Denmark with the Faroe Islands, Greenland, and Iceland. A surge of nationalist movements in the 19th century were defeated in the First Schleswig War of 1848, though the Second Schleswig War of 1864 resulted in further territorial losses to Prussia. The period saw the adoption of the Constitution of Denmark on 5 June 1849, ending the absolute monarchy that was established in 1660 and introducing the current parliamentary system.

An industrialised exporter of agricultural produce in the second half of the 19th century, Denmark introduced social and labour-market reforms in the early 20th century, which formed the basis for the present welfare state model and advanced mixed economy. Denmark remained neutral during World War I but regained the northern half of Schleswig in 1920. Danish neutrality was violated in World War II following a swift German invasion in April 1940. During occupation, a resistance movement emerged in 1943 while Iceland declared independence in 1944; Denmark was liberated in May 1945. In 1973, Denmark, together with Greenland but not the Faroes, became a member of what is now the European Union, but negotiated certain opt-outs, such as retaining its own currency, the krone.

Denmark is a highly developed country with a high standard of living: the country performs at or near the top in measures of education, health care, civil liberties, democratic governance and LGBT equality.[20][21][22][23] Denmark is a founding member of NATO, the Nordic Council, the OECD, OSCE, and the United Nations; it is also part of the Schengen Area. Denmark maintains close political, cultural, and linguistic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours, with the Danish language being partially mutually intelligible with both Norwegian and Swedish.

Etymology

The etymology of the name «Denmark», the relationship between «Danes» and «Denmark», and the emergence of Denmark as a unified kingdom are topics of continuous scholarly debate.[24][25] This is centred primarily on the prefix «Dan» and whether it refers to the Dani or a historical person Dan and the exact meaning of the —«mark» ending.

Most etymological dictionaries and handbooks derive «Dan» from a word meaning «flat land»,[26] related to German Tenne «threshing floor», English den «cave».[26] The element mark is believed to mean woodland or borderland (see marches), with probable references to the border forests in south Schleswig.[27]

The first recorded use of the word Danmark within Denmark itself is found on the two Jelling stones, which are runestones believed to have been erected by Gorm the Old (c. 955) and Harald Bluetooth (c. 965). The larger of the two stones is popularly cited as the «baptismal certificate» (dåbsattest) of Denmark,[28] though both use the word «Denmark», in the accusative ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk ([danmɒrk]) on the large stone, and the genitive ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚱᚴᛅᚱ «tanmarkar» (pronounced [danmarkaɽ]) on the small stone, while the dative form tąnmarku (pronounced [danmarkʊ]) is found on the contemporaneous Skivum stone. The inhabitants of Denmark are there called tani ([danɪ]), or «Danes», in the accusative.

History

Prehistory

The earliest archaeological finds in Denmark date back to the Eem interglacial period from 130,000 to 110,000 BC.[29] Denmark has been inhabited since around 12,500 BC and agriculture has been evident since 3900 BC.[30] The Nordic Bronze Age (1800–600 BC) in Denmark was marked by burial mounds, which left an abundance of findings including lurs and the Sun Chariot.

During the Pre-Roman Iron Age (500 BC – AD 1), native groups began migrating south, and the first tribal Danes came to the country between the Pre-Roman and the Germanic Iron Age,[31] in the Roman Iron Age (AD 1–400).[30] The Roman provinces maintained trade routes and relations with native tribes in Denmark, and Roman coins have been found in Denmark. Evidence of strong Celtic cultural influence dates from this period in Denmark and much of North-West Europe and is among other things reflected in the finding of the Gundestrup cauldron.

The tribal Danes came from the east Danish islands (Zealand) and Scania and spoke an early form of North Germanic. Historians believe that before their arrival, most of Jutland and the nearest islands were settled by tribal Jutes. The Jutes migrated to Great Britain eventually, some as mercenaries of Brythonic King Vortigern, and were granted the south-eastern territories of Kent, the Isle of Wight and other areas, where they settled. They were later absorbed or ethnically cleansed by the invading Angles and Saxons, who formed the Anglo-Saxons. The remaining Jutish population in Jutland assimilated in with the settling Danes.

A short note about the Dani in Getica by the historian Jordanes is believed to be an early mention of the Danes, one of the ethnic groups from whom modern Danes are descended.[32][33] The Danevirke defence structures were built in phases from the 3rd century forward and the sheer size of the construction efforts in AD 737 are attributed to the emergence of a Danish king.[34] A new runic alphabet was first used around the same time and Ribe, the oldest town of Denmark, was founded about AD 700.

Viking and Middle Ages

The Ladby ship, the largest ship burial found in Denmark.

From the 8th to the 10th century the wider Scandinavian region was the source of Vikings. They colonised, raided, and traded in all parts of Europe. The Danish Vikings were most active in the eastern and southern British Isles and Western Europe. They settled in parts of England (known as the Danelaw) under King Sweyn Forkbeard in 1013, and in France where Danes and Norwegians were allowed to settle in what would become Normandy in exchange of allegiance to Robert I of France with Rollo as first ruler. Some Anglo-Saxon pence of this period have been found in Denmark.[35]

Large stone containing a carved depiction of Jesus Christ

Denmark was largely consolidated by the late 8th century and its rulers are consistently referred to in Frankish sources as kings (reges). Under the reign of Gudfred in 804 the Danish kingdom may have included all the lands of Jutland, Scania and the Danish islands, excluding Bornholm.[36]

The extant Danish monarchy traces its roots back to Gorm the Old, who established his reign in the early 10th century.[3] As attested by the Jelling stones, the Danes were Christianised around 965 by Harald Bluetooth, the son of Gorm. It is believed that Denmark became Christian for political reasons so as not to get invaded by the Holy Roman Empire. A rising Christian power in Europe, the Holy Roman Empire was an important trading partner for the Danes. As a deterrent against this threat, Harald built six fortresses around Denmark called Trelleborg and built a further Danevirke. In the early 11th century, Canute the Great won and united Denmark, England, and Norway for almost 30 years with a Scandinavian army.[35]

Throughout the High and Late Middle Ages, Denmark also included Skåneland (the areas of Scania, Halland, and Blekinge in present-day south Sweden) and Danish kings ruled Danish Estonia, as well as the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein. Most of the latter two now form the state of Schleswig-Holstein in northern Germany.

In 1397, Denmark entered into a personal union with Norway and Sweden, united under Queen Margaret I.[37] The three countries were to be treated as equals in the union. However, even from the start, Margaret may not have been so idealistic—treating Denmark as the clear «senior» partner of the union.[38] Thus, much of the next 125 years of Scandinavian history revolves around this union, with Sweden breaking off and being re-conquered repeatedly. The issue was for practical purposes resolved on 17 June 1523, as Swedish King Gustav Vasa conquered the city of Stockholm. The Protestant Reformation spread to Scandinavia in the 1530s, and following the Count’s Feud civil war, Denmark converted to Lutheranism in 1536. Later that year, Denmark entered into a union with Norway.

Early modern history (1536–1849)

After Sweden permanently broke away from the personal union, Denmark tried on several occasions to reassert control over its neighbour. King Christian IV attacked Sweden in the 1611–1613 Kalmar War but failed to accomplish his main objective of forcing it to return to the union. The war led to no territorial changes, but Sweden was forced to pay a war indemnity of 1 million silver riksdaler to Denmark, an amount known as the Älvsborg ransom.[39] King Christian used this money to found several towns and fortresses, most notably Glückstadt (founded as a rival to Hamburg) and Christiania. Inspired by the Dutch East India Company, he founded a similar Danish company and planned to claim Ceylon as a colony, but the company only managed to acquire Tranquebar on India’s Coromandel Coast. Denmark’s large colonial aspirations included a few key trading posts in Africa and India. While Denmark’s trading posts in India were of little note, it played an important role in the highly lucrative Atlantic slave trade, through its trading outposts in Fort Christiansborg in Osu, Ghana through which 1.5 million slaves were traded.[40] While the Danish colonial empire was sustained by trade with other major powers, and plantations – ultimately a lack of resources led to its stagnation.[41]

In the Thirty Years’ War, Christian tried to become the leader of the Lutheran states in Germany but suffered a crushing defeat at the Battle of Lutter.[42] The result was that the Catholic army under Albrecht von Wallenstein was able to invade, occupy, and pillage Jutland, forcing Denmark to withdraw from the war.[43] Denmark managed to avoid territorial concessions, but King Gustavus Adolphus’ intervention in Germany was seen as a sign that the military power of Sweden was on the rise while Denmark’s influence in the region was declining. Swedish armies invaded Jutland in 1643 and claimed Scania in 1644. In the 1645 Treaty of Brømsebro, Denmark surrendered Halland, Gotland, the last parts of Danish Estonia, and several provinces in Norway.

Seeing an opportunity to tear up the Treaty of Brømsebro, King Frederick III of Denmark, in 1657, declared war on Sweden, the latter being deeply involved in the Second Northern War (1655–1660), and marched on Bremen-Verden. This led to a massive Danish defeat as the armies of King Charles X Gustav of Sweden conquered Jutland and, following the Swedish March across the frozen Danish straits, occupied Funen and much of Zealand before signing the Peace of Roskilde in February 1658, which gave Sweden control of Scania, Blekinge, Bohuslän, Trøndelag, and the island of Bornholm. Charles X Gustav quickly regretted not having ruined Denmark and in August 1658, he launched a second attack on Denmark, conquered most of the Danish islands, and began a two-year-long siege of Copenhagen. King Frederick III actively led the defence of the city, rallying its citizens to take up arms, and repelled the Swedish attacks.[44] The siege ended following the death of Charles X Gustav in 1660.[45] In the ensuing peace settlement, Denmark managed to maintain its independence and regain control of Trøndelag and Bornholm.[46] Attaining great popularity following the war, Frederick III used this to disband the elective monarchy in favour of absolute monarchy, which lasted until 1848 in Denmark.[47]

Denmark tried but failed to regain control of Scania in the Scanian War (1675–1679). After the Great Northern War (1700–21), Denmark managed to regain control of the parts of Schleswig and Holstein ruled by the house of Holstein-Gottorp in the 1720 Treaty of Frederiksborg and the 1773 Treaty of Tsarskoye Selo, respectively. Denmark prospered greatly in the last decades of the 18th century due to its neutral status allowing it to trade with both sides in the many contemporary wars. In the Napoleonic Wars, Denmark traded with both France and the United Kingdom and joined the League of Armed Neutrality with Russia, Sweden, and Prussia.[48] The British considered this a hostile act and attacked Copenhagen in 1801 and 1807, in one case carrying off the Danish fleet, in the other, burning large parts of the Danish capital. This led to the so-called Danish-British Gunboat War. British control of the waterways between Denmark and Norway proved disastrous to the union’s economy and in 1813 Denmark–Norway went bankrupt.

The union was dissolved by the Treaty of Kiel in 1814; the Danish monarchy «irrevocably and forever» renounced claims to the Kingdom of Norway in favour of the Swedish king.[49] Denmark kept the possessions of Iceland (which retained the Danish monarchy until 1944), the Faroe Islands and Greenland, all of which had been governed by Norway for centuries.[50] Apart from the Nordic colonies, Denmark continued to rule over Danish India from 1620 to 1869, the Danish Gold Coast (Ghana) from 1658 to 1850, and the Danish West Indies from 1671 to 1917.

Constitutional monarchy (1849–present)

Liberal movement and cession of Schleswig and Holstein

A nascent Danish liberal and national movement gained momentum in the 1830s; after the European Revolutions of 1848, Denmark peacefully became a constitutional monarchy on 5 June 1849. A new constitution established a two-chamber parliament. Denmark faced war against both Prussia and Austrian Empire in what became known as the Second Schleswig War, lasting from February to October 1864. Denmark was defeated and obliged to cede Schleswig and Holstein to Prussia. This loss came as the latest in the long series of defeats and territorial losses that had begun in the 17th century. After these events, Denmark pursued a policy of neutrality in Europe.

Industrialization

Industrialisation came to Denmark in the second half of the 19th century.[51] The nation’s first railways were constructed in the 1850s, and improved communications and overseas trade allowed industry to develop in spite of Denmark’s lack of natural resources. Trade unions developed, starting in the 1870s. There was a considerable migration of people from the countryside to the cities, and Danish agriculture became centred on the export of dairy and meat products.

Denmark in World War I

Denmark maintained its neutral stance during World War I. After the defeat of Germany, the Versailles powers offered to return the region of Schleswig-Holstein to Denmark. Fearing German irredentism, Denmark refused to consider the return of the area without a plebiscite; the two Schleswig Plebiscites took place on 10 February and 14 March 1920, respectively. On 10 July 1920, Northern Schleswig was recovered by Denmark, thereby adding some 163,600 inhabitants and 3,984 square kilometres (1,538 sq mi). The country’s first social democratic government took office in 1924.[52]

German non-aggression pact and invasion

In 1939 Denmark signed a 10-year non-aggression pact with Nazi Germany but Germany invaded Denmark on 9 April 1940 and the Danish government quickly surrendered. World War II in Denmark was characterised by economic co-operation with Germany until 1943, when the Danish government refused further co-operation and its navy scuttled most of its ships and sent many of its officers to Sweden, which was neutral. The Danish resistance performed a rescue operation that managed to evacuate several thousand Jews and their families to safety in Sweden before the Germans could send them to death camps. Some Danes supported Nazism by joining the Danish Nazi Party or volunteering to fight with Germany as part of the Frikorps Danmark.[53] Iceland severed ties with Denmark and became an independent republic in 1944; Germany surrendered in May 1945. In 1948, the Faroe Islands gained home rule. In 1949, Denmark became a founding member of NATO.

Denmark became a member of the European Union in 1973 and signed the Lisbon Treaty in 2007.

Denmark was a founding member of European Free Trade Association (EFTA). During the 1960s, the EFTA countries were often referred to as the Outer Seven, as opposed to the Inner Six of what was then the European Economic Community (EEC).[54] In 1973, along with Britain and Ireland, Denmark joined the European Economic Community (now the European Union) after a public referendum. The Maastricht Treaty, which involved further European integration, was rejected by the Danish people in 1992; it was only accepted after a second referendum in 1993, which provided for four opt-outs from policies. The Danes rejected the euro as the national currency in a referendum in 2000. Greenland gained home rule in 1979 and was awarded self-determination in 2009. Neither the Faroe Islands nor Greenland are members of the European Union, the Faroese having declined membership of the EEC in 1973 and Greenland in 1986, in both cases because of fisheries policies.

Constitutional change in 1953 led to a single-chamber parliament elected by proportional representation, female accession to the Danish throne, and Greenland becoming an integral part of Denmark. The centre-left Social Democrats led a string of coalition governments for most of the second half of the 20th century, introducing the Nordic welfare model. The Liberal Party and the Conservative People’s Party have also led centre-right governments.

Geography

Satellite image

A satellite image of Jutland and the Danish islands

Located in Northern Europe, Denmark[N 3] consists of the northern part of the Jutland peninsula and an archipelago of 406 islands.[17] Of these, the largest island is Zealand, on which the capital Copenhagen is situated, followed by the North Jutlandic Island, Funen, and Lolland.[56] The island of Bornholm is located east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea. Many of the larger islands are connected by bridges; a bridge-tunnel across the Øresund connects Zealand with Sweden; the Great Belt Fixed Link connects Funen with Zealand; and the Little Belt Bridge connects Jutland with Funen. Ferries or small aircraft connect to the smaller islands. The four cities with populations over 100,000 are the capital Copenhagen on Zealand; Aarhus and Aalborg in Jutland; and Odense on Funen.

A labelled map of Denmark

The country occupies a total area of 42,943.9 square kilometres (16,581 sq mi).[9] The area of inland water is 700 km2 (270 sq mi), variously stated as from 500 to 700 km2 (193–270 sq mi).[citation needed] Lake Arresø northwest of Copenhagen is the largest lake. The size of the land area cannot be stated exactly since the ocean constantly erodes and adds material to the coastline, and because of human land reclamation projects (to counter erosion). Post-glacial rebound raises the land by a bit less than 1 cm (0.4 in) per year in the north and east, extending the coast. A circle enclosing the same area as Denmark would be 234 kilometres (145 miles) in diameter with a circumference of 736 km (457 mi) (land area only:232.33 km (144.36 mi) and 730 km (454 mi) respectively). It shares a border of 68 kilometres (42 mi) with Germany to the south and is otherwise surrounded by 8,750 km (5,437 mi) of tidal shoreline (including small bays and inlets).[57] No location in Denmark is farther from the coast than 52 km (32 mi). On the south-west coast of Jutland, the tide is between 1 and 2 m (3.28 and 6.56 ft), and the tideline moves outward and inward on a 10 km (6.2 mi) stretch.[58] Denmark’s territorial waters total 105,000 square kilometres (40,541 square miles).

Denmark’s northernmost point is Skagen point (the north beach of the Skaw) at 57° 45′ 7″ northern latitude; the southernmost is Gedser point (the southern tip of Falster) at 54° 33′ 35″ northern latitude; the westernmost point is Blåvandshuk at 8° 4′ 22″ eastern longitude; and the easternmost point is Østerskær at 15° 11′ 55″ eastern longitude. This is in the small Ertholmene archipelago 18 kilometres (11 mi) north-east of Bornholm. The distance from east to west is 452 kilometres (281 mi), from north to south 368 kilometres (229 mi).

The country is flat with little elevation, having an average height above sea level of 31 metres (102 ft). The highest natural point is Møllehøj, at 170.86 metres (560.56 ft).[59] Although this is by far the lowest high point in the Nordic countries and also less than half of the highest point in Southern Sweden, Denmark’s general elevation in its interior is generally at a safe level from rising sea levels. A sizeable portion of Denmark’s terrain consists of rolling plains whilst the coastline is sandy, with large dunes in northern Jutland. Although once extensively forested, today Denmark largely consists of arable land. It is drained by a dozen or so rivers, and the most significant include the Gudenå, Odense, Skjern, Suså and Vidå—a river that flows along its southern border with Germany.

The Kingdom of Denmark includes two overseas territories, both well to the west of Denmark: Greenland, the world’s largest island, and the Faroe Islands in the North Atlantic Ocean. These territories are self-governing under their own parliaments (the Løgting and Inatsisartut) and form, together with continental Denmark, part of the Danish Realm.

Climate

Denmark has a temperate climate, characterised by mild winters, with mean temperatures in January of 1.5 °C (34.7 °F), and cool summers, with a mean temperature in August of 17.2 °C (63.0 °F).[60] The most extreme temperatures recorded in Denmark, since 1874 when recordings began, was 36.4 °C (97.5 °F) in 1975 and −31.2 °C (−24.2 °F) in 1982.[61] Denmark has an average of 179 days per year with precipitation, on average receiving a total of 765 millimetres (30 in) per year; autumn is the wettest season and spring the driest.[60] The position between a continent and an ocean means that the weather is often unstable.[62]

Because of Denmark’s northern location, there are large seasonal variations in daylight. There are short days during the winter with sunrise coming around 8:45 am and sunset 3:45 pm (standard time), as well as long summer days with sunrise at 4:30 am and sunset at 10 pm (daylight saving time).[63]

Ecology

Beech trees are common throughout Denmark, especially in the sparse woodlands.

Denmark belongs to the Boreal Kingdom and can be subdivided into two ecoregions: the Atlantic mixed forests and Baltic mixed forests.[64][65] Almost all of Denmark’s primeval temperate forests have been destroyed or fragmented, chiefly for agricultural purposes during the last millennia.[66] The deforestation has created large swaths of heathland and devastating sand drifts.[66] In spite of this, there are several larger second growth woodlands in the country and, in total, 12.9% of the land is now forested.[67] Norway spruce is the most widespread tree (2017); an important tree in the Christmas tree production. Denmark holds a Forest Landscape Integrity Index mean score of 0.5/10, ranking it 171st globally out of 172 countries—behind only San Marino.[68][further explanation needed]

Roe deer occupy the countryside in growing numbers, and large-antlered red deer can be found in the sparse woodlands of Jutland. Denmark is also home to smaller mammals, such as polecats, hares and hedgehogs.[69] Approximately 400 bird species inhabit Denmark and about 160 of those breed in the country.[70] Large marine mammals include healthy populations of Harbour porpoise, growing numbers of pinnipeds and occasional visits of large whales, including blue whales and orcas. Cod, herring and plaice are abundant culinary fish in Danish waters and form the basis for a large fishing industry.[71]

Environment

Denmark stopped issuing new licences for oil and gas extraction in December 2020.[72]

Land and water pollution are two of Denmark’s most significant environmental issues, although much of the country’s household and industrial waste is now increasingly filtered and sometimes recycled. The country has historically taken a progressive stance on environmental preservation; in 1971 Denmark established a Ministry of Environment and was the first country in the world to implement an environmental law in 1973.[73] To mitigate environmental degradation and global warming the Danish Government has signed the Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol.[74] However, the national ecological footprint is 8.26 global hectares per person, which is very high compared to a world average of 1.7 in 2010.[75] Contributing factors to this value are an exceptional high value for cropland but also a relatively high value for grazing land,[76] which may be explained by the substantially high meat production in Denmark (115.8 kilograms (255 lb) meat annually per capita) and the large economic role of the meat and dairy industries.[77] In December 2014, the Climate Change Performance Index for 2015 placed Denmark at the top of the table, explaining that although emissions are still quite high, the country was able to implement effective climate protection policies.[78] In 2020, Denmark was placed first in the index again.[79] In 2021 Denmark, with Costa Rica, launched the «Beyond Oil and Gas alliance» for stopping use fossil fuels.[80]

Denmark’s territories, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, catch approximately 650 whales per year.[81][82] Greenland’s quotas for the catch of whales are determined according to the advice of the International Whaling Commission (IWC), having quota decision-making powers.[83]

Government and politics

Politics in Denmark operate under a framework laid out in the Constitution of Denmark.[N 12] First written in 1849, it establishes a sovereign state in the form of a constitutional monarchy, with a representative parliamentary system. The monarch officially retains executive power and presides over the Council of State (privy council).[85][86] In practice, the duties of the monarch are strictly representative and ceremonial,[N 13][87] such as the formal appointment and dismissal of the Prime Minister and other Government ministers. The Monarch is not answerable for his or her actions, and their person is sacrosanct.[88] Hereditary monarch Queen Margrethe II has been head of state since 14 January 1972.

