«Joseph Biden» and «Biden» redirect here. For his son Joseph Biden III, see Beau Biden. For other uses, see Biden (disambiguation).
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Joe Biden |
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Official portrait, 2021 |
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| 46th President of the United States | |
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Incumbent |
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| Assumed office January 20, 2021 |
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| Vice President | Kamala Harris |
| Preceded by | Donald Trump |
| 47th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
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| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Dick Cheney |
| Succeeded by | Mike Pence |
| United States Senator from Delaware |
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| In office January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009 |
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| Preceded by | J. Caleb Boggs |
| Succeeded by | Ted Kaufman |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. November 20, 1942 (age 80) |
| Political party | Democratic (1969–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Independent (before 1969) |
| Spouses |
Neilia Hunter (m. ; died ) Jill Jacobs (m. ) |
| Children |
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| Relatives | Biden family |
| Residences |
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| Alma mater |
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| Occupation |
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| Awards | List of honors and awards |
| Signature |  |
| Website |
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Announcing his positive test for COVID-19 |
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Other offices
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Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ( BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.
Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected to the United States Senate from Delaware in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; he drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. During his two terms as Obama’s vice president, Biden frequently represented the administration in negotiations with congressional Republicans and was a close counselor to Obama. Biden oversaw infrastructure spending to counteract the Great Recession and took a principal role in designing the withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq.
Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president and the first president from Delaware. As president, Biden has addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. He signed the American Rescue Plan Act, which led to accelerated job growth and record low unemployment, the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the largest infrastructure bill in US history and the Inflation Reduction Act (covering climate change, deficit reduction, tax reform and healthcare). It also contained an economic policy, dubbed Bidenomics, designed to increase taxes on bigger corporations and wealthier individuals, to strengthen the middle class. Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified protections for same-sex marriage and repealed DOMA and the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering the Semiconductor and manufacturing industry. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Biden restored America’s membership in the Paris Agreement on climate change. He completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan that had been negotiated and begun under the previous administration, ending the war in Afghanistan, during which the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control. He responded to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing foreign aid and weapons shipments to Ukraine.
Early life (1942–1965)
Biden at Archmere Academy in the 1950s
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[1] at St. Mary’s Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[2] to Catherine Eugenia «Jean» Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[3][4] Robinette is his paternal grandmother’s maiden name.[5] The oldest child in a Catholic family, he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.[6] Jean was of Irish descent,[7][8][9] while Joseph Sr. had English, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry.[10][11][9] Biden’s paternal line has been traced to stonemason William Biden, who was born in 1789 in Westbourne, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[12]
Biden’s father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[13] but he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,[14][15][16] and for several years the family lived with Biden’s maternal grandparents in Scranton.[17] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden’s father could not find steady work.[18] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was ten,[19] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[20][21][15][17] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[17][18][22]
At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[23] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[17][24] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[25][26] He graduated in 1961.[25] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[27][28] and, as an unexceptional student,[29] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science.[30][31]
Biden has a stutter, which has improved since his early twenties.[32] He says he reduced it by reciting poetry before a mirror,[26][33] but some observers suggested it affected his performance in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates.[34][35][36]
Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (1942–1972), a student at Syracuse University,[30] after overcoming her parents’ reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[37] They had three children: Joseph R. «Beau» Biden III (1969–2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina «Amy» Biden (1971–1972).[30]
Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook
In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, after failing a course due to an acknowledged «mistake» when he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[29] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[1]
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Nixon’s conduct of the war.[38] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments, at a time when most draftees were sent to the Vietnam War. In 1968, based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had «asthma as a teenager» was the reason for the deferment.[39]
In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, «thought of myself as a Republican».[40][41] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry’s conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[40] Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[40]
In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat[42][40] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[43] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[40] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[42] Corporate law did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[17] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[44]
In 1970, Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[45][46] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[47][48][49] Biden won the general election by defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[50][51] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[52][53] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[53]
1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
Results of the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware
In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs, and with minimal campaign funds, he was given no chance of winning.[42][17] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[54] an approach made feasible by Delaware’s small size.[44] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[42] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care, and public dissatisfaction with «politics as usual».[42][54] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points.[42] However, his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters’ emotions worked to his advantage,[22] and he won with 50.5 percent of the vote.[54]
Death of wife and daughter
On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware.[30][55] Neilia’s station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[56] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[22] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[57] The accident filled Biden with anger and religious doubt. He wrote that he «felt God had played a horrible trick» on him,[58] and he had trouble focusing on work.[59][60]
After the truck driver passed away in 1999, Biden in 2001 and 2007 accused the truck driver of drinking before the crash, even though the truck driver was never charged, and the chief prosecutor investigating the case stated that there was no evidence of drunk driving.[61] In 2008, Biden’s spokesman said that Biden «fully accepts» that allegations of drunk driving were «false».[62] The truck driver’s daughter said that Biden called her after a 2009 media report to apologize «for hurting my family in any way».[63]
Second marriage
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977.
Biden met the teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[64] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[65][66] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People’s Republic.[67][68] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[69] Biden is Roman Catholic and attends Mass with his wife, Jill, at St. Joseph’s on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[70][71][72] Their daughter, Ashley Biden,[30] is a social worker. She is married to physician Howard Krein.[73] Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate in Iraq and later Delaware Attorney General[74] before dying of brain cancer in 2015.[75][76] As of 2008, Hunter Biden was a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser.[77]
Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[78][79] The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[80][81][82][83]
U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
Senate activities
In January 1973, secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center.[84][56] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family members.[84][56] At 30, he was the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history.[85] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between his Delaware home and D.C.[86]—74 minutes each way—and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[22]
Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[87] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[88] As of 2022, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[89]
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[90] In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens’ concerns and healthcare but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[91] Biden also worked on arms control.[92][93] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s objections.[94] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration’s support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[40]
In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate’s strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[95] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[96] Biden supported a measure[when?] forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them. In 1977, he co-sponsored an amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[97]
Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law’s worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[98] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[99][100] and the Violence Against Women Act,[101] which he has called his most significant legislation.[102] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[103][104] in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a «big mistake», citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill «trapped an entire generation».[105]
In 1993, Biden voted for a provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces.[106][107] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[108] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[109]
Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying «it’s going to be a cold day in hell» before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[110] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[111] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[22] Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[22] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[112] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[87][113]
Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[114][115] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[115] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[115][116] Biden’s recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[117]
Senate Judiciary Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.
As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[22] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval—given in an interview the previous year—of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[118] but at the hearings’ close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[118][119] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[22] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork’s strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[119] Bork’s nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote[119] and then in the full Senate, 58–42.[120]
During Clarence Thomas’s nomination hearings in 1991, Biden’s questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[121] and Thomas later wrote that Biden’s questions were akin to «beanballs».[122] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[123][124] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[22] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[125] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[22] Liberal legal advocates and women’s groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[125] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[126]
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[127] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[92][128] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[127][128] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[129]
Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[128] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[130]
Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[92] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the «lift and strike» policy.[92][127] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[92][128] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[131] Biden said he had told Milošević, «I think you’re a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one.»[131] Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnian Muslims, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman.[131] The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.[92] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his «proudest moment in public life» related to foreign policy.[128] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[92] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[128][132]
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.
Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, «Whatever it takes, we should do it.»[133] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to «eliminate» that threat.[134] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[128] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq’s fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[135] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a «mistake», but did not push for withdrawal.[128][131] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should «level with the American people» about its cost and length.[127][132]
By late 2006, Biden’s stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[128][131] saying General David Petraeus was «dead, flat wrong» in believing the surge could work.[136] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[137] In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq.[138] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for «a third way»: federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis «breathing room» in their own regions.[139] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[138] but the idea failed to gain traction.[136] In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush’s speech to Israel’s Knesset in which Bush compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech «bullshit», «malarkey», and «outrageous».[140]
Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008
1988 campaign
Biden at the White House in 1987
Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[141] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[40][142][143] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[142][143]
By August his campaign’s messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[144] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[145] Biden’s speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[146][147] but did not on two occasions in late August.[148]: 230–232 [147] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[149]
Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[150] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[22][29]
A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[29] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[151] At Biden’s request the Delaware Supreme Court’s Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[152]
Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[153][154] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[155] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[156] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by «the exaggerated shadow» of his past mistakes.[157]
2008 campaign
After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[87][158][159] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama’s.[160] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: «There’s only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11.»[161]
Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[162] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[163] He withdrew from the race that evening.[164]
Despite its lack of success, Biden’s 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[165]: 336 In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama’s quick rise to political stardom,[136][166] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[165]: 28, 337–338 Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden’s campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was «the real deal».[166][165]: 28, 337–338
2008 vice-presidential campaign
Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[167] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[167] and developed a strong personal rapport.[166] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[168] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[169] Others pointed out Biden’s appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[170][171] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[172]
Biden’s vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[173][174] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama’s being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[175][176] Privately, Biden’s remarks frustrated Obama. «How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?» he asked.[165]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden’s blunders «Joe bombs» and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[177] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[165]: 411–414 Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden’s high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[178]
As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[179] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters’ expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[180] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin’s 44%.[175]
On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin’s 173.[181][182][183]
At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[184] as permitted by Delaware law.[87] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O’Donnell.[185] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[186] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[187] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2]
Vice presidency (2009–2017)
First term (2009–2013)
First official portrait of Joe Biden as Vice President of the United States, 2009
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush’s vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.[191] He chaired Obama’s transition team[192] and headed an initiative to improve middle-class economic well-being.[193] In early January 2009, in his last act as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he visited the leaders of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan,[194] and on January 20 he was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States[195]—the first vice president from Delaware[196] and the first Roman Catholic vice president.[197][198]
Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player «who does a bunch of things that don’t show up in the stat sheet».[199] In May, Biden visited Kosovo and affirmed the U.S. position that its «independence is irreversible».[200] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[201][202] but his skepticism was valued,[203] and in 2009, Biden’s views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.[204] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[136] becoming the administration’s point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[203] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden’s responsibility: Obama was said to have said, «Joe, you do Iraq.»[205] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.[206][207]
Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[208] During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred,[203] and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[209]
In late April 2009, Biden’s off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak led to a swift retraction by the White House.[210] The remark revived Biden’s reputation for gaffes.[211][204][212] Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had «misread how bad the economy was» but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.[213] On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was «a big fucking deal» during live national news telecasts. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama’s daughter Sasha and Biden’s granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[177]
Members of the Obama administration said Biden’s role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.[214] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.[199] Obama said, «The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me.»[203] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[215]
Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[216] Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden’s past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.[217][218] He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[217][218] In December 2010, Biden’s advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration’s compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts.[218][219] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
In March 2011, Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown.[220] The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[221][222][223] Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[206][224] lest failure adversely affect Obama’s reelection prospects.[225][226]
Reelection
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[216] but with Obama’s popularity on the decline, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.[227] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,[227] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.[228]
Biden and Obama, July 2012
Biden’s May 2012 statement that he was «absolutely comfortable» with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama’s position, which had been described as «evolving».[229] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.[177][230][231] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden’s statement,[230] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden’s remarks.[232] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[233][234] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[230]
The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[235][206] An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would «put y’all back in chains» once again drew attention to Biden’s propensity for colorful remarks.[235][236][237] In the vice-presidential debate on October 11 with Republican nominee Paul Ryan, Biden defended the Obama administration’s record.[238][239] On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[240] over Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and 51% of the popular vote.[241]
In December 2012, Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[242] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the «fiscal cliff», Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[243][244] It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[244]
Second term (2013–2017)
Official vice president portrait, 2013
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).[245]
Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.[246][247][248]
Biden’s Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[249][250]
Biden favored arming Syria’s rebel fighters.[251] As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.[252][253] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL «to the gates of hell».[254] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.[255] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[256]
Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[257]
Biden with Vice President-elect Mike Pence on November 10, 2016
Role in the 2016 presidential campaign
During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[258] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton’s favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a «Draft Biden 2016» PAC was established.[258][259][260] By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son’s recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, «nobody has a right … to seek that office unless they’re willing to give it 110% of who they are.»[261] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[262][263][264] In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but said he regretted not running for president «every day».[265]
Subsequent activities (2017–2019)
After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president.[266][267]
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[268] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.[269]
Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[270][271][272] He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[273][274] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain’s embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[275] Biden continued to support efforts to find treatments for cancer.[276]
2020 presidential campaign
Speculation and announcement
Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019
Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.[277] When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying «never say never».[278] A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden’s entry into the race.[279] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[280] saying he was prompted to run, among other reasons, by his «sense of duty.»[281]
Campaign
In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.[282] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.[283][284][285] The media widely interpreted this pressure to investigate the Bidens as trying to hurt Biden’s chances of winning the presidency, resulting in a political scandal[286][287] and Trump’s impeachment by the House of Representatives.
In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.[288] Biden had previously called himself a «tactile politician» and admitted this behavior has caused trouble for him.[289] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more «respectful of people’s personal space».[290]
Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020
Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.[291][292] Despite this, he finished fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New Hampshire primary.[293][294] He performed better in the Nevada caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind Bernie Sanders.[295] Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more than 28 points.[296] After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections. Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead overall.[297] Elizabeth Warren and Mike Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.[298]
In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.[299] There were inconsistencies between Reade’s 2019 and 2020 allegations.[299][300] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.[301][302]
When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party’s presumptive nominee for president.[303] On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion from their homes.[304] Former President Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day.[305] On August 11, he announced U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first African American and first South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.[306] On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.[307][308]
Presidential transition
Biden was elected the 46th president of the United States in November 2020. He defeated the incumbent, Donald Trump, becoming the first candidate to defeat a sitting president since Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede, insisting the election had been «stolen» from him through «voter fraud», challenging the results in court and promoting numerous conspiracy theories about the voting and vote-counting processes, in an attempt to overturn the election results.[309] Biden’s transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.[310] On November 23, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.[311]
On January 6, 2021, during Congress’ electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the White House to march to the Capitol, saying, «We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn’t happen. You don’t concede when there’s theft involved.»[312] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events «an unprecedented assault unlike anything we’ve seen in modern times».[313][314] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[315]
Presidency (2021–present)
Inauguration
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.[316] At 78, he is the oldest person to have assumed the office.[316] He is the second Catholic president (after John F. Kennedy)[317] and the first president whose home state is Delaware.[318] He is also the first man since George H. W. Bush to have been both vice president and president, and the second non-incumbent vice president (after Richard Nixon in 1968) to be elected president.[319] He is also the first president from the Silent Generation.[320]
Biden’s inauguration was «a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration» due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president since 1869 to not attend his successor’s inauguration.[321]
2021
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[322][323][324][325] and revoking permits for the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[326][327][328] In his first two weeks in office, Biden signed more executive orders than any other president since Franklin D. Roosevelt had in their first month in office.[329]
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[330]
On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus relief package he proposed and lobbied for that aimed to speed up the United States’ recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing recession.[331] The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the child tax credit. Biden’s initial proposal included an increase of the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, but after the Senate parliamentarian determined that including the increase in a budget reconciliation bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats declined to pursue overruling her and removed the increase from the package.[332][333][334]
Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, «Don’t come over.» In the meantime, migrant adults «are being sent back», Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration’s Title 42 policy for quick deportations.[335] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.[336]
On April 14, Biden announced that the United States would delay the withdrawal of all troops from the war in Afghanistan until September 11, signaling an end to the country’s direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[337] In February 2020, the Trump administration had made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[338] Biden’s decision met with a wide range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.[339] On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. Other countries also increased their pledges.[340][341] On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his first address to a joint session of Congress.[342]
In May 2021, during a flareup in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Biden expressed his support for Israel, saying «my party still supports Israel».[343] In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[344]
On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared Juneteenth a federal holiday.[345] Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since 1986.[346] In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has «a pandemic for those who haven’t gotten the vaccination» and that it was therefore «gigantically important» for Americans to be vaccinated.[347] In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure «peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term»; the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia’s use.[348]
By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden’s appointed judges to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in their first year in office since Ronald Reagan.[349] Biden has prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with the majority of appointments being women and people of color.[350] Most of his appointments have been in blue states, making a limited impact since the courts in these states already traditionally lean liberal.[351]
In the first eight months of his presidency, Biden’s approval rating, according to Morning Consult polling, remained above 50%. In August, it began to decline and lowered into the low forties by December.[352] The decline in his approval is attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.[353][354][355][356]
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages and stock market returns, amid significantly elevated inflation. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.[357][358] Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record during the year.[359][360] By the end of 2021, inflation reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years.[361][362][363][364]
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.[365] The Taliban began an offensive on May 1.[366][367] By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.[338] Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, «The likelihood there’s going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely.»[338]
On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country.[338][368] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[369] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,[370] with the evacuation of Americans and Afghan allies described as chaotic and botched.[371][372][373] On August 16, Biden addressed the «messy» situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation «unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated».[368][374] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be «dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves».[374][375]
On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were «planners and facilitators», according to a U.S. Army general.[376] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians, including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17, calling its killing of civilians «a tragic mistake».[377]
The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies «an extraordinary success».[378] He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.[379]
Infrastructure and climate
As part of Biden’s Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the American Jobs Plan, a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.[380][381] After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,[382][383] while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.[384] Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.[385]
The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the Build Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the social safety net and includes major provisions on climate change.[386][387] The bill did not have Republican support, so Democrats attempted to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, but struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[388] After Manchin rejected the bill,[389] the Build Back Better Act’s size was reduced and comprehensively reworked into the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.[390]
Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.[391] He tried to convince China[392] and Australia[393] to do more. He convened an online Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change to press other countries to strengthen their climate policy.[394][395] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.[396] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40% of global emissions.[397]
2022
In early 2022, Biden made efforts to change his public image after entering the year with low approval ratings due to inflation and high gas prices, which continued to fall to approximately 40% in aggregated polls by February.[398][399][400] He began the year by endorsing a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[401] The rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[402]
Economy
After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled dramatically in Biden’s second year, to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong through the year, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June but began easing in the second half of the year, to 6.5% in December. Stocks had their worst performance since 2008.[403][404][405][406]
Nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson
In January, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, a moderate liberal nominated by Bill Clinton, announced his intention to retire from the Supreme Court. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,[407] a promise he reiterated after the announcement of Breyer’s retirement.[408] On February 25, Biden nominated federal judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court.[409] She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7[410] and sworn in on June 30.[411]
Foreign policy
In early February, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the second leader of the Islamic State.[412] In late July, Biden approved the drone strike that killed Ayman al-Zawahiri, the second leader of Al-Qaeda, and an integral member in the planning of the September 11 attacks.[413]
Also in February, after warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden led the U.S. response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, imposing severe sanctions on Russia and authorizing over $8 billion in weapons shipments to Ukraine.[414][415][416] On April 29, Biden asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,[417] but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.[418] Biden blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging energy and food crises,[419] saying, «Putin’s war has raised the price of food because Ukraine and Russia are two of the world’s major bread baskets for wheat and corn, the basic product for so many foods around the world.»[420]
China’s assertiveness, particularly in the Pacific, remains a challenge for Biden. The Solomon Islands-China security pact caused alarm, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal, as Anthony Albanese succeeded to the premiership of Australia and Jacinda Ardern’s government took a firmer line on Chinese influence.[421][422][423] In a September interview with 60 Minutes, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of «an unprecedented attack» by the Chinese,[424] which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of «strategic ambiguity» toward China and Taiwan.[425][426][427] The September comments came after three previous comments by Biden that the U.S. would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion.[428] Amid increasing tension with China, Biden’s administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that U.S. policy toward Taiwan has not changed.[428][429][425] In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.[430]
Biden with Arab leaders at the GCC+3 summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on July 16, 2022
The 2022 OPEC+ oil production cut caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, widening the rift between the two countries, and threatening a longstanding alliance.[431][432]
COVID-19 diagnosis
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[433] According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[434] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days[435] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[436]
Domestic policy
In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 to revamp the finances and operations of the United States Postal Service agency.[437]
On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps on the Mexico–United States border in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. During his presidential campaign, Biden had pledged to cease all future border wall construction.[438] This occurred after both allies and critics of Biden criticized his administration’s management of the southern border.[439]
In the summer of 2022, several other pieces of legislation Biden supported passed Congress. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[440] The gun control laws in the bill include extended background checks for gun purchasers under 21, clarification of Federal Firearms License requirements, funding for state red flag laws and other crisis intervention programs, further criminalization of arms trafficking and straw purchases, and partial closure of the boyfriend loophole.[441][442][443] Biden signed the bill on June 25, 2022.[444]
The Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 was introduced in 2021, and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.[445] The act intends to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during military service, including burn pits.[446] The bill gained significant media coverage due to the activism of comedian Jon Stewart.[447]
Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.[448] The act provides billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States, to compete economically with China.[449]
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was introduced by Senators Chuck Schumer and Joe Manchin, resulting from continuing negotiations on Biden’s initial Build Back Better agenda, which Manchin had blocked the previous year.[450][451] The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and climate change, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of Affordable Care Act subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and tax reform.[452] According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower US greenhouse gas emissions between 31% and 44% below 2005 levels by 2030.[453] On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie. The bill was passed by the House on August 12[453] and was signed by Biden on August 16.[454][455]
On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of small amounts of marijuana possession under federal law.[456]
On December 13, 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages in the United States.[457]
2022 elections
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Biden called for a «battle for the soul of the nation». Off camera, he called active Trump supporters «semi-fascists», which Republican commentators denounced.[458][459][460] A predicted Republican wave election did not materialize and the race for U.S. Congress control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of 222 seats in the House of Representatives,[461][462][463][464] and Democrats keeping control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats, a gain of one seat from the last Congress.[465][n 3]
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president’s party lost no state legislative chambers.[467] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,[468] and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[469]
2023
Discovery of classified documents
On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden’s attorneys found classified documents dating to his vice presidency in a «locked closet».[470][471] According to the White House, the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives, which recovered the documents the next day.[471] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden’s Wilmington, Delaware residence.[472] In January 2023, these findings were made public, and on January 12, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel to investigate «possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records».[473] On January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden’s Wilmington residence.[474]
Foreign policy
On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and first lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.[475] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[476] The trip was unannounced, and involved major security coordination to ensure safety.[477]
Political positions
Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being introduced to President Obama by Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S. ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul, is pictured in the background.
Biden is considered a moderate Democrat[478] and a centrist.[479][480] Throughout his long career, his positions have been aligned with the center of the Democratic Party.[481] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden’s «most valuable political skill» was «an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic party.»[482]
Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses’ ability to hire.[483][484] He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[485] and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[486] Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[487][488] He has promoted a plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.[487] Biden’s plan aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health insurance option.[489]
Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012[490][491] and also supports Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde Amendment.[492][493] He opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[494] As a senator, he forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer’s Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.[495][496] In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,[497] after zealously advocating the War on Drugs as a U.S. senator.[498][better source needed]
Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.[499] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.[500] His program includes reentering the Paris Agreement, nature conservation, and green building.[501]
Biden has said the U.S. needs to «get tough» on China, calling it the «most serious competitor» that poses challenges to the United States’ «prosperity, security, and democratic values».[502] Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.[504][505]
Biden has said he is against regime change, but for providing non-military support to opposition movements.[506] He opposed direct U.S. intervention in Libya,[507][214] voted against U.S. participation in the Gulf War,[508] voted in favor of the Iraq War,[509] and supports a two-state solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[510] Biden has pledged to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States’ relationship with Saudi Arabia.[271] Biden supports extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.[511][512] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.[513][n 4]
Reputation
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[516][517][518] which he attributed to his having been elected young.[519] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.[98] As of November 2009, Biden’s net worth was $27,012.[520] By November 2020, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden’s books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.[521][522][523][524]
The political writer Howard Fineman has written, «Biden is not an academic, he’s not a theoretical thinker, he’s a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift.»[44] Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: «He responds to real people—that’s been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better.»[44] Journalist James Traub has written that «Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself.»[136]
In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[525][526] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him «healer-in-chief», while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[527]
Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious.[528] He often deviates from prepared remarks[529] and sometimes «puts his foot in his mouth.»[530][173][531][532] Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes and in 2018 called himself «a gaffe machine».[533][534] The New York Times wrote that Biden’s «weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything.»[173]
According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New Yorker in 2014.[535][536] For instance, Biden has claimed to have been more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.[535] The Times wrote, «Mr. Biden’s folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don’t quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences.»[536]
Electoral history
| Year | Office | Type | Party | Main opponent | Party | Votes for Biden | Result | Swing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | ±% | |||||||||||
| 1970 | Councillor | General | Democratic | Lawrence T. Messick | Republican | 10,573 | 55.41% | 1st | N/A | Won | Gain | |||
| 1972 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | J. Caleb Boggs (I) | Republican | 116,006 | 50.48% | 1st | +9.59% | Won | Gain | |||
| 1978 | General | Democratic | James H. Baxter Jr. | Republican | 93,930 | 57.96% | 1st | +7.48% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1984 | General | Democratic | John M. Burris | Republican | 147,831 | 60.11% | 1st | +2.15% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1988 | President | Primary | Democratic | Michael Dukakis | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| 1990 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | M. Jane Brady | Republican | 112,918 | 62.68% | 1st | +2.57% | Won | Hold | |||
| 1996 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 165,465 | 60.04% | 1st | −2.64% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2002 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 135,253 | 58.22% | 1st | −1.82% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | General | Democratic | Christine O’Donnell | Republican | 257,539 | 64.69% | 1st | +6.47% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | President | Primary | Democratic | Barack Obama | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| Vice president | General | Sarah Palin | Republican | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 1st | +4.66% | Won | Gain | |||||
| Electoral | 365 E.V. | 67.84% | 1st | +21.19% | ||||||||||
| 2012 | General | Democratic | Paul Ryan | Republican | 65,915,795 | 51.06% | 1st | −1.87% | Won | Hold | ||||
| Electoral | 332 E.V. | 61.71% | 1st | −6.13% | ||||||||||
| 2020 | President | Primary | Democratic | Bernie Sanders | Democratic | 19,080,152 | 51.68% | 1st | N/A | Won | N/A | |||
| Convention | 3,558 D. | 74.92% | 1st | N/A | ||||||||||
| General | Donald Trump (I) | Republican | 81,268,924 | 51.31% | 1st | +3.13% | Won | Gain | ||||||
| Electoral | 306 E.V. | 56.88% | 1st | +14.69% |
Publications
See also
- 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
- 2020 United States presidential debates
- Cabinet of Joe Biden
- List of honors and awards received by Joe Biden
- List of things named after Joe Biden
Notes
- ^ Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
- ^ Delaware’s Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden’s longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[188] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware’s special Senate election in 2010.[188] Biden’s son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[189] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[190]
- ^ Kyrsten Sinema, whose seat was not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became an independent politician in December 2022, after the election but before the swearing in of the next Congress. As a result, 48 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate upon commencement of the 118th United States Congress, on January 3, 2023. Sinema has ruled out caucusing with Republicans, and she has said she intends to align mostly with Democrats and keep her committee assignments.[466]
- ^ In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.[514][515]
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But, boy, does he say some curious things. A day on the campaign trail without a cringe-inducing gaffe is a rare blessing. He has not been too blessed lately…. a human verbal wrecking crew.
- ^ a b Osnos, Evan (July 20, 2014). «The Evolution of Joe Biden». The New Yorker. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
- ^ a b Shear, Michael D.; Qiu, Linda (October 10, 2022). «Biden, Storyteller in Chief, Spins Yarns That Often Unravel». The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
Works cited
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. Washington. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
- Gadsen, Brett (October 8, 2012). Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2.
- Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
- Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
- Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
- Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
- Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
- Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
Further reading
- Whipple, Chris. The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden’s White House (Scribner, 2023)excerpt comprehensive history of first two years.
External links
Official
- President Joe Biden official website
- Presidential campaign website
- Obama White House biography (archived)
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
Other
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Joe Biden at Curlie
- Joe Biden at IMDb
- Joe Biden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Joe Biden at On the Issues
- Joe Biden at PolitiFact
- Joe Biden on Twitter
- Profile at Vote Smart
«Joseph Biden» and «Biden» redirect here. For his son Joseph Biden III, see Beau Biden. For other uses, see Biden (disambiguation).
|
Joe Biden |
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|---|---|
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Official portrait, 2021 |
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| 46th President of the United States | |
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Incumbent |
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| Assumed office January 20, 2021 |
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| Vice President | Kamala Harris |
| Preceded by | Donald Trump |
| 47th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
|
| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Dick Cheney |
| Succeeded by | Mike Pence |
| United States Senator from Delaware |
|
| In office January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009 |
|
| Preceded by | J. Caleb Boggs |
| Succeeded by | Ted Kaufman |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. November 20, 1942 (age 80) |
| Political party | Democratic (1969–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Independent (before 1969) |
| Spouses |
Neilia Hunter (m. ; died ) Jill Jacobs (m. ) |
| Children |
|
| Relatives | Biden family |
| Residences |
|
| Alma mater |
|
| Occupation |
|
| Awards | List of honors and awards |
| Signature | |
| Website |
|
|
Announcing his positive test for COVID-19 |
|
|
Other offices
|
|
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ( BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.
Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected to the United States Senate from Delaware in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; he drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. During his two terms as Obama’s vice president, Biden frequently represented the administration in negotiations with congressional Republicans and was a close counselor to Obama. Biden oversaw infrastructure spending to counteract the Great Recession and took a principal role in designing the withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq.
Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president and the first president from Delaware. As president, Biden has addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. He signed the American Rescue Plan Act, which led to accelerated job growth and record low unemployment, the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the largest infrastructure bill in US history and the Inflation Reduction Act (covering climate change, deficit reduction, tax reform and healthcare). It also contained an economic policy, dubbed Bidenomics, designed to increase taxes on bigger corporations and wealthier individuals, to strengthen the middle class. Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified protections for same-sex marriage and repealed DOMA and the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering the Semiconductor and manufacturing industry. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Biden restored America’s membership in the Paris Agreement on climate change. He completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan that had been negotiated and begun under the previous administration, ending the war in Afghanistan, during which the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control. He responded to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing foreign aid and weapons shipments to Ukraine.
Early life (1942–1965)
Biden at Archmere Academy in the 1950s
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[1] at St. Mary’s Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[2] to Catherine Eugenia «Jean» Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[3][4] Robinette is his paternal grandmother’s maiden name.[5] The oldest child in a Catholic family, he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.[6] Jean was of Irish descent,[7][8][9] while Joseph Sr. had English, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry.[10][11][9] Biden’s paternal line has been traced to stonemason William Biden, who was born in 1789 in Westbourne, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[12]
Biden’s father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[13] but he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,[14][15][16] and for several years the family lived with Biden’s maternal grandparents in Scranton.[17] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden’s father could not find steady work.[18] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was ten,[19] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[20][21][15][17] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[17][18][22]
At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[23] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[17][24] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[25][26] He graduated in 1961.[25] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[27][28] and, as an unexceptional student,[29] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science.[30][31]
Biden has a stutter, which has improved since his early twenties.[32] He says he reduced it by reciting poetry before a mirror,[26][33] but some observers suggested it affected his performance in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates.[34][35][36]
Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (1942–1972), a student at Syracuse University,[30] after overcoming her parents’ reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[37] They had three children: Joseph R. «Beau» Biden III (1969–2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina «Amy» Biden (1971–1972).[30]
Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook
In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, after failing a course due to an acknowledged «mistake» when he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[29] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[1]
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Nixon’s conduct of the war.[38] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments, at a time when most draftees were sent to the Vietnam War. In 1968, based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had «asthma as a teenager» was the reason for the deferment.[39]
In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, «thought of myself as a Republican».[40][41] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry’s conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[40] Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[40]
In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat[42][40] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[43] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[40] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[42] Corporate law did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[17] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[44]
In 1970, Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[45][46] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[47][48][49] Biden won the general election by defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[50][51] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[52][53] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[53]
1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
Results of the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware
In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs, and with minimal campaign funds, he was given no chance of winning.[42][17] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[54] an approach made feasible by Delaware’s small size.[44] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[42] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care, and public dissatisfaction with «politics as usual».[42][54] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points.[42] However, his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters’ emotions worked to his advantage,[22] and he won with 50.5 percent of the vote.[54]
Death of wife and daughter
On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware.[30][55] Neilia’s station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[56] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[22] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[57] The accident filled Biden with anger and religious doubt. He wrote that he «felt God had played a horrible trick» on him,[58] and he had trouble focusing on work.[59][60]
After the truck driver passed away in 1999, Biden in 2001 and 2007 accused the truck driver of drinking before the crash, even though the truck driver was never charged, and the chief prosecutor investigating the case stated that there was no evidence of drunk driving.[61] In 2008, Biden’s spokesman said that Biden «fully accepts» that allegations of drunk driving were «false».[62] The truck driver’s daughter said that Biden called her after a 2009 media report to apologize «for hurting my family in any way».[63]
Second marriage
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977.
Biden met the teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[64] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[65][66] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People’s Republic.[67][68] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[69] Biden is Roman Catholic and attends Mass with his wife, Jill, at St. Joseph’s on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[70][71][72] Their daughter, Ashley Biden,[30] is a social worker. She is married to physician Howard Krein.[73] Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate in Iraq and later Delaware Attorney General[74] before dying of brain cancer in 2015.[75][76] As of 2008, Hunter Biden was a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser.[77]
Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[78][79] The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[80][81][82][83]
U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
Senate activities
In January 1973, secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center.[84][56] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family members.[84][56] At 30, he was the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history.[85] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between his Delaware home and D.C.[86]—74 minutes each way—and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[22]
Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[87] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[88] As of 2022, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[89]
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[90] In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens’ concerns and healthcare but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[91] Biden also worked on arms control.[92][93] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s objections.[94] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration’s support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[40]
In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate’s strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[95] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[96] Biden supported a measure[when?] forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them. In 1977, he co-sponsored an amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[97]
Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law’s worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[98] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[99][100] and the Violence Against Women Act,[101] which he has called his most significant legislation.[102] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[103][104] in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a «big mistake», citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill «trapped an entire generation».[105]
In 1993, Biden voted for a provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces.[106][107] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[108] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[109]
Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying «it’s going to be a cold day in hell» before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[110] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[111] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[22] Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[22] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[112] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[87][113]
Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[114][115] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[115] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[115][116] Biden’s recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[117]
Senate Judiciary Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.
As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[22] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval—given in an interview the previous year—of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[118] but at the hearings’ close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[118][119] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[22] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork’s strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[119] Bork’s nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote[119] and then in the full Senate, 58–42.[120]
During Clarence Thomas’s nomination hearings in 1991, Biden’s questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[121] and Thomas later wrote that Biden’s questions were akin to «beanballs».[122] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[123][124] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[22] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[125] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[22] Liberal legal advocates and women’s groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[125] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[126]
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[127] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[92][128] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[127][128] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[129]
Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[128] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[130]
Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[92] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the «lift and strike» policy.[92][127] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[92][128] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[131] Biden said he had told Milošević, «I think you’re a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one.»[131] Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnian Muslims, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman.[131] The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.[92] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his «proudest moment in public life» related to foreign policy.[128] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[92] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[128][132]
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.
Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, «Whatever it takes, we should do it.»[133] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to «eliminate» that threat.[134] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[128] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq’s fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[135] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a «mistake», but did not push for withdrawal.[128][131] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should «level with the American people» about its cost and length.[127][132]
By late 2006, Biden’s stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[128][131] saying General David Petraeus was «dead, flat wrong» in believing the surge could work.[136] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[137] In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq.[138] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for «a third way»: federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis «breathing room» in their own regions.[139] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[138] but the idea failed to gain traction.[136] In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush’s speech to Israel’s Knesset in which Bush compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech «bullshit», «malarkey», and «outrageous».[140]
Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008
1988 campaign
Biden at the White House in 1987
Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[141] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[40][142][143] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[142][143]
By August his campaign’s messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[144] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[145] Biden’s speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[146][147] but did not on two occasions in late August.[148]: 230–232 [147] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[149]
Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[150] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[22][29]
A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[29] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[151] At Biden’s request the Delaware Supreme Court’s Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[152]
Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[153][154] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[155] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[156] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by «the exaggerated shadow» of his past mistakes.[157]
2008 campaign
After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[87][158][159] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama’s.[160] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: «There’s only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11.»[161]
Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[162] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[163] He withdrew from the race that evening.[164]
Despite its lack of success, Biden’s 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[165]: 336 In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama’s quick rise to political stardom,[136][166] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[165]: 28, 337–338 Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden’s campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was «the real deal».[166][165]: 28, 337–338
2008 vice-presidential campaign
Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[167] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[167] and developed a strong personal rapport.[166] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[168] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[169] Others pointed out Biden’s appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[170][171] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[172]
Biden’s vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[173][174] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama’s being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[175][176] Privately, Biden’s remarks frustrated Obama. «How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?» he asked.[165]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden’s blunders «Joe bombs» and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[177] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[165]: 411–414 Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden’s high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[178]
As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[179] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters’ expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[180] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin’s 44%.[175]
On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin’s 173.[181][182][183]
At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[184] as permitted by Delaware law.[87] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O’Donnell.[185] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[186] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[187] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2]
Vice presidency (2009–2017)
First term (2009–2013)
First official portrait of Joe Biden as Vice President of the United States, 2009
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush’s vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.[191] He chaired Obama’s transition team[192] and headed an initiative to improve middle-class economic well-being.[193] In early January 2009, in his last act as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he visited the leaders of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan,[194] and on January 20 he was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States[195]—the first vice president from Delaware[196] and the first Roman Catholic vice president.[197][198]
Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player «who does a bunch of things that don’t show up in the stat sheet».[199] In May, Biden visited Kosovo and affirmed the U.S. position that its «independence is irreversible».[200] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[201][202] but his skepticism was valued,[203] and in 2009, Biden’s views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.[204] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[136] becoming the administration’s point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[203] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden’s responsibility: Obama was said to have said, «Joe, you do Iraq.»[205] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.[206][207]
Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[208] During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred,[203] and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[209]
In late April 2009, Biden’s off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak led to a swift retraction by the White House.[210] The remark revived Biden’s reputation for gaffes.[211][204][212] Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had «misread how bad the economy was» but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.[213] On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was «a big fucking deal» during live national news telecasts. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama’s daughter Sasha and Biden’s granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[177]
Members of the Obama administration said Biden’s role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.[214] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.[199] Obama said, «The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me.»[203] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[215]
Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[216] Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden’s past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.[217][218] He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[217][218] In December 2010, Biden’s advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration’s compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts.[218][219] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
In March 2011, Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown.[220] The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[221][222][223] Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[206][224] lest failure adversely affect Obama’s reelection prospects.[225][226]
Reelection
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[216] but with Obama’s popularity on the decline, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.[227] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,[227] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.[228]
Biden and Obama, July 2012
Biden’s May 2012 statement that he was «absolutely comfortable» with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama’s position, which had been described as «evolving».[229] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.[177][230][231] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden’s statement,[230] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden’s remarks.[232] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[233][234] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[230]
The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[235][206] An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would «put y’all back in chains» once again drew attention to Biden’s propensity for colorful remarks.[235][236][237] In the vice-presidential debate on October 11 with Republican nominee Paul Ryan, Biden defended the Obama administration’s record.[238][239] On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[240] over Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and 51% of the popular vote.[241]
In December 2012, Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[242] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the «fiscal cliff», Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[243][244] It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[244]
Second term (2013–2017)
Official vice president portrait, 2013
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).[245]
Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.[246][247][248]
Biden’s Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[249][250]
Biden favored arming Syria’s rebel fighters.[251] As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.[252][253] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL «to the gates of hell».[254] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.[255] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[256]
Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[257]
Biden with Vice President-elect Mike Pence on November 10, 2016
Role in the 2016 presidential campaign
During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[258] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton’s favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a «Draft Biden 2016» PAC was established.[258][259][260] By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son’s recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, «nobody has a right … to seek that office unless they’re willing to give it 110% of who they are.»[261] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[262][263][264] In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but said he regretted not running for president «every day».[265]
Subsequent activities (2017–2019)
After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president.[266][267]
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[268] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.[269]
Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[270][271][272] He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[273][274] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain’s embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[275] Biden continued to support efforts to find treatments for cancer.[276]
2020 presidential campaign
Speculation and announcement
Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019
Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.[277] When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying «never say never».[278] A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden’s entry into the race.[279] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[280] saying he was prompted to run, among other reasons, by his «sense of duty.»[281]
Campaign
In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.[282] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.[283][284][285] The media widely interpreted this pressure to investigate the Bidens as trying to hurt Biden’s chances of winning the presidency, resulting in a political scandal[286][287] and Trump’s impeachment by the House of Representatives.
