Как пишется исламабад

Islamabad اسلام آباد
Federal capital city
Left-to-right from top: Faisal Mosque, Pakistan Monument, Parliament of Pakistan, Islamabad Expressway, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Baradari at Fatima Jinnah Park
Nickname(s):  Isloo, The Green City
Islamabad Islamabad
Coordinates: 33°41′35″N 73°03′50″E / 33.69306°N 73.06389°ECoordinates: 33°41′35″N 73°03′50″E / 33.69306°N 73.06389°E
Country	Pakistan
Adm. Unit	Islamabad Capital Territory
Constructed	1960
Established	14 August 1967; 55 years ago[1]
Government
• Type	Metropolitan Corporation
• Mayor	None (vacant)[a]
• Deputy Mayor	None (vacant)
• Deputy Commissioner	Irfan Nawaz Memon
Area [3]
• City	220 km2 (80 sq mi)
• Urban	220.15 km2 (85.00 sq mi)
• Metro	1,165.5 km2 (450.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation	1,584 m (5,196 ft)
Lowest elevation	490 m (1,610 ft)
Population  (2017)[5]
• City	1,009,832
• Rank	9th (Pakistan)
• Density	2,089/km2 (5,410/sq mi)
• Metro	2,003,368[4]
• Rank (Metro)	4th (Pakistan)
Demonym	Islamabadi[6]
Time zone	UTC+05:00 (PKT)
Postcode	44000
Area code	051
Website	ictadministration.gov.pk

Islamabad (;^[7] Urdu: اسلام آباد, Islām-ābād) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country’s ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Rawalpindi as Pakistan’s national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living,^[8] safety,^[9] cleanliness, and abundant greenery.^[10]

Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad’s master plan, in which he divided it into eight zones; administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority. Islamabad is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian.^[11] It is home to several landmarks, including the country’s flagship Faisal Mosque, which is the world’s fifth-largest mosque. Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square.^[12][13][14]

Rated as Gamma + by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,^[15] Islamabad has the highest cost of living in Pakistan. The city’s populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens.^[8][16]

Islamabad is home to twenty universities, including Bahria University, Quaid-e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS University, and NUST.^[17] It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan, and has an expansive RFID-enabled surveillance system with almost 2000 active CCTV cameras.^[9][18]

Toponymy

The name Islamabad means City of Islam. It is derived from two words: Islam and abad. Islam refers to the religion of Islam, Pakistan’s state religion, and -abad is a Persian suffix meaning cultivated place, indicating an inhabited place or city.^[19] According to a history book by Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh, a school teacher from Arifwala known as Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari proposed the name of the city.^[20][21]

Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ISB. Such usage originated in SMS language, in part due to the IATA location identifier for the Islamabad International Airport.

History

Early history

Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the northern Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia.^[22] Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period.^[23] Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.^[24]

Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of a prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples who settled on the banks of the Swaan River,^[22] and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE.^[23][25]

The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia.^[22] Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed the region during their invasions of the Indian subcontinent.^[22] In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed the remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the Shah Allah Ditta caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 5th century CE.^[26]

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  The popular Shrine of Meher Ali Shah was completed immediately before construction began on the future capital city just east of the shrine

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  The caves at Shah Allah Ditta, on Islamabad’s outskirts, were part of an ancient Buddhist monastic community

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  The restored village of Saidpur predates the surrounding city of Islamabad

Construction and development

When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near Rawalpindi for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959.^[27][28] In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons.^[29] Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country.^[27][30] Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.^[31] The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north.^[22]

Greek firm of architects, led by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills.^[32] The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early 60s, and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966.^[33] In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as Edward Durell Stone and Gio Ponti have been associated with the city’s development.^[34]

Recent history

Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan.^[35] As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit in 2004.^[36]

In October 2005, the city suffered damage due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6.^[37] Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing.^[38] In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer.^[39]

Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, the region’s first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab.^[40]

Geography

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  Satellite view of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area with Margalla Hills in the north.

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  Margalla Hills, Islamabad

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  Islamabad’s verdant cityscape merges directly with the Margalla Hills

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  Islamabad’s deciduous trees change colours in autumn

Islamabad is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft).^[41][42] The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi form a conurbation, and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities.^[43][31]

To the northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad, 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar and 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore.

The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi).^[44] A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located.^[34]

Climate

Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January.

Islamabad’s micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha).^[45] The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995.^[46] Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967.^[47][48] Light snowfall sometimes happens on the peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare.^[49] Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.^[50][51]

Cityscape

Zones in Islamabad
Zone	Area
acres	km2
I	54,958.25	222.4081
II	9,804.92	39.6791
III	50,393.01	203.9333
IV	69,814.35	282.5287
V	39,029.45	157.9466
Source:	Lahore Real Estate[54]

Civic administration

The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration, generally known as ICT Administration or Islamabad Administration, is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital.

The local government authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city.^[55][56] Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.^[57] Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.^[54] Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi × 1+1⁄4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.^[58]

Sectors

Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17),^[54] of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.^[57] The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17.^[54] Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.^[57] In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University.^[59][60][61] The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed.^[54] F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector.^[57] G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17.^[54] Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8,^[57] and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9.

The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17.^[54] The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12.^[57] The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.^[57] Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.^[54]

Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.^[62][63] However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab.^[64]

Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway.^[63] Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway.^[65] Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.^[62]

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  Night view of Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city.

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  Blue Area and Jinnah Avenue

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• 

Architecture

Islamabad’s architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad’s tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister’s secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone.^[28]

The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture.^[66] The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.^[67] The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions.^[68] The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC.The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city.^[69]

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1972	77,000	—
1981	204,000	+164.9%
1998	529,180	+159.4%
2017	2,014,825	+280.7%
Source: [70][71]

Language

According to 2017 census, the mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi at 52% (a decrease of 18% from the 1998 census), and a major dialect is Pothohari, 19% of the population are Pashto speakers, while an additional 12% speak Urdu, the national language, whereas the rest 17% speak other languages.^[73] Similarly according to 1998 census, the total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Balochistan, and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[74]

Literacy

The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15.^[75] Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%.^[76] 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree.^[77] The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213^[78] and the unemployment rate is 15.70%.^[79]

Religion

Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.43% of the population following it. Christianity is the second largest religion is with 4.34% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. Hinduism is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2017 census.^[80][81][82]

Economy

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country’s population, it contributes 1% to the country’s GDP.^[83] Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan’s third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange, and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange. The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.^[84]

According to the World Bank’s Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan.^[85] Islamabad’s businesses are Pakistan’s most compliant for paying tax dues.^[86] As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.^[87]

Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad.^[88] Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.^[89] Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea.^[90]

Culture

Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad.^[91][92] Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan.^[92]

Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda.^[93] The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region.^[94] The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.^[95]

The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.^[96]

Tourism

Faisal Mosque is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz.^[97] It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along the walls of the mosque.

One of the landmarks for tourists is the Pakistan Monument built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan’s other tourist landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque, Minar-e-Pakistan and Lahore Fort.^[98]

Islamabad holds some of Pakistan’s most prestigious museums such as Lok Virsa Museum, Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage Shakarparian Park and prominent galleries such as the National Art Gallery and Gallery 6.

The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at Lok Virsa Museum, as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in Shakarparian Park.

Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from the 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the Potohar Plateau, the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as Saidpur. Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from a village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped.^[99]

Margalla Hills National Park is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the Himalayas. The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as Himalayan goral, Barking deer and leopards. Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists.

Education

Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%,^[76] and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country.^[100] A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O/A Levels, or IGCSE. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management’s report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges).^[101] There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.^[101]

The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad.^[101] Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls.^[101] There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers.^[101] Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital.^[17] The world’s second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Capital University of Science & Technology, National Defence University, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, The University of Lahore, Abasyn University, and The Millennium University College.

Healthcare

Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand.^[102] Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services.^[103] The hospital has 30 major medical departments.^[104] PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties.^[105]

The Children’s Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank.^[106] The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services.^[107] PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.^[108]

PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.^[109] The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility^[109] and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit/Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department.^[110] Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations.^[111] According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.^[112]

Transport

Aerial transport

Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through Islamabad International Airport (IIAP).^[113] The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spread over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges, including facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, the world’s largest airplane, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo.^[113]

Public transport

The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 83.6 km (51.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network’s first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18th April 2022.^[114][115] On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network.^[116] The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority. This service is very reliable and consistent, and the labour force as well as students are using this government provided service on a daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G-13 and H-12. Work is being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway.^[117]

The city is served by Pakistan Railways at Islamabad railway station.

Private transport

People use private transport like Taxis, Careem, Uber, Bykea, and SWVL for local journeys. In March 2016, Careem became functional in Islamabad and Rawalpindi with taxi services.

Roadways

M-2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.^[118] M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long.^[118] Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.^[119]

Sports

Islamabad has a multipurpose sports complex opposite Aabpara. It includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Sports Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. Some other sports venues of Islamabad include Diamond Club Ground, Shalimar Cricket Ground and Islamabad Golf Club.

There is another multipurpose sports complex in the F6 Markaz. It has tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a Futsal ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad.

Major sports in the city include cricket, football, squash, hockey, table tennis, rugby and boxing.^[120] The city is home to Islamabad United, which won the first ever Pakistan Super League in 2016 and second title in 2018,^[121][122] and Islamabad All Stars, which participates in the Super Kabaddi League.

Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills.^[123]

The Pakistan Sports Complex has three swimming pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends.^[124]

In Pakistan Super League, the capital is represented by Islamabad United team that is owned by Leonine Global Investments through its sports entity Leonine Global Sports, owned by Amna Naqvi and Ali Naqvi.^[125]

Recreation

Faisal Mosque

Located in Islamabad, Pakistan, the Faisal Mosque is the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest mosque in the world. Built in the year 1986, it was named after the late king of Saudi Arabia, Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz, who backed and financed the construction.^[126]

Trail 3

The most famous and oldest hiking track of Islamabad is Trail 3. It starts from the Margalla Road in sector F-6/3. Due to steep hills, the trail is exhausting to some extent. The course leads to the point where it goes up to the Viewpoint and is about a 30 – 50 minutes track. After the Viewpoint it continues for another easy-going 45 – 60 minutes and reaches the Pir Sohawa, where there are two restaurants for food, The Monal and La Montana. In total, it is approximately a one-hour and thirty minute walk.^[127]

Pakistan Monument

Located in Islamabad, the Pakistan National Monument is a representation of the four provinces and three territories of the nation. Designed by the famous architect, Arif Masood, this blooming flower shaped structure reflects the progress and prosperity of Pakistan.^[128]

Shah Allah Ditta Caves

Shah Allah Ditta village is a centuries old village and a Union Council of Islamabad Capital Authority. The village is named after a dervish that belonged to the Mughal era. It is estimated to be 650 years old approximately. It is also home to ancient caves that reflects the previous civilizations. The 2500-year-old Buddhist caves at the foot of Margalla Hills are located in west of Taxila, east of Islamabad and in the central area of Khanpur. A spring, a pond and a garden still exist near the Shah Allah Ditta Caves. There are some banyan trees in the garden, while all other fruit trees are gone. The water from the same spring was used to irrigate the garden adjoining the caves. During the Mughal period, when India was the centre of Sufism originating from Arabia and Central Asia, a saint named Shah Allah Ditta stayed in this garden and was entombed here. The place formerly attributed to sadhus, monks, or jogis is today known for the famous Sufi Shah Allah Ditta. A short distance from these caves is also an ancient baoli (stepwell) in the village of Kanthila, which is said to have been built by Sher Shah Suri.^[129]

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

• Birds of Islamabad

References

External links

Islamabad اسلام آباد
Federal capital city
Left-to-right from top: Faisal Mosque, Pakistan Monument, Parliament of Pakistan, Islamabad Expressway, Supreme Court of Pakistan, Baradari at Fatima Jinnah Park
Nickname(s):  Isloo, The Green City
Islamabad Islamabad
Coordinates: 33°41′35″N 73°03′50″E / 33.69306°N 73.06389°ECoordinates: 33°41′35″N 73°03′50″E / 33.69306°N 73.06389°E
Country	Pakistan
Adm. Unit	Islamabad Capital Territory
Constructed	1960
Established	14 August 1967; 55 years ago[1]
Government
• Type	Metropolitan Corporation
• Mayor	None (vacant)[a]
• Deputy Mayor	None (vacant)
• Deputy Commissioner	Irfan Nawaz Memon
Area [3]
• City	220 km2 (80 sq mi)
• Urban	220.15 km2 (85.00 sq mi)
• Metro	1,165.5 km2 (450.0 sq mi)
Highest elevation	1,584 m (5,196 ft)
Lowest elevation	490 m (1,610 ft)
Population  (2017)[5]
• City	1,009,832
• Rank	9th (Pakistan)
• Density	2,089/km2 (5,410/sq mi)
• Metro	2,003,368[4]
• Rank (Metro)	4th (Pakistan)
Demonym	Islamabadi[6]
Time zone	UTC+05:00 (PKT)
Postcode	44000
Area code	051
Website	ictadministration.gov.pk

Islamabad (;^[7] Urdu: اسلام آباد, Islām-ābād) is the capital city of Pakistan. It is the country’s ninth-most populous city, with a population of over 1.2 million people, and is federally administered by the Pakistani government as part of the Islamabad Capital Territory. Built as a planned city in the 1960s, it replaced Rawalpindi as Pakistan’s national capital. The city is notable for its high standards of living,^[8] safety,^[9] cleanliness, and abundant greenery.^[10]

Greek architect Constantinos Apostolou Doxiadis developed Islamabad’s master plan, in which he divided it into eight zones; administrative, diplomatic enclave, residential areas, educational and industrial sectors, commercial areas, as well as rural and green areas administered by the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation with support from the Capital Development Authority. Islamabad is known for the presence of several parks and forests, including the Margalla Hills National Park and the Shakarparian.^[11] It is home to several landmarks, including the country’s flagship Faisal Mosque, which is the world’s fifth-largest mosque. Other prominent landmarks include the Pakistan Monument and Democracy Square.^[12][13][14]

Rated as Gamma + by the Globalization and World Cities Research Network,^[15] Islamabad has the highest cost of living in Pakistan. The city’s populace is dominated by both middle and upper-middle class citizens.^[8][16]

Islamabad is home to twenty universities, including Bahria University, Quaid-e-Azam University, PIEAS, COMSATS University, and NUST.^[17] It is also rated as one of the safest cities in Pakistan, and has an expansive RFID-enabled surveillance system with almost 2000 active CCTV cameras.^[9][18]

Toponymy

The name Islamabad means City of Islam. It is derived from two words: Islam and abad. Islam refers to the religion of Islam, Pakistan’s state religion, and -abad is a Persian suffix meaning cultivated place, indicating an inhabited place or city.^[19] According to a history book by Muhammad Ismail Zabeeh, a school teacher from Arifwala known as Qazi Abdur Rehman Amritsari proposed the name of the city.^[20][21]

Occasionally in writing, Islamabad is colloquially abbreviated ISB. Such usage originated in SMS language, in part due to the IATA location identifier for the Islamabad International Airport.

History

Early history

Islamabad Capital Territory, located on the Pothohar Plateau of the northern Punjab region, is considered one of the earliest sites of human settlement in Asia.^[22] Some of the earliest Stone Age artefacts in the world have been found on the plateau, dating from 100,000 to 500,000 years ago. Rudimentary stones recovered from the terraces of the Soan River testify to the endeavours of early man in the inter-glacial period.^[23] Items of pottery and utensils dating back to prehistory have been found.^[24]

Excavations by Dr. Abdul Ghafoor Lone reveal evidence of a prehistoric culture in the area. Relics and human skulls have been found dating back to 5000 BCE that indicate the region was home to Neolithic peoples who settled on the banks of the Swaan River,^[22] and who later developed small communities in the region around 3000 BCE.^[23][25]

The Indus Valley civilization flourished in the region between the 23rd and 18th centuries BCE. Later the area was an early settlement of the Aryan community which migrated into the region from Central Asia.^[22] Many great armies such as those of Zahiruddin Babur, Genghis Khan, Timur and Ahmad Shah Durrani crossed the region during their invasions of the Indian subcontinent.^[22] In 2015–16, the Federal Department of Archaeology and Museums, with the financial support of National Fund for Cultural Heritage, carried out initial archaeological excavations in which unearthed the remains of a Buddhist stupa at Ban Faqiran, near the Shah Allah Ditta caves, which was dated to the 2nd to the 5th century CE.^[26]

• 

  The popular Shrine of Meher Ali Shah was completed immediately before construction began on the future capital city just east of the shrine

• 

  The caves at Shah Allah Ditta, on Islamabad’s outskirts, were part of an ancient Buddhist monastic community

• 

  The restored village of Saidpur predates the surrounding city of Islamabad

Construction and development

When Pakistan gained independence in 1947, the southern port city of Karachi was its provisional national capital. In 1958, a commission was constituted to select a suitable site near Rawalpindi for the national capital with particular emphasis on location, climate, logistics, and defence requirements, along with other attributes. After extensive study, research, and a thorough review of potential sites, the commission recommended the area northeast of Rawalpindi in 1959.^[27][28] In the 1960s, Islamabad was constructed as a forward capital for several reasons.^[29] Karachi was also located at the southern end of the country, and exposed to attacks from the Arabian Sea. Pakistan needed a capital that was easily accessible from all parts of the country.^[27][30] Karachi, a business centre, was also considered unsuitable partly because of intervention of business interests in government affairs.^[31] The newly selected location of Islamabad was closer to the army headquarters in Rawalpindi and the disputed territory of Kashmir in the north.^[22]

Greek firm of architects, led by Konstantinos Apostolos Doxiadis, designed the master plan of the city based on a grid plan which was triangular in shape with its apex towards the Margalla Hills.^[32] The capital was not moved directly from Karachi to Islamabad; it was first shifted temporarily to Rawalpindi in the early 60s, and then to Islamabad when essential development work was completed in 1966.^[33] In 1981, Islamabad separated from Punjab province to form Capital Territory. Such world-renowned architects as Edward Durell Stone and Gio Ponti have been associated with the city’s development.^[34]

Recent history

Islamabad has attracted people from all over Pakistan, making it one of the most cosmopolitan and urbanised cities of Pakistan.^[35] As the capital city it has hosted a number of important meetings, such as the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation summit in 2004.^[36]

In October 2005, the city suffered damage due to the 2005 Kashmir earthquake which had a magnitude of 7.6.^[37] Islamabad has experienced a series of terrorist incidents including the July 2007 Siege of Lal Masjid (Red Mosque), the June 2008 Danish embassy bombing, and the September 2008 Marriott bombing.^[38] In 2011, four terrorism incidents occurred in the city, killing four people, including the murder of the Punjab Governor Salmaan Taseer.^[39]

Construction of the Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus, the region’s first mass transit line, began in February 2014 and was completed in March 2015. The Rawalpindi Development Authority built the project at a cost of approximately Rs 24 billion, which was shared by both the Federal government and the provincial government of Punjab.^[40]

Geography

• 

  Satellite view of Islamabad-Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area with Margalla Hills in the north.

• 

  Margalla Hills, Islamabad

• 

  Islamabad’s verdant cityscape merges directly with the Margalla Hills

• 

  Islamabad’s deciduous trees change colours in autumn

Islamabad is located at 33°26′N 73°02′E / 33.43°N 73.04°E at the northern edge of the Pothohar Plateau and at the foot of the Margalla Hills in Islamabad Capital Territory. Its elevation is 540 metres (1,770 ft).^[41][42] The modern capital and the ancient Gakhar city of Rawalpindi form a conurbation, and are commonly referred to as the Twin Cities.^[43][31]

To the northeast of the city lies the colonial era hill station of Murree, and to the north lies the Haripur District of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Kahuta lies on the southeast, Taxila, Wah Cantt, and Attock District to the northwest, Gujar Khan, Rawat, and Mandrah on the southeast, and the metropolis of Rawalpindi to the south and southwest. Islamabad is located 120 kilometres (75 mi) SSW of Muzaffarabad, 185 kilometres (115 mi) east of Peshawar and 295 kilometres (183 mi) NNW of Lahore.

The city of Islamabad expanses an area of 906 square kilometres (350 sq mi).^[44] A further 2,717 square kilometres (1,049 sq mi) area is known as the Specified Area, with the Margala Hills in the north and northeast. The southern portion of the city is an undulating plain. It is drained by the Kurang River, on which the Rawal Dam is located.^[34]

Climate

Islamabad has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cwa), with five seasons: Winter (November–February), Spring (March and April), Summer (May and June), Rainy Monsoon (July and August) and Autumn (September and October). The hottest month is June, where average highs routinely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The wettest month is July, with heavy rainfalls and evening thunderstorms with the possibility of cloudburst and flooding. The coolest month is January.

