Как пишется дом романовых - Правописание и грамматика

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Скажите, почему в прозвище Питера Паркера — Человек-паук — вопреки правилу только первое слово пишется с прописной, а второе — нет (ответ № 219422)? В прозвище Линбоу же — Воин-Волк — всё по правилу: все буквы в прозвище, кроме служебных, пишутся с прописной (ответ № 309505); и в прозвище Наташи Романовой — Чёрная Вдова — тоже всё по правилу, а она из той же вселенной, что и Питер Паркер, и тоже супергерой (ответ № 301497). В чём подвох?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Ответом на Ваш вопрос будет выдержка из статьи о прописных и строчных буквах в личных именах:

«Сочетание нарицательного существительного с одиночным приложением может быть осмыслено пишущим:

а) как обычное сочетание нарицательного существительного с приложением, напр.: конёк-горбунок, жар-птица, огонь-девица, сивка-бурка, человек-невидимка, баба-яга, муха-цокотуха, кот-баюн, крошка-енот;

б) как сочетание родового имени, приложения с именем собственным, напр.: кот Баюн, баба Яга («Отчего так не любят Ягу» Б. Заходер), муха Цокотуха, крошка Енот;

в) как сочетание имени собственного с приложением — тогда с прописной буквы пишется только первое слово, напр.: Царь-девица, Царь-освободитель, Человек-паук, Человек-невидимка, Жар-птица, Баба-яга, Кот-баюн — здесь именем является только первое слово, как Маша в сочетании Маша-растеряша. Такой выбор написания возможен для авторских текстов, текстов, не связанных с традицией обозначения героя;

г) как единое сложное имя собственное, но при этом ни один из его компонентов не теряет связи со своим номинативным значением — тогда все слова пишутся с прописной, напр.: Человек-Муравей, Женщина-Невидимка, Дед Мороз (ср.: дед Мазай — здесь имя только Мазай), Баба-Яга («Будто я // Злая Баба-Яга» Б. Заходер), Кот Баюн. Последний тип написаний распространен в современном письме, но часто такое осмысление не поддерживается текстом». (Полный текст статьи можно прочитать здесь.)

Таким образом, одно сочетание может быть осмыслено по-разному и по-разному записано. В некоторых случаях для выбора написания значим контекст. Решение о написании принимает автор. Имена известных персонажей фиксируются в словарях.

Добрый день, а почему вы пишете явно неверные ответы? Вот что я нашёл, когда искал правила на «не/ни»: Вопрос № 307913 На чём только ни (не?) летали к Луне, Солнцу и звёздам герои сказок, легенд и фантастических романов! Ответ справочной службы русского языка Верно: На чем только ни летали… В то время как пять предыдущих ответов вашей же службы верно указывают частицу «не», которая и должна быть здесь («на чём только не летали»).

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Досадная ошибка, поправили. Большое спасибо!

На чём только ни (не?) летали к Луне, Солнцу и звёздам герои сказок, легенд и фантастических романов!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В восклицательном предложении нужна частица не: На чём только не летали к Луне, Солнцу и звёздам герои сказок, легенд и фантастических романов!

Наименование одной из школ г. Москвы в уставных документах и на официальном сайте написано следующим образом: Государственное бюджетное общеобразовательное учреждение города Москвы «Школа № 2129» имени Героя Советского Союза П.И. Романова. На мое замечание, что кавычки должны стоять после слова «Романова» из Департамента образования г. Москвы получен ответ, что «требований об употреблении кавычек в наименовании образовательной организации действующим законодательством не установлено» и никаких изменений в написание наименования этой школы до сих пор не внесено. Правильно ли написано наименование школы 2129?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Вы правы в том, что кавычки употреблены неудачно. Если их и ставить, то закрыть нужно после фамилии. Однако при употреблении названия не в юридических документах в форме школа № 2129 имени Героя Советского Союза П.И. Романова кавычки не нужны вообще.

Ответ департамента образования тоже верен: нормы употребления кавычек не устанавливаются законодательно. Как записали название в уставе, так и будет оно воспроизводиться во всех документах. Чтобы изменить название, нужно произвести сложные юридические действия, на это нужна добрая воля руководителя организации и его руководства. Изменение даже только кавычек в названии влечет за собой множество юридических проблем, поэтому обычно названия сохраняют в том виде, в котором они уже закреплены.

Уважаемая Грамота, подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно склонять Романово-Борисоглебский уезд. «Они приехали из Романов(?)-Борисоглебского уезда». Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Склоняется только вторая часть: из Романово-Борисоглебского уезда.

Добрый день! У меня немного необычный лингвистический вопрос, возникший при написании статей. Возможно, вы сможете что-то подсказать. Если девушка, например, Ольга Ивановна Годунова, использует псевдоним, например, Саурон или Гэндальф — мужское имя, то каким образом в статье должно склоняться имя? «Саурон сделала» или «Саурон сделал»? Не в рамках описания роли на сцене театра, а просто как избранный псевдоним в повседневной жизни, но в том же сообществе, то есть через строку идет упоминание женского имени. Например: «Саурон сделал(а) доклад». И: «Ольга Ивановна Годунова также утверждает в нем, …» . Другой аналогичный вариант текста в статье, с непосредственным уточнением в скобках: «Саурон (Ольга Ивановна Годунова) сделал(а) доклад». И далее по тексту. Есть ли какие-то законы или правила, регулирующие склонение и семантическое согласование в таких случаях?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правила об употреблении подобных псевдонимов нет, но можно попробовать опереться на прецедент. Псевдоним Жорж Санд устойчиво используется как женское имя. Например:

Отчего, например, так понравилась Жорж Санд? «А потому, ― отвечает Белинский, ― что для нее не существуют ни аристократы, ни плебеи; для нее существует только человек, и она находит человека во всех сословиях, во всех слоях общества, любит его, сострадает ему, гордится им и плачет за него…» [Е. А. Соловьев-Андреевич. Александр Герцен. Его жизнь и литературная деятельность (1897)]

Жорж Санд стала известной сразу по выходу первых романов ― «Индиана» и «Валентина». [А. Всеволжский. Мятежная Аврора (2004) // «Вокруг света», 2004.07.15]

Но один из пятидесяти экземпляров, отпечатанных в 1846 году, приобрела Е. Г. Бекетова, переводчица Вальтера Скотта, Диккенса, Теккерея, Жорж Санд, Гюго, Бальзака и многих других прекрасных писателей. [В. Баевский. Ассиар // «Знамя», 2005]

Однако интересно, что современник писательницы Н. Г. Чернышевский в статье «Жизнь Жоржа Санда», комментируя публикацию ее мемуаров, склоняет новаторский для того времени псевдоним Джорж Санд как мужское имя, а согласует с ним слова как с женским именем. Ср.:

Едва ли какое-нибудь явление в изящной словесности последних двух или трех лет имело столь сильный успех, как мемуары Жоржа Санда. <…> Казалось, что Жорж Санд намерена дать им [«Записок»] громадный размер… <…> Итак, вполне переводить «Записки» г-жи Жорж Санд невозможно. Тем не менее, автобиография заключает в себе очень много интересных фактов и прекрасных эпизодов. Иначе и быть не могло. Жизнь Жоржа Санда замечательна не только высоким психологическим развитием: она также богата драматическими [положениями]. Все это вместе сообщает ее «Запискам» высокую занимательность. Кроме того, Жорж Санд принимала сильное участие в исторических событиях, сближалась со многими замечательными людьми, и ее «Записки» прекрасно знакомят нас с некоторыми из них. <…>

Вероятно, в этой статье отражен начальный этап освоения мужского имени как женского псевдонима. Сейчас для нас более естественными кажутся сочетания жизнь Жорж Санд, мемуары Жорж Санд.

Здравствуйте. Нужны ли тут запятые? Или возможны оба варианта — с запятыми и без них? Родственники Армена Джигарханяна встали на сторону его жены, 38-летней Виталины Цымбалюк-Романовской, в семейном конфликте пары.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно с запятыми.