In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.[288] Biden had previously called himself a «tactile politician» and admitted this behavior has caused trouble for him.[289] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more «respectful of people’s personal space».[290]
Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020
Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.[291][292] Despite this, he finished fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New Hampshire primary.[293][294] He performed better in the Nevada caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind Bernie Sanders.[295] Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more than 28 points.[296] After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections. Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead overall.[297] Elizabeth Warren and Mike Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.[298]
In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.[299] There were inconsistencies between Reade’s 2019 and 2020 allegations.[299][300] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.[301][302]
When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party’s presumptive nominee for president.[303] On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion from their homes.[304] Former President Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day.[305] On August 11, he announced U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first African American and first South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.[306] On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.[307][308]
Presidential transition
Biden was elected the 46th president of the United States in November 2020. He defeated the incumbent, Donald Trump, becoming the first candidate to defeat a sitting president since Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede, insisting the election had been «stolen» from him through «voter fraud», challenging the results in court and promoting numerous conspiracy theories about the voting and vote-counting processes, in an attempt to overturn the election results.[309] Biden’s transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.[310] On November 23, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.[311]
On January 6, 2021, during Congress’ electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the White House to march to the Capitol, saying, «We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn’t happen. You don’t concede when there’s theft involved.»[312] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events «an unprecedented assault unlike anything we’ve seen in modern times».[313][314] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[315]
Presidency (2021–present)
Inauguration
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.[316] At 78, he is the oldest person to have assumed the office.[316] He is the second Catholic president (after John F. Kennedy)[317] and the first president whose home state is Delaware.[318] He is also the first man since George H. W. Bush to have been both vice president and president, and the second non-incumbent vice president (after Richard Nixon in 1968) to be elected president.[319] He is also the first president from the Silent Generation.[320]
Biden’s inauguration was «a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration» due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president since 1869 to not attend his successor’s inauguration.[321]
2021
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[322][323][324][325] and revoking permits for the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[326][327][328] In his first two weeks in office, Biden signed more executive orders than any other president since Franklin D. Roosevelt had in their first month in office.[329]
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[330]
On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus relief package he proposed and lobbied for that aimed to speed up the United States’ recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing recession.[331] The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the child tax credit. Biden’s initial proposal included an increase of the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, but after the Senate parliamentarian determined that including the increase in a budget reconciliation bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats declined to pursue overruling her and removed the increase from the package.[332][333][334]
Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, «Don’t come over.» In the meantime, migrant adults «are being sent back», Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration’s Title 42 policy for quick deportations.[335] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.[336]
On April 14, Biden announced that the United States would delay the withdrawal of all troops from the war in Afghanistan until September 11, signaling an end to the country’s direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[337] In February 2020, the Trump administration had made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[338] Biden’s decision met with a wide range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.[339] On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. Other countries also increased their pledges.[340][341] On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his first address to a joint session of Congress.[342]
In May 2021, during a flareup in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Biden expressed his support for Israel, saying «my party still supports Israel».[343] In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[344]
On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared Juneteenth a federal holiday.[345] Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since 1986.[346] In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has «a pandemic for those who haven’t gotten the vaccination» and that it was therefore «gigantically important» for Americans to be vaccinated.[347] In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure «peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term»; the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia’s use.[348]
By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden’s appointed judges to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in their first year in office since Ronald Reagan.[349] Biden has prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with the majority of appointments being women and people of color.[350] Most of his appointments have been in blue states, making a limited impact since the courts in these states already traditionally lean liberal.[351]
In the first eight months of his presidency, Biden’s approval rating, according to Morning Consult polling, remained above 50%. In August, it began to decline and lowered into the low forties by December.[352] The decline in his approval is attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.[353][354][355][356]
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages and stock market returns, amid significantly elevated inflation. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.[357][358] Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record during the year.[359][360] By the end of 2021, inflation reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years.[361][362][363][364]
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.[365] The Taliban began an offensive on May 1.[366][367] By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.[338] Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, «The likelihood there’s going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely.»[338]
On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country.[338][368] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[369] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,[370] with the evacuation of Americans and Afghan allies described as chaotic and botched.[371][372][373] On August 16, Biden addressed the «messy» situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation «unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated».[368][374] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be «dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves».[374][375]
On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were «planners and facilitators», according to a U.S. Army general.[376] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians, including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17, calling its killing of civilians «a tragic mistake».[377]
The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies «an extraordinary success».[378] He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.[379]
Infrastructure and climate
As part of Biden’s Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the American Jobs Plan, a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.[380][381] After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,[382][383] while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.[384] Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.[385]
The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the Build Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the social safety net and includes major provisions on climate change.[386][387] The bill did not have Republican support, so Democrats attempted to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, but struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[388] After Manchin rejected the bill,[389] the Build Back Better Act’s size was reduced and comprehensively reworked into the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.[390]
Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.[391] He tried to convince China[392] and Australia[393] to do more. He convened an online Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change to press other countries to strengthen their climate policy.[394][395] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.[396] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40% of global emissions.[397]
2022
In early 2022, Biden made efforts to change his public image after entering the year with low approval ratings due to inflation and high gas prices, which continued to fall to approximately 40% in aggregated polls by February.[398][399][400] He began the year by endorsing a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[401] The rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[402]
Economy
After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled dramatically in Biden’s second year, to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong through the year, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June but began easing in the second half of the year, to 6.5% in December. Stocks had their worst performance since 2008.[403][404][405][406]
Nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson
In January, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, a moderate liberal nominated by Bill Clinton, announced his intention to retire from the Supreme Court. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,[407] a promise he reiterated after the announcement of Breyer’s retirement.[408] On February 25, Biden nominated federal judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court.[409] She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7[410] and sworn in on June 30.[411]
Foreign policy
In early February, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the second leader of the Islamic State.[412] In late July, Biden approved the drone strike that killed Ayman al-Zawahiri, the second leader of Al-Qaeda, and an integral member in the planning of the September 11 attacks.[413]
Also in February, after warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden led the U.S. response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, imposing severe sanctions on Russia and authorizing over $8 billion in weapons shipments to Ukraine.[414][415][416] On April 29, Biden asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,[417] but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.[418] Biden blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging energy and food crises,[419] saying, «Putin’s war has raised the price of food because Ukraine and Russia are two of the world’s major bread baskets for wheat and corn, the basic product for so many foods around the world.»[420]
China’s assertiveness, particularly in the Pacific, remains a challenge for Biden. The Solomon Islands-China security pact caused alarm, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal, as Anthony Albanese succeeded to the premiership of Australia and Jacinda Ardern’s government took a firmer line on Chinese influence.[421][422][423] In a September interview with 60 Minutes, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of «an unprecedented attack» by the Chinese,[424] which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of «strategic ambiguity» toward China and Taiwan.[425][426][427] The September comments came after three previous comments by Biden that the U.S. would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion.[428] Amid increasing tension with China, Biden’s administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that U.S. policy toward Taiwan has not changed.[428][429][425] In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.[430]
Biden with Arab leaders at the GCC+3 summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on July 16, 2022
The 2022 OPEC+ oil production cut caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, widening the rift between the two countries, and threatening a longstanding alliance.[431][432]
COVID-19 diagnosis
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[433] According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[434] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days[435] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[436]
Domestic policy
In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 to revamp the finances and operations of the United States Postal Service agency.[437]
On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps on the Mexico–United States border in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. During his presidential campaign, Biden had pledged to cease all future border wall construction.[438] This occurred after both allies and critics of Biden criticized his administration’s management of the southern border.[439]
In the summer of 2022, several other pieces of legislation Biden supported passed Congress. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[440] The gun control laws in the bill include extended background checks for gun purchasers under 21, clarification of Federal Firearms License requirements, funding for state red flag laws and other crisis intervention programs, further criminalization of arms trafficking and straw purchases, and partial closure of the boyfriend loophole.[441][442][443] Biden signed the bill on June 25, 2022.[444]
The Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 was introduced in 2021, and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.[445] The act intends to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during military service, including burn pits.[446] The bill gained significant media coverage due to the activism of comedian Jon Stewart.[447]
Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.[448] The act provides billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States, to compete economically with China.[449]
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was introduced by Senators Chuck Schumer and Joe Manchin, resulting from continuing negotiations on Biden’s initial Build Back Better agenda, which Manchin had blocked the previous year.[450][451] The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and climate change, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of Affordable Care Act subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and tax reform.[452] According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower US greenhouse gas emissions between 31% and 44% below 2005 levels by 2030.[453] On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie. The bill was passed by the House on August 12[453] and was signed by Biden on August 16.[454][455]
On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of small amounts of marijuana possession under federal law.[456]
On December 13, 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages in the United States.[457]
2022 elections
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Biden called for a «battle for the soul of the nation». Off camera, he called active Trump supporters «semi-fascists», which Republican commentators denounced.[458][459][460] A predicted Republican wave election did not materialize and the race for U.S. Congress control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of 222 seats in the House of Representatives,[461][462][463][464] and Democrats keeping control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats, a gain of one seat from the last Congress.[465][n 3]
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president’s party lost no state legislative chambers.[467] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,[468] and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[469]
2023
Discovery of classified documents
On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden’s attorneys found classified documents dating to his vice presidency in a «locked closet».[470][471] According to the White House, the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives, which recovered the documents the next day.[471] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden’s Wilmington, Delaware residence.[472] In January 2023, these findings were made public, and on January 12, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel to investigate «possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records».[473] On January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden’s Wilmington residence.[474]
Foreign policy
On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and first lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.[475] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[476] The trip was unannounced, and involved major security coordination to ensure safety.[477]
Political positions
Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being introduced to President Obama by Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S. ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul, is pictured in the background.
Biden is considered a moderate Democrat[478] and a centrist.[479][480] Throughout his long career, his positions have been aligned with the center of the Democratic Party.[481] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden’s «most valuable political skill» was «an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic party.»[482]
Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses’ ability to hire.[483][484] He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[485] and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[486] Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[487][488] He has promoted a plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.[487] Biden’s plan aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health insurance option.[489]
Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012[490][491] and also supports Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde Amendment.[492][493] He opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[494] As a senator, he forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer’s Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.[495][496] In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,[497] after zealously advocating the War on Drugs as a U.S. senator.[498][better source needed]
Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.[499] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.[500] His program includes reentering the Paris Agreement, nature conservation, and green building.[501]
Biden has said the U.S. needs to «get tough» on China, calling it the «most serious competitor» that poses challenges to the United States’ «prosperity, security, and democratic values».[502] Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.[504][505]
Biden has said he is against regime change, but for providing non-military support to opposition movements.[506] He opposed direct U.S. intervention in Libya,[507][214] voted against U.S. participation in the Gulf War,[508] voted in favor of the Iraq War,[509] and supports a two-state solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[510] Biden has pledged to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States’ relationship with Saudi Arabia.[271] Biden supports extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.[511][512] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.[513][n 4]
Reputation
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[516][517][518] which he attributed to his having been elected young.[519] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.[98] As of November 2009, Biden’s net worth was $27,012.[520] By November 2020, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden’s books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.[521][522][523][524]
The political writer Howard Fineman has written, «Biden is not an academic, he’s not a theoretical thinker, he’s a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift.»[44] Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: «He responds to real people—that’s been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better.»[44] Journalist James Traub has written that «Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself.»[136]
In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[525][526] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him «healer-in-chief», while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[527]
Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious.[528] He often deviates from prepared remarks[529] and sometimes «puts his foot in his mouth.»[530][173][531][532] Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes and in 2018 called himself «a gaffe machine».[533][534] The New York Times wrote that Biden’s «weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything.»[173]
According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New Yorker in 2014.[535][536] For instance, Biden has claimed to have been more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.[535] The Times wrote, «Mr. Biden’s folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don’t quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences.»[536]
Electoral history
| Year | Office | Type | Party | Main opponent | Party | Votes for Biden | Result | Swing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | ±% | |||||||||||
| 1970 | Councillor | General | Democratic | Lawrence T. Messick | Republican | 10,573 | 55.41% | 1st | N/A | Won | Gain | |||
| 1972 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | J. Caleb Boggs (I) | Republican | 116,006 | 50.48% | 1st | +9.59% | Won | Gain | |||
| 1978 | General | Democratic | James H. Baxter Jr. | Republican | 93,930 | 57.96% | 1st | +7.48% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1984 | General | Democratic | John M. Burris | Republican | 147,831 | 60.11% | 1st | +2.15% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1988 | President | Primary | Democratic | Michael Dukakis | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| 1990 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | M. Jane Brady | Republican | 112,918 | 62.68% | 1st | +2.57% | Won | Hold | |||
| 1996 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 165,465 | 60.04% | 1st | −2.64% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2002 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 135,253 | 58.22% | 1st | −1.82% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | General | Democratic | Christine O’Donnell | Republican | 257,539 | 64.69% | 1st | +6.47% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | President | Primary | Democratic | Barack Obama | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| Vice president | General | Sarah Palin | Republican | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 1st | +4.66% | Won | Gain | |||||
| Electoral | 365 E.V. | 67.84% | 1st | +21.19% | ||||||||||
| 2012 | General | Democratic | Paul Ryan | Republican | 65,915,795 | 51.06% | 1st | −1.87% | Won | Hold | ||||
| Electoral | 332 E.V. | 61.71% | 1st | −6.13% | ||||||||||
| 2020 | President | Primary | Democratic | Bernie Sanders | Democratic | 19,080,152 | 51.68% | 1st | N/A | Won | N/A | |||
| Convention | 3,558 D. | 74.92% | 1st | N/A | ||||||||||
| General | Donald Trump (I) | Republican | 81,268,924 | 51.31% | 1st | +3.13% | Won | Gain | ||||||
| Electoral | 306 E.V. | 56.88% | 1st | +14.69% |
Publications
See also
- 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
- 2020 United States presidential debates
- Cabinet of Joe Biden
- List of honors and awards received by Joe Biden
- List of things named after Joe Biden
Notes
- ^ Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
- ^ Delaware’s Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden’s longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[188] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware’s special Senate election in 2010.[188] Biden’s son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[189] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[190]
- ^ Kyrsten Sinema, whose seat was not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became an independent politician in December 2022, after the election but before the swearing in of the next Congress. As a result, 48 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate upon commencement of the 118th United States Congress, on January 3, 2023. Sinema has ruled out caucusing with Republicans, and she has said she intends to align mostly with Democrats and keep her committee assignments.[466]
- ^ In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.[514][515]
References
Citations
- ^ a b United States Congress. «Joseph R. Biden (id: b000444)». Biographical Directory of the United States Congress. Retrieved January 20, 2021.
- ^ Witcover (2010), p. 5.
- ^ Chase, Randall (January 9, 2010). «Vice President Biden’s mother, Jean, dies at 92». WITN-TV. Associated Press. Archived from the original on May 20, 2020. Retrieved January 24, 2021.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (September 3, 2002). «Joseph Biden Sr., 86, father of the senator». The Baltimore Sun. Archived from the original on December 30, 2019. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Cooper Fashingbauer, Gael (January 20, 2021). «President Joe Biden’s middle name is Robinette, and here’s why». CNET.
- ^ Witcover (2010), p. 9.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (July 2, 2012). «Joe Biden’s Irish Roots». HuffPost. Archived from the original on April 28, 2019. Retrieved December 6, 2012.
- ^ «Number two Biden has a history over Irish debate». The Belfast Telegraph. November 9, 2008. Archived from the original on December 16, 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2008.
- ^ a b Witcover (2010), p. 8.
- ^ «French town’s historic links to Joe Biden’s inauguration». Connexionfrance.com. January 22, 2021. Retrieved May 26, 2022.
- ^ Smolenyak, Megan (April–May 2013). «Joey From Scranton—VP Biden’s Irish Roots». Irish America. Archived from the original on January 3, 2021. Retrieved April 15, 2020.
- ^ Nevett, Joshua (June 12, 2021). «Joe Biden: Unearthing the president’s unsung English roots». BBC News. Retrieved May 24, 2022.
- ^ Entous, Adam (August 15, 2022). «The Untold History of the Biden Family». The New Yorker. Retrieved August 25, 2022.
- ^ Russell, Katie (January 8, 2021). «Joe Biden’s family tree: how tragedy shaped the US president-elect». The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Archived from the original on January 8, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020.
- ^ a b Biden, Joe (2008). Promises to Keep: On Life and Politics. Random House. pp. 16–17. ISBN 978-0-8129-7621-2.
- ^ Witcover (2010), pp. 7-8.
- ^ a b c d e f Broder, John M. (October 23, 2008). «Father’s Tough Life an Inspiration for Biden». The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 8, 2020. Retrieved October 24, 2008.
- ^ a b Rubinkam, Michael (August 27, 2008). «Biden’s Scranton childhood left lasting impression». Fox News. Associated Press. Archived from the original on January 15, 2021. Retrieved September 7, 2008.
- ^ Farzan, Antonia Noori (May 21, 2019). «Joe Biden, who left Scranton at 10, ‘deserted’ Pennsylvania». The Washington Post. Retrieved November 7, 2021.
- ^ Ebert, Jennifer (January 20, 2021). «Joe Biden’s houses». Homes and Gardens. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
- ^ Newman, Meredith (June 24, 2019). «How Joe Biden went from ‘Stutterhead’ to senior class president». News Journal. Retrieved September 18, 2021.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Almanac of American Politics 2008, p. 364.
- ^ Witcover (2010), pp. 27, 32.
- ^ Frank, Martin (September 28, 2008). «Biden was the stuttering kid who wanted the ball». The News Journal. p. D.1. Archived from the original on June 1, 2013.
- ^ a b Witcover (2010), pp. 40–41.
- ^ a b Taylor (1990), p. 99.
- ^ Biden, Promises to Keep, pp. 27, 32–33.
- ^ Montanaro, Domenico. «Fact Check: Biden’s Too Tall Football Tale». NBC News. Archived from the original on December 21, 2012.
- ^ a b c d Dionne, E. J. Jr. (September 18, 1987). «Biden Admits Plagiarism in School But Says It Was Not ‘Malevolent’«. The New York Times. Archived from the original on January 20, 2011. Retrieved February 4, 2022.
- ^ a b c d e «A timeline of U.S. Sen. Joe Biden’s life and career». San Francisco Chronicle. Associated Press. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 25, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2008.
- ^ Taylor (1990), p. 98.
- ^ Biden, Joseph R. Jr. (July 9, 2009). «Letter to National Stuttering Association chairman» (PDF). National Stuttering Association. Archived from the original (PDF) on July 28, 2011. Retrieved December 9, 2010.
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- ^ Wallsten, Peter (August 24, 2008). «Demographics part of calculation: Biden adds experience, yes, but he could also help with Catholics, blue-collar whites and women». Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on May 15, 2019. Retrieved August 25, 2008.
- ^ «A look at Biden’s net worth». RealClearPolitics. Associated Press. August 23, 2008. Archived from the original on September 19, 2008. Retrieved September 6, 2009.
- ^ Broder, John M. (September 13, 2008). «Biden Releases Tax Returns, in Part to Pressure Rivals». The New York Times. Archived from the original on April 25, 2011. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
- ^ Mooney, Alexander (September 12, 2008). «Biden tax returns revealed». CNN. Archived from the original on September 13, 2008. Retrieved September 13, 2008.
- ^ Montopoli, Brian (November 6, 2009). «237 Millionaires in Congress». CBS News. Archived from the original on August 18, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Olya, Gabrielle (March 11, 2021). «How Much Is President Joe Biden Worth?». Yahoo! Finance. Archived from the original on August 27, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Olya, Gabrielle (April 18, 2021). «How Much Is President Joe Biden Worth?». MSN. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Borden, Taylor (January 7, 2020). «President-elect Joe Biden just turned 78. Here’s how he went from ‘Middle-Class Joe’ to millionaire». Business Insider. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved August 25, 2021.
- ^ Tindera, Michela (August 28, 2019). «Here’s How Much 2020 Presidential Candidate Joe Biden Is Worth». Forbes. Archived from the original on March 19, 2021. Retrieved August 24, 2021.
- ^ Baldoni, John (August 20, 2020). «How Empathy Defines Joe Biden». Forbes. Archived from the original on June 18, 2022. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Nagle, Molly (December 19, 2020). «Nearly 50 years after death of wife and daughter, empathy remains at Joe Biden’s core». ABC News. Archived from the original on March 2, 2021. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ Glueck, Katie; Flegenheimer, Matt (June 11, 2020). «Joe Biden, Emissary of Grief». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Archived from the original on June 11, 2020. Retrieved March 17, 2021.
- ^ «Transcripts». The Situation Room. CNN. January 12, 2006. Archived from the original on July 19, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Smith, Ben (December 2, 2008). «Biden, enemy of the prepared remarks». Politico. Archived from the original on September 11, 2015. Retrieved December 2, 2008.
- ^ Tapper, Jake (January 31, 2007). «A Biden Problem: Foot in Mouth». ABC News. Archived from the original on August 27, 2008. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Seelye, Katharine Q. (March 19, 1998). «Senate Struggles to Pay Attention to the Remapping of NATO». The New York Times. Archived from the original on November 10, 2012. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ Halperin, Mark (August 23, 2008). «Halperin on Biden: Pros and Cons». Time. Archived from the original on July 22, 2014. Retrieved September 21, 2008.
- ^ O’Neil, Luke (April 25, 2019). «‘I am a gaffe machine’: a history of Joe Biden’s biggest blunders». The Guardian. Archived from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved January 26, 2021.
- ^ Broder, John M. (September 11, 2008). «Hanging On to Biden’s Every Word: Biden living up to his gaffe-prone reputation». The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved February 13, 2023.
But, boy, does he say some curious things. A day on the campaign trail without a cringe-inducing gaffe is a rare blessing. He has not been too blessed lately…. a human verbal wrecking crew.
- ^ a b Osnos, Evan (July 20, 2014). «The Evolution of Joe Biden». The New Yorker. Retrieved December 6, 2022.
- ^ a b Shear, Michael D.; Qiu, Linda (October 10, 2022). «Biden, Storyteller in Chief, Spins Yarns That Often Unravel». The New York Times. Retrieved October 11, 2022.
Works cited
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. Washington. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
- Gadsen, Brett (October 8, 2012). Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2.
- Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
- Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
- Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
- Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
- Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
- Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
Further reading
- Whipple, Chris. The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden’s White House (Scribner, 2023)excerpt comprehensive history of first two years.
External links
Official
- President Joe Biden official website
- Presidential campaign website
- Obama White House biography (archived)
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
Other
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Joe Biden at Curlie
- Joe Biden at IMDb
- Joe Biden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Joe Biden at On the Issues
- Joe Biden at PolitiFact
- Joe Biden on Twitter
- Profile at Vote Smart
«Joseph Biden» and «Biden» redirect here. For his son Joseph Biden III, see Beau Biden. For other uses, see Biden (disambiguation).
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Joe Biden |
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|---|---|
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Official portrait, 2021 |
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| 46th President of the United States | |
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Incumbent |
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| Assumed office January 20, 2021 |
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| Vice President | Kamala Harris |
| Preceded by | Donald Trump |
| 47th Vice President of the United States | |
| In office January 20, 2009 – January 20, 2017 |
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| President | Barack Obama |
| Preceded by | Dick Cheney |
| Succeeded by | Mike Pence |
| United States Senator from Delaware |
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| In office January 3, 1973 – January 15, 2009 |
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| Preceded by | J. Caleb Boggs |
| Succeeded by | Ted Kaufman |
| Personal details | |
| Born |
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. November 20, 1942 (age 80) |
| Political party | Democratic (1969–present) |
| Other political affiliations |
Independent (before 1969) |
| Spouses |
Neilia Hunter (m. ; died ) Jill Jacobs (m. ) |
| Children |
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| Relatives | Biden family |
| Residences |
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| Alma mater |
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| Occupation |
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| Awards | List of honors and awards |
| Signature | |
| Website |
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Announcing his positive test for COVID-19 |
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Other offices
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Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. ( BY-dən; born November 20, 1942) is an American politician who is the 46th and current president of the United States. A member of the Democratic Party, he previously served as the 47th vice president from 2009 to 2017 under President Barack Obama, and represented Delaware in the United States Senate from 1973 to 2009.
Born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, Biden moved with his family to Delaware in 1953. He studied at the University of Delaware before earning his law degree from Syracuse University. He was elected to the New Castle County Council in 1970 and became the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history after he was elected to the United States Senate from Delaware in 1972, at age 29. Biden was the chair or ranking member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years. He chaired the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1995; he drafted and led the effort to pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act and the Violence Against Women Act; and oversaw six U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings, including the contentious hearings for Robert Bork and Clarence Thomas.
Biden ran unsuccessfully for the Democratic presidential nomination in 1988 and 2008. Barack Obama chose Biden as his running mate in the 2008 and 2012 presidential elections. During his two terms as Obama’s vice president, Biden frequently represented the administration in negotiations with congressional Republicans and was a close counselor to Obama. Biden oversaw infrastructure spending to counteract the Great Recession and took a principal role in designing the withdrawal of United States troops from Iraq.
Biden and his running mate, Kamala Harris, defeated incumbents Donald Trump and Mike Pence in the 2020 presidential election. On January 20, 2021, he became the oldest president in U.S. history, the first to have a female vice president and the first president from Delaware. As president, Biden has addressed the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent recession. He signed the American Rescue Plan Act, which led to accelerated job growth and record low unemployment, the bipartisan Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act, the largest infrastructure bill in US history and the Inflation Reduction Act (covering climate change, deficit reduction, tax reform and healthcare). It also contained an economic policy, dubbed Bidenomics, designed to increase taxes on bigger corporations and wealthier individuals, to strengthen the middle class. Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which codified protections for same-sex marriage and repealed DOMA and the CHIPS and Science Act, bolstering the Semiconductor and manufacturing industry. He appointed Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court. In foreign policy, Biden restored America’s membership in the Paris Agreement on climate change. He completed the withdrawal of U.S. troops from Afghanistan that had been negotiated and begun under the previous administration, ending the war in Afghanistan, during which the Afghan government collapsed and the Taliban seized control. He responded to the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine by imposing sanctions on Russia and authorizing foreign aid and weapons shipments to Ukraine.
Early life (1942–1965)
Biden at Archmere Academy in the 1950s
Joseph Robinette Biden Jr. was born on November 20, 1942,[1] at St. Mary’s Hospital in Scranton, Pennsylvania,[2] to Catherine Eugenia «Jean» Biden (née Finnegan) and Joseph Robinette Biden Sr.[3][4] Robinette is his paternal grandmother’s maiden name.[5] The oldest child in a Catholic family, he has a sister, Valerie, and two brothers, Francis and James.[6] Jean was of Irish descent,[7][8][9] while Joseph Sr. had English, Irish, and French Huguenot ancestry.[10][11][9] Biden’s paternal line has been traced to stonemason William Biden, who was born in 1789 in Westbourne, England, and emigrated to Maryland in the United States by 1820.[12]
Biden’s father had been wealthy and the family purchased a home in the affluent Long Island suburb of Garden City in the fall of 1946,[13] but he suffered business setbacks around the time Biden was seven years old,[14][15][16] and for several years the family lived with Biden’s maternal grandparents in Scranton.[17] Scranton fell into economic decline during the 1950s and Biden’s father could not find steady work.[18] Beginning in 1953 when Biden was ten,[19] the family lived in an apartment in Claymont, Delaware, before moving to a house in nearby Mayfield.[20][21][15][17] Biden Sr. later became a successful used-car salesman, maintaining the family in a middle-class lifestyle.[17][18][22]
At Archmere Academy in Claymont,[23] Biden played baseball and was a standout halfback and wide receiver on the high school football team.[17][24] Though a poor student, he was class president in his junior and senior years.[25][26] He graduated in 1961.[25] At the University of Delaware in Newark, Biden briefly played freshman football,[27][28] and, as an unexceptional student,[29] earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1965 with a double major in history and political science.[30][31]
Biden has a stutter, which has improved since his early twenties.[32] He says he reduced it by reciting poetry before a mirror,[26][33] but some observers suggested it affected his performance in the 2020 Democratic Party presidential debates.[34][35][36]
Marriages, law school, and early career (1966–1973)
On August 27, 1966, Biden married Neilia Hunter (1942–1972), a student at Syracuse University,[30] after overcoming her parents’ reluctance for her to wed a Roman Catholic. Their wedding was held in a Catholic church in Skaneateles, New York.[37] They had three children: Joseph R. «Beau» Biden III (1969–2015), Robert Hunter Biden (born 1970), and Naomi Christina «Amy» Biden (1971–1972).[30]
Biden in the Syracuse 1968 yearbook
In 1968, Biden earned a Juris Doctor from Syracuse University College of Law, ranked 76th in his class of 85, after failing a course due to an acknowledged «mistake» when he plagiarized a law review article for a paper he wrote in his first year at law school.[29] He was admitted to the Delaware bar in 1969.[1]
Biden had not openly supported or opposed the Vietnam War until he ran for Senate and opposed Nixon’s conduct of the war.[38] While studying at the University of Delaware and Syracuse University, Biden obtained five student draft deferments, at a time when most draftees were sent to the Vietnam War. In 1968, based on a physical examination, he was given a conditional medical deferment; in 2008, a spokesperson for Biden said his having had «asthma as a teenager» was the reason for the deferment.[39]
In 1968, Biden clerked at a Wilmington law firm headed by prominent local Republican William Prickett and, he later said, «thought of myself as a Republican».[40][41] He disliked incumbent Democratic Delaware governor Charles L. Terry’s conservative racial politics and supported a more liberal Republican, Russell W. Peterson, who defeated Terry in 1968.[40] Biden was recruited by local Republicans but registered as an Independent because of his distaste for Republican presidential candidate Richard Nixon.[40]
In 1969, Biden practiced law, first as a public defender and then at a firm headed by a locally active Democrat[42][40] who named him to the Democratic Forum, a group trying to reform and revitalize the state party;[43] Biden subsequently reregistered as a Democrat.[40] He and another attorney also formed a law firm.[42] Corporate law did not appeal to him, and criminal law did not pay well.[17] He supplemented his income by managing properties.[44]
In 1970, Biden ran for the 4th district seat on the New Castle County Council on a liberal platform that included support for public housing in the suburbs.[45][46] The seat had been held by Republican Henry R. Folsom, who was running in the 5th District following a reapportionment of council districts.[47][48][49] Biden won the general election by defeating Republican Lawrence T. Messick, and took office on January 5, 1971.[50][51] He served until January 1, 1973, and was succeeded by Democrat Francis R. Swift.[52][53] During his time on the county council, Biden opposed large highway projects, which he argued might disrupt Wilmington neighborhoods.[53]
1972 U.S. Senate campaign in Delaware
Results of the 1972 U.S. Senate election in Delaware
In 1972, Biden defeated Republican incumbent J. Caleb Boggs to become the junior U.S. senator from Delaware. He was the only Democrat willing to challenge Boggs, and with minimal campaign funds, he was given no chance of winning.[42][17] Family members managed and staffed the campaign, which relied on meeting voters face-to-face and hand-distributing position papers,[54] an approach made feasible by Delaware’s small size.[44] He received help from the AFL–CIO and Democratic pollster Patrick Caddell.[42] His platform focused on the environment, withdrawal from Vietnam, civil rights, mass transit, equitable taxation, health care, and public dissatisfaction with «politics as usual».[42][54] A few months before the election, Biden trailed Boggs by almost thirty percentage points.[42] However, his energy, attractive young family, and ability to connect with voters’ emotions worked to his advantage,[22] and he won with 50.5 percent of the vote.[54]
Death of wife and daughter
On December 18, 1972, a few weeks after Biden was elected senator, his wife Neilia and one-year-old daughter Naomi were killed in an automobile accident while Christmas shopping in Hockessin, Delaware.[30][55] Neilia’s station wagon was hit by a semi-trailer truck as she pulled out from an intersection. Their sons Beau (aged 3) and Hunter (aged 2) were taken to the hospital in fair condition, Beau with a broken leg and other wounds and Hunter with a minor skull fracture and other head injuries.[56] Biden considered resigning to care for them,[22] but Senate Majority Leader Mike Mansfield persuaded him not to.[57] The accident filled Biden with anger and religious doubt. He wrote that he «felt God had played a horrible trick» on him,[58] and he had trouble focusing on work.[59][60]
After the truck driver passed away in 1999, Biden in 2001 and 2007 accused the truck driver of drinking before the crash, even though the truck driver was never charged, and the chief prosecutor investigating the case stated that there was no evidence of drunk driving.[61] In 2008, Biden’s spokesman said that Biden «fully accepts» that allegations of drunk driving were «false».[62] The truck driver’s daughter said that Biden called her after a 2009 media report to apologize «for hurting my family in any way».[63]
Second marriage
Biden and his second wife, Jill, met in 1975 and married in 1977.
Biden met the teacher Jill Tracy Jacobs in 1975 on a blind date.[64] They married at the United Nations chapel in New York on June 17, 1977.[65][66] They spent their honeymoon at Lake Balaton in the Hungarian People’s Republic.[67][68] Biden credits her with the renewal of his interest in politics and life.[69] Biden is Roman Catholic and attends Mass with his wife, Jill, at St. Joseph’s on the Brandywine in Greenville, Delaware.[70][71][72] Their daughter, Ashley Biden,[30] is a social worker. She is married to physician Howard Krein.[73] Beau Biden became an Army Judge Advocate in Iraq and later Delaware Attorney General[74] before dying of brain cancer in 2015.[75][76] As of 2008, Hunter Biden was a Washington lobbyist and investment adviser.[77]
Teaching
From 1991 to 2008, as an adjunct professor, Biden co-taught a seminar on constitutional law at Widener University School of Law.[78][79] The seminar often had a waiting list. Biden sometimes flew back from overseas to teach the class.[80][81][82][83]
U.S. Senate (1973–2009)
Senate activities
In January 1973, secretary of the Senate Francis R. Valeo swore Biden in at the Delaware Division of the Wilmington Medical Center.[84][56] Present were his sons Beau (whose leg was still in traction from the automobile accident) and Hunter and other family members.[84][56] At 30, he was the sixth-youngest senator in U.S. history.[85] To see his sons, Biden traveled by train between his Delaware home and D.C.[86]—74 minutes each way—and maintained this habit throughout his 36 years in the Senate.[22]
Elected to the Senate in 1972, Biden was reelected in 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002, and 2008, regularly receiving about 60% of the vote.[87] He was junior senator to William Roth, who was first elected in 1970, until Roth was defeated in 2000.[88] As of 2022, he was the 19th-longest-serving senator in U.S. history.[89]
During his early years in the Senate, Biden focused on consumer protection and environmental issues and called for greater government accountability.[90] In a 1974 interview, he described himself as liberal on civil rights and liberties, senior citizens’ concerns and healthcare but conservative on other issues, including abortion and military conscription.[91] Biden also worked on arms control.[92][93] After Congress failed to ratify the SALT II Treaty signed in 1979 by Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev and President Jimmy Carter, Biden met with Soviet Foreign Minister Andrei Gromyko to communicate American concerns and secured changes that addressed the Senate Foreign Relations Committee’s objections.[94] He received considerable attention when he excoriated Secretary of State George Shultz at a Senate hearing for the Reagan administration’s support of South Africa despite its continued policy of apartheid.[40]
In the mid-1970s, Biden was one of the Senate’s strongest opponents of race-integration busing. His Delaware constituents strongly opposed it, and such opposition nationwide later led his party to mostly abandon school integration policies.[95] In his first Senate campaign, Biden had expressed support for busing to remedy de jure segregation, as in the South, but opposed its use to remedy de facto segregation arising from racial patterns of neighborhood residency, as in Delaware; he opposed a proposed constitutional amendment banning busing entirely.[96] Biden supported a measure[when?] forbidding the use of federal funds for transporting students beyond the school closest to them. In 1977, he co-sponsored an amendment closing loopholes in that measure, which President Carter signed into law in 1978.[97]
Biden became ranking minority member of the Senate Judiciary Committee in 1981. In 1984, he was a Democratic floor manager for the successful passage of the Comprehensive Crime Control Act. His supporters praised him for modifying some of the law’s worst provisions, and it was his most important legislative accomplishment to that time.[98] In 1994, Biden helped pass the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, which included a ban on assault weapons,[99][100] and the Violence Against Women Act,[101] which he has called his most significant legislation.[102] The 1994 crime law was unpopular among progressives and criticized for resulting in mass incarceration;[103][104] in 2019, Biden called his role in passing the bill a «big mistake», citing its policy on crack cocaine and saying that the bill «trapped an entire generation».[105]
In 1993, Biden voted for a provision that deemed homosexuality incompatible with military life, thereby banning gays from serving in the armed forces.[106][107] In 1996, he voted for the Defense of Marriage Act, which prohibited the federal government from recognizing same-sex marriages, thereby barring individuals in such marriages from equal protection under federal law and allowing states to do the same.[108] In 2015, the act was ruled unconstitutional in Obergefell v. Hodges.[109]
Biden was critical of Independent Counsel Ken Starr during the 1990s Whitewater controversy and Lewinsky scandal investigations, saying «it’s going to be a cold day in hell» before another independent counsel would be granted similar powers.[110] He voted to acquit during the impeachment of President Clinton.[111] During the 2000s, Biden sponsored bankruptcy legislation sought by credit card issuers.[22] Clinton vetoed the bill in 2000, but it passed in 2005 as the Bankruptcy Abuse Prevention and Consumer Protection Act,[22] with Biden being one of only 18 Democrats to vote for it, while leading Democrats and consumer rights organizations opposed it.[112] As a senator, Biden strongly supported increased Amtrak funding and rail security.[87][113]
Brain surgeries
In February 1988, after several episodes of increasingly severe neck pain, Biden was taken by ambulance to Walter Reed Army Medical Center for surgery to correct a leaking intracranial berry aneurysm.[114][115] While recuperating, he suffered a pulmonary embolism, a serious complication.[115] After a second aneurysm was surgically repaired in May,[115][116] Biden’s recuperation kept him away from the Senate for seven months.[117]
Senate Judiciary Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Committee on the Judiciary. He chaired it from 1987 to 1995 and was a ranking minority member from 1981 to 1987 and again from 1995 to 1997.