Islamabad’s micro-climate is regulated by three artificial reservoirs: Rawal, Simli, and Khanpur Dam. The latter is located on the Haro River near the town of Khanpur, about 40 kilometres (25 mi) from Islamabad. Simli Dam is 30 kilometres (19 mi) north of Islamabad. 220 acres (89 ha) of the city consists of Margalla Hills National Park. Loi Bher Forest is situated along the Islamabad Highway, covering an area of 1,087 acres (440 ha).^[45] The highest monthly rainfall of 743.3 mm (29.26 in) was recorded during July 1995.^[46] Winters generally feature dense fog in the mornings and sunny afternoons. In the city, temperatures stay mild, with snowfall over the higher-elevation points on nearby hill stations, notably Murree and Nathia Gali. The temperatures range from 13 °C (55 °F) in January to 38 °C (100 °F) in June. The highest recorded temperature was 46.6 °C (115.9 °F) on 23 June 2005 while the lowest temperature was −6.0 °C (21.2 °F) on 17 January 1967.^[47][48] Light snowfall sometimes happens on the peaks of the hills visible from the city, though this is rare.^[49] Snowfall does not occur in the city itself. On 23 July 2001, Islamabad received a record-breaking 620 mm (24 in) of rainfall in just 10 hours. It was the heaviest rainfall in Islamabad in the past 100 years and the highest rainfall in 24 hours as well.^[50][51]

Cityscape

Zones in Islamabad
Zone	Area
acres	km2
I	54,958.25	222.4081
II	9,804.92	39.6791
III	50,393.01	203.9333
IV	69,814.35	282.5287
V	39,029.45	157.9466
Source:	Lahore Real Estate[54]

Civic administration

The Islamabad Capital Territory (ICT) Administration, generally known as ICT Administration or Islamabad Administration, is the civil administration as well as main law and order agency of the Federal Capital.

The local government authority of the city is the Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) with some help from Capital Development Authority (CDA), which oversees the planning, development, construction, and administration of the city.^[55][56] Islamabad Capital Territory is divided into eight zones: Administrative Zone, Commercial District, Educational Sector, Industrial Sector, Diplomatic Enclave, Residential Areas, Rural Areas and Green Area.^[57] Islamabad city is divided into five major zones: Zone I, Zone II, Zone III, Zone IV, and Zone V. Out of these, Zone IV is the largest in area.^[54] Zone I consists mainly of all the developed residential sectors while Zone II consists of the under-developed residential sectors. Each residential sector is identified by a letter of the alphabet and a number, and covers an area of approximately 2 km × 2 km (1+1⁄4 mi × 1+1⁄4 mi). The sectors are lettered from A to I, and each sector is divided into four numbered sub-sectors.^[58]

Sectors

Series A, B, and C are still underdeveloped. The D series has seven sectors (D-11 to D-17),^[54] of which only sector D-12 is completely developed. This series is located at the foot of Margalla Hills.^[57] The E Sectors are named from E-7 to E-17.^[54] Many foreigners and diplomatic personnel are housed in these sectors.^[57] In the revised Master Plan of the city, CDA has decided to develop a park on the pattern of Fatima Jinnah Park in sector E-14. Sectors E-8 and E-9 contain the campuses of Bahria University, Air University, and the National Defence University.^[59][60][61] The F and G series contains the most developed sectors. F series contains sectors F-5 to F-17; some sectors are still under-developed.^[54] F-5 is an important sector for the software industry in Islamabad, as the two software technology parks are located here. The entire F-9 sector is covered with Fatima Jinnah Park. The Centaurus complex is a major landmark of the F-8 sector.^[57] G sectors are numbered G-5 through G-17.^[54] Some important places include the Jinnah Convention Centre and Serena Hotel in G-5, the Red Mosque in G-6, the Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, the largest medical complex in the capital, located in G-8,^[57] and the Karachi Company shopping center in G-9.

The H sectors are numbered H-8 through H-17.^[54] The H sectors are mostly dedicated to educational and health institutions. National University of Sciences and Technology covers a major portion of sector H-12.^[57] The I sectors are numbered from I-8 to I-18. With the exception of I-8, which is a well-developed residential area, these sectors are primarily part of the industrial zone. Two sub-sectors of I-9 and one sub-sector of I-10 are used as industrial areas. CDA is planning to set up Islamabad Railway Station in Sector I-18 and Industrial City in sector I-17.^[57] Zone III consists primarily of the Margalla Hills and Margalla Hills National Park. Rawal Lake is in this zone. Zone IV and V consist of Islamabad Park, and rural areas of the city. The Soan River flows into the city through Zone V.^[54]

Islamabad–Rawalpindi metropolitan area

When the master plan for Islamabad was drawn up in 1960, Islamabad and Rawalpindi, along with the adjoining areas, was to be integrated to form a large metropolitan area called Islamabad/Rawalpindi Metropolitan Area. The area would consist of the developing Islamabad, the old colonial cantonment city of Rawalpindi, and Margalla Hills National Park, including surrounding rural areas.^[62][63] However, Islamabad city is part of the Islamabad Capital Territory, while Rawalpindi is part of Rawalpindi District, which is part of province of Punjab.^[64]

Initially, it was proposed that the three areas would be connected by four major highways: Murree Highway, Islamabad Highway, Soan Highway, and Capital Highway. However, to date only two highways have been constructed: Kashmir Highway (the former Murree Highway) and Islamabad Highway.^[63] Plans of constructing Margalla Avenue are also underway.^[65] Islamabad is the hub all the governmental activities while Rawalpindi is the centre of all industrial, commercial, and military activities. The two cities are considered sister cities and are highly interdependent.^[62]

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Night view of Blue Area, the commercial hub of the city.

• 

  Blue Area and Jinnah Avenue

• 

• 

Architecture

Islamabad’s architecture is a combination of modernity and old Islamic and regional traditions. The Saudi-Pak Tower is an example of the integration of modern architecture with traditional styles. The beige-coloured edifice is trimmed with blue tile works in Islamic tradition, and is one of Islamabad’s tallest buildings. Other examples of intertwined Islamic and modern architecture include Pakistan Monument and Faisal Mosque. Other notable structures are: Secretariat Complex designed by Gio Ponti, Prime Minister’s secretariat based on Mughal architecture and the National Assembly by Edward Durell Stone.^[28]

The murals on the inside of the large petals of Pakistan Monument are based on Islamic architecture.^[66] The Shah Faisal Mosque is a fusion of contemporary architecture with a more traditional large triangular prayer hall and four minarets, designed by Vedat Dalokay, a Turkish architect and built with the help of funding provided by King Faisal of Saudi Arabia.^[67] The architecture of Faisal Mosque is unusual as it lacks a dome structure. It is a combination of Arabic, Turkish, and Mughal architectural traditions.^[68] The Centaurus is an example of modern architecture under construction in Islamabad. The seven star hotel was designed by WS Atkins PLC.The newly built Islamabad Stock Exchange Towers is another example of modern architecture in the city.^[69]

Demographics

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±%
1972	77,000	—
1981	204,000	+164.9%
1998	529,180	+159.4%
2017	2,014,825	+280.7%
Source: [70][71]

Language

According to 2017 census, the mother tongue of the majority of the population is Punjabi at 52% (a decrease of 18% from the 1998 census), and a major dialect is Pothohari, 19% of the population are Pashto speakers, while an additional 12% speak Urdu, the national language, whereas the rest 17% speak other languages.^[73] Similarly according to 1998 census, the total migrant population of the city is 1 million, with the majority (691,977) coming from Punjab. Around 210,614 of the migrated population came from Sindh and rest from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa and Azad Kashmir. Smaller populations emigrated from Balochistan, and Gilgit–Baltistan.^[74]

Literacy

The majority of the population lies in the age group of 15–64 years, around 59.38%. Only 2.73% of the population is above 65 years of age; 37.90% is below the age of 15.^[75] Islamabad has the highest literacy rate in Pakistan, at 88%.^[76] 9.8% of the population has done intermediate education (equivalent to grades 11 and 12). 10.26% have a bachelor or equivalent degree while 5.2% have a master or equivalent degree.^[77] The labour force of Islamabad is 185,213^[78] and the unemployment rate is 15.70%.^[79]

Religion

Islam is the largest religion in the city, with 95.43% of the population following it. Christianity is the second largest religion is with 4.34% of the population following it. The Christians are concentrated mainly in the urban areas. Hinduism is followed by 0.04% of the population according to the 2017 census.^[80][81][82]

Economy

Islamabad is a net contributor to the Pakistani economy, as whilst having only 0.8% of the country’s population, it contributes 1% to the country’s GDP.^[83] Islamabad Stock Exchange, founded in 1989, is Pakistan’s third largest stock exchange after Karachi Stock Exchange and Lahore Stock Exchange, and was merged to form Pakistan Stock Exchange. The exchange had 118 members with 104 corporate bodies and 18 individual members. The average daily turnover of the stock exchange is over 1 million shares.^[84]

According to the World Bank’s Doing Business Report of 2010, Islamabad was ranked as the best place to start a business in Pakistan.^[85] Islamabad’s businesses are Pakistan’s most compliant for paying tax dues.^[86] As of 2012, Islamabad LTU (Large Tax Unit) was responsible for Rs 371 billion in tax revenue, which amounts to 20% of all the revenue collected by Federal Board of Revenue.^[87]

Islamabad has seen an expansion in information and communications technology with the addition two Software Technology Parks, which house numerous national and foreign technological and information technology companies. Some jobs have relocated from India to Islamabad.^[88] Awami Markaz IT Park houses 36 IT companies, while Evacuee Trust house 29 companies.^[89] Islamabad will see its third IT Park by 2020, which will be built with assistance from South Korea.^[90]

Culture

Islamabad is home to many migrants from other regions of Pakistan and has a cultural and religious diversity of considerable antiquity. Due to its location on the Pothohar Plateau, remnants of ancient cultures and civilisations such as Aryan, Soanian, and Indus Valley civilisation can still be found in the region. A 15th-century Gakhar fort, Pharwala Fort is located near Islamabad.^[91][92] Rawat Fort in the region was built by the Gakhars in 16th century and contains the grave of the Gakhar chief, Sultan Sarang Khan.^[92]

Saidpur village is supposedly named after Said Khan, the son of Sarang Khan. The 500-year-old village was converted into a place of Hindu worship by a Mughal commander, Raja Man Singh. He constructed a number of small ponds: Rama kunda, Sita kunda, Lakshaman kunda, and Hanuman kunda.^[93] The region is home to a small Hindu temple that is preserved, showing the presence of Hindu people in the region. The shrine of Sufi mystic Pir Meher Ali Shah is located at Golra Sharif, which has a rich cultural heritage of the pre-Islamic period. Archaeological remains of the Buddhist era can also still be found in the region.^[94] The shrine of Bari Imam was built by Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb. Thousands of devotees from across Pakistan attend the annual Urs of Bari Imam. The event is one of the largest religious gatherings in Islamabad. In 2004, the Urs was attended by more than 1.2 million people.^[95]

The Lok Virsa Museum in Islamabad preserves a wide variety of expressions of folk and traditional cultural legacy of Pakistan. It is located near the Shakarparian hills and boasts a large display of embroidered costumes, jewellery, musical instruments, woodwork, utensils and folkloristic objects from the region and other parts of Pakistan.^[96]

Tourism

Faisal Mosque is an important cultural landmark of the city and that attracts many tourists daily. Faisal Mosque built in 1986, was named after the Saudi Arabian King, Faisal bin Abdul Aziz.^[97] It also serves the purpose of accommodating 24,000 Muslims that pray at this mosque. Faisal Mosque that is designed by the Turks and financed by the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia includes calligraphy of Quranic verses along the walls of the mosque.