Government

The Danish parliament is unicameral and called the Folketing (Danish: Folketinget). It is the legislature of the Kingdom of Denmark, passing acts that apply in Denmark and, variably, Greenland and the Faroe Islands. The Folketing is also responsible for adopting the state’s budgets, approving the state’s accounts, appointing and exercising control of the Government, and taking part in international co-operation. Bills may be initiated by the Government or by members of parliament. All bills passed must be presented before the Council of State to receive Royal Assent within thirty days in order to become law.[89]

Denmark is a representative democracy with universal suffrage.[N 14] Membership of the Folketing is based on proportional representation of political parties,[90] with a 2% electoral threshold. Denmark elects 175 members to the Folketing, with Greenland and the Faroe Islands electing an additional two members each—179 members in total.[91] Parliamentary elections are held at least every four years, but it is within the powers of the prime minister to ask the monarch to call for an election before the term has elapsed. On a vote of no confidence, the Folketing may force a single minister or an entire government to resign.[92]

The Government of Denmark operates as a cabinet government, where executive authority is exercised—formally, on behalf of the monarch—by the prime minister and other cabinet ministers, who head ministries. As the executive branch, the Cabinet is responsible for proposing bills and a budget, executing the laws, and guiding the foreign and internal policies of Denmark. The position of prime minister belongs to the person most likely to command the confidence of a majority in the Folketing; this is often the current leader of the largest political party or, more effectively, through a coalition of parties. A single party generally does not have sufficient political power in terms of the number of seats to form a cabinet on its own; Denmark has often been ruled by coalition governments, themselves usually minority governments dependent on non-government parties.[93]

Following a general election defeat in June 2015, Helle Thorning-Schmidt, leader of the Social Democrats (Socialdemokraterne), resigned as prime minister.[94] She was succeeded by Lars Løkke Rasmussen, the leader of the Liberal Party (Venstre). Rasmussen became the leader of a cabinet that, unusually, consisted entirely of ministers from his own party.[95] In November 2016, Liberal Alliance and the Conservatives joined the government.[96] Liberal Prime Minister, Lars Løkke Rasmussen held the office from 2009 to 2011, and again from 2015 to 2019, with backing from the Danish People’s Party (DF). Following the 2019 general election, the Social Democrats, led by leader Mette Frederiksen, formed a single-party government with support from the left-wing coalition.[97] Frederiksen became prime minister on 27 June 2019.[98] In the November 2022 snap general election, Prime Minister Frederiksen’s Social Democrats remained the majority party, adding two more seats to gain its best result in two decades.[99] The second largest was the Venstre, led by Jakob Ellemann-Jensen. The recently formed Moderates party, led by former prime minister Rasmussen, became the third largest party in Denmark.[100] In December 2022, Frederiksen formed a new coalition government with the top three largest political parties. Ellemann-Jensen became deputy prime minister and defence minister, and Rasmussen was appointed foreign minister.[101]

Law and judicial system

King Christian V presiding over the Supreme Court in 1697.

Denmark has a civil law system with some references to Germanic law. Denmark resembles Norway and Sweden in never having developed a case-law like that of England and the United States nor comprehensive codes like those of France and Germany. Much of its law is customary.[102]

The judicial system of Denmark is divided between courts with regular civil and criminal jurisdiction and administrative courts with jurisdiction over litigation between individuals and the public administration. Articles sixty-two and sixty-four of the Constitution ensure judicial independence from government and Parliament by providing that judges shall only be guided by the law, including acts, statutes and practice.[103] The Kingdom of Denmark does not have a single unified judicial system – Denmark has one system, Greenland another, and the Faroe Islands a third.[104] However, decisions by the highest courts in Greenland and the Faroe Islands may be appealed to the Danish High Courts. The Danish Supreme Court is the highest civil and criminal court responsible for the administration of justice in the Kingdom.

Danish Realm

The Kingdom of Denmark is a unitary state that comprises, in addition to metropolitan Denmark, two autonomous territories[15] in the North Atlantic Ocean: the Faroe Islands and Greenland. They have been integrated parts of the Danish Realm since the 18th century; however, due to their separate historical and cultural identities, these parts of the Realm have extensive political powers and have assumed legislative and administrative responsibility in a substantial number of fields.[105] Home rule was granted to the Faroe Islands in 1948 and to Greenland in 1979, each having previously had the status of counties.[106]

The Faroe Islands and Greenland have their own home governments and parliaments and are effectively self-governing in regards to domestic affairs apart from the judicial system and monetary policy.[106] High Commissioners (Rigsombudsmand) act as representatives of the Danish government in the Faroese Løgting and in the Greenlandic Parliament, but they cannot vote.[106] The Faroese home government is defined to be an equal partner with the Danish national government,[107] while the Greenlandic people are defined as a separate people with the right to self-determination.[108]

Autonomous territory Population (2020) Total area Capital Local parliament Premier
 Faroe Islands (Føroyar) 52,110[109] 1,399 km2 (540.16 sq mi)  Tórshavn Løgting Bárður á Steig Nielsen
 Greenland (Kalaallit Nunaat) 56,081[110] 2,166,086 km2 (836,330 sq mi)  Nuuk Inatsisartut Múte Bourup Egede

Administrative divisions

Denmark, with a total area of 43,094 square kilometres (16,639 sq mi), is divided into five administrative regions (Danish: regioner). The regions are further subdivided into 98 municipalities (kommuner). The easternmost land in Denmark, the Ertholmene archipelago, with an area of 39 hectares (0.16 sq mi), is neither part of a municipality nor a region but belongs to the Ministry of Defence.[111] The provinces of Denmark are statistical divisions of Denmark, positioned between the administrative regions and municipalities. They are not administrative divisions, nor subject for any kind of political elections, but are mainly for statistical use.

The regions were created on 1 January 2007 to replace the 16 former counties. At the same time, smaller municipalities were merged into larger units, reducing the number from 270. Most municipalities have a population of at least 20,000 to give them financial and professional sustainability, although a few exceptions were made to this rule.[112] The administrative divisions are led by directly elected councils, elected proportionally every four years; the most recent Danish local elections were held on 16 November 2021. Other regional structures use the municipal boundaries as a layout, including the police districts, the court districts and the electoral wards.

Regions

The governing bodies of the regions are the regional councils, each with forty-one councillors elected for four-year terms. The councils are headed by regional district chairmen (regionsrådsformand), who are elected by the council.[113]
The areas of responsibility for the regional councils are the national health service, social services and regional development.[113][114] Unlike the counties they replaced, the regions are not allowed to levy taxes and the health service is partly financed by a national health care contribution until 2018 (sundhedsbidrag), partly by funds from both government and municipalities.[115] From 1 January 2019 this contribution will be abolished, as it is being replaced by higher income tax instead.

The area and populations of the regions vary widely; for example, the Capital Region, which encompasses the Copenhagen metropolitan area with the exception of the subtracted province East Zealand but includes the Baltic Sea island of Bornholm, has a population three times larger than that of North Denmark Region, which covers the more sparsely populated area of northern Jutland. Under the county system certain densely populated municipalities, such as Copenhagen Municipality and Frederiksberg, had been given a status equivalent to that of counties, making them first-level administrative divisions. These sui generis municipalities were incorporated into the new regions under the 2007 reforms.

Danish name English name Admin. centre Largest city
(populous)
Population
(April 2021)
Total area
(km2)
Hovedstaden Capital Region of Denmark Hillerød Copenhagen 1,856,061 2,568.29
Midtjylland Central Denmark Region Viborg Aarhus 1,333,245 13,095.80
Nordjylland North Denmark Region Aalborg Aalborg 590,322 7,907.09
Sjælland Region Zealand Sorø Roskilde 839,619 7,268.75
Syddanmark Region of Southern Denmark Vejle Odense 1,224,100 12,132.21
Source: Regional and municipal key figures

Foreign relations

Denmark wields considerable influence in Northern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs.[116] In recent years, Greenland and the Faroe Islands have been guaranteed a say in foreign policy issues such as fishing, whaling, and geopolitical concerns. The foreign policy of Denmark is substantially influenced by its membership of the European Union (EU); Denmark including Greenland joined the European Economic Community (EEC), the EU’s predecessor, in 1973.[N 15] Denmark held the Presidency of the Council of the European Union on seven occasions, most recently from January to June 2012.[117] Following World War II, Denmark ended its two-hundred-year-long policy of neutrality. It has been a founding member of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) since 1949, and membership remains highly popular.[118]

As a member of Development Assistance Committee (DAC), Denmark has for a long time been among the countries of the world contributing the largest percentage of gross national income to development aid. In 2015, Denmark contributed 0.85% of its gross national income (GNI) to foreign aid and was one of only six countries meeting the longstanding UN target of 0.7% of GNI.[N 16][119] The country participates in both bilateral and multilateral aid, with the aid usually administered by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. The organisational name of Danish International Development Agency (DANIDA) is often used, in particular when operating bilateral aid.

Military

Danish MP-soldiers conducting advanced law enforcement training

Denmark’s armed forces are known as the Danish Defence (Danish: Forsvaret). The Minister of Defence is commander-in-chief of the Danish Defence, and serves as chief diplomatic official abroad. During peacetime, the Ministry of Defence employs around 33,000 in total. The main military branches employ almost 27,000: 15,460 in the Royal Danish Army, 5,300 in the Royal Danish Navy and 6,050 in the Royal Danish Air Force (all including conscripts).[citation needed] The Danish Emergency Management Agency employs 2,000 (including conscripts), and about 4,000 are in non-branch-specific services like the Danish Defence Command and the Danish Defence Intelligence Service. Furthermore, around 44,500 serve as volunteers in the Danish Home Guard.[120]

Denmark is a long-time supporter of international peacekeeping, but since the NATO bombing of Yugoslavia in 1999 and the War in Afghanistan in 2001, Denmark has also found a new role as a warring nation, participating actively in several wars and invasions. This relatively new situation has stirred some internal critique, but the Danish population has generally been very supportive, in particular of the War in Afghanistan.[121][122] The Danish Defence has around 1,400[123] staff in international missions, not including standing contributions to NATO SNMCMG1. Danish forces were heavily engaged in the former Yugoslavia in the UN Protection Force (UNPROFOR), with IFOR,[124] and now SFOR.[125] Between 2003 and 2007, there were approximately 450 Danish soldiers in Iraq.[126] Denmark also strongly supported American operations in Afghanistan and has contributed both monetarily and materially to the ISAF.[127] These initiatives are often described by the authorities as part of a new «active foreign policy» of Denmark.

Economy

A proportional representation of Denmark exports, 2019

Denmark has a developed mixed economy that is classed as a high-income economy by the World Bank.[128] In 2017, it ranked 16th in the world in terms of gross national income (PPP) per capita and 10th in nominal GNI per capita.[129] Denmark’s economy stands out as one of the most free in the Index of Economic Freedom and the Economic Freedom of the World.[130][131] It is the 10th most competitive economy in the world, and 6th in Europe, according to the World Economic Forum in its Global Competitiveness Report 2018.[132]

Denmark has the fourth highest ratio of tertiary degree holders in the world.[133] The country ranks highest in the world for workers’ rights.[134] GDP per hour worked was the 13th highest in 2009. The country has a market income inequality close to the OECD average,[135][136] but after taxes and public cash transfers the income inequality is considerably lower. According to Eurostat, Denmark’s Gini coefficient for disposable income was the 7th-lowest among EU countries in 2017.[137]
According to the International Monetary Fund, Denmark has the world’s highest minimum wage.[138] As Denmark has no minimum wage legislation, the high wage floor has been attributed to the power of trade unions. For example, as the result of a collective bargaining agreement between the 3F trade union and the employers group Horesta, workers at McDonald’s and other fast food chains make the equivalent of US$20 an hour, which is more than double what their counterparts earn in the United States, and have access to five weeks’ paid vacation, parental leave and a pension plan.[139] Union density in 2015 was 68%.[140]

Once a predominantly agricultural country on account of its arable landscape, since 1945 Denmark has greatly expanded its industrial base and service sector. By 2017 services contributed circa 75% of GDP, manufacturing about 15% and agriculture less than 2%.[141] Major industries include wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, medical equipment, machinery and transportation equipment, food processing, and construction.[142] Circa 60% of the total export value is due to export of goods, and the remaining 40% is from service exports, mainly sea transport. The country’s main export goods are: wind turbines, pharmaceuticals, machinery and instruments, meat and meat products, dairy products, fish, furniture and design.[142] Denmark is a net exporter of food and energy and has for a number of years had a balance of payments surplus which has transformed the country from a net debitor to a net creditor country. By 1 July 2018, the net international investment position (or net foreign assets) of Denmark was equal to 64.6% of GDP.[143]

Denmark is a major producer and exporter of pork products.

A liberalisation of import tariffs in 1797 marked the end of mercantilism and further liberalisation in the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century established the Danish liberal tradition in international trade that was only to be broken by the 1930s.[144] Even when other countries, such as Germany and France, raised protection for their agricultural sector because of increased American competition resulting in much lower agricultural prices after 1870, Denmark retained its free trade policies, as the country profited from the cheap imports of cereals (used as feedstuffs for their cattle and pigs) and could increase their exports of butter and meat of which the prices were more stable.[145] Today, Denmark is part of the European Union’s internal market, which represents more than 508 million consumers. Several domestic commercial policies are determined by agreements among European Union (EU) members and by EU legislation. Support for free trade is high among the Danish public; in a 2016 poll 57% responded saw globalisation as an opportunity whereas 18% viewed it as a threat.[146] 70% of trade flows are inside the European Union. As of 2017, Denmark’s largest export partners are Germany, Sweden, the United Kingdom and the United States.[74]

Denmark’s currency, the krone (DKK), is pegged at approximately 7.46 kroner per euro through the ERM II. Although a September 2000 referendum rejected adopting the euro,[147] the country follows the policies set forth in the Economic and Monetary Union of the European Union (EMU) and meets the economic convergence criteria needed to adopt the euro. The majority of the political parties in the Folketing support joining the EMU, but since 2010 opinion polls have consistently shown a clear majority against adopting the euro. In May 2018, 29% of respondents from Denmark in a Eurobarometer opinion poll stated that they were in favour of the EMU and the euro, whereas 65% were against it.[148]

Ranked by turnover in Denmark, the largest Danish companies are: A.P. Møller-Mærsk (international shipping), Novo Nordisk (pharmaceuticals), ISS A/S (facility services), Vestas (wind turbines), Arla Foods (dairy), DSV (transport), Carlsberg Group (beer), Salling Group (retail), Ørsted A/S (power), Danske Bank.[149]

Public policy

Danes enjoy a high standard of living and the Danish economy is characterised by extensive government welfare provisions. Denmark has a corporate tax rate of 22% and a special time-limited tax regime for expatriates.[150] The Danish taxation system is broad based, with a 25% value-added tax, in addition to excise taxes, income taxes and other fees. The overall level of taxation (sum of all taxes, as a percentage of GDP) was 46% in 2017.[151] The tax structure of Denmark (the relative weight of different taxes) differs from the OECD average, as the Danish tax system in 2015 was characterised by substantially higher revenues from taxes on personal income and a lower proportion of revenues from taxes on corporate income and gains and property taxes than in OECD generally, whereas no revenues at all derive from social security contributions. The proportion deriving from payroll taxes, VAT, and other taxes on goods and services correspond to the OECD average[152]

As of 2014, 6% of the population was reported to live below the poverty line, when adjusted for taxes and transfers. Denmark has the 2nd lowest relative poverty rate in the OECD, below the 11.3% OECD average.[153] The share of the population reporting that they feel that they cannot afford to buy sufficient food in Denmark is less than half of the OECD average.[153]

Labour market

Like other Nordic countries, Denmark has adopted the Nordic Model, which combines free market capitalism with a comprehensive welfare state and strong worker protection.[154] As a result of its acclaimed «flexicurity» model, Denmark has the freest labour market in Europe, according to the World Bank. Employers can hire and fire whenever they want (flexibility), and between jobs, unemployment compensation is relatively high (security). According to OECD, initial as well as long-term net replacement rates for unemployed persons were 65% of previous net income in 2016, against an OECD average of 53%.[155] Establishing a business can be done in a matter of hours and at very low costs.[156] No restrictions apply regarding overtime work, which allows companies to operate 24 hours a day, 365 days a year.[157] With an employment rate in 2017 of 74.2% for people aged 15–64-years, Denmark ranks 9th highest among the OECD countries, and above the OECD average of 67.8%.[158] The unemployment rate was 5.7% in 2017,[159] which is considered close to or below its structural level.[160]

The level of unemployment benefits is dependent on former employment and normally on membership of an unemployment fund, which is usually closely connected to a trade union, and previous payment of contributions. Circa 65% of the financing comes from earmarked member contributions, whereas the remaining third originates from the central government and hence ultimately from general taxation.[161]

Science and technology

With an investment of 8.5 million euros over the ten-year construction period, Denmark confirms participation in E-ELT.[162]

Denmark has a long tradition of scientific and technological invention and engagement, and has been involved internationally from the very start of the scientific revolution. In current times, Denmark is participating in many high-profile international science and technology projects, including CERN, ITER, ESA, ISS and E-ELT. Denmark was ranked 10th in the Global Innovation Index in 2022, down from 6th in 2020 and from 7th in 2019.[163][164][165]

In the 20th century, Danes have also been innovative in several fields of the technology sector. Danish companies have been influential in the shipping industry with the design of the largest and most energy efficient container ships in the world, the Maersk Triple E class, and Danish engineers have contributed to the design of MAN Diesel engines. In the software and electronic field, Denmark contributed to design and manufacturing of Nordic Mobile Telephones, and the now-defunct Danish company DanCall was among the first to develop GSM mobile phones.

Life science is a key sector with extensive research and development activities. Danish engineers are world-leading in providing diabetes care equipment and medication products from Novo Nordisk and, since 2000, the Danish biotech company Novozymes, the world market leader in enzymes for first generation starch-based bioethanol, has pioneered development of enzymes for converting waste to cellulosic ethanol.[166] Medicon Valley, spanning the Øresund Region between Zealand and Sweden, is one of Europe’s largest life science clusters, containing a large number of life science companies and research institutions located within a very small geographical area.

Danish-born computer scientists and software engineers have taken leading roles in some of the world’s programming languages: Anders Hejlsberg (Turbo Pascal, Delphi, C#); Rasmus Lerdorf (PHP); Bjarne Stroustrup (C++); David Heinemeier Hansson (Ruby on Rails); Lars Bak, a pioneer in virtual machines (V8, Java VM, Dart). Physicist Lene Vestergaard Hau is the first person to stop light, leading to advances in quantum computing, nanoscale engineering, and linear optics.

Energy

Denmark has considerably large deposits of oil and natural gas in the North Sea and ranks as number 32 in the world among net exporters of crude oil[167] and was producing 259,980 barrels of crude oil a day in 2009.[168] Denmark is a long-time leader in wind power: In 2015 wind turbines provided 42.1% of the total electricity consumption.[169] In May 2011 Denmark derived 3.1% of its gross domestic product from renewable (clean) energy technology and energy efficiency, or around €6.5 billion ($9.4 billion).[170] Denmark is connected by electric transmission lines to other European countries.

Denmark’s electricity sector has integrated energy sources such as wind power into the national grid. Denmark now aims to focus on intelligent battery systems (V2G) and plug-in vehicles in the transport sector.[171] The country is a member nation of the International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA).[172]

Denmark exported roughly 460 million GJ of energy in 2018.[173]

Transport

Significant investment has been made in building road and rail links between regions in Denmark, most notably the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects Zealand and Funen. It is now possible to drive from Frederikshavn in northern Jutland to Copenhagen on eastern Zealand without leaving the motorway. The main railway operator is DSB for passenger services and DB Cargo for freight trains. The railway tracks are maintained by Banedanmark. The North Sea and the Baltic Sea are intertwined by various, international ferry links. Construction of the Fehmarn Belt Fixed Link, connecting Denmark and Germany with a second link, Started in 2021.[175] Copenhagen has a rapid transit system, the Copenhagen Metro, and an extensive electrified suburban railway network, the S-train. In the four largest cities – Copenhagen, Aarhus, Odense, Aalborg – light rail systems are planned to be in operation around 2020.[176]

Cycling in Denmark is a very common form of transport, particularly for the young and for city dwellers. With a network of bicycle routes extending more than 12,000 km[177] and an estimated 7,000 km[178] of segregated dedicated bicycle paths and lanes, Denmark has a solid bicycle infrastructure.