Здравствуйте, _дом Романовых_ или _Дом Романовых_? Мы говорим о династии, а не о здании, конечно. Спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Следует писать со строчной буквы.

Какие знаки препинания уместно употребить в данном предложении: «Этот день без преувеличения праздник национального масштаба» Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Возможно с запятыми и без них.

Слова без преувеличения, без преуменьшения могут выполнять в предложении различные функции — подобно словам «точно» и «действительно», они могут выступать в роли обстоятельства и не обособляться. Также они могут выделяться интонационно и выступать в роли вводных слов (Без преувеличения, это один из лучших романов о войне) при видимом отсутствии синтаксической связи с другими членами предложения.

Ставится ли запятая после вводного слова, если присоединительный оборот заключен в скобки? «Они взяли с собой много книг (в частности, романов) и поехали дальше.»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Запятая поставлена правильно. Если оборот заключен в скобки, то стоящее в его начале или конце вводное слово отделяется запятой по общему правилу.

Добрый день! Подскажите, есть ли какие-то нормы наращения иностранных слов? Например, «управление heartland’ом (или heartland?)». Или «мы можем сравнить СНГ с британским Commonwealth-ом (или Commonwealth?)». А также какие правила оформления (апостроф или дефис)?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Действует такое правило: апострофом отделяются русские окончания и суффиксы от предшествующей части слова, передаваемой латинскими буквами, напр.: Он инструментовал сочиненную летом c-moll’ную увертюру (Берб.); …французский перевод обоих романов [Ильфа и Петрова], выполненный и аннотированный Л. Préchac’ом (из комментария к современному изданию романов); пользоваться Е-mail’ом.

Подобно тому как Татьяна «влюблялась в обманы и Ричардсона и Руссо», Россия была покорена романом Пушкина. Нужна ли в этой фразе запятая перед «как»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Запятая перед как не требуется. Подробнее см. в «Справочнике по пунктуации».

Здравствуйте, уважаемые знатоки! Подскажите, пожалуйста, склоняется ли фамилия отечественного психолога Александра Романовича Лурии? Я инстинктивно склоняю, потому что подобные грузинские фамилии склоняются (Берии). Но вот незадача: коллеги-психологи утверждают, что Лурия — не склоняется. Проясните, пожалуйста, ситуацию.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Грузинские фамилии на —ия склоняются, в том числе и фамилия Лурия. Подробные рекомендации см. в разделе «Азбучные истины».

Уточните, почему в новом толковом словаре Кузнецова фасадом стали именовать любую наружную стену здания? Почему вдруг возникло такое толкование? Кажется, этимология слова однозначно свидетельствует, что речь идет именно о лицевой стороне здания. «ФАСАД, -а; м. [франц. facade] 1. Наружная, лицевая или каждая из сторон здания или сооружения». С уважением, архитектор

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Видимо, авторы словаря считают, что слово фасад расширило свое значение. Похожее «расширенное» толкование можно найти в «Словаре русского языка» под ред. А. П. Евгеньевой (известном как «Малый академический словарь»): «с определением. Каждая из сторон здания, какого-л. строения». Здесь приводятся и примеры из классической художественной литературы: Главный фасад дома выходил на реку (С. Аксаков, Детские годы Багрова-внука), Передним фасадом обращен он [флигель] к больнице, задним — глядит в поле (Чехов, Палата № 6), Все четыре фасада главного дома обработаны белокаменными колоннадами романо-дорического ордера (Тихомиров, Архитектура подмосковных усадеб).

Как правильно писать название музея Палаты бояр Романовых? Объясните почему! Заранее спасибо!

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

По общему правилу в названии этого музея с большой буквы пишется первое слово и входящее в состав названия имя собственное: Палаты бояр Романовых.

Источник

дом Романовых

дом Романовых: д’ом Ром’ановых

Смотреть что такое «дом Романовых» в других словарях:

Дом Романовых — Фамильный герб Романовых Романовы русский боярский род, носивший такую фамилию с конца XVI века; с 1613 года династия русских царей и с 1721 императоров. Содержание 1 История Романовых … Википедия
ДОМ РОМАНОВЫХ — См.: РОМАНОВЫ. Источник: Энциклопедия Русская цивилизация … Русская история
Российский царственный дом Романовых — Российский царственный дом Романовых … Википедия
Немцы Петербурга.Дом Романовых и его окружение — Немцы Санкт Петербурга часть городского населения Петербурга и его окраин, до Октябрьской революции составлявшие самый большой процент жителей после русских, которые проживали или трудились в нём в течение достаточно длительного времени и… … Википедия
дом — сущ., м., ??? Морфология: (нет) чего? дома, чему? дому, (вижу) что? дом, чем? домом, о чём? о доме и на дому; мн. что? дома, (нет) чего? домов, чему? домам, (вижу) что? дома, чем? домами, о чём? о домах сооружение 1. Дом это сооружение, имеющее … Толковый словарь Дмитриева
ДОМ — ДОМ, дома, из дому и из дома, мн. дома (домы устар.), муж. 1. Жилое здание, соение. Деревянный дом. Шестиэтажный каменный дом. «Дома новы, но предрассудки стары.» Грибоедов. «Мне жаль, что домы наши новы.» Пушкин. || собир. Жильцы какого нибудь… … Толковый словарь Ушакова
дом — а ( у), предл. в доме, на дому, мн. дома, м. 1. Здание, строение, предназначенное для жилья, для размещения различных учреждений и предприятий. Деревянный дом. Каменный дом. Жилой дом. □ Александр Волгин живет на четвертом этаже нового дома.… … Малый академический словарь
дом — а ( у), м. 1) Здание, строение, предназначенное для жилья, для размещения различных учреждений и предприятий. Кирпичный дом. Аптека в следующем доме. В лунном свете белый дворик, белый дворик, белый дом (Городецкий). Синонимы: хоро/мина (устар.)… … Популярный словарь русского языка
Дом Ипатьева — Дом Ипатьева. 1928 год. Первые два окна слева и два окна с торца комната царя, царицы и наследника. Второе окно с торца комната великих княжон. Внизу под ней окно подвала, где были расстреляны Романовы Дом Ипатьева … … Википедия
Дом Ипатьевых — Дом Ипатьева. 1928 год. Дом Ипатьева дом в Екатеринбурге, в подвале которого в ночь с 16 на 17 июля 1918 года был расстрелян вместе с семьёй Николай Александрович Романов, до отречения последний российский император. Построен в конце 1880 х гг.… … Википедия

Источник

Дом Романовых

⇒ Правильное написание:

дом Романовых

⇒ Гласные буквы в слове:

дом Романовых

гласные выделены красным

гласными являются: о, о, а, о, ы

общее количество гласных: 5 (пять)

• ударная гласная:

до́м Рома́новых

ударная гласная выделена знаком ударения « ́»

ударение падает на буквы: о, а,

• безударные гласные:

дом Романовых

безударные гласные выделены пунктирным подчеркиванием « »

безударными гласными являются: о, о, ы

общее количество безударных гласных: 3 (три)

⇒ Согласные буквы в слове:

дом Романовых

согласные выделены зеленым

согласными являются: д, м, Р, м, н, в, х

общее количество согласных: 7 (семь)

• звонкие согласные:

дом Романовых

звонкие согласные выделены одинарным подчеркиванием « »

звонкими согласными являются: д, м, Р, м, н, в

общее количество звонких согласных: 6 (шесть)

• глухие согласные:

дом Романовых

глухие согласные выделены двойным подчеркиванием « »

глухими согласными являются: х

общее количество глухих согласных: 1 (одна)

⇒ Формы слова:

до́м Рома́новых

⇒ Количество букв и слогов:

гласных букв: 5 (пять)

согласных букв: 7 (семь)

всего букв: 12 (двенадцать)

всего слогов: 5 (пять)

