Как пишется джек потрошитель

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Здравствуйте. Как правильно склонять название породы джек-рассел-терьер? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Склоняется только последняя часть: джек-рассел-терьера, джек-рассел-терьеру и т. д.

Почему Джек-потрошитель, а не Джек Потрошитель? Рассчитываю именно на объяснение, а не на ответ в духе «так зафиксировано в словаре». В этом и вопрос: а почему именно так зафиксировано, а не как имя с прозвищем? Ведь Джек Потрошитель кажется более логичным. Если нет — почему?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Начнем ответ все же со ссылки на словарную фиксацию: Джек-потрошитель. Теперь попробуем объяснить это написание. Существительное, присоединяемое к имени собственному и указывающее на какую-то характеристику носителя имени, является приложением и пишется через дефис, например: Иван-дурак, Иван-царевич, Марья-искусница, Соловей-разбойник, Человек-невидимка, Зевс-громовержец, Николай-угодник. Если характеристика, выраженная в приложении, воспринимается как прозвище (часть индивидуального имени), то написание меняется, ср.: Иван Воин, Николай Чудотворец. Возможность трактовать слово и как приложение, и как прозвище приводит в некоторых случаях к колебаниям в написании, ср.: Бова-королевич и Бова Королевич, Иван-царевич и Иван Царевич. Написание имени конкретного исторического лица, персонажа закрепляется в словарях, рекомендациям которых нужно следовать. 

Здравствуйте! Скажите, пожалуйста. Такие слова, как фри-спины, джек-пот пишутся через дефис, слитно или через тире. У нас возник спор, один человек утверждает, что слитно, другой что через тире.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Пишется слитно джекпот. Написание фри(?)спин не регламентировано словарями, однако есть аналогичное топ-спин, следовательно, возможно дефисное написание по аналогии.

Здравствуйте. Джек-рассел-терьер — верно ли написание? Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, правильно написание с двумя дефисами: джек-рассел-терьер.

Здравствуйте! Поздравляю с заслуженной наградой. Большое дело делаете. У меня такой вопрос: Джек-Потрошитель или Джек Потрошитель?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Спасибо!

Словарная рекомендация: Джек-потрошитель. См.: Русский орфографический словарь РАН / Под ред. В. В. Лопатина, О. Е. Ивановой. – 4-е изд., испр. и доп. – М., 2012.

как пишется джек-пот?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно: http://dic.gramota.ru/search.php?word=%E4%E6%E5%EA%EF%EE%F2&lop=x&gorb=x&efr=x&ag=x&zar=x&ab=x&sin=x&lv=x&pe=x&az=x [джекпот].

Подскажите, пожалуйста, нужно ли ставить пробел и точку в конце в «кв.м».А также как пишется слово «джек-пот»; какого рода слово «суши»;
и еще — название метро пишется в кавычках или без?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верно: _кв. м_ (с пробелом без точки), _джекпот_. Слово _суши_ среднего рода. Названия станций метро пишутся в кавычках.

Jack the Ripper

Drawing of a man with a pulled-up collar and pulled-down hat walking alone on a street watched by a group of well-dressed men behind him

«With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character» from The Illustrated London News, 13 October 1888

Born

Unknown

Other names
  • «The Whitechapel Murderer»
  • «Leather Apron»
Motive Unknown (possibly sexual sadism and/or rage)
Details
Victims Unknown (5 canonical)
Date 1888–1891
(1888: 5 canonical)
Location(s) Whitechapel and Spitalfields, London, England (5 canonical)

Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in and around the impoverished Whitechapel district of London, England, in the autumn of 1888. In both criminal case files and the contemporaneous journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.

Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the East End of London. Their throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to speculation that their killer had some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and numerous letters were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard from individuals purporting to be the murderer.

The name «Jack the Ripper» originated in the «Dear Boss letter» written by an individual claiming to be the murderer, which was disseminated in the press. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers’ circulation. The «From Hell letter» received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in the existence of a single serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, mainly because of both the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders and media coverage of the crimes.

Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal murders committed in Whitechapel and Spitalfields between 1888 and 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the «canonical five» and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding these crimes became a combination of historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory, capturing public imagination to the present day.

Background

Women and children congregate in front of one of the Whitechapel common lodging-houses close to where Jack the Ripper murdered two of his victims[1]

In the mid-19th century, England experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees fleeing pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same area.[2] The parish of Whitechapel in the East End became increasingly overcrowded, with the population increasing to approximately 80,000 inhabitants by 1888.[3] Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed.[4] Fifty-five percent of children born in the East End died before they were five years old.[5] Robbery, violence, and alcohol dependency were commonplace,[3] and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution to survive on a daily basis.[6]

In October 1888, London’s Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel,[7] with approximately 8,500 people residing in the 233 common lodging-houses within Whitechapel every night,[3] with the nightly price for a single bed being fourpence[8] and the cost of sleeping upon a «lean-to» («hang-over») rope stretched across the dormitory being two pence per person.[9]

The economic problems in Whitechapel were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such as Bloody Sunday (1887).[10] Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality.[11] Such perceptions were strengthened in the autumn of 1888 when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to «Jack the Ripper» received unprecedented coverage in the media.[12]

Murders

Victorian map of London marked with seven dots within a few streets of each other

The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were murdered by the same individual.[13] Eleven separate murders, stretching from 3 April 1888 to 13 February 1891, were included in a Metropolitan Police investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the «Whitechapel murders».[14][15] Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the «canonical five», are widely believed to be the work of the Ripper.[16] Most experts point to deep slash wounds to the throat, followed by extensive abdominal and genital-area mutilation, the removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper’s modus operandi.[17] The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical five.[18]

Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, at approximately 1:30 a.m. on 3 April 1888. She had been bludgeoned about the face and received a cut to her ear.[19] A blunt object was also inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and died the following day at London Hospital.[20] Smith stated that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom she described as a teenager.[21] This attack was linked to the later murders by the press,[22] but most authors attribute Smith’s murder to general East End gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case.[14][23][24]

Tabram was murdered on a staircase landing in George Yard, Whitechapel, on 7 August 1888;[25] she had suffered 39 stab wounds to her throat, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, and abdomen, with additional knife wounds inflicted to her breasts and vagina.[26] All but one of Tabram’s wounds had been inflicted with a bladed instrument such as a penknife, and with one possible exception, all the wounds had been inflicted by a right-handed individual.[25] Tabram had not been raped.[27]

The savagery of the Tabram murder, the lack of an obvious motive, and the closeness of the location and date to the later canonical Ripper murders led police to link this murder to those later committed by Jack the Ripper.[28] However, this murder differs from the later canonical murders because although Tabram had been repeatedly stabbed, she had not suffered any slash wounds to her throat or abdomen.[29] Many experts do not connect Tabram’s murder with the later murders because of this difference in the wound pattern.[30]

Canonical five

The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly.[31]

The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in Buck’s Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. Nichols had last been seen alive approximately one hour before the discovery of her body by a Mrs Emily Holland, with whom she had previously shared a bed at a common lodging-house in Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, walking in the direction of Whitechapel Road.[32] Her throat was severed by two deep cuts, one of which completely severed all the tissue down to the vertebrae.[33] Her vagina had been stabbed twice,[34] and the lower part of her abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound, causing her bowels to protrude.[35] Several other incisions inflicted to both sides of her abdomen had also been caused by the same knife; each of these wounds had been inflicted in a downward thrusting manner.[36]

29 Hanbury Street. The door through which Annie Chapman and her murderer walked to the yard where her body was discovered is beneath the numerals of the property sign

One week later, on Saturday 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered at approximately 6 a.m. near the steps to the doorway of the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. As in the case of Nichols, the throat was severed by two deep cuts.[37] Her abdomen had been cut entirely open, with a section of the flesh from her stomach being placed upon her left shoulder and another section of skin and flesh—plus her small intestines—being removed and placed above her right shoulder.[38] Chapman’s autopsy also revealed that her uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina[39] had been removed.[40]

At the inquest into Chapman’s murder, Elizabeth Long described having seen Chapman standing outside 29 Hanbury Street at about 5:30 a.m.[41] in the company of a dark-haired man wearing a brown deer-stalker hat and dark overcoat, and of a «shabby-genteel» appearance.[42] According to this eyewitness, the man had asked Chapman the question, «Will you?» to which Chapman had replied, «Yes.»[43]

Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were both killed in the early morning hours of Sunday 30 September 1888. Stride’s body was discovered at approximately 1 a.m. in Dutfield’s Yard, off Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel.[44] The cause of death was a single clear-cut incision, measuring six inches across her neck which had severed her left carotid artery and her trachea before terminating beneath her right jaw.[45] The absence of any further mutilations to her body has led to uncertainty as to whether Stride’s murder was committed by the Ripper, or whether he was interrupted during the attack.[46] Several witnesses later informed police they had seen Stride in the company of a man in or close to Berner Street on the evening of 29 September and in the early hours of 30 September,[47] but each gave differing descriptions: some said that her companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.[48]

Eddowes’s body was found in a corner of Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after the discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride.[49] Her throat was severed from ear to ear and her abdomen ripped open by a long, deep and jagged wound before her intestines had been placed over her right shoulder, with a section of intestine being completely detached and placed between her body and left arm.[50]

The left kidney and the major part of Eddowes’s uterus had been removed, and her face had been disfigured, with her nose severed, her cheek slashed, and cuts measuring a quarter of an inch and a half an inch respectively vertically incised through each of her eyelids.[51] A triangular incision—the apex of which pointed towards Eddowes’s eye—had also been carved upon each of her cheeks,[52] and a section of the auricle and lobe of her right ear was later recovered from her clothing.[53] The police surgeon who conducted the post mortem upon Eddowes’s body stated his opinion these mutilations would have taken «at least five minutes» to complete.[54]

A local cigarette salesman named Joseph Lawende had passed through the square with two friends shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes.[55] Lawende’s companions were unable to confirm his description.[55] The murders of Stride and Eddowes ultimately became known as the «double event».[56][57]

A section of Eddowes’s bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel, at 2:55 a.m.[58] A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron read: «The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed for nothing.»[59] This graffito became known as the Goulston Street graffito. The message appeared to imply that a Jew or Jews in general were responsible for the series of murders, but it is unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer on dropping the section of apron, or was merely incidental and nothing to do with the case.[60] Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police Commissioner Charles Warren feared that the graffito might spark anti-semitic riots and ordered the writing washed away before dawn.[61][62]

The extensively mutilated and disembowelled body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller’s Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at 10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888.[63] Her face had been «hacked beyond all recognition»,[64] with her throat severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs.[65] Her uterus, kidneys and one breast had been placed beneath her head, and other viscera from her body placed beside her foot,[66] about the bed and sections of her abdomen and thighs upon a bedside table. The heart was missing from the crime scene.[67]

Multiple ashes found within the fireplace at 13 Miller’s Court suggested Kelly’s murderer had burned several combustible items to illuminate the single room as he mutilated her body. A recent fire had been severe enough to melt the solder between a kettle and its spout, which had fallen into the grate of the fireplace.[68]

Black and white photograph of an eviscerated human body lying on a bed. The face is mutilated.

Each of the canonical five murders was perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after.[69] The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.[70] Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman’s uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina were taken; Eddowes had her uterus and left kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly’s body was extensively eviscerated, with her face «gashed in all directions» and the tissue of her neck being severed to the bone, although the heart was the sole body organ missing from this crime scene.[71]

Historically, the belief these five canonical murders were committed by the same perpetrator is derived from contemporaneous documents which link them together to the exclusion of others.[72] In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: «the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only».[73] Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888.[74]

Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer, but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other crimes.[75] Authors Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow argue that the canonical five is a «Ripper myth» and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked to the same perpetrator, but that less certainty exists as to whether Stride and Kelly were also murdered by the same individual.[76] Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer.[17] Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist George Bagster Phillips, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by «weak-minded individual[s] … induced to emulate the crime».[77] Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.[78]

Later Whitechapel murders

Mary Jane Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper’s final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit’s death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration.[23] The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that occurred after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.[25][79]

The strangled body of 26-year-old Rose Mylett[80] was found in Clarke’s Yard, High Street, Poplar on 20 December 1888.[81] There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had either accidentally hanged herself with her collar while in a drunken stupor or committed suicide.[82] However, faint markings left by a cord on one side of her neck suggested Mylett had been strangled.[83][84] At the inquest into Mylett’s death, the jury returned a verdict of murder.[82]

Alice McKenzie was murdered shortly after midnight on 17 July 1889 in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. She had suffered two stab wounds to her neck, and her left carotid artery had been severed. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on her body, which also bore a seven-inch long superficial wound extending from her left breast to her navel.[85] One of the examining pathologists, Thomas Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.[86] Opinions among writers are also divided between those who suspect McKenzie’s murderer copied the modus operandi of Jack the Ripper to deflect suspicion from himself,[87] and those who ascribe this murder to Jack the Ripper.[88]

«The Pinchin Street torso» was a decomposing headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman aged between 30 and 40 discovered beneath a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 10 September 1889.[89] Bruising about the victim’s back, hip, and arm indicated the decedent had been extensively beaten shortly before her death. The victim’s abdomen was also extensively mutilated, although her genitals had not been wounded.[90] She appeared to have been killed approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso.[91] The dismembered sections of the body are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise.[92]

Frances Coles was found with her throat cut under a railway arch in Whitechapel on 13 February 1891.[93]

At 2:15 a.m. on 13 February 1891, PC Ernest Thompson discovered a 25-year-old prostitute named Frances Coles lying beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel.[94] Her throat had been deeply cut but her body was not mutilated, leading some to believe Thompson had disturbed her assailant. Coles was still alive, although she died before medical help could arrive.[95] A 53-year-old stoker, James Thomas Sadler, had earlier been seen drinking with Coles,[96] and the two are known to have argued approximately three hours before her death. Sadler was arrested by the police and charged with her murder. He was briefly thought to be the Ripper,[97] but was later discharged from court for lack of evidence on 3 March 1891.[97]

Other alleged victims

In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In the case of «Fairy Fay», it is unclear whether this attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore.[98] «Fairy Fay» was a nickname given to an unidentified[99] woman whose body was allegedly found in a doorway close to Commercial Road on 26 December 1887[100] «after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen»,[101][102] but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887.[103] «Fairy Fay» seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her vagina.[104] Most authors agree that the victim «Fairy Fay» never existed.[98][99]

A 38-year-old widow named Annie Millwood was admitted to the Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary with numerous stab wounds to her legs and lower torso on 25 February 1888,[105] informing staff she had been attacked with a clasp knife by an unknown man.[106] She was later discharged, but died from apparently natural causes on 31 March.[99] Millwood was later postulated to be the Ripper’s first victim, although this attack cannot be definitively linked to the perpetrator.[107]

Another suspected precanonical victim was a young dressmaker named Ada Wilson,[108] who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck with a clasp knife[109] upon the doorstep of her home in Bow on 28 March 1888.[110] A further possible victim, 40-year-old Annie Farmer, resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram[111] and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. She had received a superficial cut to her throat. Although an unknown man with blood on his mouth and hands had run out of this lodging house, shouting, «Look at what she has done!» before two eyewitnesses heard Farmer scream,[112] her wound was light, and possibly self-inflicted.[113][114]

«The Whitehall Mystery» was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on 2 October 1888 in the basement of the new Metropolitan Police headquarters being built in Whitehall. An arm and shoulder belonging to the body were previously discovered floating in the River Thames near Pimlico on 11 September, and the left leg was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found on 17 October.[115] The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street torso case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms.[116]

Drawing of three men discovering the torso of a woman

Both the Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders known as the «Thames Mysteries», committed by a single serial killer dubbed the «Torso killer».[117] It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the «Torso killer» were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area.[117] The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.[118] Only one of the four victims linked to the Torso killer, Elizabeth Jackson, was ever identified. Jackson was a 24-year-old prostitute from Chelsea whose various body parts were collected from the River Thames over a three-week period between 31 May and 25 June 1889.[119][120]

On 29 December 1888, the body of a seven-year-old boy named John Gill was found in a stable block in Manningham, Bradford.[121] Gill had been missing since 27 December. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines partly drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. Similarities with the Ripper murders led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him.[122] The boy’s employer, 23-year-old milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was released due to insufficient evidence.[122] No-one was ever prosecuted.[122]

Carrie Brown (nicknamed «Shakespeare», reportedly for her habit of quoting Shakespeare’s sonnets) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 24 April 1891 in New York City.[123] Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged.[123] At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.[123]

Investigation

Sketch of a whiskered man

The vast majority of the City of London Police files relating to their investigation into the Whitechapel murders were destroyed in the Blitz.[124] The surviving Metropolitan Police files allow a detailed view of investigative procedures in the Victorian era.[125] A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern.[125] More than 2,000 people were interviewed, «upwards of 300» people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.[126] Following the murders of Stride and Eddowes, the Commissioner of the City Police, Sir James Fraser, offered a reward of £500 for the arrest of the Ripper.[127]

The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of London.[128] The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between 7 September and 6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed.[129] This prompted Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.[130]

Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City Police, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.[131] A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months.[132] Some contemporaneous figures, including Queen Victoria, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks,[133] and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.[134] The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat’s movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.[135]

Drawing of a blind-folded policeman with arms outstretched in the midst of a bunch of ragamuffin ruffians

«Blind man’s buff»: Punch cartoon by John Tenniel (22 September 1888) criticising the police’s alleged incompetence. The failure of the police to capture the killer reinforced the attitude held by radicals that the police were inept and mismanaged.[136]

Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

In September 1888, a group of volunteer citizens in London’s East End formed the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee. They patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of dissatisfaction with the failure of police to apprehend the perpetrator, and also because some members were concerned that the murders were affecting businesses in the area.[137] The Committee petitioned the government to raise a reward for information leading to the arrest of the killer, offered their own reward of £50 (the equivalent of between £5,900 and £86,000 in 2021)[138] for information leading to his capture,[139] and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.[140]

Criminal profiling

At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer’s surgical skill and knowledge.[141] The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the «Whitechapel murderer» is the earliest surviving offender profile.[142] Bond’s assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.[74] He wrote:

All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman’s head must have been lying.