Private vehicles are increasingly used as a means of transport. Because of the high registration tax (150%), VAT (25%), and one of the world’s highest income tax rates, new cars are very expensive. The purpose of the tax is to discourage car ownership.
In 2007, an attempt was made by the government to favour environmentally friendly cars by slightly reducing taxes on high mileage vehicles. However, this has had little effect, and in 2008 Denmark experienced an increase in the import of fuel inefficient old cars,[179] as the cost for older cars—including taxes—keeps them within the budget of many Danes.
As of 2011, the average car age is 9.2 years.[180]

With Norway and Sweden, Denmark is part of the Scandinavian Airlines flag carrier. Copenhagen Airport is Scandinavia’s busiest passenger airport, handling over 25 million passengers in 2014.[174] Other notable airports are Billund Airport, Aalborg Airport, and Aarhus Airport.

Demographics

Population by ancestry (Q2 2020):[19]

  People of Danish origin (including Faroese and Greenlandic) (86.11%)

  Immigrant (10.56%)

  Descendant of an immigrant (3.34%)

Population

The population of Denmark, as registered by Statistics Denmark, was 5.825 million in April 2020.[19] Denmark has one of the oldest populations in the world, with the average age of 41.9 years,[181] with 0.97 males per female. Despite a low birth rate, the population is growing at an average annual rate of 0.59%[142] because of net immigration and increasing longevity. The World Happiness Report frequently ranks Denmark’s population as the happiest in the world.[182][183][184] This has been attributed to the country’s highly regarded education and health care systems,[185] and its low level of income inequality.[186]

Denmark is a historically homogeneous nation.[187] However, as with its Scandinavian neighbours, Denmark has recently transformed from a nation of net emigration, up until World War II, to a nation of net immigration. Today, residence permits are issued mostly to immigrants from other EU countries (54% of all non-Scandinavian immigrants in 2017). Another 31% of residence permits were study- or work-related, 4% were issued to asylum seekers and 10% to persons who arrive as family dependants.[188] Overall, the net migration rate in 2017 was 2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population, somewhat lower than the United Kingdom and the other Nordic countries.[142][189][190]

There are no official statistics on ethnic groups, but according to 2020 figures from Statistics Denmark, 86.11% of the population in Denmark was of Danish descent (including Faroese and Greenlandic), defined as having at least one parent who was born in the Kingdom of Denmark and holds Danish Nationality.[19][N 7] The remaining 13.89% were of foreign background, defined as immigrants or descendants of recent immigrants. With the same definition, the most common countries of origin were Turkey, Poland, Syria, Germany, Iraq, Romania, Lebanon, Pakistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, and Somalia.[19]

The Inuit are indigenous to Greenland in the Kingdom and have traditionally inhabited Greenland and the northern parts of Canada and Alaska in the Arctic. From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Because of this «Danization process», several persons of Inuit ancestry now identify their mother tongue as Danish.

Largest cities in Denmark (as of 1 January 2016)

Copenhagen
Copenhagen
Aarhus
Aarhus

Rank Core City Region Urban Population Municipal Population
  • view
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Odense
Odense
Aalborg
Aalborg

1 Copenhagen Capital Region of Denmark 1,280,371 591,481
2 Aarhus Central Denmark Region 264,716 330,639
3 Odense Region of Southern Denmark 175,245 198,972
4 Aalborg North Denmark Region 112,194 210,316
5 Esbjerg Region of Southern Denmark 72,151 115,748
6 Randers Central Denmark Region 62,342 97,520
7 Kolding Region of Southern Denmark 59,712 91,695
8 Horsens Central Denmark Region 57,517 87,736
9 Vejle Region of Southern Denmark 54,862 111,743
10 Roskilde Region Zealand 50,046 86,207
Source: Statistics Denmark

Languages

Danish is the de facto national language of Denmark.[191] Faroese and Greenlandic are the official languages of the Faroe Islands and Greenland respectively.[191] German is a recognised minority language in the area of the former South Jutland County (now part of the Region of Southern Denmark), which was part of the German Empire prior to the Treaty of Versailles.[191] Danish and Faroese belong to the North Germanic (Nordic) branch of the Indo-European languages, along with Icelandic, Norwegian, and Swedish.[192] There is a limited degree of mutual intelligibility between Danish, Norwegian, and Swedish. Danish is more distantly related to German, which is a West Germanic language. Greenlandic or «Kalaallisut» is an Inuit language, and is entirely unrelated to Danish.[192]

A large majority (86%) of Danes speak English as a second language,[193] generally with a high level of proficiency. German is the second-most spoken foreign language, with 47% reporting a conversational level of proficiency.[191] Denmark had 25,900 native speakers of German in 2007 (mostly in the South Jutland area).[191]

Religion

Christianity is the dominant religion in Denmark. In January 2020, 74.3%[194] of the population of Denmark were members of the Church of Denmark (Den Danske Folkekirke), the officially established church, which is Protestant in classification and Lutheran in orientation.[195][N 17] The membership percentage have been in steadily decline since the 1970s, mainly as fewer newborns are being baptised into it.[196] Only 3% of the population regularly attend Sunday services[197][198] and only 19% of Danes consider religion to be an important part of their life.[199]

The Constitution states that the sovereign must have the Lutheran faith, though the rest of the population is free to adhere to other faiths.[200][201][202] In 1682 the state granted limited recognition to three religious groups dissenting from the Established Church: Roman Catholicism, the Reformed Church and Judaism,[202] although conversion to these groups from the Church of Denmark remained illegal initially. Until the 1970s, the state formally recognised «religious societies» by royal decree. Today, religious groups do not need official government recognition, they can be granted the right to perform weddings and other ceremonies without this recognition.[202] Denmark’s Muslims make up approximately 4.4% of the population[203] and form the country’s second largest religious community and largest minority religion.[204] The Danish Foreign Ministry estimates that other religious groups comprise less than 1% of the population individually and approximately 2% when taken all together.[205]

According to a 2010 Eurobarometer Poll,[206] 28% of Danish nationals polled responded that they «believe there is a God», 47% responded that they «believe there is some sort of spirit or life force» and 24% responded that they «do not believe there is any sort of spirit, God or life force». Another poll, carried out in 2009, found that 25% of Danes believe Jesus is the son of God, and 18% believe he is the saviour of the world.[207]

Education

All educational programmes in Denmark are regulated by the Ministry of Education and administered by local municipalities. Folkeskole covers the entire period of compulsory education, encompassing primary and lower secondary education.[208] Most children attend folkeskole for 10 years, from the ages of 6 to 16. There are no final examinations, but pupils can choose to sit an exam when finishing ninth grade (14–15 years old). The test is obligatory if further education is to be attended. Alternatively pupils can attend an independent school (friskole), or a private school (privatskole), such as Christian schools or Waldorf schools.

Following graduation from compulsory education, there are several continuing educational opportunities; the Gymnasium (STX) attaches importance in teaching a mix of humanities and science, Higher Technical Examination Programme (HTX) focuses on scientific subjects and the Higher Commercial Examination Programme emphasises on subjects in economics. Higher Preparatory Examination (HF) is similar to Gymnasium (STX), but is one year shorter. For specific professions, there is vocational education, training young people for work in specific trades by a combination of teaching and apprenticeship.

The government records upper secondary school completion rates of 95% and tertiary enrollment and completion rates of 60%.[209] All university and college (tertiary) education in Denmark is free of charges; there are no tuition fees to enrol in courses. Students aged 18 or above may apply for state educational support grants, known as Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU), which provides fixed financial support, disbursed monthly.[210] Danish universities offer international students a range of opportunities for obtaining an internationally recognised qualification in Denmark. Many programmes may be taught in the English language, the academic lingua franca, in bachelor’s degrees, master’s degrees, doctorates and student exchange programmes.[211]

Health

Rigshospitalet in Copenhagen. Rigshospitalet is the most specialized hospital in Denmark and receives over 350,000 unique patients a year.[212]

As of 2015, Denmark has a life expectancy of 80.6 years at birth (78.6 for men, 82.5 for women), up from 76.9 years in 2000.[213] This ranks it 27th among 193 nations, behind the other Nordic countries. The National Institute of Public Health of the University of Southern Denmark has calculated 19 major risk factors among Danes that contribute to a lowering of the life expectancy; this includes smoking, alcohol, drug abuse and physical inactivity.[214] Although the obesity rate is lower than in North America and most other European countries,[215] the large number of Danes becoming overweight is an increasing problem and results in an annual additional consumption in the health care system of DKK 1,625 million.[214] In a 2012 study, Denmark had the highest cancer rate of all countries listed by the World Cancer Research Fund International; researchers suggest the reasons are better reporting, but also lifestyle factors like heavy alcohol consumption, smoking and physical inactivity.[216][217]

Denmark has a universal health care system, characterised by being publicly financed through taxes and, for most of the services, run directly by the regional authorities. One of the sources of income is a national health care contribution (sundhedsbidrag) (2007–11:8%; ’12:7%; ’13:6%; ’14:5%; ’15:4%; ’16:3%; ’17:2%; ’18:1%; ’19:0%) but it is being phased out and will be gone from January 2019, with the income taxes in the lower brackets being raised gradually each year instead.[115] Another source comes from the municipalities that had their income taxes raised by 3 percentage points from 1 January 2007, a contribution confiscated from the former county tax to be used from 1 January 2007 for health purposes by the municipalities instead. This means that most health care provision is free at the point of delivery for all residents. Additionally, roughly two in five have complementary private insurance to cover services not fully covered by the state, such as physiotherapy.[218] As of 2012, Denmark spends 11.2% of its GDP on health care; this is up from 9.8% in 2007 (US$3,512 per capita).[218] This places Denmark above the OECD average and above the other Nordic countries.[218][219]

Ghettos

Denmark is the only country to have officially used the word ‘ghetto’ in the 21st century to denote certain residential areas.[220] From 2010 to 2021, the Danish Ministry of Transport, Building and Housing published ghettolisten (List of ghettos) which in 2018 consisted of 25 areas.[220][221] As a result, the term is widely used in the media and common parlance.[222] The legal designation is applied to areas based on the residents’ income levels, employment status, education levels, criminal convictions and non-Western ethnic background.[221][222][223] In 2017, 8.7% of Denmark’s population consisted of non-Western immigrants or their descendants. The population proportion of ‘ghetto residents’ with non-Western background was 66.5%.[224]

In 2018, the government has proposed measures to solve the issue of integration and to rid the country of parallel societies and ghettos by 2030.[223][224][225][226] The measures focus on physical redevelopment, control over who is allowed to live in these areas, crime abatement and education.[221] These policies have been criticised for undercutting ‘equality before law’ and for portraying immigrants, especially Muslim immigrants, in a bad light.[221][227] While some proposals like restricting ‘ghetto children’ to their homes after 8 p.m. have been rejected for being too radical, most of the 22 proposals have been agreed upon by a parliamentary majority.[220][222]

In 2021, the term ghetto was dropped and replaced by parallel society and vulnerable region.[228]

Culture

Denmark shares strong cultural and historic ties with its Scandinavian neighbours Sweden and Norway. It has historically been one of the most socially progressive cultures in the world. In 1969, Denmark was the first country to legalise pornography,[229] and in 2012, Denmark replaced its «registered partnership» laws, which it had been the first country to introduce in 1989,[230][231] with gender-neutral marriage, and allowed same-sex marriages to be performed in the Church of Denmark.[232][233] Modesty and social equality are important parts of Danish culture.[234] In a 2016 study comparing empathy scores of 63 countries, Denmark ranked 4th world-wide having the highest empathy among surveyed European countries.[235]

The astronomical discoveries of Tycho Brahe (1546–1601), Ludwig A. Colding’s (1815–1888) neglected articulation of the principle of conservation of energy, and the contributions to atomic physics of Niels Bohr (1885–1962) indicate the range of Danish scientific achievement. The fairy tales of Hans Christian Andersen (1805–1875), the philosophical essays of Søren Kierkegaard (1813–1855), the short stories of Karen Blixen (penname Isak Dinesen), (1885–1962), the plays of Ludvig Holberg (1684–1754), and the dense, aphoristic poetry of Piet Hein (1905–1996), have earned international recognition, as have the symphonies of Carl Nielsen (1865–1931). From the mid-1990s, Danish films have attracted international attention, especially those associated with Dogme 95 like those of Lars von Trier.

A major feature of Danish culture is Jul (Danish Christmas). The holiday is celebrated throughout December, starting either at the beginning of Advent or on 1 December with a variety of traditions, culminating with the Christmas Eve meal.

There are seven heritage sites inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage list in Northern Europe: Christiansfeld, a Moravian Church Settlement, the Jelling Mounds (Runic Stones and Church), Kronborg Castle, Roskilde Cathedral, and The par force hunting landscape in North Zealand and 3 in the World Heritage list in North America: Ilulissat Icefjord, Aasivissuit — Nipisat, Kujataa within the Kingdom of Denmark.[237]

Human rights

Denmark has been considered a progressive country, which has adopted legislation and policies to support women’s rights, minority rights, and LGBT rights. Human rights in Denmark are protected by the state’s Constitution of the Realm (Danmarks Riges Grundlov); applying equally in Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands, and through the ratification of international human rights treaties.[238] Denmark has held a significant role in the adoption of both the European Convention on Human Rights and in the establishment of the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR). In 1987, the Kingdom Parliament (Folketinget) established a national human rights institution, the Danish Centre of Human Rights, now the Danish Institute for Human Rights.[238]

In 2009, a referendum on changing the Danish Act of Succession were held to grant absolute primogeniture to the Danish throne, meaning that the eldest child, regardless of gender, takes precedence in the line of succession. As it was not retroactive, the current successor to the throne is the eldest son of the King, rather than his eldest child. The Danish constitution Article 2 states that «The monarchy is inherited by men and women».[239]

The Inuit have for decades been the subject of discrimination and abuse by the dominant colonisers from Europe, those countries claiming possession of Inuit lands. The Inuit have never been a single community in a single region of Inuit.[240] From the 18th century up to the 1970s, the Danish government (Dano-Norwegian until 1814) have through time tried to assimilate the indigenous people of Greenland, the Greenlandic Inuit, encouraging them to adopt the majority language, culture and religion. Denmark has been greatly criticised by the Greenlandic community for the politics of Danization (50’s and 60’s) of and discrimination against the indigenous population of the country. Critical treatment paying non-Inuit workers higher wages than the local people, the relocation of entire families from their traditional lands into settlements, and separating children from their parents and sending them away to Denmark for schooling has been practised.[241][242] Nevertheless, Denmark ratified, in 1996, to recognise the ILO-convention 169 on indigenous people recommended by the UN.

In regard to LGBT rights, Denmark was the first country in the world to grant legal recognition to same-sex unions in the form of registered partnerships in 1989. On 7 June 2012, the law was replaced by a new same-sex marriage law, which came into effect on 15 June 2012.[243] Greenland and the Faroe Islands legalised same-sex marriage in April 2016,[244] and in July 2017 respectively.[245] In January 2016, a resolution was implemented by the Danish parliament which prevented transgender being classified as a mental health condition.[224] In doing so, Denmark became the first country in Europe to go against the World Health Organisation (WHO) standards, which classified transgender identity as being a mental health issue until June 2018.[246][247]

Media

Danish mass media date back to the 1540s, when handwritten fly sheets reported on the news. In 1666, Anders Bording, the father of Danish journalism, began a state paper. In 1834, the first liberal, factual newspaper appeared, and the 1849 Constitution established lasting freedom of the press in Denmark. Newspapers flourished in the second half of the 19th century, usually tied to one or another political party or trade union. Modernisation, bringing in new features and mechanical techniques, appeared after 1900. The total circulation was 500,000 daily in 1901, more than doubling to 1.2 million in 1925.[248] The German occupation during World War II brought informal censorship; some offending newspaper buildings were simply blown up by the Nazis. During the war, the underground produced 550 newspapers—small, surreptitiously printed sheets that encouraged sabotage and resistance.[248]

Danish cinema dates back to 1897 and since the 1980s has maintained a steady stream of productions due largely to funding by the state-supported Danish Film Institute. There have been three big internationally important waves of Danish cinema: erotic melodrama of the silent era; the increasingly explicit sex films of the 1960s and 1970s; and lastly, the Dogme 95 movement of the late 1990s, where directors often used hand-held cameras to dynamic effect in a conscious reaction against big-budget studios. Danish films have been noted for their realism, religious and moral themes, sexual frankness and technical innovation. The Danish filmmaker Carl Th. Dreyer (1889–1968) is considered one of the greatest directors of early cinema.[249][250]

Other Danish filmmakers of note include Erik Balling, the creator of the popular Olsen-banden films; Gabriel Axel, an Oscar-winner for Babette’s Feast in 1987; and Bille August, the Oscar-, Palme d’Or- and Golden Globe-winner for Pelle the Conqueror in 1988. In the modern era, notable filmmakers in Denmark include Lars von Trier, who co-created the Dogme movement, and multiple award-winners Susanne Bier and Nicolas Winding Refn. Mads Mikkelsen is a world-renowned Danish actor, having starred in films such as King Arthur, Casino Royale, the Danish film The Hunt, and the American TV series Hannibal. Another renowned Danish actor Nikolaj Coster-Waldau is internationally known for playing the role of Jaime Lannister in the HBO series Game of Thrones.

Danish mass media and news programming are dominated by a few large corporations. In printed media JP/Politikens Hus and Berlingske Media, between them, control the largest newspapers Politiken, Berlingske Tidende and Jyllands-Posten and major tabloids B.T. and Ekstra Bladet. In television, publicly owned stations DR and TV 2 have large shares of the viewers.[251] DR in particular is famous for its high quality TV-series often sold to foreign broadcasters and often with leading female characters like internationally known actresses Sidse Babett Knudsen and Sofie Gråbøl. In radio, DR has a near monopoly, currently broadcasting on all four nationally available FM channels, competing only with local stations.[252]

Music

Denmark and its multiple outlying islands have a wide range of folk traditions. The country’s most famous classical composer is Carl Nielsen (1865–1931), especially remembered for his six symphonies and his Wind Quintet, while the Royal Danish Ballet specialises in the work of the Danish choreographer August Bournonville. The Royal Danish Orchestra is among the world’s oldest orchestras.[253] Danes have distinguished themselves as jazz musicians, and the Copenhagen Jazz Festival has acquired international recognition.

The modern pop and rock scene has produced a few names of international fame, including Aqua, Alphabeat, D-A-D, King Diamond, Kashmir, Lukas Graham, Mew, Michael Learns to Rock, MØ, Oh Land, The Raveonettes and Volbeat, among others. Lars Ulrich, the drummer of the band Metallica, has become the first Danish musician to be inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.

Roskilde Festival near Copenhagen is the largest music festival in Northern Europe since 1971 and Denmark has many recurring music festivals of all genres throughout, including Aarhus International Jazz Festival, Skanderborg Festival, The Blue Festival in Aalborg, Esbjerg International Chamber Music Festival and Skagen Festival among many others.[254][255]

Denmark has participated in the Eurovision Song Contest since 1957 and has won the contest three times, in 1963, 2000 and 2013.

Architecture and design

Denmark’s architecture became firmly established in the Middle Ages when first Romanesque, then Gothic churches and cathedrals sprang up throughout the country. From the 16th century, Dutch and Flemish designers were brought to Denmark, initially to improve the country’s fortifications, but increasingly to build magnificent royal castles and palaces in the Renaissance style.
During the 17th century, many impressive buildings were built in the Baroque style, both in the capital and the provinces. Neoclassicism from France was slowly adopted by native Danish architects who increasingly participated in defining architectural style. A productive period of Historicism ultimately merged into the 19th-century National Romantic style.[256]

The 20th century brought along new architectural styles; including expressionism, best exemplified by the designs of architect Peder Vilhelm Jensen-Klint, which relied heavily on Scandinavian brick Gothic traditions; and Nordic Classicism, which enjoyed brief popularity in the early decades of the century. It was in the 1960s that Danish architects such as Arne Jacobsen entered the world scene with their highly successful Functionalist architecture. This, in turn, has evolved into more recent world-class masterpieces including Jørn Utzon’s Sydney Opera House and Johan Otto von Spreckelsen’s Grande Arche de la Défense in Paris, paving the way for a number of contemporary Danish designers such as Bjarke Ingels to be rewarded for excellence both at home and abroad.[257]

Danish design is a term often used to describe a style of functionalistic design and architecture that was developed in the mid-20th century, originating in Denmark. Danish design is typically applied to industrial design, furniture and household objects, which have won many international awards. The Royal Porcelain Factory is famous for the quality of its ceramics and export products worldwide. Danish design is also a well-known brand, often associated with world-famous, 20th-century designers and architects such as Børge Mogensen, Finn Juhl, Hans Wegner, Arne Jacobsen, Poul Henningsen and Verner Panton.[258] Other designers of note include Kristian Solmer Vedel (1923–2003) in the area of industrial design, Jens Quistgaard (1919–2008) for kitchen furniture and implements and Ole Wanscher (1903–1985) who had a classical approach to furniture design.

Literature and philosophy

The first known Danish literature is myths and folklore from the 10th and 11th century. Saxo Grammaticus, normally considered the first Danish writer, worked for bishop Absalon on a chronicle of Danish history (Gesta Danorum). Very little is known of other Danish literature from the Middle Ages. With the Age of Enlightenment came Ludvig Holberg whose comedy plays are still being performed.