As chair, Biden presided over two highly contentious U.S. Supreme Court confirmation hearings.[22] When Robert Bork was nominated in 1988, Biden reversed his approval—given in an interview the previous year—of a hypothetical Bork nomination. Conservatives were angered,[118] but at the hearings’ close Biden was praised for his fairness, humor, and courage.[118][119] Rejecting the arguments of some Bork opponents,[22] Biden framed his objections to Bork in terms of the conflict between Bork’s strong originalism and the view that the U.S. Constitution provides rights to liberty and privacy beyond those explicitly enumerated in its text.[119] Bork’s nomination was rejected in the committee by a 9–5 vote[119] and then in the full Senate, 58–42.[120]
During Clarence Thomas’s nomination hearings in 1991, Biden’s questions on constitutional issues were often convoluted to the point that Thomas sometimes lost track of them,[121] and Thomas later wrote that Biden’s questions were akin to «beanballs».[122] After the committee hearing closed, the public learned that Anita Hill, a University of Oklahoma law school professor, had accused Thomas of making unwelcome sexual comments when they had worked together.[123][124] Biden had known of some of these charges, but initially shared them only with the committee because Hill was then unwilling to testify.[22] The committee hearing was reopened and Hill testified, but Biden did not permit testimony from other witnesses, such as a woman who had made similar charges and experts on harassment.[125] The full Senate confirmed Thomas by a 52–48 vote, with Biden opposed.[22] Liberal legal advocates and women’s groups felt strongly that Biden had mishandled the hearings and not done enough to support Hill.[125] In 2019, he told Hill he regretted his treatment of her, but Hill said afterward she remained unsatisfied.[126]
Senate Foreign Relations Committee
Biden was a longtime member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. He became its ranking minority member in 1997 and chaired it from June 2001 to 2003 and 2007 to 2009.[127] His positions were generally liberal internationalist.[92][128] He collaborated effectively with Republicans and sometimes went against elements of his own party.[127][128] During this time he met with at least 150 leaders from 60 countries and international organizations, becoming a well-known Democratic voice on foreign policy.[129]
Biden voted against authorization for the Gulf War in 1991,[128] siding with 45 of the 55 Democratic senators; he said the U.S. was bearing almost all the burden in the anti-Iraq coalition.[130]
Biden became interested in the Yugoslav Wars after hearing about Serbian abuses during the Croatian War of Independence in 1991.[92] Once the Bosnian War broke out, Biden was among the first to call for the «lift and strike» policy.[92][127] The George H. W. Bush administration and Clinton administration were both reluctant to implement the policy, fearing Balkan entanglement.[92][128] In April 1993, Biden held a tense three-hour meeting with Serbian leader Slobodan Milošević.[131] Biden said he had told Milošević, «I think you’re a damn war criminal and you should be tried as one.»[131] Biden wrote an amendment in 1992 to compel the Bush administration to arm the Bosnian Muslims, but deferred in 1994 to a somewhat softer stance the Clinton administration preferred, before signing on the following year to a stronger measure sponsored by Bob Dole and Joe Lieberman.[131] The engagement led to a successful NATO peacekeeping effort.[92] Biden has called his role in affecting Balkans policy in the mid-1990s his «proudest moment in public life» related to foreign policy.[128] In 1999, during the Kosovo War, Biden supported the 1999 NATO bombing of FR Yugoslavia.[92] He and Senator John McCain co-sponsored the McCain-Biden Kosovo Resolution, which called on Clinton to use all necessary force, including ground troops, to confront Milošević over Yugoslav actions toward ethnic Albanians in Kosovo.[128][132]
Wars in Afghanistan and Iraq
Biden addresses the press after meeting with Prime Minister Ayad Allawi in Baghdad in 2004.
Biden was a strong supporter of the War in Afghanistan, saying, «Whatever it takes, we should do it.»[133] As head of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, he said in 2002 that Iraqi president Saddam Hussein was a threat to national security and there was no other option than to «eliminate» that threat.[134] In October 2002, he voted in favor of the Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq, approving the U.S. Invasion of Iraq.[128] As chair of the committee, he assembled a series of witnesses to testify in favor of the authorization. They gave testimony grossly misrepresenting the intent, history, and status of Saddam and his secular government, which was an avowed enemy of al-Qaeda, and touted Iraq’s fictional possession of Weapons of Mass Destruction.[135] Biden eventually became a critic of the war and viewed his vote and role as a «mistake», but did not push for withdrawal.[128][131] He supported the appropriations for the occupation, but argued that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should «level with the American people» about its cost and length.[127][132]
By late 2006, Biden’s stance had shifted considerably. He opposed the troop surge of 2007,[128][131] saying General David Petraeus was «dead, flat wrong» in believing the surge could work.[136] Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states.[137] In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq.[138] Rather than continue the existing approach or withdrawing, the plan called for «a third way»: federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis «breathing room» in their own regions.[139] In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing the plan passed the Senate,[138] but the idea failed to gain traction.[136] In May 2008, Biden sharply criticized President George W. Bush’s speech to Israel’s Knesset in which Bush compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II; Biden called the speech «bullshit», «malarkey», and «outrageous».[140]
Presidential campaigns of 1988 and 2008
1988 campaign
Biden at the White House in 1987
Biden formally declared his candidacy for the 1988 Democratic presidential nomination on June 9, 1987.[141] He was considered a strong candidate because of his moderate image, his speaking ability, his high profile as chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee at the upcoming Robert Bork Supreme Court nomination hearings, and his appeal to Baby Boomers; he would have been the second-youngest person elected president, after John F. Kennedy.[40][142][143] He raised more in the first quarter of 1987 than any other candidate.[142][143]
By August his campaign’s messaging had become confused due to staff rivalries,[144] and in September, he was accused of plagiarizing a speech by British Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.[145] Biden’s speech had similar lines about being the first person in his family to attend university. Biden had credited Kinnock with the formulation on previous occasions,[146][147] but did not on two occasions in late August.[148]: 230–232 [147] Kinnock himself was more forgiving; the two men met in 1988, forming an enduring friendship.[149]
Earlier that year he had also used passages from a 1967 speech by Robert F. Kennedy (for which his aides took blame) and a short phrase from John F. Kennedy’s inaugural address; two years earlier he had used a 1976 passage by Hubert Humphrey.[150] Biden responded that politicians often borrow from one another without giving credit, and that one of his rivals for the nomination, Jesse Jackson, had called him to point out that he (Jackson) had used the same material by Humphrey that Biden had used.[22][29]
A few days later, an incident in law school in which Biden drew text from a Fordham Law Review article with inadequate citations was publicized.[29] He was required to repeat the course and passed with high marks.[151] At Biden’s request the Delaware Supreme Court’s Board of Professional Responsibility reviewed the incident and concluded that he had violated no rules.[152]
Biden has made several false or exaggerated claims about his early life: that he had earned three degrees in college, that he attended law school on a full scholarship, that he had graduated in the top half of his class,[153][154] and that he had marched in the civil rights movement.[155] The limited amount of other news about the presidential race amplified these disclosures[156] and on September 23, 1987, Biden withdrew his candidacy, saying it had been overrun by «the exaggerated shadow» of his past mistakes.[157]
2008 campaign
After exploring the possibility of a run in several previous cycles, in January 2007, Biden declared his candidacy in the 2008 elections.[87][158][159] During his campaign, Biden focused on the Iraq War, his record as chairman of major Senate committees, and his foreign-policy experience. In mid-2007, Biden stressed his foreign policy expertise compared to Obama’s.[160] Biden was noted for his one-liners during the campaign; in one debate he said of Republican candidate Rudy Giuliani: «There’s only three things he mentions in a sentence: a noun, and a verb and 9/11.»[161]
Biden had difficulty raising funds, struggled to draw people to his rallies, and failed to gain traction against the high-profile candidacies of Obama and Senator Hillary Clinton.[162] He never rose above single digits in national polls of the Democratic candidates. In the first contest on January 3, 2008, Biden placed fifth in the Iowa caucuses, garnering slightly less than one percent of the state delegates.[163] He withdrew from the race that evening.[164]
Despite its lack of success, Biden’s 2008 campaign raised his stature in the political world.[165]: 336 In particular, it changed the relationship between Biden and Obama. Although they had served together on the Senate Foreign Relations Committee, they had not been close: Biden resented Obama’s quick rise to political stardom,[136][166] while Obama viewed Biden as garrulous and patronizing.[165]: 28, 337–338 Having gotten to know each other during 2007, Obama appreciated Biden’s campaign style and appeal to working-class voters, and Biden said he became convinced Obama was «the real deal».[166][165]: 28, 337–338
2008 vice-presidential campaign
Shortly after Biden withdrew from the presidential race, Obama privately told him he was interested in finding an important place for Biden in his administration.[167] In early August, Obama and Biden met in secret to discuss the possibility,[167] and developed a strong personal rapport.[166] On August 22, 2008, Obama announced that Biden would be his running mate.[168] The New York Times reported that the strategy behind the choice reflected a desire to fill out the ticket with someone with foreign policy and national security experience.[169] Others pointed out Biden’s appeal to middle-class and blue-collar voters.[170][171] Biden was officially nominated for vice president on August 27 by voice vote at the 2008 Democratic National Convention in Denver.[172]
Biden’s vice-presidential campaigning gained little media attention, as the press devoted far more coverage to the Republican nominee, Alaska Governor Sarah Palin.[173][174] Under instructions from the campaign, Biden kept his speeches succinct and tried to avoid offhand remarks, such as one he made about Obama’s being tested by a foreign power soon after taking office, which had attracted negative attention.[175][176] Privately, Biden’s remarks frustrated Obama. «How many times is Biden gonna say something stupid?» he asked.[165]: 411–414, 419 Obama campaign staffers called Biden’s blunders «Joe bombs» and kept Biden uninformed about strategy discussions, which in turn irked Biden.[177] Relations between the two campaigns became strained for a month, until Biden apologized on a call to Obama and the two built a stronger partnership.[165]: 411–414 Publicly, Obama strategist David Axelrod said Biden’s high popularity ratings had outweighed any unexpected comments.[178]
As the financial crisis of 2007–2010 reached a peak with the liquidity crisis of September 2008 and the proposed bailout of the United States financial system became a major factor in the campaign, Biden voted for the $700 billion Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008, which passed in the Senate, 74–25.[179] On October 2, 2008, he participated in the vice-presidential debate with Palin at Washington University in St. Louis. Post-debate polls found that while Palin exceeded many voters’ expectations, Biden had won the debate overall.[180] Nationally, Biden had a 60% favorability rating in a Pew Research Center poll, compared to Palin’s 44%.[175]
On November 4, 2008, Obama and Biden were elected with 53% of the popular vote and 365 electoral votes to McCain–Palin’s 173.[181][182][183]
At the same time Biden was running for vice president, he was also running for reelection to the Senate,[184] as permitted by Delaware law.[87] On November 4, he was reelected to the Senate, defeating Republican Christine O’Donnell.[185] Having won both races, Biden made a point of waiting to resign from the Senate until he was sworn in for his seventh term on January 6, 2009.[186] Biden cast his last Senate vote on January 15, supporting the release of the second $350 billion for the Troubled Asset Relief Program,[187] and resigned from the Senate later that day.[n 2]
Vice presidency (2009–2017)
First term (2009–2013)
First official portrait of Joe Biden as Vice President of the United States, 2009
Biden said he intended to eliminate some explicit roles assumed by George W. Bush’s vice president, Dick Cheney, and did not intend to emulate any previous vice presidency.[191] He chaired Obama’s transition team[192] and headed an initiative to improve middle-class economic well-being.[193] In early January 2009, in his last act as chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, he visited the leaders of Iraq, Afghanistan and Pakistan,[194] and on January 20 he was sworn in as the 47th vice president of the United States[195]—the first vice president from Delaware[196] and the first Roman Catholic vice president.[197][198]
Obama was soon comparing Biden to a basketball player «who does a bunch of things that don’t show up in the stat sheet».[199] In May, Biden visited Kosovo and affirmed the U.S. position that its «independence is irreversible».[200] Biden lost an internal debate to Secretary of State Hillary Clinton about sending 21,000 new troops to Afghanistan,[201][202] but his skepticism was valued,[203] and in 2009, Biden’s views gained more influence as Obama reconsidered his Afghanistan strategy.[204] Biden visited Iraq about every two months,[136] becoming the administration’s point man in delivering messages to Iraqi leadership about expected progress there.[203] More generally, overseeing Iraq policy became Biden’s responsibility: Obama was said to have said, «Joe, you do Iraq.»[205] By 2012, Biden had made eight trips there, but his oversight of U.S. policy in Iraq receded with the exit of U.S. troops in 2011.[206][207]
Biden oversaw infrastructure spending from the Obama stimulus package intended to help counteract the ongoing recession.[208] During this period, Biden was satisfied that no major instances of waste or corruption had occurred,[203] and when he completed that role in February 2011, he said the number of fraud incidents with stimulus monies had been less than one percent.[209]
In late April 2009, Biden’s off-message response to a question during the beginning of the swine flu outbreak led to a swift retraction by the White House.[210] The remark revived Biden’s reputation for gaffes.[211][204][212] Confronted with rising unemployment through July 2009, Biden acknowledged that the administration had «misread how bad the economy was» but maintained confidence the stimulus package would create many more jobs once the pace of expenditures picked up.[213] On March 23, 2010, a microphone picked up Biden telling the president that his signing the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act was «a big fucking deal» during live national news telecasts. Despite their different personalities, Obama and Biden formed a friendship, partly based around Obama’s daughter Sasha and Biden’s granddaughter Maisy, who attended Sidwell Friends School together.[177]
Members of the Obama administration said Biden’s role in the White House was to be a contrarian and force others to defend their positions.[214] Rahm Emanuel, White House chief of staff, said that Biden helped counter groupthink.[199] Obama said, «The best thing about Joe is that when we get everybody together, he really forces people to think and defend their positions, to look at things from every angle, and that is very valuable for me.»[203] The Bidens maintained a relaxed atmosphere at their official residence in Washington, often entertaining their grandchildren, and regularly returned to their home in Delaware.[215]
Biden campaigned heavily for Democrats in the 2010 midterm elections, maintaining an attitude of optimism in the face of predictions of large-scale losses for the party.[216] Following big Republican gains in the elections and the departure of White House chief of staff Rahm Emanuel, Biden’s past relationships with Republicans in Congress became more important.[217][218] He led the successful administration effort to gain Senate approval for the New START treaty.[217][218] In December 2010, Biden’s advocacy for a middle ground, followed by his negotiations with Senate minority leader Mitch McConnell, were instrumental in producing the administration’s compromise tax package that included a temporary extension of the Bush tax cuts.[218][219] The package passed as the Tax Relief, Unemployment Insurance Reauthorization, and Job Creation Act of 2010.
In March 2011, Obama delegated Biden to lead negotiations with Congress to resolve federal spending levels for the rest of the year and avoid a government shutdown.[220] The U.S. debt ceiling crisis developed over the next few months, but Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved key in breaking a deadlock and bringing about a deal to resolve it, in the form of the Budget Control Act of 2011, signed on August 2, 2011, the same day an unprecedented U.S. default had loomed.[221][222][223] Some reports suggest that Biden opposed proceeding with the May 2011 U.S. mission to kill Osama bin Laden,[206][224] lest failure adversely affect Obama’s reelection prospects.[225][226]
Reelection
In October 2010, Biden said Obama had asked him to remain as his running mate for the 2012 presidential election,[216] but with Obama’s popularity on the decline, White House Chief of Staff William M. Daley conducted some secret polling and focus group research in late 2011 on the idea of replacing Biden on the ticket with Hillary Clinton.[227] The notion was dropped when the results showed no appreciable improvement for Obama,[227] and White House officials later said Obama himself had never entertained the idea.[228]
Biden and Obama, July 2012
Biden’s May 2012 statement that he was «absolutely comfortable» with same-sex marriage gained considerable public attention in comparison to Obama’s position, which had been described as «evolving».[229] Biden made his statement without administration consent, and Obama and his aides were quite irked, since Obama had planned to shift position several months later, in the build-up to the party convention.[177][230][231] Gay rights advocates seized upon Biden’s statement,[230] and within days, Obama announced that he too supported same-sex marriage, an action in part forced by Biden’s remarks.[232] Biden apologized to Obama in private for having spoken out,[233][234] while Obama acknowledged publicly it had been done from the heart.[230]
The Obama campaign valued Biden as a retail-level politician, and he had a heavy schedule of appearances in swing states as the reelection campaign began in earnest in spring 2012.[235][206] An August 2012 remark before a mixed-race audience that Republican proposals to relax Wall Street regulations would «put y’all back in chains» once again drew attention to Biden’s propensity for colorful remarks.[235][236][237] In the vice-presidential debate on October 11 with Republican nominee Paul Ryan, Biden defended the Obama administration’s record.[238][239] On November 6, Obama and Biden won reelection[240] over Mitt Romney and Paul Ryan with 332 of 538 Electoral College votes and 51% of the popular vote.[241]
In December 2012, Obama named Biden to head the Gun Violence Task Force, created to address the causes of school shootings and consider possible gun control to implement in the aftermath of the Sandy Hook Elementary School shooting.[242] Later that month, during the final days before the United States fell off the «fiscal cliff», Biden’s relationship with McConnell again proved important as the two negotiated a deal that led to the American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 being passed at the start of 2013.[243][244] It made many of the Bush tax cuts permanent but raised rates on upper income levels.[244]
Second term (2013–2017)
Official vice president portrait, 2013
Biden was inaugurated to a second term on January 20, 2013, at a small ceremony at Number One Observatory Circle, his official residence, with Justice Sonia Sotomayor presiding (a public ceremony took place on January 21).[245]
Biden played little part in discussions that led to the October 2013 passage of the Continuing Appropriations Act, 2014, which resolved the federal government shutdown of 2013 and the debt-ceiling crisis of 2013. This was because Senate majority leader Harry Reid and other Democratic leaders cut him out of any direct talks with Congress, feeling Biden had given too much away during previous negotiations.[246][247][248]
Biden’s Violence Against Women Act was reauthorized again in 2013. The act led to related developments, such as the White House Council on Women and Girls, begun in the first term, as well as the White House Task Force to Protect Students from Sexual Assault, begun in January 2014 with Biden and Valerie Jarrett as co-chairs.[249][250]
Biden favored arming Syria’s rebel fighters.[251] As Iraq fell apart during 2014, renewed attention was paid to the Biden-Gelb Iraqi federalization plan of 2006, with some observers suggesting Biden had been right all along.[252][253] Biden himself said the U.S. would follow ISIL «to the gates of hell».[254] Biden had close relationships with several Latin American leaders and was assigned a focus on the region during the administration; he visited the region 16 times during his vice presidency, the most of any president or vice president.[255] In August 2016, Biden visited Serbia, where he met with Serbian president Aleksandar Vučić and expressed his condolences for civilian victims of the bombing campaign during the Kosovo War.[256]
Biden never cast a tie-breaking vote in the Senate, making him the longest-serving vice president with this distinction.[257]
Biden with Vice President-elect Mike Pence on November 10, 2016
Role in the 2016 presidential campaign
During his second term, Biden was often said to be preparing for a possible bid for the 2016 Democratic presidential nomination.[258] With his family, many friends, and donors encouraging him in mid-2015 to enter the race, and with Hillary Clinton’s favorability ratings in decline at that time, Biden was reported to again be seriously considering the prospect and a «Draft Biden 2016» PAC was established.[258][259][260] By late 2015, Biden was still uncertain about running. He felt his son’s recent death had largely drained his emotional energy, and said, «nobody has a right … to seek that office unless they’re willing to give it 110% of who they are.»[261] On October 21, speaking from a podium in the Rose Garden with his wife and Obama by his side, Biden announced his decision not to run for president in 2016.[262][263][264] In January 2016, Biden affirmed that it was the right decision, but said he regretted not running for president «every day».[265]
Subsequent activities (2017–2019)
After leaving the vice presidency, Biden became an honorary professor at the University of Pennsylvania, developing the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement. Biden remained in that position into 2019, before running for president.[266][267]
In 2017, Biden wrote a memoir, Promise Me, Dad, and went on a book tour.[268] By 2019, he and his wife reported that they had earned over $15 million since the end of his vice presidency from speaking engagements and book sales.[269]
Biden remained in the public eye, endorsing candidates while continuing to comment on politics, climate change, and the presidency of Donald Trump.[270][271][272] He also continued to speak out in favor of LGBT rights, continuing advocacy on an issue he had become more closely associated with during his vice presidency.[273][274] In 2018, he gave a eulogy for Senator John McCain, praising McCain’s embrace of American ideals and bipartisan friendships.[275] Biden continued to support efforts to find treatments for cancer.[276]
2020 presidential campaign
Speculation and announcement
Biden at his presidential kickoff rally in Philadelphia, May 2019
Between 2016 and 2019, media outlets often mentioned Biden as a likely candidate for president in 2020.[277] When asked if he would run, he gave varied and ambivalent answers, saying «never say never».[278] A political action committee known as Time for Biden was formed in January 2018, seeking Biden’s entry into the race.[279] He finally launched his campaign on April 25, 2019,[280] saying he was prompted to run, among other reasons, by his «sense of duty.»[281]
Campaign
In September 2019, it was reported that Trump had pressured Ukrainian president Volodymyr Zelenskyy to investigate alleged wrongdoing by Biden and his son Hunter Biden.[282] Despite the allegations, no evidence was produced of any wrongdoing by the Bidens.[283][284][285] The media widely interpreted this pressure to investigate the Bidens as trying to hurt Biden’s chances of winning the presidency, resulting in a political scandal[286][287] and Trump’s impeachment by the House of Representatives.
In March 2019 and April 2019, eight women accused Biden of previous instances of inappropriate physical contact, such as embracing, touching or kissing.[288] Biden had previously called himself a «tactile politician» and admitted this behavior has caused trouble for him.[289] In April 2019, Biden pledged to be more «respectful of people’s personal space».[290]
Biden at a rally on the eve of the Iowa caucuses, February 2020
Throughout 2019, Biden stayed generally ahead of other Democrats in national polls.[291][292] Despite this, he finished fourth in the Iowa caucuses, and eight days later, fifth in the New Hampshire primary.[293][294] He performed better in the Nevada caucuses, reaching the 15% required for delegates, but still finished 21.6 percentage points behind Bernie Sanders.[295] Making strong appeals to Black voters on the campaign trail and in the South Carolina debate, Biden won the South Carolina primary by more than 28 points.[296] After the withdrawals and subsequent endorsements of candidates Pete Buttigieg and Amy Klobuchar, he made large gains in the March 3 Super Tuesday primary elections. Biden won 18 of the next 26 contests, putting him in the lead overall.[297] Elizabeth Warren and Mike Bloomberg soon dropped out, and Biden expanded his lead with victories over Sanders in four states on March 10.[298]
In late March 2020, Tara Reade, one of the eight women who in 2019 had accused Biden of inappropriate physical contact, accused Biden of having sexually assaulted her in 1993.[299] There were inconsistencies between Reade’s 2019 and 2020 allegations.[299][300] Biden and his campaign denied the sexual assault allegation.[301][302]
When Sanders suspended his campaign on April 8, 2020, Biden became the Democratic Party’s presumptive nominee for president.[303] On April 13, Sanders endorsed Biden in a live-streamed discussion from their homes.[304] Former President Barack Obama endorsed Biden the next day.[305] On August 11, he announced U.S. Senator Kamala Harris of California as his running mate, making her the first African American and first South Asian American vice-presidential nominee on a major-party ticket.[306] On August 18, 2020, Biden was officially nominated at the 2020 Democratic National Convention as the Democratic Party nominee for president in the 2020 election.[307][308]
Presidential transition
Biden was elected the 46th president of the United States in November 2020. He defeated the incumbent, Donald Trump, becoming the first candidate to defeat a sitting president since Bill Clinton defeated George H. W. Bush in 1992. Trump refused to concede, insisting the election had been «stolen» from him through «voter fraud», challenging the results in court and promoting numerous conspiracy theories about the voting and vote-counting processes, in an attempt to overturn the election results.[309] Biden’s transition was delayed by several weeks as the White House ordered federal agencies not to cooperate.[310] On November 23, General Services Administrator Emily W. Murphy formally recognized Biden as the apparent winner of the 2020 election and authorized the start of a transition process to the Biden administration.[311]
On January 6, 2021, during Congress’ electoral vote count, Trump told supporters gathered in front of the White House to march to the Capitol, saying, «We will never give up. We will never concede. It doesn’t happen. You don’t concede when there’s theft involved.»[312] Soon after, they attacked the Capitol. During the insurrection at the Capitol, Biden addressed the nation, calling the events «an unprecedented assault unlike anything we’ve seen in modern times».[313][314] After the Capitol was cleared, Congress resumed its joint session and officially certified the election results with Vice President Mike Pence, in his capacity as President of the Senate, declaring Biden and Harris the winners.[315]
Presidency (2021–present)
Inauguration
Biden was inaugurated as the 46th president of the United States on January 20, 2021.[316] At 78, he is the oldest person to have assumed the office.[316] He is the second Catholic president (after John F. Kennedy)[317] and the first president whose home state is Delaware.[318] He is also the first man since George H. W. Bush to have been both vice president and president, and the second non-incumbent vice president (after Richard Nixon in 1968) to be elected president.[319] He is also the first president from the Silent Generation.[320]
Biden’s inauguration was «a muted affair unlike any previous inauguration» due to COVID-19 precautions as well as massively increased security measures because of the January 6 United States Capitol attack. Trump did not attend, becoming the first outgoing president since 1869 to not attend his successor’s inauguration.[321]
2021
In his first two days as president, Biden signed 17 executive orders. By his third day, orders had included rejoining the Paris Climate Agreement, ending the state of national emergency at the border with Mexico, directing the government to rejoin the World Health Organization, face mask requirements on federal property, measures to combat hunger in the United States,[322][323][324][325] and revoking permits for the construction of the Keystone XL pipeline.[326][327][328] In his first two weeks in office, Biden signed more executive orders than any other president since Franklin D. Roosevelt had in their first month in office.[329]
On February 4, 2021, the Biden administration announced that the United States was ending its support for the Saudi-led bombing campaign in Yemen.[330]
On March 11, the first anniversary of COVID-19 being declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization, Biden signed into law the American Rescue Plan Act of 2021, a $1.9 trillion economic stimulus relief package he proposed and lobbied for that aimed to speed up the United States’ recovery from the economic and health effects of the COVID-19 pandemic and the ongoing recession.[331] The package included direct payments to most Americans, an extension of increased unemployment benefits, funds for vaccine distribution and school reopenings, and expansions of health insurance subsidies and the child tax credit. Biden’s initial proposal included an increase of the federal minimum wage to $15 per hour, but after the Senate parliamentarian determined that including the increase in a budget reconciliation bill would violate Senate rules, Democrats declined to pursue overruling her and removed the increase from the package.[332][333][334]
Also in March, amid a rise in migrants entering the U.S. from Mexico, Biden told migrants, «Don’t come over.» In the meantime, migrant adults «are being sent back», Biden said, in reference to the continuation of the Trump administration’s Title 42 policy for quick deportations.[335] Biden earlier announced that his administration would not deport unaccompanied migrant children; the rise in arrivals of such children exceeded the capacity of facilities meant to shelter them (before they were sent to sponsors), leading the Biden administration in March to direct the Federal Emergency Management Agency to help.[336]
On April 14, Biden announced that the United States would delay the withdrawal of all troops from the war in Afghanistan until September 11, signaling an end to the country’s direct military involvement in Afghanistan after nearly 20 years.[337] In February 2020, the Trump administration had made a deal with the Taliban to completely withdraw U.S. forces by May 1, 2021.[338] Biden’s decision met with a wide range of reactions, from support and relief to trepidation at the possible collapse of the Afghan government without American support.[339] On April 22–23, Biden held an international climate summit at which he announced that the U.S. would cut its greenhouse gas emissions by 50%–52% by 2030 compared to 2005 levels. Other countries also increased their pledges.[340][341] On April 28, the eve of his 100th day in office, Biden delivered his first address to a joint session of Congress.[342]
In May 2021, during a flareup in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict, Biden expressed his support for Israel, saying «my party still supports Israel».[343] In June 2021, Biden took his first trip abroad as president. In eight days he visited Belgium, Switzerland, and the United Kingdom. He attended a G7 summit, a NATO summit, and an EU summit, and held one-on-one talks with Russian president Vladimir Putin.[344]
On June 17, Biden signed the Juneteenth National Independence Day Act, which officially declared Juneteenth a federal holiday.[345] Juneteenth is the first new federal holiday since 1986.[346] In July 2021, amid a slowing of the COVID-19 vaccination rate in the country and the spread of the SARS-CoV-2 Delta variant, Biden said that the country has «a pandemic for those who haven’t gotten the vaccination» and that it was therefore «gigantically important» for Americans to be vaccinated.[347] In September 2021, Biden announced AUKUS, a security pact between Australia, the United Kingdom and the United States, to ensure «peace and stability in the Indo-Pacific over the long term»; the deal included nuclear-powered submarines built for Australia’s use.[348]
By the end of 2021, 40 of Biden’s appointed judges to the federal judiciary had been confirmed, more than any president in their first year in office since Ronald Reagan.[349] Biden has prioritized diversity in his judicial appointments more than any president in U.S. history, with the majority of appointments being women and people of color.[350] Most of his appointments have been in blue states, making a limited impact since the courts in these states already traditionally lean liberal.[351]
In the first eight months of his presidency, Biden’s approval rating, according to Morning Consult polling, remained above 50%. In August, it began to decline and lowered into the low forties by December.[352] The decline in his approval is attributed to the Afghanistan withdrawal, increasing hospitalizations from the Delta variant, high inflation and gas prices, disarray within the Democratic Party, and a general decline in popularity customary in politics.[353][354][355][356]
Biden entered office nine months into a recovery from the COVID-19 recession and his first year in office was characterized by robust growth in real GDP, employment, wages and stock market returns, amid significantly elevated inflation. Real GDP grew 5.9%, the fastest rate in 37 years.[357][358] Amid record job creation, the unemployment rate fell at the fastest pace on record during the year.[359][360] By the end of 2021, inflation reached a nearly 40-year high of 7.1%, which was partially offset by the highest nominal wage and salary growth in at least 20 years.[361][362][363][364]
Withdrawal from Afghanistan
American forces began withdrawing from Afghanistan in 2020, under the provisions of a February 2020 US-Taliban agreement that set a May 1, 2021, deadline.[365] The Taliban began an offensive on May 1.[366][367] By early July, most American troops in Afghanistan had withdrawn.[338] Biden addressed the withdrawal in July, saying, «The likelihood there’s going to be the Taliban overrunning everything and owning the whole country is highly unlikely.»[338]
On August 15, the Afghan government collapsed under the Taliban offensive, and Afghan President Ashraf Ghani fled the country.[338][368] Biden reacted by ordering 6,000 American troops to assist in the evacuation of American personnel and Afghan allies.[369] He faced bipartisan criticism for the manner of the withdrawal,[370] with the evacuation of Americans and Afghan allies described as chaotic and botched.[371][372][373] On August 16, Biden addressed the «messy» situation, taking responsibility for it, and admitting that the situation «unfolded more quickly than we had anticipated».[368][374] He defended his decision to withdraw, saying that Americans should not be «dying in a war that Afghan forces are not willing to fight for themselves».[374][375]
On August 26, a suicide bombing at the Kabul airport killed 13 U.S. service members and 169 Afghans. On August 27, an American drone strike killed two ISIS-K targets, who were «planners and facilitators», according to a U.S. Army general.[376] On August 29, another American drone strike killed ten civilians, including seven children. The Defense Department initially claimed the strike was conducted on an Islamic State suicide bomber threatening Kabul Airport, but admitted the suspect was harmless on September 17, calling its killing of civilians «a tragic mistake».[377]
The U.S. military completed withdrawal from Afghanistan on August 30. Biden called the extraction of over 120,000 Americans, Afghans and other allies «an extraordinary success».[378] He acknowledged that up to 200 Americans who wanted to leave did not, despite his August 18 pledge to keep troops in Afghanistan until all Americans who wanted to leave had left.[379]
Infrastructure and climate
As part of Biden’s Build Back Better agenda, in late March 2021, he proposed the American Jobs Plan, a $2 trillion package addressing issues including transport infrastructure, utilities infrastructure, broadband infrastructure, housing, schools, manufacturing, research and workforce development.[380][381] After months of negotiations among Biden and lawmakers, in August 2021 the Senate passed a $1 trillion bipartisan infrastructure bill called the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act,[382][383] while the House, also in a bipartisan manner, approved that bill in early November 2021, covering infrastructure related to transport, utilities, and broadband.[384] Biden signed the bill into law in mid-November 2021.[385]
The other core part of the Build Back Better agenda was the Build Back Better Act, a $3.5 trillion social spending bill that expands the social safety net and includes major provisions on climate change.[386][387] The bill did not have Republican support, so Democrats attempted to pass it on a party-line vote through budget reconciliation, but struggled to win the support of Senator Joe Manchin, even as the price was lowered to $2.2 trillion.[388] After Manchin rejected the bill,[389] the Build Back Better Act’s size was reduced and comprehensively reworked into the Inflation Reduction Act of 2022, covering deficit reduction, climate change, healthcare, and tax reform.[390]
Before and during the 2021 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21), Biden promoted an agreement that the U.S. and the European Union cut methane emissions by a third by 2030 and tried to add dozens of other countries to the effort.[391] He tried to convince China[392] and Australia[393] to do more. He convened an online Major Economies Forum on Energy and Climate Change to press other countries to strengthen their climate policy.[394][395] Biden pledged to double climate funding to developing countries by 2024.[396] Also at COP26, the U.S. and China reached a deal on greenhouse gas emission reduction. The two countries are responsible for 40% of global emissions.[397]
2022
In early 2022, Biden made efforts to change his public image after entering the year with low approval ratings due to inflation and high gas prices, which continued to fall to approximately 40% in aggregated polls by February.[398][399][400] He began the year by endorsing a change to the Senate filibuster to allow for the passing of the Freedom to Vote Act and John Lewis Voting Rights Act, on both of which the Senate had failed to invoke cloture.[401] The rules change failed when two Democratic senators, Joe Manchin and Kyrsten Sinema, joined Senate Republicans in opposing it.[402]
Economy
After 5.9% growth in 2021, real GDP growth cooled dramatically in Biden’s second year, to 2.1%, after slightly negative growth in the first half spurred recession concerns. Job creation and consumer spending remained strong through the year, as the unemployment rate fell to match a 53-year low of 3.5% in December. Inflation peaked at 9.1% in June but began easing in the second half of the year, to 6.5% in December. Stocks had their worst performance since 2008.[403][404][405][406]
Nomination of Ketanji Brown Jackson
In January, Supreme Court Justice Stephen Breyer, a moderate liberal nominated by Bill Clinton, announced his intention to retire from the Supreme Court. During his 2020 campaign, Biden vowed to nominate the first Black woman to the Supreme Court if a vacancy occurred,[407] a promise he reiterated after the announcement of Breyer’s retirement.[408] On February 25, Biden nominated federal judge Ketanji Brown Jackson to the Supreme Court.[409] She was confirmed by the U.S. Senate on April 7[410] and sworn in on June 30.[411]
Foreign policy
In early February, Biden ordered the counterterrorism raid in northern Syria that resulted in the death of Abu Ibrahim al-Hashimi al-Qurashi, the second leader of the Islamic State.[412] In late July, Biden approved the drone strike that killed Ayman al-Zawahiri, the second leader of Al-Qaeda, and an integral member in the planning of the September 11 attacks.[413]
Also in February, after warning for several weeks that an attack was imminent, Biden led the U.S. response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, imposing severe sanctions on Russia and authorizing over $8 billion in weapons shipments to Ukraine.[414][415][416] On April 29, Biden asked Congress for $33 billion for Ukraine,[417] but lawmakers later increased it to about $40 billion.[418] Biden blamed Vladimir Putin for the emerging energy and food crises,[419] saying, «Putin’s war has raised the price of food because Ukraine and Russia are two of the world’s major bread baskets for wheat and corn, the basic product for so many foods around the world.»[420]
China’s assertiveness, particularly in the Pacific, remains a challenge for Biden. The Solomon Islands-China security pact caused alarm, as China could build military bases across the South Pacific. Biden sought to strengthen ties with Australia and New Zealand in the wake of the deal, as Anthony Albanese succeeded to the premiership of Australia and Jacinda Ardern’s government took a firmer line on Chinese influence.[421][422][423] In a September interview with 60 Minutes, Biden said that U.S. forces would defend Taiwan in the event of «an unprecedented attack» by the Chinese,[424] which is in contrast to the long-standing U.S. policy of «strategic ambiguity» toward China and Taiwan.[425][426][427] The September comments came after three previous comments by Biden that the U.S. would defend Taiwan in the event of a Chinese invasion.[428] Amid increasing tension with China, Biden’s administration has repeatedly walked back his statements and asserted that U.S. policy toward Taiwan has not changed.[428][429][425] In late 2022, Biden issued several executive orders and federal rules designed to slow Chinese technological growth, and maintain U.S. leadership over computing, biotech, and clean energy.[430]
Biden with Arab leaders at the GCC+3 summit in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, on July 16, 2022
The 2022 OPEC+ oil production cut caused a diplomatic spat with Saudi Arabia, widening the rift between the two countries, and threatening a longstanding alliance.[431][432]
COVID-19 diagnosis
On July 21, 2022, Biden tested positive for COVID-19 with reportedly mild symptoms.[433] According to the White House, he was treated with Paxlovid.[434] He worked in isolation in the White House for five days[435] and returned to isolation when he tested positive again on July 30.[436]
Domestic policy
In April 2022, Biden signed into law the bipartisan Postal Service Reform Act of 2022 to revamp the finances and operations of the United States Postal Service agency.[437]
On July 28, 2022, the Biden administration announced it would fill four wide gaps on the Mexico–United States border in Arizona near Yuma, an area with some of the busiest corridors for illegal crossings. During his presidential campaign, Biden had pledged to cease all future border wall construction.[438] This occurred after both allies and critics of Biden criticized his administration’s management of the southern border.[439]
In the summer of 2022, several other pieces of legislation Biden supported passed Congress. The Bipartisan Safer Communities Act aimed to address gun reform issues following the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas.[440] The gun control laws in the bill include extended background checks for gun purchasers under 21, clarification of Federal Firearms License requirements, funding for state red flag laws and other crisis intervention programs, further criminalization of arms trafficking and straw purchases, and partial closure of the boyfriend loophole.[441][442][443] Biden signed the bill on June 25, 2022.[444]
The Honoring our PACT Act of 2022 was introduced in 2021, and signed into law by Biden on August 10, 2022.[445] The act intends to significantly improve healthcare access and funding for veterans who were exposed to toxic substances during military service, including burn pits.[446] The bill gained significant media coverage due to the activism of comedian Jon Stewart.[447]
Biden signed the CHIPS and Science Act into law on August 9, 2022.[448] The act provides billions of dollars in new funding to boost domestic research and manufacturing of semiconductors in the United States, to compete economically with China.[449]
The Inflation Reduction Act of 2022 was introduced by Senators Chuck Schumer and Joe Manchin, resulting from continuing negotiations on Biden’s initial Build Back Better agenda, which Manchin had blocked the previous year.[450][451] The package aimed to raise $739 billion and authorize $370 billion in spending on energy and climate change, $300 billion in deficit reduction, three years of Affordable Care Act subsidies, prescription drug reform to lower prices, and tax reform.[452] According to an analysis by the Rhodium Group, the bill will lower US greenhouse gas emissions between 31% and 44% below 2005 levels by 2030.[453] On August 7, 2022, the Senate passed the bill (as amended) on a 51–50 vote, with all Democrats voting in favor, all Republicans opposed, and Vice President Kamala Harris breaking the tie. The bill was passed by the House on August 12[453] and was signed by Biden on August 16.[454][455]
On October 6, 2022, Biden pardoned all Americans convicted of small amounts of marijuana possession under federal law.[456]
On December 13, 2022, Biden signed the Respect for Marriage Act, which repealed the Defense of Marriage Act and requires the federal government to recognize the validity of same-sex and interracial marriages in the United States.[457]
2022 elections
On September 2, 2022, in a nationally broadcast Philadelphia speech, Biden called for a «battle for the soul of the nation». Off camera, he called active Trump supporters «semi-fascists», which Republican commentators denounced.[458][459][460] A predicted Republican wave election did not materialize and the race for U.S. Congress control was much closer than expected, with Republicans securing a slim majority of 222 seats in the House of Representatives,[461][462][463][464] and Democrats keeping control of the U.S. Senate, with 51 seats, a gain of one seat from the last Congress.[465][n 3]
It was the first midterm election since 1986 in which the party of the incumbent president achieved a net gain in governorships, and the first since 1934 in which the president’s party lost no state legislative chambers.[467] Democrats credited Biden for their unexpectedly favorable performance,[468] and he celebrated the results as a strong day for democracy.[469]
2023
Discovery of classified documents
On November 2, 2022, while packing files at the Penn Biden Center, Biden’s attorneys found classified documents dating to his vice presidency in a «locked closet».[470][471] According to the White House, the documents were reported that day to the U.S. National Archives, which recovered the documents the next day.[471] On December 20, a second batch of classified documents was discovered in the garage of Biden’s Wilmington, Delaware residence.[472] In January 2023, these findings were made public, and on January 12, Attorney General Merrick Garland appointed Robert K. Hur as special counsel to investigate «possible unauthorized removal and retention of classified documents or other records».[473] On January 20, after a 13-hour consensual search by FBI investigators, six more items with classified markings were recovered from Biden’s Wilmington residence.[474]
Foreign policy
On February 20, 2023, four days before the anniversary of Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, Biden visited Kyiv and met with President Volodymyr Zelenskyy and first lady of Ukraine Olena Zelenska.[475] While there, he promised more military aid to Ukraine and denounced the war.[476] The trip was unannounced, and involved major security coordination to ensure safety.[477]
Political positions
Mikhail Gorbachev (right) being introduced to President Obama by Joe Biden, March 2009. U.S. ambassador to Russia, Michael McFaul, is pictured in the background.
