кВт/ч, кВт*ч, Киловатт-час — внесистемная единица измерения количества произведенной или потреблённой энергии, а также выполненной работы. Используется для упрощения расчетов за электроэнергию.
Киловатт-час равен количеству энергии, потребляемой (производимой) устройством мощностью один киловатт в течение одного часа. Отсюда 1 кВт*ч = 1000 Вт * 3600 с = 3,6 МДж.
Следует заметить, что правильно писать именно «кВт*ч» (мощность, умноженная на время). Написание «кВт/ч» (киловатт в час) — неправильно. Такое обозначение соответствует изменению мощности в единицу времени (что обычно никого не интересует), но никак не количеству энергии. Столь же распространенная ошибка — использовать «киловатт» (единицу мощности) вместо «киловатт-час».
Пример расчета потребления некоторых бытовых приборов:
| Наименование электроприбора | Паспортная мощность, Вт (Ватт, W) | Время работы, ч | Потребленное количество электрической энергии за указанное время, кВт*ч |
| Электрочайник | 2200 | 0,1 | 0,22 |
| Бойлер | 3500 | 2 | 7 |
| Зарядка для телефона | 100 | 8 | 0,8 |
| LED телевизор | 130 | 5 | 0,65 |
| Стиральная машинка | 1800 | 1,1 | 1,98 |
| Лампа накаливания (60W) | 60 | 1000 | 60 |
| Энергосберегающая лампа (Эквивалентная 60W) | 12 | 1000 | 12 |
| Диодная лампа (Эквивалентная 60W) | 6 | 1000 | 6 |
кВт, кВт*ч и кВт/ч
Время на прочтение
2 мин
Количество просмотров 117K
Увидел (опять/снова/в очередной раз) в одной из недавних статей выражение «5 МВт энергии» и решил, что пора кратко повторить чем отличается кВт от кВт*ч.
Энергия
С точки зрения банальной энергетики энергия — это материя, которая производится электростанцией, хранится в аккумуляторе и тратится лампочками.
Мощность
Мощность — скорость перемещения или преобразования энергии. Это количество энергии, перемещаемое или преобразуемое в единицу времени.
кВт
Единица мощности.
кВт*ч
Единица энергии — не системная, но основная в быту. Как видно из записи, получается умножением единицы мощности (кВт) на единицу времени (ч).
Пример 1.
У вас есть 2 обогревателя, мощностью 1 кВт каждый. Вы греетесь об них 1 час. Электричество по 4 рубля за кВт*ч.
2 * 1 кВт * 1 ч * 4 руб/[кВт*ч] = 2 [кВт*ч] * 4 руб/[кВт*ч] = 8 руб
Пример 2.
У вас есть 1 обогреватель мощностью 1 кВт. Вы греетесь об него 2 часа. Электричество по 4 рубля за кВт*ч.
1 * 1 кВт * 2 ч * 4 руб/[кВт*ч] = 2 [кВт*ч] * 4 руб/[кВт*ч] = 8 руб
Обратите внимание на арифметику единиц измерения. Именно в ней кроется физический смысл вычислений.
кВт * ч = [кВт*ч]
[кВт*ч] / [кВт*ч] = 1
[кВт*ч] * руб / [кВт*ч] = руб * 1 = руб
[кВт*ч] + [кВт*ч] = [кВт*ч]
кВт/ч
кВт в час — единица скорости строительства электростанций. Основная характеристика электростанции — её установленная мощность (кВт). Суммарное количество электростанций построенное за некоторое время делённое на это время (ч) — скорость строительства (кВт/ч). На практике используется кратная ей — МВт/год.
Если Ваш текст не посвящён макроэкономическим показателям, то кВт/ч (как и кВт в час) в нём встречаться не должен.
Капитализация
Ещё раз посмотрим на единицу энергии: кВт*ч.
к — десятичная приставка «кило» (маленькая «к»). Десятичные приставки чувствительны к регистру и нажатие на SHIFT в неподходящий момент может привести к ошибке в миллиард раз и больше. К счастью, на данный момент не существует десятичной приставки «К» (если не считать двоичную K=1024).
Вт — сокращение от фамилии Ватт. Пишется с большой буквы, как и все имена.
ч — обычная единица. Пишется с маленькой буквы.