In the late 19th century, literature was seen as a way to influence society. Known as the Modern Breakthrough, this movement was championed by Georg Brandes, Henrik Pontoppidan (awarded the Nobel Prize in Literature) and J. P. Jacobsen. Romanticism influenced the renowned writer and poet Hans Christian Andersen, known for his stories and fairy tales, e.g. The Ugly Duckling, The Little Mermaid and The Snow Queen. In recent history Johannes Vilhelm Jensen was also awarded the Nobel Prize for Literature. Karen Blixen is famous for her novels and short stories. Other Danish writers of importance are Herman Bang, Gustav Wied, William Heinesen, Martin Andersen Nexø, Piet Hein, Hans Scherfig, Klaus Rifbjerg, Dan Turèll, Tove Ditlevsen, Inger Christensen and Peter Høeg.

Danish philosophy has a long tradition as part of Western philosophy. Perhaps the most influential Danish philosopher was Søren Kierkegaard, the creator of Christian existentialism. Kierkegaard had a few Danish followers, including Harald Høffding, who later in his life moved on to join the movement of positivism. Among Kierkegaard’s other followers include Jean-Paul Sartre who was impressed with Kierkegaard’s views on the individual, and Rollo May, who helped create humanistic psychology. Another Danish philosopher of note is Grundtvig, whose philosophy gave rise to a new form of non-aggressive nationalism in Denmark, and who is also influential for his theological and historical works.

Painting and photography

While Danish art was influenced over the centuries by trends in Germany and the Netherlands, the 15th and 16th century church frescos, which can be seen in many of the country’s older churches, are of particular interest as they were painted in a style typical of native Danish painters.[259]

The Danish Golden Age, which began in the first half of the 19th century, was inspired by a new feeling of nationalism and romanticism, typified in the later previous century by history painter Nicolai Abildgaard. Christoffer Wilhelm Eckersberg was not only a productive artist in his own right but taught at the Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts where his students included notable painters such as Wilhelm Bendz, Christen Købke, Martinus Rørbye, Constantin Hansen, and Wilhelm Marstrand.

In 1871, Holger Drachmann and Karl Madsen visited Skagen in the far north of Jutland where they quickly built up one of Scandinavia’s most successful artists’ colonies specialising in Naturalism and Realism rather than in the traditional approach favoured by the academy. Hosted by Michael and his wife Anna, they were soon joined by P.S. Krøyer, Carl Locher and Laurits Tuxen. All participated in painting the natural surroundings and local people.[260] Similar trends developed on Funen with the Fynboerne who included Johannes Larsen, Fritz Syberg and Peter Hansen,[261] and on the island of Bornholm with the Bornholm school of painters including Niels Lergaard, Kræsten Iversen and Oluf Høst.[262]

Painting has continued to be a prominent form of artistic expression in Danish culture, inspired by and also influencing major international trends in this area. These include impressionism and the modernist styles of expressionism, abstract painting and surrealism. While international co-operation and activity has almost always been essential to the Danish artistic community, influential art collectives with a firm Danish base includes De Tretten (1909–1912), Linien (1930s and 1940s), COBRA (1948–1951), Fluxus (1960s and 1970s), De Unge Vilde (1980s) and more recently Superflex (founded in 1993). Most Danish painters of modern times have also been very active with other forms of artistic expressions, such as sculpting, ceramics, art installations, activism, film and experimental architecture. Notable Danish painters from modern times representing various art movements include Theodor Philipsen (1840–1920, impressionism and naturalism), Anna Klindt Sørensen (1899–1985, expressionism), Franciska Clausen (1899–1986, Neue Sachlichkeit, cubism, surrealism and others), Henry Heerup (1907–1993, naivism), Robert Jacobsen (1912–1993, abstract painting), Carl Henning Pedersen (1913–2007, abstract painting), Asger Jorn (1914–1973, Situationist, abstract painting), Bjørn Wiinblad (1918–2006, art deco, orientalism), Per Kirkeby (b. 1938, neo-expressionism, abstract painting), Per Arnoldi (b. 1941, pop art), Michael Kvium (b. 1955, neo-surrealism) and Simone Aaberg Kærn (b. 1969, superrealism).

Danish photography has developed from strong participation and interest in the very beginnings of the art of photography in 1839 to the success of a considerable number of Danes in the world of photography today. Pioneers such as Mads Alstrup and Georg Emil Hansen paved the way for a rapidly growing profession during the last half of the 19th century. Today Danish photographers such as Astrid Kruse Jensen and Jacob Aue Sobol are active both at home and abroad, participating in key exhibitions around the world.[263]

Cuisine

Smørrebrød, a variety of Danish open sandwiches piled high with delicacies

The traditional cuisine of Denmark, like that of the other Nordic countries and of Northern Germany, consists mainly of meat, fish and potatoes. Danish dishes are highly seasonal, stemming from the country’s agricultural past, its geography, and its climate of long, cold winters.

The open sandwiches on rye bread, known as smørrebrød, which in their basic form are the usual fare for lunch, can be considered a national speciality when prepared and decorated with a variety of fine ingredients. Hot meals traditionally consist of ground meats, such as frikadeller (meat balls of veal and pork) and hakkebøf (minced beef patties), or of more substantial meat and fish dishes such as flæskesteg (roast pork with crackling) and kogt torsk (poached cod) with mustard sauce and trimmings. Denmark is known for its Carlsberg and Tuborg beers and for its akvavit and bitters.

Since around 1970, chefs and restaurants across Denmark have introduced gourmet cooking, largely influenced by French cuisine. Also inspired by continental practices, Danish chefs have recently developed a new innovative cuisine and a series of gourmet dishes based on high-quality local produce known as New Danish cuisine.[264] As a result of these developments, Denmark now has a considerable number of internationally acclaimed restaurants of which several have been awarded Michelin stars. This includes Geranium and Noma in Copenhagen.

Sports

Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish football player of all time by the Danish Football Union

Sports are popular in Denmark, and its citizens participate in and watch a wide variety. The national sport is football, with over 320,000 players in more than 1600 clubs.[265] Denmark qualified six times consecutively for the European Championships between 1984 and 2004, and were crowned European champions in 1992; other significant achievements include winning the Confederations Cup in 1995 and reaching the quarter-final of the 1998 World Cup. Notable Danish footballers include Allan Simonsen, named the best player in Europe in 1977, Peter Schmeichel, named the «World’s Best Goalkeeper» in 1992 and 1993, and Michael Laudrup, named the best Danish player of all time by the Danish Football Union.[266]

There is much focus on handball, too. The women’s national team celebrated great successes during the 1990s and has won a total of 13 medals – seven gold (in 1994, 1996 (2), 1997, 2000, 2002 and 2004), four silver (in 1962, 1993, 1998 and 2004) and two bronze (in 1995 and 2013). On the men’s side, Denmark has won 12 medals—four gold (in 2008, 2012, 2016 and 2019), four silver (in 1967, 2011, 2013 and 2014) and four bronze (in 2002, 2004, 2006 and 2007)—the most that have been won by any team in European Handball Championship history.[267] In 2019, the Danish men’s national handball team won their first World Championship title in the tournament that was co-hosted between Germany and Denmark.[citation needed]

In recent years, Denmark has made a mark as a strong cycling nation, with Michael Rasmussen reaching King of the Mountains status in the Tour de France in 2005 and 2006. Other popular sports include golf—which is mostly popular among those in the older demographic;[268] tennis—in which Denmark is successful on a professional level; basketball—Denmark joined the international governing body FIBA in 1951;[269] rugby—the Danish Rugby Union dates back to 1950;[270] ice hockey— often competing in the top division in the Men’s World Championships; rowing—Denmark specialise in lightweight rowing and are particularly known for their lightweight coxless four, having won six gold and two silver World Championship medals and three gold and two bronze Olympic medals; and several indoor sports—especially badminton, table tennis and gymnastics, in each of which Denmark holds World Championships and Olympic medals. Denmark’s numerous beaches and resorts are popular locations for fishing, canoeing, kayaking, and many other water-themed sports.

See also

  • Index of Denmark-related articles
  • Outline of Denmark
  • Religion in Denmark

Explanatory notes

  1. ^ «Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke» has been adopted by Queen Margrethe II as her Language of Choice (valgsprog).
  2. ^ Kong Christian has equal status as a national anthem but is generally used only on royal and military occasions.[2]
  3. ^ a b c The Kingdom of Denmark’s territory in continental Europe is referred to as «metropolitan Denmark»,[55] «Denmark proper» (Danish: egentlig Danmark), or simply «Denmark». In this article, usage of «Denmark» excludes the Faroe Islands and Greenland.
  4. ^ German is recognised as a protected minority language in the South Jutland area of Denmark.
  5. ^ including Faroese, indigenous group Inuit, and minority group German
  6. ^ The Kingdom has a total population of 5,958,380.
  7. ^ a b c This data is for Denmark proper only. For data relevant to Greenland and the Faroe Islands see their respective articles.
  8. ^ In the Faroe Islands the currency has a separate design and is known as the króna, but is not a separate currency.
  9. ^ The top-level domain name .eu is shared with other European Union countries.
  10. ^ Danish: Kongeriget Danmark, pronounced [ˈkʰɔŋəʁiːð̩ ˈtænmɑk] (listen)
  11. ^ The island of Bornholm is offset to the east of the rest of the country, in the Baltic Sea.
  12. ^ Denmark has a codified constitution. Changes to it require an absolute majority in two consecutive parliamentary terms and the approval of at least 40% of the electorate through a referendum.[84]
  13. ^ The Constitution refers to «the King» (Danish: kongen), rather than the gender-neutral term «monarch». In light of the restriction of powers of the monarchy, this is best interpreted as referring to the government Cabinet.
  14. ^ The Economist Intelligence Unit, while acknowledging that democracy is difficult to measure, listed Denmark 5th on its index of democracy.[21]
  15. ^ The Faroese declined membership in 1973; Greenland chose to leave the EEC in 1985, following a referendum.
  16. ^ As measured in official development assistance (ODA). Denmark, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Norway, Sweden and the United Kingdom
    exceeded the United Nations’ ODA target of 0.7% of GNI.
  17. ^ The Church of Denmark is the established church (or state religion) in Denmark and Greenland; the Church of the Faroe Islands became an independent body in 2007.

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General and cited sources

  • Stone, Andrew; Bain, Carolyn; Booth, Michael; Parnell, Fran (2008). Denmark (5th ed.). Footscray, Victoria: Lonely Planet. p. 31. ISBN 978-1-74104-669-4.
  • (in Danish) Busck, Steen (2002). Poulsen, Henning (ed.). «Danmarks historie  – i grundtræk». Aarhus Universitetsforlag. ISBN 978-87-7288-941-2.
  • Englund, Peter (2000). Den oövervinnerlige (in Swedish). Stockholm: Atlantis. ISBN 978-91-7486-999-6.
  • Frost, Robert I. (2000). The Northern Wars (1558–1721). Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
  • Gammelgaard, Frederik; Sørensen, Niels (1998). Danmark – en demokratisk stat (in Danish). Alinea. ISBN 978-87-23-00280-8.
  • Isacson, Claes-Göran (2002). Karl X Gustavs krig (in Swedish). Lund: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85057-25-2.
  • Jørgensen, Gitte (1995). Sådan styres Danmark (in Danish). Flachs. ISBN 978-87-7826-031-4.
  • (in Danish) Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, «Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid», Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN 978-87-00-69328-9
  • (in Swedish) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN 978-91-7024-619-7.

External links

  • Denmark.dk Archived 11 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine
  • Denmark. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
  • Denmark entry at Britannica.com.
  • Gosse, Edmund William (1878). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. VII (9th ed.). pp. 80–94.
  • Gosse, Edmund William (1911). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 8 (11th ed.). pp. 23–44.
  • Kristiansen, M. (1922). «Denmark» . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 30 (12th ed.).
  • Denmark at Curlie
  • Denmark profile from the BBC News.
  • Key Development Forecasts for Denmark from International Futures.
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  • Боснийский: danska
  • Каталанский: dinamarca
  • Себуанский: denmark
  • Чешский: dánsko
  • Валлийский: denmarc
  • Датский: danmark
  • Немецкий: Dänemark
  • Греческий: δανία
  • Английский: denmark
  • Эсперанто: danio
  • Испанский: dinamarca
  • Эстонский: taani
  • Баскский: danimarka
  • Персидский: دانمارک
  • Финский: tanska
  • Французский: danemark
  • Ирландский: an danmhairg
  • Шотландский (гэльский): an danmhairg
  • Галисийский: dinamarca
  • Гуджарати: ડેનમાર્ક
  • Иврит: דנמרק
  • Хинди: डेनमार्क
  • Хорватский: Danska
  • Гаитянский: denmark
  • Венгерский: dánia
  • Армянский: Դանիա
  • Индонезийский: denmark
  • Исландский: danmörk
  • Итальянский: danimarca
  • Японский: デンマーク
  • Яванский: denmark
  • Грузинский: დანია
  • Казахский: Дания
  • Кхмерский: ដាណឺម៉ាក
  • Каннада: ಡೆನ್ಮಾರ್ಕ್
  • Корейский: 덴마크
  • Киргизский: Дания
  • Латынь: daniae
  • Люксембургский: Dänemark
  • Лаосский: ເດັນມາກ
  • Литовский: danija
  • Латышский: dānija
  • Малагасийский: danemark
  • Марийский: Даний
  • Маори: denmark
  • Македонский: данска
  • Малаялам: ഡെന്മാര്ക്ക്
  • Монгольский: дани
  • Маратхи: डेन्मार्क
  • Горномарийский: Дани
  • Малайский: denmark
  • Мальтийский: id-danimarka
  • Бирманский: ဒိန္း
  • Непальский: डेनमार्क
  • Голландский: denemarken
  • Норвежский: danmark
  • Панджаби: ਡੈਨਮਾਰਕ
  • Папьяменто: dinamarka
  • Польский: Dania
  • Португальский: dinamarca
  • Румынский: danemarca
  • Сингальский: ඩෙන්මාර්කය
  • Словацкий: dánsko
  • Словенский: danska
  • Албанский: danimarkë
  • Сербский: Данска
  • Сунданский: denmark
  • Шведский: danmark
  • Суахили: denmark
  • Тамильский: டென்மார்க்
  • Телугу: డెన్మార్క్
  • Таджикский: Дания
  • Тайский: เดนมาร์ก
  • Тагальский: denmark
  • Турецкий: Danimarka
  • Татарский: Дания
  • Удмуртский: Дания
  • Украинский: Данія
  • Урду: ڈنمارک
  • Узбекский: daniya
  • Вьетнамский: đan mạch
  • Коса: denmark
  • Идиш: דענמאַרק
  • Китайский: 丹麦

дания в разных странах

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

dania, danie, dostarczenie

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

danois, danemark, royaume du danemark

Координаты :
56 ° N 10 ° E / 56°N 10°E

Дания

Дания   ( датский )

Красный с белым крестом, доходящим до краев флага;  вертикальная часть креста смещена в сторону подъемника

Флаг

Герб Дании

Герб

Девиз:  (королевский)  « Guds hjælp, folkets kærlighed, Danmarks styrke »
«Божья помощь, любовь народа, сила Дании»
Гимны:
Der er et yndigt land
(англ .: «Есть прекрасная страна» )

Kong Christian stod ved højen mast
(английский: «Король Кристиан стоял у высокой мачты» )

Местоположение метрополии Дании [N 3] (темно-зеленый) - в Европе (зеленый и темно-серый) - в Европейском Союзе (зеленый)

Расположение метрополии Дании (темно-зеленый)

— в Европе  (зеленый и темно-серый)
— в Европейском Союзе  (зеленый)

Столица

и самый большой город

Копенгаген
55 ° 43’N 12 ° 34’E / 55.717°N 12.567°E
Официальные языки Датский
Признанные региональные языки Фарерский
гренландский
немецкий
Этнические группы

(2020)

  • 86,11% датский
  • 13,89% не-датский
Религия

(2020)

75,8% Христианство
—74,3% Церковь Дании
—1,5% Другое христианство
19,1% Не вероисповедание
4,4% Ислам
0,7% Другое
Демоним (ы)
  • Датский
  • Датчанин
Правительство Унитарная парламентская
конституционная монархия

•  Монарх

Маргрете II

•  Премьер-министр

Метте Фредериксен

•  Спикер фолькетинга

Хенрик Дам Кристенсен
Законодательная власть Фолькетинг
История

•  Консолидация

c. 8 век

•  Конституционный закон

5 июня 1849 г.

•  Датское королевство

24 марта 1948 г.

•  Вступление в ЕЭС

1 января 1973 г.
Площадь

• метрополия Дания

42933 км 2 (16577 квадратных миль) ( 130-е )

• Воды (%)

1,74 (по состоянию на 2015 год)

• Все королевство

2220930 км 2 (857,510 квадратных миль)
(12-е место)
численность населения

• Оценка за 3 квартал 2021 года

Нейтральное увеличение5,850,189 ( 114-е )

• Фарерские острова

52 110

• Гренландия

56 081

• Плотность  (Дания)

137,65 / км 2 (356,5 / кв. Миль)
ВВП  
( ППС )
Оценка 2018

• Общий

299 миллиардов долларов ( 52-е место )

• На душу населения

$ 51 643 ( 19-е место )
ВВП  (номинальный) Оценка 2018

• Общий

370 миллиардов долларов ( 34-е )

• На душу населения

$ 63 829 ( 6-е )
Джини  (2020) Положительное снижение 27,3
низкий
ИЧР  (2019) Увеличивать 0,940
очень высокий  ·  10-й
Валюта Датская крона ( DKK )
Часовой пояс UTC +1 ( CET )

• Лето ( DST )

UTC +2 ( CEST )
Формат даты DD . ММ . ГГГГ
ГГГГ-ММ-ДД
Сторона вождения Правильно
Телефонный код

3 телефонных кода

  • +45 (Дания)      
  • +298 (Фарерские острова)    
  • +299 (Гренландия)    
Код ISO 3166 DK
Интернет-домен

3 TLD

  • .dk (Дания) 
  • .fo (Фарерские острова)  
  • .gl (Гренландия)  

Сайт
Denmark.dk

Расположение Дании

Дания ( датский : Danmark , произносится  [ˈtænmɑk] ( слушать )Об этом звуке ) — северная страна в Северной Европе . Европейский Дания, которая является самым южным из скандинавских стран, состоит из полуострова Ютландия , и архипелаг из 443 островов , названных с самым большим из них Зеландия , Фюн и Веннсюссель-Тю . Острова характеризуются плоскими пахотными землями и песчаными берегами, низкой высотой и умеренным климатом . Дания расположена к юго-западу от Швеции и к югу от Норвегии , а на юге граничит с Германией . Королевство Дания является конституционно унитарным государством , включающим столичной Дания и два автономных территорий в Северной Атлантике : на Фарерские острова и в Гренландию . Дания имеет общую площадь 42 943 км 2 (16 580 квадратных миль) по состоянию на 2020 год. Население столичной Дании составляет 5,85 миллиона человек (по состоянию на 2021 год), из которых 800 000 проживают в столице и крупнейшем городе Копенгагене .

Объединенное королевство Дании появилось в 8 — м века , как опытная мореходной нация в борьбе за контроль над Балтийским морем . Дания, Швеция и Норвегия управлялись вместе под одним суверенным правителем в Кальмарском союзе , учрежденном в 1397 году и закончившемся отделением Швеции в 1523 году. Области Дании и Норвегии оставались под властью одного и того же монарха до 1814 года, Дания-Норвегия . Начиная с 17 века, было несколько разрушительных войн со Шведской империей , закончившихся передачей Швеции больших территорий. После наполеоновских войн Норвегия была передана Швеции, а Дания сохранила Фарерские острова, Гренландию и Исландию . В 19 веке произошел всплеск националистических движений , потерпевших поражение в Первой Шлезвигской войне . После Второй войны Шлезвига в 1864 году, Дания потеряла герцогства Шлезвиг в Пруссии . Дания оставалась нейтральной во время Первой мировой войны ; однако в 1920 году северная половина Шлезвига снова стала датской. В апреле 1940 года немецкое вторжение сопровождалось короткими военными столкновениями, в то время как датское движение сопротивления действовало с 1943 года до капитуляции Германии в мае 1945 года. Промышленно развитый экспортер сельскохозяйственной продукции во второй половине 19 века, Дания ввела социальный рынок и рынок труда. реформы начала 20 века, которые создали основу для нынешней модели государства всеобщего благосостояния с высокоразвитой смешанной экономикой .

Конституция Дании была подписана 5 июня 1849 года , окончание абсолютной монархии , начавшаяся в 1660 году он устанавливает конституционную монархию , организованную в качестве парламентской демократии. Правительство и парламент страны сидят в Копенгагене , национальную столицу , крупнейший город и главный торговый центр. Дания обладает гегемонистским влиянием в датском королевстве , передавая ему полномочия по ведению внутренних дел. Самоуправление было установлено на Фарерских островах в 1948 году; в Гренландии самоуправление было установлено в 1979 году, а дальнейшая автономия — в 2009 году. Дания вместе с Гренландией, но не с Фарерскими островами , стала членом Европейского экономического сообщества (ныне ЕС ) в 1973 году, но договорилась об определенных отказах ; он сохраняет свою собственную валюту — крону .

Развитая страна , датчане пользуются высоким уровнем жизни , и страна занимает высокое место в некоторых показателях национального исполнения, в том числе образования , здравоохранения , защиты гражданских свобод , демократического управления и LGBT равенства . Он входит в число основателей НАТО , Северного совета , ОЭСР , ОБСЕ и Организации Объединенных Наций ; он также входит в Шенгенскую зону . Дания также имеет тесные лингвистические связи со своими скандинавскими соседями: датский язык частично понятен как норвежскому, так и шведскому языкам .