One of the landmarks for tourists is the Pakistan Monument built in 2007 located in Islamabad. This tourist attraction represents the patriotism and sovereignty of Pakistan. The design is shaped as a dome with petal-shaped walls that are engraved with arts portraying Pakistan’s other tourist landmarks such as the Badshahi Mosque, Minar-e-Pakistan and Lahore Fort.^[98]

Islamabad holds some of Pakistan’s most prestigious museums such as Lok Virsa Museum, Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage Shakarparian Park and prominent galleries such as the National Art Gallery and Gallery 6.

The Islamabad Museum contains many relics and artifacts dating back to the Gandhara period of the region, an intriguing fusion of Buddhist and Graeco-Roman styles. The living culture of Islamabad and Pakistan is best explored at Lok Virsa Museum, as well as the Institute of Folk and Traditional Heritage in Shakarparian Park.

Islamabad is built upon civilization and architecture that ranges from the 10th Century to the modern era. As Islamabad is situated on the Potohar Plateau, the remains of civilization descending from stone-age era include the Acheulian and the Soanian traditions and these are tourist landmarks. Islamabad has an array of historic landmarks that reflect the Hindu civilization that dates back to the 16th Century with examples such as Saidpur. Saidpur that is situated in Islamabad has progressed from a village to a sacred place that includes temples where the Hindu Mughal Commanders worshipped.^[99]

Margalla Hills National Park is located in the North sector of Islamabad and is in close proximity to the Himalayas. The National Park includes of picturesque valleys and scenic hills that include various wildlife such as Himalayan goral, Barking deer and leopards. Flanked by wildlife and vegetation, Margalla Hills National Park also includes accommodation and camping grounds for tourists.

Education

Islamabad boasts the highest literacy rate in Pakistan at 98%,^[76] and has some of the most advanced educational institutes in the country.^[100] A large number of public and private sector educational institutes are present here. The higher education institutes in the capital are either federally chartered or administered by private organisations and almost all of them are recognised by the Higher Education Commission of Pakistan. High schools and colleges are either affiliated with the Federal Board of Intermediate and Secondary Education or with the UK universities education boards, O/A Levels, or IGCSE. According to Academy of Educational Planning and Management’s report, in 2009 there were a total of 913 recognised institutions in Islamabad (31 pre-primary, 2 religious, 367 primary, 162 middle, 250 high, 75 higher secondary and intermediate colleges, and 26 degree colleges).^[101] There are seven teacher training institutes in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 604,633 students and 499 faculty.^[101]

The Gender Parity Index in Islamabad is 0.93 compared to the 0.95 national average. There are 178 boys only institutes, 175 girls only, and 551 mixed institutes in Islamabad.^[101] Total enrolment of students in all categories is 267,992; 138,272 for boys and 129,720 for girls.^[101] There are 16 recognised universities in Islamabad with a total enrolment of 372,974 students and 30,144 teachers.^[101] Most of the top ranked universities; National University of Sciences and Technology, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology and Pakistan Institute of Engineering & Applied Sciences, also have their headquarters in the capital.^[17] The world’s second largest general university by enrolment, Allama Iqbal Open University is located in Islamabad for distance education. Other universities include Air University, Bahria University, Center for Advanced Studies in Engineering, Federal Urdu University of Arts, Science and Technology, Hamdard University, National University of Computer and Emerging Sciences, Capital University of Science & Technology, National Defence University, Shifa Tameer-e-Millat University, National University of Modern Languages, Iqra University, International Islamic University, Virtual University of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah University, The University of Lahore, Abasyn University, and The Millennium University College.

Healthcare

Islamabad has the lowest rate of infant mortality in the country at 38 deaths per thousand compared to the national average of 78 deaths per thousand.^[102] Islamabad has both public and private medical centres. The largest hospital in Islamabad is Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS) hospital. It was established in 1985 as a teaching and doctor training institute. PIMS functions as a National Reference Center and provides specialised diagnostic and curative services.^[103] The hospital has 30 major medical departments.^[104] PIMS is divided into five administrative branches. Islamabad Hospital is the major component with a 592-bed facility and 22 medical and surgical specialties.^[105]

The Children’s Hospital is a 230-bed hospital completed in 1985. It contains six major facilities: Surgical and Allied Specialties, Medical and Allied Specialties, Diagnostic Facilities, Operation Theatre, Critical Care (NICU, PICU, Isolation & Accident Emergency), and a Blood Bank.^[106] The Maternal and Child Health Care Center is a training institute with an attached hospital of 125 beds offering different clinical and operational services.^[107] PIMS consists of five academic institutes: Quaid-e-Azam Postgraduate Medical College, College of Nursing, College of Medical Technology, School of Nursing, and Mother and Child Health Center.^[108]

PAEC General Hospital and teaching institute, established in 2006, is affiliated with the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.^[109] The hospital consists of a 100-bed facility^[109] and 10 major departments: Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pediatric, General Medicine, General Surgery, Intensive Care Unit/Coronary Care Unit, Orthopedics, Ophthalmology, Pathology, Radiology, and Dental Department.^[110] Shifa International Hospital is a teaching hospital in Islamabad that was founded in 1987 and became a public company in 1989. The hospital has 70 qualified consultants in almost all specialties, 150 IPD beds and OPD facilities in 35 different specialisations.^[111] According to the Federal Bureau of Statistics of the Government of Pakistan, in 2008 there were 12 hospitals, 76 dispensaries, and five maternity and child welfare centers in the city with a total of 5,158 beds.^[112]

Transport

Aerial transport

Islamabad is connected to major destinations around the world and domestically through Islamabad International Airport (IIAP).^[113] The airport is the largest in Pakistan and is located south-west of Islamabad. The new airport inaugurated on 20 April 2018, spread over 19 square kilometers with 15 passenger boarding bridges, including facilities to accommodate two double-decker Airbus A380s, the world’s largest airplane, 15 remote bays and 3 remote bays for Air cargo.^[113]

Public transport

The Rawalpindi-Islamabad Metrobus is a 83.6 km (51.9 mi) bus rapid transit system operating in the Islamabad-Rawalpindi metropolitan area. The Metrobus network’s first phase was opened on 4 June 2015, and stretches 22.5 kilometres between Pak Secretariat, in Islamabad, and Saddar in Rawalpindi. The second stage stretches 25.6 kilometres between the Peshawar Morr Interchange and New Islamabad International Airport and was inaugurated on 18th April 2022.^[114][115] On 7 July 2022, the Green Line and Blue Lines were added to this Metrobus network.^[116] The system uses e-ticketing and an Intelligent Transportation System and is managed by the Punjab Mass Transit Authority. This service is very reliable and consistent, and the labour force as well as students are using this government provided service on a daily basis. It has reduced the time consumption by reducing the route. Now this bus service is being extended to more areas in Islamabad that include areas near G-13 and H-12. Work is being done to keep it along the Kashmir Highway.^[117]

The city is served by Pakistan Railways at Islamabad railway station.

Private transport

People use private transport like Taxis, Careem, Uber, Bykea, and SWVL for local journeys. In March 2016, Careem became functional in Islamabad and Rawalpindi with taxi services.

Roadways

M-2 Motorway is 367 km (228 mi) long and connect Islamabad and Lahore.^[118] M-1 Motorway connects Islamabad with Peshawar and is 155 km (96 mi) long.^[118] Islamabad is linked to Rawalpindi through the Faizabad Interchange, which has a daily traffic volume of about 48,000 vehicles.^[119]

Sports

Islamabad has a multipurpose sports complex opposite Aabpara. It includes Liaquat Gymnasium for indoor games, Mushaf Squash Complex and Jinnah Sports Stadium for outdoor games, which is a venue for regular national and international events. 2004 SAF Games were held in the stadium. Some other sports venues of Islamabad include Diamond Club Ground, Shalimar Cricket Ground and Islamabad Golf Club.

There is another multipurpose sports complex in the F6 Markaz. It has tennis courts, a basketball court with fibre-glass boards and a Futsal ground which introduced artificial turf to the people of Islamabad.

Major sports in the city include cricket, football, squash, hockey, table tennis, rugby and boxing.^[120] The city is home to Islamabad United, which won the first ever Pakistan Super League in 2016 and second title in 2018,^[121][122] and Islamabad All Stars, which participates in the Super Kabaddi League.