All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut.[74]

Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even «the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer».[74] In his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to «periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania», with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating «satyriasis».[74] Bond also stated that «the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely».[74]

There is no evidence the perpetrator engaged in sexual activity with any of the victims,[17][143] yet psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and «leaving them on display in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed» indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks.[17][144] This view is challenged by others, who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.[145]

In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporaneous accounts, attempts to identify the murderer are hampered by the lack of any surviving forensic evidence.[146] DNA analysis on extant letters is inconclusive;[147] the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results.[148] There have been mutually incompatible claims that DNA evidence points conclusively to two different suspects, and the methodology of both has also been criticised.[149]

Suspects

Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses

Speculation as to the identity of Jack the Ripper: cover of the 21 September 1889 issue of Puck magazine, by cartoonist Tom Merry

The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a short distance of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.[150] Others have opined that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.[151] Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, a mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich.[152] The term «Ripperology» was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper case in an effort to determine his identity, and the murders have inspired numerous works of fiction.[153]

Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporaneous documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation, including Prince Albert Victor,[154] artist Walter Sickert, and author Lewis Carroll.[155] Everyone alive at the time is now long dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone «without any need for any supporting historical evidence».[156] Suspects named in contemporaneous police documents include three in Sir Melville Macnaghten’s 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against each of these individuals is, at best, circumstantial.[157]

There are many, varied theories about the actual identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred.[158][159] Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper’s identity remains unknown.[160]

Letters

Over the course of the Whitechapel murders, the police, newspapers, and other individuals received hundreds of letters regarding the case.[161] Some letters were well-intentioned offers of advice as to how to catch the killer, but the vast majority were either hoaxes or generally useless.[162][163]

Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,[164] and three of these in particular are prominent: the «Dear Boss» letter, the «Saucy Jacky» postcard and the «From Hell» letter.[165]

The «Dear Boss» letter, dated 25 September and postmarked 27 September 1888, was received that day by the Central News Agency, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.[166] Initially, it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter’s postmark with a section of one ear obliquely cut from her body, the promise of the author to «clip the ladys (sic) ears off» gained attention.[167] Eddowes’s ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer’s threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.[168] The name «Jack the Ripper» was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication.[169] Most of the letters that followed copied this letter’s tone,[170] with some authors adopting pseudonyms such as «George of the High Rip Gang»[171] and «Jack Sheridan, the Ripper.»[172] Some sources claim that another letter dated 17 September 1888 was the first to use the name «Jack the Ripper»,[173] but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.[174]

Scrawled and misspelled note reading: From hell—Mr Lusk—Sir I send you half the kidne I took from one woman prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer—Signed Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk

The «Saucy Jacky» postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the «Dear Boss» letter,[175] and mentioned the canonical murders committed on 30 September, which the author refers to by writing «double event this time».[176] It has been argued that the postcard was posted before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would hold such knowledge of the crime.[177] However, it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings occurred, long after details of the murders were known and publicised by journalists, and had become general community gossip by the residents of Whitechapel.[176][178]

The «From Hell» letter was received by George Lusk, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, on 16 October 1888.[179] The handwriting and style is unlike that of the «Dear Boss» letter and «Saucy Jacky» postcard.[180] The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a human kidney, preserved in «spirits of wine» (ethanol).[180] Eddowes’s left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he «fried and ate» the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke.[181][182] The kidney was examined by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics.[183] Openshaw subsequently also received a letter signed «Jack the Ripper».[184]

Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the «Dear Boss» letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the ultimately vain hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting.[185] Charles Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: «I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case.»[186] On 7 October 1888, George R. Sims in the Sunday newspaper Referee implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist «to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high».[187] Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the «Dear Boss» letter and the postcard.[188] The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913.[189] A journalist named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at The Star had written the letters signed «Jack the Ripper» to heighten interest in the murders and «keep the business alive».[190]

Media

The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.[23][191] Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.[23][191] The Elementary Education Act 1880 (which had extended upon a previous Act) made school attendance compulsory regardless of class. As such, by 1888, more working-class people in England and Wales were literate.[192]

Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider circulation.[193] These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as The Illustrated Police News which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.[194] Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies[195] of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.[196] However, many of the articles were sensationalistic and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact.[197] In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local xenophobic rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.[198][199]

In early September, six days after the murder of Mary Ann Nichols, The Manchester Guardian reported: «Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret … It is believed their attention is particularly directed to … a notorious character known as ‘Leather Apron’.»[200] Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.[23][201] Imaginative descriptions of «Leather Apron» appeared in the press,[202] but rival journalists dismissed these as «a mythical outgrowth of the reporter’s fancy».[203] John Pizer, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name «Leather Apron»[204] and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that «at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him».[205] He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.[204]

After the publication of the «Dear Boss» letter, «Jack the Ripper» supplanted «Leather Apron» as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.[206] The name «Jack» was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: «Spring-heeled Jack», who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.[207] The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as the Axeman of New Orleans, the Boston Strangler, and the Beltway Sniper. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper, Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.[208]

Legacy

A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street

The ‘Nemesis of Neglect’: Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel, and as an embodiment of social neglect, in a Punch cartoon of 1888

The nature of the Ripper murders and the impoverished lifestyle of the victims[209] drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End[210] and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums.[211] In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished,[212] but the streets and some buildings survive, and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by various guided tours of the murder sites and other locations pertaining to the case.[213] For many years, the Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street (which had been frequented by at least one of the canonical Ripper victims) was the focus of such tours.[214]

In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, «Jack the Ripper became the children’s bogey man.»[215] Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay.[216] By the 1960s, the Ripper had become «the symbol of a predatory aristocracy»,[216] and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. The Establishment as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.[217] The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula’s cloak or Victor Frankenstein’s organ harvest.[218] The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from Sherlock Holmes to Japanese erotic horror.[219]

Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax diary: The Diary of Jack the Ripper.[220] The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making this case one of the most written-about in the true-crime genre.[158] The term «ripperology» was coined by Colin Wilson in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs.[221][222] The periodicals Ripperana, Ripperologist, and Ripper Notes publish their research.[223]

In 2006, a BBC History magazine poll selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.[224][225]

In 2015, the Jack the Ripper Museum opened in east London. It attracted criticism from both Tower Hamlets mayor John Biggs[226] and protestors.[227] Similar protests occurred in 2021 when the second of two «Jack The Chipper» fish and chip shops opened in Greenwich, with some patrons threatening to boycott the premises.[228]

See also

  • Jack the Ripper in fiction
  • List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
  • List of murderers by number of victims
  • List of serial killers before 1900

References

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  148. ^ Meikle, p. 197; Rumbelow, p. 246
  149. ^ Connor, Steve (7 September 2014), «Jack the Ripper: Has notorious serial killer’s identity been revealed by new DNA evidence?», The Independent, archived from the original on 12 July 2020, retrieved 1 September 2017
  150. ^ Marriott, Trevor, p. 205; Rumbelow, p. 263; Sugden, p. 266
  151. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 43
  152. ^ Woods and Baddeley, pp. 111–114
  153. ^ «So You Want to Be a «Ripperologist»?». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
  154. ^ «7 People Suspected of Being Jack the Ripper». history.com. 16 July 2015. Archived from the original on 14 October 2020. Retrieved 14 October 2020.
  155. ^ «Casebook: Jack the Ripper: Lewis Carroll». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  156. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 261
  157. ^ e.g. Frederick Abberline in the Pall Mall Gazette, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 264
  158. ^ a b Whiteway, Ken (2004). «A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper», Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29 pp. 219–229
  159. ^ Eddleston, pp. 195–244
  160. ^ Whittington-Egan, pp. 91–92
  161. ^ Donald McCormick estimated «probably at least 2000» (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 180). The Illustrated Police News of 20 October 1888 said that around 700 letters had been investigated by police (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 199). Over 300 are preserved at the Corporation of London Records Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 149).
  162. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 165; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 105; Rumbelow, pp. 105–116
  163. ^ «Letters to Police, Signed «Jack the Ripper,» are Practical Jokes». The Yorkshire Herald. 8 October 1888. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  164. ^ Over 200 are preserved at the Public Record Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 8, 180).
  165. ^ Fido, pp. 6–10; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219 ff.
  166. ^ Cook, pp. 76–77; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 137; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 16–18; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 48–49
  167. ^ Cook, pp. 78–79; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221
  168. ^ Cook, p. 79; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 179; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221
  169. ^ Cook, pp. 77–78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; Fido, p. 7
  170. ^ Cook, p. 87; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 652
  171. ^ «The Whitechapel Horrors: An Exciting Week». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  172. ^ «The Whitechapel Murder: The Inquest». The Leeds Mercury. 13 November 1888. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  173. ^ Eddleston, p. 155; Marriott, Trevor, p. 223
  174. ^ Marriott, Trevor, p. 223
  175. ^ Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222
  176. ^ a b Cook, pp. 79–80; Fido, pp. 8–9; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, p. 123
  177. ^ e.g. Cullen, Tom (1965), Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 103
  178. ^ Sugden p.269
  179. ^ «The Whitechapel Murders». The Kiama Independent and Shoalhaven Advertiser. 20 November 1888. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  180. ^ a b Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170; Fido, pp. 78–80
  181. ^ The Hype and the Press Speculation, London Metropolitan Police, archived from the original on 29 January 2017, retrieved 1 October 2014
  182. ^ Wolf, Gunter (2008), «A kidney from hell? A nephrological view of the Whitechapel murders in 1888», Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23 (10): 3343–3349, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn198, PMID 18408073
  183. ^ Cook, p. 146; Fido, p. 78
  184. ^ Jack the Ripper ‘Letter’ Made Public Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 19 April 2001, retrieved 2 January 2010
  185. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 32–33
  186. ^ Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, 10 October 1888, Metropolitan Police Archive MEPO 1/48, quoted in Cook, p. 78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140 and Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 43
  187. ^ Quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 41, 52 and Woods and Baddeley, p. 54
  188. ^ Cook, pp. 94–95; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters From Hell, pp. 45–48; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 624–633; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, pp. 121–122
  189. ^ Quoted in Cook, pp. 96–97; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 49; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; and Marriott, Trevor, p. 254
  190. ^ Professor Francis E. Camps, August 1966, «More on Jack the Ripper», Crime and Detection, quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 51–52
  191. ^ a b Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52
  192. ^ «Education in England: A History». educationengland.org.uk. 1 June 1998. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  193. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 208
  194. ^ Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. (2001). Jack the Ripper and the London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8
  195. ^ «Jack the Ripper». psychologytoday.com. 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  196. ^ «Murderers Who Haunt the Screen». Borehamwood & Elstree Times. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  197. ^ «Horror Upon Horror. Whitechapel is Panic-stricken at Another Fiendish Crime. A Fourth Victim of the Maniac». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  198. ^ «John Pizer». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  199. ^ Ignacio Peyro (29 October 2018). «Who Was Jack the Ripper?». nationalgeographic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  200. ^ Manchester Guardian, 6 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 98
  201. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 214
  202. ^ e.g. Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1888, and Austin Statesman, 5 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 98–99; The Star, 5 September 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 80
  203. ^ Leytonstone Express and Independent, 8 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99
  204. ^ a b e.g. Marriott, Trevor, p. 251; Rumbelow, p. 49
  205. ^ Report by Inspector Joseph Helson, CID ‘J’ Division, in the Metropolitan Police archive, MEPO 3/140 ff. 235–8, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 24
  206. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 13, 86; Fido, p. 7
  207. ^ Ackroyd, Peter, «Introduction», in Werner, p. 10; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 11
  208. ^ Marriott, John, «The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders», in Werner, p. 54
  209. ^ «The Whitechapel Murders». Western Mail. 17 November 1888. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  210. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 1–2; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 15
  211. ^ Cook, pp. 139–141; Vaughan, Laura, «Mapping the East End Labyrinth», in Werner, pp. 236–237
  212. ^ Dennis, Richard, «Common Lodgings and ‘Furnished Rooms’: Housing in 1880s Whitechapel», in Werner, pp. 177–179
  213. ^ Rumbelow, p. xv; Woods and Baddeley, p. 136
  214. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 19
  215. ^ Dew, Walter (1938). I Caught Crippen. London: Blackie and Son. p. 126, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 198
  216. ^ a b Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, p. 251
  217. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 150
  218. ^ Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, pp. 252–253
  219. ^ Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, pp. 255–260
  220. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 299; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 272–277; Rumbelow, pp. 251–253
  221. ^ Woods and Baddeley, pp. 70, 124
  222. ^ Evans, Stewart P. (April 2003). «Ripperology, A Term Coined By …», Ripper Notes, copies at Wayback and Casebook Archived 16 October 2011 at the Wayback Machine
  223. ^ Creaton, Heather (April 2003), «Recent Scholarship on Jack the Ripper and the Victorian Media», Reviews in History (333), archived from the original on 28 September 2006, retrieved 20 June 2018
  224. ^ «Jack the Ripper is ‘Worst Briton'» Archived 3 February 2009 at the Wayback Machine, 31 January 2006, BBC, retrieved 4 December 2009
  225. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 176
  226. ^ Khomami, Nadia (5 August 2015). «Jack the Ripper Museum Architect Says He was ‘Duped’ Over Change of Plans». The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  227. ^ Brooke, Mike (6 November 2017). «Jack the Ripper Museum Besieged by Women Protesters in Cable Street Again». East London Advertiser. Retrieved 20 November 2020.
  228. ^ Bennett-Ness, Jamie (17 August 2021). «Locals Boycott Greenwich Chippy Named ‘Jack the Chipper’«. News Shopper. Retrieved 19 August 2021.

Sources

  • Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-50631-X
  • Begg, Paul (2004). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-760-77121-1
  • Bell, Neil R. A. (2016). Capturing Jack the Ripper: In the Boots of a Bobby in Victorian England. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-62162-3
  • Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-327-3
  • Curtis, Lewis Perry (2001). Jack The Ripper & The London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8
  • Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-046-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-4228-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-225-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2549-3
  • Fido, Martin (1987), The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-79136-2
  • Gordon, R. Michael (2000). Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects. North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-40898-6
  • Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2002). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2594-5
  • Honeycombe, Gordon (1982), The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970, London: Bloomsbury Books, ISBN 978-0-863-79040-9
  • Lynch, Terry; Davies, David (2008). Jack the Ripper: The Whitechapel Murderer. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-840-22077-3
  • Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-103-7
  • Meikle, Denis (2002). Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies. Richmond, Surrey: Reynolds and Hearn Ltd. ISBN 1-903111-32-3
  • Rivett, Miriam; Whitehead, Mark (2006). Jack the Ripper. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-1-904048-69-5
  • Rumbelow, Donald (1990). Jack the Ripper. The Complete Casebook. New York City: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-425-11869-6
  • Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper. Fully Revised and Updated. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017395-6
  • Sugden, Philip (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0276-1
  • Thurgood, Peter (2013). Abberline: The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. Cheltenham: The History Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-752-48810-3
  • Waddell, Bill (1993). The Black Museum: New Scotland Yard. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-90332-5
  • Werner, Alex (editor, 2008). Jack the Ripper and the East End. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8247-2
  • Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-897-78404-4
  • Whittington-Egan, Richard (2013). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Casebook. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-61768-8
  • Wilson, Colin; Odell, Robin; Gaute, J. H. H. (1988). Jack the Ripper: Summing up and Verdict. London: Corgi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-552-12858-2
  • Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3410-5

External links

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Jack the Ripper

Drawing of a man with a pulled-up collar and pulled-down hat walking alone on a street watched by a group of well-dressed men behind him

«With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character» from The Illustrated London News, 13 October 1888

Born

Unknown

Other names
  • «The Whitechapel Murderer»
  • «Leather Apron»
Motive Unknown (possibly sexual sadism and/or rage)
Details
Victims Unknown (5 canonical)
Date 1888–1891
(1888: 5 canonical)
Location(s) Whitechapel and Spitalfields, London, England (5 canonical)

Jack the Ripper was an unidentified serial killer active in and around the impoverished Whitechapel district of London, England, in the autumn of 1888. In both criminal case files and the contemporaneous journalistic accounts, the killer was called the Whitechapel Murderer and Leather Apron.

Attacks ascribed to Jack the Ripper typically involved female prostitutes who lived and worked in the slums of the East End of London. Their throats were cut prior to abdominal mutilations. The removal of internal organs from at least three of the victims led to speculation that their killer had some anatomical or surgical knowledge. Rumours that the murders were connected intensified in September and October 1888, and numerous letters were received by media outlets and Scotland Yard from individuals purporting to be the murderer.

The name «Jack the Ripper» originated in the «Dear Boss letter» written by an individual claiming to be the murderer, which was disseminated in the press. The letter is widely believed to have been a hoax and may have been written by journalists to heighten interest in the story and increase their newspapers’ circulation. The «From Hell letter» received by George Lusk of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee came with half of a preserved human kidney, purportedly taken from one of the victims. The public came increasingly to believe in the existence of a single serial killer known as Jack the Ripper, mainly because of both the extraordinarily brutal nature of the murders and media coverage of the crimes.

Extensive newspaper coverage bestowed widespread and enduring international notoriety on the Ripper, and the legend solidified. A police investigation into a series of eleven brutal murders committed in Whitechapel and Spitalfields between 1888 and 1891 was unable to connect all the killings conclusively to the murders of 1888. Five victims—Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly—are known as the «canonical five» and their murders between 31 August and 9 November 1888 are often considered the most likely to be linked. The murders were never solved, and the legends surrounding these crimes became a combination of historical research, folklore, and pseudohistory, capturing public imagination to the present day.