Этимология

Этимология названия «Дания», отношения между «датчанами» и «Данией» и превращение Дании в единое королевство являются предметами непрерывных научных дебатов. Это сосредоточено в первую очередь на префиксе «Дан» и относится ли это к Дани или исторической личности Дан, а также к точному значению окончания — «знак» .

В большинстве этимологических словарей и справочников слово «Дан» происходит от слова, означающего «плоская земля», связанного с немецким Tenne «гумно», английским den «пещера». Элемент знака Считается , что средний лесистой или пограничья (см марши ), с возможными ссылками на границе лесов на юге Шлезвига .

Первый зарегистрированное использование слова Danmark в самой Дании находится на два камней желирующих , которые Runestones полагают, были возведены Гормом Старого ( с.  955 ) и Harald Bluetooth ( с.  965 ). Большой из двух камней обычно цитируется как «свидетельство о крещении» ( dåbsattest ) Дании, хотя оба используют слово «Дания» в винительном падеже ᛏᛅᚾᛘᛅᚢᚱᚴ tanmaurk ( [danmɒrk] ) на большом камне и в родительном падеже ». tanmarkar»(произносится [danmarkaɽ] ) на небольшом камне, в то время как датив форму tąnmarku (произносится [danmarkʊ] ) находится на одновременной Skivum камне. Жители Дании называются там тани ( [дано] ), или «датчане», в винительном падеже.

История

Предыстория

Самые ранние археологические находки в Дании датируется межледниковья EEM от 130000 до 110000 до н . Дания была заселена примерно с 12500 г. до н.э., а сельское хозяйство велось с 3900 г. до н.э. Nordic бронзовый век (1800-600 до н.э.) в Дании был отмечен курганами , которые оставили обилие находок , включая Lurs и Sun Chariot .

Во время доримского железного века (500 г. до н.э. — 1 год нашей эры) местные группы начали мигрировать на юг, и первые племенные датчане прибыли в страну между доримским и германским железным веком , в период римского железного века (1–1 н.э.) 400). В римские провинции поддерживали торговые пути и отношения с местными племенами в Дании, и римские монеты были найдены в Дании. Свидетельства сильного кельтского культурного влияния датируются этим периодом в Дании и большей части Северо-Западной Европы и, среди прочего, отражены в находке котла Гундеструп .

Племенные датчане пришли с восточных датских островов ( Зеландия ) и Скании и говорили на раннем северогерманском языке . Историки считают, что до их прибытия большая часть Ютландии и ближайших островов была заселена племенами ютов . В конце концов юты мигрировали в Великобританию , некоторые из них были наемниками бриттского короля Вортигерна , и им были предоставлены юго-восточные территории Кент , остров Уайт и другие районы, где они поселились. Позже они были поглощены или этнически очищены вторгшимися англами и саксами , которые сформировали англосаксов . Оставшееся ютское население в Ютландии ассимилировалось с датчанами .

Краткая заметка историка Джордана о дани в Гетике считается одним из первых упоминаний датчан, одной из этнических групп, от которых произошли современные датчане . В Даневирке оборонные структуры были построены в фазах с 3 — го века вперед и огромных размеров усилий строительства в 737 г. н.э. приписаны к появлению датского короля. Новый рунический алфавит был впервые использован примерно в то же время и Рибе , старейший город Дании, был основан около 700 г. н.э..

Викинг и средневековье

С 8 по 10 век обширный скандинавский регион был источником викингов . Они колонизировали, совершали набеги и торговали во всех частях Европы. Датские викинги были наиболее активны на востоке и юге Британских островов и в Западной Европе . Они завоевали и заселили часть Англии (известную как Данелаг ) под властью короля Свейна Форкберда в 1013 году и Францию, где датчане и норвежцы основали Нормандию с Ролло во главе государства. В Дании было найдено больше англосаксонских пенсов этого периода, чем в Англии.

Большой камень с резным изображением Иисуса Христа.

Дания была в значительной степени консолидирована к концу 8-го века, и ее правители постоянно упоминаются во франкских источниках как короли ( reges ). При Гудфреде в 804 году датское королевство могло включать в себя все земли Ютландии, Скании и датских островов, за исключением Борнхольма. Существующая датская монархия восходит к Горму Старому , который установил свое правление в начале 10 века. Как свидетельствуют камни Еллинга , датчане были обращены в христианство около 965 года Харальдом Блютузом , сыном Горма . Считается, что Дания стала христианской по политическим причинам, чтобы не подвергнуться вторжению со стороны растущей христианской власти в Европе, Священной Римской империи , которая была важным торговым районом для датчан. В этом случае Харальд построил шесть крепостей вокруг Дании под названием Треллеборг и построил еще одну Даневирке . В начале 11 века Канут Великий победил и почти на 30 лет объединил Данию, Англию и Норвегию своей скандинавской армией.

На протяжении всего высокого и позднего средневековья , Дания также включала Skåneland (области Scania, Halland и Блекинге в современной южной Швеции) и датских королей правили датский Эстонии , а также герцогства из Шлезвига и Гольштейна . Большинство из последних двух сейчас составляют землю Шлезвиг-Гольштейн на севере Германии.

В 1397 году Дания вступила в личный союз с Норвегией и Швецией , объединившись при королеве Маргарет I . Все три страны должны были рассматриваться в союзе как равные. Однако даже с самого начала Маргарет, возможно, не была столь идеалистичной, рассматривая Данию как явного «старшего» партнера союза. Таким образом, большая часть следующих 125 лет скандинавской истории вращается вокруг этого союза, когда Швеция отламывается и неоднократно повторно завоевывается. Практически вопрос был решен 17 июня 1523 года, когда шведский король Густав Ваза захватил город Стокгольм . Протестантская Реформация распространилась в Скандинавию в 1530, и после этого Графской распри гражданской войны, Дания преобразуется в лютеранство в 1536 году В том же году Дания вступила в союз с Норвегией.

Ранняя современная история (1536–1849)

После того, как Швеция навсегда оторвалась от личного союза, Дания пыталась несколько раз , чтобы восстановить контроль над своим соседом. Король Кристиан IV напал на Швецию в Кальмарской войне 1611–1613 годов, но не смог выполнить свою главную задачу — заставить ее вернуться в союз. Война не привела к территориальным изменениям, но Швеция была вынуждена выплатить Дании военное возмещение в размере 1 миллиона серебряных риксдалеров , сумму, известную как выкуп за Эльвсборг . Король Кристиан использовал эти деньги, чтобы основать несколько городов и крепостей, в первую очередь Глюкштадт (основанный как соперник Гамбурга ) и Христианию . Вдохновленный голландской Ост-Индской компанией , он основал аналогичную датскую компанию и планировал объявить Цейлон своей колонией, но компании удалось приобрести Транкебар только на индийском побережье Коромандель . Большие колониальные устремления Дании включали несколько ключевых торговых постов в Африке и Индии . Хотя торговые посты Дании в Индии были мало заметны, она сыграла важную роль в очень прибыльной трансатлантической работорговле , через свои торговые посты в форте Кристиансборг в Осу , Гана, через которые было продано 1,5 миллиона рабов. В то время как датская колониальная империя поддерживалась торговлей с другими крупными державами и плантациями, в конечном итоге нехватка ресурсов привела к ее стагнации.

В Тридцатилетней войне Кристиан попытался стать лидером лютеранских государств в Германии, но потерпел сокрушительное поражение в битве при Люттере . В результате католическая армия под командованием Альбрехта фон Валленштейна смогла вторгнуться, оккупировать и разграбить Ютландию, вынудив Данию выйти из войны . Дании удалось избежать территориальных уступок, но вмешательство короля Густава Адольфа в Германию было воспринято как знак того, что военная мощь Швеции растет, а влияние Дании в регионе снижается. Шведские армии вторглись в Ютландию в 1643 году и захватили Сканию в 1644 году. По Бремсеброскому договору 1645 года Дания сдала Халланд, Готланд , последние части датской Эстонии и несколько провинций в Норвегии.

Увидев возможность разорвать Бремсеброский мирный договор, король Дании Фридрих III в 1657 году объявил войну Швеции, принимавшей активное участие во Второй Северной войне (1655–1660), и двинулся на Бремен-Верден . Это привело к крупному поражению Дании, когда армии шведского короля Карла X Густава завоевали Ютландию и, после шведского марша через замерзшие датские проливы , заняли Фюн и большую часть Зеландии до подписания Роскилдского мира в феврале 1658 года, который дал Швеции контроль над Scania, Блекинге , Бохусленом , Трёнделагом и островом Борнхольм . Карл X Густав быстро пожалел, что не разрушил Данию, и в августе 1658 года он предпринял второе нападение на Данию , завоевал большую часть датских островов и начал двухлетнюю осаду Копенгагена . Король Фридрих III активно возглавил оборону города, сплотил его жителей, чтобы они взялись за оружие, и отражал атаки шведов . Осада закончилась после смерти Карла X Густава в 1660 году. В результате мирного урегулирования Дании удалось сохранить свою независимость и восстановить контроль над Трёнделагом и Борнхольмом. Получив большую популярность после войны, Фридрих III использовал это для роспуска выборной монархии в пользу абсолютной монархии , которая просуществовала до 1848 года в Дании.

Дания пыталась, но не смогла восстановить контроль над Сканией в Сканианской войне (1675–1679). После Великой Северной войны (1700–1721 гг.) Дании удалось восстановить контроль над частями Шлезвига и Гольштейна, которыми управлял дом Гольштейн-Готторпов по Фредериксборгскому договору 1720 года и Царскосельскому договору 1773 года соответственно. Дания значительно преуспела в последние десятилетия 18-го века благодаря своему нейтральному статусу, позволяющему ей торговать с обеими сторонами во многих современных войнах. В наполеоновских войнах Дания вела торговлю с Францией и Великобританией и присоединилась к Лиге вооруженного нейтралитета с Россией , Швецией и Пруссией . Британцы посчитали это враждебным актом и атаковали Копенгаген в 1801 и 1807 годах , в одном случае унесли датский флот , в другом — сожгли значительную часть датской столицы. Это привело к так называемой датско-британской войне канонерок . Британский контроль над водными путями между Данией и Норвегией оказался катастрофическим для экономики Союза, и в 1813 году Дания-Норвегия обанкротились .

Союз был расторгнут Кильским мирным договором 1814 года; Датская монархия «безвозвратно и навсегда» отказалась от претензий на Королевство Норвегия в пользу шведского короля. Дания сохранила владения Исландии (которая сохраняла датскую монархию до 1944 года), Фарерских островов и Гренландии , которые веками управлялись Норвегией. Помимо северных колоний, Дания продолжала править датской Индией с 1620 по 1869 год, датским Золотым побережьем (Гана) с 1658 по 1850 год и Датской Вест-Индией с 1671 по 1917 год.

Конституционная монархия (1849-настоящее время)

Зарождающееся датское либеральное и национальное движение набрало обороты в 1830-х годах; после европейских революций 1848 года 5 июня 1849 года Дания мирно стала конституционной монархией . Новая конституция учредила двухпалатный парламент . Дания столкнулась войну как против Пруссии и Австрийской империи в том, что стало известно как второй Шлезвига войны , продолжалась с февраля по октябрь 1864. Дания был побежден и обязан уступить Шлезвига и Гольштейна к Пруссии . Эта потеря стала последней в длинной череде поражений и территориальных потерь, начавшихся в 17 веке. После этих событий Дания проводила политику нейтралитета в Европе.

Индустриализация пришла в Данию во второй половине XIX века. В первые железные дороги нации были построены в 1850 — х годах, а также улучшение коммуникаций и внешней торговли позволило промышленности развиваться, несмотря на отсутствие Дании природных ресурсов. Профсоюзы развивались, начиная с 1870-х годов. Произошла значительная миграция людей из сельской местности в города, и датское сельское хозяйство сосредоточилось на экспорте молочных и мясных продуктов.

Дания сохраняла нейтральную позицию во время Первой мировой войны . После поражения Германии державы Версаля предложили вернуть Дании регион Шлезвиг-Гольштейн. Опасаясь немецкого ирредентизма , Дания отказалась рассматривать возвращение территории без плебисцита ; два Шлезвигских плебисцита состоялись 10 февраля и 14 марта 1920 года, соответственно. 10 июля 1920 года Северный Шлезвиг был восстановлен Данией, увеличив тем самым около 163 600 жителей и 3984 квадратных километра (1538 квадратных миль). Первое социал-демократическое правительство страны пришло к власти в 1924 году.

В 1939 году Дания подписала 10-летний пакт о ненападении с нацистской Германией, но Германия вторглась в Данию 9 апреля 1940 года, и датское правительство быстро капитулировало. Вторая мировая война в Дании характеризовалась экономическим сотрудничеством с Германией до 1943 года, когда датское правительство отказалось от дальнейшего сотрудничества, и его военно-морской флот затопил большинство своих кораблей и отправил многих своих офицеров в Швецию, которая была нейтральной. Danish сопротивление провели спасательную операцию , что удалось эвакуировать несколько тысяч евреев и членов их семей к безопасности в Швеции , прежде чем немцы могли отправить их в лагеря смерти. Некоторые датчане поддержали нацизм , присоединившись к Датской нацистской партии или добровольно вступив в бой с Германией в составе Frikorps Danmark . Исландия разорвала отношения с Данией и стала независимой республикой в 1944 году; Германия капитулировала в мае 1945 года. В 1948 году Фарерские острова получили самоуправление . В 1949 году Дания стала одним из основателей НАТО .

Дания была одним из основателей Европейской ассоциации свободной торговли (EFTA). В течение 1960-х годов страны ЕАСТ часто назывались « внешней семеркой» , в отличие от « внутренней шестерки» тогдашнего Европейского экономического сообщества (ЕЭС). В 1973 году вместе с Великобританией и Ирландией Дания присоединилась к Европейскому экономическому сообществу (ныне Европейский Союз ) после публичного референдума . Маастрихтский договор , в котором участвовал дальнейшую европейскую интеграцию, был отклонен от датского народа в 1992 году; он был принят только после второго референдума в 1993 году, который предусматривал четыре отказа от участия в политике. Датчане отказались от евро в качестве национальной валюты на референдуме 2000 года . Гренландия получила самоуправление в 1979 году и получила самоопределение в 2009 году. Ни Фарерские острова, ни Гренландия не являются членами Европейского Союза, Фарерские острова отказались от членства в ЕЭС в 1973 году, а Гренландия — в 1986 году, в обоих случаях из-за политики рыболовства. .

Изменения в конституции 1953 г. привели к избранию однопалатного парламента на основе пропорционального представительства, вступлению женщин на датский престол, а также к тому, что Гренландия стала неотъемлемой частью Дании. Левоцентристской социал — демократы во главе строку коалиционных правительств на протяжении большей части второй половины 20 — го века, представляя Скандинавской модели благосостояния . Либеральная партия и в консервативном Народной партия также привели правоцентристское правительство.

География

Спутниковый снимок

Спутниковый снимок Ютландии и датских островов.

Расположенная в Северной Европе , Дания состоит из полуострова Ютландия и 443 названных островов (всего 1419 островов площадью более 100 квадратных метров (1100 квадратных футов)). Из них 74 населены (январь 2015 г.), крупнейшими из которых являются Зеландия , остров Северная Ютландия и Фюн . Остров Борнхольм расположен к востоку от остальной части страны, в Балтийском море . Многие из более крупных островов соединены мостами; Эресунн мост соединяет Zealand со Швецией; Большой Бельт мост соединяет Фюн с Зеландией; и Мост Маленький Бельт соединяет Ютландию с Фуненом. Паромы или небольшие самолеты отправляются на более мелкие острова. Четыре города с населением более 100 000 человек — это столица Копенгаген в Зеландии; Орхус и Ольборг в Ютландии; и Оденсе на острове Фюн.

Маркированная карта Дании

Страна занимает общую площадь 42 943,9 квадратных километров (16 581 квадратных миль). Площадь внутренних водоемов составляет 700 км 2 (270 квадратных миль), по разным оценкам от 500 до 700 км 2 (193–270 квадратных миль). Озеро Арресё к северо-западу от Копенгагена — самое большое озеро. Размер участка суши не может быть определен точно, поскольку океан постоянно размывает и добавляет материал к береговой линии, а также из-за проектов по освоению земель человеком (для противодействия эрозии). Постледниковый отскок поднимает землю чуть менее чем на 1 см (0,4 дюйма) в год на севере и востоке, расширяя побережье. Круг, охватывающий ту же территорию, что и Дания, будет иметь 234 километра (145 миль) в диаметре с окружностью 736 км (457 миль) (только на суше: 232,33 км (144,36 мили) и 730 км (454 мили) соответственно). Он разделяет границу в 68 км (42 мили) с Германией на юг и окружен 8 750 км (5437 миль) приливной береговой линии (включая небольшие заливы и заливы ). В Дании нет места дальше от побережья, чем 52 км (32 мили). На юго-западном побережье Ютландии прилив составляет от 1 до 2 м (3,28 и 6,56 футов), а линия прилива перемещается наружу и внутрь на участке длиной 10 км (6,2 мили). Территориальные воды Дании составляют 105 000 квадратных километров (40 541 квадратная миля).

Самая северная точка Дании — мыс Скаген (северный пляж Скау) на 57 ° 45 ‘7 дюймов северной широты, самая южная точка — мыс Гедсер (южная оконечность Фальстера ) на 54 ° 33’ 35 дюймов северной широты; Самая западная точка — Бловандшук на 8 ° 4 ’22 «восточной долготы; самая восточная точка — Эстерскер на 15 ° 11′ 55» восточной долготы. Он находится на небольшом архипелаге Эртхольмен, в 18 км к северо-востоку от Борнхольма. Расстояние с востока на запад составляет 452 километра (281 миль), с севера на юг — 368 километров (229 миль).

Страна плоская, с небольшой высотой, средняя высота над уровнем моря составляет 31 метр (102 фута). Самая высокая естественная точка — Мёллехой , высота 170,86 м (560,56 футов). Хотя это, безусловно, самая низкая точка в скандинавских странах, а также менее половины самой высокой точки на юге Швеции , общая высота Дании внутри ее, как правило, находится на безопасном уровне от повышения уровня моря . Значительная часть ландшафта Дании состоит из холмистых равнин, в то время как береговая линия песчаная, с большими дюнами в северной Ютландии. Хотя раньше Дания была покрыта обширными лесами, сегодня она в основном состоит из пахотных земель . Его дренирует около дюжины рек , и наиболее значительными из них являются Гудена , Оденсе , Скьерн , Суса и Вида — река, протекающая вдоль ее южной границы с Германией.

Королевство Дания включает две заморские территории, обе к западу от Дании: Гренландия, самый большой остров в мире , и Фарерские острова в северной части Атлантического океана. Эти территории являются самоуправляемыми и являются частью Датского королевства .

Климат

В Дании умеренный климат с мягкой зимой со средней температурой января 1,5 ° C (34,7 ° F) и прохладным летом со средней температурой в августе 17,2 ° C (63,0 ° F). Самые экстремальные температуры, зарегистрированные в Дании с 1874 года, когда начались записи, составляли 36,4 ° C (97,5 ° F) в 1975 году и -31,2 ° C (-24,2 ° F) в 1982 году. В Дании в среднем 179 дней в году с осадками. , в среднем получая в общей сложности 765 миллиметров (30 дюймов) в год; осень — самый влажный сезон, а весна — самый сухой. Положение между континентом и океаном означает, что погода часто бывает нестабильной.

Из-за того, что Дания расположена на севере, дневной свет сильно колеблется в зависимости от сезона. Зимой бывают короткие дни с восходом солнца около 8:45 и закатом в 15:45 (стандартное время), а также длинные летние дни с восходом солнца в 4:30 и закатом в 22:00 ( летнее время ).

Климатические данные для Дании (2001–2010 гг.)
Месяц Янв Фев Мар Апр Может Июн Июл Авг Сен Октябрь Ноя Декабрь Год
Средняя высокая ° C (° F) 3,3
(37,9)
3,3
(37,9)
6,1
(43,0)
11,5
(52,7)
15,5
(59,9)
18,5
(65,3)
21,6
(70,9)
21,2
(70,2)
17,5
(63,5)
12,3
(54,1)
7,9
(46,2)
4,2
(39,6)
11,9
(53,4)
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F) 1,5
(34,7)
1,2
(34,2)
3,0
(37,4)
7,5
(45,5)
11,4
(52,5)
14,6
(58,3)
17,4
(63,3)
17,2
(63,0)
13,8
(56,8)
9,4
(48,9)
5,7
(42,3)
2,2
(36,0)
8,8
(47,8)
Средняя низкая ° C (° F) -0,8
(30,6)
-1,3
(29,7)
-0,2
(31,6)
3,6
(38,5)
7,4
(45,3)
10,6
(51,1)
13,4
(56,1)
13,5
(56,3)
10,2
(50,4)
6,2
(43,2)
3,2
(37,8)
-0,3
(31,5)
5,5
(41,9)
Среднее количество осадков, мм (дюймы) 66
(2,6)
50
(2,0)
43
(1,7)
37
(1,5)
53
(2,1)
68
(2,7)
77
(3,0)
91
(3,6)
62
(2,4)
83
(3,3)
75
(3,0)
61
(2,4)
765
(30,1)
Среднее количество дождливых дней (≥ 1 миллиметра (0,039 дюйма)) 18 15 13 11 13 13 14 16 14 17 20 17 181
Среднее количество солнечных часов в месяц
47 71 146 198 235 239 232 196 162 111 58 45 1,739
Источник: Датский метеорологический институт.