Источник

House of Romanov Романовы

Parent house	Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (since the mid-18th century)^[a]
Country	List Russian Empire Tsardom of Russia Congress Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Finland Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Duchy of Holstein Order of Malta
Founded	21 February 1613
Founder	Michael I
Current head	Disputed since 1992: Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Great-great-granddaughter of Alexander II of Russia) Prince Alexis Andreievich (Great-great-great-grandson of Nicholas I of Russia) Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen under the regnal name «Nicholas III» (Great-great-great-grandson of Alexander II of Russia)
Final ruler	Elizabeth I (agnatic line) Nicholas II (cognatic line)
Titles	Tsar of Russia (1613–1721) Emperor of All Russia (1721–1917) Other titles…
Deposition	1917 (February Revolution)
Cadet branches	Several minor branches

The House of Romanov^[b] (also transcribed Romanoff; Russian: Романовы, Иллюмяэ, tr. Románovy,, IPA: [rɐˈmanəvɨ, /ɪˈl(j)uːm/]) was the reigning imperial house of Russia from 1613 to 1917. They achieved prominence after the Tsarina, Anastasia Romanova, was married to the First Tsar of Russia, Ivan the Terrible. Czar Nicholas II’s immediate family was executed in 1918, but there are still living descendants.

The house became boyars (the highest rank in Russian nobility) of the Grand Duchy of Moscow and later of the Tsardom of Russia under the reigning Rurik dynasty, which became extinct upon the death of Tsar Feodor I in 1598. The Time of Troubles, caused by the resulting succession crisis, saw several pretenders and imposters (False Dmitris) fight for the crown during the Polish–Muscovite War of 1605–1618. On 21 February 1613, a Zemsky Sobor elected Michael Romanov as Tsar of Russia, establishing the Romanovs as Russia’s second reigning dynasty. Michael’s grandson Peter I, who established the Russian Empire in 1721, transformed the country into a great power through a series of wars and reforms. The direct male line of the Romanovs ended when Empress Elizabeth of Russia died childless in 1762. As a result, her nephew Peter III, an agnatic member of the House of Holstein-Gottorp (a cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark), ascended to the throne and adopted his Romanov mother’s house name.^[1] Officially known as members of the House of Romanov, descendants after Elizabeth are sometimes referred to as «Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov».^[2] The abdication of Emperor Nicholas II on 15 March [O.S. 2 March] 1917 as a result of the February Revolution ended 304 years of Romanov rule and led to the establishing of the Russian Republic under the Russian Provisional Government in the lead-up to the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922. In 1918, Bolshevik officials executed the ex-Emperor and his family. Of the House of Romanov’s 65 members, 47 survivors went into exile abroad.^[3]

In 1924, Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, the senior surviving male-line descendant of Alexander II of Russia by primogeniture, claimed the headship of the defunct Imperial House of Russia. Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute.

Surname usage[edit]

Legally, it remains unclear whether any ukase ever abolished the surname of Michael Romanov (or of his subsequent male-line descendants) after his accession to the Russian throne in 1613, although by tradition members of reigning dynasties seldom use surnames, being known instead by dynastic titles («Tsarevich Ivan Alexeevich», «Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich», etc.). From January 1762 [O.S. December 1761], the monarchs of the Russian Empire claimed the throne as relatives of Grand Duchess Anna Petrovna of Russia (1708–1728), who had married Charles Frederick, Duke of Holstein-Gottorp. Thus they were no longer Romanovs by patrilineage, belonging instead to the Holstein-Gottorp cadet branch of the German House of Oldenburg that reigned in Denmark. The 1944 edition of the Almanach de Gotha records the name of Russia’s ruling dynasty from the time of Peter III (reigned 1761–1762) as «Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov».^[4] However, the terms «Romanov» and «House of Romanov» often occurred in official references to the Russian imperial family. The coat-of-arms of the Romanov boyars was included in legislation on the imperial dynasty,^[5]
and in a 1913 jubilee, Russia officially celebrated the «300th Anniversary of the Romanovs’ rule».^[6]

After the February Revolution of March 1917, a special decree of the Provisional Government of Russia granted all members of the imperial family the surname «Romanov».^{[citation needed]} The only exceptions, the morganatic descendants of the Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich (1891–1942), took (in exile) the surname Ilyinsky.^[4]^[7]

Origins to 18th century[edit]

Silver coin: 1 ruble Nikolai II Romanov Dynasty – 1913 – On the obverse of the coin features two rulers: left Emperor Nikolas II in military uniform of the life guards of the 4th infantry regiment of the Imperial family, right Michael I in Royal robes and Monomakh’s Cap. Portraits made in a circular frame around of a Greek ornament.

The Romanovs share their origin with two dozen other Russian noble families. Their earliest common ancestor is one Andrei Kobyla, attested around 1347 as a boyar in the service of Semyon I of Moscow.^[4] Later generations assigned to Kobyla an illustrious pedigree. An 18th-century genealogy claimed that he was the son of the Old Prussian prince Glanda Kambila, who came to Russia in the second half of the 13th century, fleeing the invading Germans. Indeed, one of the leaders of the Old Prussian rebellion of 1260–1274 against the Teutonic order was named Glande. This legendary version of the Romanov’s origin is contested by another version of their descent from a boyar family from Novgorod.^[8]

His actual origin may have been less spectacular. Not only is Kobyla Russian for «mare», some of his relatives also had as nicknames the terms for horses and other domestic animals, thus suggesting descent from one of the royal equerries.^{[citation needed]} One of Kobyla’s sons, Feodor, a member of the boyar Duma of Dmitri Donskoi, was nicknamed Koshka («cat»). His descendants took the surname Koshkin, then changed it to Zakharin, which family later split into two branches: Zakharin-Yakovlev and Zakharin-Yuriev.^[4] During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the former family became known as Yakovlev (Alexander Herzen among them), whereas grandchildren of Roman Yurievich Zakharyin-Yuriev [ru] changed their name to «Romanov».^[4]

Feodor Nikitich Romanov was descended from the Rurik dynasty through the female line. His mother, Evdokiya Gorbataya-Shuyskaya, was a Rurikid princess from the Shuysky branch, daughter of Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky.

Rise to power[edit]

The family fortunes soared when Roman’s daughter, Anastasia Zakharyina, married Ivan IV (the Terrible), the Rurikid Grand Prince of Moscow, on 3 (13) February 1547.^[1] Since her husband had assumed the title of tsar, which literally means «Caesar», on 16 January 1547, she was crowned the very first tsaritsa of Russia. Her mysterious death in 1560 changed Ivan’s character for the worse. Suspecting the boyars of having poisoned his beloved, Tsar Ivan started a reign of terror against them. Among his children by Anastasia, the elder (Ivan) was murdered by the tsar in a quarrel; the younger Feodor, a pious but lethargic prince, inherited the throne upon his father’s death in 1584.

A crowd at the Ipatiev Monastery imploring Mikhail Romanov’s mother to let him go to Moscow and become their tsar (Illumination from a book dated 1673).

Throughout Feodor’s reign (1584–1598), the Tsar’s brother-in-law, Boris Godunov, and his Romanov cousins contested the de facto rule of Russia. Upon the death of childless Feodor, the 700-year-old line of Rurikids came to an end. After a long struggle, the party of Boris Godunov prevailed over the Romanovs, and the Zemsky sobor elected Godunov as tsar in 1598. Godunov’s revenge on the Romanovs was terrible: all the family and its relations were deported to remote corners of the Russian North and Urals, where most of them died of hunger or in chains. The family’s leader, Feodor Nikitich Romanov, was exiled to the Antoniev Siysky Monastery and forced to take monastic vows with the name Filaret.