Islamabad also has various rock climbing spots in the Margalla Hills.^[123]

The Pakistan Sports Complex has three swimming pools for children. These facilities attract a large gathering on weekends.^[124]

In Pakistan Super League, the capital is represented by Islamabad United team that is owned by Leonine Global Investments through its sports entity Leonine Global Sports, owned by Amna Naqvi and Ali Naqvi.^[125]

Recreation

Faisal Mosque

Located in Islamabad, Pakistan, the Faisal Mosque is the largest mosque in South Asia and the fourth largest mosque in the world. Built in the year 1986, it was named after the late king of Saudi Arabia, Faisal Bin Abdul Aziz, who backed and financed the construction.^[126]

Trail 3

The most famous and oldest hiking track of Islamabad is Trail 3. It starts from the Margalla Road in sector F-6/3. Due to steep hills, the trail is exhausting to some extent. The course leads to the point where it goes up to the Viewpoint and is about a 30 – 50 minutes track. After the Viewpoint it continues for another easy-going 45 – 60 minutes and reaches the Pir Sohawa, where there are two restaurants for food, The Monal and La Montana. In total, it is approximately a one-hour and thirty minute walk.^[127]

Pakistan Monument

Located in Islamabad, the Pakistan National Monument is a representation of the four provinces and three territories of the nation. Designed by the famous architect, Arif Masood, this blooming flower shaped structure reflects the progress and prosperity of Pakistan.^[128]

Shah Allah Ditta Caves

Shah Allah Ditta village is a centuries old village and a Union Council of Islamabad Capital Authority. The village is named after a dervish that belonged to the Mughal era. It is estimated to be 650 years old approximately. It is also home to ancient caves that reflects the previous civilizations. The 2500-year-old Buddhist caves at the foot of Margalla Hills are located in west of Taxila, east of Islamabad and in the central area of Khanpur. A spring, a pond and a garden still exist near the Shah Allah Ditta Caves. There are some banyan trees in the garden, while all other fruit trees are gone. The water from the same spring was used to irrigate the garden adjoining the caves. During the Mughal period, when India was the centre of Sufism originating from Arabia and Central Asia, a saint named Shah Allah Ditta stayed in this garden and was entombed here. The place formerly attributed to sadhus, monks, or jogis is today known for the famous Sufi Shah Allah Ditta. A short distance from these caves is also an ancient baoli (stepwell) in the village of Kanthila, which is said to have been built by Sher Shah Suri.^[129]

Notable people

Twin towns and sister cities

See also

• Birds of Islamabad

References

External links

Исламабад

Синонимы:

Полезное

Столица Пакистана Столица Пакистана и ИКТ на территории столицы Исламабада

Исламабад. اسلام آباد
Столица из Пакистан и ICT
По часовой стрелке слева:. Мечеть Фейсал, Национальное собрание Пакистана, Памятник Пакистану, Сринагарское шоссе, Национальный парк Маргалла-Хиллз, Голубая зона
Псевдоним (ы): Ислоо, Зеленый город
Исламабад Показать карту Пакистана Исламабад Показать карту Азии Исламабад Показать карту Земли
Координаты: 33 ° 41′35 ″ N 73 ° 03 ′50 ″ в.д. / 33,69306 ° с.ш., 73,06389 ° в.д. / 33,69306; 73.06389 Координаты : 33 ° 41’35 ″ N 73 ° 03’50 ″ E / 33,69306 ° N 73,06389 ° E / 33,69306; 73.06389
Страна	Пакистан
Адм. Подразделение	Столица Исламабад
Дата основания	1960
Открытие	1963
Округа	NA-52, NA 53, NA-54
Правительство
• Тип	Парламентская демократическая республика
• Управляющий орган	Администрация ИКТ и Управление капитального развития (CDA)
• Мэр	Шейх Ансар Азиз
• Главный комиссар	Амер Али Ахмед
• Заместитель комиссара	Мухаммад Хамза Шафкаат
• Председатель CDA	Амер Али Ахмед
Площадь
• Город	220 км (80 квадратных миль)
• Городской	220,15 км (85,00 квадратных миль)
• Метро	906,5 км (350,0 кв. миль)
Наивысшая отметка	620 м (2000 футов)
Наименьшая отметка	490 м (1610 футов)
Население (2017 )
• Город	1,014,825
• Ранг	9-е, Пакистан
• Плотность	2089 / км (5410 / кв. Миль)
• Метро	3,113,056 (включая Равалпинди )
• Ранг, Метро	4-й Пакистан
Демоним (ы)	Исламабади Исламабади
Часовой пояс	UTC +05: 00 (PKT )
Почтовый индекс	44000
Код (а) города	051
Известные спортивные команды	Islamabad United, Исламабад Джиннс
Веб-сайт	www.islamabad.gov.pk

Исламабад (; Урду : اسلام آباد, Islāmābād) является столицей в Пакистане и находится под федеральным управлением как часть столичной территории Исламабад. Исламабад является девятым по величине городом в Пакистане, в то время как более крупный столичный регион Исламабад-Равалпинди является четвертым по величине городом страны с населением около 3,1 миллиона. Исламабад, построенный как запланированный город в 1960-х годах, чтобы заменить Карачи в качестве столицы Пакистана, известен своим высоким уровнем жизни, безопасностью и обилием зелени.

Генеральный план города, разработанный греческим архитектором Константиносом Апостолоу Доксиадисом, делит город на восемь зон, включая административные, дипломатический анклав, жилые районы, образовательные секторы, промышленные секторы, коммерческие районы, а также сельские и зеленые зоны, которые находятся в ведении столичной корпорации Исламабада при поддержке Управления капитального развития. Город известен наличием нескольких парков и лесов, в том числе национального парка Маргалла-Хиллз и парка Шакарпарян. В городе есть несколько достопримечательностей, в том числе мечеть Фейсала, самая большая мечеть в Южной Азии и четвертая по величине в мире. Другие достопримечательности включают Национальный памятник Пакистана и Площадь Демократии.

Исламабад — глобальный город Gamma + по оценке Globalization and World Cities Research Network ;. В городе самая высокая стоимость жизни в Пакистане, а в его населении преобладают жители среднего и среднего класса.

Город здесь находятся двадцать университетов, в том числе Университет Бахрии, Университет Куэйд-э-Азам, PIEAS, Институт информационных технологий COMSATS и НУСТ. Город является одним из самых безопасных в Пакистане и имеет обширную систему наблюдения с 1900 камерами видеонаблюдения.

Содержание

• 1 Топонимия
• 2 История
  • 2.1 Ранняя история
  • 2.2 Строительство и развитие
  • 2.3 Новейшая история
• 3 География и климат
  • 3.1 Климат
• 4 Городской пейзаж
  • 4.1 Гражданское управление
  • 4.2 Секторы
  • 4.3 Исламабад / Метрополия Равалпинди
  • 4.4 Архитектура
• 5 Демография
  • 5.1 Язык
  • 5.2 Грамотность
  • 5.3 Религия
• 6 Экономика
• 7 Культура
• 8 Туризм
• 9 Образование
• 10 Здравоохранение
• 11 Транспорт
  • 11.1 Воздушный транспорт
  • 11.2 Общественный транспорт
  • 11.3 Частный транспорт
  • 11.4 Дороги
• 12 Спорт
• 13 Места отдыха в Исламабаде
  • 13.1 Мечеть Фейсал
  • 13.2 Тропа 3
  • 13.3 Национальный памятник Пакистана
• 14 Известные люди
• 15 Города-побратимы и города-побратимы
• 16 См. Также
• 17 Ссылки
• 18 Внешние ссылки

Топонимия

Название «Исламабад» означает «Город Ислама». Оно образовано от двух слов: ислам и абад. Ислам — это урду слово, которое относится к религии ислам и -abad — это персидский суффикс, означающий «возделанное место», что указывает на населенный пункт или город. Согласно исторической книге Мухаммада Исмаила Забиха, Абдур Рехман Амритсари — школьный учитель из Арифвала — предложил название города.

Написав «Исламабад» время от времени в разговорной речи заключил контракт с «ISB». Такое использование возникло на языке SMS, отчасти из-за идентификатора местоположения IATA для международного аэропорта Исламабад.

История

Ранняя история

Исламабад Столичная территория, расположенная на плато Потхохар в регионе Пенджаб, считается одним из самых ранних поселений людей в Азии. Некоторые из самых ранних артефактов каменного века в мире были найдены на плато от 100 000 до 500 000 лет назад. Рудиментарные камни, обнаруженные на террасах реки Соан, свидетельствуют об усилиях древнего человека в межледниковый период. Были найдены глиняные изделия и утварь, относящиеся к доисторическим временам.

Раскопки доктора Абдула Гафура Лоуна обнаруживают свидетельства существования доисторической культуры в этом районе. Были найдены реликвии и человеческие черепа, датируемые 5000 г. до н.э., что указывает на то, что этот регион был домом для неолитических народов, которые поселились на берегах реки Сваан и которые позже создали небольшие общины в регион около 3000 г. до н.э.

Цивилизация долины Инда процветала в регионе между 23 и 18 веками до нашей эры. Позже этот район был ранним поселением арийской общины , которая мигрировала в регион из Средней Азии. Многие великие армии, такие как Захируддин Бабур, Чингисхан, Тимур и Ахмад Шах Дуррани, пересекли регион во время вторжения Индийский субконтинент. В 2015–16 годах Федеральное управление археологии и музеев при финансовой поддержке Национального фонда культурного наследия провело первоначальные археологические раскопки, в ходе которых были обнаружены останки буддийской ступы в Бан Факиран, недалеко от шаха Аллаха Дитта. пещеры, датированные II — V веками нашей эры.

• 

  XV век Форт Фарвала у реки Река Суан

• 

  Популярный Храм Мехер Али Шах был завершен непосредственно перед началом строительства будущей столицы к востоку от святыни

• 

  Пещеры в Шах Аллах Дитта на окраине Исламабада были частью древней буддийской монашеской общины

• 

  Восстановленная деревня Саидпур предшествует окружающему его городу Исламабаду

Строительство и развитие

Городская форма Исламабада была спроектирована так, чтобы радикально отличаться от типичных южноазиатских городов, с просторными проспектами в лесу. как настройка.

Когда Пакистан получил независимость в 1 947 год, южный портовый город Карачи был его временной столицей. В 1958 году была создана комиссия для выбора подходящего места недалеко от Равалпинди для национальной столицы с особым упором на местоположение, климат, логистику и требования обороны, а также другие атрибуты. После обширного изучения, исследования и тщательного изучения потенциальных участков комиссия рекомендовала район к северо-востоку от Равалпинди в 1959 году. В 1960-х годах Исламабад был построен как передовая столица по нескольким причинам. Карачи также находился в южной части страны и подвергался нападениям со стороны Аравийского моря. Пакистану нужна была столица, к которой можно было легко добраться со всех концов страны. Деловой центр Карачи также считался неподходящим отчасти из-за вмешательства деловых кругов в дела правительства. Недавно выбранное место Исламабаде был ближе к штаб армии в Равалпинди и спорная территория Кашмир на севере.

Греческая фирма архитекторов во главе с Константиносом Апостолосом Доксиадисом разработали генеральный план города на основе плана сетки, который имел треугольную форму с вершиной в направлении холмов Маргалла. Столица не была перенесена напрямую из Карачи в Исламабад; сначала он был временно перемещен в Равалпинди в начале 60-х годов, а затем в Исламабад, когда в 1966 году были завершены существенные разработки.

Недавняя история

Метробус Равалпинди-Исламабад был построен в 2015 году для соединения Исламабада с соседним Равалпинди..