Biden is considered a moderate Democrat[478] and a centrist.[479][480] Throughout his long career, his positions have been aligned with the center of the Democratic Party.[481] In 2022, journalist Sasha Issenberg wrote that Biden’s «most valuable political skill» was «an innate compass for the ever-shifting mainstream of the Democratic party.»[482]
Biden has proposed partially reversing the corporate tax cuts of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017, saying that doing so would not hurt businesses’ ability to hire.[483][484] He voted for the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)[485] and the Trans-Pacific Partnership.[486] Biden is a staunch supporter of the Affordable Care Act (ACA).[487][488] He has promoted a plan to expand and build upon it, paid for by revenue gained from reversing some Trump administration tax cuts.[487] Biden’s plan aims to expand health insurance coverage to 97% of Americans, including by creating a public health insurance option.[489]
Biden has supported same-sex marriage since 2012[490][491] and also supports Roe v. Wade and repealing the Hyde Amendment.[492][493] He opposes drilling for oil in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge.[494] As a senator, he forged deep relationships with police groups and was a chief proponent of a Police Officer’s Bill of Rights measure that police unions supported but police chiefs opposed.[495][496] In 2020, Biden also ran on decriminalizing cannabis,[497] after zealously advocating the War on Drugs as a U.S. senator.[498][better source needed]
Biden believes action must be taken on global warming. As a senator, he co-sponsored the Boxer–Sanders Global Warming Pollution Reduction Act, the most stringent climate bill in the United States Senate.[499] He wants to achieve a carbon-free power sector in the U.S. by 2035 and stop emissions completely by 2050.[500] His program includes reentering the Paris Agreement, nature conservation, and green building.[501]
Biden has said the U.S. needs to «get tough» on China, calling it the «most serious competitor» that poses challenges to the United States’ «prosperity, security, and democratic values».[502] Biden has spoken about human rights abuses in the Xinjiang region to the Chinese Communist Party leader Xi Jinping, pledging to sanction and commercially restrict Chinese government officials and entities who carry out repression.[504][505]
Biden has said he is against regime change, but for providing non-military support to opposition movements.[506] He opposed direct U.S. intervention in Libya,[507][214] voted against U.S. participation in the Gulf War,[508] voted in favor of the Iraq War,[509] and supports a two-state solution in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[510] Biden has pledged to end U.S. support for the Saudi Arabian-led intervention in Yemen and to reevaluate the United States’ relationship with Saudi Arabia.[271] Biden supports extending the New START arms control treaty with Russia to limit the number of nuclear weapons deployed by both sides.[511][512] In 2021, Biden officially recognized the Armenian genocide, becoming the first U.S. president to do so.[513][n 4]
Reputation
Biden was consistently ranked one of the least wealthy members of the Senate,[516][517][518] which he attributed to his having been elected young.[519] Feeling that less-wealthy public officials may be tempted to accept contributions in exchange for political favors, he proposed campaign finance reform measures during his first term.[98] As of November 2009, Biden’s net worth was $27,012.[520] By November 2020, the Bidens were worth $9 million, largely due to sales of Biden’s books and speaking fees after his vice presidency.[521][522][523][524]
The political writer Howard Fineman has written, «Biden is not an academic, he’s not a theoretical thinker, he’s a great street pol. He comes from a long line of working people in Scranton—auto salesmen, car dealers, people who know how to make a sale. He has that great Irish gift.»[44] Political columnist David S. Broder wrote that Biden has grown over time: «He responds to real people—that’s been consistent throughout. And his ability to understand himself and deal with other politicians has gotten much much better.»[44] Journalist James Traub has written that «Biden is the kind of fundamentally happy person who can be as generous toward others as he is to himself.»[136]
In recent years, especially after the 2015 death of his elder son Beau, Biden has been noted for his empathetic nature and ability to communicate about grief.[525][526] In 2020, CNN wrote that his presidential campaign aimed to make him «healer-in-chief», while The New York Times described his extensive history of being called upon to give eulogies.[527]
Journalist and TV anchor Wolf Blitzer has called Biden loquacious.[528] He often deviates from prepared remarks[529] and sometimes «puts his foot in his mouth.»[530][173][531][532] Biden has a reputation for being prone to gaffes and in 2018 called himself «a gaffe machine».[533][534] The New York Times wrote that Biden’s «weak filters make him capable of blurting out pretty much anything.»[173]
According to The New York Times, Biden often embellishes elements of his life or exaggerates, a trait also noted by The New Yorker in 2014.[535][536] For instance, Biden has claimed to have been more active in the civil rights movement than he actually was, and has falsely recalled being an excellent student who earned three college degrees.[535] The Times wrote, «Mr. Biden’s folksiness can veer into folklore, with dates that don’t quite add up and details that are exaggerated or wrong, the factual edges shaved off to make them more powerful for audiences.»[536]
Electoral history
| Year | Office | Type | Party | Main opponent | Party | Votes for Biden | Result | Swing | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | % | P. | ±% | |||||||||||
| 1970 | Councillor | General | Democratic | Lawrence T. Messick | Republican | 10,573 | 55.41% | 1st | N/A | Won | Gain | |||
| 1972 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | J. Caleb Boggs (I) | Republican | 116,006 | 50.48% | 1st | +9.59% | Won | Gain | |||
| 1978 | General | Democratic | James H. Baxter Jr. | Republican | 93,930 | 57.96% | 1st | +7.48% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1984 | General | Democratic | John M. Burris | Republican | 147,831 | 60.11% | 1st | +2.15% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 1988 | President | Primary | Democratic | Michael Dukakis | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| 1990 | U.S. senator | General | Democratic | M. Jane Brady | Republican | 112,918 | 62.68% | 1st | +2.57% | Won | Hold | |||
| 1996 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 165,465 | 60.04% | 1st | −2.64% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2002 | General | Democratic | Raymond J. Clatworthy | Republican | 135,253 | 58.22% | 1st | −1.82% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | General | Democratic | Christine O’Donnell | Republican | 257,539 | 64.69% | 1st | +6.47% | Won | Hold | ||||
| 2008 | President | Primary | Democratic | Barack Obama | Democratic | Withdrew | Lost | N/A | ||||||
| Vice president | General | Sarah Palin | Republican | 69,498,516 | 52.93% | 1st | +4.66% | Won | Gain | |||||
| Electoral | 365 E.V. | 67.84% | 1st | +21.19% | ||||||||||
| 2012 | General | Democratic | Paul Ryan | Republican | 65,915,795 | 51.06% | 1st | −1.87% | Won | Hold | ||||
| Electoral | 332 E.V. | 61.71% | 1st | −6.13% | ||||||||||
| 2020 | President | Primary | Democratic | Bernie Sanders | Democratic | 19,080,152 | 51.68% | 1st | N/A | Won | N/A | |||
| Convention | 3,558 D. | 74.92% | 1st | N/A | ||||||||||
| General | Donald Trump (I) | Republican | 81,268,924 | 51.31% | 1st | +3.13% | Won | Gain | ||||||
| Electoral | 306 E.V. | 56.88% | 1st | +14.69% |
Publications
See also
- 2020 Democratic Party presidential primaries
- 2020 United States presidential debates
- Cabinet of Joe Biden
- List of honors and awards received by Joe Biden
- List of things named after Joe Biden
Notes
- ^ Biden held the chairmanship from January 3 to 20, then was succeeded by Jesse Helms until June 6, and thereafter held the position until 2003.
- ^ Delaware’s Democratic governor, Ruth Ann Minner, announced on November 24, 2008, that she would appoint Biden’s longtime senior adviser Ted Kaufman to succeed Biden in the Senate.[188] Kaufman said he would serve only two years, until Delaware’s special Senate election in 2010.[188] Biden’s son Beau ruled himself out of the 2008 selection process due to his impending tour in Iraq with the Delaware Army National Guard.[189] He was a possible candidate for the 2010 special election, but in early 2010 said he would not run for the seat.[190]
- ^ Kyrsten Sinema, whose seat was not up for election in 2022, left the Democratic Party and became an independent politician in December 2022, after the election but before the swearing in of the next Congress. As a result, 48 Democrats (rather than 49), plus Angus King and Bernie Sanders, independents who caucus with Democrats, were in the Senate upon commencement of the 118th United States Congress, on January 3, 2023. Sinema has ruled out caucusing with Republicans, and she has said she intends to align mostly with Democrats and keep her committee assignments.[466]
- ^ In 1981, President Ronald Reagan referred to the Armenian genocide in passing in a statement regarding The Holocaust, but never made a formal declaration recognizing it.[514][515]
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But, boy, does he say some curious things. A day on the campaign trail without a cringe-inducing gaffe is a rare blessing. He has not been too blessed lately…. a human verbal wrecking crew.
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Works cited
- Barone, Michael; Cohen, Richard E. (2008). The Almanac of American Politics. National Journal. Washington. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Bronner, Ethan (1989). Battle for Justice: How the Bork Nomination Shook America. W. W. Norton & Company. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
- Gadsen, Brett (October 8, 2012). Between North and South: Delaware, Desegregation, and the Myth of American Sectionalism. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2.
- Levingston, Steven; Dyson, Michael (2019). Barack and Joe: The Making of an Extraordinary Partnership. Hachette. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
- Mayer, Jane; Abramson, Jill (1994). Strange Justice: The Selling of Clarence Thomas. Houghton Mifflin. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
- Moritz, Charles, ed. (1987). Current Biography Yearbook 1987. New York: H. W. Wilson Company.
- Wolffe, Richard (2009). Renegade: The Making of a President. New York: Crown Publishers. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
- Taylor, Paul (1990). See How They Run: Electing the President in an Age of Mediaocracy. Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
- Witcover, Jules (2010). Joe Biden: A Life of Trial and Redemption. New York City: William Morrow. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
Further reading
- Whipple, Chris. The Fight of His Life: Inside Joe Biden’s White House (Scribner, 2023)excerpt comprehensive history of first two years.
External links
Official
- President Joe Biden official website
- Presidential campaign website
- Obama White House biography (archived)
- Biography at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Financial information (federal office) at the Federal Election Commission
- Legislation sponsored at the Library of Congress
Other
- Appearances on C-SPAN
- Joe Biden at Curlie
- Joe Biden at IMDb
- Joe Biden collected news and commentary at The New York Times
- Joe Biden at On the Issues
- Joe Biden at PolitiFact
- Joe Biden on Twitter
- Profile at Vote Smart
47-й вице-президент США, кандидат в президенты от Демократической партии 2020 г.
| Джо Байден | |
|---|---|
 Официальный портрет, 2013 г. |
|
| 47-й вице-президент Соединенных Штатов | |
| в должности . 20 января 2009 г. — 20 января 2017 г. | |
| президент | Барак Обама |
| Предыдущий | Дарак Чейни |
| Преемник | Майк Пенс |
| Сенатор США. от Делавэр | |
| В офисе . 3 января 1973 — 15 января 2009 | |
| Предыдущий автор | Дж. Калеб Боггс |
| Преемник | Тед Кауфман |
| Председатель Международного Сената по международным отношениям | |
| Действующий . 3 января 2007 г. — 3 января 2009 г. | |
| Предшествующий | Ричард Лугар |
| Преемник | Джон Керри |
| В офисе . 6 июня 2001 г. — 3 января 2003 г. | |
| Предыдущий | Джесси Хелмс |
| Преемник | Ричард Лугар |
| В офисе . 3 января 2001 г. — 20 января 2001 г. | |
| Ему предшествовал | Джесси Хелмс |
| Преемник | Джесси Хелмс |
| Председатель Международное собрание по контролю над наркотиками | |
| В офисе . 3 января 2007 г. — 3 января 2009 г. | |
| Предшествовало | Чак Грассли |
| Преемник | Дайан Файнштейн |
| Председатель Судебного комитета Сената | |
| Действующий . 3 января 1987 г. — 3 января 1995 г. | |
| Преемник | Стром Турмонд |
| Преемник | Оррин Хэтч |
| Член Совета графства Нью-Касл. от 4-го округа | |
| В офисе . 4 ноября 1970 г. — 8 ноября 1972 г. | |
| Предыдущий | Курица Рай Фолсом |
| Преемник | Фрэнсис Свифт |
| Личные данные | |
| Родился | Джозеф Робинетт Байден младший. (1942- 11-20) 20 ноября 1942 г. (возраст 77). Скрэнтон, Пенсильвания, США |
| Политическая партия | Демократическая |
| Супруга (-а) | Нейлия Хантер (m.1966; умер в 1972) . Джилл Джейкобс (m.1977) |
| Дети |
|
| Родители |
|
| Родственники | Эдвард Фрэнсис Блевитт. (прадед) |
| Образование | Университет Делавэра (BA ). Сиракузский университет (JD ) |
| Род занятий |
|
| Награды | Президентская медаль свободы с отличием (2017) |
| Подпись |  |
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Джозеф Робинетт Байден-младший (; родился 20 ноября 1942 г.) — американский политик, занимавший пост 47-го вице-президента США. в администрации Обамы с 2009 по 2017 год. Член Демократической партии, он занимал должность сенатора США от Делавэра с 1973 по 2009 год. Он кандидат в президенты от Демократической партии на выборах 2020 года, баллотирующийся против действующего президента, Дональда Трампа.
. Скрэнтон, Пенсильвания и Округ Нью-Касл, Делавэр, Байден учился в Универсальный Делавэра, прежде чем получить степень юриста в Сиракузском университете в 1968 году. Он был избранным советником округа Нью-Касл в 1970 году и стал шестым по возрасту сенатором в американской истории, когда был избранным в Сенат США от штата Делавэр в 1972 год. Байден был давним членом сенатского комитета по международным отношениям, а затем и его председателем. Он выступал против войны в Персидском заливе в 1991 году, но поддержал расширение НАТО Альянса на Восточную Европу и его вмешательство в югославские войны 1990 -е гг. Он поддержал резолюцию , разрешающую войну в Ираке в 2002 году, но выступал против наращивания войск США в 2007 году. Он также флагл Судебный комитет Сената с 1987 по 1995 год. по вопросам наркополитики, предупреждения преступности и гражданских свобод; он предпринимл усилия по принятию Закона о борьбе с насильственными преступлениями и правоприменения и Закона о насилии в отношении женщин, а также курировал шесть США. Слушания по утверждению Верховного суда, включая слушания споров по делу Роберта Борка и Кларенса Томаса. Он безуспешно баллотировался в президенты от Демократической партии в 1988 году и снова в 2008 году.
Байден переизбирался в Сенат шесть раз и был четвертым по старшинству сенатором, когда он ушел в отставку с вице-президента Барака Обамы после того, как они выиграли президентские выборы 2008 года ; Обама и Байден были переизбраны в 2012. В качестве вице-президента Байден курировал расходы на инфраструктуру в 2009 году для противодействия Великой рецессии. Его переговоры с республиканцами в Конгрессе помогли принять законы, в том числе Закон о налоговых льготах 2010 года, который разрешил налоговый тупик; Закон о бюджетном контроле 2011 года, разрешивший кризис потолка долга ; и Закон об освобождении от уплаты налогов в США от 2012 года, который касался надающегося «финансового обрыва ». Он также руководил усилиями по принятию Нового договора СНВ между США и Россией, поддерживал военное вмешательство в Ливию и помогал формулировать политику США в отношении Ирака через войск США в 2011 году. После стрельбы в начальной школе Сэнди Хук он возглавил оперативную группу по борьбе с огнестрельным насилием. В январе 2017 года Обама с отличием наградил Байдена Президентской медалью свободы.
В апреле 2019 года Байден объявил о своей кандидатуре на президентских выборах 2020 года и в июне 2020 года он достиг порога делегатов, необходимых для обеспечения выдвижения от Демократической партии. 11 августа он объявил сенатору США Камала Харрис из Калифорния в качестве его напарника.
Содержание
- 1 Ранняя жизнь (1942–1965)
- 2 Первый брак юридический факультет и начало карьеры (1966–1972)
- 2,1 1972 г. Кампания Сената США в 1972 году
- 2.2 Смерть жены и дочери
- 3 Сенат США (1973–2009)
- 3.1 Второй брак
- 3.2 Ранняя деятельность Сената
- 3.3 Противодействие автобусной деятельности
- 3.4 Президентская кампания 1988 года
- 3.5 Операции на мозге
- 3.6 Сенат Судебный комитет
- 3.7 Комитет Сената по международным отношениям
- 3.8 Прочие
- 3.9 Репутация
- 3.10 Президентская кампания 2008 г.
- 4 Предвыборная кампания 2008 г.
- 5 Вице-президент (2009–2017)
- 5.1 Переизбрание
- 5.2 Второй срок (2013–2017 годы)
- 5.3 Роль в президентской кампании 2016 года
- 6 Пост-вице-президентство (2017 год — настоящее время)
- 6.1 Комментарии к Дональду Трампу
- 6.1.1 Изменение климата
- 6.1.2 Здравоохранение
- 6.1.3 Иммиграция
- 6.1.4 Права ЛГБТК
- 6.1 Комментарии к Дональду Трампу
- 7 президентская кампания 2020 г.
- 7.1 Домыслы и объявления
- 7.2 Кампания
- 7.3 Обвинения в несоответствии физический контакт
- 8 Политическая позиция ции
- 9 Отличия
- 10 История выборов
- 11 записей Байдена
- 12 Примечания
- 13 Ссылки
- 13.1 Сноски
- 13.2 Книги
- 14 Внешние ссылки
- 14.1 Официальные источники
- 14.2 Другое
Ранняя жизнь (1942–1965)
Байден в возрасте 10 лет (1953)
Джозеф Робинетт Байден-младший родился 20 ноября 1942 года в больнице Святой Марии в Скрэнтоне., Пенсильвания, Кэтрин Юджиния «Джин» Байден (урожденная Финнеган) (1917–2010) и Джозеф Робинетт Байден-старший (1915–2002). Старший ребенок в католической семье, у него была сестра и два брата. Джин ирландское происхождение, корни которого по-разному восходят к графству Лаут и графству Лондондерри. Родители Джозефа-старшего, Мэри Элизабет (урожденная Робинетт) и Джозеф Х. Байден, нефтяной бизнесмен из Балтимора, штат Мэриленд, были , французским и ирландским происхождения.
Отец Байдена был изначально богат, но к тому времени, когда Байден родился, он потерпел несколько финансовых неудач; несколько лет семья жила с бабушкой и дедушкой Байдена по материнской линии. В 1950-е годы Скрэнтон впал в экономический спад, и отец Байдена не мог найти стабильную работу. Начиная с 1953 года, семья несколько лет жила в квартире в Клеймонте, Делавэр, затем переехала в дом в Уилмингтоне, Делавэр. Джо Байден-старший позже стал успешным продавцом подержанных автомобилей, поддерживая семейный образ жизни среднего класса.
В Академии Арчмира в Клеймонте Байден был выдающимся полузащитник и ресивер в школьной футбольной команде ; он также играл в бейсбол. Бедный студент, но прирожденный лидер, он был президентом класса в младших и старших классах. Он получил высшее образование в 1961 году.
В Университета Делавэра в Ньюарке Байден недолго занимался футболом на первом курсе и получил степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук в 1965 году со степенью двойной мажор по истории и политологией и второстепенным по английскому. У него был средний балл C, и он занял 506-е место в своем классе из 688.
У Байдена заикание, которое улучшилось с двадцати лет. Он говорит, что уменьшил его, читая стихи перед зеркалом, но было высказано предположение, что это повлияло на его выступление на президентских дебатах Демократической партии в 2020 г..
Байден не употребляет алкоголь, потому что, по его словам, «есть в моей семье достаточно алкоголиков. «
Первый брак, юридический факультет и начало карьеры (1966–1972)
Байден в ежегоднике Университета Делавэра за 1965 год
На 27 августа 1966 года Байден женился на Нейлии Хантер (28 июля 1942 года — 18 декабря 1972 года), студентке Сиракузского университета, после выхода из отказа родителей выйти замуж за Римский католик; Церемония прошла в католической церкви в Сканеателес, Нью-Йорк. У них было трое детей: Джозеф Р. «Бо» Байден III (3 февраля 1969 — 30 мая 2015 г.), Роберт Хантер Байден (1970 г.р.) и Наоми Кристина «Эми». »Байден (8 ноября 1971 — 18 декабря 1972).
В 1968 году Байден получил юридическую степень в Юридический колледже Сиракузического университета, заняв 76-е место в рейтинге его класс 85, и был принят в бар штата Делавэр в 1969 году. Во время учебы в школе он получил отсрочку от загрузки военную службу, а затем был классифицирован как недоступный военная служба из-за астмы.
В 1968 году Байден работал клерком в Уилмингтонской юридической фирме, управляемой известным местным республиканцем Уильямом Прикеттом, и, как он позже сказал, «думал о себе как республиканец». Ему не нравилась консервативная расовая политика нынешнего демократического губернатора Делавэра Чарльза Л. Терри, и он поддерживал более либерального республиканца, Рассела У. Петерсона, который победил Терри в 1968 году. Байдена наняли местных жителей. Республиканцы, но зарегистрировались как независимый из-за его неприязни к кандидату в президенты от республиканцев Ричард Никсон.
В 1969 году Байден сначала практиковал юриспруденцию в качестве государственного защитника, а Группа, которая пытается реформировать и оживить государственную партию; Впечатление Байден перерегистрировался как демократ. Он и другой поверенный также основали юридическую фирму. Корпоративное право, однако, его не привлекало, а уголовное право не приносило хороших результатов. Он пополнял свой доход за счет управления собственностью.
Позже в том же году Байден был избранным на место совета графства в обычно республиканском округе округа Нью-Касл, штат Делавэр. на либеральной платформе, которая включает поддержку государственного жилья в пригородах. До 1972 года он работал в совете, продолжая заниматься юридической практикой. Он выступал против проектов строительства автомагистралей, которые могли разрушить районы Уилмингтона.
Кампания Сената США 1972 года
Байден в 1973 году
В 1972 году Байден победил республиканцев. действующий сотрудник Дж. Калеб Боггс станет младшим сенатором США от Делавэра. Он был нашим демократом, готовым бросить вызов Боггсу; у его кампании почти не было денег, и у него не было шансов на победу. Члены семьи руководили и укомплектовывали кампанию, которая опиралась на распространение документов с изложением позиции, что стало возможным благодаря небольшим размерам штата Делавэр. Ему помогли AFL — CIO и социолог-демократ Патрик Кадделл. Его платформа была сосредоточена на уходе из Вьетнама, окружающей среде, гражданских правах, общественном транспорте, более справедливом налогообложении, здравоохранении и недовольстве общества «политикой как обычно». За несколько месяцев до выборов, набрав 50,5 процента голосов.
Смерть жены и дочери
18 декабря 1972 года жена Байдена Нейлия и их годовалая дочь Эми погибли в автомобильной катастрофе в Хокессине, Делавэр. Сыновья Байдена Бо и Ханома соответственно пострадали от перел ноги и небольшого перелома черепа, но врачи предсказывали, что они полностью выздоровеют. Байден собирался уйти в отставку, чтобы заботиться о них, но лидер в Сенате Майк Мэнсфилд убедил его не делать этого.
Сенат США (1973–2009)
Второй брак
Байден и его вторая жена, Джилл, познакомились в 1975 году и поженились в 1977 году
Байден был приведен к присяге 5 января 1973 года секретарем Сената Фрэнсис Р. Валео в Делавэрском отделении Медицинского центра Уилмингтона ; Присутствовали Бо (чья нога все еще была в вытяжке), Хантер и другие члены семьи. В 30 лет он был шестым по возрасту сенатором в истории США..
видеть своих сыновей каждый день, чтобы сохранить эту привычку на протяжении всей своей жизни в Делавэре и Вашингтоном, округ Колумбия — 90 минут в одну сторону. 36 лет в Сенате. Но авария наполнила его гневом и религиозными сомнениями. Позже он писал, что «почувствовал, что Бог с ним ужасную шутку».
Байден доверяет свою второй жене, учительнице Джилл Трейси Джейкобс, возобновление его интереса к политике и жизни; Они познакомились в 1975 году на свидании вслепую, устроенном братом Байдена (который знал Джейкобса в колледже), и поженились в часовне Организации Объединенных Наций в Нью-Йорке 17 июня 1977 года. Они католики и ходят на мессу в Св. Джозеф на Брендивайне в Гринвилле, Делавэр. Их дочь Эшли Блейзер (1981 г.р.) — социальный работник.
Бо Байден стал военным судьей-адвокатом в Ираке, а затем генеральным прокурором штата Делавэр ; он умер от рака мозга в 2015 году. Хантер Байден — вашингтонский поверенный и лоббист.
Ранняя деятельность Сената
Байден с президентом Джимми Картер 
Байден пожимает руку Президент Рональд Рейган, 1984
В первые годы своей работы в Сенате Байден сосредоточился на защиты потребителей и проблем окружающей среды и достижения большей подотчетности правительства. В 1974 году журнал Время назвал его одним из 200 лиц будущего. В интервью 1974 года он охарактериал себя как консерватор в других вопросах, включая аборты и военный призыв.
Байден стал членом меньшинства из Судебного комитета Сената в 1981 году. В 1984 году он был менеджером демократов за успешное принятие Закона о всеобъемлющем контроле над преступностью ; Со временем жесткие положения закона о преступлениях стали вызывать споры, и в 2019 году Байден назвал свою роль в принятии законопроекта «большой ошибкой». Его сторонники хвалили его за изменение некоторых из худших положений закона, и это было его важным законодательным достижением того времени. Он получил уведомление о выступлениях, которые он произносил в том же году, которые одновременно вызывали и вызывали демократов.
В 1993 году Байден проголосовал за положение, которое считало гомосексуализм несовместимым с военной жизнью, тем самым запрещая геям служить в вооруженных силах. В 1996 году он проголосовал за Закон о защите брака, который запрещал федеральному правительству признавать однополые браки, тем самым лишая лиц, состоящих в таких браках, равную защиту в соответствии с федеральным законом и позволяя штатам делать то же самое; в 2015 году закон был признан неконституционным по делу Обергефелл против Ходжеса.
. В первое десятилетие своего пребывания в Сенате Байден сосредоточился на контроле над вооружениями. После того, как Конгресс не ратифицировал Договор об ОСВ 2, подписанный в 1979 году советским премьером Леонидом Брежневым и президентом Джимми Картером, Байденился с министром иностранных дел СССР Андреем Громыко, чтобы сообщить об озабоченности Америки, и внесение изменений, отвечающих запросам сенатского по международным отношениям. Когда администрация Рейгана хотела толковать договор 1972 года ОСВ I свободно, для развития Стратегической оборонной инициативы, Байден выступал за строгое соблюдение договора. Он привлекательно внимание, когда на слушаниях в Сенате критиковал государственного секретаря Джорджа Шульца за поддержку администрацией Рейгана Южной Африки, несмотря на ее продолжающуюся политику апартеида.
Оппозиция busing
В середине 1970-х Байден был одним из ведущих противников расовой интеграции busing в Сенате. Его избиратели в Делавэре категорически против этого, и такая оппозиция по всей стране позже вынудила его партию по большей части отказаться от политики школьной интеграции.
В своей первой сенатской кампании Байден выразил поддержку автобусам для исправления де-юре сегрегация, как на юге, но выступала против ее использования для исправления фактической сегрегации, возникающей из расовых моделей проживания по соседству, как в Делавэре; он выступил против предложенной поправки к конституции, полностью запрещающей автобусные перевозки. В мае 1974 года Байден проголосовал за внесение предложения, содержащего оговорки о запрете на автобусную деятельность и антидесегрегацию, но позже проголосовал за измененную версию, содержащую оговорку о том, что она не была направлена на ослабление судебной власти по обеспечению соблюдения 5-й поправки и 14-я поправка.
Позже Байден подвергся критике, когда он сказал на собрании родителей Делавэра, что его позиция в отношении автобусных перевозок меняется, подчеркнув, что автобусные перевозки в Делавэре, по его мнению, выходят за рамки судебных ограничений. Это, наряду с перспективой плана автобусных перевозок в Уилмингтоне, побудило Байдена присоединиться к сенаторам, выступающим против автобусных перевозок. В 1975 году он поддержал предложение, которое помешало бы Министерству здравоохранения, образования и социального обеспечения сократить федеральное финансирование округам, которые отказались интегрироваться; он сказал, что автобусные перевозки были «несостоятельной идеей [нарушающей] главное правило здравого смысла», и что его противодействие облегчит другим либералам последовать его примеру. В то же время он поддерживал инициативы в отношении жилья, возможностей трудоустройства и права голоса.
Байден поддержал меру, запрещающую использование федеральных средств для перевозки учащихся за пределы ближайшей к ним школы. В 1977 году он стал соавтором поправки, закрывающей лазейки в этой мере, которую президент Картер подписал в 1978 году.
Президентская кампания 1988 года
Байден в 1987 году
Байден официально объявил свою кандидатуру на 1988 г. выдвижение в президенты от Демократической партии 9 июня 1987 г. Его считали сильным кандидатом из-за его умеренного имиджа, его ораторских способностей, его высокого статуса в качестве председателя судебного комитета Сената на предстоящем Роберте Борке Верховном Назначение в суд слушания и его апелляция к бэби-бумерам ; он был бы вторым по возрасту человеком, избранным президентом, после Джона Ф. Кеннеди. В первом квартале 1987 года он собрал больше, чем любой другой кандидат.
Но к августу его предвыборная кампания стала запутанной из-за соперничества сотрудников, и в сентябре его обвинили в плагиате выступление британского лидера лейбористской партии Нила Киннока. Речь Киннока включала строки:
Почему я первый Киннок за тысячу поколений, который смог поступить в университет? [Затем указывая на жену в аудитории] Почему Гленис первая женщина в своей семье за тысячу поколений, которая смогла поступить в университет? Было ли это потому, что все наши предшественники были тупицами?
В речи Байдена были строки:
Я начал думать, когда шел сюда, почему Джо Байден первым в своей семье поступил в университет? [Затем указывая на свою жену в аудитории] Почему моя жена, которая сидит в аудитории, первая в своей семье поступила в колледж? Это потому, что наши отцы и матери не были умными? Не потому ли, что я был первым Байденом за тысячу поколений, получившим высшее образование и степенью, я был умнее остальных?
Байден уже неоднократно приписывал формулировку Кинноку, но дважды не делал этого. конец августа. Ранее в том же году он также использовал отрывки из речи 1967 года Роберта Ф. Кеннеди (в которой его помощники взяли на себя ответственность) и короткую фразу из инаугурационной речи Джона Ф. Кеннеди ; двумя годами ранее он использовал отрывок 1976 года Хьюберта Хамфри. Байден ответил, что политики часто заимствуют друг у друга, не отдавая должного, и что один из его соперников по номинации, Джесси Джексон, позвонил ему, чтобы указать, что он (Джексон) использовал тот же материал Хамфри. что Байден использовал.
Несколько дней спустя всплыл случай, когда Байден учился на юридической школе. В течение своего первого года он представил статью, которая почти полностью опиралась на статью Fordham Law Review, которую он процитировал только однажды, и извлек из нее «куски тяжелой юридической прозы»; Байден сказал, что не понял правильных правил цитирования. От него потребовали повторить курс и сдал на высокие оценки. По запросу Байдена Совет по профессиональной ответственности Верховного суда Делавэра рассмотрел инцидент и пришел к выводу, что он не нарушал никаких правил.
Он также сделал несколько ложных или преувеличенных заявлений о своей ранней жизни: что он получил три степени в колледже, что он учился в юридической школе на полную стипендию, что он окончил лучшую половину своего класса и что он участвовал в движении за гражданские права. Ограниченное количество других новостей о гонке усилило эти откровения, и 23 сентября 1987 года Байден отказался от участия в гонке, заявив, что его кандидатура была омрачена «преувеличенной тенью» его прошлых ошибок.
Операции на мозге.
В феврале 1988 года, после нескольких эпизодов все более сильной боли в шее, Байден был доставлен на машине скорой помощи в Армейский медицинский центр Уолтера Рида для операции по исправлению протекающей внутричерепной аневризмы ягод. Во время выздоровления он перенес тромбоэмболию легочной артерии, серьезное осложнение.
После того, как в мае вторая аневризма была исправлена хирургическим путем, выздоровление Байдена удержало его от Сената на семь месяцев.
Судебный комитет Сената
Байден выступил при подписании Закона о борьбе с насильственными преступлениями и обеспечении правопорядка в 1994 году.
Байден долгое время был членом Сенатского комитета по судебной власти. Он возглавлял его с 1987 по 1995 год и был членом меньшинства с 1981 по 1987 и с 1995 по 1997 год.
В качестве председателя Байден председательствовал на двух весьма спорных США. Верховный суд подтверждение слушаний. Когда Роберт Борк был номинирован на в 1988 году, Байден отменил свое одобрение — «данное в интервью в прошлом году» — гипотетического выдвижения Борка. Консерваторы были возмущены, но на закрытии слушаний Байдена похвалили за его справедливость, юмор и смелость. Отвергая менее интеллектуально честные аргументы некоторых оппонентов Борка, Байден сформулировал свои возражения против Борка в терминах конфликта между сильным оригинализмом Борка и мнением о том, что США. Конституция предоставляет права на свободу и неприкосновенность частной жизни помимо тех, которые явно перечислены в ее тексте. Выдвижение Борка было отклонено комитетом 9–5 голосами, а затем в полном составе Сенатом — 58–42.
