Как пишется город кишинев

Chișinău Kishinev
City
Chișinău
Views of Chișinău: Chișinău City Hall, Triumphal Arch and Nativity Cathedral, Stephen the Great monument, Socrealist architecture and Chișinău Botanical Garden, Endava Tower
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Orașul din piatră albă («The city of white stone»)
Chișinău Location of Chișinău in Moldova Chișinău Chișinău (Europe)
Coordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°ECoordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°E
Country	Moldova
First written mention	1436[1]
Government
• Mayor	Ion Ceban
Area [2]
• City	123 km2 (47 sq mi)
• Metro	571.6 km2 (217.5 sq mi)
Elevation	85 m (279 ft)
Population  (2014 census)[3]
• City	532,513
• Estimate  (2019)[4]	639,000
• Density	4,329/km2 (11,210/sq mi)
• Urban [4]	702,300
• Rural [4]	77,000
• Metro [4]	779,300
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Postal code	MD-20xx
Area code	+373-22
ISO 3166 code	MD-CU
Gross regional product[5]	2015
– Total	€3.4 billion
– Per capita	€6,500
HDI (2021)	0.835[6] very high · 1st
Website	www.chisinau.md
a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7]

Chișinău ( KISH-in-OW, KEE-shee-NOW, Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also known as Kishinev ( KISH-in-off, -⁠ef, -⁠ev; Russian: Кишинёв; Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv), is the capital and largest city^[8] of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova’s main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000.
Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova’s population lives in the metro area.

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the city’s name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning «spring», «source of water») and nouă («new»), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.^[9]

The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelt as Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.^[10] Kisjenő comes from kis «small» and the Jenő, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.^[11][12]

Chișinău is known in Russian as Kishinyov (Кишинёв, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova’s Russian-language media call it Kishineu (Кишинэу, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ]). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as Chișineu in pre-20th-century Romanian^[13] and as Кишинэу in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English-language name for the city, Kishinev, was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based Chișinău has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau; Polish: Kiszyniów; Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv; or Yiddish: קעשענעװ, romanized: Keshenev.

History[edit]

Moldavian period[edit]

Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.

Russian Imperial period[edit]

In 1812, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), the eastern half of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian Empire. The newly acquired territories became known as Bessarabia.

Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexed oblast (later guberniya) of Bessarabia. By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architect Avraam Melnikov established the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului with a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of the Triumphal Arch, planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.

On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked by rail with Tiraspol, and in 1873 with Cornești. Chișinău-Ungheni-Iași railway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The town played an important part in the war between Russia and Ottoman Empire, as the main staging area of the Russian invasion. During the Belle Époque, the mayor of the city was Carol Schmidt, considered^{[by whom?]} one of Chișinău’s best mayors. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.^[14]

Pogroms and pre-revolution[edit]

In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.^[15]

As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a large anti-Semitic riot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as the Kishinev pogrom. The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.^[16] Some sources say 49 people were killed.^[17] The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time, Bessarabetz (Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on behalf of the American people by US President Theodore Roosevelt in July 1903.^[18]

On 22 August 1905 another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about the October Manifesto. However, these demonstrations suddenly turned into another anti-Jewish pogrom, resulting in 19 deaths.^[18]

Romanian period[edit]

Following the Russian October Revolution, Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,^[19] became the second largest city in Romania.

Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook large renovation work. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.

In 1927, the Stephen the Great Monument, by the sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală, was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of the University of Iași to Chișinău, as the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.

World War II[edit]

On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Bessarabia was annexed by the Soviet Union from Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by the NKVD between June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people were summarily executed in Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.^[20] As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families were deported from Bessarabia to other regions of the USSR.

A devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was in the Vrancea Mountains, and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).^[21][22]

In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht, declaring war on the Soviet Union. Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Nazi air raids. However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVD destruction battalions, which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.^[23]

During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from the Nazi extermination policy of its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.^[24] During this time, Chișinău, part of the Lăpușna County, was the capital of the newly established Bessarabia Governorate of Romania.^[25]

As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of the Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive.

Soviet period[edit]

After the war, Bessarabia was fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

Two other waves of deportations of Moldova’s native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s, and the second one in the mid-1950s.^[26][27]

In the years 1947 to 1949, the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.^{[citation needed]}

There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan «good, cheaper and built faster». The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.^{[citation needed]} These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally called Khrushchyovka.

The period of the most significant redevelopment of the city began in 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union adopted a decision «On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev», which secured more than one billion rubles in investment from the state budget,^[28] and continued until the independence of Moldova in 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.^[29]

On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastating earthquake. Several people were killed and panic broke out.

After independence[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

Many streets of Chișinău are named after historic persons, places or events. Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.^[30]

Geography[edit]

Chișinău is located on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester, at 47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E, with an area of 120 km² (46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km² (245 sq mi).

The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.

Climate[edit]

Chișinău has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer is relatively low, there are infrequent yet heavy storms.

Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 to 24 °C (61 to 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

Law and government[edit]

Municipality[edit]

Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.^[34]

Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the 2014 Moldovan census,^[7] is shown in brackets:

Cities/towns[edit]

Communes[edit]

Administration[edit]

Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor (Romanian: Primar), both elected once every four years.

His predecessor was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean — elected to parliament in 2005 — was unable to hold an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader subsequently accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului and improvements in public transport.

Local government[edit]

The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name five pretors, one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:^[35]

Economy[edit]

Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.^[19] Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy^[36] reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova’s average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.

Notable sites around Chișinău include the cinema Patria, the new malls Malldova, Megapolis Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Fidesco, Green Hills, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at the bazaars, many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at Malldova. Elăt, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the center, are more popular with locals.

Several amusement parks exist around the city. A Soviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city center. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the center. A circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.^[37]

Demographics[edit]

City of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1812[38] 7,000 —     1818[38] 10,966 +7.77% 1835[38] 34,079 +6.90% 1847[38] 43,965 +2.15% 1851 58,849 +7.56% 1865 94,047 +3.41%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1897(c)[39] 108,483 +0.45% 1912 121,000 +0.73% 1930(c)[39] 114,896 −0.29% 1950 134,000 +0.77% 1963 253,500 +5.03% 1980 519,200 +4.31%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1991 676,700 +2.44% 2004(c)[40] 589,446 −1.06% 2014(c)[3] 532,513 −1.01% 2017(e)[41] 685,900 +8.80% 2019(e)[4] 639,000 −3.48%
c-census; e-estimate

Municipality of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1959(c) 258,910 —     1970(c) 415,956 +4.40% 1979(c) 589,140 +3.94% 1989(c) 770,948 +2.73%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 2004(c) 712,218 −0.53% 2014(c) 662,836 −0.72% 2017(e) 820,500 +7.37% 2019(e) 779,300 −2.54%
c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][42]

According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the 2004 census.

Natural statistics (2015):^[43]

• Births: 6,845 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 6,433 (7.7 per 1,000)
• Net Growth rate: 412 (2.1 per 1,000)

Population by sector:

Sector	Population (2004 cen.)[43]	Population (2019 est.)[4]
Botanica	156,633	170,600
Buiucani	107,744	110,100
Centru	90,494	96,200
Ciocana	101,834	115,900
Râșcani	132,740	146,200

Ethnic composition[edit]

Languages[edit]

Languages usually spoken in Chișinău (Censuses 1989–2014)

First language	19891	20042	20143
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Romanian*	—	258,910	37.06	197,101	43.78
Moldovan*	117,527	17.34	199,547	28.56	133,027	29.55
Russian	482,436	71.20	234,037	33.50	115,434	25.64
Other languages	77,627	11.46	6,106	0.87	4,635	1.03
Total	714,928	712,218	469,402
* The Moldovan language represents the glottonym (dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova.
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Religion[edit]

Chișinău is the seat of the Moldovan Orthodox Church, as well as of the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The city has multiple churches and synagogues.^[19]

• Christians – 90.0%
  • Orthodox Christians – 88.4%
  • Protestant – 1.2%
    • Baptists – 0.6%
    • Evangelicals – 0.4%
    • Pentecostals – 0.2%
    • Seventh-day Adventists – 0.1%
  • Roman Catholics – 0.4%
• Other – 1.0%
• No religion – 1.4%
• Atheists – 1.5%
• Undeclared – 6.1%

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Chișinău’s growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of the Kishinev Cathedral and its belfry was finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such as Ciuflea Monastery or the Transfiguration Church. Much of the city is made from limestone quarried from Cricova, leaving a famous wine cellar there.

Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, and Unión Fenosa headquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.

Culture and education[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)

Education[edit]

The city is home to 12 public and 11 private universities, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years of college education.

In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography & Natural History, the National Museum of Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology & History.

The National Library of Moldova is located in Chișinău.^[44]

• 

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  Waterfall Steps at the Mill Valley Park

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  Organ Hall

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Events and festivals[edit]

Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say «Patria Mea» (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.

Moldova National Wine Day and Wine Festival take place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country’s long history of winemaking, which dates back some 500 years.^[45][46]

In popular culture[edit]

The city is the main setting of the 2016 Netflix film Spectral, which takes place in the near future during the fictional Moldovan War.

Media[edit]

The majority of Moldova’s media industry is based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău, Radio Basarabia, was launched by the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company on 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from the Nativity Cathedral. The first TV station in the city, Moldova 1, was launched on 30 April 1958, while Nicolae Lupan was serving as the redactor-in-chief of TeleRadio-Moldova.^[47]

The state national broadcaster in the country is the state-owned Moldova 1, which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts of TeleradioMoldova have been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing ‘bias’ towards the authorities.^[48]

Other TV channels based in Chișinău are Pro TV Chișinău, PRIME, Jurnal TV, Publika TV, CTC, DTV, Euro TV, TV8, etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radio Vocea Basarabiei, Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova, Russkoye Radio, Hit FM Moldova, and many others.

The biggest broadcasters are SunTV, StarNet (IPTV), Moldtelecom (IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launched digital TV cable networks.

Further information on the defunct newspaper founded in 1933: Mișcarea femenistă

Politics[edit]

Elections[edit]

Transport[edit]

Airport[edit]

Chișinău International Airport offers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.

Air Moldova and FlyOne airlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.^[49]

Road[edit]

The most popular form of internal transport in Moldova is generally the bus.^{[citation needed]} Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as the means of transport between cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations include Tiraspol, Odesa (Ukraine), Iași and Bucharest (Romania).

Rail[edit]

The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed by Moldovan Railway CFM (as of 2009) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways is Chișinău Central Railway Station. There is another smaller railway station – Revaca located on the city’s ends.

Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Odesa, Moscow, Samara, Varna and St. Petersburg. Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognised Transnistria republic the rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.^{[citation needed]}

Public transport[edit]

Trolleybuses[edit]

There is wide trolleybus network operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.^{[clarification needed]} Trolleybus ticket costs at about 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.

Buses[edit]

There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.^[50]

Minibuses[edit]

In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as «rutieras» generally follow the major bus and trolleybus routes and appear more frequently.^[51]

As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău.Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3 lei for a ticket (ca. $0.18).^[52]

Traffic[edit]

The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.^{[citation needed]} The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.^{[citation needed]}

Sport[edit]

There are three professional football clubs in Chișinău: Zimbru and Academia of the Moldovan National Division (first level), and Real Succes of the Moldovan «A» Division (second level). Of the larger public multi-use stadiums in the city is the Stadionul Dinamo (Dinamo Stadium), which has a capacity of 2,692. The Zimbru Stadium, opened in May 2006 with a capacity of 10,500 sitting places, meets all the requirements for holding official international matches, and was the venue for all Moldova’s Euro 2008 qualifying games.
There are discussions to build a new olympic stadium with capacity of circa 25,000 seats, that would meet all international requirements. Since 2011 CS Femina-Sport Chișinău has organised women’s competitions in seven sports.

Notable people[edit]

Natives[edit]

• Olga Bancic, known for her role in the French Resistance during World War II
• Petru Cazacu, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1918
• Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano and actress, one of Europe’s greatest opera stars in the 1930s and 1940s
• Toma Ciorbă, Romanian physician and hospital director
• Ion Cuțelaba, UFC light heavyweight fighter
• William F. Friedman, American cryptologist
• Dennis Gaitsgory, professor of mathematics at Harvard University
• Natalia Gheorghiu, pediatric surgeon and professor
• Sarah Gorby, French-Jewish singer
• Anatole Jakovsky, French art critic
• Boris Katz, computer scientist at MIT
• Nathaniel Kleitman, American physiologist
• Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
• Grigory Lvovsky, composer
• Boris Mints, Russian billionaire
• Lewis Milestone, American motion picture director
• Sacha Moldovan, American expressionist and post-impressionist painter
• Ilya Oleynikov, comic actor and television personality
• Nina Pekerman, Israeli triathlete
• Lev Pisarzhevsky, Soviet chemist
• Andrew Rayel, stage name of Andrei Rață, a Moldovan DJ
• Yulia Sister, Israeli chemist
• Alexander Ulanovsky, the chief illegal «rezident» for Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
• Maria Winetzkaja, American opera singer in the 1910s–1920s
• Iona Yakir, Red Army commander executed during the Great Purge
• Chaim Yassky, Jewish physician killed in the Hadassah medical convoy massacre
• Sam Zemurray, American businessman who made his fortune in the banana trade
• Sergey Spivak, Moldovan Heavyweight UFC fighter
• Rusanda Panfili, Classical violinist & composer
• Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Classical Violinist

Residents[edit]

• Dan Balan, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
• Gheorghe Botezatu, American engineer, businessman and pioneer of helicopter flight
• Eugen Doga, composer
• Israel Gohberg, Soviet and Israeli mathematician
• Dovid Knut, poet and member of the French Resistance
• Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, and composer
• SunStroke Project, Moldovan representative for the Eurovision Song Contests 2010 and 2017
• Zlata Tkach, composer and music educator
• Maria Biesu, operatic soprano

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Chișinău is twinned with:^[53]

Notes and references[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Map of Chișinău
• Chişinău, Moldova at JewishGen
• Chisinau online camera

Chișinău Kishinev
City
Chișinău
Views of Chișinău: Chișinău City Hall, Triumphal Arch and Nativity Cathedral, Stephen the Great monument, Socrealist architecture and Chișinău Botanical Garden, Endava Tower
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Orașul din piatră albă («The city of white stone»)
Chișinău Location of Chișinău in Moldova Chișinău Chișinău (Europe)
Coordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°ECoordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°E
Country	Moldova
First written mention	1436[1]
Government
• Mayor	Ion Ceban
Area [2]
• City	123 km2 (47 sq mi)
• Metro	571.6 km2 (217.5 sq mi)
Elevation	85 m (279 ft)
Population  (2014 census)[3]
• City	532,513
• Estimate  (2019)[4]	639,000
• Density	4,329/km2 (11,210/sq mi)
• Urban [4]	702,300
• Rural [4]	77,000
• Metro [4]	779,300
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Postal code	MD-20xx
Area code	+373-22
ISO 3166 code	MD-CU
Gross regional product[5]	2015
– Total	€3.4 billion
– Per capita	€6,500
HDI (2021)	0.835[6] very high · 1st
Website	www.chisinau.md
a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7]

Chișinău ( KISH-in-OW, KEE-shee-NOW, Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also known as Kishinev ( KISH-in-off, -⁠ef, -⁠ev; Russian: Кишинёв; Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv), is the capital and largest city^[8] of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova’s main industrial and commercial centre, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000.
Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova’s population lives in the metro area.

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the city’s name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning «spring», «source of water») and nouă («new»), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.^[9]

The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelt as Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.^[10] Kisjenő comes from kis «small» and the Jenő, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.^[11][12]

Chișinău is known in Russian as Kishinyov (Кишинёв, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova’s Russian-language media call it Kishineu (Кишинэу, pronounced [kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ]). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as Chișineu in pre-20th-century Romanian^[13] and as Кишинэу in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English-language name for the city, Kishinev, was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based Chișinău has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau; Polish: Kiszyniów; Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv; or Yiddish: קעשענעװ, romanized: Keshenev.