Исламабад привлекал людей со всего Пакистана, что делает его одним из самых космополитичных и урбанизированных городов Пакистана. В качестве столицы он провел ряд важных встреч, таких как саммит Ассоциации регионального сотрудничества Южной Азии в 2004 году.

В октябре 2005 года городу был нанесен ущерб из-за 2005 Кашмирское землетрясение магнитудой 7,6. Исламабад пережил серию террористических актов, в том числе Осада Лал Масджида (Красная мечеть) в июле 2007 г., взрыв в посольстве Дании в июне 2008 г. и взрыв в Marriott в сентябре 2008 г. 153>. В 2011 году в городе произошло четыре террористических акта, в результате которых погибли четыре человека, включая убийство губернатора Пенджаба Салмана Тасира.

Строительство метробуса Равалпинди-Исламабад, Первая линия общественного транспорта в регионе была начата в феврале 2014 года и завершена в марте 2015 года. Управление развития Равалпинди построило проект стоимостью около 24 миллиардов рупий, которые были разделены между федеральным правительством и правительством провинции Пенджаб.

География и климат

• 

  Холмы Маргалла, Исламабад

• 

  Зеленый городской пейзаж Исламабада напрямую сливается с холмами Маргалла

• 

  Проспект Конституции

• 

  Лиственные деревья Исламабада меняют цвет осенью

Исламабад расположен в 33 ° 26’N 73 ° 02’E / 33,43 ° N 73,04 ° E / 33,43; 73.04 на северной окраине плато Потхохар и у подножия холмов Маргалла в столичной территории Исламабада. Его высота составляет 540 метров (1770 футов). Современная столица и древний Гахар город Равалпинди образуют городской квартал и обычно называются городами-побратимами.

К северо-востоку от города находится Горная станция колониальной эпохи Мурри, а к северу находится Район Харипур в Хайбер-Пахтунхва. Кахута лежит на юго-востоке, Таксила, Вах Кантт и Район Атток на северо-западе, Гуджар Хан, Рават и Мандра на юго-востоке, и мегаполис Равалпинди на юге и юго-западе. Исламабад расположен в 120 км (75 миль) к юго-западу от Музаффарабад, в 185 км (115 миль) к востоку от Пешавара, в 295 км (183 миль) к северо-западу от Лахора и в 300 км (190 миль) к юго-западу от Сринагара, столицы индийской территории Джамму и Кашмир.

. Город Исламабад занимает площадь 906 квадратных километров (350 квадратных миль). Еще 2717 квадратных километров (1049 квадратных миль) известны как Особая зона с холмами Маргала на севере и северо-востоке. Южная часть города представляет собой холмистую равнину. Он дренируется рекой Куранг, на которой плотина Равал расположена.

Климат

Ежегодное количество осадков в Исламабаде позволяет расти густым лесам на холмах города.

В Исламабаде влажный субтропический климат (Köppen : Cwa) с пятью сезонами: зима (ноябрь – февраль), весна (март и апрель), лето (май и июнь), дождливый Муссон (июль и август) и осень (сентябрь и октябрь). Самый жаркий месяц — июнь, где средние максимумы обычно превышают 38 ° C (100,4 ° F). Самый влажный месяц — июль, с проливными дождями и вечерними грозами с вероятностью ливней и наводнений. Самый прохладный месяц — январь.

Микроклимат Исламабада регулируется тремя искусственными водохранилищами: Равал, Симли и Ханпурская плотина. Последний расположен на реке Аро недалеко от города Ханпур, примерно в 40 километрах (25 миль) от Исламабада. Плотина Симли находится в 30 километрах (19 миль) к северу от Исламабада. 220 акров (89 га) города состоит из национального парка Маргалла-Хиллз. Лес Лой Бхер расположен вдоль шоссе Исламабад, его площадь составляет 1 087 акров (440 га). Наибольшее ежемесячное количество осадков в 743,3 мм (29,26 дюйма) было зарегистрировано в июле 1995 года. Зимой обычно бывает густой туман по утрам и солнечный день. В городе температура остается умеренной, со снегопадом на возвышенностях на близлежащих горных станциях, в частности, Мурри и Натия Гали. Температура колеблется от 13 ° C (55 ° F) в январе до 38 ° C (100 ° F) в июне. Самая высокая зарегистрированная температура была 46,6 ° C (115,9 ° F) 23 июня 2005 года, а самая низкая температура была -6 ° C (21,2 ° F) 17 января 1967 года. В городе зафиксирован снегопад. 23 июля 2001 года в Исламабаде всего за 10 часов выпало рекордное количество осадков — 620 мм (24 дюйма). Это были самые сильные осадки в Исламабаде за последние 100 лет и самые высокие осадки за 24 часа.

Климатические данные Исламабада (1961–1990)
Месяц	Янв	Фев	мар	апр	май	июн	июл	авг	Сен	Октябрь	Ноябрь	Дек	Год
Рекордно высокий ° C (° F)	30,1. (86,2)	30,0. (86,0)	34,4. (93,9)	40,6. (105,1)	45,6. (114,1)	46,6. (115,9)	45,0. (113,0)	42,0. (107,6)	38,1. (100,6)	37,8. (100,0)	32,2. (90,0)	28,3. (82,9)	46,6. (115,9)
Средняя высокая ° C (° F)	17,7. (63,9)	19,1. (66,4)	23,9. (75,0)	30,1. (86,2)	35,3. (95,5)	38,7. (101,7)	35,0. (95,0)	33,4. (92,1)	33,5. (92,3)	30,9. (8 7,6)	25,4. (77,7)	19,7. (67,5)	28,6. (83,5)
Среднесуточное значение ° C (° F)	10,1. (50,2)	12,1. (53,8)	16,9. (62,4)	22,6. (72,7)	27,5. (81,5)	31,2. (88,2)	29,7. (85,5)	28,5. (83,3)	27,0. (80,6)	22,4. (72,3)	16,5. (61,7)	11,6. (52,9)	21,3. (70,3)
Средняя низкая ° C (° F)	2,6. (36,7)	5,1. (41,2)	9,9. (49,8)	15,0. (59,0)	19,7. (67,5)	23,7. (74,7)	24,3. (75,7)	23,5. (74,3)	20,6. (69,1)	13,9. (57,0)	7,5. (45,5)	3,4. (38,1)	14,1. (57,4)
Запись низкой ° C (° F)	-6,1. (21,0)	-2,2. (28,0)	-0,3. (31,5)	5,1. (41,2)	10,5. (50,9)	15,0. (59,0)	17,8. (64,0)	17,0. (62,6)	13,3. (55,9)	5,7. (42,3)	— 0,6. (30,9)	-4,1. (24,6)	-6,1. (21,0)
Среднее осаждение мм (дюймы)	56,1. (2,21)	73,5. (2,89)	89,8. (3,54)	61,8. ( 2,43)	39,2. (1,54)	62,2. (2,45)	368,0. (14,49)	334,5. (13,17)	122,2. (4,81)	29,3. (1,15)	17,8. (0,70)	37,3. (1,47)	1,291,7. (50,85)
Среднемесячное количество солнечных часов	195,7	187,1	202,3	252,4	311,9	300,1	264,4	250,7	262,2	275,5	247,9	195,6	2,945,8
Источник 1: NOAA (норма)
Источник 2: PMD (крайние значения)

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Городской пейзаж

Зоны Исламабада

Зоны в Исламабаде
Зона	Площадь
акров	km
I	54,958,25	222,4081
II	9 804,92	39,6791
III	50,393,01	203,9333
IV	69,814,35	282,5287
V	39,029,45	157.9466
Источник :	Lahore Real Estate

Гражданская администрация

Администрация столичной территории Исламабада (ICT), широко известная как Администрация ИКТ или Администрация Исламабада, является гражданской администрацией, а также главным органом правопорядка Федеральной столицы.

Орган местного самоуправления города — Islamabad Metropolitan Corporation (IMC) с некоторой помощью со стороны Управления капитального развития (CDA), которое наблюдает за планированием, развитием, строительством и администрированием город. Территория столицы Исламабада разделена на восемь зон: административная зона, коммерческий район, образовательный сектор, промышленный сектор, дипломатический анклав, жилые районы, сельские районы и зеленые зоны. Город Исламабад разделен на пять основных зон: Зона I, Зона II, Зона III, Зона IV и Зона V. Из них Зона IV является самой большой по площади. Зона I состоит в основном из всех развитых жилых секторов, а зона II состоит из недостаточно развитых жилых секторов. Каждый жилой сектор обозначается буквой алфавита и числом и занимает площадь примерно 2 км × 2 км (1 ⁄ 4 миль × 1 ⁄ 4 миль). Секторы обозначены буквами от A до I, и каждый сектор разделен на четыре пронумерованных подсектора.

Секторы

Серии A, B и C все еще недостаточно развиты. Серия D имеет семь секторов (от D-11 до D-17), из которых полностью развит только сектор D-12. Этот сериал расположен у подножия холмов Маргалла. Секторы E имеют названия от E-7 до E-17. Многие иностранцы и дипломатический персонал размещены в этих секторах. В пересмотренном Генеральном плане города CDA решила создать парк по образцу Парк Фатимы Джинна в секторе E-14. В секторах E-8 и E-9 расположены кампусы Университета Бахрии, Авиационного университета и Университета национальной обороны. Серии F и G содержат наиболее развитые сектора. Серия F содержит секторы с F-5 до F-17; некоторые отрасли все еще недостаточно развиты. F-5 является важным сектором для индустрии программного обеспечения в Исламабаде, поскольку здесь расположены два технологических парка программного обеспечения. Весь сектор F-9 покрыт парком Фатима Джинна. Комплекс Центавр является главной достопримечательностью сектора F-8. Секторы G пронумерованы от G-5 до G-17. Некоторые важные места включают конференц-центр Jinnah и отель Serena в G-5, Красную мечеть в G-6, Пакистанский институт медицинских наук, крупнейший медицинский комплекс в столице., расположенный в G-8, и в G-9.

Секторы H пронумерованы от H-8 до H-17. Сектора H в основном предназначены для образовательных и медицинских учреждений. Национальный университет наук и технологий охватывает большую часть сектора H-12. Сектора I пронумерованы от I-8 до I-18. За исключением I-8, которая представляет собой хорошо развитый жилой район, эти секторы в основном являются частью промышленной зоны. Два подсектора I-9 и один подсектор I-10 используются как промышленные зоны. CDA планирует создать железнодорожную станцию ​​Исламабад в секторе I-18 и промышленный город в секторе I-17. Зона III состоит в основном из холмов Маргалла и национального парка холмов Маргалла. Озеро Равал находится в этой зоне. Зона IV и V состоит из парка Исламабад и сельских районов города. Река Соан впадает в город через Зону V.