Background

Women and children congregate in front of one of the Whitechapel common lodging-houses close to where Jack the Ripper murdered two of his victims[1]

In the mid-19th century, England experienced an influx of Irish immigrants who swelled the populations of the major cities, including the East End of London. From 1882, Jewish refugees fleeing pogroms in Tsarist Russia and other areas of Eastern Europe emigrated into the same area.[2] The parish of Whitechapel in the East End became increasingly overcrowded, with the population increasing to approximately 80,000 inhabitants by 1888.[3] Work and housing conditions worsened, and a significant economic underclass developed.[4] Fifty-five percent of children born in the East End died before they were five years old.[5] Robbery, violence, and alcohol dependency were commonplace,[3] and the endemic poverty drove many women to prostitution to survive on a daily basis.[6]

In October 1888, London’s Metropolitan Police Service estimated that there were 62 brothels and 1,200 women working as prostitutes in Whitechapel,[7] with approximately 8,500 people residing in the 233 common lodging-houses within Whitechapel every night,[3] with the nightly price for a single bed being fourpence[8] and the cost of sleeping upon a «lean-to» («hang-over») rope stretched across the dormitory being two pence per person.[9]

The economic problems in Whitechapel were accompanied by a steady rise in social tensions. Between 1886 and 1889, frequent demonstrations led to police intervention and public unrest, such as Bloody Sunday (1887).[10] Anti-semitism, crime, nativism, racism, social disturbance, and severe deprivation influenced public perceptions that Whitechapel was a notorious den of immorality.[11] Such perceptions were strengthened in the autumn of 1888 when the series of vicious and grotesque murders attributed to «Jack the Ripper» received unprecedented coverage in the media.[12]

Murders

Victorian map of London marked with seven dots within a few streets of each other

The large number of attacks against women in the East End during this time adds uncertainty to how many victims were murdered by the same individual.[13] Eleven separate murders, stretching from 3 April 1888 to 13 February 1891, were included in a Metropolitan Police investigation and were known collectively in the police docket as the «Whitechapel murders».[14][15] Opinions vary as to whether these murders should be linked to the same culprit, but five of the eleven Whitechapel murders, known as the «canonical five», are widely believed to be the work of the Ripper.[16] Most experts point to deep slash wounds to the throat, followed by extensive abdominal and genital-area mutilation, the removal of internal organs, and progressive facial mutilations as the distinctive features of the Ripper’s modus operandi.[17] The first two cases in the Whitechapel murders file, those of Emma Elizabeth Smith and Martha Tabram, are not included in the canonical five.[18]

Smith was robbed and sexually assaulted in Osborn Street, Whitechapel, at approximately 1:30 a.m. on 3 April 1888. She had been bludgeoned about the face and received a cut to her ear.[19] A blunt object was also inserted into her vagina, rupturing her peritoneum. She developed peritonitis and died the following day at London Hospital.[20] Smith stated that she had been attacked by two or three men, one of whom she described as a teenager.[21] This attack was linked to the later murders by the press,[22] but most authors attribute Smith’s murder to general East End gang violence unrelated to the Ripper case.[14][23][24]

Tabram was murdered on a staircase landing in George Yard, Whitechapel, on 7 August 1888;[25] she had suffered 39 stab wounds to her throat, lungs, heart, liver, spleen, stomach, and abdomen, with additional knife wounds inflicted to her breasts and vagina.[26] All but one of Tabram’s wounds had been inflicted with a bladed instrument such as a penknife, and with one possible exception, all the wounds had been inflicted by a right-handed individual.[25] Tabram had not been raped.[27]

The savagery of the Tabram murder, the lack of an obvious motive, and the closeness of the location and date to the later canonical Ripper murders led police to link this murder to those later committed by Jack the Ripper.[28] However, this murder differs from the later canonical murders because although Tabram had been repeatedly stabbed, she had not suffered any slash wounds to her throat or abdomen.[29] Many experts do not connect Tabram’s murder with the later murders because of this difference in the wound pattern.[30]

Canonical five

The canonical five Ripper victims are Mary Ann Nichols, Annie Chapman, Elizabeth Stride, Catherine Eddowes, and Mary Jane Kelly.[31]

The body of Mary Ann Nichols was discovered at about 3:40 a.m. on Friday 31 August 1888 in Buck’s Row (now Durward Street), Whitechapel. Nichols had last been seen alive approximately one hour before the discovery of her body by a Mrs Emily Holland, with whom she had previously shared a bed at a common lodging-house in Thrawl Street, Spitalfields, walking in the direction of Whitechapel Road.[32] Her throat was severed by two deep cuts, one of which completely severed all the tissue down to the vertebrae.[33] Her vagina had been stabbed twice,[34] and the lower part of her abdomen was partly ripped open by a deep, jagged wound, causing her bowels to protrude.[35] Several other incisions inflicted to both sides of her abdomen had also been caused by the same knife; each of these wounds had been inflicted in a downward thrusting manner.[36]

29 Hanbury Street. The door through which Annie Chapman and her murderer walked to the yard where her body was discovered is beneath the numerals of the property sign

One week later, on Saturday 8 September 1888, the body of Annie Chapman was discovered at approximately 6 a.m. near the steps to the doorway of the back yard of 29 Hanbury Street, Spitalfields. As in the case of Nichols, the throat was severed by two deep cuts.[37] Her abdomen had been cut entirely open, with a section of the flesh from her stomach being placed upon her left shoulder and another section of skin and flesh—plus her small intestines—being removed and placed above her right shoulder.[38] Chapman’s autopsy also revealed that her uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina[39] had been removed.[40]

At the inquest into Chapman’s murder, Elizabeth Long described having seen Chapman standing outside 29 Hanbury Street at about 5:30 a.m.[41] in the company of a dark-haired man wearing a brown deer-stalker hat and dark overcoat, and of a «shabby-genteel» appearance.[42] According to this eyewitness, the man had asked Chapman the question, «Will you?» to which Chapman had replied, «Yes.»[43]

Elizabeth Stride and Catherine Eddowes were both killed in the early morning hours of Sunday 30 September 1888. Stride’s body was discovered at approximately 1 a.m. in Dutfield’s Yard, off Berner Street (now Henriques Street) in Whitechapel.[44] The cause of death was a single clear-cut incision, measuring six inches across her neck which had severed her left carotid artery and her trachea before terminating beneath her right jaw.[45] The absence of any further mutilations to her body has led to uncertainty as to whether Stride’s murder was committed by the Ripper, or whether he was interrupted during the attack.[46] Several witnesses later informed police they had seen Stride in the company of a man in or close to Berner Street on the evening of 29 September and in the early hours of 30 September,[47] but each gave differing descriptions: some said that her companion was fair, others dark; some said that he was shabbily dressed, others well-dressed.[48]

Eddowes’s body was found in a corner of Mitre Square in the City of London, three-quarters of an hour after the discovery of the body of Elizabeth Stride.[49] Her throat was severed from ear to ear and her abdomen ripped open by a long, deep and jagged wound before her intestines had been placed over her right shoulder, with a section of intestine being completely detached and placed between her body and left arm.[50]

The left kidney and the major part of Eddowes’s uterus had been removed, and her face had been disfigured, with her nose severed, her cheek slashed, and cuts measuring a quarter of an inch and a half an inch respectively vertically incised through each of her eyelids.[51] A triangular incision—the apex of which pointed towards Eddowes’s eye—had also been carved upon each of her cheeks,[52] and a section of the auricle and lobe of her right ear was later recovered from her clothing.[53] The police surgeon who conducted the post mortem upon Eddowes’s body stated his opinion these mutilations would have taken «at least five minutes» to complete.[54]

A local cigarette salesman named Joseph Lawende had passed through the square with two friends shortly before the murder, and he described seeing a fair-haired man of shabby appearance with a woman who may have been Eddowes.[55] Lawende’s companions were unable to confirm his description.[55] The murders of Stride and Eddowes ultimately became known as the «double event».[56][57]

A section of Eddowes’s bloodied apron was found at the entrance to a tenement in Goulston Street, Whitechapel, at 2:55 a.m.[58] A chalk inscription upon the wall directly above this piece of apron read: «The Juwes are The men That Will not be Blamed for nothing.»[59] This graffito became known as the Goulston Street graffito. The message appeared to imply that a Jew or Jews in general were responsible for the series of murders, but it is unclear whether the graffito was written by the murderer on dropping the section of apron, or was merely incidental and nothing to do with the case.[60] Such graffiti were commonplace in Whitechapel. Police Commissioner Charles Warren feared that the graffito might spark anti-semitic riots and ordered the writing washed away before dawn.[61][62]

The extensively mutilated and disembowelled body of Mary Jane Kelly was discovered lying on the bed in the single room where she lived at 13 Miller’s Court, off Dorset Street, Spitalfields, at 10:45 a.m. on Friday 9 November 1888.[63] Her face had been «hacked beyond all recognition»,[64] with her throat severed down to the spine, and the abdomen almost emptied of its organs.[65] Her uterus, kidneys and one breast had been placed beneath her head, and other viscera from her body placed beside her foot,[66] about the bed and sections of her abdomen and thighs upon a bedside table. The heart was missing from the crime scene.[67]

Multiple ashes found within the fireplace at 13 Miller’s Court suggested Kelly’s murderer had burned several combustible items to illuminate the single room as he mutilated her body. A recent fire had been severe enough to melt the solder between a kettle and its spout, which had fallen into the grate of the fireplace.[68]

Black and white photograph of an eviscerated human body lying on a bed. The face is mutilated.

Each of the canonical five murders was perpetrated at night, on or close to a weekend, either at the end of a month or a week (or so) after.[69] The mutilations became increasingly severe as the series of murders proceeded, except for that of Stride, whose attacker may have been interrupted.[70] Nichols was not missing any organs; Chapman’s uterus and sections of her bladder and vagina were taken; Eddowes had her uterus and left kidney removed and her face mutilated; and Kelly’s body was extensively eviscerated, with her face «gashed in all directions» and the tissue of her neck being severed to the bone, although the heart was the sole body organ missing from this crime scene.[71]

Historically, the belief these five canonical murders were committed by the same perpetrator is derived from contemporaneous documents which link them together to the exclusion of others.[72] In 1894, Sir Melville Macnaghten, Assistant Chief Constable of the Metropolitan Police Service and Head of the Criminal Investigation Department (CID), wrote a report that stated: «the Whitechapel murderer had 5 victims—& 5 victims only».[73] Similarly, the canonical five victims were linked together in a letter written by police surgeon Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, head of the London CID, on 10 November 1888.[74]

Some researchers have posited that some of the murders were undoubtedly the work of a single killer, but an unknown larger number of killers acting independently were responsible for the other crimes.[75] Authors Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow argue that the canonical five is a «Ripper myth» and that three cases (Nichols, Chapman, and Eddowes) can be definitely linked to the same perpetrator, but that less certainty exists as to whether Stride and Kelly were also murdered by the same individual.[76] Conversely, others suppose that the six murders between Tabram and Kelly were the work of a single killer.[17] Dr Percy Clark, assistant to the examining pathologist George Bagster Phillips, linked only three of the murders and thought that the others were perpetrated by «weak-minded individual[s] … induced to emulate the crime».[77] Macnaghten did not join the police force until the year after the murders, and his memorandum contains serious factual errors about possible suspects.[78]

Later Whitechapel murders

Mary Jane Kelly is generally considered to be the Ripper’s final victim, and it is assumed that the crimes ended because of the culprit’s death, imprisonment, institutionalisation, or emigration.[23] The Whitechapel murders file details another four murders that occurred after the canonical five: those of Rose Mylett, Alice McKenzie, the Pinchin Street torso, and Frances Coles.[25][79]

The strangled body of 26-year-old Rose Mylett[80] was found in Clarke’s Yard, High Street, Poplar on 20 December 1888.[81] There was no sign of a struggle, and the police believed that she had either accidentally hanged herself with her collar while in a drunken stupor or committed suicide.[82] However, faint markings left by a cord on one side of her neck suggested Mylett had been strangled.[83][84] At the inquest into Mylett’s death, the jury returned a verdict of murder.[82]

Alice McKenzie was murdered shortly after midnight on 17 July 1889 in Castle Alley, Whitechapel. She had suffered two stab wounds to her neck, and her left carotid artery had been severed. Several minor bruises and cuts were found on her body, which also bore a seven-inch long superficial wound extending from her left breast to her navel.[85] One of the examining pathologists, Thomas Bond, believed this to be a Ripper murder, though his colleague George Bagster Phillips, who had examined the bodies of three previous victims, disagreed.[86] Opinions among writers are also divided between those who suspect McKenzie’s murderer copied the modus operandi of Jack the Ripper to deflect suspicion from himself,[87] and those who ascribe this murder to Jack the Ripper.[88]

«The Pinchin Street torso» was a decomposing headless and legless torso of an unidentified woman aged between 30 and 40 discovered beneath a railway arch in Pinchin Street, Whitechapel, on 10 September 1889.[89] Bruising about the victim’s back, hip, and arm indicated the decedent had been extensively beaten shortly before her death. The victim’s abdomen was also extensively mutilated, although her genitals had not been wounded.[90] She appeared to have been killed approximately one day prior to the discovery of her torso.[91] The dismembered sections of the body are believed to have been transported to the railway arch, hidden under an old chemise.[92]

Frances Coles was found with her throat cut under a railway arch in Whitechapel on 13 February 1891.[93]

At 2:15 a.m. on 13 February 1891, PC Ernest Thompson discovered a 25-year-old prostitute named Frances Coles lying beneath a railway arch at Swallow Gardens, Whitechapel.[94] Her throat had been deeply cut but her body was not mutilated, leading some to believe Thompson had disturbed her assailant. Coles was still alive, although she died before medical help could arrive.[95] A 53-year-old stoker, James Thomas Sadler, had earlier been seen drinking with Coles,[96] and the two are known to have argued approximately three hours before her death. Sadler was arrested by the police and charged with her murder. He was briefly thought to be the Ripper,[97] but was later discharged from court for lack of evidence on 3 March 1891.[97]

Other alleged victims

In addition to the eleven Whitechapel murders, commentators have linked other attacks to the Ripper. In the case of «Fairy Fay», it is unclear whether this attack was real or fabricated as a part of Ripper lore.[98] «Fairy Fay» was a nickname given to an unidentified[99] woman whose body was allegedly found in a doorway close to Commercial Road on 26 December 1887[100] «after a stake had been thrust through her abdomen»,[101][102] but there were no recorded murders in Whitechapel at or around Christmas 1887.[103] «Fairy Fay» seems to have been created through a confused press report of the murder of Emma Elizabeth Smith, who had a stick or other blunt object shoved into her vagina.[104] Most authors agree that the victim «Fairy Fay» never existed.[98][99]

A 38-year-old widow named Annie Millwood was admitted to the Whitechapel Workhouse Infirmary with numerous stab wounds to her legs and lower torso on 25 February 1888,[105] informing staff she had been attacked with a clasp knife by an unknown man.[106] She was later discharged, but died from apparently natural causes on 31 March.[99] Millwood was later postulated to be the Ripper’s first victim, although this attack cannot be definitively linked to the perpetrator.[107]

Another suspected precanonical victim was a young dressmaker named Ada Wilson,[108] who reportedly survived being stabbed twice in the neck with a clasp knife[109] upon the doorstep of her home in Bow on 28 March 1888.[110] A further possible victim, 40-year-old Annie Farmer, resided at the same lodging house as Martha Tabram[111] and reported an attack on 21 November 1888. She had received a superficial cut to her throat. Although an unknown man with blood on his mouth and hands had run out of this lodging house, shouting, «Look at what she has done!» before two eyewitnesses heard Farmer scream,[112] her wound was light, and possibly self-inflicted.[113][114]

«The Whitehall Mystery» was a term coined for the discovery of a headless torso of a woman on 2 October 1888 in the basement of the new Metropolitan Police headquarters being built in Whitehall. An arm and shoulder belonging to the body were previously discovered floating in the River Thames near Pimlico on 11 September, and the left leg was subsequently discovered buried near where the torso was found on 17 October.[115] The other limbs and head were never recovered and the body was never identified. The mutilations were similar to those in the Pinchin Street torso case, where the legs and head were severed but not the arms.[116]

Drawing of three men discovering the torso of a woman

Both the Whitehall Mystery and the Pinchin Street case may have been part of a series of murders known as the «Thames Mysteries», committed by a single serial killer dubbed the «Torso killer».[117] It is debatable whether Jack the Ripper and the «Torso killer» were the same person or separate serial killers active in the same area.[117] The modus operandi of the Torso killer differed from that of the Ripper, and police at the time discounted any connection between the two.[118] Only one of the four victims linked to the Torso killer, Elizabeth Jackson, was ever identified. Jackson was a 24-year-old prostitute from Chelsea whose various body parts were collected from the River Thames over a three-week period between 31 May and 25 June 1889.[119][120]

On 29 December 1888, the body of a seven-year-old boy named John Gill was found in a stable block in Manningham, Bradford.[121] Gill had been missing since 27 December. His legs had been severed, his abdomen opened, his intestines partly drawn out, and his heart and one ear removed. Similarities with the Ripper murders led to press speculation that the Ripper had killed him.[122] The boy’s employer, 23-year-old milkman William Barrett, was twice arrested for the murder but was released due to insufficient evidence.[122] No-one was ever prosecuted.[122]

Carrie Brown (nicknamed «Shakespeare», reportedly for her habit of quoting Shakespeare’s sonnets) was strangled with clothing and then mutilated with a knife on 24 April 1891 in New York City.[123] Her body was found with a large tear through her groin area and superficial cuts on her legs and back. No organs were removed from the scene, though an ovary was found upon the bed, either purposely removed or unintentionally dislodged.[123] At the time, the murder was compared to those in Whitechapel, though the Metropolitan Police eventually ruled out any connection.[123]

Investigation

Sketch of a whiskered man

The vast majority of the City of London Police files relating to their investigation into the Whitechapel murders were destroyed in the Blitz.[124] The surviving Metropolitan Police files allow a detailed view of investigative procedures in the Victorian era.[125] A large team of policemen conducted house-to-house inquiries throughout Whitechapel. Forensic material was collected and examined. Suspects were identified, traced, and either examined more closely or eliminated from the inquiry. Modern police work follows the same pattern.[125] More than 2,000 people were interviewed, «upwards of 300» people were investigated, and 80 people were detained.[126] Following the murders of Stride and Eddowes, the Commissioner of the City Police, Sir James Fraser, offered a reward of £500 for the arrest of the Ripper.[127]

The investigation was initially conducted by the Metropolitan Police Whitechapel (H) Division Criminal Investigation Department (CID) headed by Detective Inspector Edmund Reid. After the murder of Nichols, Detective Inspectors Frederick Abberline, Henry Moore, and Walter Andrews were sent from Central Office at Scotland Yard to assist. The City of London Police were involved under Detective Inspector James McWilliam after the Eddowes murder, which occurred within the City of London.[128] The overall direction of the murder enquiries was hampered by the fact that the newly appointed head of the CID Robert Anderson was on leave in Switzerland between 7 September and 6 October, during the time when Chapman, Stride, and Eddowes were killed.[129] This prompted Metropolitan Police Commissioner Sir Charles Warren to appoint Chief Inspector Donald Swanson to coordinate the enquiry from Scotland Yard.[130]

Butchers, slaughterers, surgeons, and physicians were suspected because of the manner of the mutilations. A surviving note from Major Henry Smith, Acting Commissioner of the City Police, indicates that the alibis of local butchers and slaughterers were investigated, with the result that they were eliminated from the inquiry.[131] A report from Inspector Swanson to the Home Office confirms that 76 butchers and slaughterers were visited, and that the inquiry encompassed all their employees for the previous six months.[132] Some contemporaneous figures, including Queen Victoria, thought the pattern of the murders indicated that the culprit was a butcher or cattle drover on one of the cattle boats that plied between London and mainland Europe. Whitechapel was close to the London Docks,[133] and usually such boats docked on Thursday or Friday and departed on Saturday or Sunday.[134] The cattle boats were examined but the dates of the murders did not coincide with a single boat’s movements and the transfer of a crewman between boats was also ruled out.[135]

Drawing of a blind-folded policeman with arms outstretched in the midst of a bunch of ragamuffin ruffians

«Blind man’s buff»: Punch cartoon by John Tenniel (22 September 1888) criticising the police’s alleged incompetence. The failure of the police to capture the killer reinforced the attitude held by radicals that the police were inept and mismanaged.[136]

Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

In September 1888, a group of volunteer citizens in London’s East End formed the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee. They patrolled the streets looking for suspicious characters, partly because of dissatisfaction with the failure of police to apprehend the perpetrator, and also because some members were concerned that the murders were affecting businesses in the area.[137] The Committee petitioned the government to raise a reward for information leading to the arrest of the killer, offered their own reward of £50 (the equivalent of between £5,900 and £86,000 in 2021)[138] for information leading to his capture,[139] and hired private detectives to question witnesses independently.[140]

Criminal profiling

At the end of October, Robert Anderson asked police surgeon Thomas Bond to give his opinion on the extent of the murderer’s surgical skill and knowledge.[141] The opinion offered by Bond on the character of the «Whitechapel murderer» is the earliest surviving offender profile.[142] Bond’s assessment was based on his own examination of the most extensively mutilated victim and the post mortem notes from the four previous canonical murders.[74] He wrote:

All five murders no doubt were committed by the same hand. In the first four the throats appear to have been cut from left to right, in the last case owing to the extensive mutilation it is impossible to say in what direction the fatal cut was made, but arterial blood was found on the wall in splashes close to where the woman’s head must have been lying.