History[edit]

Moldavian period[edit]

Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.

Russian Imperial period[edit]

In 1812, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), the eastern half of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian Empire. The newly acquired territories became known as Bessarabia.

Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexed oblast (later guberniya) of Bessarabia. By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architect Avraam Melnikov established the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului with a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of the Triumphal Arch, planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.

On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked by rail with Tiraspol, and in 1873 with Cornești. Chișinău-Ungheni-Iași railway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The town played an important part in the war between Russia and Ottoman Empire, as the main staging area of the Russian invasion. During the Belle Époque, the mayor of the city was Carol Schmidt, considered^{[by whom?]} one of Chișinău’s best mayors. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.^[14]

Pogroms and pre-revolution[edit]

In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.^[15]

As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a large anti-Semitic riot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as the Kishinev pogrom. The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.^[16] Some sources say 49 people were killed.^[17] The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time, Bessarabetz (Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on behalf of the American people by US President Theodore Roosevelt in July 1903.^[18]

On 22 August 1905 another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about the October Manifesto. However, these demonstrations suddenly turned into another anti-Jewish pogrom, resulting in 19 deaths.^[18]

Romanian period[edit]

Following the Russian October Revolution, Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,^[19] became the second largest city in Romania.

Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook large renovation work. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.

In 1927, the Stephen the Great Monument, by the sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală, was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of the University of Iași to Chișinău, as the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.

World War II[edit]

On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Bessarabia was annexed by the Soviet Union from Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by the NKVD between June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people were summarily executed in Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.^[20] As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families were deported from Bessarabia to other regions of the USSR.

A devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was in the Vrancea Mountains, and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).^[21][22]

In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht, declaring war on the Soviet Union. Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Nazi air raids. However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVD destruction battalions, which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.^[23]

During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from the Nazi extermination policy of its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.^[24] During this time, Chișinău, part of the Lăpușna County, was the capital of the newly established Bessarabia Governorate of Romania.^[25]

As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of the Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive.

Soviet period[edit]

After the war, Bessarabia was fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

Two other waves of deportations of Moldova’s native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s, and the second one in the mid-1950s.^[26][27]

In the years 1947 to 1949, the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.^{[citation needed]}

There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan «good, cheaper and built faster». The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.^{[citation needed]} These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally called Khrushchyovka.

The period of the most significant redevelopment of the city began in 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union adopted a decision «On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev», which secured more than one billion rubles in investment from the state budget,^[28] and continued until the independence of Moldova in 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.^[29]

On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastating earthquake. Several people were killed and panic broke out.

After independence[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

Many streets of Chișinău are named after historic persons, places or events. Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.^[30]

Geography[edit]

Chișinău is located on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester, at 47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E, with an area of 120 km² (46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km² (245 sq mi).

The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.

Climate[edit]

Chișinău has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer is relatively low, there are infrequent yet heavy storms.

Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 to 24 °C (61 to 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

Law and government[edit]

Municipality[edit]

Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.^[34]

Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the 2014 Moldovan census,^[7] is shown in brackets:

Cities/towns[edit]

Communes[edit]

Administration[edit]

Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor (Romanian: Primar), both elected once every four years.

His predecessor was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean — elected to parliament in 2005 — was unable to hold an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader subsequently accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului and improvements in public transport.

Local government[edit]

The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name five pretors, one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:^[35]

Economy[edit]

Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.^[19] Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy^[36] reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova’s average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.

Notable sites around Chișinău include the cinema Patria, the new malls Malldova, Megapolis Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Fidesco, Green Hills, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at the bazaars, many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at Malldova. Elăt, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the center, are more popular with locals.

Several amusement parks exist around the city. A Soviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city center. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the center. A circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.^[37]

Demographics[edit]

City of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1812[38] 7,000 —     1818[38] 10,966 +7.77% 1835[38] 34,079 +6.90% 1847[38] 43,965 +2.15% 1851 58,849 +7.56% 1865 94,047 +3.41%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1897(c)[39] 108,483 +0.45% 1912 121,000 +0.73% 1930(c)[39] 114,896 −0.29% 1950 134,000 +0.77% 1963 253,500 +5.03% 1980 519,200 +4.31%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1991 676,700 +2.44% 2004(c)[40] 589,446 −1.06% 2014(c)[3] 532,513 −1.01% 2017(e)[41] 685,900 +8.80% 2019(e)[4] 639,000 −3.48%
c-census; e-estimate

Municipality of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1959(c) 258,910 —     1970(c) 415,956 +4.40% 1979(c) 589,140 +3.94% 1989(c) 770,948 +2.73%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 2004(c) 712,218 −0.53% 2014(c) 662,836 −0.72% 2017(e) 820,500 +7.37% 2019(e) 779,300 −2.54%
c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][42]

According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the 2004 census.

Natural statistics (2015):^[43]

• Births: 6,845 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 6,433 (7.7 per 1,000)
• Net Growth rate: 412 (2.1 per 1,000)

Population by sector:

Sector	Population (2004 cen.)[43]	Population (2019 est.)[4]
Botanica	156,633	170,600
Buiucani	107,744	110,100
Centru	90,494	96,200
Ciocana	101,834	115,900
Râșcani	132,740	146,200

Ethnic composition[edit]

Languages[edit]

Languages usually spoken in Chișinău (Censuses 1989–2014)

First language	19891	20042	20143
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Romanian*	—	258,910	37.06	197,101	43.78
Moldovan*	117,527	17.34	199,547	28.56	133,027	29.55
Russian	482,436	71.20	234,037	33.50	115,434	25.64
Other languages	77,627	11.46	6,106	0.87	4,635	1.03
Total	714,928	712,218	469,402
* The Moldovan language represents the glottonym (dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova.
1Sursă:[8][failed verification]. 2Sursă:[9]. 3Sursă:[10].

Religion[edit]

Chișinău is the seat of the Moldovan Orthodox Church, as well as of the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The city has multiple churches and synagogues.^[19]

• Christians – 90.0%
  • Orthodox Christians – 88.4%
  • Protestant – 1.2%
    • Baptists – 0.6%
    • Evangelicals – 0.4%
    • Pentecostals – 0.2%
    • Seventh-day Adventists – 0.1%
  • Roman Catholics – 0.4%
• Other – 1.0%
• No religion – 1.4%
• Atheists – 1.5%
• Undeclared – 6.1%

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Chișinău’s growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of the Kishinev Cathedral and its belfry was finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such as Ciuflea Monastery or the Transfiguration Church. Much of the city is made from limestone quarried from Cricova, leaving a famous wine cellar there.

Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, and Unión Fenosa headquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.

Culture and education[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)

Education[edit]

The city is home to 12 public and 11 private universities, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years of college education.

In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography & Natural History, the National Museum of Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology & History.

The National Library of Moldova is located in Chișinău.^[44]

• 

• 

• 

  Waterfall Steps at the Mill Valley Park

• 

• 

  Organ Hall

• 

Events and festivals[edit]

Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say «Patria Mea» (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.

Moldova National Wine Day and Wine Festival take place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country’s long history of winemaking, which dates back some 500 years.^[45][46]

In popular culture[edit]

The city is the main setting of the 2016 Netflix film Spectral, which takes place in the near future during the fictional Moldovan War.

Media[edit]

The majority of Moldova’s media industry is based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău, Radio Basarabia, was launched by the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company on 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from the Nativity Cathedral. The first TV station in the city, Moldova 1, was launched on 30 April 1958, while Nicolae Lupan was serving as the redactor-in-chief of TeleRadio-Moldova.^[47]

The state national broadcaster in the country is the state-owned Moldova 1, which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts of TeleradioMoldova have been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing ‘bias’ towards the authorities.^[48]

Other TV channels based in Chișinău are Pro TV Chișinău, PRIME, Jurnal TV, Publika TV, CTC, DTV, Euro TV, TV8, etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radio Vocea Basarabiei, Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova, Russkoye Radio, Hit FM Moldova, and many others.

The biggest broadcasters are SunTV, StarNet (IPTV), Moldtelecom (IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launched digital TV cable networks.

Further information on the defunct newspaper founded in 1933: Mișcarea femenistă

Politics[edit]

Elections[edit]

Transport[edit]

Airport[edit]

Chișinău International Airport offers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.

Air Moldova and FlyOne airlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.^[49]

Road[edit]

The most popular form of internal transport in Moldova is generally the bus.^{[citation needed]} Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as the means of transport between cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations include Tiraspol, Odesa (Ukraine), Iași and Bucharest (Romania).

Rail[edit]

The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed by Moldovan Railway CFM (as of 2009) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways is Chișinău Central Railway Station. There is another smaller railway station – Revaca located on the city’s ends.

Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Odesa, Moscow, Samara, Varna and St. Petersburg. Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognised Transnistria republic the rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.^{[citation needed]}

Public transport[edit]

Trolleybuses[edit]

There is wide trolleybus network operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.^{[clarification needed]} Trolleybus ticket costs at about 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.

Buses[edit]

There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.^[50]

Minibuses[edit]

In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as «rutieras» generally follow the major bus and trolleybus routes and appear more frequently.^[51]

As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău.Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3 lei for a ticket (ca. $0.18).^[52]

Traffic[edit]

The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.^{[citation needed]} The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.^{[citation needed]}

Sport[edit]

There are three professional football clubs in Chișinău: Zimbru and Academia of the Moldovan National Division (first level), and Real Succes of the Moldovan «A» Division (second level). Of the larger public multi-use stadiums in the city is the Stadionul Dinamo (Dinamo Stadium), which has a capacity of 2,692. The Zimbru Stadium, opened in May 2006 with a capacity of 10,500 sitting places, meets all the requirements for holding official international matches, and was the venue for all Moldova’s Euro 2008 qualifying games.
There are discussions to build a new olympic stadium with capacity of circa 25,000 seats, that would meet all international requirements. Since 2011 CS Femina-Sport Chișinău has organised women’s competitions in seven sports.

Notable people[edit]

Natives[edit]

• Olga Bancic, known for her role in the French Resistance during World War II
• Petru Cazacu, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1918
• Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano and actress, one of Europe’s greatest opera stars in the 1930s and 1940s
• Toma Ciorbă, Romanian physician and hospital director
• Ion Cuțelaba, UFC light heavyweight fighter
• William F. Friedman, American cryptologist
• Dennis Gaitsgory, professor of mathematics at Harvard University
• Natalia Gheorghiu, pediatric surgeon and professor
• Sarah Gorby, French-Jewish singer
• Anatole Jakovsky, French art critic
• Boris Katz, computer scientist at MIT
• Nathaniel Kleitman, American physiologist
• Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
• Grigory Lvovsky, composer
• Boris Mints, Russian billionaire
• Lewis Milestone, American motion picture director
• Sacha Moldovan, American expressionist and post-impressionist painter
• Ilya Oleynikov, comic actor and television personality
• Nina Pekerman, Israeli triathlete
• Lev Pisarzhevsky, Soviet chemist
• Andrew Rayel, stage name of Andrei Rață, a Moldovan DJ
• Yulia Sister, Israeli chemist
• Alexander Ulanovsky, the chief illegal «rezident» for Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
• Maria Winetzkaja, American opera singer in the 1910s–1920s
• Iona Yakir, Red Army commander executed during the Great Purge
• Chaim Yassky, Jewish physician killed in the Hadassah medical convoy massacre
• Sam Zemurray, American businessman who made his fortune in the banana trade
• Sergey Spivak, Moldovan Heavyweight UFC fighter
• Rusanda Panfili, Classical violinist & composer
• Patricia Kopatchinskaja, Classical Violinist

Residents[edit]

• Dan Balan, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
• Gheorghe Botezatu, American engineer, businessman and pioneer of helicopter flight
• Eugen Doga, composer
• Israel Gohberg, Soviet and Israeli mathematician
• Dovid Knut, poet and member of the French Resistance
• Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, and composer
• SunStroke Project, Moldovan representative for the Eurovision Song Contests 2010 and 2017
• Zlata Tkach, composer and music educator
• Maria Biesu, operatic soprano

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Chișinău is twinned with:^[53]

Notes and references[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Map of Chișinău
• Chişinău, Moldova at JewishGen
• Chisinau online camera

Кишинёв (молд. Chişinău, произносится: Кишинэ́у) — столица Республики Молдова. Крупнейший город Молдавии, её экономический и культурный центр, расположенный в центре страны на реке Бык. Кишинёв обладает особым статусом в административном делении Молдавии — он является муниципием. Кроме самого Кишинёва, в состав муниципия входят 6 городов (Сынжера, Дурлешты, Ватра, Кодру, Вадул-луй-Водэ, Криково) и 25 населённых пунктов, объединённых в 13 коммун (сёл).

Кишинёв впервые упоминается в грамоте 1436 года. Статус города получил в 1818 году вскоре после вхождения в состав Российской империи, статус муниципия — в 1995 году. Население города с пригородами на 2008 год составляет около 800 тыс. жителей.^[1]

Название

Наиболее распространённая версия, отмеченная более 125 лет назад в Новороссийском календаре, относит название города к старорумынскому названию Chişla nouă [кишла ноуэ] — новый хутор. Само слово «chişla» является заимствованием турецкого слова kışla со значением «барак». В Бессарабии это слово употребительно и означает «небольшой посёлок, хутор». Из-за характера образования названия (одна часть тюркская, другая — румынская) современные исследователи сомневаются в справедливости этой точки зрения.^[2]

Изначально топонимы с элементом кишенёв встречаются в документах родом с тех территорий, которые были захвачены тюрками в XV в. и потом в течение нескольких столетий оставались местом концентрации кочевников, поэтому некоторые исследователи предполагают, что название города имеет не романское, а тюркское происхождение. Они считают, что слово произошло от половецкого слова кишения («kesene»), означавшего «место погребения, мавзолей». Во многих местах, в названии которых находилась составляющая часть кишенёв, например, Кишеньки, когда-то были внешние признаки древних захоронений — в виде мавзолеев, памятников и надгробий. Такие погребения могли принадлежать печенегам и половцам, обитавшим в Причерноморье в начале II тысячелетия н. э. или же татаро-монголам, занявшим этот край в XIII веке. О существовании районе современного Кишинёва были даже и печенежские погребения, свидетельствуют археологические раскопки. ^[3]

Другие версии связывают название с венгерским Kisjenő — «маленький Йено» (Йено — одно из венгерских племён, пришедших в Европу в 896 году). В западной Румынии на границе с Венгрией есть город Kisjenő, или Chişineu, но доказательств, подтверждающих связь в происхождении названий этих городов, не найдено.

После распада Советского Союза, наметилась тенденция к изменению названий населённых пунктов Молдавии, в частности, началось активное внедрение слова «Кишинэу» в русский язык. В современной Молдавии это название часто используется как в официальных, так и в неофициальных документах на русском языке.^[4] Однако, по правилам русского языка, город называется Кишинёв.^[5]

География

Кишинёв расположен в центральном районе Молдовы на 47°0′с. ш. и 28°51′в. д. на высоте 85 м над уровнем моря на Восточно-Европейской равнине. Город стоит на семи холмах и вытянут вдоль реки Бык — правого притока Днестра. Часть Кишинёва по правому берегу Быка занимает надпойменные террасы, разделённые долиной ручья Дурлешты, и несколькими балками (Малая Малина, Большая Малина и разветвлённая Мунчештская балка). Левобережный склон долины Быка состоит из двух террас, первая из которых полого опускается к реке, а вторая расположена на высоте 60—90 м.

Площадь города — около 120 км², а всего муниципия — 635 км².

Город расположен в пределах возвышенной лесистой местности Кодр. В почве преобладает чернозём, идеально подходящий для развития сельского хозяйства. Из полезных ископаемых распространён известняк, богатый хорошо сохранившимися окаменелостями. Глубже залегают меловые пески и мергели.