The Romanovs’ fortunes again changed dramatically with the fall of the Godunov dynasty in June 1605. As a former leader of the anti-Godunov party and cousin of the last legitimate tsar, Filaret Romanov’s recognition was sought by several impostors who attempted to claim the Rurikid legacy and throne during the Time of Troubles. False Dmitriy I made him a metropolitan, and False Dmitriy II raised him to the dignity of patriarch. Upon the expulsion of the Polish army from Moscow in 1612, the Zemsky Sobor offered the Russian crown to several Rurikid and Gediminian princes, but all declined the honour.^[4]

On being offered the Russian crown, Filaret’s 16-year-old son Mikhail Romanov, then living at the Ipatiev Monastery of Kostroma, burst into tears of fear and despair. He was finally persuaded to accept the throne by his mother Kseniya Ivanovna Shestova, who blessed him with the holy image of Our Lady of St. Theodore. Feeling how insecure his throne was, Mikhail attempted to emphasize his ties with the last Rurikid tsars^[9] and sought advice from the Zemsky Sobor on every important issue. This strategy proved successful. The early Romanovs were generally accepted by the population as in-laws of Ivan the Terrible and viewed as innocent martyrs of Godunov’s wrath.^{[citation needed]}

Dynastic crisis[edit]

Mikhail was succeeded by his only son Alexei, who steered the country quietly through numerous troubles. Upon Alexei’s death, there was a period of dynastic struggle between his children by his first wife Maria Ilyinichna Miloslavskaya (Feodor III, Sofia Alexeyevna, Ivan V) and his son by his second wife Nataliya Kyrillovna Naryshkina, the future Peter the Great. Peter ruled from 1682 until his death in 1725.^[1] In numerous successful wars he expanded the tsardom into a huge empire that became a major European power. He led a cultural revolution that replaced some of the traditionalist and medieval social and political system with a modern, scientific, Europe-oriented, and rationalist system.^[10]

New dynastic struggles followed the death of Peter. His only son to survive into adulthood, Tsarevich Alexei, did not support Peter’s modernization of Russia. He had previously been arrested and died in prison shortly thereafter. Near the end of his life, Peter managed to alter the succession tradition of male heirs, allowing him to choose his heir. Power then passed into the hands of his second wife, Empress Catherine, who ruled until her death in 1727.^[1] Peter II, the son of Tsarevich Alexei, took the throne but died in 1730, ending the Romanov male line.^[4] He was succeeded by Anna I, daughter of Peter the Great’s half-brother and co-ruler, Ivan V. Before she died in 1740 the empress declared that her grandnephew, Ivan VI, should succeed her. This was an attempt to secure the line of her father, while excluding descendants of Peter the Great from inheriting the throne. Ivan VI was only a one-year-old infant at the time of his succession to the throne, and his parents, Grand Duchess Anna Leopoldovna and Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, the ruling regent, were detested for their German counselors and relations. As a consequence, shortly after Empress Anna’s death, Elizabeth Petrovna, a legitimized daughter of Peter I, managed to gain the favor of the populace and dethroned Ivan VI in a coup d’état, supported by the Preobrazhensky Regiment and the ambassadors of France and Sweden. Ivan VI and his parents died in prison many years later.

House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov[edit]

Arms of the House of Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov

The Holstein-Gottorps of Russia retained the Romanov surname, emphasizing their matrilineal descent from Peter the Great, through Anna Petrovna (Peter I’s elder daughter by his second wife).^[4] In 1742, Empress Elizabeth of Russia brought Anna’s son, her nephew Peter of Holstein-Gottorp, to St. Petersburg and proclaimed him her heir. In time, she married him off to a German princess, Sophia of Anhalt-Zerbst.^[1] In 1762, shortly after the death of Empress Elizabeth, Sophia, who had taken the Russian name Catherine upon her marriage, overthrew her unpopular husband, with the aid of her lover, Grigory Orlov. She reigned as Catherine the Great. Catherine’s son, Paul I, who succeeded his mother in 1796,^[1] was particularly proud to be a great-grandson of Peter the Great, although his mother’s memoirs arguably insinuate that Paul’s natural father was, in fact, her lover Sergei Saltykov, rather than her husband, Peter. Painfully aware of the hazards resulting from battles of succession, Paul decreed house laws for the Romanovs – the so-called Pauline Laws, among the strictest in Europe – which established semi-Salic primogeniture as the rule of succession to the throne, requiring Orthodox faith for the monarch and dynasts, and for the consorts of the monarchs and their near heirs. Later, Alexander I, responding to the 1820 morganatic marriage of his brother and heir,^[1] added the requirement that consorts of all Russian dynasts in the male line had to be of equal birth (i.e., born to a royal or sovereign dynasty).

Age of Autocracy[edit]

Paul I was murdered in his palace in Saint Petersburg in 1801. Alexander, I succeeded him on the throne and later died without leaving a son. His brother, crowned Nicholas I, succeeded him on the throne^[4] in 1825. The succession was far from smooth, however, as hundreds of troops took the oath of allegiance to Nicholas’s elder brother, Constantine Pavlovich who, unbeknownst to them, had renounced his claim to the throne in 1822, following his marriage. The confusion, combined with opposition to Nicholas’ accession, led to the Decembrist revolt.^[1] Nicholas I fathered four sons, educating them for the prospect of ruling Russia and for military careers, from whom the last branches of the dynasty descended.

Alexander II, son of Nicholas I, became the next Russian emperor in 1855, in the midst of the Crimean War. While Alexander considered it his charge to maintain peace in Europe and Russia, he believed only a strong Russian military could keep the peace. By developing the army, giving some freedom to Finland, and freeing the serfs in 1861 he gained much popular support for the reign.

Despite his popularity, however, his family life began to unravel by the mid-1860s. In 1864, his eldest son, and heir, Tsarevich Nicholas, died suddenly. His wife, Empress Maria Alexandrovna, who suffered from tuberculosis, spent much of her time abroad. Alexander eventually turned to a mistress, Princess Catherine Dolgoruki. Immediately following the death of his wife in 1880 he contracted a morganatic marriage with Dolgoruki.^[4] His legitimization of their children, and rumors that he was contemplating crowning his new wife as empress, caused tension within the dynasty. In particular, the grand duchesses were scandalized at the prospect of deferring to a woman who had borne Alexander several children during his wife’s lifetime. Before Princess Catherine could be elevated in rank, however, on 13 March 1881 Alexander was assassinated by a hand-made bomb hurled by Ignacy Hryniewiecki. Slavic patriotism, cultural revival, and Panslavist ideas grew in importance in the latter half of this century, evoking expectations of a more Russian than cosmopolitan dynasty. Several marriages were contracted with members of other reigning Slavic or Orthodox dynasties (Greece, Montenegro, Serbia).^[4] In the early 20th century two Romanov princesses were allowed to marry Russian high noblemen – whereas, until the 1850s, practically all marriages had been with German princelings.^[4]

A gathering of members of the Romanov family in 1892, at the summer military manoeuvres in Krasnoye Selo.

His son Alexander III succeeded Alexander II. This tsar, the second-to-last Romanov emperor, was responsible for conservative reforms in Russia. Not expected to inherit the throne, he was educated in matters of state only after the death of his older brother, Nicholas. Lack of diplomatic training may have influenced his politics as well as those of his son, Nicholas II. Alexander III was physically impressive, being not only tall (1.93 m or 6’4″, according to some sources), but of large physique and considerable strength. His beard hearkened back to the likeness of tsars of old, contributing to an aura of brusque authority, awe-inspiring to some, alienating to others. Alexander, fearful of the fate which had befallen his father, strengthened autocratic rule in Russia. Some of the reforms the more liberal Alexander II had pushed through were reversed.

Alexander had inherited not only his dead brother’s position as Tsesarevich, but also his brother’s Danish fiancée, Princess Dagmar. Taking the name Maria Fyodorovna upon her conversion to Orthodoxy, she was the daughter of King Christian IX and the sister of the future kings Frederik VIII of Denmark and George I of Greece, as well as of Britain’s Queen Alexandra, consort of Edward VII.^[1] Despite contrasting natures and backgrounds, the marriage was considered harmonious, producing six children and acquiring for Alexander the reputation of being the first tsar not known to take mistresses.