All the circumstances surrounding the murders lead me to form the opinion that the women must have been lying down when murdered and in every case the throat was first cut.[74]

Bond was strongly opposed to the idea that the murderer possessed any kind of scientific or anatomical knowledge, or even «the technical knowledge of a butcher or horse slaughterer».[74] In his opinion, the killer must have been a man of solitary habits, subject to «periodical attacks of homicidal and erotic mania», with the character of the mutilations possibly indicating «satyriasis».[74] Bond also stated that «the homicidal impulse may have developed from a revengeful or brooding condition of the mind, or that religious mania may have been the original disease but I do not think either hypothesis is likely».[74]

There is no evidence the perpetrator engaged in sexual activity with any of the victims,[17][143] yet psychologists suppose that the penetration of the victims with a knife and «leaving them on display in sexually degrading positions with the wounds exposed» indicates that the perpetrator derived sexual pleasure from the attacks.[17][144] This view is challenged by others, who dismiss such hypotheses as insupportable supposition.[145]

In addition to the contradictions and unreliability of contemporaneous accounts, attempts to identify the murderer are hampered by the lack of any surviving forensic evidence.[146] DNA analysis on extant letters is inconclusive;[147] the available material has been handled many times and is too contaminated to provide meaningful results.[148] There have been mutually incompatible claims that DNA evidence points conclusively to two different suspects, and the methodology of both has also been criticised.[149]

Suspects

Cartoon of a man holding a bloody knife looking contemptuously at a display of half-a-dozen supposed and dissimilar likenesses

Speculation as to the identity of Jack the Ripper: cover of the 21 September 1889 issue of Puck magazine, by cartoonist Tom Merry

The concentration of the killings around weekends and public holidays and within a short distance of each other has indicated to many that the Ripper was in regular employment and lived locally.[150] Others have opined that the killer was an educated upper-class man, possibly a doctor or an aristocrat who ventured into Whitechapel from a more well-to-do area.[151] Such theories draw on cultural perceptions such as fear of the medical profession, a mistrust of modern science, or the exploitation of the poor by the rich.[152] The term «Ripperology» was coined to describe the study and analysis of the Ripper case in an effort to determine his identity, and the murders have inspired numerous works of fiction.[153]

Suspects proposed years after the murders include virtually anyone remotely connected to the case by contemporaneous documents, as well as many famous names who were never considered in the police investigation, including Prince Albert Victor,[154] artist Walter Sickert, and author Lewis Carroll.[155] Everyone alive at the time is now long dead, and modern authors are free to accuse anyone «without any need for any supporting historical evidence».[156] Suspects named in contemporaneous police documents include three in Sir Melville Macnaghten’s 1894 memorandum, but the evidence against each of these individuals is, at best, circumstantial.[157]

There are many, varied theories about the actual identity and profession of Jack the Ripper, but authorities are not agreed upon any of them, and the number of named suspects reaches over one hundred.[158][159] Despite continued interest in the case, the Ripper’s identity remains unknown.[160]

Letters

Over the course of the Whitechapel murders, the police, newspapers, and other individuals received hundreds of letters regarding the case.[161] Some letters were well-intentioned offers of advice as to how to catch the killer, but the vast majority were either hoaxes or generally useless.[162][163]

Hundreds of letters claimed to have been written by the killer himself,[164] and three of these in particular are prominent: the «Dear Boss» letter, the «Saucy Jacky» postcard and the «From Hell» letter.[165]

The «Dear Boss» letter, dated 25 September and postmarked 27 September 1888, was received that day by the Central News Agency, and was forwarded to Scotland Yard on 29 September.[166] Initially, it was considered a hoax, but when Eddowes was found three days after the letter’s postmark with a section of one ear obliquely cut from her body, the promise of the author to «clip the ladys (sic) ears off» gained attention.[167] Eddowes’s ear appears to have been nicked by the killer incidentally during his attack, and the letter writer’s threat to send the ears to the police was never carried out.[168] The name «Jack the Ripper» was first used in this letter by the signatory and gained worldwide notoriety after its publication.[169] Most of the letters that followed copied this letter’s tone,[170] with some authors adopting pseudonyms such as «George of the High Rip Gang»[171] and «Jack Sheridan, the Ripper.»[172] Some sources claim that another letter dated 17 September 1888 was the first to use the name «Jack the Ripper»,[173] but most experts believe that this was a fake inserted into police records in the 20th century.[174]

Scrawled and misspelled note reading: From hell—Mr Lusk—Sir I send you half the kidne I took from one woman prasarved it for you tother piece I fried and ate it was very nise I may send you the bloody knif that took it out if you only wate a whil longer—Signed Catch me when you can Mishter Lusk

The «Saucy Jacky» postcard was postmarked 1 October 1888 and was received the same day by the Central News Agency. The handwriting was similar to the «Dear Boss» letter,[175] and mentioned the canonical murders committed on 30 September, which the author refers to by writing «double event this time».[176] It has been argued that the postcard was posted before the murders were publicised, making it unlikely that a crank would hold such knowledge of the crime.[177] However, it was postmarked more than 24 hours after the killings occurred, long after details of the murders were known and publicised by journalists, and had become general community gossip by the residents of Whitechapel.[176][178]

The «From Hell» letter was received by George Lusk, leader of the Whitechapel Vigilance Committee, on 16 October 1888.[179] The handwriting and style is unlike that of the «Dear Boss» letter and «Saucy Jacky» postcard.[180] The letter came with a small box in which Lusk discovered half of a human kidney, preserved in «spirits of wine» (ethanol).[180] Eddowes’s left kidney had been removed by the killer. The writer claimed that he «fried and ate» the missing kidney half. There is disagreement over the kidney; some contend that it belonged to Eddowes, while others argue that it was a macabre practical joke.[181][182] The kidney was examined by Dr Thomas Openshaw of the London Hospital, who determined that it was human and from the left side, but (contrary to false newspaper reports) he could not determine any other biological characteristics.[183] Openshaw subsequently also received a letter signed «Jack the Ripper».[184]

Scotland Yard published facsimiles of the «Dear Boss» letter and the postcard on 3 October, in the ultimately vain hope that a member of the public would recognise the handwriting.[185] Charles Warren explained in a letter to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department: «I think the whole thing a hoax but of course we are bound to try & ascertain the writer in any case.»[186] On 7 October 1888, George R. Sims in the Sunday newspaper Referee implied scathingly that the letter was written by a journalist «to hurl the circulation of a newspaper sky high».[187] Police officials later claimed to have identified a specific journalist as the author of both the «Dear Boss» letter and the postcard.[188] The journalist was identified as Tom Bullen in a letter from Chief Inspector John Littlechild to George R. Sims dated 23 September 1913.[189] A journalist named Fred Best reportedly confessed in 1931 that he and a colleague at The Star had written the letters signed «Jack the Ripper» to heighten interest in the murders and «keep the business alive».[190]

Media

The Ripper murders mark an important watershed in the treatment of crime by journalists.[23][191] Jack the Ripper was not the first serial killer, but his case was the first to create a worldwide media frenzy.[23][191] The Elementary Education Act 1880 (which had extended upon a previous Act) made school attendance compulsory regardless of class. As such, by 1888, more working-class people in England and Wales were literate.[192]

Tax reforms in the 1850s had enabled the publication of inexpensive newspapers with a wider circulation.[193] These mushroomed in the later Victorian era to include mass-circulation newspapers costing as little as a halfpenny, along with popular magazines such as The Illustrated Police News which made the Ripper the beneficiary of previously unparalleled publicity.[194] Consequently, at the height of the investigation, over one million copies[195] of newspapers with extensive coverage devoted to the Whitechapel murders were sold each day.[196] However, many of the articles were sensationalistic and speculative, and false information was regularly printed as fact.[197] In addition, several articles speculating as to the identity of the Ripper alluded to local xenophobic rumours that the perpetrator was either Jewish or foreign.[198][199]

In early September, six days after the murder of Mary Ann Nichols, The Manchester Guardian reported: «Whatever information may be in the possession of the police they deem it necessary to keep secret … It is believed their attention is particularly directed to … a notorious character known as ‘Leather Apron’.»[200] Journalists were frustrated by the unwillingness of the CID to reveal details of their investigation to the public, and so resorted to writing reports of questionable veracity.[23][201] Imaginative descriptions of «Leather Apron» appeared in the press,[202] but rival journalists dismissed these as «a mythical outgrowth of the reporter’s fancy».[203] John Pizer, a local Jew who made footwear from leather, was known by the name «Leather Apron»[204] and was arrested, even though the investigating inspector reported that «at present there is no evidence whatsoever against him».[205] He was soon released after the confirmation of his alibis.[204]

After the publication of the «Dear Boss» letter, «Jack the Ripper» supplanted «Leather Apron» as the name adopted by the press and public to describe the killer.[206] The name «Jack» was already used to describe another fabled London attacker: «Spring-heeled Jack», who supposedly leapt over walls to strike at his victims and escape as quickly as he came.[207] The invention and adoption of a nickname for a particular killer became standard media practice with examples such as the Axeman of New Orleans, the Boston Strangler, and the Beltway Sniper. Examples derived from Jack the Ripper include the French Ripper, the Düsseldorf Ripper, the Camden Ripper, the Blackout Ripper, Jack the Stripper, the Yorkshire Ripper, and the Rostov Ripper. Sensational press reports combined with the fact that no one was ever convicted of the murders have confused scholarly analysis and created a legend that casts a shadow over later serial killers.[208]

Legacy

A phantom brandishing a knife floats through a slum street

The ‘Nemesis of Neglect’: Jack the Ripper depicted as a phantom stalking Whitechapel, and as an embodiment of social neglect, in a Punch cartoon of 1888

The nature of the Ripper murders and the impoverished lifestyle of the victims[209] drew attention to the poor living conditions in the East End[210] and galvanised public opinion against the overcrowded, insanitary slums.[211] In the two decades after the murders, the worst of the slums were cleared and demolished,[212] but the streets and some buildings survive, and the legend of the Ripper is still promoted by various guided tours of the murder sites and other locations pertaining to the case.[213] For many years, the Ten Bells public house in Commercial Street (which had been frequented by at least one of the canonical Ripper victims) was the focus of such tours.[214]

In the immediate aftermath of the murders and later, «Jack the Ripper became the children’s bogey man.»[215] Depictions were often phantasmic or monstrous. In the 1920s and 1930s, he was depicted in film dressed in everyday clothes as a man with a hidden secret, preying on his unsuspecting victims; atmosphere and evil were suggested through lighting effects and shadowplay.[216] By the 1960s, the Ripper had become «the symbol of a predatory aristocracy»,[216] and was more often portrayed in a top hat dressed as a gentleman. The Establishment as a whole became the villain, with the Ripper acting as a manifestation of upper-class exploitation.[217] The image of the Ripper merged with or borrowed symbols from horror stories, such as Dracula’s cloak or Victor Frankenstein’s organ harvest.[218] The fictional world of the Ripper can fuse with multiple genres, ranging from Sherlock Holmes to Japanese erotic horror.[219]

Jack the Ripper features in hundreds of works of fiction and works which straddle the boundaries between fact and fiction, including the Ripper letters and a hoax diary: The Diary of Jack the Ripper.[220] The Ripper appears in novels, short stories, poems, comic books, games, songs, plays, operas, television programmes, and films. More than 100 non-fiction works deal exclusively with the Jack the Ripper murders, making this case one of the most written-about in the true-crime genre.[158] The term «ripperology» was coined by Colin Wilson in the 1970s to describe the study of the case by professionals and amateurs.[221][222] The periodicals Ripperana, Ripperologist, and Ripper Notes publish their research.[223]

In 2006, a BBC History magazine poll selected Jack the Ripper as the worst Briton in history.[224][225]

In 2015, the Jack the Ripper Museum opened in east London. It attracted criticism from both Tower Hamlets mayor John Biggs[226] and protestors.[227] Similar protests occurred in 2021 when the second of two «Jack The Chipper» fish and chip shops opened in Greenwich, with some patrons threatening to boycott the premises.[228]

See also

  • Jack the Ripper in fiction
  • List of fugitives from justice who disappeared
  • List of murderers by number of victims
  • List of serial killers before 1900