Во время слушаний по назначению Кларенса Томаса в 1991 году вопросы Байдена по конституционным вопросам были часто запутанные до такой степени, что Томас иногда терял их из виду, и Томас позже писал, что вопросы Байдена были сродни «бобов ». После закрытия слушаний в комитете общественность узнала, что Анита Хилл, профессор юридической школы Университета Оклахомы, обвинила Томаса в нежелательных сексуальных комментариях, когда они работали вместе. Байден знал о некоторых из этих обвинений, но поначалу поделился ими только с комитетом, потому что в то время Хилл не хотел давать показания. Слушание комитета было возобновлено, и Хилл дал показания, но Байден не разрешил давать показания других свидетелей, таких как женщина, выдвинувшая аналогичные обвинения, и эксперты по преследованию; Байден сказал, что он хотел сохранить конфиденциальность Томаса и порядочность слушаний. Сенат в полном составе утвердил Томаса 52–48 голосами, против которого выступил Байден. Либеральные защитники закона и женские группы твердо убеждены, что Байден неправильно провел слушания и недостаточно сделал для поддержки Хилла. Позже Байден подыскивал женщин для работы в Судебном комитете и подчеркивал женские проблемы в законодательной повестке дня комитета. В 2019 году он сказал Хиллу, что сожалеет о своем обращении с ней, но Хилл впоследствии сказал, что она осталась неудовлетворенной.
Байден помог разработать множество федеральных законов о преступности. Он возглавлял Закон о преступлениях 1994 г. ; это включало в себя Федеральный запрет на использование штурмового оружия и Закон о насилии в отношении женщин, который он назвал своим самым значительным законом.
Байден критиковал Независимого адвоката Кеннет Старр в 1990-е годы полемика вокруг Уайтуотера и скандал с Левински расследование, в котором говорится, что «это будет холодный день в аду», прежде чем другой независимый адвокат получить аналогичные полномочия. Он проголосовал за оправдание во время импичмента президента Клинтона.
. Как председатель Международной группы по контролю над наркотиками, Байден написал законы, которые создали в США «царя наркотиков », который наблюдает и координирует национальную политику контроля над наркотиками. В 2003 году он представил Закон о снижении уязвимости американцев к экстази. Он работал, чтобы контролировать «наркотики для изнасилования на свидании », такие как флунитразепам, наркотики для вечеринок, такие как экстази и кетамин, и часто злоупотреблял стероиды, такие как андростендион.
Комитет Сената по международным отношениям
Сенатор Байден сопровождал президента Клинтона и других официальных лиц в Боснию в декабре 1997 года. 
Байден с Колином Пауэллом и Джесси Хелмсом в октябре 2001 г. 
Байден обращается к прессе после встречи с премьер-министром Аядом Аллави в Багдаде в 2004 году.
Байден был давним членом сенатского комитета по международным отношениям. Он стал ее членом меньшинства в 1997 году и возглавлял ее с июня 2001 по 2003 и с 2007 по 2009 годы. Его позиции в основном были либеральными интернационалистами. Он эффективно сотрудничал с республиканцами и иногда выступал против элементов своей партии. Байден также был сопредседателем группы наблюдателей НАТО в Сенате. За это время Байден встретился как минимум со 150 лидерами из 60 стран и международных организаций. Иногда он также возглавлял подкомитет Комитета по европейским делам..
Байден голосовал против санкционирования войны в Персидском заливе в 1991 году, поддерживая 45 из 55 сенаторов-демократов; он сказал, что США несут почти все бремя антииракской коалиции.
Байден заинтересовался югославскими войнами после того, как услышал о сербских злоупотреблениях во время Война за независимость Хорватии в 1991 году. Как только разразилась боснийская война, Байден был одним из первых, кто призвал к политике отмены эмбарго на поставки оружия «поднять и нанести удар », обучение боснийских мусульман и поддержка их авиационными ударами НАТО, а также расследование военных преступлений. Администрация Джорджа Х. У. Буша и администрация Клинтона неохотно применяли эту политику, опасаясь балканского конфликта. В апреле 1993 года Байден провел неделю на Балканах и провел напряженную трехчасовую встречу с сербским лидером Слободаном Милошевичем. Байден рассказал, что он сказал Милошевичу: «Я думаю, что вы проклятый военный преступник, и вас следует судить как одного из них». В 1992 году Байден написал поправку, чтобы заставить администрацию Буша вооружить боснийцев, но в 1994 году отложил ее до несколько более мягкой позиции, которую предпочитала администрация Клинтона, прежде чем в следующем году подписать более жесткую меру, спонсируемую Бобом Доулом и Джо Либерман. Это взаимодействие привело к успешным миротворческим усилиям НАТО. Байден назвал свою роль в оказании влияния на политику на Балканах в середине 1990-х годов своей «самой гордостью в общественной жизни», связанной с внешней политикой.
В 1998 году Ежеквартальное издание Конгресса назвало Байдена одним из «Двенадцати». Кто изменил ситуацию «за то, что он сыграл ведущую роль в нескольких вопросах внешней политики, включая расширение НАТО и успешное принятие законопроектов об упорядочении работы органов иностранных дел и наказании религиозных преследований за рубежом.
В 1999 г., во время войны в Косово, Байден поддержал бомбардировку Союзной Республики Югославии в 1999 году НАТО. Вместе с Джоном Маккейном он был соавтором Косовской резолюции Маккейна-Байдена, в которой президент Клинтон призвал президента Клинтона использовать всю необходимую силу, включая наземные войска, для противостояния Милошевичу за югославские действия в отношении Этнические албанцы в Косово.
Байден был решительным сторонником войны 2001 в Афганистане, говоря: «Что бы это ни стоило, мы должны это сделать»
В качестве главы сенатского комитета по международным отношениям Байден сказал в 2002 году, что Саддам Хусейн пред ставляет собой угрозу национальной безопасности, и нет другого выхода, кроме как «устранить» эту угрозу. В октябре 2002 года он проголосовал за Разрешение на использование военной силы против Ирака, одобрив вторжение США в Ирак. Что еще более важно, в качестве председателя комитета он собрал ряд свидетелей, чтобы дать показания в пользу разрешения. Они дали показания, грубо искажающие намерения, историю и статус Саддама и его суннитского правительства, которое было открыто признанным врагом Аль-Каиды, и рекламировали вымышленное владение Ираком оружием массового уничтожения.
Хотя в конце концов он стал критиком войны и рассматривал свое голосование и роль как «ошибку», он не настаивал на выходе США. He supported the appropriations to pay for the occupation, but argued repeatedly that the war should be internationalized, that more soldiers were needed, and that the Bush administration should «level with the American people» about the cost and length of the conflict. By late 2006, Biden’s stance had shifted considerably, and he opposed the troop surge of 2007, saying General David Petraeus was «dead, flat wrong» in believing the surge could work. Biden instead advocated dividing Iraq into a loose federation of three ethnic states. In November 2006, Biden and Leslie H. Gelb, president emeritus of the Council on Foreign Relations, released a comprehensive strategy to end sectarian violence in Iraq. Rather than continuing the present approach or withdrawing, the plan called for «a third way»: federalizing Iraq and giving Kurds, Shiites, and Sunnis «breathing room» in their own regions. In September 2007, a non-binding resolution endorsing such a scheme passed the Senate, but the idea was unfamiliar, had no political constituency, and failed to gain traction. Iraq’s political leadership denounced the resolution as de facto partitioning of the country, and the U.S. Embassy in Baghdad issued a statement distancing itself from it.
In March 2004, Biden secured the brief release of Libyan democracy activist and political prisoner Fathi Eljahmi, after meeting with leader Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli. In May 2008, he sharply criticized President George W. Bush for a speech to Israel ‘s Knesset in which he compared some Democrats to Western leaders who appeased Hitler before World War II ; Biden called the speech «bullshit», «malarkey», and «outrageous». He later apologized for his language.
Other
Байден решительно поддерживал увеличение финансирования Amtrak и безопасности железных дорог.
Начиная с 1991 года, Байден был соучредителем семинара по конституционному праву в Университете Уайденера. Юридический факультет. У семинаров часто был лист ожидания, и Байден иногда прилетал из-за границы на занятия.
В 2000-х годах Байден спонсировал закон о банкротстве, которого добивались эмитенты кредитных карт. Президент Билл Клинтон наложил вето на законопроект в 2000 году, но в 2005 году он был принят как Закон о предотвращении злоупотреблений банкротством и защите потребителей, причем Байден был одним из 18 демократов, проголосовавших за него, в то время как ведущие демократы и организации по защите прав потребителей выступали против. MBNA, в то время крупнейший в мире независимый эмитент кредитных карт, нанял Хантера Байдена в те годы, когда Байден был сенатором и настаивал на принятии закона о реформе банкротства при поддержке компании. который стал законом и затрудняет получение защиты от банкротства.
Байден приостановил торговые соглашения с Россией, когда она прекратила импорт цыплят из США. Графство Сассекс, штат Делавэр регион является основным регионом по выращиванию кур в стране.
Репутация
Официальное фото Сената, 2005 г.
Избранный в Сенат в 1972 г., Байден был переизбран в 1978, 1984, 1990, 1996, 2002 и 2008, обычно набрав около 60% голосов. Он был младшим сенатором Уильяма Рота, который был впервые избран в 1970 году, пока Рот не потерпел поражение в 2000 году. По состоянию на 2018 год он был 18-м сенатором в истории США по продолжительности своего пребывания в должности.
Байден неизменно считался одним из наименее богатых членов Сената, что он приписывал тому, что был избран молодым. Чувствуя, что у менее богатых государственных чиновников может возникнуть соблазн принять пожертвования в обмен на политические услуги, он предложил меры по реформе финансирования избирательных кампаний в течение своего первого срока. Байден заработал 15,6 миллиона долларов в 2017–2018 годах. В 2019 году Байден и его жена сообщили, что их активы увеличились до 2,2-8 миллионов долларов благодаря выступлениям и контракту на написание набора книг.
Политический писатель Говард Файнман написал: «Байден не академик, он не мыслитель теоретиков, он отличный уличный политик. Он происходит из длинного круга рабочих в Скрэнтоне — продавцов автомобилей, автосалонов, людей, которые знают, как продавать У него есть великий ирландский дар ». Политический обозреватель Дэвид С. Бродер писал, что Байден со временем вырос: «Он реагирует на реальные людей — это было добавлено во всем. И его способность понимать себя и общаться с другими политиками стала намного лучше ». Джеймс Трауб написал: «Байден — это тот тип принципиально счастливых людей, которые могут быть столь же щедры по отношению к другим, как и к себе». В 2006 году обозреватель газеты Делавэр Гарри Ф. Темал писал, что Байден «занимает разумный центр Демократической партии».
Байден имеет репутацию болтливого человека; он сильный оратор и участник споров, а также эффективный гость воскресных утренних ток-шоу. Он часто отклоняется от заранее подготовленных замечаний и иногда «кладет ногу в рот». The New York Times писала, что «слабые фильтры Байдена делают его способным выпалить практически все».
Президентская кампания 2008 года
Байден проводит кампанию на домашней вечеринке в Крестоне, штат Айова, июль 2007 года.
Байден решил не баллотироваться на пост президента в 1992 году отчасти потому, что он проголосовал против санкционирования войны в Персидском заливе, и не участвовал в выборех в 2004 году, потому что, по его словам, он чувствовал, что у него мало шансов на победу и победу он может лучше всего служить стране, оставаясь в Сенате. В январе 2007 года он объявил свою кандидатуру на выборах 2008 года..
В ходе своей кампании Байден сосредоточился на войне в Ираке, его послужным списком основного комитета комитетов Сената и его внешнеполитический опыт.. Байден отверг предположения о том, что он может стать госсекретарем, сосредоточившись только на президентстве. В середине 2007 года Байден, что его опыт в области внешней политики сравнивается с опытом Обамы, говоря о последнем: «Я думаю, что он может быть готов, но сейчас я не верю, что он готов. Президентство не является чем-то, что поддается самообладанию. Байден также сказал, что Обама копирует некоторые из его внешнеполитических идей. Байден известен своими остротами во время кампании; в одном из дебатов он сказал о кандидате от республиканцев Руди Джулиани : «В В целом, выступления Байдена в дебатах представляли собой эффективную смесь юмора и резких и удивительно дисциплинированных комментариев. Обамы и сенатора Хиллари Клинтон, он никогда не поднимался выше однозначных цифр в общенациональных опросах кандидатов от демократов. первом конкурсе 3 января 2008 года Байден занял пятое место в кокусе Айовы, собрав чуть менее одного процента делегатов от участия в гонке тот вечер он отказался от участия в гонке.
Несмотря на на отсутствие успеха, кампания Байдена 2008 года подняла его авторитет в политическом мире. В частности, изменились отношения между Байденом и Обамой. Хотя они работали вместе в сенатском комитете по международным отношениям, они не были близки к этому: Байден возмущался быстрым восхождением Обамы к политической славе, а Обама считал Байдена болтливым и покровительственным. Познакомившись друг с другом в 2007 году, Обама оценил стиль кампании Байдена и его обращение к избирателям из класса, и Байден сказал, что он адвокен, что Обама был «настоящим делом».
Кампания вице-президента 2008 года
Байден выступает на объявлении вице-президента 23 августа 2008 года в Спрингфилде, штат Иллинойс..
Вскоре после того, как Байден отказался от президентской гонки, Обама в частном порядке сказал ему, что он заинтересован в поиске важного места для Байдена в его администрации. Байден отклонил первую просьбу Обамы одобрить его кандидатуру на пост вице-президента, опасаясь, что вице-президентство будет означать потерю статуса и голоса из-за его позиции в Сенате, но позже он передумал. В интервью 22 июня 2008 года Байден сказал, что, хотя он активно не добивался кандидатуры вице-президента, он примет ее, если ее предложат. В начале августа Обама и Байден тайно встретились, чтобы обсудить возможность, и установили крепкие личные отношения. 22 августа 2008 года Обама объявил, что Байден будет его напарником. The New York Times сообщила, что стратегия выбора отражает желание заполнить билет с кем-то с внешняя политика и национальная безопасность опыт — а не для того, чтобы помочь билету выиграть колеблющееся государство или подчеркнуть послание Обамы «перемены». Другие указали на привлекательность Байдена к избирателям из среднего класса и синих воротничков, а также на его готовность агрессивно бросить вызов кандидату от республиканцев Джону Маккейну, что иногда казалось Обаме неудобным. Приняв предложение Обамы, Байден исключил возможность снова баллотироваться на пост президента в 2016 году, но его комментарии в последующие годы, похоже, опровергли эту позицию, поскольку он не хотел умалять свою политическую власть, не проявляя интереса к продвижению. Байден был официально назначен вице-президентом 27 августа голосовым голосованием на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2008 года в Денвере.
. После его назначения католический епископ Скрэнтона, штат Пенсильвания, запретил Байдену принимать там Святое Причастие из-за его поддержки на аборт, но Байден продолжал принимать причастие в своем приходе в Делавэре. Скрэнтон горячей точки в борьбе за медицинские католики в колеблющемся государстве между Демократической кампанией и либеральными католическими группами, которые подчеркнули, что другие проблемы стали меньше, чем аборт, и многие епископы и консервативные католики, которые утверждали, что аборты были запрещены. первостепенное значение. Байден сказал, что он верит, что жизнь начинается с момента зачатия, но не будет навязывать свои религиозные взгляды другим. Епископ Сальтарелли ранее говорил о позициях, подобных позиции Байдена: «Никто сегодня не примет это заявление любого государственного служащего:« Я лично против человеческого рабства и расизма, но не буду навязывать свои личные убеждения на законодательной арене ». Точно так же никто из нас не должен принимать это заявление любого государственного служащего: «Я лично против абортов, но не буду навязывать свое личное убеждение на законодательной арене».
Предвыборная кампания Байдена на посту президента мало заметна в СМИ, поскольку большее внимание прессы было сосредоточено на кандидате от республиканцев, губернаторе Аляски Саре Пэйлин. Например, в течение одной недели в сентябре 2008 года Pew Research Center в рамках Project for Excellence in Journalism обнаружил, что Байден был включен только на пять процентов освещения гонки, что намного меньше. чем остальные три кандидата в полученных билетах. Тем не менее Байден сосредоточился на проведении кампаний в экономически сложных регионах колеблющихся государств иках привлечь на свою сторону «синих воротничков» демократов, особенно тех, кто поддерживал Хиллари Клинтон. Байден сильно напал на Маккейна, несмотря на давнюю личную дружбу. Он сказал: «Тот парень, которого я знал, ушел. Меня это буквально печалит ». Когда финансовый кризис 2007–2010 гг. достиг своего пика с кризис ликвидности в сентябре 2008 г., и предложенная помощь финансовой системе США стала основным фактором в ходе кампании Байден проголосовал за принятие закона 2008 года о чрезвычайной экономической стабилизации на 700 долларов , который был принят Сенатом 74 –25.
2 октября 2008 года Байден участвовал в вице-президентских дебатах с Пэйлин в Вашингтонском университете в Сент-Луисе. Опросы после дебатов показали, что, хотя Пэйлин превзошла ожидания многих избирателей, Байден в целом выиграл дебаты. В кампании он сосредоточен на последних населенных, старых, менее благополучных районах, например, во Флориде, Огайо и Пенсильвании, где опросы показаны, что он использует популярность и где Обама не проводит кампанию и не выступает на праймериз Демократической партии. Он также проводил кампанию в некоторых штатах, которые обычно являются республиканскими, а также в районах с большим католическим населением.
В соответствии с инструкциями кампании, Байден держал свои речи лучшими и старался избегать резких замечаний, например, о том, что Обама проходит испытания. иностранной державой вскоре после вступления в должность, что привлекло негативное внимание. В частном порядке замечания Байдена разочаровали Обаму. «Сколько раз Байден будет говорить глупости?» он. Сотрудники кампании Обамы называли грубые ошибки Байдена «бомбами Джо» и держали Байдена в неведении обсуждения стратегии, что, в свою очередь, раздражало Байдена. Отношения между двумя кампаниями стали напряженными в течение месяца, пока Байден не извинился во время звонка Обаме, и они не построили более прочное партнерство. Публично стратегические Обамы Дэвид Аксельрод сказал, что высокие рейтинги безопасности Байдена перевесили любые неожиданные комментарии. В масштабе Байден имел 60% -ный рейтинг одобрения в опросе Pew Research Center по сравнению с 44% Пэйлин.
4 ноября 2008 г. Обама и Байден были избраны с 53% голосов. всенародное голосование и 365 голосов выборщиков против 173 Маккейна-Пэйлина.
Байден баллотировался на переизбрание на свое место в Сенате, а также на должность вице-президента, как это разрешено законодательством штата Делавэр. 4 ноября он был также переизбран в Сенат, победив республиканку Кристин О’Доннелл. Выиграв обе гонки, Байден взял за правило отложить свою отставку из Сената, чтобы он мог быть приведен к присяге на седьмой срок 6 января 2009 года. Он стал самым молодым сенатором, когда-либо вступавшим на седьмой полный срок, и сказал: «За всю мою жизнь самой большой честью, оказанной мне было служение народу Делавэра в качестве сенатора Соединенных Штатов»., поддержав выделение вторым 350 миллиардов долларов на Программу помощи проблемным активам, и ушел из Сената позже в тот же день Байден эмоционально Сенату: «Все хорошее, что я видел здесь.
Губернатор Делавэра Рут Энн Миннер, каждый смелый шаг, сделанный за 36 с лишним лет, явились результатом давления со стороны групп интересов, созреванием. личных отношений. назначила давнего советника Байдена Теда Кауфмана занять освободившееся место Байдена в Сенате.
Вице-президент (2009–2017)
Байден был приведен к присяге помощником судьи Джоном Полом Стивенсом 20 января 2009 года.
Байден сказал, что намеревался устранить из явных ролей предполагалось некоторые вице-президентом Джорджа Буша, Диком Чейни, и не намеревался подражать никакому предыдущему вице-президенту. Он возглавил переходную группу Обамы и возглавил инициативу по улучшению благосостояния среднего класса. В начале января 2009 года, он был представлен лидерами Ирака, Афганистана и Пакистана, а 20 января он был приведен к присяге в своем последнем действии в качестве лидеров по международным отношениям. 47-й вице-президент Соединенных Штатов — первый вице-президент из Делавэра и первый римско-католический вице-президент.
Обама вскоре сравнивал Байдена с баскетболистом. «Который делает кучу вещей, которые не указаны в таблицах». В мае Байден посетил Косово и подтвердил позицию США о том, что его независимость необратима. Байден пересрал внутренние дебаты госсекретарю Хиллари Клинтон об отправке 21000 войск в Афганистан, но его скептицизм был оценен, и в 2009 году взгляды Байдена приобрели большее влияние, когда Обама посмотрел свои Стратегия Афганистана. Байден посещений Ирак примерно раз в два месяца, руководителем администрации в передаче иракскому руководству сообщений об ожидаемых там успехах. В более общем плане, надзор за политикой в отношении Ирака стал обязанностью Обама сказал: «Джо, ты займешься Ираком». Байден сказал, что Ирак «мог бы стать одним из величайших достижений этой администрации». Его визит в Ирак в январе 2010 года в разгар беспорядков из-за запрещенных кандидатов на предстоящих иракских парламентских выборах привел к, что через два дня иракское правительство восстановило 59 из нескольких сотен кандидатов. В 2012 году он ослабил американские войска в 2011 году.
Байден разговаривает с стажером Navy SEAL в NAB Coronado, Калифорния, май 2009 г. 
Президент Обама поздравляет Байдена с его ролью в формировании сделки о потолке долга, которая привела к Закон о контроле за бюджетом 2011 г..
Байден, Обама и команда национальной безопасности собрались в Ситуационной Белого дома, чтобы комната за ходом майской 2011 г. миссии по делу Усамы бен Ладена.
Байден также отвечал за наблюдение расходы на инфраструктуру из пакета стимулов Обамы призваны противодействовать продолжающейся рецессии, и помочь, что только достойные проекты должны обеспечить финансирование. В этой роли он разговаривал с сотнями губернаторов, мэров и других местных чиновников. В течение этого периода, когда он завершил эту роль в феврале 2011 года, он сказал, что количество случаев мошенничества со стимулирующими деньгами было меньше одного процента.
В конце апреля 2009 года ответ на вопрос в начале свиного вспышки гриппа о том, что он посоветует членом не путешествовать в самолетах или метро, привел к быстрому отказу Белых Дом. Это замечание возродило репутацию Байдена за оплошностей. Столкнувшись с ростом безработицы в июле 2009 года, удалось сохранить уверенность в том, что пакет мер стимулирования создаст гораздо больше рабочих мест, когда темпы расходов увеличатся. 23 марта 2010 года микрофон подхватил Байдена, сообщившего президенту, что его подписание Закона о защите пациентов и доступном медицинском обслуживании было чертовски большим делом во время прямых трансляций национальных новостей. Пресс-секретарь Белого дома Роберт Гиббс ответил в Твиттере: «И да, господин вице-президент, вы правы…» Несмотря на разные личности, Обама и Байден подружились, отчасти благодаря дочери Обамы Саше. и внучка Байдена Мэйзи, которые вместе посещали школу друзей Сидвелла.
Члены администрации Обамы заявили, что Байден в Белом доме противоположную роль и заставлял других отстаивать свои позиции. 431>Рам Эмануэль, глава администрации Белого дома, сказал, что Байден помогал бороться с групповым мышлением. Пресс-секретарь Белого дома Джей Карни, бывший директор по коммуникациям Байдена, сказал, что Байден роль роль «плохого парня в ситуационной комнате». Другой высокопоставленный советник Обамы сказал, что Байден «всегда готов быть скунсом на семейномнике, чтобы убедиться, что мы максимально интеллектуально честны». Обама сказал: «Лучшее в Джо — это то, что когда мы собираем всех вместе, он действительно заставляет людей думать и отстаивать свои позиции, смотреть на вещи со всех сторон, и это очень ценно для меня». 11 июня 2010 года Байден представлял Соединенные Штаты на церемонии открытия чемпионата мира, присутствовал на игре Англия против США и посетил Египет, Кению и Южную Африку. Байдены поддерживали непринужденную атмосферу в своей официальной резиденции в Вашингтоне, часто развлекая своих внуков, и регулярно возвращались в свой дом в Делавэре.
Байден активно участвовал в кампании за демократов на промежуточных выборах 2010 года, сохраняя оптимизм перед лицом предсказаний о крупных потерях для партии. После больших успехов республиканцев на выборах и ухода главы администрации Белого дома Рама Эмануэля, прошлые отношения Байдена с республиканцами в Конгрессе стали более важными. Он возглавил успешные усилия администрации по утверждению Сенатом нового договора СНВ. В декабре 2010 года поддержка Байдена компромисса, а затем его переговоры с лидером меньшинства в Сенате Митч МакКоннелл сыграли важную роль в разработке компромиссного налогового пакета, который включал временное сокращение налоговых ставок Буша.. Затем Байден возглавил попытку продать соглашение сопротивляющейся фракции демократов в Конгрессе. Пакет был принят как Закон о налоговых льготах, повторном разрешении страхования по безработице и создании рабочих мест от 2010 года.
Во внешней политике Байден поддержал возглавляемое НАТО военное вмешательство в Ливию в 2011 году. экономические связи с Россией.
В марте 2011 года Обама поручил Байдену вести переговоры между Конгрессом и Белым домом по определению уровней федеральных расходов на оставшуюся часть года и по недопущению закрытия правительства. К маю 2011 года «группа Байдена» с шестью членами Конгресса пыталась достичь двухпартийного соглашения о повышении США. потолок долга как часть общего плана сокращения дефицита. США Кризис потолка долга разразился в течение следующих нескольких месяцев, но отношения Байдена с МакКоннеллом снова оказались ключевыми для выхода из тупика и заключения сделки по его разрешению в форме Закона о бюджетном контроле 2011 года, подписанный 2 августа 2011 г., в тот же день беспрецедентный американский дефолт вырисовывался. Байден потратил больше всего времени на переговоры с Конгрессом по вопросу долга кого-либо в администрации, и один сотрудник-республиканец сказал: «Байден — единственный парень, обладающий реальными полномочиями на ведение переговоров, и [МакКоннелл] знает, что его слово хорошее. Он был ключевым к сделке ».
Согласно некоторым сообщениям, Байден возражал против продолжения разработки США в мае 2011 г. миссия по убийству Усамы бен Ладена, чтобы неудача не повлияла на перспективы переизбрания Обамы. Он взял на себя ведущую роль в уведомлении лидеров Конгресса об успешном исходе.
Переизбрание
Байден с президентом Барак Обама, июль 2012
В октябре 2010 года Байден сказал, что Обама спросил его чтобы остаться его напарником на президентских выборах 2012 года, но в связи с падением популярности Обамы, глава администрации Белого дома Уильям М. Дейли провел секретные опросы и исследования в фокус-группах в в конце 2011 года об идее заменить Байдена в билете Хиллари Клинтон. От этой идеи отказались, когда результаты не показали заметных улучшений для Обамы, и официальные лица Белого дома позже заявили, что Обама никогда не интересовался этой идеей.
Заявление Байдена в мае 2012 года о том, что ему «абсолютно комфортно» с тем же- половой брак привлек значительное внимание общественности по сравнению с позицией Обамы, которую описывали как «развивающуюся». Байден сделал свое заявление без согласия администрации, и Обама и его помощники были весьма раздражены, так как Обама планировал сменить позицию несколько месяцев спустя, в связи с подготовкой к партийному съезду, и поскольку Байден ранее советовал президенту избегать этого вопроса. чтобы не оскорбить ключевых избирателей-католиков. Защитники прав геев ухватились за заявление Байдена, и через несколько дней Обама объявил, что он тоже поддерживает однополые браки, что частично было вызвано неожиданными замечаниями Байдена. Байден наедине извинился перед Обамой за то, что он высказался, в то время как Обама публично признал, что это было сделано от чистого сердца. Инцидент показал, что Байден временами все еще боролся с дисциплиной обмена сообщениями, как пишет Time: «Все знают, что величайшая сила Байдена также является его величайшей слабостью». Отношения между кампаниями также были натянутыми, когда Байден, похоже, использовал свое положение для налаживания контактов по сбору средств для возможной кандидатуры президента в 2016, и в итоге его исключили из встреч по стратегии кампании Обамы.
Тем не менее, кампания Обамы по-прежнему ценила Байдена как политика розничного уровня, который мог общаться с разочарованными рабочими и сельскими жителями, и у него был плотный график выступлений в колеблющихся штатах в качестве кампании переизбрания Обамы всерьез началось весной 2012 года. В августе 2012 года замечание перед смешанной аудиторией о том, что предложения республиканцев по смягчению правил Уолл-стрит «снова заковывают вас в цепи», привело к аналогичному анализу способностей Байдена к личной кампании по сравнению с его склонность сбиваться с пути. Los Angeles Times писала: «Большинство кандидатов повторяют одну и ту же непонятную речь снова и снова, усыпляя репортеров, если не аудиторию. Но во время любой речи Байдена может быть дюжина моментов, чтобы заставить кураторов прессы съежиться. и побуждают репортеров поворачиваться друг к другу в изумлении и замешательстве ». Журнал Time писал, что Байден часто заходил слишком далеко:« Наряду со знакомой Вашингтону смесью нужды и самоуверенности мозг Байдена запрограммирован на большее, чем обычное количество глупостей ».
Байден выступает во время стратегического и экономического диалога между США и Китаем в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, июль 2013 года.
Байден был официально номинирован на второй срок на посту вице-президента 6 сентября путем голосового голосования на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2012 года в Шарлотте, Северная Каролина. Он встретился со своим республиканским коллегой, представителем Полом Райаном, в вице-президентских дебатах 11 октября в Данвилле, Кентукки. Там он яростно и эмоционально защищал послужной список администрации Обамы и энергично атаковал кандидатуру республиканцев, пытаясь восстановить импульс, утраченный несфокусированными дебатами Обамы против кандидата от республиканцев Митта Ромни за неделю до этого.
6 ноября 2012 г. Обама и Байден были избраны на второй срок. Билет выиграл 332 голосов коллегии выборщиков против 206 голосов Ромни-Райана и 51% голосов избирателей.
В декабре 2012 года Обама назначил Байдена возглавить оперативную группу по борьбе с огнестрельным насилием, созданный для устранения причин насилия с применением огнестрельного оружия в Соединенных Штатах после стрельбы в начальной школе Сэнди Хук. Позже в том же месяце, в последние дни перед тем, как Соединенные Штаты упали с «фискального обрыва », отношения Байдена с МакКоннеллом еще раз оказались важными, поскольку эти двое договорились о сделке, которая привела к освобождению американских налогоплательщиков Закон 2012 года был принят в начале 2013 года. Он сделал многие из налоговых сокращений Буша постоянными, но повысил ставки для более высоких уровней дохода.
Второй срок (2013–2017)
Байден с Бразилец вице-президент Мишель Темер, 11 октября 2013 г.
Байден вступил в должность на второй срок 20 января 2013 г. небольшая церемония в Круге обсерватории №1, его официальной резиденции, под председательством Джастиса Сони Сотомайор (публичная церемония состоялась 21 января). Он продолжал оставаться в авангарде, поскольку после стрельбы в начальной школе Сэнди Хук администрация Обамы издала распоряжения и предложила новые меры контроля над огнестрельным оружием (они не были приняты).
Байден мало участвовал в дискуссиях, которые привели к принятию в октябре 2013 г. Закона о постоянных ассигнованиях, 2014 г. , который разрешил прекращение работы федерального правительства в 2013 г. и задолженность- потолок кризиса 2013 года. Это произошло потому, что лидер сенатского большинства Гарри Рид и другие лидеры демократов исключили его из любых прямых переговоров с Конгрессом, чувствуя, что Байден слишком много выдал во время предыдущих переговоров.
Закон Байдена о насилии в отношении женщин был повторно авторизован в 2013 году. Этот закон привел к соответствующим событиям, таким как Совет Белого дома по делам женщин и девочек, начатый в первый срок, а также Целевая группа Белого дома по защите студентов из «Сексуального нападения», начатого в январе 2014 года с Байденом и Валери Джарретт в качестве сопредседателей. Байден обсудил федеральные директивы по сексуальному насилию в университетских городках, выступая с речью в Университете Нью-Гэмпшира. Он сказал: «Нет — значит нет, если вы пьяны или трезвы. Нет — значит нет, если вы в постели, в общежитии или на улице. Нет — значит нет, даже если вы сначала сказали« да »и переоделись. ваш разум. Нет, значит нет «.
Байден с премьер-министром Турции Ахметом Давутоглу, 31 декабря 2014 года. Байден сказал, что курдской РПК — «террористическая группа». 
Байден с премьер-министром Израиля Биньямином Нетаньяху в Иерусалиме, Израиль, март 9, 2016
Байден выступал за вооружение сирийских боевиков. Когда Ирак распался в течение 2014 года, новое внимание было обращено на план федерализации Ирака Байдена-Гелба 2006 года, при этом некоторые наблюдатели предположили, что Байден был прав с самого начала. Сам Байден сказал, что США последуют за ИГИЛ «к вратам ада». В октябре 2014 года он сказал, что Турция, Саудовская Аравия и Объединенные Арабские Эмираты «вложили сотни миллионов долларов и десятки тысяч тонн оружия в любой, кто будет сражаться против Асада, за исключением того, что снабжались людьми аль-Нусра, и Аль -Каида, и экстремистские элементы джихадистов из других частей мира ».
К 2015 году серия присяг и других событий, когда Байден возлагал руки на женщин и девочек и тесно с ними разговаривал, привлекла внимание как прессы, так и в социальных сетях. В одном случае сенатор впоследствии выступил с заявлением о своей дочери: «Нет, она не считает, что вице-президент мерзкий».
8 декабря 2015 года Байден выступил в парламенте Украины в Киеве в один из его многочисленных визитов, чтобы определить позицию США в отношении помощи и политики в отношении Украины. 28 февраля 2016 года он выступил с речью о сексуальном насилии на 88-й церемонии вручения награды Академии ; он также представил Леди Гагу.
. В 2015 году спикер палаты Джон Бонер и лидер большинства в Сенате Митч МакКоннелл пригласил премьер-министра Израиля Биньямина Нетаньяху выступить на совместном заседании Конгресса без уведомления администрации Обамы. Это нарушение протокола привело к тому, что Байден и более 50 демократов в Конгрессе пропустили речь Нетаньяху. Но в марте 2016 года Байден выступил на Политической конференции Американско-израильского комитета по связям с общественностью (AIPAC) в Вашингтоне, округ Колумбия, сказав: «Нас всех объединяет наша непреклонность — я имею в виду буквально непреклонный — приверженность выживанию, безопасности и успеху еврейского государства Израиль.»
В августе 2016 года Байден посетил Сербию, где встретился с президентом Сербии Александром Вучич и выразил соболезнования мирным жителям, пострадавшим во время кампании бомбардировок во время войны в Косово. В Косово он присутствовал на церемонии переименования шоссе в честь своего сына Бо в честь службы Бо в Косово в обучении судей и прокуроров.
8 декабря 2016 года Байден отправился в Оттаву, чтобы встретиться с премьер-министром Канады Джастином Трюдо.
Роль в президентской кампании 2016 года
Байден с избранным вице-президентом Майком Пенсом 10 ноября 2016 г.
Во время своего второго срока Байден, как часто говорили, готовился к возможной заявке за выдвижение в президенты от Демократической партии 2016 года. В возрасте 74 лет в День инаугурации в январе 2017 года он был бы самым старым президентом на инаугурации в истории. С его семьей, многими друзьями и донорами, которые в середине 2015 года поощряли его участвовать в гонке, и с учетом того, что в то время рейтинг благосклонности Хиллари Клинтон снизился, Байден, как сообщается, снова серьезно рассматривает эту перспективу. и был учрежден «Проект Байдена 2016» PAC.
По состоянию на 11 сентября 2015 года Байден все еще сомневался в возможности баллотироваться. Он назвал недавнюю смерть своего сына большой утечкой его эмоциональной энергии и сказал: «Никто не имеет права… искать эту должность, если они не готовы отдать ей 110% того, кем они являются».
21 октября, выступая с трибуны в Розовом саду с женой и Обамой рядом с ним, Байден объявил о своем решении не баллотироваться в президенты в 2016 году. В январе 2016 года Байден подтвердил, что это было правильное решение, но признал, что сожалеет о том, что не баллотировался в президенты «каждый день».
По состоянию на конец января 2016 года ни Байден, ни Обама не поддержали кого-либо на президентских выборах 2016 года. Байден скучал по своей ежегодной традиции посещения Нантакета в честь Дня Благодарения, предпочитая вместо этого поехать за границу и встретиться с несколькими европейскими лидерами. Он нашел время, чтобы встретиться с Мартином О’Мэлли, ранее встречавшимся с Берни Сандерсом, обоими кандидатами 2016 года. Ни одна из этих встреч не считалась одобрением, поскольку Байден сказал, что встретится с любым кандидатом, который попросит.
После того, как Обама поддержал Клинтон 9 июня 2016 года, Байден поддержал ее позже в тот же день. Хотя Байден и Клинтон должны были провести совместную кампанию в Скрэнтоне 8 июля, Клинтон отменил появление в связи с стрельбой в полицейских Далласа накануне.
Во время сезона кампании Байден публично продемонстрировал свои разногласия с кандидатом в президенты от республиканской партии Дональдом Трампом. 20 июня Байден раскритиковал предложение Трампа временно запретить мусульманам въезд в Соединенные Штаты, а также его заявленное намерение построить стену вдоль границы с Мексикой, добавив, что предложение Трампа либо пытать, либо убивать членов семьи террористов наносит ущерб как американским ценностям, так и «нашей безопасности». В интервью 26 июля он сказал, что «моральные и целеустремленные» избиратели не будут голосовать за Трампа. 21 октября, в годовщину своего решения не баллотироваться, Байден сказал, что хотел бы, чтобы он еще учился в старшей школе, чтобы отвести Трампа «за спортзал». 24 октября Байден пояснил, что сразился бы с Трампом только в том случае, если бы он все еще учился в средней школе, а на следующий день Трамп ответил, что ему «это понравится».
Пост-вице-президентство (2017 г. — настоящее время)
Байден с Чаком Шумером, Бараком Обамой и Дональдом Трампом, январь 2017 г. 
Байден агитировал за США Кандидат в сенат Дуг Джонс в октябре 2017 года.