Экология

Дания относится к бореальному Королевству и может быть подразделена на две экорегионов : в смешанные лесы Атлантических и Прибалтийские смешанные леса . Почти все первобытные леса умеренного пояса в Дании были уничтожены или фрагментированы, в основном для сельскохозяйственных целей, в течение последних тысячелетий. Вырубка лесов привела к образованию обширных пустошей и разрушительных песчаных наносов . Несмотря на это, в стране есть несколько более крупных вторичных лесных массивов, и в целом 12,9% земель в настоящее время засажены деревьями. Ель обыкновенная — самое распространенное дерево (2017 г.); важное дерево в производстве елки . Дания имеет средний балл по индексу целостности лесных ландшафтов 0,5 / 10, занимая 171 место в мире из 172 стран, уступая только Сан-Марино .

В сельской местности все больше и больше заселяют косули, а в редколесьях Ютландии можно встретить оленей с большими рогами . Дания также является домом для более мелких млекопитающих, таких как хорьки , зайцы и ежи . Приблизительно 400 видов птиц населяют Данию и около 160 из них размножаются в стране. К крупным морским млекопитающим относятся здоровые популяции морской свиньи , растущее число ластоногих и случайные посещения крупных китов, в том числе синих китов и косаток . Треска , сельдь и камбала являются изобильными кулинарными рыбами в датских водах и составляют основу крупного рыболовства .

Среда

Дания прекратила выдачу новых лицензий на добычу нефти и газа в декабре 2020 года.

Загрязнение земли и воды — две из наиболее серьезных экологических проблем Дании , хотя большая часть бытовых и промышленных отходов страны в настоящее время все чаще фильтруется и иногда перерабатывается. Страна исторически занимала прогрессивную позицию по охране окружающей среды ; В 1971 году Дания создала Министерство окружающей среды и стала первой страной в мире, которая ввела в действие закон об окружающей среде в 1973 году. Для смягчения последствий деградации окружающей среды и глобального потепления правительство Дании подписало Киотский протокол об изменении климата . Тем не менее, национальный экологический след составляет 8,26 гектара мира на человека, что является очень высоким показателем по сравнению со среднемировым показателем 1,7 в 2010 году. Факторами, способствующими этому значению, являются исключительно высокие значения для пахотных земель, но также и относительно высокие значения для пастбищ, которые можно объяснить существенно высоким производством мяса в Дании (115,8 кг (255 фунтов) мяса в год на душу населения) и большой экономической ролью мясной и молочной промышленности. В декабре 2014 года в Индексе эффективности изменения климата за 2015 год Дания заняла первое место в таблице, пояснив, что, хотя выбросы все еще довольно высоки, страна смогла реализовать эффективную политику защиты климата. В 2020 году Дания снова заняла первое место в рейтинге. В 2021 году Дания и Коста-Рика создали альянс «За пределами нефти и газа» для прекращения использования ископаемого топлива.

На территории Дании, Гренландии и Фарерских островов ежегодно вылавливается около 650 китов. Квоты Гренландии на вылов китов определяются в соответствии с рекомендациями Международной китобойной комиссии (IWC), наделенной полномочиями принимать решения по квотам.

Правительство и политика

Политика в Дании действует в рамках, изложенных в Конституции Дании . Впервые написанный в 1849 году, он устанавливает суверенное государство в форме конституционной монархии с представительной парламентской системой . Монарх официально сохраняет исполнительную власть и председательствует в Государственном совете ( тайном совете ). На практике обязанности монарха являются строго представительскими и церемониальными , такими как официальное назначение и увольнение премьер-министра и других министров правительства. Монарх не отвечает за свои действия, а их люди являются неприкосновенными . Потомственный монарх королева Маргрете II является главой государства с 14 января 1972 года.

Правительство

Датский парламент является однопалатным и называется Фолькетинг ( датский : Folketinget ). Это законодательный орган Королевства Дания, принимающий законы, которые применяются в Дании, а также в Гренландии и на Фарерских островах. Фолькетинг также отвечает за принятие государственных бюджетов , утверждение государственных счетов, назначение и осуществление контроля за правительством, а также участие в международном сотрудничестве. Законопроекты могут быть инициированы правительством или членами парламента . Все принятые законопроекты должны быть представлены в Государственный совет для получения королевской санкции в течение тридцати дней, чтобы стать законом.

Дания — представительная демократия со всеобщим избирательным правом . Членство в Фолькетинге основано на пропорциональном представительстве политических партий с избирательным порогом 2%. Дания избирает 175 членов в Фолькетинг, а Гренландия и Фарерские острова избирают по два дополнительных члена каждый — всего 179 членов. Парламентские выборы проводятся не реже одного раза в четыре года, но премьер-министр может попросить монарха объявить выборы до истечения срока полномочий. При вотуме недоверия фолькетинг может вынудить одного министра или все правительство уйти в отставку.

Правительство Дании действует как кабинет правительства , где исполнительная власть осуществляется — формально от имени монарха — премьер-министром и другими членами кабинета министров , которые возглавляют министерства . Как исполнительная власть, Кабинет несет ответственность за предложение законопроектов и бюджета, исполнение законов и руководство внешней и внутренней политикой Дании. Пост премьер-министра принадлежит человеку, который, скорее всего, заслужит доверие большинства в фолькетинге; Часто это нынешний лидер крупнейшей политической партии или, что более эффективно, через коалицию партий . Одна партия, как правило, не имеет достаточной политической власти с точки зрения количества мест, чтобы самостоятельно сформировать кабинет; Данией часто правили коалиционные правительства , которые, как правило, сами правительства меньшинств зависели от неправительственных партий.

После поражения на всеобщих выборах в июне 2015 года Хелле Торнинг-Шмидт , лидер социал-демократов ( Socialdemokraterne ), подала в отставку с поста премьер-министра. Ее сменил Ларс Лёкке Расмуссен , лидер Либеральной партии ( Venstre ). Расмуссен стал лидером кабинета, который, что необычно, полностью состоял из министров из его собственной партии. После всеобщих выборов 2019 года социал-демократы во главе с лидером Метте Фредериксен сформировали однопартийное правительство при поддержке левой коалиции. Фредериксен стал премьер-министром 27 июня 2019 года.

Право и судебная система

Король Кристиан V председательствовал в Верховном суде в 1697 году.

В Дании действует система гражданского права с некоторыми ссылками на германское право . Дания похожа на Норвегию и Швецию тем, что у нее никогда не было ни прецедентного права, как у Англии и США, ни всеобъемлющих кодексов, как у Франции и Германии. Большая часть его законов является обычным явлением .

Судебная система Дании разделена на суды с обычной гражданской и уголовной юрисдикцией и административные суды с юрисдикцией в отношении судебных разбирательств между отдельными лицами и государственной администрацией. Статьи шестьдесят вторая и шестьдесят четвертая Конституции гарантируют независимость судебной системы от правительства и парламента, устанавливая, что судьи руководствуются только законом, в том числе законами, статутами и практикой. Королевство Дания не имеет единой единой судебной системы: одна система в Дании, другая в Гренландии, а третья — на Фарерских островах. Однако решения высших судов Гренландии и Фарерских островов могут быть обжалованы в Высоких судах Дании. Верховный суд Датского является высшим гражданским и уголовным судом ответственности за отправление правосудия в Королевстве.

Датское королевство

Королевство Дания — унитарное государство, которое включает, помимо собственно Дании, две автономные территории в северной части Атлантического океана : Гренландию и Фарерские острова . Они были частью Датского королевства с 18 века; однако из-за своей исторической и культурной идентичности эти части Королевства обладают обширной политической властью и взяли на себя законодательную и административную ответственность в значительном количестве областей. Самоуправление было предоставлено Фарерским островам в 1948 году и Гренландии в 1979 году, каждый из которых ранее имел статус графства .

Гренландия и Фарерские острова имеют свои собственные правительства и парламенты и фактически самоуправляются во внутренних делах, помимо судебной системы и денежно-кредитной политики. Верховные комиссары ( Rigsombudsmand ) действуют как представители датского правительства в Фарерском Лёгтинге и в парламенте Гренландии , но они не могут голосовать. Правительство Фарерских островов определяется как равноправный партнер датского национального правительства, в то время как гренландский народ определяется как отдельный народ с правом на самоопределение .

Страна Население (2020) Общая площадь Столица Местный парламент Премьер
 Гренландия ( Калааллит Нунаат ) 56 081 2 166 086 км 2 (836 330 квадратных миль)
 Нуук Inatsisartut Múte Bourup Egede
 Фарерские острова ( Føroyar ) 52 110 1399 км 2 (540,16 квадратных миль)  Торсхавн Løgting Bárður á Steig Nielsen

административные округи

Дания общей площадью 43 094 квадратных километра (16 639 квадратных миль) разделена на пять административных регионов ( датский : regioner ). Далее регионы подразделяются на 98 муниципалитетов ( коммунер ). Самая восточная земля в Дании, архипелаг Эртхольмен , площадью 39 гектаров (0,16 квадратных миль) не является частью муниципалитета или региона, а принадлежит Министерству обороны .

Регионы были созданы 1 января 2007 года вместо 16 бывших округов . В то же время более мелкие муниципалитеты были объединены в более крупные единицы, в результате чего их число сократилось с 270. Население большинства муниципалитетов составляет не менее 20 000 человек, чтобы обеспечить им финансовую и профессиональную устойчивость, хотя из этого правила были сделаны некоторые исключения. Административные подразделения возглавляются непосредственно избираемыми советами, избираемыми пропорционально каждые четыре года; последние выборы в местные органы власти в Дании состоялись 21 ноября 2017 года. Другие региональные структуры используют муниципальные границы в качестве схемы, включая полицейские участки , судебные округа и избирательные участки .

Регионы

Руководящими органами регионов являются региональные советы , каждый из которых состоит из сорока одного члена совета, избираемых на четырехлетний срок. Советы возглавляют председатели региональных округов ( regionrådsformand ), которые избираются советом. Области ответственности региональных советов — это национальная служба здравоохранения , социальные службы и региональное развитие . В отличие от округов, которые они заменили, в регионах не разрешено взимать налоги, а здравоохранение частично финансируется за счет национального взноса на здравоохранение до 2018 года ( sundhedsbidrag ), частично за счет средств как правительства, так и муниципалитетов. С 1 января 2019 года этот взнос будет отменен, так как вместо него будет введен более высокий налог на прибыль.

Площадь и население регионов изменяться в широких пределах; например, в столичном регионе , который охватывает столичный регион Копенгагена, за исключением вычтенной провинции Восточная Зеландия, но включает остров Борнхольм в Балтийском море , население в три раза больше, чем в регионе Северная Дания , который охватывает более малонаселенные область северной Ютландии. В рамках системы округов некоторым густонаселенным муниципалитетам, таким как муниципалитет Копенгагена и Фредериксберг , был предоставлен статус, эквивалентный статусу округов, что сделало их административными единицами первого уровня. Эти sui generis муниципалитеты были включены в новые регионы в результате реформ 2007 года.

Датское имя английское имя Админ. центр Самый большой город
(густонаселенный)
Население
(апрель 2021 г.)
Общая площадь
(км 2 )
Hovedstaden Столичный регион Дании Hillerød Копенгаген 1,856,061 2 568,29
Центральная Ютландия Центральная Дания Выборг Орхус 1,333,245 13 095,80
Северная Ютландия Северная Дания Ольборг Ольборг 590 322 7 907,09
Sjælland Регион Зеландия Сорё Роскилле 839 619 7 268,75
Syddanmark Южный регион Дании Вайле Оденсе 1,224,100 12 132,21
Источник: региональные и муниципальные показатели.

Иностранные отношения

Дания имеет значительное влияние в Северной Европе и является средней державой в международных делах. В последние годы Гренландия и Фарерские острова получили право голоса в вопросах внешней политики, таких как рыболовство, китобойный промысел и геополитические проблемы. На внешнюю политику Дании существенное влияние оказывает ее членство в Европейском Союзе (ЕС); Дания, включая Гренландию, присоединилась к Европейскому экономическому сообществу (ЕЭС), предшественнику ЕС, в 1973 году. Дания семь раз председательствовала в Совете Европейского союза , последний раз с января по июнь 2012 года. После Второй мировой войны Дания прекратила свое существование. двухсотлетняя политика нейтралитета . Она является одним из основателей Организации Североатлантического договора (НАТО) с 1949 года, и членство в ней остается очень популярным.

Как член Комитета содействия развитию (КСР) Дания долгое время входила в число стран мира, вносящих самый большой процент валового национального дохода в помощь развитию . В 2015 году Дания внесла 0,85% своего валового национального дохода (ВНД) на внешнюю помощь и была одной из шести стран, которые достигли давней цели ООН в 0,7% ВНД. Страна участвует как в двусторонней, так и в многосторонней помощи, которую обычно предоставляет Министерство иностранных дел . Организационное название Датского агентства международного развития (DANIDA) часто используется, в частности, при оказании двусторонней помощи.

Военный

Датские военнослужащие-депутаты проходят углубленную подготовку сотрудников правоохранительных органов

Вооруженные силы Дании известны как Датская оборона ( датский : Forsvaret ). Министр обороны является главнокомандующим обороной Дании и главным дипломатическим представителем за рубежом. Всего в мирное время в Министерстве обороны работает около 33 тысяч человек. В основных армейских подразделениях занято почти 27 000 человек: 15 460 в Королевской датской армии , 5300 в Королевском флоте Дании и 6050 в Королевских ВВС Дании (все включая призывников). В Датском агентстве по чрезвычайным ситуациям работает 2000 человек (включая призывников), и около 4000 работают в службах, не относящихся к конкретным отраслям, таких как датское командование обороны и датская служба военной разведки . Кроме того, около 55 000 человек служат добровольцами в Датской внутренней гвардии .

Дания является давним сторонником международного миротворчества , но после бомбардировки Югославии НАТО в 1999 году и войны в Афганистане в 2001 году Дания также обрела новую роль в качестве воюющей страны, активно участвуя в нескольких войнах и вторжениях. Эта относительно новая ситуация вызвала некоторую внутреннюю критику, но датское население в целом очень поддерживает, особенно войну в Афганистане. Датская оборона насчитывает около 1400 сотрудников в международных миссиях, не считая постоянных взносов в SNMCMG1 НАТО . Датские силы были активно задействованы в бывшей Югославии в составе Сил ООН по охране ( СООНО ), СВС , а теперь и СПС . С 2003 по 2007 год в Ираке находилось около 450 датских солдат . Дания также решительно поддержала американские операции в Афганистане и внесла денежный и материальный вклад в ИСАФ . Эти инициативы часто описываются властями как часть новой «активной внешней политики» Дании.

Экономика

Пропорциональное представительство экспорта Дании, 2019 г.

Дания имеет развитую смешанную экономику, которая классифицируется Всемирным банком как экономика с высоким уровнем дохода . В 2017 году он занимал 16-е место в мире по валовому национальному доходу (ППС) на душу населения и 10-е место по номинальному ВНД на душу населения . Экономика Дании выделяется как одна из самых свободных в Индексе экономической свободы и Экономической свободы мира . По данным Всемирного экономического форума в Докладе о глобальной конкурентоспособности 2018 года, это 10-я самая конкурентоспособная экономика в мире и 6-я в Европе .

Дания занимает четвертое место в мире по количеству лиц, имеющих высшее образование . Страна занимает первое место в мире по правам трудящихся . ВВП на час работы был 13-м по величине в 2009 году. В стране неравенство доходов на рынке близко к среднему по ОЭСР , но после налогов и государственных денежных переводов неравенство доходов значительно ниже . По данным Евростата , коэффициент Джини для располагаемого дохода в Дании был 7-м наименьшим среди стран ЕС в 2017 году. По данным Международного валютного фонда , в Дании самая высокая минимальная заработная плата в мире . Поскольку в Дании нет законодательства о минимальной заработной плате, высокий уровень заработной платы был приписан власти профсоюзов . Например, в результате коллективного договора между профсоюзом 3F и группой работодателей Horesta работники McDonald’s и других сетей быстрого питания зарабатывают эквивалент 20 долларов США в час, что более чем вдвое превышает заработок их коллег. США, и имеют доступ к пятинедельному оплачиваемому отпуску, отпуску по уходу за ребенком и пенсионному плану. Плотность профсоюзов в 2015 году составила 68%.

Когда-то преимущественно сельскохозяйственная страна из-за пахотных ландшафтов, с 1945 года Дания значительно расширила свою промышленную базу и сектор услуг . К 2017 году на услуги приходилось около 75% ВВП, обрабатывающая промышленность — около 15%, а сельское хозяйство — менее 2%. Основные отрасли промышленности включают ветряные турбины , фармацевтику , медицинское оборудование , машины и транспортное оборудование, пищевую промышленность и строительство . Около 60% общей стоимости экспорта приходится на экспорт товаров, а оставшиеся 40% приходится на экспорт услуг, в основном морского транспорта. Основными экспортными товарами страны являются: ветряные турбины, фармацевтические препараты, машины и инструменты, мясо и мясные продукты, молочные продукты, рыба, мебель и дизайн. Дания является нетто-экспортером продовольствия и энергии и в течение ряда лет имела профицит платежного баланса, который превратил страну из чистого должника в страну-чистого кредитора. К 1 июля 2018 года чистая международная инвестиционная позиция (или чистые иностранные активы ) Дании составляла 64,6% ВВП.

Дания — крупный производитель и экспортер свинины .

Либерализация импортных тарифов в 1797 году ознаменовала конец меркантилизма, а дальнейшая либерализация в 19-м и начале 20-го веков установила датские либеральные традиции в международной торговле, которые должны были быть нарушены только к 1930-м годам. Даже когда другие страны, такие как Германия и Франция, повысили защиту своего сельскохозяйственного сектора из-за усиления американской конкуренции, что привело к гораздо более низким ценам на сельскохозяйственную продукцию после 1870 года, Дания сохранила свою политику свободной торговли, поскольку страна извлекала выгоду из дешевого импорта зерновых (бывших в употреблении). в качестве корма для крупного рогатого скота и свиней) и могли бы увеличить экспорт масла и мяса, цены на которые были более стабильными. Сегодня Дания является частью Европейского союза «с внутреннего рынка , что составляет более 508 миллионов потребителей. Некоторые внутренние коммерческие политики определяются соглашениями между членами Европейского союза (ЕС) и законодательством ЕС. Датская общественность широко поддерживает свободную торговлю ; В опросе 2016 года 57% респондентов рассматривали глобализацию как возможность, тогда как 18% рассматривали ее как угрозу. 70% торговых потоков приходится на Европейский Союз. По состоянию на 2017 год крупнейшими экспортными партнерами Дании являются Германия, Швеция, Великобритания и США.

Валюта Дании, крона (DKK), привязана к курсу ERM II на уровне примерно 7,46 крон за евро . Хотя референдум в сентябре 2000 года отклонил принятие евро , страна следует политике, изложенной в Экономическом и валютном союзе Европейского союза (ЭВС), и соответствует критериям экономической конвергенции, необходимым для перехода на евро. Большинство политических партий Фолькетинга поддерживают присоединение к ЕВС, но с 2010 года опросы общественного мнения неизменно показывают явное большинство против введения евро. В мае 2018 года 29% респондентов из Дании в опросе Евробарометра заявили, что они поддерживают ЕВС и евро, тогда как 65% были против.

По объему товарооборота в Дании крупнейшими датскими компаниями являются: AP Møller-Mærsk (международные перевозки), Novo Nordisk (фармацевтика), ISS A / S (услуги предприятия), Vestas ( ветряные турбины ), Arla Foods (молочные продукты), DSV ( транспорт), Carlsberg Group (пиво), Salling Group (розничная торговля), Ørsted A / S (электроэнергия), Danske Bank .

Публичная политика

Датчане имеют высокий уровень жизни, а датская экономика характеризуется обширными государственными программами социального обеспечения . В Дании существует ставка корпоративного налога в размере 22% и специальный ограниченный по времени налоговый режим для экспатриантов. Датская налоговая система имеет широкую основу, с 25% налогом на добавленную стоимость в дополнение к акцизным налогам, подоходным налогам и другим сборам. Общий уровень налогообложения (сумма всех налогов в процентах от ВВП) составлял 46% в 2017 году. Налоговая структура Дании (относительный вес различных налогов) отличается от среднего показателя по ОЭСР, поскольку датская налоговая система в 2015 году была характеризуются значительно более высокими поступлениями от налогов на доходы физических лиц и более низкой долей доходов от налогов на доходы и прибыль корпораций и налогов на имущество, чем в странах ОЭСР в целом, тогда как отчисления на социальное страхование вообще не поступают. Доля налогов на фонд заработной платы, НДС и других налогов на товары и услуги соответствует среднему показателю по ОЭСР.

По данным на 2014 год, 6% населения с поправкой на налоги и трансферты проживало за чертой бедности . Дания занимает 2-е место по уровню относительной бедности в ОЭСР , ниже среднего показателя по ОЭСР 11,3%. Доля населения, сообщившего, что они не могут позволить себе купить достаточное количество продуктов питания в Дании, составляет менее половины от среднего показателя по ОЭСР.