References

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  2. ^ Kershen, Anne J., «The Immigrant Community of Whitechapel at the Time of the Jack the Ripper Murders», in Werner, pp. 65–97; Vaughan, Laura, «Mapping the East End Labyrinth», in Werner, p. 225
  3. ^ a b c Honeycombe, The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870-1970, p. 54
  4. ^ Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902–1903) Archived 3 February 2011 at the Wayback Machine (The Charles Booth on-line archive) retrieved 5 August 2008
  5. ^ Novels and Social Writings ISBN 978-0-521-26213-2 p. 147
  6. ^ «Jack the Ripper: Why Does a Serial Killer Who Disembowelled Women Deserve a Museum?». The Telegraph. 30 July 2015. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 21 February 2020.
  7. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 1; Police report dated 25 October 1888, MEPO 3/141 ff. 158–163, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 283; Fido, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 12
  8. ^ Rumbelow, p. 14
  9. ^ Rumbelow, Jack the Ripper: The Complete Casebook, p. 30
  10. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 131–149; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 38–42; Rumbelow, pp. 21–22
  11. ^ Marriott, John, «The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders», in Werner, pp. 31–63
  12. ^ Haggard, Robert F. (1993), «Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London», Essays in History, vol. 35, Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia
  13. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 20
  14. ^ a b The Crimes, London Metropolitan Police, archived from the original on 29 January 2017, retrieved 1 October 2014
  15. ^ Cook, pp. 33–34; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3
  16. ^ Cook, p. 151
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  37. ^ Rumbelow, p. 42
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  44. ^ Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool, p. 233
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  56. ^ e.g. Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 30; Rumbelow, p. 118
  57. ^ Ripper Notes: The Legend Continues ISBN 978-0-978-91122-5 p. 35
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  59. ^ Eddleston, p. 171
  60. ^ Cook, p. 143; Fido, pp. 47–52; Sugden, p. 254
  61. ^ Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, Permanent Under-Secretary of State for the Home Department, 6 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 183–184
  62. ^ «The Whitechapel Murders: A Startling Discovery». The Lancaster Gazette. 13 October 1888. Retrieved 26 May 2022.
  63. ^ «The Seventh Murder in Whitechapel: A Story of Unparalleled Atrocity». The Pall Mall Gazette. 10 November 1888. Retrieved 22 March 2022.
  64. ^ Foul Deeds and Suspicious Deaths in London’s East End ISBN 978-1-781-59662-3 p. 95
  65. ^ Holmes, Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool, p. 239
  66. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 292–293
  67. ^ Dr. Thomas Bond «notes of examination of body of woman found murdered & mutilated in Dorset Street» MEPO 3/3153 ff. 12–14, quoted in Sugden, pp. 315, 319
  68. ^ Eddleston, p. 63
  69. ^ e.g. Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 339–340
  70. ^ Macnaghten’s notes quoted by Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587; Fido, p. 98
  71. ^ Eddleston, p. 70
  72. ^ Cook, p. 151; Woods and Baddeley, p. 85
  73. ^ Macnaghten’s notes quoted by Cook, p. 151; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 584–587 and Rumbelow, p. 140
  74. ^ a b c d e f Letter from Thomas Bond to Robert Anderson, 10 November 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 360–362 and Rumbelow, pp. 145–147
  75. ^ e.g. Cook, pp. 156–159, 199
  76. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 260
  77. ^ Interview in the East London Observer, 14 May 1910, quoted in Cook, pp. 179–180 and Evans and Rumbelow, p. 239
  78. ^ Marriott, Trevor, pp. 231–234; Rumbelow, p. 157
  79. ^ «Frances Coles: Murdered 13 February 1891». jack-the-ripper.org. 2 April 2010. Archived from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  80. ^ Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects ISBN 978-1-476-62973-5 p. 179
  81. ^ Jack the Ripper: The Forgotten Victims ISBN 978-1-306-47495-5 p. 125
  82. ^ a b Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 245–246; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 422–439
  83. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 314
  84. ^ «Rose Mylett (1862–1888)». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 20 October 2019. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  85. ^ «Alice McKenzie a.k.a. «Clay Pipe» Alice, Alice Bryant». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 26 April 2020.
  86. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 208–209; Rumbelow, p. 131
  87. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 209
  88. ^ Marriott, Trevor, p. 195
  89. ^ Eddleston, p. 129
  90. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 316
  91. ^ The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London ISBN 978-1-476-61665-0 p. 159
  92. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 210; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 480–515
  93. ^ Fido, p. 113; Evans and Skinner (2000), pp. 551–557
  94. ^ Waddell, p. 80
  95. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 317
  96. ^ «The Whitechapel Tragedy». The Cheshire Observer. 28 February 1891. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  97. ^ a b Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 218–222; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 551–568
  98. ^ a b Evans, Stewart P.; Connell, Nicholas (2000). The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. ISBN 1-902791-05-3
  99. ^ a b c Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 21–25
  100. ^ «The Importance of Fairy Fay, and Her Link to Emma Smith». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 25 April 2020.
  101. ^ Fido, p. 15
  102. ^ The name «Fairy Fay» was first used by Terrence Robinson in Reynold’s News, 29 October 1950, «for want of a better name».
  103. ^ Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 3
  104. ^ Sugden pp. 5–6
  105. ^ The Eastern Post and City Chronicle, 7 April 1888
  106. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 26
  107. ^ Beadle, William (2009), Jack the Ripper: Unmasked, London: John Blake, ISBN 978-1-84454-688-6, p. 75
  108. ^ Beadle, p. 77; Fido, p. 16
  109. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 27
  110. ^ e.g. East London Advertiser, 31 March 1888
  111. ^ Beadle, p. 207
  112. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, pp. 311–312
  113. ^ Beadle, p. 207; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 202; Fido, p. 100
  114. ^ «Casebook: Annie Farmer». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 11 June 2021.
  115. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 142–144
  116. ^ «Scotland Yard is Built on a Crime Scene Related to an Unsolved Murder: The Whitehall Mystery». The Vintage News. 29 October 2016. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 19 April 2020.
  117. ^ a b Gordon, R. Michael (2002), The Thames Torso Murders of Victorian London, Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, ISBN 978-0-7864-1348-5
  118. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 210–213
  119. ^ «Elizabeth Jackson». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Archived from the original on 23 January 2021. Retrieved 27 January 2021.
  120. ^ Gordon, R. Michael (2003), The American Murders of Jack the Ripper, Santa Barbara, California: Greenwood Publishing, ISBN 978-0-275-98155-6, pp. xxii, 190
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  127. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Facts, p. 184
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  130. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 205; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 84–85
  131. ^ Rumbelow, p. 274
  132. ^ Inspector Donald Swanson’s report to the Home Office, 19 October 1888, HO 144/221/A49301C, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 206 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 125
  133. ^ Marriott, John, «The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders», in Werner, p. 48
  134. ^ Rumbelow, p. 93; Daily Telegraph, 10 November 1888, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 341
  135. ^ Robert Anderson to Home Office, 10 January 1889, 144/221/A49301C ff. 235–6, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 399
  136. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 57
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  140. ^ e.g. Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 245–252
  141. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 186–187; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 359–360
  142. ^ Canter, pp. 5–6
  143. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 38
  144. ^ See also later contemporary editions of Richard von Krafft-Ebing’s Psychopathia Sexualis, quoted in Woods and Baddeley, p. 111
  145. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 187–188, 261; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 121–122
  146. ^ Cook, p. 31
  147. ^ Marks, Kathy (18 May 2006). «Was Jack the Ripper a Woman?» Archived 12 December 2020 at the Wayback Machine The Independent, retrieved 5 May 2009
  148. ^ Meikle, p. 197; Rumbelow, p. 246
  149. ^ Connor, Steve (7 September 2014), «Jack the Ripper: Has notorious serial killer’s identity been revealed by new DNA evidence?», The Independent, archived from the original on 12 July 2020, retrieved 1 September 2017
  150. ^ Marriott, Trevor, p. 205; Rumbelow, p. 263; Sugden, p. 266
  151. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 43
  152. ^ Woods and Baddeley, pp. 111–114
  153. ^ «So You Want to Be a «Ripperologist»?». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 25 October 2021.
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  155. ^ «Casebook: Jack the Ripper: Lewis Carroll». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 9 November 2022.
  156. ^ Evans and Rumbelow, p. 261
  157. ^ e.g. Frederick Abberline in the Pall Mall Gazette, 31 March 1903, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 264
  158. ^ a b Whiteway, Ken (2004). «A Guide to the Literature of Jack the Ripper», Canadian Law Library Review, vol. 29 pp. 219–229
  159. ^ Eddleston, pp. 195–244
  160. ^ Whittington-Egan, pp. 91–92
  161. ^ Donald McCormick estimated «probably at least 2000» (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 180). The Illustrated Police News of 20 October 1888 said that around 700 letters had been investigated by police (quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 199). Over 300 are preserved at the Corporation of London Records Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 149).
  162. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 165; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 105; Rumbelow, pp. 105–116
  163. ^ «Letters to Police, Signed «Jack the Ripper,» are Practical Jokes». The Yorkshire Herald. 8 October 1888. Retrieved 5 August 2021.
  164. ^ Over 200 are preserved at the Public Record Office (Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 8, 180).
  165. ^ Fido, pp. 6–10; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219 ff.
  166. ^ Cook, pp. 76–77; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 137; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 16–18; Woods and Baddeley, pp. 48–49
  167. ^ Cook, pp. 78–79; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221
  168. ^ Cook, p. 79; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 179; Marriott, Trevor, p. 221
  169. ^ Cook, pp. 77–78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; Fido, p. 7
  170. ^ Cook, p. 87; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 652
  171. ^ «The Whitechapel Horrors: An Exciting Week». casebook.org. 2 April 2004. Retrieved 8 November 2021.
  172. ^ «The Whitechapel Murder: The Inquest». The Leeds Mercury. 13 November 1888. Retrieved 22 June 2022.
  173. ^ Eddleston, p. 155; Marriott, Trevor, p. 223
  174. ^ Marriott, Trevor, p. 223
  175. ^ Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222
  176. ^ a b Cook, pp. 79–80; Fido, pp. 8–9; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, p. 123
  177. ^ e.g. Cullen, Tom (1965), Autumn of Terror, London: The Bodley Head, p. 103
  178. ^ Sugden p.269
  179. ^ «The Whitechapel Murders». The Kiama Independent and Shoalhaven Advertiser. 20 November 1888. Retrieved 18 November 2021.
  180. ^ a b Evans and Rumbelow, p. 170; Fido, pp. 78–80
  181. ^ The Hype and the Press Speculation, London Metropolitan Police, archived from the original on 29 January 2017, retrieved 1 October 2014
  182. ^ Wolf, Gunter (2008), «A kidney from hell? A nephrological view of the Whitechapel murders in 1888», Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation, 23 (10): 3343–3349, doi:10.1093/ndt/gfn198, PMID 18408073
  183. ^ Cook, p. 146; Fido, p. 78
  184. ^ Jack the Ripper ‘Letter’ Made Public Archived 1 August 2017 at the Wayback Machine, BBC, 19 April 2001, retrieved 2 January 2010
  185. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 32–33
  186. ^ Letter from Charles Warren to Godfrey Lushington, 10 October 1888, Metropolitan Police Archive MEPO 1/48, quoted in Cook, p. 78; Evans and Rumbelow, p. 140 and Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 43
  187. ^ Quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 41, 52 and Woods and Baddeley, p. 54
  188. ^ Cook, pp. 94–95; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters From Hell, pp. 45–48; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, pp. 624–633; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 219–222; Rumbelow, pp. 121–122
  189. ^ Quoted in Cook, pp. 96–97; Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 49; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 193; and Marriott, Trevor, p. 254
  190. ^ Professor Francis E. Camps, August 1966, «More on Jack the Ripper», Crime and Detection, quoted in Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 51–52
  191. ^ a b Woods and Baddeley, pp. 20, 52
  192. ^ «Education in England: A History». educationengland.org.uk. 1 June 1998. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 14 September 2020.
  193. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 208
  194. ^ Curtis, L. Perry, Jr. (2001). Jack the Ripper and the London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8
  195. ^ «Jack the Ripper». psychologytoday.com. 27 January 2004. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  196. ^ «Murderers Who Haunt the Screen». Borehamwood & Elstree Times. 30 November 2006. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 23 January 2020.
  197. ^ «Horror Upon Horror. Whitechapel is Panic-stricken at Another Fiendish Crime. A Fourth Victim of the Maniac». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  198. ^ «John Pizer». casebook.org. 1 January 2010. Archived from the original on 24 November 2020. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  199. ^ Ignacio Peyro (29 October 2018). «Who Was Jack the Ripper?». nationalgeographic.co.uk. Archived from the original on 31 March 2021. Retrieved 1 June 2020.
  200. ^ Manchester Guardian, 6 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 98
  201. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 214
  202. ^ e.g. Manchester Guardian, 10 September 1888, and Austin Statesman, 5 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 98–99; The Star, 5 September 1888, quoted in Evans and Rumbelow, p. 80
  203. ^ Leytonstone Express and Independent, 8 September 1888, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99
  204. ^ a b e.g. Marriott, Trevor, p. 251; Rumbelow, p. 49
  205. ^ Report by Inspector Joseph Helson, CID ‘J’ Division, in the Metropolitan Police archive, MEPO 3/140 ff. 235–8, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 99 and Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 24
  206. ^ Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, pp. 13, 86; Fido, p. 7
  207. ^ Ackroyd, Peter, «Introduction», in Werner, p. 10; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 11
  208. ^ Marriott, John, «The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders», in Werner, p. 54
  209. ^ «The Whitechapel Murders». Western Mail. 17 November 1888. Archived from the original on 2 December 2020. Retrieved 9 February 2020.
  210. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 1–2; Rivett and Whitehead, p. 15
  211. ^ Cook, pp. 139–141; Vaughan, Laura, «Mapping the East End Labyrinth», in Werner, pp. 236–237
  212. ^ Dennis, Richard, «Common Lodgings and ‘Furnished Rooms’: Housing in 1880s Whitechapel», in Werner, pp. 177–179
  213. ^ Rumbelow, p. xv; Woods and Baddeley, p. 136
  214. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 19
  215. ^ Dew, Walter (1938). I Caught Crippen. London: Blackie and Son. p. 126, quoted in Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 198
  216. ^ a b Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, p. 251
  217. ^ Woods and Baddeley, p. 150
  218. ^ Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, pp. 252–253
  219. ^ Bloom, Clive, «Jack the Ripper – A Legacy in Pictures», in Werner, pp. 255–260
  220. ^ Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 299; Marriott, Trevor, pp. 272–277; Rumbelow, pp. 251–253
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Sources

  • Begg, Paul (2003). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History. London: Pearson Education. ISBN 0-582-50631-X
  • Begg, Paul (2004). Jack the Ripper: The Facts. Barnes & Noble Books. ISBN 978-0-760-77121-1
  • Bell, Neil R. A. (2016). Capturing Jack the Ripper: In the Boots of a Bobby in Victorian England. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-62162-3
  • Cook, Andrew (2009). Jack the Ripper. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-84868-327-3
  • Curtis, Lewis Perry (2001). Jack The Ripper & The London Press. Yale University Press. ISBN 0-300-08872-8
  • Eddleston, John J. (2002). Jack the Ripper: An Encyclopedia. London: Metro Books. ISBN 1-84358-046-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Rumbelow, Donald (2006). Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-4228-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2000). The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook: An Illustrated Encyclopedia. London: Constable and Robinson. ISBN 1-84119-225-2
  • Evans, Stewart P.; Skinner, Keith (2001). Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. Stroud, Gloucestershire: Sutton Publishing. ISBN 0-7509-2549-3
  • Fido, Martin (1987), The Crimes, Detection and Death of Jack the Ripper, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, ISBN 0-297-79136-2
  • Gordon, R. Michael (2000). Alias Jack the Ripper: Beyond the Usual Whitechapel Suspects. North Carolina: McFarland Publishing. ISBN 978-0-786-40898-6
  • Holmes, Ronald M.; Holmes, Stephen T. (2002). Profiling Violent Crimes: An Investigative Tool. Thousand Oaks, California: Sage Publications, Inc. ISBN 0-7619-2594-5
  • Honeycombe, Gordon (1982), The Murders of the Black Museum: 1870–1970, London: Bloomsbury Books, ISBN 978-0-863-79040-9
  • Lynch, Terry; Davies, David (2008). Jack the Ripper: The Whitechapel Murderer. Hertfordshire: Wordsworth Editions. ISBN 978-1-840-22077-3
  • Marriott, Trevor (2005). Jack the Ripper: The 21st Century Investigation. London: John Blake. ISBN 1-84454-103-7
  • Meikle, Denis (2002). Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies. Richmond, Surrey: Reynolds and Hearn Ltd. ISBN 1-903111-32-3
  • Rivett, Miriam; Whitehead, Mark (2006). Jack the Ripper. Harpenden, Hertfordshire: Pocket Essentials. ISBN 978-1-904048-69-5
  • Rumbelow, Donald (1990). Jack the Ripper. The Complete Casebook. New York City: Berkley Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-425-11869-6
  • Rumbelow, Donald (2004). The Complete Jack the Ripper. Fully Revised and Updated. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-017395-6
  • Sugden, Philip (2002). The Complete History of Jack the Ripper. New York: Carroll & Graf Publishers. ISBN 0-7867-0276-1
  • Thurgood, Peter (2013). Abberline: The Man Who Hunted Jack the Ripper. Cheltenham: The History Press Ltd. ISBN 978-0-752-48810-3
  • Waddell, Bill (1993). The Black Museum: New Scotland Yard. London: Little, Brown and Company. ISBN 978-0-316-90332-5
  • Werner, Alex (editor, 2008). Jack the Ripper and the East End. London: Chatto & Windus. ISBN 978-0-7011-8247-2
  • Whittington-Egan, Richard; Whittington-Egan, Molly (1992). The Murder Almanac. Glasgow: Neil Wilson Publishing. ISBN 978-1-897-78404-4
  • Whittington-Egan, Richard (2013). Jack the Ripper: The Definitive Casebook. Stroud: Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-61768-8
  • Wilson, Colin; Odell, Robin; Gaute, J. H. H. (1988). Jack the Ripper: Summing up and Verdict. London: Corgi Publishing. ISBN 978-0-552-12858-2
  • Woods, Paul; Baddeley, Gavin (2009). Saucy Jack: The Elusive Ripper. Hersham, Surrey: Ian Allan Publishing. ISBN 978-0-7110-3410-5

External links

Spoken Wikipedia icon

This audio file was created from a revision of this article dated 5 March 2011, and does not reflect subsequent edits.

джек-потрошитель

Правильно слово пишется: Дже́к-потроши́тель

Сложное слово, состоящее из 2 частей.

Джек
Ударение падает на 1-й слог с буквой е.
Всего в слове 4 буквы, 1 гласная, 3 согласных, 1 слог.
Гласные: е;
Согласные: д, ж, к.
потрошитель
Ударение падает на 3-й слог с буквой и.
Всего в слове 11 букв, 4 гласных, 6 согласных, 4 слога.
Гласные: о, о, и, е;
Согласные: п, т, р, ш, т, л;
1 буква не обозначает звука.

Номера букв в слове

Номера букв в слове «Джек-потрошитель» в прямом и обратном порядке:

  • 15
    Д
    1
  • 14
    ж
    2
  • 13
    е
    3
  • 12
    к
    4
  •  

     
  • 11
    п
    5
  • 10
    о
    6
  • 9
    т
    7
  • 8
    р
    8
  • 7
    о
    9
  • 6
    ш
    10
  • 5
    и
    11
  • 4
    т
    12
  • 3
    е
    13
  • 2
    л
    14
  • 1
    ь
    15

Слово «Джек-потрошитель» состоит из 15-ти букв и 1-го дефиса.

Обложка журнала Пак от 21 сентября 1889 года, на которой изображён неизвестный убийца, именуемый Джек Потрошитель.

Дже́к Потроши́тель (англ. Jack the Ripper) — псевдоним, присвоенный так и оставшемуся неизвестным серийному убийце (или убийцам), который действовал в Уайтчепеле и прилежащих районах Лондона во второй половине 1888 года. Имя взято из письма, присланного в Центральное агентство новостей (англ. Central News Agency), автор которого взял на себя ответственность за убийства.

Содержание

  • 1 Общая информация
  • 2 Жертвы
    • 2.1 Версии о количестве жертв
    • 2.2 Пять канонических жертв
  • 3 Способ убийства
    • 3.1 Удушение
    • 3.2 Перерезание горла
  • 4 Расследование
    • 4.1 Письма от Потрошителя?
  • 5 Хирургические навыки Джека Потрошителя
  • 6 Джек Потрошитель в культуре и искусстве
    • 6.1 Кинематограф
    • 6.2 Литература
    • 6.3 Музыка
    • 6.4 Компьютерные игры
  • 7 Ссылки
  • 8 Литература
    • 8.1 На английском языке
  • 9 Примечания

Общая информация

Легенды, окружающие Потрошителя, стали комбинацией исторических исследований, теорий заговора и фольклора. Отсутствие подтверждённых сведений о личности убийцы позволило «рипперологам» (от англ. Ripper; рипперологи — писатели, историки и детективы-любители, изучавшие дело Потрошителя, в российской литературе также встречается название «потрошителеведы») обвинить очень многих людей в деяниях Потрошителя. Хорошим примером такой конспирологической легенды является отождествление с Джеком рано умершего внука королевы Виктории принца Альберта Виктора, который в день убийства третьей и четвёртой жертв на самом деле находился в Шотландии (а во время остальных убийств также был вне Лондона)[1]. Из-за жестокости нападений и многочисленных неудач полиции (зачастую опаздывавшей на место преступления на считанные минуты), а также благодаря газетам, чьи тиражи в тот период сильно подскочили, Потрошитель приобрёл широкую и устойчивую дурную известность.

Его жертвами были женщины, зарабатывавшие проституцией. Обычно убийство происходило в общественном месте, горло жертвы было перерезано, а тело изуродовано. Существует мнение, что жертву сначала душили для обеспечения тишины. У некоторых жертв были извлечены внутренние органы, что даёт возможность предположить, что убийца обладал знаниями анатомии или хирургическими навыками.

Жертвы

Версии о количестве жертв

Точное количество жертв Джека Потрошителя в настоящее время неизвестно и является предметом споров. Тем не менее, существует список пяти «канонических» жертв, с которым согласны большинство исследователей и лиц, вовлеченных в расследование дела. В частности главный констебль Управления уголовных расследований Мелвилл Макнайтен (англ. Melville Macnaghten) придерживался версии пяти жертв. С большой вероятностью можно считать, что от руки убийцы также погибла Марта Тэбрем (англ. Martha Tabram), к списку пяти канонических жертв её добавлял инспектор Эбберлайн (англ. Frederick Abberline) — один из руководителей расследования по делу Джека Потрошителя. Вообще существует множество различных теорий, в соответствии с которыми количество реальных жертв колеблется от 4 до 9.