В пределах Кишинёва находится Гидигичское водохранилище и 23 озера:

Климат

Кишинёв расположен в зоне с довольно мягким, умеренно-континентальным климатом с тёплым, сухим летом и холодной ветреной зимой.

Первые метеорологические измерения, сделанные в городе, относятся к 1884 году. Согласно данным начала XX века, средняя годовая температура воздуха составляла около 10,2°C, а среднегодовое количество осадков — 468 мм. Согласно данным 1970-х годов, средняя температура января составляла −3,5° С, июля +21,5°C.

В течение года насчитывается около 2215 солнечных часов, из них 329 часов в июле и только 54 часа в декабре. Среднегодовая температура составляет 9,6°C, а уровень осадков — 547 мм/м². «Лето» начинается в начале мая. Средняя температура составляет 20-25°C, а в центре города иногда достигает 35-40°C. Дожди редкие, но обильные. Средняя температура января около −3,2°C, столбик термометра редко опускается ниже отметки в −10°C. Весной и осенью температура колеблется между 18-22°C, осадки более обильные чем летом.

Климат Кишинева
Показатель	Янв	Фев	Мар	Апр	Май	Июн	Июл	Авг	Сен	Окт	Ноя	Дек	Год
Абсолютный максимум, °C	15,5	20,7	25,1	31,6	35,9	37,1	39,4	39,2	37,3	32,6	23,6	18,3	39,4
Средний максимум, °C	1	2,4	7,3	15,9	21,8	24,9	26,6	26,9	22,2	15,5	7,7	2,9	14,6
Средняя температура, °C	−2,5	−1,7	3	10	16	19,3	20,8	20,7	16	10	4	0	9,6
Средний минимум, °C	−5,4	−4,5	−0,5	5,2	10,5	13,9	15,3	15,1	10,9	5,7	1	−2,6	5,4
Абсолютный минимум, °C	−28,4	−28,9	−21,1	−6,6	−1,1	3,6	7,8	5,5	−2,4	−10,8	−21,6	−22,4	−28,9
Норма осадков, мм	30	32	34	42	56	74	74	47	47	30	39	34	539
Источник: Погода и климат

Флора

Кишинёв считается одним из самых зелёных городов Европы. Практически на всех улицах города растут деревья, и летом город утопает в зелени. В Кишинёве множество скверов и парков, в которых произрастают более 50 видов деревьев, кустарников и лиан, как типичных для Молдавии (тополь, конский каштан, акация, клён, ива, липа, рябина, катальпа, берёза, ель и др.), так и редких видов (кедр, канадский бундук, глициния, виргинский можжевельник). Распространены посадки белой акации, американского клёна, мелколистной липы и вяза. Естественная растительность постепенно сменяется новыми посадками, среди которых чаще всего встречаются конский каштан, платан, софора, клён, декоративные формы черешни. Вокруг озёр и вдоль многих улиц насажены тополя (пирамидальный, канадский, серый, гибридный). В парках и вдоль улиц много зелёных насаждений из самшита, бирючины, спиреи.

См. также: Ботанический сад Академии наук Республики Молдова.

Фауна

В парках города живут около 14 видов птиц и 14 видов земноводных. Из млекопетающих в городе встречается ёж, европейский крот, хорёк, куница и летучая мышь. Кроме этого есть белки и полевые мыши. Известны заходы в город лис и зайцев. Среди птиц распространено несколько видов голубей, а также стрижи, скворцы, ласточки, синицы, дятлы и воробьи. В некоторых районах города замечены места постоянного обитания сапсанов. Видовой состав пресмыкающихся и амфибий небогат. Встречаются обыкновенный уж, прыткая ящерица, зелёная жаба, озёрная лягушка, обыкновенный тритон и др. В озере парка «Валя Морилор» обитают около 20 видов рыб: окунь, карп, лещ и др. Из насекомых распространены жуки, чешуе-, полужёстко-, двукрылые и другие. Встречаются вредители деревьев и кустарников: тля, щитовка, паутинный клещик, шелкопряд. Иногда появляются в массовом количестве божья коровка, американская белая бабочка.

См. также: Кишиневский зоопарк

Символы города

В качестве герба Кишинёва 2 апреля 1826 года был принят герб Бессарабской области, так как Кишинёв стал областным центром. Герб имел форму щита, разделённого на две части. В верхней части на красном поле был изображён двуглавый орёл, увенчанный золотой короной, — символ присоединения Бессарабии к Российской империи. На груди орла был помещён красный щит с изображением Георгия Победоносца на белом коне, поражающего копьём змея. В правой лапе орла помещены факел и молния, а в левой — лавровый венок. В нижней части герба на золотом поле располагалась голова буйвола со старого герба Молдавского княжества.

После образования Бессарабской губернии в 1878 году был утверждён новый герб Кишинёва. Он представлял собой щит, где на лазурном фоне была помещена золотая голова буйвола с червлёными глазами, языком и рогами, между которыми «сияла» пятиконечная золотая звезда. Справа от головы была расположена серебряная роза с пятью лепестками, а слева — серебряный полумесяц, обращённый рогами к краю щита.

После присоединения Бессарабии к Румынии герб Кишинёва был снова изменён. В щите на лазуревом поле изображён золотой орёл с червлёным нагрудным щитком, в щитке герб Молдавского княжества — голова быка, звезда, роза и полумесяц. Этот герб стал и гербом современного Кишинёва после распада СССР.

Современный флаг Кишинёва представляет собой белое полотнище, в центре которого изображён герб города. Герб наложен на стилизованную плетёную полосу жёлто-коричневых цветов.

Административное деление

Кишинёв обладает особым статусом в административном делении Молдавии — он является муниципием. В состав муниципия Кишинёв входят: собственно муниципий Кишинёв, 6 городов (Сынжера, Дурлешты, Ватра, Кодру, Вадул-луй-Водэ, Криково) и 25 населённых пунктов, объединённых в 13 коммун (сёл).

Кишинёв разделён на 5 секторов (районов): Центр (молд. Centru, Чентру); Чеканы (молд. Ciocana, Чокана);Боюканы (молд. Buiucani, Буюкань); Ботаника (молд. Botanica, Ботаника); Рышкановка (молд. Râşcani, Рышкань); Сектора управляются претурами (молд. pretura), во главе которых стоят преторы (молд. pretor).

История

Молдавское княжество (1436—1812)

Впервые в исторических документах Кишинёв упоминается 17 июля 1436 года в грамоте воевод Молдавии Ильи и Стефана Оанчя логофету, главе господарской канцелярии, в которой уточняются границы земли у реки Реут, жалованной ему за верную службу. По советской историографии населённый пункт на месте современного Кишинёва упоминается в 1466 году в жалованной грамоте молдавского господаря Штефана Великого своему дяде, боярину Влайкулу, на право владения селищем Кишинёв у колодца Албишоара.

В условиях османского ига, установившегося в Молдавии в середине XVI века, постоянных набегов турок и крымских татар, роста поборов экономическое развитие города шло замедленными темпами, а страна в XVII — начале XVIII веков переживала упадок. Вначале боярская вотчина, а затем с 1641 года — вотчина монастырей румынского города Яссы, Кишинёв неоднократно разрушался.

Бессарабская губерния (1812—1918)

В результате серии русско-турецких войн территория междуречий Днестра, Прута и Дуная в 1812 году отходит к России, получает название Бессарабия. Кишинёв, принадлежавший в то время монастырю св. Гроба, получает официальный статус города в 1818 году (первый примар — городской голова — Ангел Ноур) и становится центром Бессарабской области, а с 1873 года — центром Бессарабской губернии. Присоединение к России способствовало росту населения, развитию торговли, ремёсел, культуры.

С сентября 1820 по июль 1823 года в Кишинёве жил высланный из Петербурга А. С. Пушкин. Здесь он сблизился с молдавскими писателями К. Стамати и К. Негруцци и с декабристами (М. Ф. Орловым, В. Ф. Раевским, К. А. Охотниковым, П. С. Пущиным и др.), входившими в местную «управу» «Союза Благоденствия».

В 1821 году основана первая мануфактура по производству тканей, в 1831 году построен спиртоводочный завод. К 1861 в городе насчитывалось свыше 100 небольших предприятий (фруктово-виноградно-водочных, кожевенных, мыловаренных, кирпичных и черепичных заводов, табачных фабрик и др.).

6—7 апреля 1903 года в городе произошёл один из крупнейших еврейских погромов в Российской империи.

В 1910 году в Кишинёве было около 10 тысяч домов (всего 4 трёхэтажных дома), 142 улицы и переулка, 12 площадей, 5 садов и скверов. В начале XX века было создано несколько металлообрабатывающих предприятий (заводы Сербова, Ланге и Мокану и др.). Развитию промышленности способствовало проведение железных дорог, связавших город с Дунайско-Черноморскими портами, с Западной Европой и центральными областями России.

Во время Революции 1905—1907 годов в России в Кишинёве проходили демонстрации и политические стачки (21-22 августа, 17 октября 1905 и др.). Советская власть в Кишинёве установлена 1 (14) января 1918.

В составе Румынии (1918—40)

После Октябрьской революции 1917 года 21 ноября начал свою деятельность «Сфатул Цэрий», который 2 декабря провозгласил создание Молдавской Демократической Республики. 27 марта 1918 года Сфатул Цэрий проголосовал за присоединение Бессарабии к Румынии и Кишинёв вошёл в её состав.

1 января 1919 года в Кишинёве была создана Муниципальная Консерватория. В 1927 году — открыт Теологический факультет. В 1928 году на месте разрушенного в 1918 году памятника российскому императору Александру II по проекту скульптора А. М. Пламадялэ у главного входа в городской парк установлен памятник Штефану чел Маре. В 1934 году был открыт филиал Румынского Института социальных наук, в 1939 году — муниципальная пинакотека.

В эти годы численность населения города не увеличивается, и в июне 1940 года Кишинёв насчитывает 110 тысяч человек. В городе действовала подпольная коммунистическая организация, возглавляемая П. Д. Ткаченко, К. Сырбу, И. Фуртунэ и др.. На протяжении всего румынского периода она вела антиправительственную деятельность, направленную на воссоединение с СССР. В Кишинёве проводились забастовки, демонстрации, политические манифестации, сопровождавшиеся одновременными акциями в других городах Бессарабии.^[6]

Молдавская ССР (1940—91)

28 июня 1940 года Бессарабия была воссоединена с СССР; 2 августа 1940 года образована Молдавская ССР; её столицей стал Кишинёв. Город сильно пострадал от землетрясения в 1940 году. Серафимовский Дом (здание епархии) в самом центре столицы республики был полностью разрушен.

Активное развитие города было прервано нападением гитлеровской Германии на СССР. 16 июля 1941 немецко-румынские войска захватили Кишинёв и город вновь вошёл в состав Румынии. 24 августа 1944 Красная Армия отвоевала Кишинёв в ходе Ясско-Кишинёвской операции. Военные действия, бомбардировки и землетрясение нанесли городу огромный ущерб: было разрушено 174 предприятия, 70 % довоенного жилого фонда и т. д.

После Второй мировой войны город начинает быстро восстанавливаться и расти. Если в 1944 году он насчитывал всего 25 тысяч жителей, то к 1950 году в нём было уже 134 тысячи человек. В 1945—1947 годах утверждается генеральная схема реконструкции Кишинёва, в разработке которой участвовал архитектор А. В. Щусев. Город превратился в крупный политический, административный, научный и культурный центр республики и приобрёл свой современный облик.

Республика Молдова (1991—наши дни)

23 мая 1991 года Парламент изменил название Молдавская Советская Социалистическая Республика на Республика Молдова. 27 августа 1991 была принята декларация независимости Республики Молдова, которая провозгласила Молдову суверенным государством со столицей в Кишинёве.

В городе три автовокзала (Северный, Южный и Центральный), железнодорожный вокзал, аэропорт. В городе располагаются 36 университетов и Академия Наук Молдавии.

Политика

В 1990 году в Молдавии был восстановлен институт примарства. Первым примаром Кишинёва стал Николае Костин. Потом — Серафим Урекян.

В 2005 году было 4 попытки провести выборы примара, однако они провалились из-за недостаточной явки. С 2005 года до 2007 и. о. мэра был Василе Урсу. 25 января 2007 года Василе Урсу был назначен министром транспорта, а и. о. мэра стал Вячеслав Иордан. После выборов в июне 2007 года примаром стал Дорин Киртоакэ.

Бюджет

В январе-сентябре 2006 года в консолидированный бюджет муниципия Кишинёв поступило 4,3 млрд леев, что на 33,9 % больше по сравнению с аналогичным периодом 2005 года. Из них в местный бюджет было перечислено 892 млн леев, в госбюджет — 1,8 млрд леев, в соцфонд — 1,4 млрд леев, а в Фонд обязательного медицинского страхования — 217,6 млн леев.^[7]

Бюджет Кишинёва на 2007 год составляет 1 млрд 311 млн леев, из которых 1 млрд 266 млн леев — бюджет собственно города, а 45 млн леев — бюджет остальных населённых пунктов, входящих в муниципий. Расходы в 2007 году превысят доходы на 19 млн леев и составляют 1 млрд 330 млн. Исполняющий обязанности мэра Василий Урсу предположил возможность проведения аукциона по продаже земельных участков и акций предприятий, в которых кишинёвский муниципальный совет имеет контрольный пакет. Также вполне вероятно повышение цен на размещение рекламы в городе. Расходы на образование вырастут в сравнении с 2006 годом на 40 % и составят 568 млн леев, расходы на поддержание общественного порядка составят 70,5 млн (+58 %), на культуру — 43 млн (+27 %), на коммунальное и жилищное хозяйство — 291 млн (+7,4 %), на здравоохранение — 27 млн (+80 %), на транспорт и дорожное хозяйство — 20 млн леев (+11 %).^[8]

Население

По итогам переписи 1774 года в Кишинёве проживало 600 семей. Из них: 162 налогоплательщика; 110 семей — русских, молдаван и украинцев (по трети); 52 семьи — армян, евреев, цыган, греков и сербов. Если с 1812 по 1818 годы население Кишинёва выросло с 7 (600 семейств) до 18 тысяч человек, то к концу века оно увеличивается до 110 тысяч. Население города всегда было многонациональным, а рост численности населения происходил не за счёт естественного прироста, а в основном за счёт миграционных процессов.

Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона оценивал население Кишинёва с предместьями в 1894 году в 128 218, из которых около 20 % жили в предместьях. Почти половину населения составляли молдаване — 54 890; затем следовали по численности: евреи — 26 120, русские, греки, болгары, румыны, цыгане, армяне, поляки и представители других национальностей. Число домов в Кишинёве в 1788 году было около 300, а в конце XIX века их было до 10 тысяч.

Согласно же первой всеобщей переписи населения Российской империи в 1897 году население города (без предместий) составляло 108 483 чел., из которых евреев — 49829 чел. (45,9 %), великорусов (русских) — 29299 чел., молдаван — 19081 чел., малорусов (украинцев) — 3393 чел. и др.^[9]

В 1910 году в Кишинёве было 127 тысяч жителей, около 10 тысяч домов (всего 4 трёхэтажных дома), 142 улицы и переулка, 12 площадей, 5 садов и скверов. Население в 1897 и 1912 гг. меньше населения 1894 года, так как русские власти в эти годы не учитывали население пригородов Кишинёва.

После присоединения Бессарабии к Румынии численность населения города не увеличивается, и в июне 1940 года Кишинёв насчитывает 110 тысяч человек.

В 1944 году после оккупации германской группировкой город насчитывал всего 25 тысяч жителей, а к 1950 году в нём было уже 134 тысячи человек. В 1959 году еврейское население Кишинёва составляло 42 900 человек, в 1970 году — 49 900, в 1979 году — 42 400. 1960 год — в Кишинёве 215 тысяч жителей. Интенсивное экономическое и социальное развитие города способствовало миграционной подвижности населения. Причём оно пополнялось как за счёт сельского населения республики (60 %), так и за счёт специалистов, прибывших из других регионов СССР. Приток мигрантов в 1980 году возрос вдвое по сравнению с 1950 годом. Рождение 500-тысячного кишинёвца город отметил в 1979 году.