Линия горизонта Исламабада

Столичный район Исламабада / Равалпинди

Когда в 1960 году был составлен генеральный план Исламабада, Исламабад и Равалпинди вместе с прилегающими территориями должен был быть объединен с образованием большой столичной области под названием Исламабад / Равалпинди Метрополия. Район будет состоять из развивающегося Исламабада, старого колониального городка Равалпинди и национального парка Маргалла-Хиллз, включая прилегающие сельские районы. Однако город Исламабад является частью столичной территории Исламабада, а Равалпинди является частью округа Равалпинди, который является частью провинции Пенджаб <836.>Первоначально предполагалось, что три района будут соединены четырьмя основными автомагистралями: шоссе Мурри, шоссе Исламабад, шоссе Соан и шоссе Капитал. Однако на сегодняшний день построено только две автомагистрали: Кашмирское шоссе (бывшее шоссе Марри) и Исламабадское шоссе. Планы строительства проспекта Маргалла также реализуются. Исламабад является центром всей государственной деятельности, а Равалпинди — центром всей промышленной, коммерческой и военной деятельности. Эти два города считаются городами-побратимами и тесно взаимосвязаны.

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  Мега Молл в Исламабаде Центавр

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  Башня PTET и ISE

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  Секретариат Пакистана

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  Памятник Звезда и Полумесяц в начале Шакарпарян

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  Мечеть Фейсал

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  Даман-э-Ко Парк

• 

  Закат над Парк Лейк-Вью

• 

  вид на Голубую зону, коммерческий центр города.

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  Голубая зона

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  Памятник Пакистану

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  Проспект Конституции в Исламабаде

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  Сайдпур сёлками

Архитектура

Архитектура Исламабада представляет собой сочетание современности и старого Исламского И региональные традиции. Это пример интеграции современной архитектуры с традиционными стилями. Здание бежевого цвета отделано голубой плиткой в ​​исламских традициях и является одним из самых высоких зданий Исламабада. Другие примеры переплетения исламской и современной архитектуры включают памятник Пакистану и мечеть Фейсал. Другие известные структуры: Комплекс Секретариата, спроектированный Джио Понти, секретариат премьер-министра на основе архитектуры Великих Моголов и Национальное собрание Эдвардом Дуреллом Стоуном.

Фрески внутри больших лепестков памятника Пакистану основаны на исламской архитектуре. Мечеть Шаха Фейсала представляет собой сочетание современной архитектуры с более традиционным большим треугольным молитвенным залом и четырьмя минаретами, спроектированная Ведатом Далокаем, турецким архитектором и построенная на средства, предоставленные королем Фейсалом. из Саудовская Аравия. Архитектура мечети Фейсал необычна тем, что в ней отсутствует купольная конструкция. Это сочетание арабских, турецких и могольских архитектурных традиций. Centaurus является примером современной архитектуры, строящейся в Исламабаде. Семизвездочный отель был спроектирован WS Atkins PLC. Недавно построенные Башни фондовой биржи Исламабада — еще один пример современной архитектуры в городе.

Демография

Историческое население

Год	Население	±%
1972	77000	—
1981	204000	+ 164,9%
1998	529,180	+ 159,4%
2017	1014,825	+ 91,8%
Источник:

Язык

По данным 1998 г. По данным переписи родным языком большинства населения является пенджаби (68%), а основным диалектом является потхохари, 15% населения говорят на пушту, а 18% говорят на других языках. Аналогичным образом, согласно переписи населения 1998 года, общая численность мигрантов в городе составляет 1 миллион человек, большинство из которых (691 977) прибывает из Пенджаба. Около 210 614 мигрировавших жителей прибыли из Синда, а остальные — из Хайбер-Пахтунхва и Азад Кашмир. Меньшие группы населения эмигрировали из Белуджистана и Гилгит – Балтистан.

Грамотность

Большинство населения находится в возрастной группе 15–64 лет, около 59,38%. Только 2,73% населения старше 65 лет; 37,90% моложе 15 лет. В Исламабаде самый высокий уровень грамотности в Пакистане — 88%. 9,8% населения имеют среднее образование (эквивалентно 11 и 12 классам). 10,26% имеют степень бакалавра или эквивалентную степень, а 5,2% имеют степень магистра или эквивалентную степень. Численность рабочей силы Исламабада составляет 185 213 человек, а уровень безработицы — 15,70%.

Религия

Ислам — самая большая религия в городе, 95,53% населения — мусульмане. В сельской местности этот процент составляет 98,80%. По данным переписи 1998 года, в городских районах доля мусульман составляет 97,83%. Вторая по величине религия — христианство, с 4,07% населения, 0,94% в сельской местности и 5,70% в городе. Индуизм составляет 0,02% населения, а другие меньшинства 0,03%.

Экономика

Фондовая биржа Исламабада Zarai Taraqiati Bank Limited

Исламабад вносит чистый вклад в экономика Пакистана, поскольку в ней проживает всего 0,8% населения страны, она обеспечивает 1% ВВП страны. Фондовая биржа Исламабада, основанная в 1989 году, является третьей по величине фондовой биржей Пакистана после Фондовой биржи Карачи. Биржа и Фондовая биржа Лахора, и были объединены в Пакистанская фондовая биржа. На бирже было 118 членов, из них 104 юридических лиц и 18 индивидуальных членов. Среднедневной оборот фондовой биржи составляет более 1 миллиона акций.

Согласно Doing Business Report Всемирного банка Всемирного банка за 2010 год, Исламабад был признан лучшее место для начала бизнеса в Пакистане. Предприятия Исламабада наиболее сговорчивы по уплате налоговых сборов в Пакистане. По состоянию на 2012 год Исламабадская LTU (крупная налоговая единица) была ответственна за 371 миллиард рупий налоговых поступлений, что составляет 20% всех доходов, собранных Федеральным налоговым советом.

В Исламабаде наблюдается расширение информационные и коммуникационные технологии с добавлением двух технологических парков программного обеспечения, в которых размещаются многочисленные национальные и зарубежные технологические и информационные компании. Некоторые рабочие места переехали из Индии в Исламабад. В IT Park Awami Markaz работают 36 IT компаний, а в Evacuee Trust — 29 компаний. К 2020 году в Исламабаде появится третий ИТ-парк, который будет построен при поддержке Южной Кореи.

Культура

Исламабад является домом для многих мигрантов из других регионов Пакистана и отличается культурным и религиозным разнообразием. значительной древности. Благодаря своему расположению на плато Потхохар, в этом регионе все еще можно найти остатки древних культур и цивилизаций, таких как арийский, соанский и цивилизация долины Инда.. Форт Гахар, Форт Фарвала 15 века расположен недалеко от Исламабада. Форт Рават в этом регионе был построен Гахарами в 16-м веке. века и содержит могилу вождя гахаров, султана Саранг-хана.

деревня Саидпур предположительно названа в честь Саид-хана, сына Саранг-хана. 500-летняя деревня была преобразована в место индуистского поклонения полководцем Великих Моголов Раджей Ман Сингхом. Он построил несколько небольших прудов: Рама-кунда, Сита-кунда, Лакшаман-кунда и Хануман-кунда. В этом регионе находится небольшой индуистский храм, который сохранился, что свидетельствует о присутствии индуистов в этом регионе. Святилище суфийского мистика Пир Мехер Али Шаха находится на Голра Шариф, которая имеет богатое культурное наследие доисламского периода. Археологические останки буддийской эпохи также можно найти в этом регионе. Храм Бари Имама был построен императором Великих Моголов Аурангзебом. Тысячи преданных со всего Пакистана посещают ежегодный Урс Бари Имама. Мероприятие является одним из крупнейших религиозных собраний Исламабада. В 2004 году Урс посетило более 1,2 миллиона человек.

Музей Лок Вирса в Исламабаде хранит самые разнообразные выражения народного и традиционного культурного наследия Пакистана. Он расположен недалеко от холмов Шакарпарян и может похвастаться большой экспозицией вышитых костюмов, ювелирных изделий, музыкальных инструментов, изделий из дерева, посуды и фольклорных предметов из этого региона и других частей Пакистана.

Туризм

Мечеть Фейсала

Мечеть Фейсала является важной культурной достопримечательностью города и ежедневно привлекает множество туристов. Мечеть Фейсал, построенная в 1986 году, была названа в честь короля Саудовской Аравии Фейсала бин Абдель Азиза. Он также служит цели размещения 24 000 мусульман, которые молятся в этой мечети. Мечеть Фейсал, спроектированная турками и финансируемая Королевством Саудовская Аравия, украшена каллиграфией Корана в сравнении с стенами мечети.

Одной из достопримечательностей для туристов является памятник Пакистану, построенный в 2007 году и расположенный в Исламабаде. Эта туристическая достопримечательность олицетворяет патриотизм и суверенитет Пакистана. Дизайн имеет форму купола со стенами в форме лепестков, на которых выгравированы рисунки, изображающие другие туристические достопримечательности Пакистана, такие как мечеть Бадшахи, Минар-и-Пакистан и Лахор. Форт.

Памятник Пакистану

В Исламабаде находятся одни из самых престижных музеев Пакистана, такие как Музей Лок Вирса, Институт народного и традиционного наследия Парк Шакарпаряна и известные галереи, такие как Национальная художественная галерея и Галерея 6.

В Исламабадском музее хранится множество реликвий и артефактов, относящихся к гандхарскому периоду региона, интригующему слиянию буддизма и греко. -Римские стили. Живую культуру Исламабада и Пакистана лучше всего изучить в Музее Лок Вирса, а также в Институте народного и традиционного наследия в парке Шакарпарян.

Исламабад основан на цивилизации и архитектуре, которые варьируются от 10-го века до современной эпохи. Поскольку Исламабад расположен на плато Потохар, остатки цивилизации, восходящей к эпохе каменного века, включают ашельские и соанианские традиции, и это туристические достопримечательности. В Исламабаде есть множество исторических достопримечательностей, которые отражают индуистскую цивилизацию, восходящую к 16 веку, с такими примерами, как Саидпур. Саидпур, расположенный в Исламабаде, превратился из деревни в священное место, включающее в себя храмы, где поклонялись индуистским могольским полководцам.

Национальный парк Маргалла-Хиллз расположен в северном секторе Исламабада и в непосредственной близости от Гималаи. Национальный парк включает в себя живописные долины и живописные холмы, в которых обитают различные дикие животные, такие как гималайский горал, лающий олень и леопарды. Национальный парк Маргалла-Хиллз, окруженный дикой природой и растительностью, также включает в себя места для ночлега и кемпинги для туристов.