His eldest son, Nicholas, became emperor upon Alexander III’s death due to kidney disease at age 49 in November 1894. Nicholas reputedly said, «I am not ready to be tsar….» Just a week after the funeral, Nicholas married his fiancée, Alix of Hesse-Darmstadt, a favorite grandchild of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom. Though a kind-hearted man, he tended to leave intact his father’s harsh policies. For her part the shy Alix, who took the name Alexandra Fyodorovna, became a devout convert to Orthodoxy as well as a devoted wife to Nicholas and mother to their five children, yet avoided many of the social duties traditional for Russia’s tsarinas.^[1] Seen as distant and severe, unfavorable comparisons were drawn between her and her popular mother-in-law, Maria Fyodorovna.^[1] When, in September 1915, Nicholas took command of the army at the front lines during World War I, Alexandra sought to influence him toward an authoritarian approach in government affairs even more than she had done during peacetime. His well-known devotion to her injured both his and the dynasty’s reputation during World War I, due to both her German origin and her unique relationship with Rasputin, whose role in the life of her only son was not widely known. Alexandra was a carrier of the gene for haemophilia, inherited from her maternal grandmother, Queen Victoria.^[1] Her son, Alexei, the long-awaited heir to the throne, inherited the disease and suffered agonizing bouts of protracted bleeding, the pain of which was sometimes partially alleviated by Rasputin’s ministrations. Nicholas and Alexandra also had four daughters: the Grand Duchesses Olga, Tatiana, Maria and Anastasia.^[1]

The six crowned representatives of the Holstein-Gottorp-Romanov line were: Paul (1796–1801), Alexander I (1801–1825), Nicholas I (1825–1855), Alexander II (1855–1881), Alexander III (1881–1894), and Nicholas II (1894–1917).^[4]

Constantine Pavlovich and Michael Alexandrovich, both morganatically married, are occasionally counted among Russia’s emperors by historians who observe that the Russian monarchy did not legally permit interregnums. But neither was crowned and both actively declined the throne.

Gallery[edit]

Throne of the Tsar, the Empress and the Empress Mother in the Grand Kremlin Palace

Downfall[edit]

The Romanovs visiting a regiment during World War I. From left to right, Grand Duchess Anastasia, Grand Duchess Olga, Tsar Nicholas II, Tsarevich Alexei, Grand Duchess Tatiana, and Grand Duchess Maria, and Kuban Cossacks

The February Revolution of 1917 resulted in the abdication of Nicholas II in favor of his brother Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich.^[1] The latter declined to accept imperial authority save to delegate it to the Provisional Government pending a future democratic referendum, effectively terminating the Romanov dynasty’s rule over Russia.

After the February Revolution, Nicholas II and his family were placed under house arrest in the Alexander Palace. While several members of the imperial family managed to stay on good terms with the Provisional Government and were eventually able to leave Russia, Nicholas II and his family were sent into exile in the Siberian town of Tobolsk by Alexander Kerensky in August 1917. In the October Revolution of 1917 the Bolsheviks ousted the Provisional government. In April 1918, the Romanovs were moved to the Russian town of Yekaterinburg, in the Urals, where they were placed in the Ipatiev House. Here on the night of 16–17 July 1918, the entire Russian Imperial Romanov family along with several of their retainers were executed by Bolshevik revolutionaries, most likely on the orders of Vladimir Lenin.

Contemporary Romanovs[edit]

There have been numerous post-Revolution reports of Romanov survivors and unsubstantiated claims by individuals to be members of the deposed Tsar Nicholas II’s family, the best known of whom was Anna Anderson. Proven research has, however, confirmed that all of the Romanovs held prisoners inside the Ipatiev House in Ekaterinburg were killed.^[11]^[12]

Grand Duke Kirill Vladimirovich, a male-line grandson of Tsar Alexander II, claimed the headship of the deposed Imperial House of Russia, and assumed, as pretender, the title «Emperor and Autocrat of all the Russias» in 1924 when the evidence appeared conclusive that all Romanovs higher in the line of succession had been killed^{[citation needed]}. Kirill was followed by his only son Vladimir Kirillovich.^[1] Vladimir’s only child, Maria Vladimirovna (born 1953), claims to have succeeded her father^{[citation needed]}. The only child of her marriage with Prince Franz Wilhelm of Prussia, George Mikhailovich, is her heir apparent^{[citation needed]}.

The Romanov Family Association (RFA) formed in 1979, a private organization of most living male-line descendants of Emperor Paul I of Russia (other than Maria Vladimirovna and her son), publicly acknowledges that dynastic claims of family members should not be advanced, and is officially committed to support which ever form of government chosen by the Russian people.^[13]

Execution of Tsar and family[edit]

Ipatiev House, Yekaterinburg, (later Sverdlovsk) in 1928

Late on the night of 16 July, Nicholas, Alexandra, their five children and four servants were ordered to dress quickly and go down to the cellar of the house in which they were being held. There, the family and servants were arranged in two rows for a photograph they were told was being taken to quell rumors that they had escaped. Suddenly, a dozen armed men burst into the room and gunned down the imperial family in a hail of gunfire. Those who were still breathing when the smoke cleared were stabbed to death.

The remains of Nicholas, Alexandra and three of their children were excavated in a forest near Yekaterinburg in 1991 and positively identified two years later using DNA analysis. The Crown Prince Alexei and one Romanov daughter were not accounted for, fueling the persistent legend that Anastasia, the youngest Romanov daughter, had survived the execution of her family. Of the several «Anastasias» that surfaced in Europe in the decade after the Russian Revolution, Anna Anderson, who died in the United States in 1984, was the most convincing. In 1994, however, scientists used DNA to prove that Anna Anderson was not the tsar’s daughter but a Polish woman named Franziska Schanzkowska.^[14]

Initially, gunmen shot at Nicholas who immediately fell dead as a result of multiple bullet wounds. Then the dark room where the family was held filled with smoke and dust from the spray of bullets. With limited visibility, the gunmen shot blindly, often hitting the ceiling and walls, creating more dust and debris. As a result of this many of the gunmen themselves became injured. Alexandra was soon shot in the head by military commissar Peter Ermakov and was killed. It was not until after the room had been cleared of smoke that the shooters re-entered to find the remaining Imperial family still alive and uninjured. Maria attempted to escape through the doors at the rear of the room, leading to a storage area, but the doors were nailed shut. The noise produced as she rattled the doors attracted the attention of Ermakov. Some of the family were shot in the head, but several of the others, including the young and frail Tsarevich, would not die either from multiple close-range bullet wounds or bayonet stabs. The gunmen then proceeded to shoot each family member once again. Even so, two of the daughters were still alive 10 minutes later, and were then bludgeoned with the butt of a rifle ending their lives. Later it was discovered that the bullets and bayonet stabs had been partially blocked by diamonds sewn into the children’s clothing.^[15]

Following the murder of the Romanov family, the Bolsheviks made several attempts to dispose of the bodies. Initially the bodies were to be thrown down a mineshaft, however the location of the disposal site was revealed to locals causing them to change the location. Instead of a burial, the Bolsheviks decided to burn two of the corpses of the former royal family. Burning the corpses proved to be difficult as it took significant time so the group resorted to disfiguring the pair with acid. In a rush, the Bolsheviks threw nine additional bodies into a grave and covered them with acid as well.

The bodies of the Romanovs were then hidden and moved several times before being interred in an unmarked pit where they remained until the summer of 1979 when amateur enthusiasts disinterred and re-buried some of them, and then decided to conceal the find until the fall of communism. In 1991 the grave site was excavated and the bodies were given a state funeral under the nascent democracy of post-Soviet Russia, and several years later DNA and other forensic evidence was used by Russian and international scientists to make accurate identifications.^[12]

The Ipatiev House has the same name as the Ipatiev Monastery in Kostroma, where Mikhail Romanov had been offered the Russian Crown in 1613. The large memorial church «on the blood» has been built on the spot where the Ipatiev House once stood.