Рынок труда

Как и другие скандинавские страны, Дания приняла скандинавскую модель , которая сочетает в себе свободный рыночный капитализм с всеобъемлющим государством всеобщего благосостояния и сильной защитой рабочих . По данным Всемирного банка, благодаря своей широко известной модели «гибкости» Дания имеет самый свободный рынок труда в Европе. Работодатели могут нанимать и увольнять, когда захотят (гибкость), и между работами компенсация по безработице относительно высока (безопасность). По данным ОЭСР, первоначальные и долгосрочные чистые коэффициенты замещения безработных составляли 65% от предыдущего чистого дохода в 2016 году по сравнению со средним показателем по ОЭСР, равным 53%. Создание бизнеса может быть выполнено в считанные часы и с очень низкими затратами. В отношении сверхурочной работы ограничений нет, что позволяет компаниям работать 24 часа в сутки, 365 дней в году. С уровнем занятости в 2017 году 74,2% для людей в возрасте от 15 до 64 лет, Дания занимает 9-е место среди стран ОЭСР и превышает средний показатель по ОЭСР (67,8%). Уровень безработицы в 2017 году составил 5,7%, что считается близким к структурному уровню или ниже его.

Уровень пособия по безработице зависит от прежней работы и, как правило, от членства в кассе по безработице, которая обычно тесно связана с профсоюзом, и предыдущей выплаты взносов. Около 65% финансирования поступает за счет целевых взносов членов, тогда как оставшаяся треть поступает от центрального правительства и, следовательно, в конечном итоге от общего налогообложения.

Наука и технология

Сделав инвестиции в размере 8,5 миллионов евро за десятилетний период строительства, Дания подтверждает свое участие в E-ELT.

Дания имеет давние традиции научных и технологических изобретений и вовлеченности, и с самого начала научной революции принимала участие на международном уровне . В настоящее время Дания участвует во многих крупных международных научно-технических проектах, включая CERN , ITER , ESA , ISS и E-ELT . Дания заняла 6-е место в Глобальном индексе инноваций в 2020 году по сравнению с 7- м местом в 2019 году.

В 20 веке датчане также были новаторами в нескольких областях технологического сектора. Датские компании сыграли важную роль в судоходной отрасли, разработав самые большие и наиболее энергоэффективные контейнеровозы в мире класса Maersk Triple E , а датские инженеры внесли свой вклад в разработку дизельных двигателей MAN . В области программного обеспечения и электроники Дания внесла свой вклад в разработку и производство мобильных телефонов Nordic , а ныне не существующая датская компания DanCall была одной из первых, кто разработал мобильные телефоны стандарта GSM .

Наука о жизни — ключевой сектор с обширной исследовательской и опытно-конструкторской деятельностью. Датские инженеры являются мировыми лидерами в поставках оборудования для лечения диабета и лекарств от Novo Nordisk, а с 2000 года датская биотехнологическая компания Novozymes , лидер на мировом рынке ферментов для биоэтанола на основе крахмала , первой разработала ферменты для преобразования отходов. к целлюлозному этанолу . Медиконная долина , охватывающая регион Эресунн между Зеландией и Швецией, является одним из крупнейших в Европе кластеров медико- биологических наук , в котором находится большое количество медико-биологических компаний и исследовательских институтов, расположенных на очень небольшой географической территории.

Датские компьютерные ученые и инженеры-программисты взяли на себя ведущие роли в некоторых мировых языках программирования: Андерс Хейлсберг ( Turbo Pascal , Delphi , C # ); Расмус Лердорф ( PHP ); Бьярн Страуструп ( C ++ ); Дэвид Хайнемайер Ханссон ( Ruby on Rails ); Ларс Бак , пионер виртуальных машин ( V8 , Java VM , Dart ). Физик Лене Вестергаард Хау стала первым человеком, остановившим свет, что привело к достижениям в области квантовых вычислений , наноразмерной инженерии и линейной оптики .

Энергия

Миддельгрунден , морская ветряная электростанция недалеко от Копенгагена.

Дания обладает значительными запасами нефти и природного газа в Северном море и занимает 32-е место в мире среди нетто-экспортеров сырой нефти и в 2009 году производила 259 980 баррелей сырой нефти в день. Дания является давним лидером в области ветроэнергетики. мощность : В 2015 году ветряные турбины обеспечивали 42,1% от общего потребления электроэнергии. В мае 2011 года Дания получила 3,1% своего валового внутреннего продукта за счет технологий возобновляемой (чистой) энергии и энергоэффективности, или около 6,5 млрд евро (9,4 млрд долларов). Дания связана линиями электропередач с другими европейскими странами.

Электроэнергетический сектор Дании интегрировал источники энергии, такие как энергия ветра, в национальную сеть. В настоящее время Дания стремится сосредоточиться на интеллектуальных аккумуляторных системах ( V2G ) и транспортных средствах с подключаемым модулем в транспортном секторе. Страна является членом Международного агентства по возобновляемым источникам энергии (IRENA).

В 2018 году Дания экспортировала около 460 миллионов ГДж энергии.

Транспорт

Железнодорожная сеть Дании

Значительные инвестиции были вложены в строительство автомобильного и железнодорожного сообщения между регионами Дании, в первую очередь фиксированной связи Большой пояс , которая соединяет Зеландию и Фюн . Теперь можно ехать из Фредериксхавна в северной Ютландии в Копенгаген в восточной Зеландии, не съезжая с автомагистрали. Основным железнодорожным оператором является DSB для пассажирских перевозок и DB Cargo для грузовых поездов. Железнодорожные пути обслуживаются Banedanmark . Северное и Балтийское моря связаны различными международными паромными переправами. Строительство фиксированной линии Fehmarn Belt , соединяющей Данию и Германию вторым звеном, начнется в 2015 году. В Копенгагене есть система скоростного транспорта , Копенгагенское метро , и разветвленная электрифицированная сеть пригородных железных дорог, S-поезд . В четырех крупнейших городах — Копенгагене , Орхусе , Оденсе , Ольборге — планируется ввести в эксплуатацию системы легкорельсового транспорта примерно в 2020 году.

Велосипед в Дании — очень распространенный вид транспорта, особенно для молодежи и горожан. Имея сеть велосипедных маршрутов протяженностью более 12 000 км и примерно 7 000 км отдельных велосипедных дорожек и полос , Дания имеет прочную велосипедную инфраструктуру .

Частные автомобили все чаще используются в качестве транспортного средства. Из-за высокого регистрационного налога (150%), НДС (25%) и одной из самых высоких в мире ставок налога на прибыль новые автомобили очень дороги. Цель налога — воспрепятствовать владению автомобилем. В 2007 году правительство предприняло попытку отдать предпочтение экологически чистым автомобилям, немного снизив налоги на автомобили с большим пробегом. Однако это имело небольшой эффект, и в 2008 году Дания испытала рост импорта неэффективных по топливу старых автомобилей, поскольку стоимость старых автомобилей, включая налоги, удерживает их в рамках бюджета многих датчан. По состоянию на 2011 год средний возраст автомобилей составляет 9,2 года.

Вместе с Норвегией и Швецией Дания является частью национального авиаперевозчика Скандинавских авиалиний . Аэропорт Копенгагена является самым загруженным пассажирским аэропортом Скандинавии, обработки более 25 миллионов пассажиров в 2014 г. Других известных аэропортов Биллунд , Ольборг и Орхус аэропорт .

Демография

Население по родословной (второй квартал 2020 г.):

  Люди датского происхождения (включая фарерцев и гренландцев ) (86,11%)

  Иммигрант (10,56%)

  Потомок иммигранта (3,34%)

численность населения

Население Дании, зарегистрированное Статистическим управлением Дании , составляло 5,825 миллиона человек в апреле 2020 года. В Дании одно из старейших поселений в мире, средний возраст которого составляет 41,9 года, где на каждую женщину приходится 0,97 мужчин. Несмотря на низкий уровень рождаемости, население растет в среднем на 0,59% в год из-за чистой иммиграции и увеличения продолжительности жизни. В Докладе о мировом счастье население Дании часто считается самым счастливым в мире. Это объясняется высоко оцененными системами образования и здравоохранения страны , а также низким уровнем неравенства доходов .

Дания — исторически однородная нация. Однако, как и в случае со своими скандинавскими соседями, Дания недавно превратилась из страны чистой эмиграции вплоть до Второй мировой войны в страну чистой иммиграции. Сегодня вид на жительство выдают в основном иммигрантам из других стран ЕС (54% всех нескандинавских иммигрантов в 2017 году). Еще 31% разрешений на проживание были связаны с учебой или работой, 4% были выданы просителям убежища и 10% лицам, прибывшим в качестве членов семьи. В целом чистый коэффициент миграции в 2017 году составил 2,1 мигранта (ов) на 1000 населения, что несколько ниже, чем в Великобритании и других странах Северной Европы.

Официальной статистики по этническим группам нет , но согласно данным Статистического управления Дании за 2020 год, 86,11% населения Дании имели датское происхождение (включая фарерских и гренландских ), то есть по крайней мере один из родителей родился в Королевстве Дания и имеет датское гражданство . Остальные 13,89% были иностранцами, определенными как иммигранты или потомки недавних иммигрантов. Согласно тому же определению, наиболее распространенными странами происхождения были Турция , Польша , Сирия , Германия , Ирак , Румыния , Ливан , Пакистан , Босния и Герцеговина и Сомали .

Инуиты являются коренными Гренландии в Королевстве и традиционно населяли Гренландию и северные части Канады и Аляски в Арктике . С 18-го века до 1970-х годов датское правительство (датско-норвежское до 1814 года) с течением времени пыталось ассимилировать гренландских инуитов, побуждая их принять язык, культуру и религию большинства населения. Из-за этого « процесса данизации » несколько лиц инуитского происхождения теперь идентифицируют свой родной язык как датский.

Крупнейшие города Дании (по состоянию на 1 января 2016 г.)

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Копенгаген Орхус
Aarhus

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Оденсе Ольборг
Aalborg

1 Копенгаген Столичный регион Дании 1 280 371 591 481
2 Орхус Центральная Дания 264 716 330 639
3 Оденсе Южный регион Дании 175 245 198 972
4 Ольборг Северная Дания 112 194 210 316
5 Эсбьерг Южный регион Дании 72 151 115 748
6 Randers Центральная Дания 62 342 97 520
7 Колдинг Южный регион Дании 59 712 91 695
8 Horsens Центральная Дания 57 517 87 736
9 Вайле Южный регион Дании 54 862 111 743
10 Роскилле Регион Зеландия 50 046 86 207
Источник: Статистическое управление Дании.

Языки

Датский — де-факто национальный язык Дании. Фарерский и гренландский языки являются официальными языками Фарерских островов и Гренландии соответственно. Немецкий язык является признанным языком меньшинства в районе бывшего графства Южная Ютландия (ныне часть региона Южная Дания ), который был частью Германской империи до Версальского договора . Датский и фарерский языки относятся к северогерманской (нордической) ветви индоевропейских языков , наряду с исландским , норвежским и шведским . Между датским, норвежским и шведским языками существует ограниченная степень взаимопонимания . Датский язык более отдаленно связан с немецким, который является западногерманским языком. Гренландский или «калааллисут» принадлежит к эскимосско-алеутским языкам ; он тесно связан с языками инуитов в Канаде, такими как инуктитут , и совершенно не связан с датским.

Подавляющее большинство (86%) датчан говорят на английском как на втором языке, как правило, с высоким уровнем владения . Немецкий язык является вторым по распространенности иностранным языком, при этом 47% респондентов сообщили, что владеют разговорным языком. В 2007 году в Дании было 25 900 носителей немецкого языка (в основном в районе Южной Ютландии).

Религия

Члены, Церковь Дании

Год Члены численность населения %
1985 г. 4 675 270 5,111,108 91,5%
1990 г. 4,584,450 5 135 409 89,3%
1995 г. 4,539,773 5 215 718 87,0%
2000 г. 4,536,422 5,330,020 85,1%
2005 г. 4 498 703 5 411 405 83,1%
2010 г. 4 479 214 5 534 738 80,9%
2015 г. 4 400 754 5 659 715 77,8%
2020 г. 4 327 018 5 822 763 74,3%

Христианство — доминирующая религия в Дании. В январе 2020 года 74,3% населения Дании были членами Датской церкви ( Den Danske Folkekirke ), официально учрежденной церкви, протестантской по классификации и лютеранской по ориентации. Процент членства неуклонно снижался с 1970-х годов, в основном из-за того, что в нее крестили все меньше новорожденных . Только 3% населения регулярно посещают воскресные службы, и только 19% датчан считают религию важной частью своей жизни.

Конституция гласит , что государь должен иметь веру лютеранскую, хотя остальная часть населения свободно придерживаться других вероисповеданий. В 1682 году государство предоставило ограниченное признание трем религиозным группам, несогласным с официальной церковью: римскому католицизму , реформатской церкви и иудаизму , хотя переход в эти группы из церкви Дании изначально оставался незаконным. До 1970-х годов государство официально признавало «религиозные общества» королевским указом . Сегодня религиозные группы не нуждаются в официальном государственном признании, им может быть предоставлено право проводить свадьбы и другие церемонии без этого признания. Мусульмане Дании составляют примерно 5,3% населения и составляют вторую по величине религиозную общину страны и крупнейшую религию меньшинства. По оценкам Министерства иностранных дел Дании, другие религиозные группы составляют менее 1% населения по отдельности и примерно 2% в совокупности.

Согласно опросу Евробарометра 2010 года , 28% опрошенных граждан Дании ответили, что они «верят, что есть Бог», 47% ответили, что «верят, что существует какой-то дух или жизненная сила», и 24% ответили, что «не верят». верю, что есть какой-либо дух, Бог или жизненная сила ». Другой опрос, проведенный в 2009 году, показал, что 25% датчан верят, что Иисус — сын Бога , а 18% считают, что он спаситель мира.

Образование

Все образовательные программы в Дании регулируются Министерством образования и управляются местными муниципалитетами. Folkeskole охватывает весь период обязательного образования, включая начальное и неполное среднее образование . Большинство детей посещают народную школу в течение 10 лет, в возрасте от 6 до 16 лет. Выпускных экзаменов нет, но учащиеся могут сдать экзамен по окончании девятого класса (14–15 лет). Тест является обязательным, если необходимо продолжить обучение. В качестве альтернативы ученики могут посещать независимую школу ( friskole ) или частную школу ( privatskole ), такую ​​как христианские школы или вальдорфские школы .

После окончания обязательного образования есть несколько возможностей для продолжения образования; гимназия (STX) придает большое значение в обучении сочетания гуманитарных и естественных наук, Высшая техническая экспертиза Программа (HTX) фокусируется на научные темы и экзамен Программа Высших коммерческой подчеркивает на субъектах в экономике. Высший подготовительный экзамен (HF) похож на Gymnasium (STX) , но на один год короче. Для определенных профессий существует профессиональное образование , обучение молодежи работе в определенных профессиях путем сочетания обучения и ученичества .

По данным правительства, уровень завершения средней школы составляет 95%, а показатель зачисления в высшие учебные заведения и его завершения — 60%. Все университетское и высшее (третичное) образование в Дании бесплатное; при зачислении на курсы плата за обучение не взимается. Учащиеся в возрасте 18 лет и старше могут подать заявку на получение государственной поддержки в области образования, известной как Statens Uddannelsesstøtte (SU) , которая обеспечивает фиксированную финансовую поддержку, выплачиваемую ежемесячно. Датские университеты предлагают иностранным студентам ряд возможностей для получения международно признанной квалификации в Дании. Многие программы могут преподаваться на английском языке , академическом lingua franca , в рамках программ бакалавриата , магистратуры , докторантуры и программ обмена студентами .

Здоровье

По состоянию на 2015 год ожидаемая продолжительность жизни в Дании составляет 80,6 года при рождении (78,6 года для мужчин и 82,5 года для женщин), по сравнению с 76,9 годами в 2000 году. Это 27- е место среди 193 стран, уступая другим скандинавским странам . Национальный институт общественного здравоохранения в Университете Южной Дании вычислил 19 основных факторов риска среди датчан , которые способствуют снижению продолжительности жизни; это включает курение, алкоголь, злоупотребление наркотиками и отсутствие физической активности . Хотя уровень ожирения ниже, чем в Северной Америке и большинстве других европейских стран, большое количество датчан, страдающих избыточным весом, становится все более серьезной проблемой и приводит к ежегодному дополнительному потреблению в системе здравоохранения в размере 1 625 миллионов датских крон . В исследовании 2012 года в Дании был самый высокий уровень заболеваемости раком среди всех стран, перечисленных Международным фондом исследований рака ; исследователи предполагают, что причиной является более точная отчетность, а также такие факторы образа жизни, как чрезмерное употребление алкоголя , курение и отсутствие физической активности.

В Дании существует универсальная система здравоохранения , для которой характерно государственное финансирование за счет налогов, а большая часть услуг находится в ведении непосредственно региональных властей. Одним из источников дохода является вклад национального здравоохранения ( sundhedsbidrag ) (2007–2011 годы: 8%; 2012 год: 7%; 13 год: 6%; 2014 год: 5%; 2015 год: 4%; 2016 год: 3%; ’17: 2%; ’18: 1%; ’19: 0%), но он постепенно сокращается и перестанет существовать с января 2019 года, а вместо этого подоходный налог в нижних скобках будет постепенно повышаться каждый год. Другой источник поступает из муниципалитетов, у которых с 1 января 2007 года подоходный налог был повышен на 3 процентных пункта, что является конфискованным взносом из бывшего окружного налога, который с 1 января 2007 года будет использоваться муниципалитетами для целей здравоохранения. Это означает, что большая часть медицинских услуг предоставляется бесплатно для всех жителей. Кроме того, примерно двое из пяти имеют дополнительную частную страховку для покрытия услуг, не полностью покрываемых государством, таких как физиотерапия . По состоянию на 2012 год Дания тратит 11,2% своего ВВП на здравоохранение; это больше, чем 9,8% в 2007 году (3 512 долларов США на душу населения). Это ставит Данию выше среднего показателя по ОЭСР и выше других скандинавских стран.

Гетто

Дания — единственная страна, которая в 21 веке официально использует слово «гетто» для обозначения определенных жилых районов. С 2010 года Министерство транспорта , строительства и жилищного строительства Дании публикует ghettolisten (Список гетто), который в 2018 году состоит из 25 областей. В результате этот термин широко используется в средствах массовой информации и в просторечии. Юридическое определение применяется к районам, основанным на уровне доходов жителей, статусе занятости, уровне образования, уголовных судимостях и незападном этническом происхождении. В 2017 году 8,7% населения Дании составляли иммигранты из незападных стран или их потомки. Доля «жителей гетто» незападного происхождения составляла 66,5%. В 2018 году правительство предложило меры по решению проблемы интеграции и избавлению страны от параллельных обществ и гетто к 2030 году. Эти меры сосредоточены на физическом переустройстве, контроле над тем, кому разрешено жить в этих районах, борьбе с преступностью и образовании. Эта политика подвергалась критике за то, что она подрывает «равенство перед законом» и изображает иммигрантов, особенно мусульманских иммигрантов, в плохом свете. Хотя некоторые предложения, такие как ограничение доступа «детей из гетто» в свои дома после 20:00, были отклонены как слишком радикальные, большинство из 22 предложений были одобрены парламентским большинством.

Культура

Дания имеет прочные культурные и исторические связи со своими скандинавскими соседями Швецией и Норвегией . Исторически это была одна из самых социально прогрессивных культур в мире. В 1969 году Дания была первой страной, легализовавшей порнографию , а в 2012 году Дания заменила свои законы о « зарегистрированном партнерстве », которые она первой ввела в 1989 году, на гендерно-нейтральный брак и разрешила однополые браки. исполняться в Датской церкви . Скромность и социальное равенство — важные составляющие датской культуры. В исследовании 2016 года, в котором сравнивались оценки эмпатии в 63 странах, Дания заняла 4-е место в мире по уровню эмпатии среди опрошенных европейских стран.

Астрономические открытия Тихо Браге (1546–1601), Людвига А. Колдинга (1815–1888) игнорировали формулировку принципа сохранения энергии , а вклад в атомную физику Нильса Бора (1885–1962) указывает на диапазон датских научных достижений. Сказки Ганса Христиана Андерсена (1805–1875), философские очерки Сёрена Кьеркегора (1813–1855), рассказы Карен Бликсен (псевдоним Исак Динесен ) (1885–1962), пьесы Людвига Хольберга (1684) –1754) и плотная афористическая поэзия Пита Хайна (1905–1996) получили международное признание, как и симфонии Карла Нильсена (1865–1931). С середины 1990-х датские фильмы привлекали международное внимание, особенно те, которые связаны с « Догмой 95», такие как фильмы Ларса фон Триера .

Важной особенностью датской культуры является июль (датское Рождество ). Праздник отмечается в течение всего декабря, начиная с начала Адвента или 1 декабря по разным традициям, а кульминацией является рождественская трапеза.

В список всемирного наследия ЮНЕСКО в Северной Европе внесены семь объектов наследия : Кристиансфельд , Моравское церковное поселение, Еллингские курганы (рунические камни и церковь) , замок Кронборг , собор Роскилле и охотничьи угодья в Северной Зеландии, а также 3 в списке всемирного наследия в Северной Америке : Илулиссат-Айс-фьорд , Аасивиссуит ​​- Ниписат , Куятаа в Королевстве Дания.