В 2017 году Байден стал профессором президентской практики Бенджамина Франклина в Пенсильванском университете, где он руководил Центром Пенна Байдена. для дипломатии и глобального взаимодействия. Он также хотел реализовать свою программу «саморазвития рака», назвав в марте 2017 года борьбу с раком «единственной двухпартийной вещью, оставшейся в Америке».
Байден был близким другом сенатора Джона Маккейна более 30 лет. Когда Маккейн умер в 2018 году, хвалебная речь Байдена началась: «Меня зовут Джо Байден. Я демократ. И я любил Джона Маккейна ». Он также назвал Маккейна братом.
Комментарии к Дональду Трампу
На открытии Центра дипломатии и глобального взаимодействия Пенн Байден 30 марта 2017 года студент спросил Байдена, что «советов» он дал бы Трампу. Байден ответил, что Трампу следует повзрослеть и прекратить твитнуть, чтобы сосредоточиться на офисе. Во время выступления 29 мая на собрании сторонников Фила Мерфи в спортзале общественного центра Байден сказал: «Есть много людей, которые напуганы. Трамп сыграл на их страхах. То, что мы скрываем». На мой взгляд, это сделано — и это критика в адрес всех нас — мы недостаточно ответили на страхи и чаяния людей, из которых мы произошли ». 17 июня 2017 года Байден предсказал, что «состояние, в котором находится сегодня нация, не будет поддерживаться американским народом», выступая на мероприятии по сбору средств Демократической партии Флориды в Голливуде. Этим утром Байден сказал CBS, что администрация Трампа, «похоже, чувствует необходимость нянчиться с автократами и диктаторами», такими как лидеры Саудовской Аравии, президент России Путин, лидер Северной Кореи Ким Чен- ООН и президент Филиппин Родриго Дутерте. В октябре 2018 года Байден сказал, что если демократы вернут себе палату представителей, «я надеюсь, что они не [импичмент Трампа]. Я не думаю, что есть основания для этого прямо сейчас». 11 июня 2019 года Байден раскритиковал «разрушительную» торговую войну Трампа с Китаем. Он также подверг критике решение Трампа вывести войска США из Сирии, которое, по словам критиков, дало Турции зеленый свет для начала военного наступления против сирийских курдов.
Изменение климата
Во время выступления на конференции Brainstorm Health Conference в Сан-Диего, Калифорния 2 мая 2017 г., Байден сказал, что общественность «опередила администрацию [в науке ] «. 31 мая Байден написал в Твиттере, что изменение климата является «реальной угрозой нашему будущему», а соблюдение Парижского соглашения было «лучшим способом защитить наших детей и глобальное лидерство». На следующий день, после того как Трамп объявил о выходе США из соглашения, Байден написал в Твиттере, что этот выбор «ставит под угрозу безопасность США и нашу способность владеть будущим чистой энергии». Выступая на саммите Concordia Europe в Афинах, Греция, 7 июня, Байден сказал, говоря о выходе: «Подавляющее большинство американского народа не согласны с решением президента». 356>
Во время президентских дебатов 22 октября Байден заявил, что «никогда не говорил, что я против гидроразрыва ». Фактически, он сказал в 2019 году, что «мы позаботимся о том, чтобы [ископаемое топливо ] было исключено», а в 2020 году он выступил против «нового гидроразрыва пласта»; в его письменном плане политики говорится, что он одобряет «запрет новых разрешений на добычу нефти и газа на государственных землях и акваториях» — но не прекращение всего нового гидроразрыва пласта повсюду или прекращение нынешнего гидроразрыва на государственных землях и акваториях. Он выступает против федеральных субсидий на ископаемое топливо.
Здравоохранение
22 марта 2017 года, во время своего первого появления на Капитолийском холме после инаугурации Трампа, Байден назвал республиканский законопроект о здравоохранении «налоговым счетом». передать богатым американцам почти 1 триллион долларов, которые используются на медицинское обслуживание нуждающихся. 4 мая, после того как Палата представителей узко проголосовала за Закон об американском здравоохранении, Байден написал в Твиттере, что это «День позора для Конгресса», оплакивая утрату ранее существовавших средств защиты. 24 июня, в ответ на то, что республиканцы Сената обнародовали законопроект об американском здравоохранении накануне, Байден написал в Твиттере, что закон «вовсе не о здравоохранении — это перевод богатства: сокращает заботу о финансировании снижения налогов для богатых. и корпорации «. 28 июля, в ответ на отказ Сената от законопроекта об отмене части Obamacare, Байден написал в Твиттере: «Спасибо всем, кто неустанно трудился над защитой здоровья миллионов».
Иммиграция
Байден пообещал прекратить строительство пограничной стены между США и Мексикой. 5 сентября 2017 года, после того как генеральный прокурор Джефф Сешнс объявил, что администрация Трампа отменит отложенное действие в отношении прибытия детей, Байден написал в Твиттере: «Приведенные родителями, у этих детей не было выбора. придут сюда. Теперь их отправят в страны, которых они никогда не знали. Жестокие. Не в Америку ».
Права ЛГБТ
Байден выступает на Кампании за права человека Национальный ужин в 2018.
Байден первым заговорил о гомосексуальных браках на мероприятии кампании за права человека в Лос-Анджелесе в 2012 году. Он также назвал дискриминацию ЛГБТ на рабочем месте «почти варварской» и «странной».
14 апреля 2017 года Байден опубликовал заявление, осуждающее чеченские власти за облавы, пытки и убийства лиц, которые считают геями », и выразил надежду на то, что администрация Трампа выполнит ранее данное продвигать права человека, противостоять чеченским лидерством Рамзан Кадыров и российские лидеры за «эти вопиющие правонарушения человека». 21 июня во время выступления на гала-вечере национального комитета Демократической партии ЛГБТ в Нью-Йорке Байден сказал: «Призовите президента Трампа к ответу за его обещание быть вашим другом».
26 июля 2017 года, после того как Трамп объявил о запрете трансгендеров служить в вооруженных силах, Байден написал в Твиттере: «Каждый американский патриот, имеющий право служить в вооруженных силах, иметь возможность служить. Точка. «
В марте 2019 года Байден осудил Бруней новый ЛГБТ закон о смертной казни, написав в Твиттере:« Забивание камнями людей до смерти за Не оправдания — ни культура, ни традиция — такому виду ненависти и бесчеловечности ». 6 мая 2020 года одобрила одобрила Байдена на пост президента. Он принял одобрение и одобрение продолжения борьбы за равенство ЛГБТК.
президентская кампания 2020 года
Спекуляции и заявление
Байдена на митинге в честь открытия президента в Филадельфии, Май 2019 г. 
Байден в Хендерсон, Невада, февраль 2020 г.
В период с 2016 по 2019 гг. СМИ часто упоминают Байдена как вероятного кандидата на пост президента в 2020 году. отироваться, он давали разные и неоднозначные ответы, говоря «никогда не говори никогда». В какой-то момент он предположил, что не видел сцену, по которому он снова побежит, но несколько дней спустя он сказал: «Я побегу, если смогу ходить». Комитет политических действий, известный как Время для Байдена, был сформирован в январе 2018 года, стремясь к участию Байдена в гонке.
Байден сказал, что он решит, бежать ему или нет. к январю 2019 года, но в то время не делал никаких заявлений. Друзья сказали, что он был «очень близок к тому, чтобы сказать« да », но был не связан тем, как новая президентская гонка может повлиять на его семью и репутацию, а также бороться за сбор средств и восприятием своего возраста и относительного центризма. С другой стороны, его побудило бежать из-за его «чувства долга», обиды на президентство Трампа, внешнего опыта внешней политики у других кандидатов от демократов и его желания «наведению мостов» в партии. Он начал свою кампанию 25 апреля 2019 года.
Кампания
В сентябре 2019 года сообщалось, что Трамп оказал давление на президента Украины Владимира Зеленского с целью расследования предполагаемых правонарушений Байдена и его сын Хантер Байден. Несмотря на обвинения, по состоянию на сентябрь 2019 года не было предъявлено доказательств каких-либо правонарушений со стороны Байденов. СМИ широко интерпретировали это усилие с целью расследования дела Байденов как попытка подорвать шансы Байдена на победу на президентском посту, что привело к политическому скандалу и импичменту Трампа Палатой представителей представителей.
С 2019 года, Трамп и его союзники ложно обвинили Байдена в увольнении генерального прокурора Украины Виктора Шокина за то, что он предположительно вел расследование в отношении Burisma Holdings, которая нанял Хантера Байдена. Байдена обвинили в удержании 1 миллиарда долларов помощи от Украины в этих целях. В 2015 году Байден оказал давление на украинскую парламентскую среду, чтобы он удалил Шокина, чтобы он удалил Шокина, согласно другим международным организациям, Шокина коррумпированным и неэффективным, и, в частности, потому, что Шокин не проводил настойчивого расследования Burisma. Удержание помощи в размере 1 миллиарда долларов было частью этой официальной политики.
На протяжении 2019 года Байден в целом опережал демократов в национальных опросах. Несмотря на это, он финишировал четвертым на кокусе в Айове, а восемь дней спустя — пятым на первичных выборах в Нью-Гэмпшире. Он показал лучшие результаты на кокусах в Неваде, достигнув 15%, необходимых для отчатов, но все же отставал от Берни Сандерса на 21,6 процентных пунктов. Обращаясь к чернокожим избирателям во время предвыборной кампании в дебатах в Южной Каролине, Байден выиграл предварительные выборы в Южной Каролине более чем на 28 очков. После отзыва и последующего одобрения кандидатов Пита Буттигига и Эми Клобучар он добился больших успехов на первичных выборах 3 марта супервторник. Байден выиграл 18 из следующих 26 конкурсов, включая Алабаму, Арканзас, Мэн, Массачусетс, Миннесоту, Северную Каролину, Оклахому, Теннесси, Техас и Вирджинию, что вывело его на первое место. Элизабет Уоррен и Майк Блумберг вскоре выбыли из игры, и Байден увеличил свое преимущество, победив Сандерса в четырех штатах (Айдахо, Мичиган, Миссисипи и Миссури) 10 марта.
Когда Сандерс приостановил свою кампанию 8 апреля, К 2020 году Байден стал предполагаемым кандидатом Демократической партии на пост президента. 13 апреля Сандерс поддержал Байдена в прямом эфире из их дома. Бывший президент Барак Обама поддержал Байдена на следующий день. В марте 2020 года Байден взял на себя обязательство выбрать женщину в качестве своего напарника. В июне Байден достиг отметки в 1 991 депутата, необходимой для выдвижения партии на пост. 11 августа он объявил сенатора США Камалу Харрис от Калифорнии своим кандидатом на пост кандидата, что сделало ее первой афроамериканкой и американкой из Южной Азии <101.>кандидат в вице-президенты от основной партии.
18 августа 2020 года Байден был официально выдвинут на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2020 как Демократическая партия кандидат в президенты на выборах 2020.
Обвинения в ненадлежащем физический контакте
Байден обвинен в ненадлежащем контакте с женщинами публичных мероприятий, таких как объятия, поцелуи, хватание или возложение рук их плечом. Он назвал себя «тактильным политиком» и признал, что такое поведение доставляло ему неприятности в прошлом.
В марте 2019 года бывшая представительница собрания Невада Люси Флорес заявила, что Байден прикоснулся к ней без ее согласия на митинге кампании 2014 года в Лас-Вегасе. В своей статье Флорес написал, что Байден подошел к ней сзади, положил руки ей на плечи, понюхал ее волосы и поцеловал ее в затылок, добавил, что то, как он прикоснулся к ней, было «интимным способом, предназначенным для близких людей. друзья, семья или романтические партнеры — и я чувствовал себя бессильным что-либо с этим поделать ». Представитель Байдена сказал, что Байден не помнитанного описанного поведения. Два дня спустя Эми Лаппос, бывший помощник в Конгрессе Джима Хаймса, сказала, что Байден прикасался к ней несексуальным, но неуместным образом, держа ее за голову, потереться с ней носом на политическом сборе средств в Гринвиче в 2009 году. На следующий день еще две женщины заявили о ненадлежащем поведении. Кейтлин Карузо сказала, что Байден положил руку ей на бедро, а Д.Дж. Хилл сказал, что провел рукой с ее плеча по спине. В начале апреля 2019 года три женщины рассказали The Washington Post, что Байден прикасался к ним так, что они чувствовали себя неловко. В апреле 2019 года бывший сотрудник Байдена Тара Рид заявила, что несколько раз чувствовал дискомфорт, когда Байден дотрагивался до ее плеча и шеи во время ее работы в своем сенатском офисе в 1993 году. В марте 2020 года Рид обвинил его в изнасиловании в 1993 году. Байден и его кампания категорически отрицали это обвинение.
Байден извинился за то, что не понял, как люди отреагируют на его действия, но сказал, что его намерения благородны. Далее он сказал, что не сожалеет ни о чем, что он когда-либо заставил критиков обвинить его в том, что он отправил неоднозначный сигнал.
Политические позиции
Байден охарактеризован как умеренный демократ. Он поддержал фискальный стимул в Законе о восстановлении и реинвестировании Америки от 2009 года ; увеличение расходов на инфраструктуру, предложенное администрацией Обамы; общественный транспорт, включая Amtrak, субсидии на автобусы и метро; репродуктивные права ; однополые браки ; и сокращение военных расходов в бюджет администрации Обамы на 2014 финансовый год. Байден поддерживает решение Роу против Уэйда и с 2019 года выступает за отмену Поправки Хайда. Байден частично отменить снижение корпоративных налогов в соответствии с Законом о сокращении налогов и занятости от 2017 года, заявив, что это не повредит способности предприятий нанимать сотрудников.
Некоторые политологи оценивают идеологию по сравнению ежегодных рейтингов Американцев за демократические действия (ADA) с рейтингами Американского консервативного сообщества (ACU). Байден имеет пожизненный либеральный 72% балл от ADA до 2004 года, в то время как ACU присвоил Байдену пожизненный консервативный рейтинг в 13% до 2008 года. Используя другой показатель, Байден имеет средний пожизненный показатель либеральная оценка 77,5%, согласно анализу National Journal, который идеологически помещает его в центр демократов Сената по состоянию на 2008 год. Альманах американской политики оценивает голоса в Конгрессе как либеральных или консервативных. на политическом спектре в трех областях политики: экономической, социальной и внешней. В 2005–2006 годах средний экономический рейтинг Байдена был 80% либеральным и 13% консервативным, его внешний рейтинг был 71% либеральным и 25% консервативным. Со временем это не изменилось; его либеральные рейтинги в середине 1980-х также находились в диапазоне 70–80%.
Американский союз за гражданские свободы дает ему 80% баллов за всю жизнь и 91% баллов за 110-й съезд. AFL — CIO дал Байдену оценка срока службы 85%.
Байден выступает против бурения нефтяных скважин в арктическом национальном заповеднике дикой природы и поддерживает государственное финансирование для поиска новых источников энергии. Он считает, что необходимо принять меры в отношении глобального потепления. Самого строгого закона о климате в результате глобального потепления он стал соавтором резолюции «Чувство сената», предложившего государства принять участие в переговорах по климату в Организации, и Закона о Законе — Сандерса о сокращении окружающей среды в результате глобального потепления, самого строгого закона о климате в Сенат США. Он хочет добиться безуглеродного энергоснабжения в США к 2035 году и полностью прекратить выбросы к 2050 году. Его программа включает повторное вступление в Парижское соглашение, сохранение природы и зеленое строительство.. Байден хочет ввести давление на Китай и другие страны, чтобы они сократили выбросы парниковых газов, при необходимости углеродные тарифы. Он голосовал за Североамериканское соглашение о свободной торговле (НАФТА). Байден пообещал, в случае своего избрания, применять санкции и коммерчески ограничивать китайских правительственных чиновников и организаций, осуществляющих репрессии.
В качестве сенатора полиции выступили против. Мера, которую профсоюзы полицейских поддержали, но полиция выступила против. В качестве вице-президента он служил связным в Белом доме с полицией.
Отличия
Президент Обама вручает Байдену Президентскую медаль свободы с отличием, 12 января 2017 года.
Байден получил почетные степени от Университета Скрэнтона (1976), Университета Святого Иосифа (LL.D 1981), Юридический факультет Университета Уайденер (2000), Эмерсон Колледж (2003), Государственный университет Делавэра (2003), его альма-матер Университет штата Делавэр (LL.D 2004), Юридический факультет Саффолкского университета (2005), его другая alma mater Сиракузский университет (LL.D 2009), Университет Уэйк Форест (LL.D 2009), Пенсильванский университет (LL.D 2013), Майами Дейд Колледж (2014), Университет Южной Каролины (DPA 2014), Тринити-колледж, Дублин (LL.D 2016), Colby College (LL.D 2017) и Университет штата Морган (DPS 2017).
Байден также получил медаль канцлера (1980) и медаль первопроходца Джорджа Аренса (2005) от Сиракузского университета.
В 2008 году Байден получил Награда журнала Working Mother Best of Congress за «Улучшение качества жизни в Америке с помощью политики работы, ориентированной интересов семьи». Также в 2008 году он поделился с другим сенатором Ричардом Лугаром наградой правительства Пакистана Хилал-и-Пакистан »в знак признания постоянной их поддержки Пакистана. «. В 2009 году Косово вручило Байдену Золотую медаль, высшую награду в регионе, за его активную поддержку независимости в конце 1990-х.
Байден является членом Ассоциации добровольных пожарных штата Делавэр Зал славы. В 2009 году он был занесен в Зал передового опыта Малой лиги.
15 мая 2016 года Университет Нотр-Дам вручил Байдену медаль Лаэтара. считает высшей честью для американских католиков. Одновременно с медалью был вручен Джон Бонер, спикер Палаты представителей США.
25 июня 2016 года Байден получил Свободу города Графство Лаут в Ирландия.
12 января 2017 года Обама удивил Байдена, наградив его Президентской медалью свободы с отличием — за «веру в своего ближнего., за вашу любовь к родине и служение на протяжении всей жизни, которое будет передаваться из поколения в поколение ». Это была единственная награда Обамы медалью свободы с отличием; Среди других получателей — Рональд Рейган, Колин Пауэлл и Папа Иоанн Павел II.
11 декабря 2018 года Университет Делавэра переименовал свою школу государственной политики и управления в Школе государственной политики и управления Джозефа Р. Байдена младшего. Здесь располагается Институт Байдена.
История выборов
| Результаты выборов | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Год | Офис | Партия | Голосует за Байдена | % | Оппонент | Партия | Голосование | % |
| 1970 | Советник графства |  Y Демократический |
10,573 | 55% | Лоуренс Т. Мессик | республиканец | 8192 | 43% |
| 1972 | США сенатор | Y Демократический |
116 006 | 50% | Дж. Калеб Боггс | республиканец | 112,844 | 49% |
| 1978 | Y Демократический |
93,930 | 58% | Джеймс Х. Бакстер-младший | республиканец | 66,479 | 41% | |
| 1984 | Y Демократический |
147,831 | 60% | Джон М. Беррис | республиканец | 98,101 | 40% | |
| 1990 | Y Демократический |
112,918 | 63% | М. Джейн Брэди | республиканка | 64,554 | 36% | |
| 1996 | Демократическая партия |
165,465 | 60% | Раймонд Дж. Клатуорти | республиканец | 105088 | 38% | |
| 2002 | Y Демократический |
135,253 | 58 % | Раймонд Дж. Клатуорти | Республиканец | 94,793 | 41% | |
| 2008 | Y Демократический |
257,484 | 65% | Кристин О’Доннелл | Республиканка | 140,584 | 35% | |
| 2008 | Вице-президент | Y Демократическая |
69,498,516. 365 голосов выборщиков (необходимо 270) | 53% | Сара Пэйлин | республиканка | 59,948,323. 173 голоса выборщиков | 46% |
| 2012 | Y Демократический |
65 915 795. 332 голоса выборщиков (270 необходимо) | 51% | Пол Райан | республиканец | 60 933 504. 206 голосов выборщиков | 47% | |
| 2020 | Президент | Демократическая партия | Дональд Трамп | республиканец |
Записи Байдена
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President Biden represented Delaware for 36 years in the U.S. Senate before becoming the 47th Vice President of the United States. As President, Biden will restore America’s leadership and build our communities back better.
Joseph Robinette Biden, Jr. was born in Scranton, Pennsylvania, the first of four children of Catherine Eugenia Finnegan Biden and Joseph Robinette Biden, Sr. In 1953, the Biden family moved to Claymont, Delaware. President Biden graduated from the University of Delaware and Syracuse Law School and served on the New Castle County Council.
Joe Biden’s Family
At age 29, President Biden became one of the youngest people ever elected to the United States Senate. Just weeks after his Senate election, tragedy struck the Biden family when his wife Neilia and daughter Naomi were killed, and sons Hunter and Beau were critically injured, in an auto accident.
Biden was sworn into the U.S. Senate at his sons’ hospital bedsides and began commuting from Wilmington to Washington every day, first by car, and then by train, in order to be with his family. He would continue to do so throughout his time in the Senate.
Biden married Jill Jacobs in 1977, and in 1980, their family was complete with the birth of Ashley Blazer Biden. A lifelong educator, Jill earned her doctorate in education and returned to teaching as an English professor at a community college in Virginia.
Beau Biden, Attorney General of Delaware and Joe Biden’s eldest son, passed away in 2015 after battling brain cancer with the same integrity, courage, and strength he demonstrated every day of his life. Beau’s fight with cancer inspires the mission of President Biden’s life — ending cancer as we know it.
A Leader in the Senate
As a Senator from Delaware for 36 years, President Biden established himself as a leader in facing some of our nation’s most important domestic and international challenges. As Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Judiciary Committee for 16 years, Biden is widely recognized for his work writing and spearheading the Violence Against Women Act — the landmark legislation that strengthens penalties for violence against women, creates unprecedented resources for survivors of assault, and changes the national dialogue on domestic and sexual assault.
As Chairman or Ranking Member of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee for 12 years, Biden played a pivotal role in shaping U.S. foreign policy. He was at the forefront of issues and legislation related to terrorism, weapons of mass destruction, post-Cold War Europe, the Middle East, Southwest Asia, and ending apartheid.
“America is an idea. An idea that is stronger than any army, bigger than any ocean, more powerful than any dictator or tyrant. It gives hope to the most desperate people on earth, it guarantees that everyone is treated with dignity and gives hate no safe harbor. It instills in every person in this country the belief that no matter where you start in life, there’s nothing you can’t achieve if you work at it. That’s what we believe.”
Joe Biden, April 25, 2019
The 47th Vice President of the United States
As Vice President, Biden continued his leadership on important issues facing the nation and represented our country abroad. Vice President Biden convened sessions of the President’s Cabinet, led interagency efforts, and worked with Congress in his fight to raise the living standards of middle-class Americans, reduce gun violence, address violence against women, and end cancer as we know it.
Biden helped President Obama pass and then oversaw the implementation of the Recovery Act — the biggest economic recovery plan in the history of the nation and our biggest and strongest commitment to clean energy. The President’s plan prevented another Great Depression, created and saved millions of jobs, and led to 75 uninterrupted months of job growth by the end of the administration. And Biden did it all with less than 1% in waste, abuse, or fraud — the most efficient government program in our country’s history.
President Obama and Vice President Biden also secured the passage of the Affordable Care Act, which reduced the number of uninsured Americans by 20 million by the time they left office and banned insurance companies from denying coverage due to pre-existing conditions.
He served as the point person for U.S. diplomacy throughout the Western Hemisphere, strengthened relationships with our allies both in Europe and the Asia-Pacific, and led the effort to bring 150,000 troops home from Iraq.
In a ceremony at the White House, President Obama awarded Biden the Presidential Medal of Freedom with Distinction — the nation’s highest civilian honor.
A New Chapter
After leaving the White House, the Bidens continued their efforts to expand opportunity for every American with the creation of the Biden Foundation, the Biden Cancer Initiative, the Penn Biden Center for Diplomacy and Global Engagement, and the Biden Institute at the University of Delaware.
On April 25, 2019, Biden announced his candidacy for President of the United States. Biden’s candidacy was built from the beginning around 3 pillars: the battle for the soul of our nation, the need to rebuild our middle class — the backbone of our country, and a call for unity, to act as One America. It was a message that would only gain more resonance in 2020 as we confront a pandemic, an economic crisis, urgent calls for racial justice, and the existential threat of climate change.
“We are living through a battle for the soul of this nation.”
Joe Biden, April 25, 2019
«Джозеф Байден» и «Байден» перенаправляются сюда. Чтобы узнать о его сыне Джозефе Байдене III, см. Beau Biden . Чтобы узнать о других значениях, см. Байден (значения) .
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Джо Байден |
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|---|---|
|
Официальный портрет, 2021 г. |
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| 46 -й президент США | |
|
действующий |
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Вступил в должность 20 января 2021 г. |
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| Заместитель президента | Камала Харрис |
| Предшествует | Дональд Трамп |
| 47 -й вице-президент США | |
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В офисе 20 января 2009 г. — 20 января 2017 г. |
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| президент | Барак Обама |
| Предшествует | Дик Чейни |
| Преемник | Майк Пенс |
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Сенатор США от Делавэра |
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В офисе 3 января 1973 г. — 15 января 2009 г. |
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| Предшествует | Дж. Калеб Боггс |
| Преемник | Тед Кауфман |
| Член Совета графства Нью-Касл от 4-го округа |
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В офисе 5 января 1971 г. — 3 января 1973 г. |
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| Предшествует | Лоуренс Т. Мессик |
| Преемник | Фрэнсис Р. Свифт |
| Личные данные | |
| Родился |
Джозеф Робинетт Байден мл. 20 ноября 1942 г. (80 лет) |
| Политическая партия | Демократический (1969 – настоящее время) |
| Другая политическая принадлежность |
Независимый (до 1969 г.) |
| Супруги |
Нейлия Хантер ( м. Джилл Джейкобс ( м. ) |
| Дети |
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| Родные | Семья Байдена |
| Образование | Академия Арчмира |
| Альма-матер |
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| Занятие |
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| Награды | Список наград и наград |
| Подпись | |
| Веб-сайт |
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Другие офисы
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Джозеф Робинетт Байден-младший ( ; родился 20 ноября 1942 года) — американский политик, 46-й и действующий президент США . Член Демократической партии , он ранее занимал пост 47-го вице-президента с 2009 по 2017 год при президенте Бараке Обаме и представлял Делавэр в Сенате США с 1973 по 2009 год.
Байден родился и вырос в Скрэнтоне, штат Пенсильвания , и переехал со своей семьей в Делавэр в 1953 году, когда ему было десять лет. Он учился в Университете Делавэра, а затем получил юридическое образование в Сиракузском университете . Он был избран в Совет графства Нью-Касл в 1970 году и стал шестым самым молодым сенатором в истории США после того, как был избран в Сенат США от Делавэра в 1972 году в возрасте 29 лет. Байден был председателем или высокопоставленным членом Сената по иностранным делам . Комитет по связям на протяжении 12 лет. Он также возглавлял Судебный комитет Сената с 1987 по 1995 год; возглавил усилия по принятию Закона о борьбе с насильственными преступлениями и правоохранительных органов и Закона о насилии в отношении женщин ; и наблюдал за шестью слушаниями по утверждению Верховного суда США, включая спорные слушания для Роберта Борка и Кларенса Томаса .
Байден безуспешно баллотировался в президенты от Демократической партии в 1988 и 2008 годах . Он был четвертым по старшинству действующим сенатором , когда стал вице-президентом Обамы после того, как они выиграли президентские выборы 2008 года . Обама и Байден были переизбраны в 2012 году . В течение двух сроков на посту вице-президента Байден опирался на свой опыт в Сенате и часто представлял администрацию на переговорах с республиканцами в Конгрессе . Он также курировал расходы на инфраструктуру в 2009 году для противодействия Великой рецессии . Во внешней политике Байден был близким советником президента Обамы и играл ведущую роль в разработке вывода американских войск из Ирака в 2011 году .
Байден и его напарница Камала Харрис победили действующего Дональда Трампа на президентских выборах 2020 года . После инаугурации он стал старейшим президентом в истории США и первым вице-президентом-женщиной. Байден подписал Закон об американском плане спасения, чтобы помочь США оправиться от пандемии COVID-19 и последующей рецессии . Он предложил Американский план создания рабочих мест , аспекты которого были включены в двухпартийный Закон об инвестициях в инфраструктуру и рабочих местах . Он предложил План американских семей , который был объединен с другими аспектами Американского плана занятости в предложенный Закон о восстановлении лучше . После столкновения с оппозицией в Сенате размер Закона о восстановлении лучше был уменьшен, и он был полностью переработан в Закон о сокращении инфляции 2022 года, охватывающий сокращение дефицита, изменение климата , здравоохранение и налоговую реформу. Байден назначил Кетанджи Браун Джексон членом Верховного суда. Во внешней политике он вернул США Парижское соглашение об изменении климата. Он завершил вывод американских войск из Афганистана , в ходе которого афганское правительство рухнуло, а талибы захватили власть . Он отреагировал на вторжение России в Украину в 2022 году, введя санкции против России и разрешив поставки иностранной помощи и оружия в Украину.
Ранняя жизнь (1942–1965)
Байден в Академии Арчмир в 1950-е годы.
Джозеф Робинетт Байден-младший родился 20 ноября 1942 года в больнице Святой Марии в Скрэнтоне, штат Пенсильвания, в семье Кэтрин Евгении «Джин» Байден (урожденная Финнеган) и Джозефа Робинетт Байден-старший. Он был старшим ребенком в католической семье. сестра Валери и два брата, Фрэнсис и Джеймс. Джин имела ирландское происхождение, а Джозеф-старший имел английские, ирландские и французские гугенотские корни. Отцовская линия Байдена восходит к каменщику Уильяму Байдену, который родился в 1789 году в Вестбурне , Англия, и эмигрировал в Мэриленд в Соединенных Штатах к 1820 году.
Отец Байдена был богат, и осенью 1946 года семья купила дом в богатом пригороде Лонг-Айленда Гарден-Сити , но примерно в то время, когда Байдену было семь лет, его бизнес потерпел неудачу, и в течение нескольких лет семья жила с матерью Байдена. бабушка и дедушка в Скрэнтоне. Скрэнтон переживал экономический спад в 1950-х годах, и отец Байдена не мог найти постоянную работу. Начиная с 1953 года, когда Байдену было десять лет, семья жила в квартире в Клеймонте, штат Делавэр , а затем переехала в дом в соседнем Мейфилде . Позже Байден-старший стал успешным продавцом подержанных автомобилей , поддерживая семью в образе жизни среднего класса.
В Archmere Academy в Клеймонте Байден играл в бейсбол и был выдающимся полузащитником и ресивером в школьной футбольной команде. Хотя он был плохим учеником, он был президентом класса в младших и старших классах. Он получил высшее образование в 1961 году. В Университете Делавэра в Ньюарке Байден некоторое время играл в футбол на первом курсе и, будучи незаурядным студентом, получил степень бакалавра гуманитарных наук в 1965 году с двойной специализацией в области истории и политологии и дополнительной специализацией в английском языке .
У Байдена заикание , которое улучшилось с тех пор, как ему исполнилось 20 лет. Он говорит, что уменьшил его, читая стихи перед зеркалом, но некоторые наблюдатели предположили, что это повлияло на его выступление на президентских дебатах Демократической партии 2020 года .
Браки, юридическая школа и начало карьеры (1966–1973)
27 августа 1966 года Байден женился на Нейлии Хантер (1942–1972), студентке Сиракузского университета , после преодоления нежелания родителей выходить замуж за католика. Их свадьба состоялась в католической церкви в Сканеателесе, штат Нью-Йорк . У них было трое детей: Джозеф Р. «Бо» Байден III (1969–2015), Роберт Хантер Байден (1970 г.р.) и Наоми Кристина «Эми» Байден (1971–1972).
Байден в ежегоднике Сиракуз за 1968 год
В 1968 году Байден получил степень доктора юриспруденции в юридическом колледже Сиракузского университета , заняв 76-е место в своем классе из 85 человек, после того, как провалил курс из-за признанной «ошибки», когда он заимствовал юридическую обзорную статью для статьи, которую он написал на первом курсе. в юридической школе. Он был принят в коллегию адвокатов Делавэра в 1969 году.
Байден открыто не поддерживал войну во Вьетнаме и не выступал против нее, пока не баллотировался в Сенат и не выступил против ведения войны Никсоном. Во время учебы в Университете Делавэра и Сиракузском университете Байден получил пять отсрочек от призыва в армию, в то время как большинство призывников были отправлены на войну во Вьетнаме. В 1968 г. по результатам медосмотра ему дали условную отсрочку по болезни; в 2008 году представитель Байдена заявил, что причиной отсрочки стало то, что он болел «астмой в подростковом возрасте».
В 1968 году Байден работал клерком в юридической фирме Уилмингтона , возглавляемой видным местным республиканцем Уильямом Прикеттом, и, как он позже сказал, «считал себя республиканцем». Он не любил консервативную расовую политику действующего губернатора Делавэра-демократа Чарльза Л. Терри и поддерживал более либерального республиканца Рассела У. Петерсона , победившего Терри в 1968 году. Байден был завербован местными республиканцами, но зарегистрирован как независимый из-за его отвращения к республиканцам кандидат в президенты Ричард Никсон .
В 1969 году Байден занимался юридической практикой, сначала в качестве государственного защитника , а затем в фирме, возглавляемой местным активным демократом, который включил его в Демократический форум, группу, пытавшуюся реформировать и оживить государственную партию; Впоследствии Байден перерегистрировался как демократ. Он и еще один адвокат также создали юридическую фирму. Корпоративное право , однако, его не привлекало, а уголовное право не приносило больших доходов. Он пополнял свой доход, управляя недвижимостью.
В 1970 году Байден баллотировался на место 4-го округа в совете графства Нью-Касл на либеральной платформе, которая включала поддержку государственного жилья в пригородах. Это место занимал республиканец Генри Р. Фолсом, баллотировавшийся в 5-м округе после перераспределения муниципальных округов. Байден выиграл всеобщие выборы, победив республиканца Лоуренса Т. Мессика, и вступил в должность 5 января 1971 года. Он работал до 1 января 1973 года, и его сменил демократ Фрэнсис Р. Свифт. Во время своего пребывания в совете графства Байден выступал против крупных проектов строительства автомагистралей, которые, как он утверждал, могут разрушить районы Уилмингтона.
Кампания Сената США 1972 года в Делавэре
Результаты выборов в Сенат США 1972 года в Делавэре
В 1972 году Байден победил действующего республиканца Дж. Калеба Боггса и стал младшим сенатором США от штата Делавэр. Он был единственным демократом, готовым бросить вызов Боггсу, и с минимальными средствами кампании у него не было шансов на победу. Члены семьи руководили и укомплектовывали кампанией, которая основывалась на личных встречах с избирателями и раздаче документов с изложением позиции, что стало возможным благодаря небольшому размеру штата Делавэр. Он получил помощь от AFL-CIO и социолога демократов Патрика Кэдделла . Его платформа была сосредоточена на окружающей среде, уходе из Вьетнама, гражданских правах, общественном транспорте, справедливом налогообложении, здравоохранении и общественном недовольстве «обычной политикой». За несколько месяцев до выборов Байден отставал от Боггса почти на тридцать процентных пунктов, но его энергия, привлекательная молодая семья и умение чувствовать эмоции избирателей пошли ему на пользу, и он победил, набрав 50,5 процента голосов. На момент избрания ему было 29 лет, но он достиг требуемого конституцией возраста 30 лет, прежде чем был приведен к присяге в качестве сенатора.
Смерть жены и дочери
18 декабря 1972 года, через несколько недель после того, как Байден был избран сенатором, его жена Нейлия и годовалая дочь Наоми погибли в автокатастрофе во время рождественских покупок в Хокессине, штат Делавэр . Универсал Нейлии был сбит грузовиком с полуприцепом, когда она выезжала с перекрестка. Их сыновья Бо ( 3 года) и Хантер ( 2 года) были доставлены в больницу в удовлетворительном состоянии, Бо со сломанной ногой и другими ранениями, а Хантер с легким переломом черепа и другими травмами головы. Байден подумывал уйти в отставку, чтобы позаботиться о них, но лидер большинства в Сенате Майк Мэнсфилд убедил его не делать этого.
Спустя годы Байден сказал, что, по его мнению, водитель грузовика был пьян перед аварией, но ему так и не было предъявлено обвинение, а семья водителя сказала, что смерть преследовала его, пока он не умер в 1999 году. Позже Байден извинился перед семьей водителя. Авария наполнила Байдена гневом и религиозными сомнениями. Он написал, что «чувствовал, что Бог сыграл с ним ужасную шутку», и ему было трудно сосредоточиться на работе.
Второй брак
Байден и его вторая жена Джилл познакомились в 1975 году и поженились в 1977 году.
Байден познакомился с учительницей Джилл Трейси Джейкобс в 1975 году на свидании вслепую . Они поженились в часовне Организации Объединенных Наций в Нью-Йорке 17 июня 1977 года. Медовый месяц они провели на озере Балатон в Венгерской Народной Республике . Байден приписывает ей возрождение своего интереса к политике и жизни. Они католики и посещают мессу в церкви Святого Иосифа на реке Брендивайн в Гринвилле, штат Делавэр . Их дочь Эшли Байден (1981 г.р.) работает социальным работником. Она замужем за врачом Говардом Керином . Бо Байден стал армейским судьей-адвокатом в Ираке, а затем генеральным прокурором Делавэра , прежде чем умер от рака мозга в 2015 году. Хантер Байден — вашингтонский лоббист и советник по инвестициям.
Преподавание
С 1991 по 2008 год в качестве адъюнкт-профессора Байден вел семинар по конституционному праву в Школе права Университета Уайденера . На семинар часто была очередь. Байден иногда прилетал из-за границы, чтобы преподавать в классе.
Сенат США (1973–2009 гг.)
Сенатская деятельность
В январе 1973 года секретарь Сената Фрэнсис Р. Валео привел Байдена к присяге в Делавэрском отделении Уилмингтонского медицинского центра . Присутствовали его сыновья Бо (чья нога все еще была вытянута после автомобильной аварии), Хантер и другие члены семьи. В 30 лет он был шестым самым молодым сенатором в истории США .
Чтобы увидеть своих сыновей, Байден путешествовал на поезде между своим домом в Делавэре и округом Колумбия — 74 минуты в одну сторону — и сохранял эту привычку на протяжении всех 36 лет своего пребывания в Сенате.
В первые годы своего пребывания в Сенате Байден сосредоточил внимание на защите прав потребителей и вопросах окружающей среды и призвал к большей подотчетности правительства. В интервью 1974 года он назвал себя либералом в отношении гражданских прав и свобод, проблем пожилых людей и здравоохранения, но консерватором в других вопросах, включая аборты и призыв на военную службу .