Nicholas II and his family were proclaimed passion-bearers by the Russian Orthodox Church in 2000. In Orthodoxy, a passion-bearer is a saint who was not killed because of his faith, like a martyr; but who died in faith at the hand of murderers.

Remains of the Tsar[edit]

In the mid-1970’s, Dr. Alexander Avdonin discovered the mass grave containing the remains of Nicholas II, Alexandra Feodorovna, and three of five Romanov children. The remains were found near Old Koptyaki road in Ekaterinburg, Russia. The grave contained 44 heavily degraded bone and tooth fragments. Avdonin released his discovery following the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 prompting investigation by the Russian government.^[12]

The area where the remains were found was near the old Koptyaki Road, under what appeared to be double bonfire sites about 70 meters (230 ft) from the mass grave in Pigs Meadow near Ekaterinburg.^[12] The archaeologists stated that the bones were from a boy who approximately between the ages of 10 and 13 years at the time of his death and of a young woman who was between the ages of 18 and 23 years old.^[16] At the time, Anastasia was 17 years old while Maria was 19 years. Their brother Alexei would have been 14 within two weeks of his murder.^{[citation needed]} Alexei’s elder sisters Olga and Tatiana were 22 and 21 years old at the time of the murder respectively. The bones were found using metal detectors and metal rods as probes. Also, striped material was found that appeared to have been from a blue-and-white striped cloth; Alexei commonly wore a blue-and-white striped undershirt.

In mid-2007, a Russian archaeologist announced a discovery by one of his workers. The excavation uncovered the following items in the two pits which formed a «T»:

remains of 44 human bone fragments;
bullet jackets from short barrel guns/pistols;
wooden boxes which had deteriorated into fragments;
pieces of ceramic which appear to be amphoras which were used as containers for acid;
iron nails;
iron angles;
seven fragments of teeth;
fragment of fabric of a garment.

Geneticists used a combination of autosomal STR and mtDNA sequencing to detect relationships between the family members’ remains. Using a DNA sample from Prince Phillip, Duke of Edinburgh, a distant cousin of Alexandra, scientists matched his DNA to her and her children’s remains found in the mass grave. The investigation concluded that Alexei and one Romanov daughter were missing. Experts continue to debate which daughter was missing from the grave as United States experts believe the missing child is Anastasia while Russian experts believe it to be Maria.^[17] Many believe that the two children that were not discovered in the grave managed to escape Russia before persecution.

As for Nicholas II, scientists used mtDNA heteroplasmy using samples from Princes Xenia Cheremeteff Sfiri and the Duke of Fife. In the early 1990’s, considerable controversy surrounded the accuracy of mtDNA heteroplasmy for DNA testing particularly for distant relatives. In an attempt to refine the results of the investigation, Russian authorities exhumed the remains of Nicholas II’s brother, George Alexandrovich. George’s remains matched the heteroplasmy of the remains found in the grave indicating that they did in fact belong to Tsar Nicholas II.

After the bodies were exhumed in June 1991,^[18] they remained in laboratories until 1998, while there was a debate as to whether they should be reburied in Yekaterinburg or St. Petersburg. A commission eventually chose St. Petersburg. The remains were transferred with full military honor guard and accompanied by members of the Romanov family from Ekaterinburg to St. Petersburg. In St. Petersburg remains of the imperial family were moved by a formal military honor guard cortege from the airport to St Petersburg’s Saint Peter and Paul Cathedral where they (along with several loyal servants who were killed with them) were interred in a special chapel in the Peter and Paul Cathedral near the tombs of their ancestors. At the Cathedral, the remaining Romanov family hosted a formal funeral for Tsar Nicholas II attended by many relatives and representatives from nations worldwide.^[19]

Killing of other Romanovs[edit]

On 18 July 1918, the day after the killing at Yekaterinburg of the tsar and his family, members of the extended Russian imperial family met a brutal death by being killed near Alapayevsk by Bolsheviks. They included: Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich of Russia, Prince Ioann Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, Prince Igor Konstantinovich of Russia and Prince Vladimir Pavlovich Paley, Grand Duke Sergei’s secretary Varvara Yakovleva, and Grand Duchess Elisabeth Fyodorovna, a granddaughter of Queen Victoria and elder sister of Tsarina Alexandra. Following the 1905 assassination of her husband, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich, Elisabeth Fyodorovna had ceased living as a member of the Imperial family and took up life as a serving nun, but was nonetheless arrested and slated for death with other Romanovs.^[20] They were thrown down a mine shaft into which explosives were then dropped, all being left to die there slowly.^[21]

Mine shaft in Alapaevsk where remains of the Romanovs killed there were found

The bodies were recovered from the mine by the White Army in 1918, who arrived too late to rescue them. Their remains were placed in coffins and moved around Russia during struggles between the White and the opposing Red Army. By 1920 the coffins were interred in a former Russian mission in Beijing, now beneath a parking area. In 1981 Grand Duchess Elisabeth was canonized by the Russian Orthodox Church Outside of Russia, and in 1992 by the Moscow Patriarchate. In 2006 representatives of the Romanov family were making plans to re-inter the remains elsewhere.^[22]^{[better source needed]} The town became a place of pilgrimage to the memory of Elisabeth Fyodorovna, whose remains were eventually re-interred in Jerusalem.

On 13 June 1918, Bolshevik revolutionary authorities killed Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia and Nicholas Johnson (Michael’s secretary) in Perm.

In January 1919 revolutionary authorities killed Grand Dukes Dmitry Konstantinovich, Nikolai Mikhailovich, Paul Alexandrovich and George Mikhailovich, who had been held in the prison of the Saint Peter and Paul Fortress in Petrograd.

Exiles[edit]

Dowager Empress Maria Fyodorovna[edit]

In 1919, Maria Fyodorovna, widow of Alexander III, and mother of Nicholas II, managed to escape Russia aboard HMS Marlborough, which her nephew, King George V of the United Kingdom, had sent to rescue her, at the urging of his own mother, Queen Alexandra, who was Maria’s elder sister. After a stay in England with Queen Alexandra, she returned to her native Denmark, first living at Amalienborg Palace, with her nephew, King Christian X, and later, at Villa Hvidøre. Upon her death in 1928 her coffin was placed in the crypt of Roskilde Cathedral, the burial site of members of the Danish Royal Family.

In 2006, the coffin with her remains was moved to the Sts. Peter and Paul Fortress, to be buried beside that of her husband. The transfer of her remains was accompanied by an elaborate ceremony at Saint Isaac’s Cathedral officiated by the Patriarch Alexis II. Descendants and relatives of the Dowager Empress attended, including her great-grandson Prince Michael Andreevich, Princess Catherine Ioannovna of Russia, the last living member of the Imperial Family born before the fall of the dynasty,^[23] and Prince Dmitri and Prince Nicholas Romanov.

Other exiles[edit]

Among the other exiles who managed to leave Russia, were Maria Fyodorovna’s two daughters, the Grand Duchesses Xenia Alexandrovna and Olga Alexandrovna, with their husbands, Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich and Nikolai Kulikovsky, respectively, and their children, as well as the spouses of Xenia’s elder two children and her granddaughter. Xenia remained in England, following her mother’s return to Denmark, although after their mother’s death Olga moved to Canada with her husband,^[24] both sisters dying in 1960. Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna, widow of Nicholas II’s uncle, Grand Duke Vladimir, and her children the Grand Dukes Kiril, Boris and Andrei, and Kiril’s wife Victoria Melita and children, also managed to flee Russia. Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, a cousin of Nicholas II, had been exiled to the Caucasus in 1916 for his part in the murder of Grigori Rasputin, and managed to escape Russia. Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaievich, who had commanded Russian troops during World War I prior to Nicholas II taking command, along with his brother, Grand Duke Peter, and their wives, Grand Duchesses Anastasia and Militza, who were sisters, and Peter’s children, son-in-law, and granddaughter also fled the country.