Пять канонических жертв

Фотография, сделанная полицией после убийства Мэри Келли

  • Мэри Энн Никлз, (также известная как «Полли», англ. Mary Ann Nichols) родилась 26 августа 1845 года, убита 31 августа 1888 года. Тело Мэри Никлз было обнаружено в 3:40 на улице Бакс Роу.
  • Энни Чэпмен, (также известная как «Темная Энни», англ. Annie Chapman), родилась в сентябре 1841, убита 8 сентября 1888 года. Тело Энни Чэпмен было обнаружено в 6 утра на заднем дворе дома на улице Хэндбери-стрит.
  • Элизабет Страйд (также известная как «Долговязая Лиз», англ. Elizabeth Stride) родилась в Швеции 27 ноября 1843 года, убита 30 сентября 1888 года. Тело Страйд было обнаружено приблизительно в 1 час ночи, в Датлфилдс-ярд на Беренр-стрит.
  • Кэтрин Эддоус (англ. Catharine Eddowes), родилась 14 апреля 1842 года, убита 30 сентября 1888 года в один день с другой жертвой, Элизабет Страйд. Тело Кейт Эддоус обнаружено на площади Митр в 1:45 ночи.
  • Мэри Джанет Келли (англ. Marie Jeanette Kelly), родилась в Ирландии в 1863 году, убита 9 ноября 1888 года. Изуродованное до неузнаваемости тело Мэри Келли нашли в её собственной комнате в 10:45 утра.

Также важно отметить, что последняя жертва Джека Потрошителя, Мэри Джанет Келли, была самой молодой и привлекательной из всех, а потому зарабатывала больше остальных и имела возможность снимать комнату, в которой её убили.

Способ убийства

Удушение

Сейчас многие исследователи склоняются к мысли, что Джек Потрошитель душил своих жертв, перед тем как их зарезать. При осмотре некоторых убитых женщин врачи нашли следы того, что сначала они были задушены. Это объясняет тот факт, что в большинстве случаев проживающие поблизости люди не слышали криков во время совершения убийства. Однако эту версию можно поставить под сомнение, так как несомненных доказательств того, что жертвы были задушены, не существует.

Перерезание горла

Джек Потрошитель перерезал горло слева направо, рана была очень глубокой. В крови ему удавалось не запачкаться благодаря тому, что, перерезая горло своей жертве, он одновременно наклонял голову женщины вправо. Вскрывать брюшную полость Джек Потрошитель начинал уже после смерти жертвы. У трёх женщин он извлёк органы и унёс их с собой, у Энни Чэпмен — матку с частью влагалища и мочевого пузыря, у Кейт Эддоус была извлечена левая почка и матка, а у Мэри Келли — вырезано сердце.

Расследование

Письма от Потрошителя?

Письма Джека Потрошителя
Письмо «Дорогой начальник…»
Открытка «Дерзкий Джеки»
Письмо «Из ада»

Во время расследования дела Потрошителя полиция, газеты, представители других организаций получили тысячи писем, так или иначе касающихся дела Потрошителя. Иногда они содержали основательно продуманные способы поимки убийцы, однако подавляющее большинство их было признано неприменимыми и следовательно, они были проигнорированы.[2]

С точки зрения расследования, гораздо более интересными являлись сотни писем, которые, как утверждалось в них, были написаны самим убийцей. Возможно, что все эти письма являются мистификацией. Многие эксперты пришли к выводу, что подлинных письм от Джека Потрошителя не существует, однако из всех писем выделяют три следующих письма, исходя из их исключительности:

  • Письмо «Дорогой начальник…» (англ. The «Dear Boss» letter), датированное 25 сентября, почтовый штемпель и доставка 27 сентября 1888 года Центральным агентством новостей, доставлено в Скотланд-Ярд 29 сентября. Изначально признанное подделкой, однако когда три дня спустя после даты на почтовом штемпеле Эддоус была найдена с частично отрезанным ухом, внимание полиции привлекло обещание в письме «отрезать уши леди» (англ. «clip the ladys ears off», орфография оригинала сохранена). Полиция опубликовала письмо 1 октября в надежде, что кто-либо сможет распознать почерк, но результатов это не принесло. Имя «Джек Потрошитель» было впервые упомянуто в этом письме и стало вскоре печально известным всему миру. Множество последующих писем «от Потрошителя» копировали стиль именно этого письма. После убийств полиция официально заявила, что письмо является мистификацией местного журналиста.[3]

Письмо «Из ада»

  • Открытка «Дерзкий Джеки» (англ. The «Saucy Jacky» postcard), проштемпелевана и получена 1 октября 1888 года Центральным агентством новостей, была написана почерком, похожим на тот, которым было написано письмо «Дорогой начальник…». В ней упоминалось, что две жертвы — Страйд и Эддоус — были убиты вскоре одна за другой: «теперь дважды» (англ. «double event this time)». Это доказывает, что письмо было отправлено до того, как об убийствах стало известно, кем-то, кто знал о них, хотя почтовый штемпель на конверте был поставлен более чем 24 часа спустя после преступления. Полиция впоследствии заявила, что личность журналиста написавшего как это, так и письмо «Дорогой начальник…» установлена.[4]

Джордж Ласк, президент Whitechapel Vigilance Committee.

  • Письмо «Из ада» (англ. The «From Hell» letter), также известное как «письмо Ласка» (англ. «Lusk letter»), проштемпелеванное 15 октября и полученное Джорджем Ласком из комитета бдительности Уайтчепеля 16 октября 1888 года. Ласк открыл небольшой ящичек и обнаружил в нём половину человеческой почки, как заявлялось позднее врачом, сохранённой в «винном спирте» (этаноле). Одна из почек Эддоус была вырезана убийцей. В письме отмечено, что вторую половину он «поджарил и съел».

Тем не менее, в отношении почки существуют разногласия: некоторые утверждают, что она принадлежала Эддоус, в то время, как другие доказывают, что это была «мрачная шутка и не более того».[5]

Некоторые источники приводят другое письмо, датированное 17 сентября 1888 года, как первое сообщение в котором использовалось имя Джек Потрошитель. Многие эксперты уверены, что это современная фальсификация, добавленная в материалы полицейского дела уже в XX веке, намного позже после совершения убийств. Они обращают внимание на то, что оно не содержит ни входящего штампа полицейского органа с датой получения, ни имени ответственного за проверку сведений, указанных в данном письме. Также это письмо не упомянуто ни в одном из дошедших до наших дней полицейских документов.

Проводящиеся на сохранившихся письмах тесты ДНК могут дать результаты, проливающие свет на обстоятельства дела.[6] Австралийский профессор молекулярной биологии Иэн Финдлэй (Ian Findlay), исследуя остатки ДНК, пришёл к заключению, что автором письма скорее всего была женщина. Примечательно, что в те времена, среди подозреваемых была и женщина Мэри Пирси (Mary Pearcey), которая была повешена за убийство жены любовника в 1890 году.

Хирургические навыки Джека Потрошителя

Одним из самых дискуссионных вопросов является уровень познаний Джека Потрошителя в области анатомии. Споры на эту тему начались еще во времена, когда совершались убийства, и продолжаются в кругу исследователей по делу Потрошителя до сих пор. Причиной этому послужили отчёты медицинских экспертов, проводивших вскрытие жертв, которые утверждали, что характер некоторых ранений и то, с каким профессионализмом были извлечены органы жертв, свидетельствует о том, что убийца мог быть высококвалифицированным хирургом.

Почти все врачи, проводившие вскрытие более чем одной из канонических жертв Джека Потрошителя, приписывали ему некоторую осведомлённость в вопросах анатомии и навыки хирурга, только мнения насчёт уровня познаний были очень разными — одни говорили, что такими навыками мог бы вполне обладать обычный мясник, другие утверждали, что это мог быть только хирург.

Так, доктор Филлипс, проводивший вскрытие Энни Чэпмен, утверждал, что убийство было делом рук профессионала, достаточно грамотного в анатомии, чтобы не повредить ударом ножа органы, которые он извлёк. Также доктор Филлипс добавил, что ему бы понадобилось минимум полчаса в спокойной обстановке для того, чтобы произвести подобное извлечение органов, в то время, как убийце хватило всего 15 минут.

Джек Потрошитель в культуре и искусстве

Кинематограф

  • 1976 — Джек-потрошитель — фильм ужасов 1976 года режиссёра Хесуса Франко.
  • 1988 — Джек-потрошитель — телефильм 1988 года.
  • 1995 — эпизод Инквизитор сериала Вавилон-5.
  • 2001 — Возвращение Джека Потрошителя — слэшер, в котором присутсвует аллюзия на способы убийства Джека Потрошителя.
  • 2001 — Из ада — фильм, основанный на истории о Джеке-Потрошителе, по мотивам одноименного романа.
  • 2004 — Возвращение Джека Потрошителя 2 — героиня фильма Молли считает себя потомком известного убийцы, также Джек Потрошитель присутствует в фильме в качестве персонажа в виртуальной реальности.

Литература

  • 1966 — Эллери Куин, «Неизвестная рукопись доктора Уотсона» («Шерлок Холмс против Джека Потрошителя»)
  • 1998 — Борис Акунин, «Декоратор» — Джек Потрошитель, появляется в России 1889 года.
  • 2000 — «Потрошители времени» (Ripping Time) — в рамках серии фантастических романов «Разведчики времени / Time Scout» Роберт Асприн рассматривает свою версию о личности Джека Потрошителя и связанных с ним событий

Музыка

  • 1992 — песня группы Коррозия Металла «Джек-потрошитель», альбом «Садизм»

Компьютерные игры

  • 2009 — Sherlock Holmes vs Jack the Ripper

Ссылки

  • Casebook: Jack the Ripper
  • The Metropolitan Police history of Jack the Ripper обсуждения расследований убийств, приписываемых Джеку Потрошителю.
  • The National Archives — Jack the Ripper изображения и расшифровки писем, авторство которых, как предполагается, принадлежат Джеку Потрошителю.
  • Whitechapel Society 1888 — общественная организация, посвящённая случаю появления Джека Потрошителя. Раз в два месяца собрания этого общества проходят в Лондоне. Имеется рассылка новостей.
  • London, Whitechapel: по следам Джека Потрошителя. Как выглядят сегодня места преступлений Джека-Потрошителя, как самому спланировать прогулку по этим местам.

Литература

  • Филип Сагден «Полная история Джека Потрошителя» ISBN 5-300-02800-2

На английском языке

  • The Complete History of Jack the Ripper by Philip Sugden, (2002) ISBN 0-7867-0276-1
  • The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook by Stewart P. Evans and Keith Skinner, (2002) ISBN 0-7867-0768-2
  • Jack the Ripper: The Facts by Paul Begg, (2004) ISBN 1-86105-687-7
  • Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates by Stewart P. Evans and Donald Rumbelow, (2006) ISBN 0-7509-4228-2
  • The Complete Jack the Ripper by Donald Rumbelow, (Revised edition 2005) ISBN 0-425-11869-X
  • Ripperology by Robin Odell, (2006) ISBN 0-87338-861-5
  • The Jack the Ripper A-Z by Paul Begg, Martin Fido and Keith Skinner, (1996) ISBN 0-7472-5522-9
  • The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper (1999) edited by Maxim Jakubowski and Nathan Braund, ISBN 0-7867-0626-0
  • Casebook: Jack the Ripper edited by Stephen P. Ryder
  • Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell (2001) by Stewart P. Evans and Keith Skinner. Sutton: Stroud. ISBN 0-7509-2549-3

Примечания

  1. Casebook — suspects — prince albert victor
  2. Stewart Evans and Keith Skinner (2001) Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell (англ.)
  3. Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates (англ.)
  4. Stewart Evans and Keith Skinner (2001) Jack the Ripper: Letters From Hell: 29-44
  5. DiGrazia, Christopher-Michael (March 2000). «Another Look at the Lusk Kidney». Ripper Notes. Проверено 2008-09-16.
  6. «Was it Jill the Ripper?» at News.com.au

Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.

Джек-потрошитель
Jack the Ripper
Изображение «With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character», опубликованное в газете Illustrated London News 13 октября 1888 года
Изображение «With the Vigilance Committee in the East End: A Suspicious Character», опубликованное в газете Illustrated London News 13 октября 1888 года
Прозвище Джек-потрошитель
Дата рождения неизвестно
Место рождения неизвестно
Гражданство неизвестно
Дата смерти неизвестно
Место смерти неизвестно
Причина смерти неизвестна
Наказание отсутствует
Убийства
Количество жертв Не менее 5
Период убийств Вторая половина 1888 года в канонических жертвах, 1888-1891 гг. в целом
Основной регион убийств Лондон,
Flag of the United Kingdom.svg Великобритания
Способ убийств Перерезание горла (возможно и удушение)

Джек-потроши́тель[1] (англ. Jack the Ripper) — псевдоним, присвоенный серийному убийце, который действовал в Уайтчепеле и прилегающих районах Лондона во второй половине 1888 года. Прозвище взято из письма, присланного в Центральное агентство новостей (англ. Central News Agency), автор которого взял на себя ответственность за убийства. Многие эксперты считают письмо фальсификацией, созданной журналистами для подогрева интереса публики к истории. Также Потрошителя называют «Убийцей из Уайтчепела» (англ. The Whitechapel Murderer) и «Кожаным Фартуком» (англ. Leather Apron)[2].

Жертвами, приписываемыми Джеку-потрошителю, были проститутки из трущоб, которым убийца перерезал горло перед тем, как вскрыть брюшную полость. Извлечение внутренних органов по крайней мере у трёх из жертв вызвало предположение, что убийца обладает определёнными анатомическими знаниями, свойственными профессиональному хирургу. Слухи о том, что между убийствами существует связь, усилились в период с сентября по октябрь 1888 года, и различными издательствами, и Скотланд-Ярдом было получено много писем, якобы написанных рукой убийцы. К знаменитому письму «Из Ада» (англ. From Hell), которое получил Джордж Ласк (англ. George Lusk) из «Whitechapel Vigilance Committee», была приложена человеческая почка, принадлежавшая одной из жертв. Из-за невероятного по своей жестокости характера убийств и различной информации, появившейся в газетах, многие были уверены, что в Лондоне действовал один серийный убийца, получивший прозвище «Джек-потрошитель».

Содержание

  • 1 Предпосылки
  • 2 Жертвы Джека-потрошителя
    • 2.1 Пять канонических жертв
  • 3 Способ убийства
    • 3.1 Удушение
    • 3.2 Перерезание горла
  • 4 Расследование
    • 4.1 Письма от Потрошителя
  • 5 Хирургические навыки Джека-потрошителя
  • 6 Подозреваемые
    • 6.1 Подозреваемый Сикерт
    • 6.2 Подозреваемый Ван Гог
  • 7 Джек-потрошитель в культуре и искусстве
    • 7.1 Экранизации
    • 7.2 В литературе
    • 7.3 В музыке
    • 7.4 В компьютерных играх
    • 7.5 Аниме и манга
  • 8 См. также
  • 9 Примечания
  • 10 Источники
  • 11 Литература
    • 11.1 На английском языке
  • 12 Ссылки

Предпосылки

В середине XIX столетия Англия переживала наплыв ирландских эмигрантов, наводнивших крупные города, включая район Ист-Энд. Начиная с 1882 года в том же районе поселилось множество евреев, выходцев из Восточной Европы и России[3]. Общины английского Ист-Энда были крайне перенаселены, число жителей всё возрастало, что привело к ухудшению условий труда и быта[4]. Грабежи, насилие и злоупотребление алкоголем стали отличительной чертой жизни перенаселённых районов, повсеместная нищета вынудила многих женщин заниматься проституцией. В октябре 1888 года Городское управление Лондонской полиции выявило, что в городе работает более 1200 проституток и функционирует 62 борделя[5]. Упадок в экономике повлиял на развитие различных социальных тенденций. В период с 1886 по 1889 годы Англию всколыхнула волна публичных демонстраций, в которые вынуждены были вмешаться городские власти[6]. Расизм, высокая преступность и крайняя нищета — вот что характеризует Уайтчепел того времени[7]. Неудивительно, что именно в такое тревожное время общественность потрясла серия невероятно жестоких убийств, которые приписали серийному убийце Джеку-потрошителю[8].

Жертвы Джека-потрошителя

Точное количество жертв Джека-потрошителя в настоящее время неизвестно, является предметом споров и колеблется от 4 до 15. Тем не менее существует список пяти «канонических» жертв, с которым согласны большинство исследователей и лиц, вовлеченных в расследование дела. В частности, главный констебль Управления уголовных расследований Мелвилл Макнайтен (англ. Melville Macnaghten) придерживался версии пяти жертв. С большой вероятностью можно считать, что от руки убийцы также погибла Марта Тэбрем (англ. Martha Tabram), к списку пяти канонических жертв её добавлял инспектор Абберлайн (англ. Frederick Abberline) — один из руководителей расследования по делу Джека-потрошителя.

Пять канонических жертв

Фотография, сделанная полицией после убийства Мэри Келли

Установлено, что пять убийств были делом рук Потрошителя. Его жертвами стали:

  • Мэри Энн Николз (англ. Mary Ann Nichols, также известная как «Полли»), родилась 26 августа 1845 года, убита 31 августа 1888 года. Тело Мэри Николз было обнаружено в 3:40 на Бакс Роу (ныне — Дюрвард-Стрит). Горло было перерезано в результате двух ударов, нанесенных острым лезвием. Нижняя часть брюшной полости была вскрыта — раны носили рваный характер. Кроме того, на теле обнаружено несколько ранений, нанесенных тем же ножом[9].
  • Энни Чэпмен (англ. Annie Chapman, также известная как «Темная Энни»), родилась в сентябре 1841, убита 8 сентября 1888 года. Труп Энни Чэпмен был обнаружен около 6 утра на заднем дворе дома 29 на Хэнбери-стрит в Спиталфилдс. Как и в случае с Николз, горло перерезано в результате двух ударов бритвой[10]. Однако брюшная полость была вскрыта полностью, а из организма женщины была удалена матка[11]. По словам свидетеля, он видел Чэпмен с высоким темноволосым мужчиной[12].
  • Элизабет Страйд (англ. Elizabeth Stride, также известная как «Долговязая Лиз»), родилась в Швеции 27 ноября 1843 года, убита 30 сентября 1888 года. Тело Страйд было обнаружено приблизительно в первом часу ночи, в Датлфилдс-ярд на Беренр-стрит, у неё была отрезана мочка уха, по обещанию Потрошителя.
  • Кэтрин Эддоус (англ. Catharine Eddowes), родилась 14 апреля 1842 года, убита 30 сентября 1888 года в один день с другой жертвой, Элизабет Страйд. Тело Кейт Эддоус обнаружено на Митр-Скуэр в 1:45 ночи.
  • Мэри Джейн Келли (англ. Marie Jeanette Kelly), родилась в Ирландии в 1863 году, убита 9 ноября 1888 года. Изуродованный до неузнаваемости труп Мэри Келли нашли в её собственной комнате в 10:45 утра.

Также важно отметить, что последняя жертва Джека-потрошителя, Мэри Джейн Келли, была самой молодой и привлекательной из всех, а потому зарабатывала больше остальных и имела возможность снимать комнату, в которой её убили.