В первое десятилетие своего пребывания в Сенате Байден сосредоточился на контроле над вооружениями . После того, как Конгресс не смог ратифицировать Договор ОСВ -2 , подписанный в 1979 году генеральным секретарем СССР Леонидом Брежневым и президентом Джимми Картером , Байден встретился с министром иностранных дел СССР Андреем Громыко , чтобы сообщить об опасениях Америки и добиться внесения изменений, направленных на устранение возражений сенатского комитета по международным отношениям. Когда администрация Рейгана хотела вольно интерпретировать договор ОСВ-1 1972 года, чтобы позволить развитие Стратегической оборонной инициативы , Байден выступил за строгое соблюдение договора. Он привлек значительное внимание, когда на слушаниях в Сенате раскритиковал госсекретаря Джорджа Шульца за поддержку Южной Африки администрацией Рейгана, несмотря на ее продолжающуюся политику апартеида .
Байден стал высокопоставленным членом судебного комитета Сената в 1981 году. В 1984 году он был руководителем отдела от Демократической партии за успешное принятие Всеобъемлющего закона о борьбе с преступностью . Его сторонники хвалили его за изменение некоторых из худших положений закона, и это было его самым важным законодательным достижением того времени. В 1994 году Байден помог принять Закон о борьбе с насильственными преступлениями и правоохранительных органах , также известный как Закон Байдена о преступлениях, который включал запрет на штурмовое оружие , и Закон о насилии в отношении женщин , который он назвал своим самым важным законом. Закон о преступлениях 1994 года не пользовался популярностью среди прогрессистов и подвергался критике за то, что привел к массовым лишениям свободы; в 2019 году Байден назвал свою роль в принятии законопроекта «большой ошибкой», сославшись на его политику в отношении крэк-кокаина и заявив, что законопроект «заманил в ловушку целое поколение».
В 1993 году Байден проголосовал за положение, которое считало гомосексуальность несовместимым с военной жизнью, тем самым запрещая геям служить в вооруженных силах. В 1996 году он проголосовал за Закон о защите брака , который запрещал федеральному правительству признавать однополые браки, тем самым лишая людей в таких браках равной защиты в соответствии с федеральным законом и позволяя штатам делать то же самое. В 2015 году этот акт был признан неконституционным в деле Обергефелл против Ходжеса .
Избранный в Сенат в 1972 году, Байден переизбирался в 1978 , 1984 , 1990 , 1996 , 2002 и 2008 годах, регулярно получая около 60% голосов. Он был младшим сенатором Уильяма Рота , который впервые был избран в 1970 году, пока Рот не потерпел поражение в 2000 году. По состоянию на 2022 год он был сенатором 19-м по продолжительности пребывания на посту сенатора в истории США.
Противодействие автобусным перевозкам
В середине 1970-х Байден был одним из самых ярых противников в Сенате автобусной интеграции расы . Его избиратели в Делавэре решительно выступали против этого, и такая оппозиция по всей стране позже привела к тому, что его партия в основном отказалась от политики школьной интеграции. В своей первой кампании в Сенат Байден выразил поддержку автобусному транспорту для устранения сегрегации де-юре , как на Юге, но выступил против его использования для устранения фактической сегрегации, возникающей из-за расовых моделей проживания по соседству, как в Делавэре; он выступил против предложенной поправки к конституции, полностью запрещающей использование автобусов.
В мае 1974 года Байден проголосовал за внесение предложения, содержащего положения о запрете использования автобусов и десегрегации, но позже проголосовал за измененную версию, содержащую оговорку о том, что она не предназначена для ослабления полномочий судебной системы по обеспечению соблюдения 5 -й и 14-й поправок . В 1975 году он поддержал предложение, которое помешало бы Министерству здравоохранения, образования и социального обеспечения урезать федеральные средства округам, отказавшимся интегрироваться; он сказал, что автобусный транспорт был «обанкротившейся идеей [нарушающей] главное правило здравого смысла» и что его оппозиция поможет другим либералам последовать его примеру. В то же время он поддержал инициативы в отношении жилья, возможностей трудоустройства и избирательных прав. Байден поддержал меру, запрещающую использование федеральных средств для перевозки учащихся за пределы ближайшей к ним школы. В 1977 году он выступил соавтором поправки, закрывающей лазейки в этой мере, которую президент Картер подписал в 1978 году.
Операции на головном мозге
В феврале 1988 года, после нескольких эпизодов все более сильной боли в шее, Байден был доставлен на машине скорой помощи в Армейский медицинский центр Уолтера Рида для операции по исправлению протекающей внутричерепной ягодной аневризмы . Во время выздоровления он перенес легочную эмболию , серьезное осложнение. После того, как в мае была хирургически вылечена вторая аневризма, выздоровление Байдена удерживало его от участия в Сенате в течение семи месяцев.
Судебный комитет Сената
Байден долгое время был членом сенатского комитета по судебной власти . Он возглавлял его с 1987 по 1995 год и был высокопоставленным членом меньшинства с 1981 по 1987 год и снова с 1995 по 1997 год.
В качестве председателя Байден председательствовал на двух весьма спорных слушаниях по утверждению Верховного суда США. Когда Роберт Борк был номинирован в 1988 году, Байден отменил свое одобрение гипотетической кандидатуры Борка, данное в интервью в прошлом году. Консерваторы были возмущены, но на закрытии слушаний Байдена похвалили за его справедливость, юмор и смелость. Отвергая аргументы некоторых противников Борка, Байден сформулировал свои возражения Борку с точки зрения конфликта между сильным оригинализмом Борка и мнением о том, что Конституция США предоставляет права на свободу и неприкосновенность частной жизни помимо тех, которые явно перечислены в ее тексте. Выдвижение Борка было отклонено в комитете 9–5 голосами, а затем в Сенате в полном составе 58–42.
Во время слушаний по выдвижению Кларенса Томаса в 1991 году вопросы Байдена по конституционным вопросам часто были запутанными до такой степени, что Томас иногда терял их из виду, а позже Томас писал, что вопросы Байдена были сродни « шарикам ». После закрытия слушаний комитета общественность узнала, что Анита Хилл , профессор юридического факультета Университета Оклахомы , обвинила Томаса в том, что он делал нежелательные комментарии сексуального характера , когда они работали вместе. Байден знал о некоторых из этих обвинений, но сначала поделился ими только с комитетом, потому что Хилл тогда не хотел давать показания. Слушание комитета было возобновлено, и Хилл дал показания, но Байден не разрешил показания других свидетелей, таких как женщина, выдвинувшая аналогичные обвинения, и эксперты по домогательствам, заявив, что хочет сохранить конфиденциальность Томаса и порядочность слушаний. Сенат в полном составе утвердил Томаса 52 голосами против 48, Байден выступил против. Либеральные юристы и женские группы твердо убеждены, что Байден неправильно провел слушания и недостаточно сделал для поддержки Хилл. Позже Байден искал женщин для работы в Судебном комитете и уделял особое внимание женским вопросам в законодательной повестке дня комитета. В 2019 году он сказал Хилл, что сожалеет о своем обращении с ней, но впоследствии Хилл сказал, что она осталась неудовлетворенной.
Байден критиковал независимого советника Кена Старра во время разногласий по поводу Уайтуотера в 1990-х годах и расследования скандала с Левински , говоря, что «это будет холодный день в аду», прежде чем другой независимый адвокат получит аналогичные полномочия. Он проголосовал за оправдательный приговор во время импичмента президенту Клинтону . В течение 2000-х годов Байден спонсировал закон о банкротстве, которого требовали эмитенты кредитных карт. Клинтон наложила вето на законопроект в 2000 году, но в 2005 году он был принят как Закон о предотвращении злоупотреблений при банкротстве и защите прав потребителей , при этом Байден был одним из 18 демократов, проголосовавших за него, в то время как ведущие демократы и организации по защите прав потребителей выступили против. Как сенатор Байден решительно поддержал увеличение финансирования
Amtrak и безопасность железных дорог.
Комитет Сената по международным отношениям
Сенатор Байден сопровождает президента Клинтона и других официальных лиц в Боснию и Герцеговину , декабрь 1997 года.
Байден долгое время был членом сенатского комитета по международным отношениям . Он стал его высокопоставленным членом меньшинства в 1997 году и возглавлял его с июня 2001 по 2003 и с 2007 по 2009 год. Его позиции в целом были либерально-интернационалистскими . Он эффективно сотрудничал с республиканцами и иногда шел против членов своей собственной партии. За это время он встретился не менее чем со 150 лидерами из 60 стран и международных организаций, став известным демократическим голосом во внешней политике.
Байден проголосовал против санкционирования войны в Персидском заливе в 1991 году, поддержав 45 из 55 сенаторов-демократов; он сказал, что США несут почти все бремя антииракской коалиции .
Байден заинтересовался югославскими войнами после того, как услышал о злоупотреблениях сербов во время хорватской войны за независимость в 1991 году . боснийских мусульман , поддерживая их авиаударами НАТО и расследуя военные преступления . Администрация Джорджа Буша -старшего и администрация Клинтона не хотели проводить эту политику, опасаясь запутанности на Балканах . В апреле 1993 года Байден провел неделю на Балканах и провел напряженную трехчасовую встречу с сербским лидером Слободаном Милошевичем . Байден сказал, что сказал Милошевичу: «Я думаю, что ты проклятый военный преступник, и тебя следует судить как одного из них».
Байден написал поправку в 1992 году, чтобы заставить администрацию Буша вооружить боснийских мусульман, но отложил в 1994 году несколько более мягкую позицию, которую предпочитала администрация Клинтона, прежде чем в следующем году подписать более жесткую меру, спонсируемую Бобом Доулом и Джо Либерманом . Это взаимодействие привело к успешным миротворческим усилиям НАТО. Байден назвал свою роль в оказании влияния на политику на Балканах в середине 1990-х годов своим «самым гордым моментом в общественной жизни», связанным с внешней политикой.
В качестве председателя Байден способствовал успешному побуждению администрации Клинтона к выделению ресурсов и политического капитала для посредничества в том, что стало Соглашением Страстной пятницы 1998 года между правительствами Ирландии и Соединенного Королевства в рамках мирного процесса в Северной Ирландии .
3 сентября 1998 года уходящий в отставку бывший инспектор ООН по вооружениям Скотт Риттер , по словам Бартона Геллмана , обвинил администрацию Клинтона в препятствовании инспекциям вооружений в Ираке. Байден присоединился ко многим другим сенатским демократам и «усилил контратаку администрации Клинтона против бывшего инспектора ООН по вооружениям Скотта Риттера». Он задался вопросом, пытался ли Риттер «присвоить право решать, когда нажать на курок» военной силы против Ирака, и сказал, что госсекретарю также придется учитывать мнение союзников, СБ ООН и общественное мнение . , до любой интервенции в Ираке. В статье Washington Post позже в том же месяце Байден раскритиковал одностороннюю «политику, основанную на конфронтации», но похвалил идею спросить, может ли вмешательство быть необходимым в какой-то момент, хотя он сказал, что это «выше уровня оплаты» одного оружия. инспектор.
В 1999 году, во время войны в Косово , Байден поддержал бомбардировку Югославии НАТО в 1999 году . Он и сенатор Джон Маккейн выступили соавторами Резолюции Маккейна-Байдена по Косово, которая призвала Клинтон использовать всю необходимую силу, включая сухопутные войска, для противостояния Милошевичу из-за действий Югославии в отношении этнических албанцев в Косово .
Войны в Афганистане и Ираке
Байден был решительным сторонником войны в Афганистане , говоря: «Что бы это ни стоило, мы должны это сделать». В качестве главы сенатского комитета по международным отношениям он заявил в 2002 году, что президент Ирака Саддам Хусейн представляет угрозу национальной безопасности и что нет другого выхода, кроме как «устранить» эту угрозу. В октябре 2002 года он проголосовал за Разрешение на использование военной силы против Ирака , одобрив вторжение США в Ирак . В качестве председателя комитета он собрал ряд свидетелей для дачи показаний в пользу разрешения. Они дали показания, грубо искажающие намерения, историю и статус Саддама и его светского правительства, которое было заклятым врагом « Аль-Каиды» , и рекламировали вымышленное владение Ираком оружием массового уничтожения . В конце концов Байден стал критиком войны и считал свой голос и роль «ошибкой», но не настаивал на выходе. Он поддержал ассигнования на оккупацию, но утверждал, что война должна быть интернационализирована, что необходимо больше солдат и что администрация Буша должна «уравняться с американским народом» в отношении ее стоимости и продолжительности.
К концу 2006 года позиция Байдена значительно изменилась. Он выступил против наращивания войск в 2007 году, заявив, что генерал Дэвид Петреус был «глубоко неправ», полагая, что наращивание может сработать. Вместо этого Байден выступал за разделение Ирака на свободную федерацию трех этнических государств. В ноябре 2006 года Байден и Лесли Х. Гелб , почетный президент Совета по международным отношениям , обнародовали всеобъемлющую стратегию по прекращению межконфессионального насилия в Ираке . Вместо того, чтобы продолжать существующий подход или отступать, план призывал к «третьему пути»: федерализации Ирака и предоставлению курдам , шиитам и суннитам «передышки» в их собственных регионах. В сентябре 2007 года Сенат принял необязательную резолюцию, одобряющую план, но идея была незнакомой, не имела политической поддержки и не получила поддержки. Политическое руководство Ирака осудило резолюцию как фактическое разделение страны, а посольство США в Багдаде выступило с заявлением, в котором дистанцировалось от нее. В мае 2008 года Байден подверг резкой критике выступление президента Джорджа Буша -младшего в Кнессете Израиля, в котором Буш сравнил некоторых демократов с западными лидерами, умиротворявшими Гитлера перед Второй мировой войной ; Байден назвал выступление «чушью», «бредом» и «возмутительным». Позже он извинился за свой язык.
Президентские кампании 1988 и 2008 гг.
Кампания 1988 года
Байден в Белом доме в 1987 году.
Байден официально объявил о своей кандидатуре на пост президента от Демократической партии 1988 года 9 июня 1987 года. Он считался сильным кандидатом из-за его умеренного имиджа, его ораторских способностей и его высокого авторитета в качестве председателя Судебного комитета Сената в предстоящем Верховном суде Роберта Борка . слушания по выдвижению кандидатов и его обращение к бэби-бумерам ; он был бы вторым самым молодым человеком, избранным президентом, после Джона Ф. Кеннеди . В первом квартале 1987 года он собрал больше, чем любой другой кандидат.
К августу сообщения его кампании запутались из-за соперничества сотрудников, а в сентябре его обвинили в плагиате речи лидера британской лейбористской партии Нила Киннока . В речи Байдена были похожие строки о том, что он первым в своей семье поступил в университет. Байден ранее приписывал Кинноку формулировку, но не дважды в конце августа. Сам Киннок был более снисходительным; двое мужчин встретились в 1988 году, и у них сложилась прочная дружба.
Ранее в том же году он также использовал отрывки из речи Роберта Ф. Кеннеди 1967 года (в которой обвиняли его помощники) и короткую фразу из инаугурационной речи Джона Ф. Кеннеди ; двумя годами ранее он использовал отрывок Хьюберта Хамфри 1976 года . Байден ответил, что политики часто заимствуют друг у друга, не отдавая должного, и что один из его соперников по номинации, Джесси Джексон , позвонил ему, чтобы указать, что он (Джексон) использовал тот же материал Хамфри, что и Байден.
Несколько дней спустя был обнародован инцидент в юридической школе, когда Байден нарисовал текст из статьи Fordham Law Review с неадекватными ссылками. Он был обязан повторить курс и прошел его с высокими оценками. По просьбе Байдена Совет по профессиональной ответственности Верховного суда штата Делавэр рассмотрел инцидент и пришел к выводу, что он не нарушил никаких правил.
Байден сделал несколько ложных или преувеличенных заявлений о своей молодости: что он получил три степени в колледже, что он посещал юридический факультет на полную стипендию, что он закончил в лучшей половине своего класса и что он маршировал в движение за гражданские права . Ограниченное количество других новостей о президентской гонке усилило эти разоблачения, и 23 сентября 1987 года Байден снял свою кандидатуру, заявив, что она была отвергнута «преувеличенной тенью» его прошлых ошибок.
Кампания 2008 г.
Изучив возможность баллотирования в нескольких предыдущих циклах, в январе 2007 года Байден выдвинул свою кандидатуру на выборах 2008 года . Во время своей кампании Байден сосредоточился на войне в Ираке , своем послужном списке председателя основных комитетов Сената и своем внешнеполитическом опыте. В середине 2007 года Байден подчеркнул, что его опыт во внешней политике по сравнению с Обамой. Байден был известен своими остротами во время кампании; в одном из дебатов он сказал о кандидате от республиканцев Руди Джулиани : «В предложении он упоминает только три вещи: существительное, глагол и 11 сентября».
У Байдена были трудности со сбором средств, он изо всех сил пытался привлечь людей на свои митинги и не смог добиться поддержки громких кандидатур Обамы и сенатора Хиллари Клинтон . Он никогда не поднимался выше однозначного числа в общенациональных опросах кандидатов от Демократической партии . В первом конкурсе 3 января 2008 года Байден занял пятое место на кокусах в Айове , собрав чуть менее одного процента делегатов от штата. В тот же вечер он снялся с гонки.
Несмотря на отсутствие успеха, кампания Байдена 2008 года подняла его авторитет в политическом мире. В частности, это изменило отношения между Байденом и Обамой. Хотя они вместе работали в сенатском комитете по международным отношениям , они не были близки: Байдена возмущало быстрое восхождение Обамы к политической славе, в то время как Обама считал Байдена болтливым и покровительственным. Познакомившись друг с другом в 2007 году, Обама оценил стиль кампании Байдена и обращение к избирателям из рабочего класса, и Байден сказал, что убедился, что Обама был «настоящим».
Вице-президентская кампания 2008 г.
Вскоре после того, как Байден отказался от участия в президентской гонке, Обама в частном порядке сказал ему, что заинтересован в том, чтобы Байден занял важное место в своей администрации. В начале августа Обама и Байден тайно встретились, чтобы обсудить эту возможность, и у них установились прочные личные отношения. 22 августа 2008 года Обама объявил, что Байден будет его напарником . The New York Times сообщила, что стратегия, стоящая за выбором, отражала желание заполнить билет с кем-то, имеющим опыт внешней политики и национальной безопасности . Другие указали на привлекательность Байдена для избирателей из среднего класса и рабочих . Байден был официально выдвинут на пост вице-президента 27 августа голосованием на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2008 года в Денвере .
Предвыборная кампания Байдена на пост вице-президента привлекла мало внимания средств массовой информации, поскольку пресса уделяла гораздо больше внимания кандидату от республиканцев, губернатору Аляски Саре Пэйлин . По указанию предвыборного штаба Байден держал свои речи краткими и старался избегать небрежных замечаний, таких как сделанное им о том, что Обама подвергается проверке со стороны иностранной державы вскоре после вступления в должность, что привлекло негативное внимание. В частном порядке замечания Байдена расстроили Обаму. «Сколько раз Байден будет говорить глупости?» он спросил. Сотрудники предвыборного штаба Обамы назвали промахи Байдена «бомбами Джо» и не информировали Байдена об обсуждениях стратегии, что, в свою очередь, раздражало Байдена. Отношения между двумя кампаниями стали натянутыми на месяц, пока Байден не извинился по звонку Обаме, и они укрепили партнерство. Публично стратег Обамы Дэвид Аксельрод заявил, что высокие рейтинги популярности Байдена перевешивают любые неожиданные комментарии.
Когда финансовый кризис 2007–2010 годов достиг своего пика с кризисом ликвидности в сентябре 2008 года, и предложенная помощь финансовой системе Соединенных Штатов стала основным фактором в кампании, Байден проголосовал за Закон о чрезвычайной экономической стабилизации на сумму 700 миллиардов долларов от 2008 года, который прошел в Сенате, 74–25. 2 октября 2008 года он участвовал в вице-президентских дебатах с Пэйлин в Вашингтонском университете в Сент-Луисе . Опросы после дебатов показали, что, хотя Пэйлин превзошла ожидания многих избирателей, Байден в целом выиграл дебаты. На национальном уровне рейтинг благосклонности Байдена в опросе Pew Research Center составил 60% по сравнению с 44% у Пэйлин.
4 ноября 2008 г. Обама и Байден были избраны, набрав 53% голосов избирателей и 365 голосов выборщиков против 173 голосов Маккейна-Пэйлин.
В то же время, когда Байден баллотировался на пост вице-президента, он также баллотировался на переизбрание в Сенат, как это разрешено законом штата Делавэр. 4 ноября он был переизбран в Сенат, победив республиканца Кристин О’Доннелл . Выиграв обе гонки, Байден решил уйти в отставку из Сената, пока 6 января 2009 года не был приведен к присяге на свой седьмой срок. 15 января Байден отдал свой последний голос в Сенате, поддержав выделение вторых 350 миллиардов долларов для Программа помощи проблемным активам и ушел из Сената позже в тот же день.
Вице-президент (2009–2017)
Байден приводится к присяге в качестве вице-президента 20 января 2009 г.
Первый срок, 2009–2013 гг.
Первый официальный портрет Джо Байдена на посту вице-президента США, 2009 г.
Байден сказал, что намеревался устранить некоторые явные роли, которые взял на себя вице-президент Джорджа Буша -младшего Дик Чейни , и не намеревался подражать какому-либо предыдущему вице-президенту. Он возглавлял переходную команду Обамы и возглавил инициативу по улучшению экономического благосостояния среднего класса. В начале января 2009 года, в своем последнем действии на посту председателя Комитета по международным отношениям, он посетил лидеров Ирака , Афганистана и Пакистана , а 20 января был приведен к присяге в качестве 47-го вице-президента США — первого вице-президента. из Делавэра и первый вице-президент
римско-католической церкви .
Вскоре Обама сравнил Байдена с баскетболистом, «который делает кучу вещей, которые не отражены в статистике». В мае Байден посетил Косово и подтвердил позицию США, согласно которой его «независимость необратима». Байден проиграл госсекретарю Хиллари Клинтон внутренние дебаты по поводу отправки 21 000 новых военнослужащих в Афганистан , но его скептицизм был оценен, и в 2009 году взгляды Байдена приобрели большее влияние, когда Обама пересмотрел свою стратегию в Афганистане. Байден посещал Ирак примерно каждые два месяца, став ответственным лицом администрации в доставке сообщений иракскому руководству об ожидаемом там прогрессе. В более общем плане надзор за политикой в отношении Ирака стал обязанностью Байдена: говорят, что Обама сказал: «Джо, ты занимаешься Ираком». Байден сказал, что Ирак «может стать одним из величайших достижений этой администрации». Его визит в Ирак в январе 2010 года в разгар беспорядков из-за запрещенных кандидатов на предстоящих иракских парламентских выборах привел к тому, что 59 из нескольких сотен кандидатов были восстановлены иракским правительством через два дня. К 2012 году Байден совершил туда восемь поездок, но его надзор за политикой США в Ираке уменьшился с уходом американских войск в 2011 году.
Байден курировал расходы на инфраструктуру из пакета стимулов Обамы, призванного помочь противодействовать продолжающейся рецессии . В течение этого периода Байден был удовлетворен тем, что не произошло никаких крупных случаев растраты или коррупции, и когда он завершил эту роль в феврале 2011 года, он сказал, что количество случаев мошенничества со стимулирующими деньгами составило менее одного процента.
В конце апреля 2009 года ответ Байдена вне сообщения на вопрос во время начала вспышки свиного гриппа о том, что он будет советовать членам семьи не путешествовать на самолетах или в метро, привел к быстрому опровержению Белым домом. Это замечание возродило репутацию Байдена как оплошника . Столкнувшись с ростом безработицы в июле 2009 года, Байден признал, что администрация «неверно поняла, насколько плоха экономика», но сохранил уверенность, что пакет стимулов создаст гораздо больше рабочих мест, как только темпы расходов ускорятся. 23 марта 2010 года микрофон уловил Байдена, который сказал президенту, что его подписание Закона о защите пациентов и доступном медицинском обслуживании было «чертовски большим делом» во время прямых трансляций национальных новостей. Несмотря на разные характеры, Обама и Байден подружились, отчасти благодаря дочери Обамы Саше и внучке Байдена Мейзи, которые вместе посещали школу друзей Сидвелла .
Байден во время визита в Багдад
Члены администрации Обамы заявили, что роль Байдена в Белом доме заключалась в том, чтобы быть противником и заставлять других защищать свои позиции. Рам Эмануэль , руководитель аппарата Белого дома, сказал, что Байден помог противостоять групповому мышлению . Пресс-секретарь Белого дома Джей Карни , бывший директор по связям с общественностью Байдена, сказал, что Байден играл роль «плохого парня в ситуационной комнате». Другой старший советник Обамы сказал, что Байден «всегда готов быть скунсом на семейном пикнике, чтобы убедиться, что мы максимально честны в интеллектуальном плане». Обама сказал: «Лучшее в Джо то, что когда мы собираем всех вместе, он действительно заставляет людей думать и защищать свою позицию, смотреть на вещи со всех сторон, и это очень ценно для меня». Байдены поддерживали непринужденную атмосферу в своей официальной резиденции в Вашингтоне, часто развлекая внуков, и регулярно возвращались в свой дом в Делавэре.
Байден провел активную кампанию за демократов на промежуточных выборах 2010 года , сохраняя оптимистичный настрой перед лицом прогнозов крупномасштабных потерь для партии. После больших успехов республиканцев на выборах и ухода главы администрации Белого дома Рама Эмануэля прошлые отношения Байдена с республиканцами в Конгрессе стали более важными. Он руководил успешными усилиями администрации по получению одобрения Сенатом нового договора СНВ . В декабре 2010 года пропаганда Байденом компромисса, за которым последовали его переговоры с лидером меньшинства в Сенате Митчем МакКоннеллом , сыграли важную роль в разработке компромиссного налогового пакета администрации, который включал временное продление налоговых льгот Буша . Затем Байден взял на себя инициативу, пытаясь продать соглашение сопротивляющейся фракции демократов в Конгрессе. Пакет был принят в качестве Закона о налоговых льготах, повторной авторизации страхования по безработице и создании рабочих мест 2010 года .
В марте 2011 года Обама поручил Байдену возглавить переговоры с Конгрессом, чтобы определить уровень федеральных расходов на оставшуюся часть года и избежать закрытия правительства. К маю 2011 года «комиссия Байдена» с шестью членами Конгресса пыталась заключить двухпартийную сделку о повышении потолка долга США в рамках общего плана сокращения дефицита . Кризис потолка долга США развивался в течение следующих нескольких месяцев, но отношения Байдена с МакКоннеллом снова оказались ключевыми для выхода из тупика и заключения сделки по его разрешению в форме Закона о контроле над бюджетом 2011 г., подписанного 2 августа 2011 г. в тот самый день, когда на горизонте маячил беспрецедентный дефолт США . Байден больше всех в администрации провел переговоры с Конгрессом по вопросу о долге, и один из сотрудников-республиканцев сказал: «Байден — единственный человек, обладающий реальными полномочиями на ведение переговоров, и [МакКоннелл] знает, что его слово верно. к сделке».
Некоторые сообщения предполагают, что Байден выступал против продолжения миссии США в мае 2011 года по убийству Усамы бен Ладена , чтобы ее провал не сказался на перспективах переизбрания Обамы. Он взял на себя инициативу в уведомлении лидеров Конгресса об успешном исходе.
переизбрание
В октябре 2010 года Байден сказал, что Обама попросил его остаться его напарником на президентских выборах 2012 года , но, когда популярность Обамы пошла на убыль, глава аппарата Белого дома Уильям М. Дейли провел тайный опрос и исследование в фокус-группах в конце 2011 года . об идее замены Байдена в списке на Хиллари Клинтон. От этой идеи отказались, когда результаты не показали заметного улучшения для Обамы, а представители Белого дома позже заявили, что сам Обама никогда не рассматривал эту идею.
Байден и Обама, июль 2012 г.
Заявление Байдена в мае 2012 года о том, что он «абсолютно доволен» однополыми браками, привлекло значительное внимание общественности по сравнению с позицией Обамы, которая была описана как «развивающаяся». Байден сделал свое заявление без согласия администрации, и Обама и его помощники были весьма раздражены, поскольку Обама планировал изменить позицию несколько месяцев спустя, в преддверии партийного съезда. Защитники прав геев ухватились за заявление Байдена, и через несколько дней Обама объявил, что он тоже поддерживает однополые браки, что отчасти было вызвано замечаниями Байдена. Байден извинился перед Обамой в частном порядке за высказывание, в то время как Обама публично признал, что это было сделано от всего сердца.
Кампания Обамы ценила Байдена как политика розничного уровня, и у него был плотный график выступлений в колеблющихся штатах, поскольку кампания по переизбранию всерьез началась весной 2012 года. Уличные правила «вернут вас всех обратно в цепи», обратил внимание Байден. « Лос-Анджелес Таймс » писала: «Во время любой речи Байдена может быть дюжина моментов, которые заставят представителей прессы съежиться, а репортеры повернутся друг к другу с весельем и замешательством».
Байден был выдвинут на второй срок в качестве вице-президента на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2012 года в сентябре. Дебатируя со своим коллегой-республиканцем, представителем Полом Райаном , в ходе дебатов вице-президента 11 октября, он выступил в защиту послужного списка администрации Обамы. 6 ноября Обама и Байден переизбрали Митта Ромни и Пола Райана, набрав 332 из 538 голосов Коллегии выборщиков и 51% голосов избирателей.
В декабре 2012 года Обама назначил Байдена главой Целевой группы по борьбе с насилием с применением огнестрельного оружия , созданной для устранения причин стрельбы в школах и рассмотрения возможности введения контроля над огнестрельным оружием после стрельбы в начальной школе Сэнди-Хук . Позже в том же месяце, в последние дни перед тем, как Соединенные Штаты упали с « фискального обрыва », отношения Байдена с МакКоннеллом снова оказались важными, поскольку они договорились о сделке, которая привела к принятию в начале 2013 года Закона об освобождении американских налогоплательщиков от 2012 года. Это сделало многие налоговые льготы Буша постоянными, но повысило ставки для более высоких уровней дохода.
Второй срок, 2013–2017 гг.
Официальный портрет вице-президента, 2013 г.
Байден был избран на второй срок 20 января 2013 года на небольшой церемонии в Обсерватории номер один , его официальной резиденции, под председательством судьи Сони Сотомайор (публичная церемония состоялась 21 января).
Байден мало участвовал в дискуссиях, которые привели к принятию в октябре 2013 года Закона о непрерывных ассигнованиях 2014 года, который урегулировал приостановку работы федерального правительства в 2013 году и кризис потолка долга в 2013 году . Это произошло потому, что лидер большинства в Сенате Гарри Рид и другие лидеры демократов исключили его из любых прямых переговоров с Конгрессом, считая, что Байден слишком много рассказал во время предыдущих переговоров.
Закон Байдена о насилии в отношении женщин был снова утвержден в 2013 году. Закон привел к связанным событиям, таким как Совет Белого дома по делам женщин и девочек , начатый в первый срок, а также Целевая группа Белого дома по защите студентов от сексуального насилия , началось в январе 2014 года с Байденом и Валери Джарретт в качестве сопредседателей. Байден обсудил федеральные правила в отношении сексуальных посягательств в университетских городках во время выступления в Университете Нью-Гэмпшира. Он сказал: «Нет значит нет, если ты пьян или трезв. Нет значит нет, если ты в постели, в общежитии или на улице. Нет значит нет, даже если ты сначала сказал да, а потом изменился. твой разум. Нет значит нет».
Байден выступал за вооружение боевиков сирийских повстанцев . Когда Ирак развалился в 2014 году, внимание вновь привлекли к плану Байдена-Гелба по федерализации Ирака от 2006 года, и некоторые наблюдатели предполагали, что Байден все это время был прав. Сам Байден заявил, что США последуют за ИГИЛ «до ворот ада». У Байдена были тесные отношения с несколькими латиноамериканскими лидерами, и во время правления ему было поручено сосредоточиться на регионе; за время своего вице-президентства он посетил регион 16 раз, больше, чем любой президент или вице-президент.
В 2015 году спикер палаты представителей Джон Бонер и лидер большинства в Сенате Митч МакКоннелл пригласили премьер-министра Израиля Биньямина Нетаньяху выступить на совместном заседании Конгресса, не уведомив об этом администрацию Обамы. Это нарушение протокола привело к тому, что Байден и более 50 демократов в Конгрессе пропустили речь Нетаньяху. В августе 2016 года Байден посетил Сербию , где встретился с президентом Сербии Александром Вучичем и выразил соболезнования мирным жертвам бомбардировок во время войны в Косово. В Косово он присутствовал на церемонии переименования шоссе в честь его сына Бо в честь заслуг Бо в Косово по обучению его судей и прокуроров.
Байден никогда не подавал решающих голосов в Сенате , что сделало его самым долгим вице-президентом с этой наградой.
Байден с избранным вице-президентом Майком Пенсом , 10 ноября 2016 г.
Роль в президентской кампании 2016 г.
Часто говорили, что во время своего второго срока Байден готовился к возможной заявке на выдвижение кандидатом в президенты от Демократической партии в 2016 году . Сообщалось, что благодаря тому, что его семья, многие друзья и спонсоры в середине 2015 года призвали его принять участие в гонке, а рейтинг благосклонности Хиллари Клинтон в то время снижался, Байден, как сообщается, снова серьезно обдумывал эту перспективу и « драфт Байдена 2016 года ». « ПАК был создан.
По состоянию на 11 сентября 2015 года Байден все еще сомневался в возможности баллотироваться. Он чувствовал, что недавняя смерть его сына в значительной степени истощила его эмоциональную энергию, и сказал: «Никто не имеет права … добиваться этого поста, если они не готовы отдать ему 110% того, кто они есть». 21 октября, выступая с трибуны в Розовом саду с женой и Обамой рядом с ним, Байден объявил о своем решении не баллотироваться на пост президента в 2016 году. В январе 2016 года Байден подтвердил, что это было правильное решение, но признал, что сожалеет о своем решении. не баллотироваться в президенты «каждый день».
После того, как Обама поддержал Хиллари Клинтон 9 июня 2016 года, Байден поддержал ее позже в тот же день. На протяжении выборов 2016 года Байден резко критиковал оппонента Клинтон, Дональда Трампа, часто в красочных выражениях.
Последующая деятельность (2017–2019 гг.)
Покинув пост вице-президента, Байден стал почетным профессором Пенсильванского университета . Получив титул «Профессор президентской практики Бенджамина Франклина», Байден руководил панельными дискуссиями по истории и политике и создал Центр дипломатии и глобального взаимодействия Пенна Байдена . Он также продолжал возглавлять усилия по поиску методов лечения рака. В 2017 году он написал мемуары « Обещай мне, папа » и отправился в книжный тур. Байден заработал 15,6 миллиона долларов с 2017 по 2018 год. В 2018 году он произнес панегирик сенатору Джону Маккейну , высоко оценив приверженность Маккейна американским идеалам и двухпартийную дружбу. Байден стал мишенью для двух самодельных бомб, которые были отправлены ему по почте во время попыток почтового взрыва в октябре 2018 года , целью которых были демократические законодатели и критики тогдашнего президента Трампа. Одно устройство было замечено и идентифицировано как бомба в Нью-Касле, штат Делавэр , из-за недостаточной оплаты почтовых расходов и последующей проверки, а другое было обнаружено на почтовом объекте в Уилмингтоне, штат Делавэр , и перехвачено там. Позже выяснилось, что устройства были специально спроектированы таким образом, чтобы не взорваться.
Байден оставался на виду у общественности, поддерживая кандидатов, продолжая комментировать политику, изменение климата и президентство Дональда Трампа . Он также продолжал выступать в защиту прав ЛГБТ, продолжая защищать проблему, с которой он стал более тесно связан во время своего вице-президентства. В 2019 году Байден раскритиковал Бруней за его намерение ввести в действие исламские законы , которые разрешали бы смерть через побивание камнями за супружескую измену и гомосексуализм, назвав это «ужасным и аморальным» и заявив: «Нет оправдания — ни культура, ни традиция — для такого рода ненависти и бесчеловечности». К 2019 году Байден и его жена сообщили, что их активы увеличились от 2,2 до 8 миллионов долларов за счет выступлений и контракта на написание набора книг.
Президентская кампания 2020 г.
Предположения и объявление
Байден на первом президентском митинге в Филадельфии , май 2019 г.
В период с 2016 по 2019 год средства массовой информации часто упоминали Байдена как вероятного кандидата на пост президента в 2020 году. На вопрос, будет ли он баллотироваться, он давал разные и неоднозначные ответы, говоря: «никогда не говори никогда». В какой-то момент он предположил, что не видит сценария, при котором он снова будет бегать, но через несколько дней он сказал: «Я побегу, если смогу ходить». В январе 2018 года был сформирован комитет политических действий, известный как «Время для Байдена », добивающийся участия Байдена в гонке. В конце концов он начал свою кампанию 25 апреля 2019 года, заявив, что его побудило баллотироваться, среди прочего, его «чувство долга».
Кампания
В сентябре 2019 года сообщалось, что Трамп оказывал давление на президента Украины Владимира Зеленского с целью расследования предполагаемых правонарушений со стороны Байдена и его сына Хантера Байдена . Несмотря на обвинения, не было представлено никаких доказательств каких-либо правонарушений со стороны Байденов. СМИ широко интерпретировали это давление с целью расследования дела Байденов как попытку подорвать шансы Байдена на победу на посту президента, что привело к политическому скандалу и импичменту Трампа Палатой представителей.
Начиная с 2019 года Трамп и его союзники ложно обвинили Байдена в том, что он добился увольнения генерального прокурора Украины Виктора Шокина за то, что тот якобы вел расследование в отношении Burisma Holdings , в которой работал Хантер Байден. Байдена обвинили в удержании 1 миллиарда долларов помощи от Украины в этих усилиях. В 2015 году Байден оказал давление на украинский парламент, чтобы тот сместил Шокина, потому что Соединенные Штаты, Европейский Союз и другие международные организации считали Шокина коррумпированным и неэффективным, и, в частности, потому, что Шокин не проводил настойчивого расследования против Burisma. Удержание 1 миллиарда долларов помощи было частью этой официальной политики. Комитет Сената по внутренней безопасности и Финансовый комитет Сената , возглавляемые республиканцами, расследовали обвинения в правонарушениях со стороны Байденов в Украине, в конечном итоге опубликовав в сентябре 2020 года отчет, в котором подробно не указаны доказательства правонарушений со стороны Джо Байдена, и пришли к выводу, что это «неясно». повлияла ли роль Хантера Байдена в Burisma на политику США в отношении Украины.