После распада СССР численность населения Кишинёва стала резко сокращаться. Тогда как 1991 году город насчитывал 676 700 жителей, в 2005 году его население составляло всего 592 600 человек.

Почётные граждане

• Герой Советского Союза Жеребин Д. С.
• Герой Советского Союза Павлов Н. С.

Известные люди, связанные с Кишинёвом

• Александр Сергеевич Пушкин (1799 — 1837) — русский поэт, драматург и прозаик, реформатор русского литературного языка. Сослан в Кишинёв в 1820м году и провёл в нём 4 года.
• Алексей Викторович Щусев (1873 — 1949) — русский и советский архитектор. По его проекту Кишинёв отстраивался заново после почти полного уничтожения во время Великой Отечественной Войны.
• Владимир Митрофанович Пуришкевич (1870 — 1920) — российский политический деятель ультраправого толка, монархист.
• Цви Мильштейн — художник.
• Тутышкин, Андрей Петрович- русский актер («Волга-Волга», счетовод Алеша Трубышкин, «Карнавальная ночь», бухгалтер, «Сердца четырех», профессор Ершов и др.) и режиссер («Свадьба в Малиновке», «Вольный ветер») родился в Кишиневе.
• Леонид Ильич Брежнев — Генеральный секретарь ЦК КПСС, В 1950—52 годах первый секретарь ЦК Компартии Молдавии.
• Наталья Григорьевна Морарь — международный журналист, политик.

Архитектура

Старейшие здания Кишинёва: Мазаракиевская церковь (1752), Церковь Константина и Елены (1777), Армянская церковь (1803), Благовещенская церковь (1807—1810), Харламбиевская церковь (1812).

После присоединения в 1812 году Бессарабии к России в 1817 году определился центр города, появились первые прямые и широкие улицы. В 1834 году был утверждён генеральный план Кишинёва. Прямоугольная сетка широких улиц соответствовала принципам застройки южных городов Российской империи. В 1831—36 гг. здесь возводятся Кафедральный собор и колокольня. Затем вблизи собора сооружается Триумфальная арка.

Во второй половине XIX века строились учебные и административные здания, в применялись элементы византийской, романской и готической архитектуры, а также молдавского зодчества. Большая часть домов по-прежнему оставалась одноэтажной. В 1862 году приступили к мощению улиц. Благоустройству Кишинёва способствовал А. О. Бернардацци. В конце XIX века Кишинёв занимал пространство более 660 десятин, имеющее неправильную фигуру в 5½ вёрст длины и 4 версты ширины. В начале XIX века возводятся здания городской думы (ныне Примэрия), окружного суда (управление железной дороги), городского банка (органный зал), краеведческого музея.

В 1918—40 гг. Кишинёв застраивался небольшими особняками из кирпича и известняка. В годы Великой Отечественной войны город утратил жилой фонд на более чем 70 %.

В послевоенные годы по генеральному плану (1947) под руководством А. В. Щусева был реконструирован проспект Ленина, проложены проспект Молодёжи и бульвар Негруцци, построены административные здания, в том числе Дом правительства МССР, застроена Вокзальная площадь. В Кишинёве были созданы новые промышленные районы: Новые Чеканы, Скулянка и др. За 1955—70 гг. выросли жилые районы: Рышкановка, Ботаника, Боюканы и др. Установлены многие памятники. Решающим толчком в развитии города явилось постановление Совмина СССР 1971 года «О мерах по дальнейшему развитию города Кишинёва», когда городу из союзных фондов было выделено около миллиарда рублей. В середине 1980-х годов был объявлен конкурс на лучший проект детальной планировки центра города. Последующий распад Советского Союза помешал претворению в жизнь планов масштабного строительства.

После обретения Молдавией независимости, строительство в Кишинёве практически полностью приостановилось. Однако со временем начали восстанавливаться церкви, строиться элитные дома с дорогостоящими квартирами и фешенебельные особняки. Была расширена Измаиловская улица, построен автовокзал «Северный», реставрирован железнодорожный вокзал, построены многочисленные магазины и офисные здания. В октябре 2006 года было принято решение об увеличении площади Кишинёва и построении новых секторов (Будешты-2 и Новые Ставчены) с современной инфраструктурой, бизнес-центрами и многочисленными дорожными развязками. Постройка новых секторов позволит решить жилищную и обострившуюся в последнее время транспортную проблему столицы. Также планируется в течение 7 лет реконструировать проспект Кантемира, где предусматривается строительство трёх полос по обоим направлениям. Ширина дороги, включая тротуар, составит 70 метров. Будет полностью реконструирована и улица Букурешть. Её расширят на 3-4 метра. Предполагается, что по проспекту Штефана чел Маре будет разрешено движение только общественного транспорта.

Транспорт

Внутригородские перевозки в Кишинёве осуществляются автобусами, троллейбусами, маршрутными такси. Город связан с другими населёнными пунктами автобусным, железнодорожным и воздушным сообщением.

С конца XIX века Кишинёве функционировал трамвай. В 1913 году он был переведён на электрическую тягу. К концу 1950-х годов сеть трамвайных линий превысила 17 км, а количество ежегодно перевозимых пассажиров превысило 9 млн человек. В начале 1960-х годов троллейбус полностью вытеснил трамвай.

Первый троллейбус был пущен в 1949 году по проспекту Ленина (ныне бульвар Штефана чел Маре) от железнодорожного вокзала до медицинского института. Сейчас в городе 3 троллейбусных парка. Общее число машин — около 318. В советское время проезд в троллейбусе стоил сначала 4 копейки, потом 5. До 2001 года цена проезда в троллейбусе составляла 50 банов. С 1 сентября 2001 года стоимость повысилась до 75 банов, а с 1 августа 2006 года до 1 лея. Цена проездного составляла 50 леев, а с 1 августа 2006 года — 120 леев (позже стоимость была уменьшена до 70 леев).

Автобусное сообщение в Кишинёве было введено в марте 1946 года. Сначала по городу курсировали автобусы марки ЗИС-154. В советское время проезд в автобусе стоил 5 копеек. С 1 августа 2006 года стоимость проезда в городском автобусе была повышена с 1 лея 25 банов до 2 леев. Кишинёв связан автобусными маршрутами практически со всеми городами и многими сёлами страны, а также с некоторыми городами Украины, Румынии, Россией, Белоруссией и многими европейскими странами.

Первая внутригородская линия маршрутных такси была введена в 1968 году. В настоящее время в Кишинёве маршрутное такси является самым доступным видом транспорта, так как охватывает весь город и курсирует намного чаще, чем автобусы и троллейбусы. С 1 августа 2006 года стоимость проезда в маршрутных такси была повышена с 2 до 3 леев. С 1 сентября 2006 маршрутные такси, курсирующие по самым загруженным улицам центра Кишинёва, были смещены на соседние улицы для частичного решения транспортной проблемы столицы. В будущем маршрутные такси полностью уберут из центра города и они будут связывать все районы, исключая центр столицы. Это одно из решений по уменьшению нарастающего количества транспорта в центре города. Точные сроки вступления данного решения в силу пока не известны.

Первые легковые такси появились в Кишинёве в 1949 году. В настоящее время есть несколько частных таксомоторных компаний. Стоимость проезда в пределах одного сектора города составляет около 25 леев. Телефонные номера вызова такси являются четырёхзначными и начинаются на 14.

См. также: Международный аэропорт Кишинёва.

Образование

На конец 2005 года в муниципии Кишинёв работает 146 детских дошкольных учебных заведений, которые посещает более 25 тысяч детей. В число 158 доуниверситетских учреждений, где учится свыше 96 тысяч детей, входит 60 лицеев, 40 средних школ, 19 гимназий, 15 школ-садиков, 14 начальных, 7 специализированных и 3 вечерние школы, а также 27 внешкольных учреждений (спортивные школы, детские творческие центры). Годовой расход на каждого ученика в 2005 году составлял 1256 леев (в 2006 году эта цифра должна была увеличиться на 300 леев).^[10]

Культура и искусство

Театры

• Национальный театр оперы и балета Республики Молдова
• Кишинёвский национальный театр им. М. Эминеску (до 1988 — «Молдавский государственный ордена Трудового Красного Знамени музыкально-драматический театр и м. А. С. Пушкина»)
• Государственный русский драматический театр им. А. П. Чехова
• театр «Luceafarul»
• Кишиневский муниципальный молодежный драматический театр «С Улицы Роз»
• Муниципальный театр «Сатирикус И. Л. Караджиале»
• Театр «Eugene Ionesco»
• Театр «Ginta Latină»
• Театр « А. Матеевич»
• Театр «Гугуцэ»
• Республиканский театр кукол «Licurici»

Фестивали

В Кишинёве каждый год проходит международный фестиваль оперного и балетного искусства «Приглашает Мария Биешу» («Vă invită Maria Bieşu»). Фестиваль был впервые проведён в 1990 году и его организатором является известная молдавская оперная певица — Мария Биешу. Ежегодно лучшие оперные певцы, солисты балета, дирижёры, из России, Украины, Болгарии, Италии, Франции, Австрии, США и других стран приезжают в Кишинёв, чтобы участвовать в этом фестивале.

С 2001 года в Кишинёве проходит фестиваль документального кино «Хронограф» («Cronograf»). В рамках фестиваля организуется показ документальных фильмов снятых режиссёрами из различных стран, а также происходит награждение лучших работ. Фестиваль организован студией OWH TV Studio совместно с Союзом кинематографистов, телеканалом «TV 5 Monde» и ПРООН Молдова.

Начиная с 2000 года в рамках Дней французской культуры в Молдове в кинотеатрах Кишинёва ежегодно проходит фестиваль французского кино под патронажем телеканала «TV 5 Monde» и канадского посольства.

С 2001 года каждый сентябрь в городе проводится фестиваль «Ethno-Jazz», на котором выступают джазовые коллективы из Молдовы, России, Израиля, Польши, Германии, Индии и других стран.

В 2004 году состоялся первый рок-фестиваль «Старый мельник» и с тех пор стал ежегодным событием. Фестиваль организуется пивными компаниями Молдавии и России. На фестиваль приглашаются рок-коллективы из России и Молдавии, в их числе «Ва-БанкЪ», «Сплин», «Браво», «Ногу Свело», «Пилот», «Ночные снайперы», «Конец фильма» и другие. В 2006 году фестиваль посетило около 40 тысяч человек, что в два раза больше, чем в прошлом.

Телевидение

30 апреля 1958 года в эфир выходит молдавское телевидение (ныне «TVM»). В марте 1988 года введён в эксплуатацию Страшенский РТПЦ, откуда по сей день ведётся вещание телеканалов для Кишинёва и его окрестностей. В настоящее время приём телепрограмм возможен в радиусе более 100—120 км от Страшен.

С октября 1990 года в Кишинёве начата ретрансляция первой программы румынского телевидения «TVR-1». 1 января 1992 года прекращена ретрансляция Российского телевидения (бывшая вторая Общесоюзная программа ТВ СССР). 1 февраля 1992 года румынский канал «TVR-1» был перемещён на канал «Останкино-1», а «Останкино-1» — на канал бывшей второй программы. В марте 1993 года в Кишинёве начинается ретрансляция французского телеканала «TV5-Europe».

В 1994 году в Кишинёве начинает работу кабельная сеть «Еврокабель», владельцем которой является молдо-румынское совместное предприятие. Сначала было доступно 8 телевизионных каналов, потом их число было увеличено до 20 с лишним. К 2000 году кабельная сеть покрыла практически всю территорию города.

В 1995 году основана молдо-американская компания «SunTV», осуществляющая эфирное вещание по системе MMDS. В декабрь 1996 года «SunTV» поглощает своего основного конкурента — «Еврокабель». В настоящее время «Sun TV» предлагает кабельные и эфирные пакеты из 21, 24, 42, 63 и 68 телеканалов.

В мае 1995 года в Кишинёве началось техническое вещание канала «ВТВ», а в сентябре «ВТВ» начинает ретрансляцию программы «ТВ6-Москва». 14 октября 1997 года — ретрансляция программ «ТВ6-Москва» и производство собственных программ начинает телекомпания «NIT».

В августе 1995 года начинает работу телекомпания «Каталан ТВ».

В июле 1999 года в Кишинёве начинает вещание румынская программа «PRO TV». Передающая антенна студии была установлена на башне Кишиневского телецентра. Владельцем студии является совместное молдавско-румынское предприятие «MEDIAPRO».

В августе 1999 года с передатчика на высотном доме в районе Ботаника начинает вещание «Телеканал 26». В конце декабря 2000 года в Кишинёве и трёх других городах Молдавии начал вещание российский музыкальный канал «Муз-ТВ». 21 февраля 2001 года канал «Catalan TV» прекратил вещание.

Сегодня в Кишинёве на метровом диапазоне вещают каналы «Moldova-1» (3 ТВК), «TV5-Europe» (8 ТВК) и «2 Plus» (11 ТВК). В дециметровом диапазоне вещают «Euro-TV Chisinau» (23 ТВК), «MegaTV (MTV)» (26 ТВК), «Prime» (30 ТВК), «PRO TV Chisinau» (37 ТВК), «ТВ7» (43 ТВК), «N.I.T.» (49 ТВК), «N4» (51 ТВК) и «Муз-ТВ» (53 ТВК). На 61 и 58 частотных каналах идёт тестовое вещание цифрового пакета DVB-T. В состав пакета входят основные столичные эфирные радио- и телеканалы: «Prime», «PRO TV Chisinau», «ТВ7», «TVC-21», «Муз-ТВ» и т.д. Также в городе работают эфирно-кабельные сети «Alfa TV», «Satelit ТВ», «Альтернатив ТВ» и «Sun TV» и др.

Цифровое Телевидение

В конце 2007-го года — а именно 1 декабря 2007 крупнейший альтернативный телекоммуникационный оператор «Arax» запустил первую в Кишиневе сеть цифрового кабельного телевидения «ZEBRA» предложив своим абонентам 120 телеканалов, ознаменовав начало перехода кабельных операторов на цифровой формат вещания. Вскоре крупнейший оператор кабельного телевидения «SUN TV» также запустил цифровое вещание.

Радио

Список радиостанций FM (87.50 — 108.00 МГц с шагом 50 кГц) и УКВ (65.81 — 74.00 МГц с шагом 30 кГц) диапазона в городе Кишинёве по состоянию на 6 июля 2008 года.

Частота, МГц	Радиостанция		Частота, МГц	Радиостанция
66.41	«Sănătatea»		69.44 (из Страшен)	«Micul Samaritean»
71.57 (из Малых Милешт)	«Vocea Basarabiei»
72,71	«Radio 21» /скоро/		87.60	«Радио Шансон»
88.00	«Antena C»		88.60	«Мегаполис FM»
89.10	«Ретро FM»		89.60	«City FM» /скоро/
90.70	«Scaparici»		92.10	«Fresh FM»
92.80	«Univers FM»		96.20	«Radio Singera»
—	—		96.70	«Veritas FM»
97.20	BBC		97.70	«Maestro FM»
99.70	«Noroc»		100.10	«Sănătatea»
100.50 (из Страшен)	«Radio Moldova»		100.90	«Kiss FM»
101.30	«Nashe radio»		101.70	«Хит FM»
102.30 (из Страшен)	«Best FM» /скоро/		102.70	«Magic FM» /скоро/
103.20	«Авторадио»		103.70	«Русское радио»
104.20	«Micul Samaritean»		104.70	«Plai»
105.20	«Радио 7»		105.90	«Nova»
106.40	«Европа плюс»		106.90	«Pro FM»
107.30 (из Страшен)	«RFI»		107.90	«Серебряный дождь»

Примечание: Названия радиостанций даны в кавычках и являются их полными официальными названиями. Некоторые радиостанции часть эфирного времени могут ретранслировать передачи других радиостанций.