Способ убийства

Удушение

Сейчас многие исследователи склоняются к мысли, что Джек-потрошитель душил своих жертв перед тем, как их зарезать. При осмотре некоторых убитых женщин врачи нашли следы удушения. Это объясняет тот факт, что в большинстве случаев проживающие поблизости люди не слышали криков во время совершения убийства. Многие ставят эту версию под сомнение, так как однозначных доказательств того, что жертвы были задушены, не существует.

Перерезание горла

Джек-потрошитель перерезал горло слева направо, рана была очень глубокой. Считается, что в крови ему удавалось не запачкаться благодаря тому, что, перерезая горло своей жертве, он одновременно наклонял голову женщины вправо. Вскрывать брюшную полость Джек-потрошитель начинал уже после смерти жертвы. У трёх женщин он извлёк органы и унёс их с собой, у Энни Чэпмен — матку с частью влагалища и мочевого пузыря, у Кэтрин Эддоус была извлечена левая почка и матка, а у Мэри Келли вырезано сердце.

Расследование

Письма от Потрошителя

Во время расследования дела Потрошителя полиция, газеты, представители других организаций получили тысячи писем, так или иначе касающихся дела Потрошителя. Иногда в них содержались основательно продуманные способы поимки убийцы, однако подавляющее большинство их было признано неприменимыми[13].

С точки зрения расследования, гораздо более интересными являлись сотни писем, которые, как в них утверждалось, были написаны самим убийцей. Скорее всего, все они являются мистификацией (большинство считает, что подлинных писем от Джека-потрошителя не существует[источник не указан 51 день]); тем не менее, выделяют три следующих письма, исходя из их исключительности:

  • Письмо «Дорогой начальник…» (англ. The “Dear Boss” letter), датированное 25 сентября; проштемпелёвано 27 сентября 1888 года Центральным агентством новостей, доставлено в Скотланд-Ярд 29 сентября. Изначально было признано подделкой, но когда через три дня после даты на почтовом штемпеле Эддоус была найдена с частично отрезанным ухом, внимание полиции привлекло содержащееся в письме обещание «отрезать леди уши» (англ. “clip the ladys ears off”, орфография оригинала сохранена). Полиция опубликовала письмо 1 октября в надежде, что кто-либо сможет распознать почерк автора, но результатов это не принесло. Имя «Джек-потрошитель», впервые упомянутое в этом письме, вскоре стало печально известным всему миру; множество последующих писем «от Потрошителя» копировали стиль именно этого письма. После убийств полиция официально заявила, что письмо является мистификацией местного журналиста[14].

  • Открытка «Дерзкий Джеки» (англ. The “Saucy Jacky” postcard), проштемпелёванная 1 октября 1888 года Центральным агентством новостей. Написана почерком, похожим на тот, которым было написано письмо «Дорогой начальник…». В ней упоминалось, что две жертвы — Страйд и Эддоус — были убиты вскоре одна за другой: «теперь дважды» (англ. “double event this time”). Это доказывает, что открытка была отправлена до того, как об убийствах стало известно, кем-то, кто действительно знал о них (хотя почтовый штемпель на конверте был проставлен через сутки с лишним после преступления). Полиция впоследствии заявила, что личность журналиста, написавшего как эту открытку, так и письмо «Дорогой начальник…», установлена[15].

Джордж Ласк президент Whitechapel Vigilance Committee

  • Письмо «Из ада» (англ. The “From Hell” letter), также известное как «письмо Ласка» (англ. “Lusk letter”); проштемпелёвано 15 октября, получено Джорджем Ласком из «Комитета бдительности Уайтчепела» (Whitechapel Vigilance Committee) 16 октября 1888 года. Открыв небольшую коробочку, Ласк обнаружил в ней половину человеческой почки (по позднейшему утверждению эксперта-медика, сохранённой в «винном спирте» этаноле). Одна из почек Эддоус была вырезана убийцей. В письме отмечено, что вторую половину он «поджарил и съел».

Тем не менее в отношении почки среди экспертов существуют разногласия: некоторые утверждают, что она принадлежала Эддоус, тогда как другие доказывают, что это была «мрачная шутка и не более того»[16].

Некоторые источники [какие?] приводят в качестве первого сообщения, в котором использовалось имя «Джек-потрошитель», другое письмо, датированное 17 сентября 1888 года. Многие эксперты [кто?], однако, уверены, что это современная фальсификация, добавленная в материалы полицейского дела уже в XX веке, намного позже после совершения убийств. Они обращают внимание на то, что документ не содержит ни входящего штампа полицейского органа с датой получения, ни имени ответственного за проверку сведений, указанных в письме. Кроме того, письмо не упомянуто ни в одном из дошедших до наших дней полицейских документов.

Проводящиеся на сохранившихся в письмах тесты ДНК могут дать результаты, проливающие свет на обстоятельства дела[17]. Австралийский профессор молекулярной биологии Иэн Финдлэй (Ian Findlay), исследуя остатки ДНК, пришёл к заключению, что автором письма, вероятнее всего, была женщина. Примечательно, что ещё в конце XIX века в числе кандидатов на роль Потрошителя упоминалась некая Мэри Пирси, повешенная за убийство жены любовника в 1890 году[18][19][20].

Также Потрошителю нередко приписывается исполнение безграмотной надписи антисемитского содержания на стене дома на лондонской улице Гоулстон-стрит (см.: Настенная надпись на Гоулстон-стрит).

Хирургические навыки Джека-потрошителя

Одним из самых дискуссионных вопросов является уровень познаний Джека-потрошителя в области анатомии. Споры на эту тему начались ещё во времена, когда совершались убийства, и продолжаются в кругу исследователей по делу Потрошителя до сих пор. Причиной этому послужили отчёты медицинских экспертов, проводивших вскрытие жертв, которые утверждали, что характер некоторых ранений и то, с каким профессионализмом были извлечены органы жертв, свидетельствует о том, что убийца мог быть высококвалифицированным хирургом.

Почти все врачи, проводившие вскрытие более чем одной из канонических жертв Джека-потрошителя, приписывали ему некоторую осведомлённость в вопросах анатомии и навыки хирурга, однако мнения насчёт уровня познаний были очень разными — одни говорили, что такими навыками вполне мог обладать обычный мясник, другие утверждали, что это мог быть только хирург. Также медицинские эксперты определили, что он был левшой.

Доктор Филлипс, проводивший вскрытие Энни Чэпмен, утверждал, что убийство было делом рук профессионала, достаточно грамотного в анатомии, чтобы не повредить ударом ножа органы, которые он извлёк. Также доктор Филлипс добавил, что ему бы понадобилось минимум полчаса в спокойной обстановке для того, чтобы произвести подобное извлечение органов, в то время как убийце хватило всего 15 минут [источник не указан 2927 дней].

Последним и самым зверским было убийство Мэри Дженнет Келли: убийца выпотрошил труп, вынул сердце и почки и аккуратно разложил куски тела по комнате.

Подозреваемые

Легенды, окружающие Потрошителя, стали комбинацией исторических исследований, теорий заговора и фольклора. Отсутствие подтверждённых сведений о личности убийцы позволило «рипперологам» (от Ripper; рипперологи — писатели, историки и детективы-любители, изучающие дело Потрошителя; в российской литературе также встречается название «потрошителеведы») обвинить очень многих людей в деяниях Потрошителя. Хорошим примером такой конспирологической легенды является отождествление с Джеком рано умершего внука королевы Виктории принца Альберта Виктора, который в день убийства третьей и четвёртой жертв на самом деле находился в Шотландии (а во время остальных убийств также был вне Лондона)[21]. Британский исследователь Тревор Марриот в своей книге «Джек-потрошитель: расследование XXI века» (вышла на русском языке в 2012 г.) приходит к выводу, что Джеком-потрошителем был Карл Файгенбаум — немец, казнённый на электрическом стуле за убийство[22]. В 2012 году было высказано предположение, что убийцей могла являться женщина — Элизабет Уильямс, бесплодная жена королевского врача Джона Уильямса, который имел связь с одной из жертв[23][24]. Среди подозреваемых были также казнённые за различные убийства Томас Крим, Джордж Чепмен, Фредерик Бейли Диминг и Уильям Генри Бери. Американский терапевт Ричард Уоллис (англ. Richard Wallace) утверждал, что Джеком Потрошителем был Льюис Кэрролл. Эта теория была названа другим исследователем преступлений Максимом Якубовским «дико невероятной» с комментарием, что «достаточно умелый исследователь может собрать доказательства того, что Джеком Потрошителем была королева Виктория или Марк Твен»[25].

По одной из версий, под именем Джека-потрошителя скрывался душевнобольной польский еврей-эмигрант Аарон Косминский (Aaron Kośmiński)[26]. Эту версию, возможно, подтвердил анализ образцов ДНК, результаты которого опубликованы в СМИ в 2014 году[27][28]. Исследования провёл доцент молекулярной биологии из Ливерпульского университета имени Джона Мурса[29] Яри Лоухелайнен. Необходимый для тестов генетический материал он взял с шали, предположительно найденной возле тела Кэтрин Эддоуз, одной из жертв Джека-потрошителя. Эту шаль, которую не стирали после убийства, предоставил бизнесмен Рассел Эдвардс, купивший её в 2007 году на аукционе. По словам предпринимателя, один из полицейских, работавший на месте преступления, забрал платок домой для своей супруги. В результате проделанных анализов Лоухелайнен, сравнивавший найденные на шали образцы с ДНК потомков жертвы и подозреваемых в убийствах, пришёл к выводу, что найденные фрагменты ДНК принадлежат Кэтрин Эддоуз и Аарону Косминскому[30].

По словам Рассела Эдвардса, опубликовавшего в 2014 году книгу о своём расследовании Naming Jack the Ripper[31], серийный убийца работал парикмахером в лондонском районе Уайтчепел. Косминский был одним из подозреваемых в уайтчепельских убийствах, но полиция так и не смогла доказать его вину[32]. На момент совершения первых преступлений (в 1888) Косминскому было 23 года. Позже Косминский также обвинялся в попытке зарезать свою сестру, был признан душевнобольным и в 1891 году отправлен на принудительное лечение, проведя оставшуюся жизнь в психиатрических клиниках. Убийства больше не повторялись.

Результаты исследований Эдвардса и Лоухелайнена не были должным образом опубликованы и не были подвергнуты научному рецензированию, корректность выводов генетических экспертиз также вызвала вопросы специалистов[33][34][35].

Подозреваемый Сикерт

Американская писательница Патриция Корнуэлл утверждает, что благодаря появлению новых улик смогла выяснить личность таинственного Джека-потрошителя. Корнуэлл заявила, что Джеком-потрошителем был британский художник Уолтер Сикерт (1860—1942). О своих подозрениях Корнуэлл писала ещё в 2002 году в книге «Портрет убийцы: Джек Потрошитель — дело закрыто», однако теперь, как утверждает писательница, версия может быть подтверждена документально.

Экспертиза установила, что бумага, на которой написаны три письма с подписью Сикерта и две записки, отправленные лондонской полиции таинственным убийцей в 1888 году, происходит из одной и той же пачки, в которой было всего 24 листа. Если эти данные соответствуют действительности, то, возможно, одну из главных тайн криминалистики можно считать раскрытой.

Подозреваемый Ван Гог

Автор книги «Винсент по прозвищу Джек» Дейл Ларнер сопоставил факты, известные о загадочном Джеке Потрошителе, с некоторыми фактами, касающимися великого художника Ван Гога, и пришел к выводу, что это один и тот же человек. По мнению автора, Ван Гог «запрятал» изображение жертвы Потрошителя на одной из своих картин. Дейл Ларнер нашёл на картине Ван Гога «Ирисы» очертания, напоминающие положение тела и изуродованного лица одной из жертв Джека Потрошителя — Мэри Келли. Во-вторых, обнаружилось сходство написания некоторых букв, взятых из писем Ван Гога и Потрошителя. В-третьих, по версии Ларнера была найдена связь между датой убийств и днем рождения матери Винсента Ван Гога — четыре жертвы лондонского убийцы были обнаружены за несколько дней до дня рождения матери живописца (она родилась 10 сентября). Кроме того голландский художник в возрасте 20 лет переехал из Голландии в Лондон. Расчленённое женское тело было выловлено из Темзы буквально через пару месяцев после его прибытия. Это было первое убийство. Второе последовало ещё через девять дней, как раз когда Винсент получил отказ от дочери своего домовладельца. За период с 24 сентября по 23 декабря 1888 года Джек Потрошитель написал множество писем в полицию. Самый долгий перерыв составил пять дней. Следующий период написания сообщений — 23 декабря 1888 года — 8 января 1889 года. Перерыв составил 16 дней. А 23 декабря Винсент Ван Гог в приступе шизофрении отрезал себе ухо. Он пролежал в больнице до 7 января, откуда не мог отправить письмо. В возрасте 37 лет в 1890 году Винсент ван Гог покончил жизнь самоубийством.[2]

Джек-потрошитель в культуре и искусстве

Экранизации

Широкая известность и одновременно загадочность преступника, а также кинематографические возможности (узкие аллеи, в которых клубится туман, подсвеченный мерцающими газовыми фонарями, вызывающая одежда проституток), привели к появлению колоссального количества фильмов о Потрошителе. Этим фильмам посвящена, в частности, книга Д. Мейкле англ. Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies[36].

  • 1924 — «Кабинет восковых фигур» (реж. Пауль Лени) — Джек-потрошитель — герой третьей новеллы. Роль исполнял крупнейший немецкий актёр Вернер Краус.
  • 1927 — «Жилец» — фильм режиссёра Альфреда Хичкока, аллюзия на историю о Джеке-потрошителе.
  • 1929 —Ящик Пандоры — Джек-потрошитель — второстепенный герой, убивающий главную героиню.
  • 1967 — эпизод «Волк в овчарне» сериала «Звёздный путь: Оригинальный сериал»
  • 1976 — «Джек-потрошитель» — фильм ужасов 1976 года режиссёра Хесуса Франко.
  • 1979 — «Убийство по приказу», фильм режиссёра Боба Кларка рассказывает о противоборстве Шерлока Холмса с Джеком-потрошителем
  • 1979 — «Путешествие в машине времени»
  • 1988 — «Джек-потрошитель» — телефильм 1988 года.
  • 1995 — эпизод «Инквизитор» сериала «Вавилон-5».
  • 1997 — «Потрошитель»
  • 1999 — эпизод «Потрошитель» сериала «За гранью возможного»
  • 2001 — «Возвращение Джека-потрошителя» — слэшер, в котором присутствует аллюзия на способы убийства Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2001 — «Из ада» — фильм, основанный на истории о Джеке-потрошителе, по мотивам одноимённого комикса.
  • 2001 — серия «Нож» сериала «Затерянный мир» посвящена Джеку-потрошителю.
  • 2002 — Брэндон Кэмп, «Джон Доу» — телесериал, в 19 серии 1-го сезона преступники в точности скопировали стиль Джека-потрошителя, включая письма и ампутацию частей тела.
  • 2003 —- «Шанхайские рыцари» —- Джек-потрошитель — эпизодический персонаж, пытался напасть на Чон Лин.
  • 2004 — «Возвращение Джека-потрошителя 2» — героиня фильма Молли считает себя потомком известного убийцы, также Джек-потрошитель присутствует в фильме в качестве персонажа в виртуальной реальности..
  • 2005 — «Собиратель душ» — сериал, 2 сезон 11 серия, в которой представляется версия о том, что Джек-потрошитель был женщиной.
  • 2007 — эпизод «Лечение» сериала «Тайны Смолвилля», один из персонажей этого эпизода признался, что был Джеком-потрошителем так как является бессмертным.
  • 2007 — «Симпсоны» — В Страшном выпуске № 15 одна из историй повествует о Лондоне 1888 года, когда свирепствовал Джек-потрошитель
  • 2008 — «Убежище» — сериал, в котором абнормал(аномалия) по прозвищу Джек-попрыгун является расчленителем из Уайтчепела.
  • 2009 — «Жилец» — триллер, в котором неизвестный убийца полностью повторяет действия Джека-потрошителя
  • 2009 — «Современный потрошитель» — сериал, в котором современные детективы пытаются поймать подражателя Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2010 — «Одержимый (Джек-потрошитель)» — 12-серийный сериал, в котором в наши дни в Санкт-Петербурге живёт человек, вообразивший, будто в нём воплотился неистовый дух лондонского Потрошителя.
  • 2010 — канадский сериал «Наследство сестер Корваль».
  • 2011 — «Доктор Кто» — В серии «Хороший человек идёт на войну» мадам Вастра упоминает, что она съела Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2011 — «Портал юрского периода» — В одном из эпизодов рассказывается о рапторе, который сквозь портал пробрался в старый Лондон. Так и возникла легенда о Джеке-потрошителе — убийце с длинными ножами.
  • 2012 — «Улица потрошителя» — События данного сериала разворачиваются в Лондоне 1889 года, сразу после громких убийств, совершенных Джеком-потрошителем. Команда детективов расследует преступления, попутно стараясь успокоить панику среди жителей Ист-Энда.
  • 2013 — «Механика сердца» — Сцена в поезде. Джек встречает Джека-потрошителя и пытается убежать от него.
  • 2014 — Вечность (телесериал) — В 6 эпизоде «Печальная вещь о психопатах» поднимается тема Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2015 — Гримм (телесериал) — Джек-потрошитель — дух серийного убийцы, чьими жертвами становятся существа-проститутки. Во 2 эпизоде 4 сезона «Голова Осьминога» дух Джека вселяется в тело Шона Ренарда и в 20 эпизоде «Ты не знаешь Джека» начинает убивать проституток Портленда своим знаменитым способом. Хотя Джек был наиболее известен по убийствам в Лондоне 1888 года, в книге Гриммов описывается аналогичная серия убийств, совершённых духом в Люксембурге 1798 года.
  • 2018 — Бэтмен: Готэм в газовом свете (мультфильм)