Права человека

Дания считается прогрессивной страной, которая приняла законодательство и политику в поддержку прав женщин, прав меньшинств и прав ЛГБТ . Права человека в Дании защищены Конституцией государства от Realm ( Danmarks Riges Grundlov ) ; применяются в равной степени в самой Дании, Гренландии и на Фарерских островах , а также путем ратификации международных договоров о правах человека. Дания сыграла значительную роль в принятии как Европейской конвенции о правах человека, так и в создании Европейского суда по правам человека (ЕСПЧ). В 1987 году парламент Королевства ( Folketinget ) учредил национальное правозащитное учреждение — Датский центр прав человека, ныне Датский институт прав человека .

В 2009 году был проведен референдум об изменении датского акта о наследовании, чтобы предоставить датскому престолу абсолютное первородство , что означает, что старший ребенок, независимо от пола, имеет преимущественную силу в линии наследования. Поскольку это не имело обратной силы, нынешним наследником престола является старший сын короля, а не его старший ребенок. В статье 2 датской конституции говорится, что «монархия наследуется мужчинами и женщинами».

Инуиты на протяжении десятилетий были предметом дискриминации и злоупотреблений со стороны доминирующих колонизаторов из Европы , тех стран, которые претендовали на владение землями инуитов. Инуиты никогда не были единой общиной в одном регионе инуитов . С 18-го века до 1970-х годов датское правительство (датско-норвежское до 1814 года) с течением времени пыталось ассимилировать коренное население Гренландии, гренландских инуитов , побуждая их принять язык, культуру и религию большинства населения. Дания подвергалась резкой критике со стороны гренландского сообщества за политику данизации (50-е и 60-е годы) и дискриминации коренного населения страны. Практикуется критическое обращение с выплатой рабочим не инуитам более высокой заработной платы, чем местным жителям, переселение целых семей с их традиционных земель в поселения, разлучение детей с их родителями и отправка их в Данию для обучения в школе. Тем не менее, в 1996 году Дания ратифицировала Конвенцию МОТ № 169 о коренных народах, рекомендованную ООН.

Что касается прав ЛГБТ, Дания стала первой страной в мире , чтобы предоставить юридическое признание однополых союзов в виде зарегистрированных партнерств в 1989 году 7 июня 2012 года закон был заменен новым однополых браков закона , который вступил в силу 15 июня 2012 года. Гренландия и Фарерские острова легализовали однополые браки в апреле 2016 года и в июле 2017 года соответственно. В январе 2016 года датский парламент принял постановление, запрещающее классифицировать трансгендеров как психическое заболевание . При этом Дания стала первой страной в Европе, которая пошла против стандартов Всемирной организации здравоохранения (ВОЗ) , которые до июня 2018 года классифицировали трансгендерную идентичность как проблему психического здоровья.

СМИ

Датские средства массовой информации относятся к 1540-м годам, когда в новостях сообщали рукописные листы информации о мухах. В 1666 году Андерс Бординг , отец датской журналистики, создал государственную газету . В 1834 г. появилась первая либеральная газета, основанная на фактах, и Конституция 1849 г. установила в Дании длительную свободу печати . Во второй половине 19 века процветали газеты, обычно связанные с той или иной политической партией или профсоюзом. Модернизация, привнесшая новые функции и механические методы, появилась после 1900 года. Общий тираж составлял 500 000 экземпляров в день в 1901 году, увеличившись более чем вдвое до 1,2 миллиона в 1925 году. Немецкая оккупация во время Второй мировой войны принесла с собой неформальную цензуру; некоторые оскорбительные газетные здания были просто взорваны нацистами. Во время войны подполье выпускало 550 газет — небольших тайно напечатанных листов, поощрявших саботаж и сопротивление.

Режиссер Ларс фон Триер , соавтор кинематографического движения Dogme.

Датское кино восходит к 1897 году и с 1980-х годов поддерживает стабильный поток постановок в основном благодаря финансированию поддерживаемого государством Датского института кино . В датском кинематографе произошли три большие волны международного значения: эротическая мелодрама немой эпохи ; все более откровенные секс-фильмы 1960-х и 1970-х годов; и, наконец, движение Dogme 95 конца 1990-х, когда режиссеры часто использовали ручные камеры для создания динамического эффекта в сознательной реакции против высокобюджетных студий. Датские фильмы известны своим реализмом, религиозной и моральной тематикой, сексуальной откровенностью и техническими новшествами. Датский кинорежиссер Карл Т. Дрейер (1889–1968) считается одним из величайших режиссеров раннего кино .

Среди других известных датских режиссеров — Эрик Баллинг , создатель популярных фильмов Олсена-Бандена ; Габриэль Аксель , обладатель «Оскара» в номинации «Пир Бабетты» в 1987 году; и Билле Августа , обладателя « Оскара» , « Золотой пальмовой ветви» и « Золотого глобуса» за фильм « Пелле Завоеватель» в 1988 году. В современную эпоху известными кинематографистами в Дании являются Ларс фон Триер , соавтор движения «Догма», и обладатель многочисленных наград. -победители Сюзанна Бир и Николас Виндинг Рефн . Мадс Миккельсен — всемирно известный датский актер, снявшийся в таких фильмах, как « Король Артур» , « Казино Рояль» , датском фильме «Охота» и американском сериале « Ганнибал» . Другой известный датский актер Николай Костер-Вальдау известен во всем мире по роли Хайме Ланнистера в сериале HBO « Игра престолов» .

В датских средствах массовой информации и новостных программах доминируют несколько крупных корпораций. В печатных СМИ JP / Politikens Hus и Berlingske Media , вместе взятые , контролируют крупнейшие газеты Politiken , Berlingske Tidende и Jyllands-Posten, а также крупные таблоиды BT и Ekstra Bladet . На телевидении государственные станции DR и TV 2 имеют большую долю зрителей. DR, в частности, славится своими высококачественными сериалами, которые часто продаются иностранным вещателям и часто с ведущими женскими персонажами, такими как всемирно известные актрисы Сидсе Бабет Кнудсен и Софи Гробёль . В области радио DR имеет почти монополию, в настоящее время вещая на всех четырех общенациональных FM- каналах, конкурируя только с местными станциями.

Музыка

Дания и ее многочисленные отдаленные острова имеют широкий спектр народных традиций . Самый известный классический композитор страны — Карл Нильсен (1865–1931), особенно запомнившийся своими шестью симфониями и Духовым квинтетом , а Королевский датский балет специализируется на творчестве датского хореографа Августа Бурнонвиля . Королевский датский оркестр является одним из старейших оркестров мира. Датчане зарекомендовали себя как джазовые музыканты, а Копенгагенский джазовый фестиваль получил международное признание.

Современная поп- и рок-сцена произвела на свет несколько имен, получивших международную известность, в том числе Aqua , Alphabeat , DAD , King Diamond , Kashmir , Lukas Graham , Mew , Michael Learns to Rock , MØ , Oh Land , The Raveonettes и Volbeat и другие . Ларс Ульрих , барабанщик группы Metallica , стал первым датским музыкантом, занесенным в Зал славы рок-н-ролла .

Roskilde Festival близ Копенгагена крупнейшего музыкальный фестиваль в Северной Европе с 1971 года и Дания имеет много повторяющихся музыкальных фестивалей всех жанров повсюду, в том числе Орхусского Международного джазового фестиваля , Skanderborg фестиваля , The Blue фестиваля в Ольборге, Эсбьерг Международного фестиваля камерной музыки и Skagen фестиваля среди многие другие.

Дания участвует в конкурсе песни Евровидение с 1957 года и побеждала в конкурсе трижды — в 1963 , 2000 и 2013 годах .

Архитектура и дизайн

Архитектура Дании утвердилась в средние века, когда по всей стране возникли сначала романские , а затем готические церкви и соборы. С 16 века в Данию приезжали голландские и фламандские дизайнеры, сначала для улучшения укреплений страны, но все чаще для строительства великолепных королевских замков и дворцов в стиле эпохи Возрождения . В 17 веке как в столице, так и в провинции было построено множество впечатляющих зданий в стиле барокко . Неоклассицизм из Франции постепенно принимался коренными датскими архитекторами, которые все чаще участвовали в определении архитектурного стиля. Продуктивный период историзма в конечном итоге слился с национальным романтическим стилем XIX века .

ХХ век принес с собой новые архитектурные стили; в том числе экспрессионизм , лучше всего иллюстрируемый проектами архитектора Педера Вильгельма Йенсен-Клинта , который в значительной степени опирался на традиции скандинавской кирпичной готики; и нордический классицизм , который недолго пользовался популярностью в первые десятилетия века. Это было в 1960-х годах, когда датские архитекторы, такие как Арне Якобсен, вышли на мировую арену со своей очень успешной архитектурой в стиле функционализма . Это, в свою очередь, превратилась в более поздних шедевров мирового класса , включая Утзон «s Сиднейский оперный театр и Йохан Отто фон Spreckelsen » s Grande Arche де ла Дефанс в Париже, проложив путь для ряда современных датских дизайнеров , таких как Bjarke Ингельс будет награжден за высокие достижения как дома, так и за рубежом.

Датский дизайн — это термин, который часто используется для описания стиля функционального дизайна и архитектуры, который был разработан в середине 20-го века и зародился в Дании. Датский дизайн обычно применяется в промышленном дизайне, мебели и предметах домашнего обихода, получивших множество международных наград. Королевский фарфоровый завод славится качеством своей керамики и экспортной продукции по всему миру. Датский дизайн — также известный бренд, который часто ассоциируется со всемирно известными дизайнерами и архитекторами 20-го века, такими как Бёрге Могенсен , Финн Юль , Ханс Вегнер , Арне Якобсен , Пол Хеннингсен и Вернер Пантон . Среди других известных дизайнеров — Кристиан Солмер Ведель (1923–2003) из области промышленного дизайна, Йенс Кистгаард (1919–2008) за кухонную мебель и инвентарь и Оле Ваншер (1903–1985), который придерживался классического подхода к дизайну мебели.

Литература и философия

Первая известная датская литература — это мифы и фольклор 10-11 веков. Саксон Грамматикус , обычно считающийся первым датским писателем, работал на епископа Абсалона над хроникой датской истории ( Gesta Danorum ). О другой датской средневековой литературе известно очень мало . С Эпохой Просвещения пришел Людвиг Хольберг, чьи комедии до сих пор ставятся.

В конце 19 века литература рассматривалась как способ влияния на общество. Это движение, известное как « Современный прорыв» , поддерживалось Георгом Брандесом , Хенриком Понтоппиданом ( лауреатом Нобелевской премии по литературе ) и Дж. П. Якобсеном . Романтизм оказал влияние на известного писателя и поэта Ганса Христиана Андерсена , известного своими рассказами и сказками , такими как «Гадкий утенок» , «Русалочка» и «Снежная королева» . В новейшей истории Йоханнес Вильгельм Йенсен также был удостоен Нобелевской премии по литературе . Карен Бликсен известна своими романами и рассказами. Другие известные датские писатели — Герман Банг , Густав Вид , Уильям Хайнесен , Мартин Андерсен Нексо , Пит Хайн , Ханс Шерфиг , Клаус Рифбьерг , Дэн Турелл , Туве Дитлевсен , Ингер Кристенсен и Петер Хёг .

Датская философия имеет давние традиции как часть западной философии . Возможно, самым влиятельным датским философом был Сорен Кьеркегор , создатель христианского экзистенциализма . У Кьеркегора было несколько датских последователей, в том числе Харальд Хёффдинг , который позже в своей жизни присоединился к движению позитивизма . Среди других последователей Кьеркегора — Жан-Поль Сартр , которого впечатлили взгляды Кьеркегора на личность, и Ролло Мэй , который помог создать гуманистическую психологию . Другой известный датский философ — Грундтвиг , чья философия породила новую форму неагрессивного национализма в Дании, и который также имеет влияние на его теологические и исторические труды.

Живопись и фотография

В то время как датское искусство на протяжении веков находилось под влиянием тенденций в Германии и Нидерландах, церковные фрески 15 и 16 веков , которые можно увидеть во многих старых церквях страны, представляют особый интерес, поскольку они были написаны в стиле, типичном для местных жителей. Датские художники.

Датском Золотой век , который начался в первой половине 19 — го века, был вдохновлен новым чувством национализма и романтизма, характеризуемая позже прошлого века история художника Николая Abildgaard . Кристоффер Вильгельм Экерсберг был не только сам по себе продуктивным художником, но и преподавал в Королевской Датской академии изящных искусств, среди его учеников были такие известные художники, как Вильгельм Бендц , Кристен Кёбке , Мартинус Рёрбай , Константин Хансен и Вильгельм Марстранд .

В 1871 году Хольгер Драхманн и Карл Мадсен посетили Скаген на крайнем севере Ютландии, где быстро создали одну из самых успешных колоний художников Скандинавии, специализирующуюся на натурализме и реализме, а не на традиционном подходе, одобренном Академией. Организованные Майклом и его женой Анной , к ним вскоре присоединились П.С. Кройер , Карл Лохер и Лауритс Туксен . Все участвовали в росписи природы и местных жителей. Аналогичные тенденции развивались на Фунене с финбёрном, в который входили Йоханнес Ларсен , Фриц Сиберг и Питер Хансен , и на острове Борнхольм с художниками школы Борнхольма, включая Нильса Лергаарда , Крестена Иверсена и Олуфа Хёста .

Живопись продолжает оставаться выдающейся формой художественного самовыражения в датской культуре, вдохновляясь и оказывая влияние на основные международные тенденции в этой области. К ним относятся импрессионизм и модернистские стили экспрессионизма , абстрактная живопись и сюрреализм . В то время как международное сотрудничество и деятельность почти всегда были важны для датского артистического сообщества, влиятельные художественные коллективы с прочной датской базой включают Де Треттен (1909–1912), Линьен (1930-е и 1940-е), COBRA (1948–1951), Fluxus. (1960-е и 1970-е), De Unge Vilde (1980-е) и, совсем недавно, Superflex (основанная в 1993 году). Большинство датских художников современности также очень активно работали с другими формами художественного самовыражения, такими как скульптура, керамика, художественные инсталляции, активизм, кино и экспериментальная архитектура. Известные датские художники современности, представляющие различные направления в искусстве, включают Теодора Филипсена (1840–1920, импрессионизм и натурализм), Анну Клиндт Соренсен (1899–1985, экспрессионизм), Франциску Клаузен (1899–1986, Neue Sachlichkeit, кубизм, сюрреализм и другие) , Генри Хееруп (1907–1993, наивизм), Роберт Якобсен (1912–1993, абстрактная живопись), Карл Хеннинг Педерсен (1913–2007, абстрактная живопись), Асгер Йорн (1914–1973, ситуационист, абстрактная живопись), Бьорн Вийнблад ( 1918–2006, арт-деко, ориентализм), Пер Киркеби (р. 1938, неоэкспрессионизм, абстрактная живопись), Пер Арнольди (р. 1941, поп-арт), Майкл Квиум (р. 1955, нео-сюрреализм) и Симона Оберг Кёрн (р. 1969, сверхреализм).

Датская фотография выросла из активного участия и интереса к истокам искусства фотографии в 1839 году до успеха значительного числа датчан в сегодняшнем мире фотографии. Такие пионеры, как Мадс Альструп и Георг Эмиль Хансен, проложили путь для быстрорастущей профессии во второй половине XIX века. Сегодня датские фотографы, такие как Астрид Круз Йенсен и Якоб Ауэ Соболь , активно работают как дома, так и за рубежом, участвуя в ключевых выставках по всему миру.

Кухня

Smørrebrød , разнообразные датские открытые бутерброды, заваленные деликатесами.

Традиционная кухня Дании, как и других северных стран и Северной Германии , состоит в основном из мяса, рыбы и картофеля. Датские блюда очень сезонные, что связано с сельскохозяйственным прошлым страны, ее географическим положением и долгими холодными зимами.

Открытые бутерброды на ржаном хлебе, известные как smørrebrød , которые в своей основной форме являются обычным блюдом на обед, можно считать национальным блюдом, если они приготовлены и украшены множеством прекрасных ингредиентов. Горячие блюда традиционно состоят из мясного фарша , такого как frikadeller (фрикадельки из телятины и свинины) и hakkebøf (котлеты из говяжьего фарша), или из более сытных мясных и рыбных блюд, таких как flæskesteg (жареная свинина с шкварками) и kogt torsk ( вареная треска. ) с горчичным соусом и обрезками. Дания известна своими сортами пива Carlsberg и Tuborg, а также аквавитом и биттерами .

Примерно с 1970 года повара и рестораны по всей Дании ввели изысканную кухню, в основном под влиянием французской кухни . Вдохновленные континентальными традициями, датские повара недавно разработали новую инновационную кухню и серию изысканных блюд на основе высококачественных местных продуктов, известных как новая датская кухня . В результате этих разработок в Дании теперь есть значительное количество всемирно известных ресторанов, некоторые из которых были удостоены звезд Мишлен . Сюда входят герань и нома в Копенгагене.

Спортивный

Майкл Лаудруп назван Датским футбольным союзом лучшим датским футболистом всех времен.

Спорт популярен в Дании, и ее граждане принимают участие и смотрят самые разные виды спорта. Национальный вид спорта является футбол , с более чем 320000 игроков в более чем 1600 клубов . Дания шесть раз подряд квалифицировалась на чемпионаты Европы в период с 1984 по 2004 год и стала чемпионами Европы в 1992 году ; Среди других значительных достижений — победа на Кубке Конфедераций в 1995 году и выход в четвертьфинал чемпионата мира 1998 года. Известные датские футболисты включают Аллана Симонсена , названного лучшим игроком Европы в 1977 году, Петера Шмейхеля , названного «Лучшим голкипером мира» в 1992 и 1993 годах, и Михаэля Лаудрупа , названного Датским футбольным союзом лучшим датским игроком всех времен .

Гандболу тоже уделяется много внимания . Национальная команда женщин отмечали большие успехи в 1990 — х и выиграл в общей сложности 13 медалей — семь золотых (в 1994, 1996 (2), 1997, 2000, 2002 и 2004), четыре серебряные (в 1962, 1993, 1998 и 2004 ) и две бронзовые (в 1995 и 2013 годах). У мужчин Дания завоевала 12 медалей — четыре золотых (в 2008, 2012, 2016 и 2019 годах), четыре серебряных (в 1967, 2011, 2013 и 2014 годах) и четыре бронзовых (в 2002, 2004, 2006 и 2007 годах). наибольшее количество выигранных команд в истории чемпионата Европы по гандболу . В 2019 году мужская сборная Дании по гандболу выиграла свой первый титул чемпиона мира в турнире, который проводился совместно Германией и Данией.

В последние годы Дания зарекомендовала себя как сильная велосипедная страна: Майкл Расмуссен достиг статуса Короля гор на Тур де Франс в 2005 и 2006 годах. Среди других популярных видов спорта — гольф, который наиболее популярен среди людей старшего возраста. ; теннис — в котором Дания преуспела на профессиональном уровне; баскетбол — Дания присоединилась к международному руководящему органу ФИБА в 1951 году; регби — Датский союз регби восходит к 1950 году; хоккей с шайбой — часто выступает в высшем дивизионе мужских чемпионатов мира; гребля — Дания специализируется на гребле в легком весе и особенно известна своей легкой четверкой без рулевого, выиграв шесть золотых и две серебряных медали чемпионата мира и три золотые и две бронзовые олимпийские медали; и несколько видов спорта в закрытых помещениях, особенно бадминтон , настольный теннис и гимнастика, в каждом из которых Дания имеет чемпионаты мира и олимпийские медали . Многочисленные пляжи и курорты Дании являются популярными местами для рыбалки, гребли на каноэ, каяках и многих других водных видов спорта.

Смотрите также

  • Указатель статей, связанных с Данией
  • Схема Дании
  • Религия в Дании

Примечания

использованная литература

Источники

  • Стоун, Андрей; Бэйн, Кэролайн; Бут, Майкл; Парнелл, Фрэн (2008). Дания (5-е изд.). Footscray, Виктория: Одинокая планета. п. 31 . ISBN 978-1-74104-669-4.
  • (на датском языке) Буск, Стин и Поулсен, Хеннинг (ред.), «История Дании — i grundtræk», Орхусский университет, 2002, ISBN  978-87-7288-941-2
  • Энглунд, Питер (2000). Den oövervinnerlige (на шведском языке). Стокгольм: Атлантида. ISBN 978-91-7486-999-6.
  • Мороз, Роберт И. (2000). Северные войны (1558–1721) . Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-582-06429-4.
  • Гаммельгаард, Фредерик; Соренсен, Нильс (1998). Дания — en demokratisk stat (на датском языке). Алинея. ISBN 978-87-23-00280-8.
  • Исаксон, Клас-Йоран (2002). Карл X Густав Криг (на шведском языке). Лунд: Historiska Media. ISBN 978-91-85057-25-2.
  • Йоргенсен, Гитте (1995). Sådan styres Danmark (по-датски). Flachs. ISBN 978-87-7826-031-4.
  • (на датском) Michaelsen, Karsten Kjer, «Politikens bog om Danmarks oldtid», Politikens Forlag (1. bogklubudgave), 2002, ISBN  978-87-00-69328-9
  • (на шведском языке) Nationalencyklopedin, vol. 4, Bokförlaget Bra Böcker, 2000, ISBN  978-91-7024-619-7 .

внешние ссылки

  • Дания.dk
  • Дания . The World Factbook . Центральное разведывательное управление .
  • Запись о Дании в Британской энциклопедии .
  • Дания в Керли
  • Профиль Дании от BBC News .
  • Ключевые прогнозы развития Дании от международных фьючерсов .

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