Пресса

В настоящее время в Кишинёве выходят следующие печатные издания: «Кишинёвские новости», «Кишинёвский обозреватель», «Коммерсант PLUS», «Комсомольская правда в Молдове», «Маклер», «Молдавские ведомости», «Независимая Молдова», «Экономическое обозрение», «Кишинёвский журнал», «Сэптэмына», «Тимпул», «Флукс» и многие другие.

Независимый центр журналистики поддерживает достаточно регулярно обновляющийся список интернет-представительств большинства молдавских СМИ.

Кинотеатры

История

Первые кинопоказы в Кишинёве прошли в 1897 году в Дворянском клубе, располагавшемся на месте нынешнего кинотеатра «Патрия-Чентру». Вот так это описывал в своих мемуарах представитель фирмы Люмьеров Феликс Масгиш:^[11]

В Кишинёве я снял однажды учения нескольких эскадронов, находящихся под командованием генерала французского происхождения — принца Луи Наполеона. Заключительная атака: всадники с пиками наперевес галопом проезжают мимо оператора. Через несколько шагов, по команде принца его высоко поднятой саблей, они резко останавливаются. В этот вечер в Дворянском клубе было гала-представление. Я демонстрирую эту впечатляющую сцену, принц Луи Наполеон поздравляет меня: «Воспроизведя наши утренние маневры в тот же день, — сказал он, — вы совершили чудо своим смешным ящиком».

С ноября 1906 года в Кишинёве начали проводиться регулярные кинопоказы в обычных помещениях, а в 1912 году был открыт первый специально оборудованный кинотеатр «Орфеум». После образования МССР сеть кинотеатров значительно расширилась. К 1980-м годам в городе работали кинотеатры «Патрия», «Флакэра», «Дневной», «Бируинца», «Андриеш», «Искра», «Сорок лет ВЛКСМ», «Шипка», «Москова», кинотеатр имени Ткаченко.

Сегодня

• «Патрия-Центр» (Patria-Centru) — главный кинотеатр Молдавии с двумя кинозалами на 600 и 140 мест. Расположен в центре Кишинёва по адресу бул. Штефан Великого, 100.
• «Патрия-Рышкановка» (Patria-Rîşcani) — один из кинотеатров сети «Патрия» (420 мест), расположенный в Лукоил-Центре в районе Рышкановка по адресу ул. Студенческая, 7/5.
• «Флакэра» (Flacăra) — кинотеатр в одноимённом развлекательном центре с двумя залами на 378 мест и 72 места. Находится в районе Буюканы по адресу ул. Крянгэ, 49.
• «Гаудеамус» (Gaudeamus) — второй кинотеатр сети «Флакэра», расположенный в районе Телецентр по адресу ул. В. Александри, 4.
• «Синема-клуб» (Cinema Club) — небольшой кинотеатр в центре Кишинёва, производящий показ фильмов на языке оригинала. Синхронный перевод на русский язык для желающих осуществляется через наушники. Расположен в центре города по адресу ул. Бэнулеску Бодони, 8/1.
• «Одеон» (Odeon) — кинотеатр в центре Кишинёва по адресу ул. М. Еминеску, 55. Здесь обычно проходят фестивали национального кино разных стран.

Кишинёв в искусстве

Литература

Впервые в исторических документах Кишинёв упоминается 17 июля 1436 года в грамоте воевод Молдавии Ильи и Стефана Оанчя. Позже данные о городе встречаются у Мирона Костина, в путевых заметках П. Алеппского и Марко Бандини (XVII век), в «Описании Молдавии» Дмитрия Кантемира (начало XVIII века). Часты упоминания о Кишинёве в воспоминаниях участников русско-турецких войн XVIII века.

После освобождения Бессарабии от османского ига и присоединения к России в 1812 году возрос общественный интерес к истории и жизни края, и, в частности, к Кишинёву, ставшему столицей области. Появляются многочисленные описания Кишинёва, среди которых следует отметить работы М. Драгана, П. Куницкого, А. Защука и П. Свиньяна. Ценные впечатления о городе начала 1820-х годов, быте и нравах его жителей оставил вице-губернатор Бессарабии Ф. Ф. Вигель в своих работах «Нынешнее состояние Бессарабской области», «Замечания на нынешнее состояние Бессарабии» и «Воспоминания». В 1820-х годах в Кишинёве жили декабристы Орлов, Раевский, Пущин и другие. Раевский очень интересовался историей города, что нашло отражение в его работах (статья «Вечер в Кишинёве» и др.). В 1820—1823 гг. здесь находился в ссылке Пушкин. В своих письмах и стихах он красочно описывает нравы и быт высшего кишинёвского общества («Мой друг, уже три дня…», «Раззевавшись от обедни…», «Генералу Пущину» и др.). После отъезда из города он неоднократно довольно тепло вспоминал о городе в письмах Жуковскому, Вяземскому и др. За время пребывания в Кишинёве Пушкин написал около ста стихотворений и начал роман «Евгений Онегин».^[12]

Описания Кишинёва 1830—50-х годов можно найти в «Прогулке ро Бессарабии» Н. И. Надеждина, опубликованной в «Одесском альманахе на 1840-й год», «Дневнике путешественника по Южной России в 1841 году» А. Голумбиевского, письмах И. С. Аксакова, посетишего город в 1848 и 1855—56 гг., а также в письмах Л. Н. Толстого, который был в Кишинёве по пути в Крым в сентябре 1854 года и жил здесь почти два месяца после Крымской кампании.

Музыка

Одним из старейших музыкальных произведений, посвящённых Кишинёву, является концерт для фортепьяно с оркестром «Кишинёвский карнавал», написанный композитором А. Хлебовским в середине XIX века.

Самая известная песня о Кишинёве — «Мой белый город» на музыку композитора Е. Д. Доги и слова Г. Водэ. Кроме этого Евгений Дога составил сборник песен о Кишинёве «Город поёт» (1967) и посвятил Кишинёву музыкальную пьесу для эстрадного оркестра «Ритмы города» (1970).

Игорь Дынга, лидер легендарной молдавской группы «Cuibul» и нынешний продюсер «Здоб ши здуб», в альбоме «Помидор» (1998) посвящает Кишинёву песню «Здравствуй, мой город».

Кинематограф

Первая кинозапись в Кишинёве была сделана в 1897 году представителем фирмы Люмьеров Феликсом Масгишем. Этот фильм не сохранился. 1912-м годом датируется кинохроника «Торжества в Кишинёве по случаю столетия присоединения Бессарабии к России».

В советский период было снято множество фильмов о Кишинёве, как художественных, так и документальных.

Художественные фильмы, местом действия которых является Кишинёв:

• За городской чертой (1960)
• Человек идёт за солнцем (1961)
• Улица слушает (1963)
• Взрыв замедленного действия (1970)
• Хлеб, золото, наган (1980)
• Июньский рубеж (1981)

Международные отношения

Кишинёв является членом следующих международных программ и объединений:

• Ассоциация столиц стран бассейна Чёрного моря
• Международная Ассамблея столиц и крупных городов
• Ассоциация европейских регионов
• Ассоциация франкоязычных городов
• Конференция мэров Юго-Восточной Европы
• Ассоциация мэров против наркотиков

В Кишинёве работают представительства следующих международных организаций:

• Программа развития Организации Объединённых Наций (ПРООН)
• Миссия Совета Европы в Молдове
• Управление Верховного комиссара ООН по делам беженцев (УВКБ ООН)
• Детский фонд ООН (ЮНИСЕФ)
• Международный банк
• Международный валютный фонд
• Миссия ОБСЕ

• Посольства

  Страна	Посол	Адрес	Телефон	Сайт
  Белоруссия	Василий Сакович	Mateevici, 35	23-83-76, 23-83-02	[1]
  Болгария	Николай Илиев	Bucureşti, 92	23-89-10
  Великобритания	John Beyer	N. Iorga, 18	22-59-02	[2]
  Венгрия	Sandor Robel	Ştefan cel Mare, 131	22-34-04, 22-77-86
  Германия	Nikolaus Graf Lambsdorff	Maria Cebotari, 35, Jolly Alon hotel	20-06-00, 20-06-01
  Израиль		Tighina , 12	54-42-82
  Китай	Jianwei Gong	Mitropolit Dosoftei, 124	29-59-60
  Польша	Krzysztof Suprowicz	Plămădeala, 3	23-85-51
  Россия	Валерий Кузьмин	Ştefan cel Mare, 153	23-49-41/45	[3]
  Румыния		Bucureşti, 66/1	22-81-26	[4]
  США	Asif Chaudhry	Alexei Mateevici, 103	40-83-00	[5]
  Швеция	Hans Lundquist	Banulescu-Bodoni, 57/1	23-29-83
  Турция	Fatma Firat Topcuoglu	V. Cupcea, 60	24-26-08
  Украина	Петро Чалый	V. Lupu, 17	58-21-51
  Франция	Edmond Pamboukjian	Vlaicu Pîrcalab, 6	20-04-00	[6]

  Города-побратимы

  Вебкамеры

  • webcam.lan.md login: user; password: user — бул. Москова
  • cam.info.md

  См. также

  • Музеи Кишинёва
  • Памятники Кишинёва

  Источники

  1. ↑ ^{1 2 3} Numărul populaţiei stabile al Republicii Moldova la 1 ianuarie 2008, în profil teritorial // Statistica Moldovei : Notă Informativă. — Chişinău: 04.04.2008. — С. 6.
  2. ↑ В.Г. Фоменко Ещё о топониме Кишенёв // Ономастика. — 1969.
  3. ↑ Т.М. Обалдуева Курганы эпохи бронзы на р. Когильник // Изв. Молдавск. филиала АН СССР. — Кишинёв, 1955, №5 (25), стр. 48.
  4. ↑ Конституция Республики Молдова на русском языке; Статья 14 — Столица
  5. ↑ gramota.ru, О написании названий государств — бывших республик СССР и их столиц. Распоряжение Администрации Президента Российской Федерации от 17 августа 1995 г. № 1495
  6. ↑ История Республики Молдова. С древнейших времён до наших дней = Istoria Republicii Moldova: din cele mai vechi timpuri pină în zilele noastre / Асоциация учёных Молдовы им. Н. Милеску-Спэтару. — изд. 2-е, переработанное и дополненное. — Кишинёв: Elan Poligraf, 2002. — С. 198—199. — 360 с. — ISBN 9975-9719-5-4
  7. ↑ Краковская В. Растут налоговые поступления в муниципальный бюджет Кишинёва // Salut.Md.
  8. ↑ Лупан А. В 2007 году Кишинёв не разбогатеет… // Комсомольская правда в Молдове. — 30.12.2006.
  9. ↑ Всё о Бессарабии. Кишинёв
  10. ↑ Наталья Устюгова Столичная школа как она есть // Независимая Молдова. — 19.10.2005.
  11. ↑ Виктор Андон Люди со смешными ящиками // Независимая Молдова. — 28.10.2005.
  12. ↑ Трубецкой Б. А. Пушкин в Молдавии. — Киш.: Литература артистикэ, 1990.

  • Кишинёв. Энциклопедия = Chişinău, Enciclopedie. — Кишинёв: Museum, 1997. — ISBN 9975-906-16-8
  • Кишинёв. Энциклопедия. — Кишинёв: Главная редакция Молдавской Советской Энциклопедии, 1984.

  Литература

  • Şlapac M., Boldureanu A., Nicolae E., Iurcenco N., Râbalco E. Chişinău. — Velmas-Terra Ruxanda, 1996.
  • История Кишинева. — Киш.: 1966.
  • Константинов А. С. Кишинёв. — Киш.: 1966.
  • Одуд А. Л. Кишинёв (Экономико-географический очерк). — Киш.: 1964.
  • Ульянов В., Пилат И. Исторические и памятные места г. Кишинёва. — Киш.: 1957.
  • Юбилейный сборник г. Кишинёва, 1812-1912. — Киш.: 1914.
  • Кишинёв // Электронная еврейская энциклопедия.

  Ссылки

  • Кишинёв — столица Республики Молдова.
  • Интернет-карта города Кишинев.
  • Панорамные фотографии Кишинёва.
  • «Мой город Кишинёв». — Исторический Кишинёв в фотографиях, воспоминаниях.
  • Virtual Kishinev (англ.). — Старые фотографии города.
  • Monumentele de arhitectură în Centrul Istoric al Chişinăului (рум.). — Архитектура исторического центра Кишинёва.
  • Исторические фотографии Кишинёва (англ.).

  

  Секторы и микрорайоны Кишинёва

  Ботаника | Боюканы | Рышкановка | Центр | Чеканы

  Большая Малина | Валя-Дическу | Вистерничены | Малая Малина | Мелестиу | Мунчешты | Новые Чеканы | Отоваска | Петриканы | Скиноаса | Скулянка | Старая Почта | Телецентр | Фрумоаса | Фрумушика | Фулгулешть | Хруска | Чевкары

  

  

  Достопримечательности Кишинёва

  Города Молдавии
  Атаки | Бельцы | Бендеры1 | Бессарабка | Бируинца | Бричаны | Быковец | Вадул-луй-Водэ | Ватра | Вулканешты | Гиндешты | Глодяны | Днестровск | Григориополь1 | Днестровск1 | Дондюшаны | Дрокия | Дубоссары1 | Дурлешты | Единцы | Кагул | Каинары | Калараш | Каменка1 | Кантемир | Каушаны | Кишинёв | Кодру | Комрат | Костешты | Красное | Криково | Криуляны | Корнешты | Купчинь | Леово | Липканы | Маркулешты | Маяк | Ниспорены | Новотираспольский | Новые Анены | Окница | Оргеев | Резина | Рышканы | Рыбница1 | Слободзея1 | Сороки | Страшены | Сынжера | Сынжерея | Тараклия | Теленешты | Тирасполь1 | Унгены | Фалешты | Флорешты | Фрунзе | Хынчешты | Чадыр-Лунга | Чимишлия | Шолданешты | Штефан-Водэ | Яловены | Яргара
  1населённый пункт контролируется непризнанной Приднестровской Молдавской Республикой.

  Молдавия в темах
  История	Молдавское княжество • Бессарабская губерния • Молдавская Демократическая Республика • Бессарабская ССР • В составе Румынии • Молдавская АССР • Молдавская ССР • Республика Молдова
  Символы	Герб • Флаг • Гимн • Легенда об основании
  Политика	Государственный строй • Конституция • Президент • Парламент • Правительство • Внешняя политика
  Вооружённые силы	Сухопутные войска • Военно-воздушные силы
  Экономика	Валюта • Производство вина • Туризм • Транспорт • Банковская система • Интернет • Пресса • Телевидение и радио
  География	Столица • Административное деление • Города • Муниципии • • •  Гагаузия •  Приднестровье
  Общество	Население (Молдаване, Русские) • Кишинёв • Языки (Молдавский, Русский) • Религия • Наука • Спорт • Образование • Здравоохранение
  Культура	Музыка • Литература • Архитектура • Кухня • Праздники
  Портал «Молдавия» • Проект «Молдавия»

Введите текст русскими буквами:

Как будет латинскими буквами:

Зачем переводить русские буквы в латиницу?

Так как у нас Россия пока не очень богатая страна и большинство компаний не может позволить себе организовать раздачу бесплатных образцов для рекламы своего товара, то на данный момент
большинство предложений о халяве приходит из за рубежа.

Так как наиболее распространённым языком является английский, то и формы заказа бесплатных пробников зачастую на английском языке.

Адресную информацию и ФИО получателя в таких формах обязательно необходимо заполнять на латинице. Так как латиницу поймут и наши почтальоны и те компании
которые раздают халяву.

Если же писать на русском, то есть риск,
что организаторы акци просто не захотят тратить время на перевод и понимать что там написано.

Если же писать на английском, то наши почтальоны не поймут кому и куда доставлять.

Самым лучшим вариантом является написание адреса доставки халявы и ФИО получателя халявы на латинице.