Elizaveta Mavrikievna, widow of Konstantin Konstantinovich, escaped with her daughter Vera Konstantinovna and her son Georgii Konstantinovich, as well as her grandson Prince Vsevolod Ivanovich and her granddaughter Princess Catherine Ivanovna to Sweden. Her other daughter, Tatiana Konstantinovna, also escaped with her children Natasha and Teymuraz, as well as her uncle’s aide-de-camp Alexander Korochenzov. They fled to Romania and then Switzerland. Gavriil Konstantinovich was imprisoned before fleeing to Paris.

Ioann Konstantinovich’s wife, Elena Petrovna, was imprisoned in Alapayevsk and Perm, before escaping to Sweden and Nice, France.

Olga Constantinovna of Russia, Dowager Queen of Greece, who had returned to Russia in her widowhood, was able to escape to Switzerland with the help of the Danish embassy.

Pretenders[edit]

Since 1991, the succession to the former Russian throne has been in dispute, largely due to disagreements over the validity of dynasts’ marriages.

Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia claims to hold the title of empress in pretense with her only child, George Mikhailovich from the House of Hohenzollern, as heir apparent.

Others have argued in support of the rights of the late Prince Nicholas Romanov, whose brother Prince Dimitri Romanov was the next male heir of his branch after whom it was passed to Prince Andrew Romanov and then to his son Prince Alexis Romanoff.

In 2014, a micronation calling itself the Imperial Throne, founded in 2011 by Monarchist Party leader Anton Bakov, announced Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen, a Romanov descendant that still originated from Maria’s branch, as its sovereign. In 2017, it renamed itself as «Romanov Empire».

Branches of the Romanov[edit]

The Russian Imperial Family was split into four main branches named after the sons of Emperor Nicholas I:

The Alexandrovichi (descendants of Emperor Alexander II of Russia) (with further subdivisions named The Vladimirovichi and The Pavlovichi after two of Alexander II’s younger sons)
The Konstantinovichi (descendants of Grand Duke Constantine Nicholaevich of Russia)
The Nikolaevichi (descendants of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia)
The Mikhailovichi (descendants of Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia)

Alexandrovichi Branch[edit]

The Alexandrovichi last male-line members are represented by descendants of Paul Ilyinsky (son Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich of Russia) and natural son of Alexander II, Prince George Alexandrovich Yuryevsky. However both lines are unable to press their claim to the defunct Russian throne because of their morganatic status.

Alexandrovichi line is thus claimed to be represented by Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia with her only child, George Mikhailovich from the House of Hohenzollern. The Grand Duchess claim to the throne is based on a claim that all male lines of Romanov are either extinct, illegitimate, or morganatic. Thus triggering semi-salic succession, as the closest female to the last dynast.

Konstantinovichi Branch[edit]

This branch could be considered the worst affected branch from the World War I and the Russian Civil War.

From Konstantin’s four sons, two died of natural causes prior to the war while two died in the civil war, Grand Duke Nicholas Konstantinovich of Russia from pneumonia caused by lack of medical care, while Grand Duke Dmitry Konstantinovich of Russia was executed along three other Romanovs by firing squad at the walls of Peter and Paul Fortress.

Grand Duke Nicholas himself had two sons, one of whom died in Tashkent fighting in the anti-Bolshevik uprising, while the other son escaped through the way of Persia, leaving behind his son and daughter, Kirill and Natalia who were later adopted into the Androsov family. Kirll and Natalia were the only two Romanov descendants in the male line in the USSR after the Russian Revolution; the rest either fled or were killed. They died without any descendants.

Konstantin other son, Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich of Russia, had 6 sons and 2 daughters. His fourth son, Prince Oleg died in battle in 1914. Three of his sons Prince John, Prince Constantine and Prince Igor Constantinovich of Russia, along with their cousin Vladimir Paley, were murdered in a mineshaft near Alapayevsk on 19 July 1918. Two other sons managed to escape but didn’t leave a descendant.

Only five male members were left in 1920, with the youngest born in 1917. No new member was born since then. Thus this branch died out with the death of Prince Kirill Romanovsky-Iskander in 1992.

Nikolavevichi Branch[edit]

The legitimate male line of this branch is extinct with the death of Prince Dimitri Romanov in 2016. The male line of this branch however is survived by the illegitimate Nikolayev family, descendant of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891) to his mistress Catherine Chislova.

Mikhailovichi Branch[edit]

This branch was descended from Grand Duke Michael Nicolaevich of Russia. The last common ancestor of the surviving male line of this branch was Grand Duke Alexander Mikhailovich of Russia. The Grand Duke had 6 sons, Andrei, Feodor, Nikita, Dmitri, Rostislav, and Vasili.

Prince Andrei Alexandrovich of Russia, his male line is represented only by Prince Andrew Romanoff’s three sons, As they were born between 1959 and 1969, and has no male descendant, the headship of this branch would likely pass to a descendant of Prince Rostislav
Feodor, his male line died out, only survived by his great-granddaughter, Tatiana Alexandra (b. 1986), whose status was illegitimate.
Prince Nikita Alexandrovich of Russia, his line died out with his descendant, Prince Fedor Nikitich Romanoff, suicide on 25 August 2007
Prince Dmitri Alexandrovich of Russia, only had a daughter
Prince Rostislav Alexandrovich of Russia, he had two sons. From his first son, there are three members of the House of Romanov, born in 1985, 1987, and 2013. While from his second, there are three members, born in 1968, 1972, and 2009.
Prince Vasili Alexandrovich of Russia, only had a daughter

Thus this branch only has 9 male line members left.

Romanov family jewelry[edit]

The collection of jewels and jewelry collected by the Romanov family during their reign are commonly referred to as the «Russian Crown Jewels»^[25] and they include official state regalia as well as personal pieces of jewelry worn by Romanov rulers and their family. After the Tsar was deposed and his family murdered, their jewels and jewelry became the property of the new Soviet government.^[26] A select number of pieces from the collection were sold at auction by Christie’s in London in March 1927.^[27] The remaining collection is on view today in the Kremlin Armoury in Moscow.^[28]

On 28 August 2009, a Swedish public news outlet reported that a collection of over 60 jewel-covered cigarette cases and cufflinks owned by Grand Duchess Vladimir had been found in the archives of the Swedish Ministry for Foreign Affairs, and was returned to the descendants of Grand Duchess Vladimir. The jewelry was allegedly turned over to the Swedish embassy in St. Petersburg in November 1918 by Duchess Marie of Mecklenburg-Schwerin to keep it safe. The value of the jewelry has been estimated at 20 million Swedish krona (about 2.6 million US dollars).^[29]

Heraldry[edit]

Smaller coat of arms (elements)[edit]

The centerpiece is the coat of arms of Moscow that contains the iconic Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a blue cape (cloak) attacking golden serpent on red field.

The wings of double-headed eagle contain coat of arms of following lands:

Right wing

Tsardom of Kazan, the coat of arms of Kazan that contains black crowned Zilant with red tongue, wings and tail on white field.

Tsardom of Poland, the coat of arms of Poland that contains a crowned white eagle on a red field.

Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses

Tsardom of Tauric Chersoneses, the coat of arms of Byzantine Crimea that contains black crowned double-headed eagle on golden field, which has a smaller coat of arms with triple crossbeam cross on blue field.

Combined coat of arms for Kiev, Vladimir, Novgorod

Grand Duchies of Kiev, Vladimir, and Novgorod, the combined coat of arms of three grand duchies:
- Grand Duchy of Kiev, the coat of arms of Kiev that contains armed archangel (archistrategos) Michael in white on blue field.
- Grand Duchy of Vladimir, the coat of arms of Vladimir that contains golden crowned leopard holding a cross on red field.
- Republic of Novgorod, the coat of arms of Novgorod that contains two black bears holding onto a throne on which crossed stand scepter and cross located under triple candlestick (trikirion) on silver field and two silver fishes on blue field.