Образование

Университет Кайд-и-Азам

Исламабад может похвастаться самым высоким уровнем грамотности в Пакистане (98%) и одними из самых передовых учебных заведений в стране. Здесь присутствует большое количество учебных заведений государственного и частного сектора. Высшие учебные заведения в столице либо зарегистрированы на федеральном уровне, либо управляются частными организациями, и почти все они признаны Комиссией по высшему образованию Пакистана. Средние школы и колледжи либо связаны с Федеральным советом среднего и среднего образования, либо с советами по образованию университетов Великобритании, O / A Levels или IGCSE. Согласно отчету Академии планирования и управления образованием, в 2009 году в Исламабаде насчитывалось 913 признанных учебных заведений (31 дошкольное, 2 религиозных, 367 начальных, 162 средних, 250 высшие, 75 высших средних и средних колледжей и 26 колледжей ). В Исламабаде существует семь педагогических институтов, в которых обучаются 604 633 студента и 499 преподавателей.

Национальный университет наук и технологий

Индекс гендерного равенства в Исламабаде составляет 0,93 по сравнению со средним показателем по стране 0,95. В Исламабаде 178 институтов только для мальчиков, 175 только девочек и 551 смешанный институт. Всего обучается по всем категориям 267 992 человека; 138 272 для мальчиков и 129 720 для девочек. В Исламабаде 16 признанных университетов, в которых обучаются 372 974 студента и 30 144 преподавателя. Большинство лучших университетов; Национальный университет наук и технологий, Институт информационных технологий COMSATS и Пакистанский институт инженерии и прикладных наук также имеют свои штаб-квартиры в столице. Второй по величине общий университет мира по количеству учащихся, Открытый университет Аллама Икбала расположен в Исламабаде для дистанционного обучения. Другие университеты включают Воздушный университет, Университет Бахрии, Центр перспективных исследований в области инженерии, Федеральный университет искусств, науки и технологий урду, Университет Хамдарда, Национальный университет компьютерных и новых наук, Столичный университет науки и технологий, Национальный университет обороны, Шифа Тамир-э -Университет Миллата, Национальный университет современных языков, Университет Икра, Международный исламский университет, Виртуальный университет Пакистана, Мухаммед Университет Али Джинна Университет Лахора, Университет Абасина и Университетский колледж Миллениум.

Университеты и колледжи на столичной территории Исламабада

Здравоохранение

Пакистанский институт медицинских наук

В Исламабаде самый низкий уровень младенческой смертности в стране — 38 смертей на тысячу по сравнению с общенациональным в среднем 78 смертей на тысячу. В Исламабаде есть как государственные, так и частные медицинские центры. Самая большая больница в Исламабаде — это больница Пакистанского института медицинских наук (PIMS). Он был основан в 1985 году как учебно-медицинский институт. PIMS функционирует как национальный справочный центр и предоставляет специализированные диагностические и лечебные услуги. В больнице 30 основных медицинских отделений. PIMS разделена на пять административных ветвей. Исламабадская больница является основным компонентом больницы с отделением на 592 койки и 22 врачебными и хирургическими специальностями.

Детская больница — это больница на 230 коек, построенная в 1985 году. Она включает шесть основных учреждений: хирургические и смежные специальности, медицинские и смежных специальностей, диагностические учреждения, операционный театр, отделение интенсивной терапии (NICU, PICU, изоляция и неотложная помощь) и банк крови. Центр охраны здоровья матери и ребенка — это учебное заведение с прилегающей больницей на 125 коек, предлагающей различные клинические и операционные услуги. PIMS состоит из пяти академических институтов: последипломного медицинского колледжа Quaid-e-Azam, колледжа медсестер, колледжа медицинских технологий, школы медсестер и центра здоровья матери и ребенка.

Основана больница общего профиля PAEC и учебный институт в 2006 году является членом Комиссии по атомной энергии Пакистана. Больница состоит из отделения на 100 коек и 10 основных отделений: акушерства и гинекологии, педиатрии, общей медицины, Общая хирургия, Отделение интенсивной терапии / Коронарное отделение, Ортопедия, Офтальмология, Патология, Радиология и Стоматологическое отделение. Международная больница Шифа — учебная больница в Исламабаде, которая была основана в 1987 году и стала публичной компанией в 1989 году. В больнице работают 70 квалифицированных консультантов почти по всем специальностям, 150 IPD коек и OPD объекты по 35 различным специализациям. По данным Федерального статистического бюро правительства Пакистана, в 2008 году в городе было 12 больниц, 76 амбулаторий и пять центров охраны здоровья матери и ребенка на 5 158 коек.

Транспорт

Автобус Метро Исламабада

Air

Исламабад связан с основными пунктами назначения по всему миру через международный аэропорт Исламабада. Аэропорт является крупнейшим в Пакистане и расположен за пределами Исламабада в Фатех Джанг.

Общественный транспорт

Метробус Равалпинди-Исламабад рядом с Центавр

Метробус Равалпинди-Исламабад — это система скоростного автобусного сообщения протяженностью 24 км (14,9 миль), которая обслуживает города-побратимы Равалпинди и Исламабад в Пакистане. Он использует выделенные полосы для автобусов на всем своем маршруте, охватывающем 24 автобусных вокзала. Эта услуга охватывает огромное расстояние от города Саддар, Равалпинди до Пак-Секретариата, Исламабад. Эта услуга очень надежна и последовательна, и рабочая сила, а также студенты пользуются этой государственной услугой на ежедневной основе. Это снизило затраты времени за счет сокращения маршрута. Теперь это автобусное сообщение распространяется на другие районы Исламабада, включая районы возле G-13 и H-12. Ведутся работы по его сохранению вдоль Кашмирского шоссе.

Частный транспорт

Люди пользуются частным транспортом, например Такси, Карим, Uber, Bykea и SWVL для местных поездок. В марте 2016 года компания Careem начала работать в Исламабаде и Равалпинди с услугами такси.

Автомобильные дороги

Автомагистраль М-2 имеет длину 367 км (228 миль) и соединяет Исламабад и Лахор. Автомагистраль М-1 соединяет Исламабад с Пешаваром и составляет 155 км ( 96 миль) в длину. Исламабад связан с Равалпинди через Файзабадская развязка, по которой ежедневно проходит около 48000 автомобилей.

Sports

Гольф-клуб Исламабада Спортивный стадион Джинна

Исламабад напротив Аабпара расположен многофункциональный спортивный комплекс. Он включает в себя спортивный зал Liaquat для игр в помещении, комплекс Mushaf Squash и стадион Jinnah для игр на открытом воздухе, который является местом проведения регулярных национальных и международных мероприятий. 2004 SAF Games прошли на стадионе.

В F6 Markaz есть еще один многофункциональный спортивный комплекс. Здесь есть теннисные корты, баскетбольная площадка с досками из стекловолокна и футзал площадка, на которой жители Исламабада познакомились с искусственным покрытием.

Основные виды спорта в городе: крикет, футбол, сквош, хоккей, настольный теннис, регби и бокс. В городе находится Islamabad United, который впервые выиграл Пакистанская Суперлига в 2016, и Islamabad All Stars, который участвует в Суперлиге Кабадди.

В Исламабаде также есть различные места для скалолазания на холмах Маргалла.

В спортивном комплексе Пакистана есть три бассейна для детей. По выходным эти объекты собирают большое количество людей.

Места для отдыха в Исламабаде

Мечеть Фейсал

Мечеть Фейсала, расположенная в Исламабаде, Пакистан, является самой большой мечетью в Южной Азии и четвертая по величине мечеть в мире. Построенный в 1986 году, он был назван в честь покойного короля Саудовской Аравии Фейсала бин Абдель Азиза, который поддерживал и финансировал строительство.

Мечеть Фейсала

Тропа 3

Тропа 3 Исламабад

Самая известная и самая старая пешеходная тропа Исламабада — это Тропа 3. Она начинается от участка дороги Маргалла F-6. Тропа несколько утомительна из-за крутых холмов. Маршрут ведет к точке, где он поднимается к смотровой площадке, и его продолжительность составляет около 30-50 минут. После обзорной площадки он продолжается еще 45-60 минут и достигает Pir Sohawa, где есть два ресторана, The Monal и La Montana. В общей сложности это примерно час и тридцать минут ходьбы.

Национальный памятник Пакистана

Национальный памятник Пакистана, расположенный в Исламабаде, представляет собой представление четырех провинций и трех территорий страны. нация. Это здание в форме цветущего цветка, спроектированное известным архитектором Арифом Масудом, отражает прогресс и процветание Пакистана.

Памятник Пакистану

Известные люди

Города-побратимы и города-побратимы

См. Также

• Птицы Исламабада

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

исламабад

Исламабад

Исламаба́д (, ) — столица Исламской Республики Пакистан. Культурный, политический и экономический центр страны.

исламабад

столица Пакистана, центр Федерального столичного округа с населением 359 тыс. жителей (
1983). Международный аэропорт. Пищевая, легкая промышленность. Университет, научно-исследовательские институты атомной энергии, исламоведения и др. Построен в 1960-70 как столица.

исламабад

столица Пакистана. Расположена у предгорьев Гималаев на Потварском плато, в долине, на высоте 550 м ; занимает выгодное транспортно-географическое положение. В городе благоприятные климатические условия (максимальная температура июля 39 |С, минимальная температура января 3 |С). Административно И. образует территорию центрального подчинения. Население 100 тыс. чел. (1970; 50 тыс. чел. в
1965). Решение о строительстве новой столицы Пакистана было принято правительством в 1959; проект подготовлен в 1960; строительство города началось в 1961, в 28 км от прежней, временной столицы — Равалпинди . Планировка и застройка И. осуществляются по проекту фирмы греческого архитектора К. А. Доксиадиса иностранными и пакистанскими зодчими. Отличаясь чертами современного европейского города, сочетающимися с местными архитектурными особенностями, И. имеет регулярную планировку, зонирование (кварталы: деловые, правительственные и дипломатические, жилые с 1-2-этажными домами с плоскими крышами, районы ремесленного производства и лёгкой промышленности, зелёная зона и др.). Построены гостиница ‘Шехерезада’ (итальянский архитектор Дж. Понти), Большая мечеть; строится (
1972) здание парламента (датский архитектор А. Якобсен). Из научных и культурных учреждений функционировали (
1971) Пакистанский институт ядерных исследований и технологии, Институт исламоведения, Национальная библиотека.

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