Сейчас в интернете полно разных переводчиков, но большинсто из них либо не удобные, либо их нужно долго искать.

Мы же предлагаем пользоваться постоянно нашим бесплатнып переводчиком русского текста на латиницу.

Когда будете заказывать халяву через формы написанные на английском, то пишите адрес доставки и ФИО на латинице.

Перевести русский текст на латиницу позволит наш бесплатный, простой и удобный сервис.
Когда мы заказываем образцы с иностранных сайтов, то всегда так делаем и халява, не всегда конечно :-), но приходит. Значит способ правильный.

КИШИНЕВ — столица Республики Молдова, на р. Бык (приток Днестра). Железнодорожная станция. 676,7 тыс. жителей (1991; включая населенные пункты, подчиненные городской администрации, 730,4 тыс. жителей). Машиностроение (сельскохозяйственные машины, торговое… …   Большой Энциклопедический словарь

кишинев — сущ., кол во синонимов: 3 • город (2765) • кишинёв (1) • столица (274) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 …   Словарь синонимов

Кишинев — (по румынски Киссиноу, по молдавски Кишланоу) губ. г.Бессарабской губ., под 47 …   Энциклопедия Брокгауза и Ефрона

Кишинев — I (по румынски Киссиноу, по молдавански Кишланоу) губернский город Бессарабской губернии, под 47°2 северной широты и 1°30 западной долготы от Пулково, на правом берегу незначительной речки Бык (правый приток Днестра), в 2209 верстах от С.… …   Энциклопедический словарь Ф.А. Брокгауза и И.А. Ефрона

КИШИНЕВ — (молд. Кишинэу) столица Молд. ССР на р. Бык (прав. приток Днестра). Крупный пром. центр. Ж. д. станция и узел шосс. дорог. 267 т. ж. в янв. 1964 (в 1897 108,7 т. ж.; в 1939 112 т. ж.; в 1959 216 т. ж.). Впервые упоминается как селение в грамоте… …   Советская историческая энциклопедия

Кишинев — Муниципий Кишинёв молд. Chişinău Флаг Герб …   Википедия

Кишинев — столица Молдавской ССР, рум. Chis̨inău, укр. Кишинiв, ева. Слово тюрк. происхождения; крым. тат. Kyšlaka näv, также Kyšlanäv (Радлов 2, 838), вероятно, из тур., крым. тат. kyšla зимовка , kуš зима ; ср. также Йордан, ZONF 13, 190 (с литер.) …   Этимологический словарь русского языка Макса Фасмера

Кишинев — Имя столицы Молдовы не имеет, как это ни странно, никакого отношения ни к молдаванам, ни к их кровным братьям – румынам. Появление этого имени объясняется близостыо Крыма, которым владели крымские татары, давшие возникшему на месте современной… …   Этимологический словарь русского языка Крылова

Кишинев — Кишинэу, столица Молдавии. Впервые упоминается в документе 1466 г. Название от др. молд. кишин эу, кишнэу колодец, родник, источник …   Топонимический словарь

Кишинев — (Chisinau, Kishinev)ChisinauKishinev, столица Республики Молдова на р.Бык; 676000 жителей (1990). К., возникший в 1420г. как поселение вокруг монастыря, стал гл. городом Бессарабии, входившей с 1812г. в состав России, в 1918–40гг.… …   Страны мира. Словарь

Кишинев — Смотри также …   Словарь литературных типов

Письменность русского языка основана на кириллическом письме. Однако большинство мировых языков используют для этого латинский алфавит. Далее в статье мы расскажем, как писать латинскими буквами правильно. Это очень важный навык, который может пригодиться в любой ситуации. Как пример, написать грамотно свое имя на латинице нужно уметь при заграничных поездках.

История латинского алфавита

Исторически латинский алфавит делится на архаичный вариант и классический. Первый из них имеет большое сходство с греческим языком, от которого, вероятно, и произошел.

В состав первоначального алфавита входило 27 букв, часть из которых практически не использовались. В состав же классического же алфавита входило 23 буквы. Латынь являлась официальным языком в Древнем Риме, и благодаря римской экспансии этот алфавит получил широкое распространение. В процессе исторического развития в латиницу было добавлено еще несколько букв, и в настоящий момент «базовый латинский алфавит» насчитывает 26 букв и полностью совпадает с современным английским.

Однако практически в каждом языке, который использует латинский алфавит в настоящее время, есть свои дополнительные символы латиницы, например буква «торн» (Þ), которая используется в исландском языке. И примеров такого расширения латиницы много.

А как писать прописные латинские буквы, которые входят в «базовый латинский алфавит»? Есть несколько правил. И по ним, некоторые прописные буквы являются уменьшенными копиями заглавных, часть же букв незначительно отличается.

Русская латиница

Самые первые случаи использования латиницы для письменности восточнославянских языков относятся к периоду XVI-XVII веков, когда латиница появлялась в документах Великого княжества Литовского и Речи Посполитой.

Позднее уже на территории Российского государства неоднократно поднимался вопрос о смене кириллицы на латиницу. Вначале эта мысль появилась у Петра I, который на фоне экономических преобразований европейского уклона задумал и языковую реформу. Однако Петр так и не исполнил это свое желание.

Еще более усилились призывы к смене алфавита в XIX веке. Особенно за это ратовали представители течения «западников». И опять же, никакой перемены алфавита не было. Ведь у противников латиницы было много сторонников. В том числе и министр Уваров, автор теории официальной народности. Введение латиницы, по мнению противников перехода, означало бы потерю культурной уникальности.

После октябрьской революции большевики планировали все народности перевести на латиницу. Было предложено несколько вариантов для русского языка. Однако период «латинизации» быстро закончился, и в руководстве СССР принялись наоборот переводить все языки на кириллицу. После этого вопрос смены алфавита в СССР был закрыт.

После падения коммунистического режима также неоднократно поднимался вопрос параллельного хождения кириллического алфавита с латинским, как в том же Узбекистане, однако общественность блокировала такие предложения. Несмотря на всю неоднозначность этого вопроса, введение латинского алфавита могло бы быть полезным для русского языка. Это сделало бы его открытым для дальнейшей культурной экспансии. Но у введения латиницы в русском языке есть и небольшой минус — старшему поколению будет трудно понять, как писать латинскими буквами.

Транслитерация с кириллицы на латиницу

Единых правил для транслитерации с кириллицы на латиницу не существует. Однако в настоящее время в Российской Федерации используется определенный стандарт, которого придерживаются сотрудники Федеральной Миграционной Службы.

Он периодически критикуется, однако принят за официальный. В нем заменяются словосочетаниями буквы, которых нет в латинском алфавите: Э, Ш, Щ, Ю, Ж, Ц, Ч, Я. Остальные буквы фактически идентичны своим латинским аналогам.

Как написать латинскими буквами фамилию и имя

Обычно эту процедуру нужно проходить при получении заграничного паспорта или виз. Все документы, в которых требуется транслитерация, заполняются по правилу ISO 9, которого придерживаются в Федеральной Миграционной Службе. По этому правилу переводят фамилии на латиницу. Предлагаем вам шкалу транслитерации.

Благодаря этой таблице можно любое слово, написанное на кириллице, написать латиницей. Например, Иванов Иван Иванович на латинице будет Ivanov Ivan Ivanovich.

Вывод

Споры о том, какой алфавит требуется русскому языку не утихают достаточно долго. У каждого из мнений есть свои преимущества и недостатки. В нашей стране на протяжении столетий идут дискуссии, и конца им пока не видать. Однако уметь писать латинскими буквами — достаточно важное умение. Оно может пригодиться при получении заграничного паспорта, визы, оформления документов в других государствах.

В этой статье мы показали как правильно написать свое имя и фамилию латиницей. Но это не все. С помощью приведенной здесь таблицы можно любое кириллическое слово написать латиницей. Надеемся, что после прочтения этой статьи вы поняли, как писать латинскими буквами.

Chișinău
City
Views of Chișinău: Chișinău City Hall, Triumphal Arch and Nativity Cathedral, Stephen the Great monument, Socrealist architecture and Chișinău Botanical Garden, Endava Tower
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Orașul din piatră albă («The city of white stone»)
Chișinău Location of Chișinău in Moldova Chișinău Chișinău (Europe)
Coordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°ECoordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°E
Country	Moldova
First written mention	1436[1]
Government
• Mayor	Ion Ceban
Area [2]
• City	123 km2 (47 sq mi)
• Metro	571.6 km2 (217.5 sq mi)
Elevation	85 m (279 ft)
Population  (2014 census)[3]
• City	532,513
• Estimate  (2019)[4]	639,000
• Density	4,329/km2 (11,210/sq mi)
• Urban [4]	702,300
• Rural [4]	77,000
• Metro [4]	779,300
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Postal code	MD-20xx
Area code	+373-22
ISO 3166 code	MD-CU
Gross regional product[5]	2022
– Total	€5.1 billion
– Per capita	€10,800
HDI (2019)	0.817[6] very high · 1st
Website	www.chisinau.md
a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7]

Chișinău ( KISH-ih-NOW, KEE-shee-NOW, Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also known as Kishinev (Russian: Кишинёв [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), is the capital and largest city^[8] of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova’s main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000.
Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova’s population lives in the metro area.

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the city’s name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning «spring», «source of water») and nouă («new»), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.^[9]

The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelling: Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.^[10] Kisjenő comes from kis «small» and the Jenő, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.^[11][12]

Chișinău is known in Russian as Kishinyov (Кишинёв; [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova’s Russian-language media call it Кишинэу, [kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ] (Kishineu). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as Chișineu in pre-20th-century Romanian^[13] and as Кишинэу in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English-language name for the city, Kishinev, was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based Chișinău has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau, Polish: Kiszyniów, Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv, or Yiddish: קעשענעװ, romanized: Keshenev.

History[edit]

Moldavian period[edit]

Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.

Russian Imperial period[edit]

In 1812, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), the eastern half of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian Empire. The newly acquired territories became known as Bessarabia.

Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexed oblast (later guberniya) of Bessarabia. By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architect Avraam Melnikov established the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului with a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of the Triumphal Arch, planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.

On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked by rail with Tiraspol, and in 1873 with Cornești. Chișinău-Ungheni-Iași railway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The town played an important part in the war between Russia and Ottoman Empire, as the main staging area of the Russian invasion. During the Belle Époque, the mayor of the city was Carol Schmidt, considered^{[by whom?]} one of Chișinău’s best mayors. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.^[14]

Pogroms and pre-revolution[edit]

In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.^[15]

As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a large anti-Semitic riot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as the Kishinev pogrom. The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.^[16] Some sources say 49 people were killed.^[17] The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time, Bessarabetz (Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on behalf of the American people by US President Theodore Roosevelt in July 1903.^[18]

On 22 August 1905 another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about the October Manifesto. However, these demonstrations suddenly turned into another anti-Jewish pogrom, resulting in 19 deaths.^[18]

Romanian period[edit]

Following the Russian October Revolution, Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,^[19] became the second largest city in Romania.

Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook large renovation work. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.

In 1927, the Stephen the Great Monument, by the sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală, was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of the University of Iași to Chișinău, as the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.

World War II[edit]

On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Bessarabia was annexed by the Soviet Union from Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by the NKVD between June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people were summarily executed in Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.^[20] As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families were deported from Bessarabia to other regions of the USSR.

A devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was in the Vrancea Mountains, and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).^[21][22]

In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht, declaring war on the Soviet Union. Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Nazi air raids. However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVD destruction battalions, which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.^[23]

During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from the Nazi extermination policy of its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.^[24] During this time, Chișinău, part of the Lăpușna County, was the capital of the newly established Bessarabia Governorate of Romania.^[25]

As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of the Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive.

Soviet period[edit]

After the war, Bessarabia was fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

Two other waves of deportations of Moldova’s native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s, and the second one in the mid-1950s.^[26][27]

In the years 1947 to 1949, the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.^{[citation needed]}

There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan «good, cheaper and built faster». The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.^{[citation needed]} These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally called Khrushchyovka.

The period of the most significant redevelopment of the city began in 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union adopted a decision «On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev», which secured more than one billion rubles in investment from the state budget,^[28] and continued until the independence of Moldova in 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.^[29]

On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastating earthquake. Several people were killed and panic broke out.

After independence[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

Many streets of Chișinău are named after historic persons, places or events. Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.^[30]

Geography[edit]

Chișinău is located on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester, at 47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E, with an area of 120 km² (46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km² (245 sq mi).

The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.

Climate[edit]

Chișinău has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer is relatively low, there are infrequent yet heavy storms.

Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 to 24 °C (61 to 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

Law and government[edit]

Municipality[edit]

Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.^[34]

Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the 2014 Moldovan census,^[7] is shown in brackets:

Cities/towns[edit]

Communes[edit]

Administration[edit]

Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor (Romanian: Primar), both elected once every four years.

His predecessor was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean — elected to parliament in 2005 — was unable to hold an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader subsequently accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului and improvements in public transport.

Local government[edit]

The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name five pretors, one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:^[35]

Economy[edit]

Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.^[19] Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy^[36] reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova’s average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.

Notable sites around Chișinău include the cinema Patria, the new malls Malldova, Megapolis Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Fidesco, Green Hills, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at the bazaars, many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at Malldova. Elăt, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the center, are more popular with locals.

Several amusement parks exist around the city. A Soviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city center. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the center. A circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.^[37]

Demographics[edit]

City of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1812[38] 7,000 —     1818[38] 10,966 +7.77% 1835[38] 34,079 +6.90% 1847[38] 43,965 +2.15% 1851 58,849 +7.56% 1865 94,047 +3.41%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1897(c)[39] 108,483 +0.45% 1912 121,000 +0.73% 1930(c)[39] 114,896 −0.29% 1950 134,000 +0.77% 1963 253,500 +5.03% 1980 519,200 +4.31%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1991 676,700 +2.44% 2004(c)[40] 589,446 −1.06% 2014(c)[3] 532,513 −1.01% 2017(e)[41] 685,900 +8.80% 2019(e)[4] 639,000 −3.48%
c-census; e-estimate

Municipality of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1959(c) 258,910 —     1970(c) 415,956 +4.40% 1979(c) 589,140 +3.94% 1989(c) 770,948 +2.73%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 2004(c) 712,218 −0.53% 2014(c) 662,836 −0.72% 2017(e) 820,500 +7.37% 2019(e) 779,300 −2.54%
c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][42]

According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the 2004 census.

Natural statistics (2015):^[43]

• Births: 6,845 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 6,433 (7.7 per 1,000)
• Net Growth rate: 412 (2.1 per 1,000)

Population by sector:

Sector	Population (2004 cen.)[43]	Population (2019 est.)[4]
Botanica	156,633	170,600
Buiucani	107,744	110,100
Centru	90,494	96,200
Ciocana	101,834	115,900
Râșcani	132,740	146,200

Ethnic composition[edit]

Languages[edit]

Languages usually spoken in Chișinău (Censuses 1989–2014)

First language	19891	20042	20143
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Romanian*	—	258,910	37.06	197,101	43.78
Moldovan*	117,527	17.34	199,547	28.56	133,027	29.55
Russian	482,436	71.20	234,037	33.50	115,434	25.64
Other languages	77,627	11.46	6,106	0.87	4,635	1.03
Total	714,928	712,218	469,402
* The Moldovan language represents the glottonym (dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova.
1Sursă:[8][failed verification]. 2Sursă:[9]. 3Sursă:[10].

Religion[edit]

Chișinău is the seat of the Moldovan Orthodox Church, as well as of the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The city has multiple churches and synagogues.^[19]

• Christians – 90.0%
  • Orthodox Christians – 88.4%
  • Protestant – 1.2%
    • Baptists – 0.6%
    • Evangelicals – 0.4%
    • Pentecostals – 0.2%
    • Seventh-day Adventists – 0.1%
  • Roman Catholics – 0.4%
• Other – 1.0%
• No religion – 1.4%
• Atheists – 1.5%
• Undeclared – 6.1%

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Chișinău’s growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of the Kishinev Cathedral and its belfry was finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such as Ciuflea Monastery or the Transfiguration Church. Much of the city is made from limestone quarried from Cricova, leaving a famous wine cellar there.

Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, and Unión Fenosa headquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.

Culture and education[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)

Education[edit]

The city is home to 12 public and 11 private universities, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years of college education.

In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography & Natural History, the National Museum of Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology & History.

The National Library of Moldova is located in Chișinău.^[44]

• 

• 

• 

  Waterfall Steps at the Mill Valley Park

• 

• 

  Organ Hall

• 

Events and festivals[edit]

Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say «Patria Mea» (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.

Moldova National Wine Day and Wine Festival take place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country’s long history of winemaking, which dates back some 500 years.^[45][46]

In popular culture[edit]

The city is the main setting of the 2016 Netflix film Spectral, which takes place in the near future during the fictional Moldovan War.

Media[edit]

The majority of Moldova’s media industry is based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău, Radio Basarabia, was launched by the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company on 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from the Nativity Cathedral. The first TV station in the city, Moldova 1, was launched on 30 April 1958, while Nicolae Lupan was serving as the redactor-in-chief of TeleRadio-Moldova.^[47]

The state national broadcaster in the country is the state-owned Moldova 1, which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts of TeleradioMoldova have been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing ‘bias’ towards the authorities.^[48]

Other TV channels based in Chișinău are Pro TV Chișinău, PRIME, Jurnal TV, Publika TV, CTC, DTV, Euro TV, TV8, etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radio Vocea Basarabiei, Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova, Russkoye Radio, Hit FM Moldova, and many others.

The biggest broadcasters are SunTV, StarNet (IPTV), Moldtelecom (IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launched digital TV cable networks.

Politics[edit]

Elections[edit]

Transport[edit]

Airport[edit]

Chișinău International Airport offers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.

Air Moldova and FlyOne airlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.^[49]

Road[edit]

The most popular form of internal transport in Moldova is generally the bus.^{[citation needed]} Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as the means of transport between cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations include Tiraspol, Odesa (Ukraine), Iași and Bucharest (Romania).

Rail[edit]

The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed by Moldovan Railway CFM (as of 2009) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways is Chișinău Central Railway Station. There is another smaller railway station – Revaca located on the city’s ends.

Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Odesa, Moscow, Samara, Varna and St. Petersburg. Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognised Transnistria republic the rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.^{[citation needed]}

Public transport[edit]

Trolleybuses[edit]

There is wide trolleybus network operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.^{[clarification needed]} Trolleybus ticket costs at about 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.

Buses[edit]

There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.^[50]

Minibuses[edit]

In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as «rutieras» generally follow the major bus and trolleybus routes and appear more frequently.^[51]

As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău. Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3 lei for a ticket (ca. $0.18).^[52]

Traffic[edit]

The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.^{[citation needed]} The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.^{[citation needed]}

Sport[edit]

There are three professional football clubs in Chișinău: Zimbru and Academia of the Moldovan National Division (first level), and Real Succes of the Moldovan «A» Division (second level). Of the larger public multi-use stadiums in the city is the Stadionul Dinamo (Dinamo Stadium), which has a capacity of 2,692. The Zimbru Stadium, opened in May 2006 with a capacity of 10,500 sitting places, meets all the requirements for holding official international matches, and was the venue for all Moldova’s Euro 2008 qualifying games.
There are discussions to build a new olympic stadium with capacity of circa 25,000 seats, that would meet all international requirements. Since 2011 CS Femina-Sport Chișinău has organised women’s competitions in seven sports.

Notable people[edit]

Natives[edit]

• Olga Bancic, known for her role in the French Resistance during World War II
• Petru Cazacu, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1918
• Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano and actress, one of Europe’s greatest opera stars in the 1930s and 1940s
• Toma Ciorbă, Romanian physician and hospital director
• Ion Cuțelaba, UFC light heavyweight fighter
• William F. Friedman, American cryptologist
• Dennis Gaitsgory, professor of mathematics at Harvard University
• Natalia Gheorghiu, pediatric surgeon and professor
• Sarah Gorby, French-Jewish singer
• Anatole Jakovsky, French art critic
• Boris Katz, computer scientist at MIT
• Nathaniel Kleitman, American physiologist
• Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
• Grigory Lvovsky, composer
• Boris Mints, Russian billionaire
• Lewis Milestone, American motion picture director
• Sacha Moldovan, American expressionist and post-impressionist painter
• Ilya Oleynikov, comic actor and television personality
• Nina Pekerman, Israeli triathlete
• Lev Pisarzhevsky, Soviet chemist
• Andrew Rayel, stage name of Andrei Rață, a Moldovan DJ
• Yulia Sister, Israeli chemist
• Alexander Ulanovsky, the chief illegal «rezident» for Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
• Maria Winetzkaja, American opera singer in the 1910s–1920s
• Iona Yakir, Red Army commander executed during the Great Purge
• Chaim Yassky, Jewish physician killed in the Hadassah medical convoy massacre
• Sam Zemurray, American businessman who made his fortune in the banana trade
• Sergey Spivak, Moldovan Heavyweight UFC fighter
• Rusanda Panfili, Classical violinist & composer

Residents[edit]

• Dan Balan, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
• Gheorghe Botezatu, American engineer, businessman and pioneer of helicopter flight
• Eugen Doga, composer
• Israel Gohberg, Soviet and Israeli mathematician
• Dovid Knut, poet and member of the French Resistance
• Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, and composer
• SunStroke Project, Moldovan representative for the Eurovision Song Contests 2010 and 2017
• Zlata Tkach, composer and music educator

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Chișinău is twinned with:^[53]

Notes and references[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Map of Chișinău
• Chişinău, Moldova at JewishGen
• Chisinau online camera

Chișinău
City
Views of Chișinău: Chișinău City Hall, Triumphal Arch and Nativity Cathedral, Stephen the Great monument, Socrealist architecture and Chișinău Botanical Garden, Endava Tower
Flag Coat of arms
Nickname(s):  Orașul din piatră albă («The city of white stone»)
Chișinău Location of Chișinău in Moldova Chișinău Chișinău (Europe)
Coordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°ECoordinates: 47°01′22″N 28°50′07″E / 47.02278°N 28.83528°E
Country	Moldova
First written mention	1436[1]
Government
• Mayor	Ion Ceban
Area [2]
• City	123 km2 (47 sq mi)
• Metro	571.6 km2 (217.5 sq mi)
Elevation	85 m (279 ft)
Population  (2014 census)[3]
• City	532,513
• Estimate  (2019)[4]	639,000
• Density	4,329/km2 (11,210/sq mi)
• Urban [4]	702,300
• Rural [4]	77,000
• Metro [4]	779,300
Time zone	UTC+02:00 (EET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+03:00 (EEST)
Postal code	MD-20xx
Area code	+373-22
ISO 3166 code	MD-CU
Gross regional product[5]	2022
– Total	€5.1 billion
– Per capita	€10,800
HDI (2019)	0.817[6] very high · 1st
Website	www.chisinau.md
a As the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which comprises the city of Chișinău and 34 other suburban localities)[7]

Chișinău ( KISH-ih-NOW, KEE-shee-NOW, Romanian: [kiʃiˈnəw] (listen)), also known as Kishinev (Russian: Кишинёв [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), is the capital and largest city^[8] of the Republic of Moldova. The city is Moldova’s main industrial and commercial center, and is located in the middle of the country, on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester. According to the results of the 2014 census, the city proper had a population of 532,513, while the population of the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the city itself and other nearby communities) was 700,000.
Chișinău is the most economically prosperous locality in Moldova and its largest transportation hub. Nearly a third of Moldova’s population lives in the metro area.

Etymology[edit]

The origin of the city’s name is unclear. A theory suggests that the name may come from the archaic Romanian word chișla (meaning «spring», «source of water») and nouă («new»), because it was built around a small spring, at the corner of Pușkin and Albișoara streets.^[9]

The other version, formulated by Ștefan Ciobanu, Romanian historian and academician, holds that the name was formed the same way as the name of Chișineu (alternative spelling: Chișinău) in Western Romania, near the border with Hungary. Its Hungarian name is Kisjenő, from which the Romanian name originates.^[10] Kisjenő comes from kis «small» and the Jenő, one of the seven Hungarian tribes that entered the Carpathian Basin in 896. At least 24 other settlements are named after the Jenő tribe.^[11][12]

Chișinău is known in Russian as Kishinyov (Кишинёв; [kʲɪʂɨˈnʲɵf]), while Moldova’s Russian-language media call it Кишинэу, [kʲɪʂɨˈnɛʊ] (Kishineu). It is written Kişinöv in the Latin Gagauz alphabet. It was also written as Chișineu in pre-20th-century Romanian^[13] and as Кишинэу in the Moldovan Cyrillic alphabet. Historically, the English-language name for the city, Kishinev, was based on the modified Russian one because it entered the English language via Russian at the time Chișinău was part of the Russian Empire (e.g. Kishinev pogrom). Therefore, it remains a common English name in some historical contexts. Otherwise, the Romanian-based Chișinău has been steadily gaining wider currency, especially in written language. The city is also historically referred to as German: Kischinau, Polish: Kiszyniów, Ukrainian: Кишинів, romanized: Kyshyniv, or Yiddish: קעשענעװ, romanized: Keshenev.

History[edit]

Moldavian period[edit]

Founded in 1436 as a monastery village, the city was part of the Principality of Moldavia (which, starting with the 16th century became a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire, but still retaining its autonomy). At the beginning of the 19th century Chișinău was a small town of 7,000 inhabitants.

Russian Imperial period[edit]

In 1812, in the aftermath of the Russo-Turkish War (1806–1812), the eastern half of Moldavia was ceded by the Ottomans to the Russian Empire. The newly acquired territories became known as Bessarabia.

Under Russian government, Chișinău became the capital of the newly annexed oblast (later guberniya) of Bessarabia. By 1834, an imperial townscape with broad and long roads had emerged as a result of a generous development plan, which divided Chișinău roughly into two areas: the old part of the town, with its irregular building structures, and a newer city centre and station. Between 26 May 1830 and 13 October 1836 the architect Avraam Melnikov established the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului with a magnificent bell tower. In 1840 the building of the Triumphal Arch, planned by the architect Luca Zaushkevich, was completed. Following this the construction of numerous buildings and landmarks began.

On 28 August 1871, Chișinău was linked by rail with Tiraspol, and in 1873 with Cornești. Chișinău-Ungheni-Iași railway was opened on 1 June 1875 in preparation for the Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878). The town played an important part in the war between Russia and Ottoman Empire, as the main staging area of the Russian invasion. During the Belle Époque, the mayor of the city was Carol Schmidt, considered^{[by whom?]} one of Chișinău’s best mayors. Its population had grown to 92,000 by 1862, and to 125,787 by 1900.^[14]

Pogroms and pre-revolution[edit]

In the late 19th century, especially due to growing anti-Semitic sentiment in the Russian Empire and better economic conditions in Moldova, many Jews chose to settle in Chișinău. By the year 1897, 46% of the population of Chișinău was Jewish, over 50,000 people.^[15]

As part of the pogrom wave organized in the Russian Empire, a large anti-Semitic riot was organized in the town on 19–20 April 1903, which would later be known as the Kishinev pogrom. The rioting continued for three days, resulting in 47 Jews dead, 92 severely wounded, and 500 suffering minor injuries. In addition, several hundred houses and many businesses were plundered and destroyed.^[16] Some sources say 49 people were killed.^[17] The pogroms are largely believed to have been incited by anti-Jewish propaganda in the only official newspaper of the time, Bessarabetz (Бессарабецъ). Mayor Schmidt disapproved of the incident and resigned later in 1903. The reactions to this incident included a petition to Tsar Nicholas II of Russia on behalf of the American people by US President Theodore Roosevelt in July 1903.^[18]

On 22 August 1905 another violent event occurred: the police opened fire on an estimated 3,000 demonstrating agricultural workers. Only a few months later, 19–20 October 1905, a further protest occurred, helping to force the hand of Nicholas II in bringing about the October Manifesto. However, these demonstrations suddenly turned into another anti-Jewish pogrom, resulting in 19 deaths.^[18]

Romanian period[edit]

Following the Russian October Revolution, Bessarabia declared independence from the crumbling empire, as the Moldavian Democratic Republic, before joining the Kingdom of Romania. As of 1919, Chișinău, with an estimated population of 133,000,^[19] became the second largest city in Romania.

Between 1918 and 1940, the center of the city undertook large renovation work. Romania granted important subsidies to its province and initiated large scale investment programs in the infrastructure of the main cities in Bessarabia, expanded the railroad infrastructure and started an extensive program to eradicate illiteracy.

In 1927, the Stephen the Great Monument, by the sculptor Alexandru Plămădeală, was erected. In 1933, the first higher education institution in Bessarabia was established, by transferring the Agricultural Sciences Section of the University of Iași to Chișinău, as the Faculty of Agricultural Sciences.

World War II[edit]

On 28 June 1940, as a direct result of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact, Bessarabia was annexed by the Soviet Union from Romania, and Chișinău became the capital of the newly created Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic.

Following the Soviet occupation, mass deportations, linked with atrocities, were executed by the NKVD between June 1940 and June 1941. More than 400 people were summarily executed in Chișinău in July 1940 and buried in the grounds of the Metropolitan Palace, the Chișinău Theological Institute, and the backyard of the Italian Consulate, where the NKVD had established its headquarters.^[20] As part of the policy of political repression of the potential opposition to the Communist power, tens of thousand members of native families were deported from Bessarabia to other regions of the USSR.

A devastating earthquake occurred on 10 November 1940, measuring 7.4 (or 7.7, according to other sources) on the Richter scale. The epicenter of the quake was in the Vrancea Mountains, and it led to substantial destruction: 78 deaths and 2,795 damaged buildings (of which 172 were destroyed).^[21][22]

In June 1941, in order to recover Bessarabia, Romania entered World War II under the command of the German Wehrmacht, declaring war on the Soviet Union. Chișinău was severely affected in the chaos of the Second World War. In June and July 1941, the city came under bombardment by Nazi air raids. However, the Romanian and newly Moldovan sources assign most of the responsibility for the damage to Soviet NKVD destruction battalions, which operated in Chișinău until 17 July 1941, when it was captured by Axis forces.^[23]

During the German and Romanian military administration, the city suffered from the Nazi extermination policy of its Jewish inhabitants, who were transported on trucks to the outskirts of the city and then summarily shot in partially dug pits. The number of Jews murdered during the initial occupation of the city is estimated at 10,000 people.^[24] During this time, Chișinău, part of the Lăpușna County, was the capital of the newly established Bessarabia Governorate of Romania.^[25]

As the war drew to a conclusion, the city was once again the scene of heavy fighting as German and Romanian troops retreated. Chișinău was captured by the Red Army on 24 August 1944 as a result of the Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive.

Soviet period[edit]

After the war, Bessarabia was fully reintegrated into the Soviet Union, around 65 percent of its territory as the Moldavian SSR, while the remaining 35 percent was transferred to the Ukrainian SSR.

Two other waves of deportations of Moldova’s native population were carried out by the Soviets, the first one immediately after the Soviet reoccupation of Bessarabia until the end of the 1940s, and the second one in the mid-1950s.^[26][27]

In the years 1947 to 1949, the architect Alexey Shchusev developed a plan with the aid of a team of architects for the gradual reconstruction of the city.^{[citation needed]}

There was rapid population growth in the 1950s, to which the Soviet administration responded by constructing large-scale housing and palaces in the style of Stalinist architecture. This process continued under Nikita Khrushchev, who called for construction under the slogan «good, cheaper and built faster». The new architectural style brought about dramatic change and generated the style that dominates today, with large blocks of flats arranged in considerable settlements.^{[citation needed]} These Khrushchev-era buildings are often informally called Khrushchyovka.