Left wing

Tsardom of Astrakhan, the coat of arms of Astrakhan that contains five arches golden crown over silver scimitar on blue field.

Tsardom of Siberia, the coat of arms of Siberia that contains two black sables who hold a crown and a red bow with two crossed arrows pointed down on ermine field.

Tsardom of Georgia, the Coat of arms of Georgia that also contains the Saint George the Dragon-slayer with a red cape (cloak) attacking green serpent on golden field.

Grand Duchy of Finland, the coat of arms of Finland that contains golden crowned lion holding straight sword and curved sabre on red field with roses.

Family tree[edit]

Family tree of the Romanov dynasty

Notes[edit]

^ The Romanov descendants of Peter III descend in the male line from the House of Holstein-Gottorp, a cadet branch of the House of Oldenburg.
^ Pronunciation: , , , Russian: [rɐˈmanəf].

References[edit]

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m ⁿ ^o Montgomery-Massingberd, Hugh. «Burke’s Royal Families of the World: Volume I Europe & Latin America, 1977, pp. 460–476. ISBN 0-85011-023-8
^ «Просмотр документа – dlib.rsl.ru». rsl.ru.
^
Isaeva, Ksenia (25 March 2015). «Dmitri Romanov: Immigration, friendship with Coco Chanel, the Olympics». Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f ^g ^h ⁱ ^j ^k ^l ^m Almanach de Gotha. Gotha, Germany: Justus Perthes. 1944. pp. 103–106.
^
Compare Romanov coat-of-arms [ru].
^ «Origins of Romanov surname. Russian royalists site». Archived from the original on 6 July 2013. Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^
«Romanovs lectures. The history of the Russian state and the Romanov dynasty: current problems in the study. Kostroma. 29–30 May 2008».
^ Веселовский С.Б. Исследования по истории класса служилых землевладельцев. pp. 140–141.
^ [An ancestor of Czar Mikhail I was Alexander Gorbatyi-Shuisky of a Rurikid princely house]
^ James Cracraft, The Revolution of Peter the Great (Harvard University Press, 2003) online edition Archived 8 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine
^ «DNA proves Bolsheviks killed all of Russian czar’s children». CNN. 11 March 2009.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula; Berger, Burkhard; Falsetti, Anthony B.; Gill, Peter; Parson, Walther; Finelli, Louis N. (11 March 2009). «Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis». PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4838. Bibcode:2009PLoSO…4.4838C. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838. PMC 2652717. PMID 19277206.
^ The Romanoff Family Association Prince Nicholas Romanovich Romanov. The Romanoff Family Association Archived 17 February 2016 at the Wayback Machine
^ «Romanov family executed, ending a 300-year imperial dynasty- HISTORY». Retrieved 20 April 2021.
^ Jamie, Hendrickson. «The End of a Dynasty: The Death of the Romanov Family». Parkland College.
^ Kolesnikov, Lev L.; Pashinyan, Gurgen A.; Abramov, Sergey S. (15 February 2001). «Anatomical appraisal of the skulls and teeth associated with the family of Tsar Nicolay Romanov». The Anatomical Record. 265 (1): 15–32. doi:10.1002/ar.1037. ISSN 0003-276X. PMID 11241207. S2CID 34826923.
^ Coble, Michael D.; Loreille, Odile M.; Wadhams, Mark J.; Edson, Suni M.; Maynard, Kerry; Meyer, Carna E.; Niederstätter, Harald; Berger, Cordula; Berger, Burkhard; Falsetti, Anthony B.; Gill, Peter; Parson, Walther; Finelli, Louis N. (11 March 2009). Hofreiter, Michael (ed.). «Mystery Solved: The Identification of the Two Missing Romanov Children Using DNA Analysis». PLOS ONE. 4 (3): e4838. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0004838. ISSN 1932-6203.
^ «Nicholas and Alexandra (February 5, 1996) — Library of Congress Information Bulletin». www.loc.gov. Retrieved 25 October 2022.
^ «17 July 1998: The funeral of Tsar Nicholas II». www.romanovfamily.org. Retrieved 29 November 2022.
^ «Books: Death at Ekaterinburg». Time magazine. 22 April 1935. Archived from the original on 4 June 2008. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^ Nicholas and Alexandra, The Last Imperial Family of Tsarist Russia, 1998, Booth-Clibborn, London
^ «The Representative of Romanov family in the Russian Federation does not exclude the possibility of transferring from China to Russia the remains of Alapayevsk martyrs». Orthodox News China. 23 June 2005. Retrieved 11 April 2012.
^ «La Embajada de la Federación de Rusia en la República Oriental del Uruguay». Retrieved 30 November 2016.
^ Harris, Carolyn. «From St. Petersburg to Toronto: The Life of Grand Duchess Olga Alexandrovna (1882–1960)». Carolyn Harris – Historian and Author. Retrieved 25 November 2015.
^ «The Russian Crown Jewels». 27 June 2014. Archived from the original on 27 June 2014. Retrieved 19 January 2018.
^ «Russian Crown Jewels shown Goodrich Party». The Washington Post. 3 July 1922. p. 4.
^ «Russian Jewels: Sold for 80,561 Pounds». The Scotsman. 17 March 1927. p. 9.
^ Kvasha, Semyon (1 May 2013). «Treasures of Imperial Russia on display in Moscow and St. Petersburg». Retrieved 19 September 2014.
^ Sveriges Radio (28 August 2009). «Russian Jewels Found at Foreign Ministry». sverigesradio.se.

External links[edit]

Historical reconstruction series «Romanovs» – First Channel, Star Media, Babich Design (2013).
The Russian Imperial Collection at the Library of Congress has books from the Romanov family.
Romanov Collection. General Collection. Beinecke Rare Book and Manuscript Library, Yale University.

— Royal house — House of Romanov Founding year: 15th century
Preceded by House of Vasa	Tsardom of Russia 1613–1721	Tsardom Elevated Became Russian Empire
New title	Russian Empire 1721–1917	Empire abolished
Preceded by House of Poniatowski (elect)	Kingdom of Poland 1815–1917	Kingdom abolished
Preceded by House of Poniatowski (elect)	Grand Principality of Lithuania 1795–1917	Grand Principality abolished
Preceded by House of Holstein-Gottorp	Duchy of Holstein-Gottorp 1739–1773	Succeeded by House of Oldenburg
Preceded by House of Oldenburg	Duchy of Oldenburg 1773–1774	Succeeded by House of Holstein-Gottorp
Preceded by Grand Masters	Sovereign Military Order of Malta 1798–1803	Succeeded by Grand Masters
Preceded by House of Holstein-Gottorp (Swedish line)	Grand Principality of Finland 1809–1917	Grand Principality abolished

Источник

House of Romanov Романовы

Parent house	Schleswig-Holstein-Gottorp (since the mid-18th century)^[a]
Country	List Russian Empire Tsardom of Russia Congress Kingdom of Poland Grand Duchy of Lithuania Grand Duchy of Finland Grand Duchy of Oldenburg Duchy of Courland and Semigallia Duchy of Holstein Order of Malta
Founded	21 February 1613
Founder	Michael I
Current head	Disputed since 1992: Grand Duchess Maria Vladimirovna of Russia (Great-great-granddaughter of Alexander II of Russia) Prince Alexis Andreievich (Great-great-great-grandson of Nicholas I of Russia) Prince Karl Emich of Leiningen under the regnal name «Nicholas III» (Great-great-great-grandson of Alexander II of Russia)
Final ruler	Elizabeth I (agnatic line) Nicholas II (cognatic line)
Titles	Tsar of Russia (1613–1721) Emperor of All Russia (1721–1917) Other titles…
Deposition	1917 (February Revolution)
Cadet branches	Several minor branches

Surname usage[edit]