В литературе

  • 1966 — Эллери Куин, «Неизвестная рукопись доктора Уотсона» («Шерлок Холмс против Джека-потрошителя»)
  • 1969 — Филип Фармер, «Пир потаённый». Джек-потрошитель — отец главных героев романа.
  • 1974 — Джон Гарднер, «Возвращение Мориарти». В одной из глав романа именно профессору Мориарти удаётся установить личность и обезвредить Джека-потрошителя.
  • 1979 — Майкл Дибдин, «Последняя история Шерлока Холмса». Ведя собственное расследование, Шерлок Холмс приходит к выводу, что Джек-потрошитель — это не кто иной, как профессор Мориарти.
  • 1992 — Роберт Блох, «Навек ваш — Потрошитель». Мистический рассказ об убийствах Джека.
  • 1992 — Ким Ньюман «Эра Дракулы». Джек-потрошитель присутствует в качестве одного из основных героев, на действиях которого завязан весь сюжет романа. Сама мотивация и поступки убийцы записаны в виде дневников.
  • 1993 — Роджер Желязны, «Ночь в тоскливом октябре» — прототипом одного из главных героев является Джек-потрошитель.
  • 1994 — Питер Акройд «Процесс Элизабет Кри» — Джеком-потрошителем — в книге он назван «Голем из Лаймхауса» — является молодая красивая актриса мьюзик-холла.
  • 1995 — Том Холланд, «Раб своей жажды». Молодой врач Джон Элиот, один из главных героев, в конце становится Джеком-потрошителем.
  • 1998 — Борис Акунин, «Декоратор» — Джек-потрошитель появляется в России 1889 года, расследованием его убийств занимается Эраст Фандорин.
  • 2000 — «Потрошители времени» — в рамках серии фантастических романов «Разведчики времени» Роберт Асприн рассматривает свою версию о личности Джека-потрошителя и связанных с ним событий.
  • 2001 — Роберт Асприн, «Дом, который построил Джек» — роман с несколькими тесно пересекающимися сюжетными линиями, где Джек-потрошитель выступает одним из главных героев.
  • 2002 — Патрисия Корнуэлл, «Джек-потрошитель. Кто он? Портрет убийцы» — Тайна Джека-потрошителя несколько лет не давала покоя королеве детектива Патрисии Корнуэлл, американской Марининой, превратившись в своеобразную идефикс.
  • 2004 — Антон Ульрих, «Джек. В поисках возбуждения» — роман, олицетворяющий автобиографическое описание жизни Джека-потрошителя с рождения и до момента исчезновения.
  • 2007 — Нора Робертс, «Имитатор» — роман из детективной серии о лейтенанте Еве Даллас, в котором преступник имитирует деятельность Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2007 — Тревор Марриотт, «Джек-потрошитель. Расследование XXI века» — Тревор Марриотт, сотрудник Департамента уголовного розыска в отставке, спустя сто с лишним лет берется за дело Потрошителя. Он анализирует материалы следствия, добывает прежде не известные факты — и выдвигает собственную версию касательно личности уайтчепельского убийцы. Смелый и оригинальный подход к делу, о котором, казалось, известно почти все.
  • 2008 — Георгий Зотов, «Печать луны» — мистический, постмодерновский детектив с элементами сатиры и юмора. Главный герой — бессмертная злодейка, действующая в наше время в выдуманной России и объединяющая в себе образы Элизабет Батори, Джека-потрошителя и других.
  • 2008 — Дмитрий Черкасов, «Записки Джека-потрошителя»
  • 2008 — Джеймс Риз, «Досье Дракулы» — дневник Брэма Стокера до написания «Дракулы», в котором описываются события 1888 года, в которых Стокер принимает непосредственное участие.
  • 2008 — Феликс Пальма, «Карта времени» — роман, научная фантастика, где в начале описываются отношения последней жертвы Джека-потрошителя (Мэри Джейн Келли) и главного героя Эндрю Харрингтона.
  • 2009 — Линдси Фэй, «Прах и тень» («Шерлок Холмс против Джека-потрошителя»)
  • 2009 — Андрей Астахов «Колыбель Тени» — фентези-триллер, где убийства, совершаемые главным злодеем, копируют преступления Джека-потрошителя (перерезание горла и извлечение органов жертв)
  • 2009 — Рик Янси, «Ученик монстролога» — книга в которой один из персонажей (Джон Кернс), предположительно является Джеком-потрошителем.
  • 2011 — Кевин Уильямсон и Джули Плек, «Дневники вампира. Дневники Стефана. Потрошитель» — книга, в который главный персонаж вампир Стефан Сальваторе расследует преступление в Уайтчепеле. Потрошителем оказывается древний вампир Сэмюель.
  • 2011 — Дейкр Стокер и Йен Холт, «Дракула бессмертен» — книга, где в роли Джека-потрошителя представлена Елизавета Батори, ставшая вампиром из-за Дракулы.
  • 2012 — М. Дубровин, «Сыщики. Книга 1. Король воров» — книга, где Джек-потрошитель убивал своих жертв с помощью артефакта «Медуза», обездвиживая их.
  • 2012 — Морин Джонсон, «Имя звезды» — книга, где некто повторяет каноничные убийства Джека-потрошителя в наше время в Лондоне.
  • 2015 — Кассандра Клэр, «Злодей Уайтчепела» — рассказ, в котором Джек-потрошитель оказывается демоном.
  • 2015 — Стивен Хантер, «Я, Потрошитель» — детективный роман об убийствах Джека.
  • 2018 — Лада Лузина, «Джек-Потрошитель с Крещатика. Киевские ведьмы» — ретро-детектив, в убийстве проституток подозревается художник Михаил Врубель

В музыке

  • 1928 ― опера «Лулу» Альбана Берга: Джек-потрошитель появляется в финальной сцене;
  • 1961 — песня «Jack The Ripper» исполнителя Линка Рэя, заглавная песня альбома 1963 года;
  • 1972 — песня «Hands of Jack the Ripper» исполнителя Screaming Lord Sutch из одноимённого альбома;
  • 1976 — песня «Ripper» группы «Judas Priest»;
  • 1979 — композиция «Jack the Ripper» группы «Univers Zero»;
  • 1986 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы Seikima II из альбома «The End of the Century»;
  • 1987 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы Hobbs’ Angel Of Death из альбома «Hobbs’ Angel Of Death»;
  • 1988 — песня «Whitechappel» группы «Manilla Road» из альбома «Out of the Abyss»;
  • 1990 — песня «The Ripper» Литы Форд из альбома «Stiletto»;
  • 1992 — песня «Джек-потрошитель» группы «Коррозия Металла» из альбома «Садизм»;
  • 1992 — песня «Jack The Ripper» исполнителя Моррисси — би-сайд с сингла «Certain People I Know»;
  • 1992 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы «Motörhead» из альбома «March or Die»;
  • 1992 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы «Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds» из альбома «Henry’s Dream»;
  • 2001 — альбом «Sketch Of Supposed Murderer» группы «Morgul» о Джеке-потрошителе. Также «Jack D. Ripper» — это тогдашний псевдоним фронтмена группы;
  • 2001 — песня «Jack» группы «Iced Earth» из альбома «Horror Show»;
  • 2004 — бонус-трек «Jack the Ripper» группы «Malevolent Creation» из альбома «Warkult», в оригинале исполнялась группой Hobbs’ Angel Of Death;
  • 2005 — песня «Jack the Knife» группы «Falconer» из альбома «Grime vs. Grandeur»;
  • 2005 — песня «Махно и Джек-потрошитель» группы «Монгол Шуудан» из альбома «Вечная мерзлота»;
  • 2006 — группа «Whitechapel» взяла название в честь района в Лондоне, прославившемуся благодаря убийствам Джека-потрошителя;
  • 2006 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы «AFI» из альбома «Decemberunderground»;
  • 2007 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы «The Horrors» из альбома «Strange House» (кавер-версия песни Screaming Lord Sutch 1972 года);
  • 2007 — песня «Последний день Мери Энн» группы «Jane Air» из альбома «Sex and Violence»;
  • 2010 — песня «What?» группы «Rob Zombie» из альбома «Hellbilly Deluxe II»;
  • 2010 — песня «Дом, который построил Джек» исполнителя «Гарри Топор» из альбома «Эхо войны»;
  • 2011 — песня «Jack the Ripper» группы «Misfits» из альбома «The Devil’s Rain»;
  • 2011 — веб-миньон «Jack the Ripper» электронного проекта Max Vagner (Malkavian Antitribu);
  • 2013 — песня «Джек из Уайтчепела» группы Vere dictum;
  • 2014 — песня «Художник» группы «Ночь Самайна»;
  • 2017 — песня «Джек» Сергея Дербышова и Алексея Хропова;

В компьютерных играх

  • 1995 — Jack the Ripper[37], разработчик — «Intergalactic Development, Inc.», издатель — Intergalactic Development, Inc.
  • 1996 — Ripper, разработчик — Take-Two Interactive, издатели — Take-Two Interactive и GameTek UK.
  • 2004 — Jack the Ripper[38], разработчик — Galilea Multimedia, издатель — DreamCatcher Interactive
  • 2005 — Still Life[39], разработчик — Microids, издатель — The Adventure Company
  • 2009 — Шерлок Холмс против Джека-потрошителя[40], разработчик — Frogwares Game Development Studio, издатель — Focus Home Interactive
  • 2015 — The Order 1886, разработчик — Santa Monica studio, издатель — Sony Computer Entertainment
  • 2015 — одноимённое DLC к игре Assassin’s Creed Syndicate, разработчик и издатель — Ubisoft.
  • 2018 — маньяк в игре Identity V

Аниме и манга

  • 1987 — в манге «Jojo’s Bizarre Adventures» Джек-потрошитель появляется сначала как серийный убийца, а затем — как второстепенный антагонист, превращённый Дио Брандо в зомби. Вскоре после этого он уничтожен героями, которых был послан убить.
  • 2000 — в манге «Shanghai Yōmakikai» Хирому Аракава главным героем является Джек-потрошитель — демон-страж на границе между миром людей и миром демонов, рука которого превращается в лезвия, способные разрезать всё. Был укрощён директором Демонической корпорации, благодаря чему убийства в Лондоне прекратились.
  • 2008 — «Kuroshitsuji». В нескольких эпизодах герои расследуют знаменитое дело. За основу была взята «женская версия» убийцы.
  • 2008—2009 — «Soul Eater». В первой серии аниме главные герои сражаются с чудовищным Джеком-потрошителем.
  • 2009 — манхва «Hell Blade». Действие разворачивается в 1888 году в Лондоне, запуганном Джеком-потрошителем.
  • 2011 — в аниме «Nаbunagun» есть персонаж, содержащий в себе Х-гены Джека-потрошителя. Персонаж носит соответствующее имя и использует в своём арсенале хирургические инструменты. В бою использует тактику «Расчленения».
  • 2012 — по настоящее время. Манга «Skip beat». Главный герой, актёр Цуруга Рен, снимается в сериале под именем Каин Хил и играет роль Джека-потрошителя.
  • 2015 — В манге «Blood bank» присутствует персонаж-вампир, который создающий хьюманарты(в настоящее время из вампира и ребёнка) и обитающий в трущобах. Он называет себя Джеком-потрошителем(2 том 25 глава). Экранизация этой манги отсутствует.
  • 2017 — в аниме Fate/Apocrypha в роли Ассасина Черных. Представлен в виде маленькой девочки, мастер которой бывшая куртизанка. Для восполнения энергии ест сердца магов, но до этого были и обычные жертвы, расчлененные и без сердца.

См. также

  • Джек-раздеватель
  • Дровосек из Нового Орлеана
  • Зодиак (убийца)
  • «Спальня Джека-потрошителя», картина Уолтера Сикерта (1860—1942), предполагаемого Джека-потрошителя

Примечания

  1. Написание по:
    Русский орографический словарь / Под ред. В. В. Лопатина, О. Е. Ивановой. — 4-е изд., испр. и доп. — М.: АСТ-ПРЕСС КНИГА, 2013. — С. 164. — ISBN 978-5-462-01272-3.;
    § 123.2 // Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации. Полный академический справочник / Под ред. В. В. Лопатина. — М, 2009.
  2. A Jack the Ripper Suspect — Leather Apron
  3. Kershen, Anne J., «The Immigrant Community of Whitechapel at the Time of the Jack the Ripper Murders», in Werner, pp. 65-97; Vaughan, Laura, «Mapping the East End Labyrinth», in Werner, p. 225
  4. Life and Labour of the People in London (London: Macmillan, 1902—1903) (The Charles Booth on-line archive) retrieved 5 August 2008
  5. Evans and Skinner, Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell, p. 1; Police report dated 25 October 1888, MEPO 3/141 ff. 158—163, quoted in Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 283; Fido, p. 82; Rumbelow, p. 12
  6. Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, pp. 131—149; Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 38-42; Rumbelow, pp. 21-22
  7. Marriott, John, «The Imaginative Geography of the Whitechapel murders», in Werner, pp. 31-63
  8. Haggard, Robert F. (1993), «Jack the Ripper As the Threat of Outcast London», Essays in History, vol. 35, Corcoran Department of History at the University of Virginia
  9. Evans and Rumbelow, pp. 60-61; Rumbelow, pp. 24-27
  10. Rumbelow, p. 42
  11. Marriott, pp. 26-29; Rumbelow, p. 42
  12. Begg, Jack the Ripper: The Definitive History, p. 153; Cook, p. 163; Evans and Skinner, The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook, p. 98; Marriott, pp. 59-75
  13. Stewart Evans and Keith Skinner (2001) Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell (англ.)
  14. Stewart Evans and Donald Rumbelow (2006) Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates (англ.)
  15. Stewart Evans and Keith Skinner (2001) Jack the Ripper: Letters From Hell: 29-44
  16. DiGrazia, Christopher-Michael (March 2000). «Another Look at the Lusk Kidney». Ripper Notes. Проверено 2008-09-16.
  17. «Was it Jill the Ripper?» at News.com.au
  18. Donald McCormick, The Identity of Jack the Ripper, Jarrolds, 1959
  19. William Stewart, Jack the Ripper: A New Theory, Quality Press, 1939
  20. «DNA hints at Jill the Ripper, » Jade Bilowol, The Australian, May 17, 2006
  21. Casebook — suspects — prince albert victor
  22. В Британии установили личность Джека-потрошителя
  23. Выдвинута новая версия личности Джека-потрошителя, которая объясняет странности его дела — NEWSru.com, 09.05.12
  24. Nick Enoch, Jacqueline the Ripper? New book claims Britain’s most notorious serial killer was actually a WOMAN — Daily Mail, 08.05.12
  25. Jakubowski, 2008, 359.
  26. Самый известный маньяк в мире оказался евреем
  27. Британский ученый рассекретил Джека-потрошителя // Lenta.ru
  28. Британский сыщик заявил, что установил личность Джека-потрошителя
  29. Edwards R. WORLD EXCLUSIVE: Jack the Ripper unmasked: How amateur sleuth used DNA breakthrough to identify Britain’s most notorious criminal 126 years after string of terrible murders. // Mail Online (6 сентября 2014). Проверено 8 сентября 2014.
  30. Jack the Ripper unmasked: How amateur sleuth used DNA breakthrough to identify Britain’s most notorious criminal 126 years after string of terrible murders // The Daily Mail, 7 September 2014
  31. Edwards R. Naming Jack the Ripper.— Sydney: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2014.— ISBN 978-0-283-07201-7
  32. Знаменитым серийным убийцей, орудовавшим в британской столице в конце 1880-х, оказался польский иммигрант. // НТВ.
  33. Connor S. Jack the Ripper: Has serial killer’s identity been revealed by new DNA evidence? (англ.). // The Independent (7 September 2014). Проверено 9 сентября 2014.
  34. Bodman S. L. Jack the Ripper finally identified by DNA? Maybe, maybe not … (англ.). // OregonLive (6 September 2014). Проверено 9 сентября 2014.
  35. Johnson P. Is Jack The Ripper Aaron Kosminski? Er, no, says expert Mike Covell (англ.)  (недоступная ссылка — история). // Hull Daily Mail (8 September 2014). Проверено 8 сентября 2014. Архивировано 10 сентября 2014 года.
  36. Denis Meikle. Jack the Ripper: The Murders and the Movies. Reynolds & Hearn, 2002. ISBN 1-903111-32-3
  37. Jack The Ripper
  38. Jack The Ripper
  39. [1]
  40. Sherlock Holmes vs Jack the Ripper

Источники

  • Jakubowski, Maxim. The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper. — Robinson, 2008. — 512 p. — ISBN 978-1-8490-1526-4.

Литература

  • Сагден Ф. (англ.)русск.. Полная история Джека-потрошителя = The Complete History of Jack the Ripper / Пер. с англ.. — М.: Терра, 2001. — 544 с. — (Сон разума рождает чудовищ). — ISBN 5-300-02800-2.

На английском языке

  • Begg P. (швед.)русск.. Jack the Ripper: The Facts. — Pavilion Books, 2013. — 300 p. — ISBN 1-86105-687-7.
  • Begg P. (швед.)русск., Fido M., Skinner K. (англ.)русск.. The Jack the Ripper A-Z. — Headline, 1996. — 519 p. — ISBN 0-7472-5522-9.
  • Edwards R. Naming Jack the Ripper: New Crime Scene Evidence, A Stunning Forensic Breakthrough, The Killer Revealed. — Sydney: Sidgwick & Jackson, 2014. — ISBN 978-0-283-07201-7.
  • Evans S. P. (фр.)русск., Skinner K. (англ.)русск.. Jack the Ripper: Letters from Hell. — The History Press, 2013. — 320 p. — ISBN 0-7509-2549-3.
  • Evans S. P. (фр.)русск., Skinner K. (англ.)русск.. The Ultimate Jack the Ripper Sourcebook. — Hachette UK, 2013. — 704 p. — ISBN 0-7867-0768-2.
  • Evans S. P. (фр.)русск., Rumbelow D. (англ.)русск.. Jack the Ripper: Scotland Yard Investigates. — The History Press, 2013. — 320 p. — ISBN 0-7509-4228-2.
  • Jenkins J. P. Jack the Ripper // Britannica.
  • Odell R. Ripperology: A Study of the World’s First Serial Killer and a Literary Phenomenon. — Kent State University Press, 2006. — 272 p. — ISBN 0-87338-861-5.
  • Rumbelow D. (англ.)русск.. The Complete Jack the Ripper. — Random House, 2016. — 384 p.
  • The Mammoth Book of Jack the Ripper / Eds. Maxim Jakubowski (англ.)русск., Nathan Braund. — Hachette UK, 2008. — 512 p.

Ссылки

commons: Джек-потрошитель на Викискладе
  • Casebook: Jack the Ripper
  • Обсуждения расследований убийств, приписываемых Джеку-потрошителю
  • Современный анализ Джека-потрошителя. Перевод монографии Дж. Дугласа ФБР
  • Изображения и расшифровки писем, авторство которых, как предполагается, принадлежат Джеку-потрошителю
  • Общественная организация, расследующая случай Джека-потрошителя. Раз в два месяца собрания этого общества проходят в Лондоне. Имеется рассылка новостей
  • По следам убийцы: от первой до последней жертвы Потрошителя (недоступная ссылка)

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