The period of the most significant redevelopment of the city began in 1971, when the Council of Ministers of the Soviet Union adopted a decision «On the measures for further development of the city of Kishinev», which secured more than one billion rubles in investment from the state budget,^[28] and continued until the independence of Moldova in 1991. The share of dwellings built during the Soviet period (1951–1990) represents 74.3 percent of total households.^[29]

On 4 March 1977, the city was again jolted by a devastating earthquake. Several people were killed and panic broke out.

After independence[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (May 2012)

Many streets of Chișinău are named after historic persons, places or events. Independence from the Soviet Union was followed by a large-scale renaming of streets and localities from a Communist theme into a national one.^[30]

Geography[edit]

Chișinău is located on the river Bâc, a tributary of the Dniester, at 47°0′N 28°55′E / 47.000°N 28.917°E, with an area of 120 km² (46 sq mi). The municipality comprises 635 km² (245 sq mi).

The city lies in central Moldova and is surrounded by a relatively level landscape with very fertile ground.

Climate[edit]

Chișinău has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dfa) characterised by warm summers and cold, windy winters. Winter minimum temperatures are often below 0 °C (32 °F), although they rarely drop below −10 °C (14 °F). In summer, the average maximum temperature is approximately 25 °C (77 °F), however, temperatures occasionally reach 35 to 40 °C (95 to 104 °F) in mid-summer in downtown. Although average precipitation and humidity during summer is relatively low, there are infrequent yet heavy storms.

Spring and autumn temperatures vary between 16 to 24 °C (61 to 75 °F), and precipitation during this time tends to be lower than in summer but with more frequent yet milder periods of rain.

Law and government[edit]

Municipality[edit]

Moldova is administratively subdivided into 3 municipalities, 32 districts, and 2 autonomous units. With a population of 662,836 inhabitants (as of 2014), the Municipality of Chișinău (which includes the nearby communities) is the largest of these municipalities.^[34]

Besides the city itself, the municipality comprises 34 other suburban localities: 6 towns (containing further 2 villages within), and 12 communes (containing further 14 villages within). The population, as of the 2014 Moldovan census,^[7] is shown in brackets:

Cities/towns[edit]

Communes[edit]

Administration[edit]

Chișinău is governed by the City Council and the City Mayor (Romanian: Primar), both elected once every four years.

His predecessor was Serafim Urechean. Under the Moldovan constitution, Urechean — elected to parliament in 2005 — was unable to hold an additional post to that of an MP. The Democratic Moldova Bloc leader subsequently accepted his mandate and in April resigned from his former position. During his 11-year term, Urechean committed himself to the restoration of the church tower of the Catedrala Nașterea Domnului and improvements in public transport.

Local government[edit]

The municipality in its totality elects a mayor and a local council, which then name five pretors, one for each sector. They deal more locally with administrative matters. Each sector claims a part of the city and several suburbs:^[35]

Economy[edit]

Historically, the city was home to fourteen factories in 1919.^[19] Chișinău is the financial and business capital of Moldova. Its GDP comprises about 60% of the national economy^[36] reached in 2012 the amount of 52 billion lei (US$4 billion). Thus, the GDP per capita of Chișinău stood at 227% of the Moldova’s average. Chișinău has the largest and most developed mass media sector in Moldova, and is home to several related companies ranging from leading television networks and radio stations to major newspapers. All national and international banks (15) have their headquarters located in Chișinău.

Notable sites around Chișinău include the cinema Patria, the new malls Malldova, Megapolis Mall and best-known retailers, such as N1, Fidesco, Green Hills, Fourchette and Metro. While many locals continue to shop at the bazaars, many upper class residents and tourists shop at the retail stores and at Malldova. Elăt, an older mall in the Botanica district, and Sun City, in the center, are more popular with locals.

Several amusement parks exist around the city. A Soviet-era one is located in the Botanica district, along the three lakes of a major park, which reaches the outskirts of the city center. Another, the modern Aventura Park, is located farther from the center. A circus, which used to be in a grand building in the Râșcani sector, has been inactive for several years due to a poorly funded renovation project.^[37]

Demographics[edit]

City of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1812[38] 7,000 —     1818[38] 10,966 +7.77% 1835[38] 34,079 +6.90% 1847[38] 43,965 +2.15% 1851 58,849 +7.56% 1865 94,047 +3.41%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1897(c)[39] 108,483 +0.45% 1912 121,000 +0.73% 1930(c)[39] 114,896 −0.29% 1950 134,000 +0.77% 1963 253,500 +5.03% 1980 519,200 +4.31%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1991 676,700 +2.44% 2004(c)[40] 589,446 −1.06% 2014(c)[3] 532,513 −1.01% 2017(e)[41] 685,900 +8.80% 2019(e)[4] 639,000 −3.48%
c-census; e-estimate

Municipality of Chișinău

Year Pop. ±% p.a. 1959(c) 258,910 —     1970(c) 415,956 +4.40% 1979(c) 589,140 +3.94% 1989(c) 770,948 +2.73%	Year Pop. ±% p.a. 2004(c) 712,218 −0.53% 2014(c) 662,836 −0.72% 2017(e) 820,500 +7.37% 2019(e) 779,300 −2.54%
c-census; e-estimate; Source:[4][42]

According to the results of the 2014 Moldovan census, conducted in May 2014, 532,513 inhabitants live within the Chișinău city limits. This represents a 9.7% drop in the number of residents compared to the results of the 2004 census.

Natural statistics (2015):^[43]

• Births: 6,845 (9.8 per 1,000)
• Deaths: 6,433 (7.7 per 1,000)
• Net Growth rate: 412 (2.1 per 1,000)

Population by sector:

Sector	Population (2004 cen.)[43]	Population (2019 est.)[4]
Botanica	156,633	170,600
Buiucani	107,744	110,100
Centru	90,494	96,200
Ciocana	101,834	115,900
Râșcani	132,740	146,200

Ethnic composition[edit]

Languages[edit]

Languages usually spoken in Chișinău (Censuses 1989–2014)

First language	19891	20042	20143
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Romanian*	—	258,910	37.06	197,101	43.78
Moldovan*	117,527	17.34	199,547	28.56	133,027	29.55
Russian	482,436	71.20	234,037	33.50	115,434	25.64
Other languages	77,627	11.46	6,106	0.87	4,635	1.03
Total	714,928	712,218	469,402
* The Moldovan language represents the glottonym (dialect) given to the Romanian language in the Republic of Moldova.
1Sursă:[8][failed verification]. 2Sursă:[9]. 3Sursă:[10].

Religion[edit]

Chișinău is the seat of the Moldovan Orthodox Church, as well as of the Metropolis of Bessarabia. The city has multiple churches and synagogues.^[19]

• Christians – 90.0%
  • Orthodox Christians – 88.4%
  • Protestant – 1.2%
    • Baptists – 0.6%
    • Evangelicals – 0.4%
    • Pentecostals – 0.2%
    • Seventh-day Adventists – 0.1%
  • Roman Catholics – 0.4%
• Other – 1.0%
• No religion – 1.4%
• Atheists – 1.5%
• Undeclared – 6.1%

Cityscape[edit]

Architecture[edit]

Chișinău’s growth plan was developed in the 19th century. In 1836 the construction of the Kishinev Cathedral and its belfry was finished. The belfry was demolished in Soviet times and was rebuilt in 1997. Chișinău also displays a tremendous number of Orthodox churches and 19th-century buildings around the city such as Ciuflea Monastery or the Transfiguration Church. Much of the city is made from limestone quarried from Cricova, leaving a famous wine cellar there.

Many modern-style buildings have been built in the city since 1991. There are many office and shopping complexes that are modern, renovated or newly built, including Kentford, SkyTower, and Unión Fenosa headquarters. However, the old Soviet-style clusters of living blocks are still an extensive feature of the cityscape.

Culture and education[edit]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (April 2011)

Education[edit]

The city is home to 12 public and 11 private universities, the Academy of Sciences of Moldova, a number of institutions offering high school and 1–2 years of college education.

In Chișinău there are several museums. The three national museums are the National Museum of Ethnography & Natural History, the National Museum of Arts and the National Museum of Archaeology & History.

The National Library of Moldova is located in Chișinău.^[44]

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  Waterfall Steps at the Mill Valley Park

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  Organ Hall

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Events and festivals[edit]

Chișinău, as well as Moldova as a whole, still show signs of ethnic culture. Signs that say «Patria Mea» (English: My homeland) can be found all over the capital. While few people still wear traditional Moldavian attire, large public events often draw in such original costumes.

Moldova National Wine Day and Wine Festival take place every year in the first weekend of October, in Chișinău. The events celebrate the autumn harvest and recognises the country’s long history of winemaking, which dates back some 500 years.^[45][46]

In popular culture[edit]

The city is the main setting of the 2016 Netflix film Spectral, which takes place in the near future during the fictional Moldovan War.

Media[edit]

The majority of Moldova’s media industry is based in Chișinău. There are almost 30 FM-radio stations and 10 TV-channels broadcasting in Chișinău. The first radio station in Chișinău, Radio Basarabia, was launched by the Romanian Radio Broadcasting Company on 8 October 1939, when the religious service was broadcast on air from the Nativity Cathedral. The first TV station in the city, Moldova 1, was launched on 30 April 1958, while Nicolae Lupan was serving as the redactor-in-chief of TeleRadio-Moldova.^[47]

The state national broadcaster in the country is the state-owned Moldova 1, which has its head office in the city. The broadcasts of TeleradioMoldova have been criticised by the Independent Journalism Center as showing ‘bias’ towards the authorities.^[48]

Other TV channels based in Chișinău are Pro TV Chișinău, PRIME, Jurnal TV, Publika TV, CTC, DTV, Euro TV, TV8, etc. In addition to television, most Moldovan radio and newspaper companies have their headquarters in the city. Broadcasters include the national radio Vocea Basarabiei, Prime FM, BBC Moldova, Radio Europa Libera, Kiss FM Chișinău, Pro FM Chișinău, Radio 21, Fresh FM, Radio Nova, Russkoye Radio, Hit FM Moldova, and many others.

The biggest broadcasters are SunTV, StarNet (IPTV), Moldtelecom (IPTV), Satellit and Zebra TV. In 2007 SunTV and Zebra launched digital TV cable networks.

Politics[edit]

Elections[edit]

Transport[edit]

Airport[edit]

Chișinău International Airport offers connections to major destinations in Europe and Asia.

Air Moldova and FlyOne airlines have their headquarters, and Wizz-Air has its hub on the grounds of Chișinău International Airport.^[49]

Road[edit]

The most popular form of internal transport in Moldova is generally the bus.^{[citation needed]} Although the city has just three main terminals, buses generally serve as the means of transport between cities in and outside of Moldova. Popular destinations include Tiraspol, Odesa (Ukraine), Iași and Bucharest (Romania).

Rail[edit]

The second most popular form of domestic transportation within Moldova is via railways. The total length of the network managed by Moldovan Railway CFM (as of 2009) is 1,232 kilometres (766 miles). The entire network is single track and is not electrified. The central hub of all railways is Chișinău Central Railway Station. There is another smaller railway station – Revaca located on the city’s ends.

Chișinău Railway Station has an international railway terminal with connections to Bucharest, Kyiv, Minsk, Odesa, Moscow, Samara, Varna and St. Petersburg. Due to the simmering conflict between Moldova and the unrecognised Transnistria republic the rail traffic towards Ukraine is occasionally stopped.^{[citation needed]}

Public transport[edit]

Trolleybuses[edit]

There is wide trolleybus network operating as common public transportation within city. From 1994, Chișinău saw the establishment of new trolleybus lines, as well as an increase in capacity of existing lines, to improve connections between the urban districts. The network comprises 22 trolleybus lines being 246 km (153 mi) in length. Trolleybuses run between 05:00 and 03:00. There are 320 units daily operating in Chișinău. However the requirements are as minimum as 600 units.^{[clarification needed]} Trolleybus ticket costs at about 6 lei (ca. $0.31). It is the cheapest method of transport within Chișinău municipality.

Buses[edit]

There are 29 lines of buses within Chișinău municipality. At each public transportation stops there is attached a schedule for buses and trolleybuses. There are approximately 330 public transportation stops within Chișinău municipality. There is a big lack of buses inside city limits, with only 115 buses operating within Chișinău.^[50]

Minibuses[edit]

In Chișinău and its suburbs, privately operated minibuses known as «rutieras» generally follow the major bus and trolleybus routes and appear more frequently.^[51]

As of October 2017, there are 1,100 units of minibuses operating within Chișinău. Minibuses services are priced the same as buses – 3 lei for a ticket (ca. $0.18).^[52]

Traffic[edit]

The city traffic becomes more congested as each year passes. Nowadays there are about 300,000 cars in the city plus 100,000 transit transports coming to the city each day.^{[citation needed]} The number of personal transports is expected to reach 550,000 (without transit) by 2025.^{[citation needed]}

Sport[edit]

There are three professional football clubs in Chișinău: Zimbru and Academia of the Moldovan National Division (first level), and Real Succes of the Moldovan «A» Division (second level). Of the larger public multi-use stadiums in the city is the Stadionul Dinamo (Dinamo Stadium), which has a capacity of 2,692. The Zimbru Stadium, opened in May 2006 with a capacity of 10,500 sitting places, meets all the requirements for holding official international matches, and was the venue for all Moldova’s Euro 2008 qualifying games.
There are discussions to build a new olympic stadium with capacity of circa 25,000 seats, that would meet all international requirements. Since 2011 CS Femina-Sport Chișinău has organised women’s competitions in seven sports.

Notable people[edit]

Natives[edit]

• Olga Bancic, known for her role in the French Resistance during World War II
• Petru Cazacu, Prime Minister of the Moldavian Democratic Republic in 1918
• Maria Cebotari, Romanian soprano and actress, one of Europe’s greatest opera stars in the 1930s and 1940s
• Toma Ciorbă, Romanian physician and hospital director
• Ion Cuțelaba, UFC light heavyweight fighter
• William F. Friedman, American cryptologist
• Dennis Gaitsgory, professor of mathematics at Harvard University
• Natalia Gheorghiu, pediatric surgeon and professor
• Sarah Gorby, French-Jewish singer
• Anatole Jakovsky, French art critic
• Boris Katz, computer scientist at MIT
• Nathaniel Kleitman, American physiologist
• Avigdor Lieberman, Israeli politician
• Grigory Lvovsky, composer
• Boris Mints, Russian billionaire
• Lewis Milestone, American motion picture director
• Sacha Moldovan, American expressionist and post-impressionist painter
• Ilya Oleynikov, comic actor and television personality
• Nina Pekerman, Israeli triathlete
• Lev Pisarzhevsky, Soviet chemist
• Andrew Rayel, stage name of Andrei Rață, a Moldovan DJ
• Yulia Sister, Israeli chemist
• Alexander Ulanovsky, the chief illegal «rezident» for Soviet Military Intelligence (GRU), prisoner in the Soviet Gulag
• Maria Winetzkaja, American opera singer in the 1910s–1920s
• Iona Yakir, Red Army commander executed during the Great Purge
• Chaim Yassky, Jewish physician killed in the Hadassah medical convoy massacre
• Sam Zemurray, American businessman who made his fortune in the banana trade
• Sergey Spivak, Moldovan Heavyweight UFC fighter
• Rusanda Panfili, Classical violinist & composer

Residents[edit]

• Dan Balan, musician, singer, songwriter, and record producer
• Gheorghe Botezatu, American engineer, businessman and pioneer of helicopter flight
• Eugen Doga, composer
• Israel Gohberg, Soviet and Israeli mathematician
• Dovid Knut, poet and member of the French Resistance
• Sigmund Mogulesko, singer, actor, and composer
• SunStroke Project, Moldovan representative for the Eurovision Song Contests 2010 and 2017
• Zlata Tkach, composer and music educator

Twin towns – sister cities[edit]

Chișinău is twinned with:^[53]

Notes and references[edit]

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• Map of Chișinău
• Chişinău, Moldova at JewishGen
• Chisinau online camera