В марте 2019 года и апреле 2019 года восемь женщин обвинили Байдена в предыдущих случаях неуместного физического контакта, такого как объятия, прикосновения или поцелуи. Байден ранее называл себя «тактильным политиком» и признал, что такое поведение доставило ему неприятности. В апреле 2019 года Байден пообещал более «уважительно относиться к личному пространству людей».
Байден на митинге накануне кокусов в Айове, февраль 2020 г.
В течение 2019 года Байден в целом опережал других демократов в национальных опросах. Несмотря на это, он занял четвертое место на кокусах в Айове , а восемь дней спустя — пятое на предварительных выборах в Нью-Гэмпшире . Он показал лучшие результаты на кокусах в Неваде , достигнув 15%, необходимых для делегатов, но все же отставал от Берни Сандерса на 21,6 процентных пункта. Обращаясь к чернокожим избирателям в ходе предвыборной кампании и в дебатах в Южной Каролине, Байден выиграл предварительные выборы в Южной Каролине, набрав более 28 очков. После отзыва и последующего одобрения кандидатов Пита Буттиджига и Эми Клобушар он добился больших успехов на первичных выборах 3 марта в супервторник. Байден выиграл 18 из следующих 26 конкурсов , включая Алабаму, Арканзас, Мэн, Массачусетс, Миннесоту, Северную Каролину, Оклахому, Теннесси, Техас и Вирджинию, что вывело его на первое место в общем зачете. Элизабет Уоррен и Майк Блумберг вскоре выбыли, а Байден увеличил свое преимущество, одержав победу над Сандерсом в четырех штатах (Айдахо, Мичиган, Миссисипи и Миссури) 10 марта.
В конце марта 2020 года Тара Рид, одна из восьми женщин, которые в 2019 году обвинили Байдена в неуместном физическом контакте, обвинила Байдена в сексуальном насилии над ней в 1993 году. Между утверждениями Рида в 2019 и 2020 годах были несоответствия. Байден и его кампания отвергли обвинения в сексуальном насилии.
Когда Сандерс приостановил свою кампанию 8 апреля 2020 года, Байден стал предполагаемым кандидатом от Демократической партии на пост президента. 13 апреля Сандерс поддержал Байдена в прямом эфире из дома. На следующий день бывший президент Барак Обама поддержал Байдена. В марте 2020 года Байден пообещал выбрать женщину своим напарником. В июне Байден преодолел порог в 1991 делегата, необходимый для обеспечения выдвижения партии на пост президента. 11 августа он объявил сенатора США Камалу Харрис от Калифорнии своим кандидатом на пост кандидата, что сделало ее первой афроамериканкой и первой американкой из Южной Азии , выдвинутой на пост вице-президента от крупной партии.
18 августа 2020 года Байден был официально выдвинут на Национальном съезде Демократической партии 2020 года в качестве кандидата от Демократической партии на пост президента на выборах 2020 года .
Президентский переход
Байден был избран 46-м президентом США в ноябре 2020 года. Он победил действующего президента Дональда Трампа , став первым кандидатом, победившим действующего президента с тех пор, как Билл Клинтон победил Джорджа Буша -старшего в 1992 году . Трамп отказался уступить, настаивая на том, что выборы были «украдены» у него посредством «фальсификации результатов голосования», оспаривая результаты в суде и продвигая многочисленные теории заговора о процессах голосования и подсчета голосов в попытке отменить результаты выборов . Переход Байдена был отложен на несколько недель, поскольку Белый дом приказал федеральным агентствам не сотрудничать. 23 ноября администратор общих служб Эмили У. Мерфи официально признала Байдена очевидным победителем выборов 2020 года и санкционировала начало процесса перехода к администрации Байдена.
6 января 2021 года во время подсчета голосов выборщиков в Конгрессе Трамп сказал сторонникам, собравшимся перед Белым домом , маршем к Капитолию, сказав: «Мы никогда не сдадимся. Мы никогда не уступим. не уступайте, когда речь идет о краже». Вскоре после этого они напали на Капитолий . Во время восстания в Капитолии Байден обратился к нации, назвав события «беспрецедентным нападением, не похожим ни на что, что мы видели в наше время». Он специально призвал Трампа «сейчас выступить по национальному телевидению, чтобы выполнить свою присягу, защитить Конституцию и потребовать прекращения этой осады», добавив, что «она должна закончиться сейчас». После того, как Капитолий был очищен, Конгресс возобновил свое совместное заседание и официально утвердил результаты выборов с вице-президентом Майком Пенсом в качестве председателя Сената, объявив Байдена и Харриса победителями.
Президентство (2021 – настоящее время)
Инаугурация
Байден вступил в должность 46-го президента США 20 января 2021 года. В свои 78 лет он является самым старым человеком, вступившим в должность. Он второй президент- католик (после Джона Ф. Кеннеди ) и первый президент, чей родной штат — Делавэр . Он также является первым человеком после Джорджа Буша -старшего, который был и вице-президентом, и президентом, и вторым недействующим вице-президентом (после Ричарда Никсона в 1968 году ), избранным президентом. Он также является первым президентом из Молчаливого поколения .
Инаугурация Байдена была «приглушенным событием, в отличие от любой предыдущей инаугурации» из-за мер предосторожности в отношении COVID-19, а также значительного усиления мер безопасности из-за нападения на Капитолий США 6 января . Трамп не присутствовал, став первым уходящим президентом с 1869 года , который не присутствовал на инаугурации своего преемника.
2021
За первые два дня своего пребывания на посту президента Байден подписал 17 указов. К его третьему дню приказы включали повторное присоединение к Парижскому соглашению по климату , прекращение чрезвычайного положения на границе с Мексикой , указание правительству присоединиться к Всемирной организации здравоохранения , требования к маскам для лица на федеральной собственности , меры по борьбе с голодом в Соединенных Штатах. США , а также отзыв разрешений на строительство трубопровода Keystone XL . За первые две недели своего пребывания в должности Байден подписал больше распоряжений, чем любой другой президент со времен Франклина Д. Рузвельта в первый месяц их пребывания в должности.
4 февраля 2021 года администрация Байдена объявила, что Соединенные Штаты прекращают поддержку кампании бомбардировок Йемена под руководством Саудовской Аравии.
11 марта, в первую годовщину объявления COVID-19 Всемирной организацией здравоохранения глобальной пандемией , Байден подписал закон об Американском плане спасения от 2021 года, пакет экономических стимулов на сумму 1,9 триллиона долларов , который он предложил и лоббировал, чтобы ускорить восстановление Соединенных Штатов после экономических и медицинских последствий пандемии COVID-19 и продолжающейся рецессии . Пакет включал прямые выплаты большинству американцев, продление увеличенных пособий по безработице, средства на распространение вакцин и открытие школ, а также увеличение субсидий на медицинское страхование и налоговых льгот на детей . Первоначальное предложение Байдена включало повышение федеральной минимальной заработной платы до 15 долларов в час, но после того, как депутат Сената определил, что включение увеличения в законопроект о сверке бюджета нарушит правила Сената, демократы отказались добиваться отмены ее решения и исключили повышение из пакета.
Также в марте, на фоне роста числа мигрантов, въезжающих в США из Мексики , Байден сказал мигрантам: «Не приезжайте». Между тем, взрослых мигрантов «отправляют обратно», сказал Байден, имея в виду продолжение политики администрации Трампа в соответствии с Разделом 42 в отношении быстрой депортации. Ранее Байден объявил, что его администрация не будет депортировать несопровождаемых детей-мигрантов; рост числа прибывающих таких детей превысил вместимость учреждений, предназначенных для их приюта (до того, как они были отправлены спонсорам), в результате чего администрация Байдена в марте поручила Федеральному агентству по чрезвычайным ситуациям оказать помощь.
14 апреля Байден объявил, что Соединенные Штаты отложат вывод всех войск с войны в Афганистане до 11 сентября, что означает прекращение прямого военного участия страны в Афганистане после почти 20 лет. В феврале 2020 года администрация Трампа заключила сделку с талибами о полном выводе войск США к 1 мая 2021 года. Решение Байдена вызвало широкий спектр реакций, от поддержки и облегчения до опасений по поводу возможного краха афганского правительства без Американская поддержка. 22–23 апреля Байден провел международный климатический саммит, на котором объявил, что США сократят выбросы парниковых газов на 50–52% к 2030 году по сравнению с уровнем 2005 года. Другие страны также увеличили свои обязательства. 28 апреля, накануне своего 100-го дня пребывания в должности, Байден выступил с первым обращением к совместному заседанию Конгресса .
В мае 2021 года, во время обострения израильско-палестинского конфликта , Байден выразил поддержку Израилю, заявив, что «моя партия по-прежнему поддерживает Израиль». В июне 2021 года Байден совершил свою первую поездку за границу в качестве президента. За восемь дней он посетил Бельгию, Швейцарию и Великобританию. Он присутствовал на саммите G7 , саммите НАТО и саммите ЕС, а также провел переговоры один на один с президентом России Владимиром Путиным .
17 июня Байден подписал Закон о Дне национальной независимости 10 июня , который официально объявил 10 июня федеральным праздником . 10 июня — первый новый федеральный праздник с 1986 года. В июле 2021 года на фоне замедления темпов вакцинации от COVID-19 в стране и распространения дельта-варианта SARS-CoV-2 Байден заявил, что в стране «пандемия для тех, кто не получил прививки», и что поэтому для американцев было «гигантски важно» пройти вакцинацию. В сентябре 2021 года Байден объявил об AUKUS , пакте о безопасности между Австралией, Соединенным Королевством и Соединенными Штатами, чтобы обеспечить «мир и стабильность в Индо-Тихоокеанском регионе в долгосрочной перспективе»; сделка включала атомные подводные лодки, построенные для использования в Австралии.
К концу 2021 года было утверждено 40 судей, назначенных Байденом в федеральную судебную систему, больше, чем у любого президента в первый год их пребывания в должности после Рональда Рейгана . Байден уделял первоочередное внимание разнообразию в своих судебных назначениях больше, чем любой президент в истории США, при этом большинство назначений приходится на женщин и цветных людей. Большинство его назначений были в голубых штатах , что оказало ограниченное влияние, поскольку суды в этих штатах уже традиционно склонны к либеральности.
В первые восемь месяцев его президентства рейтинг одобрения Байдена, согласно опросу Morning Consult , оставался выше 50%. В августе он начал снижаться и к декабрю опустился ниже сорока. Снижение его одобрения связано с выводом войск из Афганистана, увеличением числа госпитализаций из варианта «Дельта », высокой инфляцией и ценами на газ , беспорядками внутри Демократической партии и общим падением популярности, обычным для политики.
Байден вступил в должность через девять месяцев после восстановления после рецессии, вызванной COVID-19, и первый год его пребывания в должности характеризовался устойчивым ростом реального ВВП, занятости, заработной платы и доходности фондового рынка на фоне значительного повышения инфляции . Реальный ВВП вырос на 5,7%, что стало самым быстрым темпом за 37 лет. На фоне рекордного создания рабочих мест уровень безработицы снизился самыми быстрыми темпами за всю историю. К концу 2021 года инфляция достигла почти 40-летнего максимума в 7,1%, что было частично компенсировано самым высоким номинальным ростом заработной платы как минимум за 20 лет.
Уход из Афганистана
Американские войска начали вывод войск из Афганистана в 2020 году в соответствии с положениями соглашения между США и талибами от февраля 2020 года , в котором установлен крайний срок 1 мая 2021 года. Талибы начали наступление 1 мая. К началу июля большая часть американских войск в Афганистане была выведена. Байден обратился к выводу в июле, заявив: «Вероятность того, что талибы захватят все и завладеют всей страной, крайне маловероятна».
15 августа афганское правительство рухнуло в результате наступления талибов, и президент Афганистана Ашраф Гани бежал из страны. Байден отреагировал приказом 6000 американских военнослужащих помочь в эвакуации американского персонала и афганских союзников. Он столкнулся с двухпартийной критикой за способ вывода войск, при этом эвакуация американцев и афганских союзников была описана как хаотичная и неудачная. 16 августа Байден обратился к «беспорядочной» ситуации, взяв на себя ответственность за нее и признав, что ситуация «развернулась быстрее, чем мы ожидали». Он защищал свое решение уйти, заявив, что американцы не должны «гибнуть в войне, в которой афганские силы не желают сражаться за себя».
26 августа в результате взрыва террориста-смертника в аэропорту Кабула погибли 13 военнослужащих США и 169 афганцев. 27 августа в результате удара американского беспилотника были уничтожены две цели ИГИЛ-К, которые, по словам генерала армии США, были «планировщиками и посредниками». 29 августа в результате еще одного удара американского беспилотника погибли 10 мирных жителей, в том числе семеро детей; Министерство обороны первоначально заявило, что удар был нанесен по террористу-смертнику Исламского государства, угрожавшему аэропорту Кабула, но 17 сентября признало ошибку и принесло извинения.
Американские военные завершили вывод войск из Афганистана 30 августа, и Байден сказал, что усилия по эвакуации были «чрезвычайно успешными», поскольку эвакуировано более 120 000 американцев, афганцев и других союзников. Он признал, что от «100 до 200» американцев, которые хотели уехать, остались в Афганистане, несмотря на его обещание от 18 августа оставаться в Афганистане до тех пор, пока не уедут все американцы, которые хотели уехать.
Инфраструктура и климат
В рамках программы Байдена «Восстановить лучше» в конце марта 2021 года он предложил Американский план создания рабочих мест , пакет стоимостью 2 триллиона долларов, направленный на решение таких вопросов, как транспортная инфраструктура, коммунальная инфраструктура, инфраструктура широкополосной связи, жилье, школы, производство, исследования и развитие рабочей силы. После нескольких месяцев переговоров между Байденом и законодателями в августе 2021 года Сенат принял двухпартийный законопроект об инфраструктуре на сумму 1 триллион долларов под названием « Закон об инфраструктурных инвестициях и рабочих местах» , в то время как Палата представителей, также в двухпартийной манере, одобрила этот законопроект в начале ноября 2021 года, касающийся инфраструктуры. на транспорт, коммунальные услуги и широкополосную связь. Байден подписал законопроект в середине ноября 2021 года.
Другой ключевой частью программы «Восстановить лучше, чем было», был Закон «Восстановить лучше , чем было», законопроект о социальных расходах на сумму 3,5 триллиона долларов, который расширяет систему социальной защиты и включает основные положения об изменении климата. Законопроект не получил поддержки республиканцев, поэтому демократы попытались принять его путем голосования по партийной линии путем согласования бюджета , но изо всех сил пытались заручиться поддержкой сенатора Джо Манчина , даже когда цена была снижена до 2,2 триллиона долларов. После того, как Манчин отклонил законопроект, размер Закона о восстановлении лучше был уменьшен и полностью переработан в Закон о сокращении инфляции 2022 года, охватывающий сокращение дефицита, изменение климата, здравоохранение и налоговую реформу.
До и во время Конференции Организации Объединенных Наций по изменению климата (COP21) 2021 года Байден продвигал соглашение о том, что США и Европейский союз сократят выбросы метана на треть к 2030 году, и пытался привлечь к этой работе десятки других стран. Он пытался убедить Китай и Австралию сделать больше. Он созвал онлайн- форум крупнейших экономик по энергетике и изменению климата , чтобы убедить другие страны усилить свою климатическую политику. Байден пообещал удвоить климатическое финансирование развивающихся стран к 2024 году. Также на COP26 США и Китай достигли соглашения о сокращении выбросов парниковых газов. На две страны приходится 40% мировых выбросов.
2022
В начале 2022 года Байден предпринял усилия, чтобы изменить свой общественный имидж после того, как вошел в год с низкими рейтингами одобрения из-за инфляции и высоких цен на газ , которые к февралю продолжали падать примерно до 40% в сводных опросах. Он начал год с одобрения изменения в сенатском флибустьере , позволяющего принять Закон о свободе голосования и Закон об избирательных правах Джона Льюиса , по обоим из которых Сенат не смог призвать к закрытию . Изменение правил не удалось, когда два сенатора-демократа, Джо Манчин и Кирстен Синема , присоединились к республиканцам в Сенате, выступившим против этого.
Байден и Кетанджи Браун Джексон наблюдают за голосованием Сената США по ее утверждению, апрель 2022 года.
Назначение Кетанджи Браун Джексон
В январе судья Верховного суда Стивен Брейер , умеренный либерал, выдвинутый Биллом Клинтоном , объявил о своем намерении уйти в отставку из Верховного суда. Во время своей кампании 2020 года Байден пообещал выдвинуть первую чернокожую женщину в Верховный суд, если появится вакансия, — обещание, которое он повторил после объявления об уходе Брейера на пенсию. 25 февраля Байден назначил федерального судью Кетанджи Браун Джексон членом Верховного суда. Она была утверждена Сенатом США 7 апреля и приведена к присяге 30 июня.
Внешняя политика
В начале февраля Байден отдал приказ о контртеррористическом рейде на севере Сирии, в результате которого был убит Абу Ибрагим аль-Хашими аль-Кураши , второй лидер « Исламского государства » . В конце июля Байден одобрил удар беспилотника , в результате которого был убит Айман аль-Завахири , второй лидер « Аль-Каиды » и неотъемлемый участник планирования терактов 11 сентября .
Также в феврале, после нескольких недель предупреждений о неизбежности нападения, Байден возглавил реакцию США на российское вторжение в Украину , наложив жесткие санкции на Россию и санкционировав поставки оружия в Украину на сумму более 8 миллиардов долларов . 29 апреля Байден запросил у Конгресса 33 миллиарда долларов для Украины, но позже законодатели увеличили эту сумму примерно до 40 миллиардов долларов. Байден обвинил Владимира Путина в возникающем энергетическом и продовольственном кризисе , заявив: «Война Путина подняла цены на продукты питания, потому что Украина и Россия являются двумя основными мировыми житницами для пшеницы и кукурузы, основного продукта для многих продуктов питания во всем мире. .»
Напористость Китая, особенно в Тихоокеанском регионе, оставалась проблемой для Байдена. Пакт о безопасности между Соломоновыми островами и Китаем вызвал тревогу, поскольку Китай может построить военные базы в южной части Тихого океана. Байден стремился укрепить связи с Австралией и Новой Зеландией после заключения сделки, поскольку Энтони Альбанезе стал премьер-министром Австралии, а правительство Джасинды Ардерн заняло более жесткую позицию в отношении влияния Китая.
Байден с арабскими лидерами на саммите GCC +3 в Джидде , Саудовская Аравия, 16 июля 2022 г.
Сокращение добычи нефти ОПЕК+ в 2022 году вызвало дипломатическую ссору с Саудовской Аравией , расширив раскол между двумя странами и поставив под угрозу давний союз .
диагноз COVID-19
21 июля 2022 года у Байдена был положительный результат на COVID-19 с, как сообщается, легкими симптомами. По данным Белого дома, его лечили Паксловидом . Он работал в изоляции в Белом доме в течение пяти дней и вернулся в изоляцию, когда 30 июля снова дал положительный результат.
Внутренняя политика
В апреле 2022 года Байден подписал двухпартийный Закон о реформе почтовой службы от 2022 года , направленный на реорганизацию финансов и операций агентства Почтовой службы США.
28 июля 2022 года администрация Байдена объявила, что заполнит четыре широких пробела на границе Мексики и США в Аризоне недалеко от Юмы , района с одними из самых загруженных коридоров для незаконных переходов. Во время своей президентской кампании Байден пообещал прекратить строительство пограничных стен в будущем . Это произошло после того, как и союзники, и критики Байдена раскритиковали управление его администрацией южной границы.
Байден и старшие советники наблюдают за принятием Сенатом Закона о чипах и науке 27 июля 2022 г.
Летом 2022 года Конгресс принял еще несколько законодательных актов, поддержанных Байденом. Двухпартийный закон о более безопасных сообществах был направлен на решение проблем реформы оружия после стрельбы в начальной школе Робба в Увальде, штат Техас. Законопроект о контроле над оружием включает в себя расширенную проверку биографических данных для покупателей оружия в возрасте до 21 года, уточнение требований Федеральной лицензии на огнестрельное оружие , финансирование законов штата о красных флагах и других программ кризисного вмешательства , дальнейшую криминализацию торговли оружием и покупки соломы , а также частичное закрытие бойфренд лазейка . Байден подписал законопроект 25 июня 2022 года.
Закон о соблюдении нашего ПДЛР от 2022 года был принят в 2021 году и подписан Байденом 10 августа 2022 года. Закон призван значительно улучшить доступ к здравоохранению и финансирование для ветеранов, подвергшихся воздействию токсичных веществ во время военной службы, в том числе в ямах для ожогов . Законопроект получил широкое освещение в СМИ благодаря активности комика Джона Стюарта .
Байден подписал Закон о ЧИПС и науке 9 августа 2022 года. Закон предоставляет миллиарды долларов в виде нового финансирования для стимулирования внутренних исследований и производства полупроводников в Соединенных Штатах, чтобы экономически конкурировать с Китаем .
Закон о снижении инфляции 2022 года был представлен сенаторами Чаком Шумером и Джо Мэнчином в результате продолжающихся переговоров по первоначальной программе Байдена «Восстановить лучше, чем было», которую Манчин заблокировал в прошлом году. Пакет был направлен на сбор 739 миллиардов долларов и разрешение на расходы в размере 370 миллиардов долларов на энергетику и изменение климата , 300 миллиардов долларов на сокращение дефицита, трехлетнее субсидирование Закона о доступном медицинском обслуживании , реформу отпускаемых по рецепту лекарств для снижения цен и налоговую реформу . Согласно анализу, проведенному Rhodium Group, к 2030 году законопроект снизит выбросы парниковых газов в США на 31–44 % по сравнению с уровнем 2005 года. 7 августа 2022 года Сенат принял законопроект (с поправками) 51–50 голосами. , когда все демократы проголосовали за, все республиканцы выступили против, а вице-президент Камала Харрис разорвала ничью . Законопроект был принят Палатой представителей 12 августа и подписан Байденом 16 августа.
6 октября 2022 года Байден помиловал всех американцев, осужденных за хранение небольшого количества марихуаны в соответствии с федеральным законом.
выборы 2022 г.
2 сентября 2022 года в общенациональной речи в Филадельфии Байден призвал к «битве за душу нации». За кадром он назвал активных сторонников Трампа «полуфашистами», что осудили комментаторы-республиканцы. Предсказанная республиканская волна выборов не состоялась, и гонка за контроль над Конгрессом США была намного ближе, чем ожидалось: республиканцы получили незначительное большинство в не менее 218 мест в Палате представителей по состоянию на 16 ноября, а демократы сохранили контроль над Сенатом США. , не менее 50 мест.
Политические позиции
Байден считается умеренным демократом и центристом . На протяжении всей своей долгой карьеры его позиции были связаны с центром Демократической партии. В 2022 году журналист Саша Иссенберг написала, что «самое ценное политическое умение» Байдена было «врожденным компасом для постоянно меняющегося мейнстрима Демократической партии». У него пожизненный либеральный рейтинг 72% от организации « Американцы за демократические действия» до 2004 года, в то время как Американский консервативный союз дал ему пожизненный консервативный рейтинг 13% до 2008 года.
Байден поддержал фискальные стимулы в Законе о восстановлении и реинвестировании Америки от 2009 года ; предложенное администрацией Обамы увеличение расходов на инфраструктуру; субсидии на общественный транспорт , включая Amtrak , автобусы и метро; и сокращение военных расходов в бюджете администрации Обамы на 2014 финансовый год. Он предложил частично отменить снижение корпоративного налога в соответствии с Законом о сокращении налогов и занятости от 2017 года, заявив, что это не повредит способности предприятий нанимать сотрудников. Он голосовал за Североамериканское соглашение о свободной торговле (НАФТА) и Транстихоокеанское партнерство . Байден является стойким сторонником Закона о доступном медицинском обслуживании (ACA). Он продвигал план расширения и развития на его основе за счет доходов, полученных от отмены некоторых налоговых сокращений администрации Трампа. План Байдена направлен на расширение охвата медицинским страхованием 97% американцев, в том числе за счет создания варианта государственного медицинского страхования .
Байден поддерживает однополые браки с 2012 года, а также поддерживает дело Роу против Уэйда и отмену поправки Хайда . Он выступает против бурения нефтяных скважин в Арктическом национальном заповеднике дикой природы и поддерживает государственное финансирование поиска новых источников энергии. Как сенатор, он наладил тесные отношения с полицейскими группами и был главным сторонником Билля о правах офицеров полиции, который поддерживали профсоюзы полиции, но противились начальники полиции. В качестве вице-президента он работал связным Белого дома с полицией.
Байден считает, что необходимо принять меры по борьбе с глобальным потеплением . В качестве сенатора он был соавтором резолюции «Чувство сената», призывающей Соединенные Штаты принять участие в переговорах Организации Объединенных Наций по климату, а также Закона Боксера-Сандерса о сокращении загрязнения окружающей среды в результате глобального потепления , самого строгого законопроекта о климате в Сенате США . Он хочет добиться безуглеродного энергетического сектора в США к 2035 году и полностью прекратить выбросы к 2050 году. Его программа включает повторное вступление в Парижское соглашение , охрану природы и зеленое строительство . В ходе президентской кампании 2020 года Байден сказал, что хочет оказать давление на Китай и другие страны, чтобы они сократили выбросы парниковых газов с помощью тарифов на углерод, если это необходимо.
Байден заявил, что США должны «стать жесткими» по отношению к Китаю и создать «единый фронт союзников и партнеров США, чтобы противостоять оскорбительному поведению Китая и нарушениям прав человека». Он назвал Китай «самым серьезным конкурентом», который бросает вызов «процветанию, безопасности и демократическим ценностям» Соединенных Штатов. Байден выразил обеспокоенность по поводу «принудительной и несправедливой» экономической практики Китая и нарушений прав человека в регионе Синьцзян лидеру Коммунистической партии Китая Си Цзиньпину . Он также пообещал ввести санкции и коммерчески ограничить китайских правительственных чиновников и организации, осуществляющие репрессии.
Байден заявил, что он против смены режима , но за оказание невоенной поддержки оппозиционным движениям. Он выступал против прямого вмешательства США в Ливии , голосовал против участия США в войне в Персидском заливе , голосовал за войну в Ираке и поддерживал решение израильско-палестинского конфликта , предусматривающее сосуществование двух государств . Байден пообещал прекратить поддержку США интервенции Саудовской Аравии в Йемене и пересмотреть отношения Соединенных Штатов с Саудовской Аравией . Он назвал Северную Корею « бумажным тигром ». В качестве вице-президента Байден поддержал кубинскую оттепель Обамы . Он сказал, что в качестве президента восстановит членство США в ключевых органах Организации Объединенных Наций, таких как Организация ООН по вопросам образования, науки и культуры (ЮНЕСКО), Всемирная организация здравоохранения и, возможно, Совет по правам человека . Байден поддерживает продление нового договора о СНВ с Россией, чтобы ограничить количество ядерного оружия , развернутого обеими сторонами. В 2021 году Байден признал геноцид армян , став первым президентом США, сделавшим это.
Репутация
Байден неизменно считался одним из наименее богатых членов Сената , что он объяснял тем, что был избран молодым. Чувствуя, что у менее состоятельных государственных чиновников может возникнуть соблазн принять пожертвования в обмен на политические услуги, он предложил меры по реформе финансирования избирательных кампаний в течение своего первого срока. По состоянию на ноябрь 2009 года состояние Байдена составляло 27 012 долларов. К ноябрю 2020 года состояние Байденов составляло 9 миллионов долларов, в основном за счет продаж книг Байдена и гонораров за выступления после его вице-президентства.
Политический обозреватель Говард Файнман писал: «Байден не академик, он не мыслитель-теоретик, он отличный уличный политик. сделать продажу. У него есть этот великий ирландский дар «. Политический обозреватель Дэвид С. Бродер писал, что Байден со временем вырос: «Он отвечает реальным людям — это было неизменно. И его способность понимать себя и общаться с другими политиками стала намного лучше». Журналист Джеймс Трауб написал, что «Байден — из тех счастливых в основе своей людей, которые могут быть столь же щедры по отношению к другим, как и к себе».
В последние годы, особенно после смерти его старшего сына Бо в 2015 году, Байден был известен своим чутким характером и способностью говорить о горе. В 2020 году CNN написал, что его президентская кампания была направлена на то, чтобы сделать его «главным целителем», а The New York Times описала его обширную историю призывов произнести панегирик.
Журналист и телеведущий Вольф Блитцер назвал Байдена болтливым . Он часто уклоняется от заготовленных замечаний, а иногда «засовывает себе в рот ногу». The New York Times писала, что «слабые фильтры Байдена делают его способным выпалить практически все». В 2018 году Байден назвал себя «машиной для ляпов». Некоторые из его оплошностей были охарактеризованы как нечувствительные к расовому признаку.
Согласно The New York Times , Байден часто приукрашивает элементы своей жизни, чтобы создать преувеличенную политическую личность. Его преувеличения включают в себя то, что он является активным борцом за гражданские права , которого неоднократно арестовывали во время протестов. Байден также утверждал, что был отличником, получившим три разных степени. Во время визита в Пуэрто-Рико после урагана Фиона он сказал, что «политически вырос в пуэрториканском сообществе дома», хотя Пуэрто-Рико не упоминается в его биографиях. « Таймс » писала: «Фольклорность г-на Байдена может превратиться в фольклор, с датами, которые не совсем совпадают, и деталями, которые преувеличены или неверны, а фактические грани сбриты, чтобы сделать их более убедительными для аудитории».
Избирательная история
| Год | Офис | Тип | Партия | Главный противник | Партия | Голоса за Байдена | Результат | Качать | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Общий | % | П . | ±% | |||||||||||
| 1970 г. | Советник | Общий | демократический | Лоуренс Т. Мессик | республиканец | 10 573 | 55,41% | 1-й | Н/Д | Выиграл | Прирост | |||
| 1972 г. | сенатор США | Общий | демократический | Дж. Калеб Боггс ( я ) | республиканец | 116 006 | 50,48% | 1-й | +9,59% | Выиграл | Прирост | |||
| 1978 г. | Общий | демократический | Джеймс Х. Бакстер мл. | республиканец | 93 930 | 57,96% | 1-й | +7,48% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| 1984 г. | Общий | демократический | Джон М. Беррис | республиканец | 147 831 | 60,11% | 1-й | +2,15% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| 1988 г. | президент | Начальный | демократический | Майкл Дукакис | демократический | отозвал | Потерял | Н/Д | ||||||
| 1990 г. | сенатор США | Общий | демократический | М. Джейн Брэди | республиканец | 112 918 | 62,68% | 1-й | +2,57% | Выиграл | Держать | |||
| 1996 г. | Общий | демократический | Раймонд Дж. Клатворти | республиканец | 165 465 | 60,04% | 1-й | −2,64% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| 2002 г. | Общий | демократический | Раймонд Дж. Клатворти | республиканец | 135 253 | 58,22% | 1-й | −1,82% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| 2008 г. | Общий | демократический | Кристин О’Доннелл | республиканец | 257 539 | 64,69% | 1-й | +6,47% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| 2008 г. | президент | Начальный | демократический | Барак Обама | демократический | отозвал | Потерял | Н/Д | ||||||
| Вице-президент | Общий | Сара Пэйлин | республиканец | 69 498 516 | 52,93% | 1-й | +4,66% | Выиграл | Прирост | |||||
| избирательный | 365 EV | 67,84% | 1-й | +21,19% | ||||||||||
| 2012 | Общий | демократический | Пол Райан | республиканец | 65 915 795 | 51,06% | 1-й | −1,87% | Выиграл | Держать | ||||
| избирательный | 332 EV | 61,71% | 1-й | −6,13% | ||||||||||
| 2020 | президент | Начальный | демократический | Берни Сандерс | демократический | 19 080 152 | 51,68% | 1-й | Н/Д | Выиграл | Н/Д | |||
| Соглашение | 3558 Д. | 74,92% | 1-й | Н/Д | ||||||||||
| Общий | Дональд Трамп ( я ) | республиканец | 81 268 924 | 51,31% | 1-й | +3,13% | Выиграл | Прирост | ||||||
| избирательный | 306 ЭВ | 56,88% | 1-й | +14,69% | ||||||||||
Публикации
Книги
-
Байден, Джозеф Р. мл.; Хелмс, Джесси (1 апреля 2000 г.). Гаагская конвенция о международном похищении детей: Применимое законодательство и институциональная база в некоторых странах-участницах Конвенции Доклад в Сенат . Издательство Дайан. ISBN 978-0-7567-2250-0.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (8 июля 2001 г.). Политика администрации Путина в отношении нероссийских регионов Российской Федерации: слушания в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США . ISBN 978-0-7567-2624-9.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (24 июля 2001 г.). Программа администрации по противоракетной обороне и договор по ПРО: слушания в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США . ISBN 978-0-7567-1959-3. Архивировано из оригинала (PDF) 5 марта 2016 г.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (5 сентября 2001 г.). Угроза биотерроризма и распространение инфекционных заболеваний: слушание в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США . ISBN 978-0-7567-2625-6.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (12 февраля 2002 г.). Изучение кражи американской интеллектуальной собственности дома и за рубежом: слушания в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США . ISBN 978-0-7567-4177-8.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (14 февраля 2002 г.). Остановка распространения ВИЧ/СПИДа: будущие усилия в двустороннем и многостороннем ответе США: слушания перед Комм. по международным отношениям, Сенат США . Издательство Дайан. ISBN 978-0-7567-3454-1.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (27 февраля 2002 г.). Как мы продвигаем демократизацию, борьбу с бедностью и соблюдение прав человека для построения более безопасного будущего: слушания в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США . ISBN 978-0-7567-2478-8.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. младший (1 августа 2002 г.). Слушания по изучению угроз, ответных мер и региональных соображений, окружающих Ирак: слушание в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США (PDF) . Типография правительства США. ISBN 978-0-7567-2823-6.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (1 января 2003 г.). Международная кампания против терроризма: слушание в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США . Издательство Дайан. ISBN 978-0-7567-3041-3.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (1 января 2003 г.). Политическое будущее Афганистана: слушания в Комитете по международным отношениям Сената США . Издательство Дайан. ISBN 978-0-7567-3039-0.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (1 сентября 2003 г.). Стратегии защиты Родины: Сборник Комитета по международным отношениям Сената США . Издательство Дайан. ISBN 978-0-7567-2623-2.
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (31 июля 2007 г.). Обещания держать . Случайный дом . ISBN 978-1-4000-6536-3.Также издание в мягкой обложке, Random House 2008, ISBN 978-0-8129-7621-2 .
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл. (14 ноября 2017 г.). Обещай мне, папа: год надежд, трудностей и цели . Флэтайрон Книги . ISBN 978-1-250-17167-2.
Книжные вклады
- Байден, Джозеф Р. младший (2005 г.). «Предисловие». В Николсон, Уильям С. (ред.). Закон и политика национальной безопасности . CC Томас. ISBN 978-0-398-07583-5.
- Байден, Джозеф Р.-младший (2009 г.). «Предисловие». В Hayman, Роберт Л., младший; Леланд, Уэр (ред.). Выбор равенства: очерки и рассказы об опыте десегрегации . Университетский парк: издательство Пенсильванского государственного университета . ISBN 978-0-271-03433-1.
Брошюры
- Байден, Джозеф Р.-младший и Лес Аспин , Уильям Луи Дикинсон , Брент Скоукрофт (1982). Продажа оружия: полезный инструмент внешней политики? Американский институт предпринимательства . Форум AEI 56. Модератор: Джон Чарльз Дейли .
Статьи
- Байден, Джозеф Р. мл.; Пурев-Очир, Мига (весна 2015 г.). «Российско-американские отношения в мире после холодной войны: стратегическое видение: картирование будущего американо-российских отношений». Гарвардское международное обозрение . 36 (3): 72–76. JSTOR 43649299 .
Смотрите также
- Предварительные выборы президента Демократической партии 2020 г.
- Президентские дебаты в США 2020 г.
- Кабинет Джо Байдена
- Список наград и наград, полученных Джо Байденом
- Список вещей, названных в честь Джо Байдена
Заметки
использованная литература
Цитаты
Процитированные работы
- Бароне, Майкл ; Коэн, Ричард Э. (2008). Альманах американской политики . Национальный журнал . Вашингтон. ISBN 978-0-89234-116-0.
- Броннер, Итан (1989). Битва за справедливость: как кандидатура Борка потрясла Америку . WW Нортон и компания. ISBN 978-0-393-02690-0.
- Гадсен, Бретт (8 октября 2012 г.). Между Севером и Югом: Делавэр, десегрегация и миф об американском секционализме . Университет Пенсильвании Press . ISBN 978-0-8122-0797-2.
- Левингстон, Стивен; Дайсон, Майкл (2019). Барак и Джо: создание исключительного партнерства . Хашетт. ISBN 978-0-316-48788-7.
- Майер, Джейн ; Абрамсон, Джилл (1994). Странное правосудие: Продажа Кларенса Томаса . Хоутон Миффлин. ISBN 978-0-395-63318-2.
- Мориц, Чарльз, изд. (1987). Текущий биографический ежегодник 1987 года . Нью-Йорк: Компания HW Wilson.
- Вольф, Ричард (2009). Отступник: Становление президента . Нью-Йорк: издательство Crown. ISBN 978-0-307-46312-8.
- Тейлор, Пол (1990). Посмотрите, как они бегают: выборы президента в эпоху медиакратии . Альфред А. Кнопф. ISBN 978-0-394-57059-4.
- Витковер, Жюль (2010). Джо Байден: жизнь, полная испытаний и искупления . Нью-Йорк: Уильям Морроу. ISBN 978-0-06-179198-7.
внешние ссылки
Официальный
- Официальный сайт президента Джо Байдена
- Сайт президентской кампании
- Биография Обамы в Белом доме (в архиве)
- Биография в Биографическом справочнике Конгресса США.
- Финансовая информация (федеральный офис) в Федеральной избирательной комиссии
- Законодательство, спонсируемое Библиотекой Конгресса
Другой
- Появления на C-SPAN
- Джо Байден в Керли
- Джо Байден на IMDb
- Джо Байден собирал новости и комментарии в The New York Times
- Джо Байден в On the Issues
- Джо Байден в PolitiFact
- Джо Байден в Твиттере
- Профиль на смарт-голосовании