Тема, конечно, выглядит по-детски на фоне «Мифов современной популярной физики», но нужно иногда разбираться и с основами.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| kilowatt-hour | |
|---|---|
Residential electricity meter located in Canada |
|
| General information | |
| Unit system | Non-SI metric |
| Unit of | Energy |
| Symbol | kW⋅h or kW h |
| Conversions | |
| 1 kW⋅h in … | … is equal to … |
| SI units | 3.6 MJ |
| CGS units | 3.6×1013 erg |
| English Engineering units | ≈ 2,655,224 ft⋅lbf |
| British Gravitational units | ≈ 85,429,300 ft⋅pdl |
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a unit of energy: one kilowatt of power for one hour. In terms of SI derived units with special names, it equals 3.6 megajoules (MJ). Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities.
Definition[edit]
The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3,600 kilojoules or 3.6 MJ.[1][2]
Unit representations[edit]
A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is «kWh», derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by electric utility companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in the media.[3][4] It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering.[5] This common representation, however, does not comply with the style guide of the International System of Units (SI).[6]
Other representations of the unit may be encountered:
- «kW⋅h» and «kW h» are less commonly used, but they are consistent with the SI. The SI brochure[6] states that in forming a compound unit symbol, «Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a half-high (centred) dot (⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol.» This is supported by a voluntary standard[7] issued jointly by an international (IEEE) and national (ASTM) organization, and by a major style guide.[8] However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows «kWh» (but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour). One guide published by NIST specifically recommends against «kWh» «to avoid possible confusion».[9]
- The United States official fuel-economy window sticker for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation «kW-hrs».[10]
- Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.
- The notation «kW/h» for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.
The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI.[6] Its combination with the kilowatt, a standard SI unit, is therefore permitted within the standard.[dubious – discuss]
An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt), and operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour.
Electricity sales[edit]
Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device’s power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The unit price of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer’s consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.[11]
While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes.[12] Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the power factor of their load.
Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year.
Examples[edit]
In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month.[13]
In terms of human power, a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day.[14]
Conversions[edit]
To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect.
| Joule | Watt-hour | Kilowatt-hour | Electronvolt | Calorie | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 J = 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−2 = | 1 | 2.77778 × 10−4 | 2.77778 × 10−7 | 6.241 × 1018 | 0.239 |
| 1 Wh = | 3.6 × 103 | 1 | 0.001 | 2.247 × 1022 | 859.8 |
| 1 kWh = | 3.6 × 106 | 1,000 | 1 | 2.247 × 1025 | 8.598 × 105 |
| 1 eV = | 1.602 × 10−19 | 4.45 × 10−23 | 4.45 × 10−26 | 1 | 3.827 × 10−20 |
| 1 cal = | 4.184 | 1.162 × 10−3 | 1.162 × 10−6 | 2.612 × 1019 | 1 |
Watt-hour multiples [edit]
| Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Symbol | Name | Value | Symbol | Name |
| 10−3 | mW⋅h | milliwatt-hour | 103 | kW⋅h | kilowatt-hour |
| 10−6 | µW⋅h | microwatt-hour | 106 | MW⋅h | megawatt-hour |
| 109 | GW⋅h | gigawatt-hour | |||
| 1012 | TW⋅h | terawatt-hour | |||
| 1015 | PW⋅h | petawatt-hour |
All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on.
The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours. Megawatt-hours (MWh), gigawatt-hours (GWh), and terawatt-hours (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and petawatt-hour (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the annual electricity generation for whole countries and the world energy consumption.
Distinguishing between kilowatt-hours (energy) and kilowatts (power)[edit]
Work is the amount of energy transferred to a system; power is the rate of delivery of energy.
Energy is measured in joules, or watt-seconds. Power is measured in watts, or joules per second.
For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery’s stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery’s stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period.
Annualized power[edit]
Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about 8766 h/yr.
Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8766 h ≈ 114.08 kW.
Misuse of watts per hour[edit]
Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW=kJ/s). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time.
Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the duck curve), or ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h.
Other uses of terms such as watts per hour are likely to be errors.[15][16]
[edit]
Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas.
Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the energy efficiency of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year.
The energy content of a battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for Li-ion) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for USB portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours.
The Board of Trade unit (B.T.U.)[17] is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the Board of Trade which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the Ministry of Power took over.[18] This should not be confused with a British Thermal Unit (BTU) which is 1055 J.
In India, the kilowatt-hour is often simply called a Unit of energy. A million units, designated MU, is a gigawatt-hour and a BU (billion units) is a terawatt-hour.[19][20]
See also[edit]
- Ampere-hour
- Electric vehicle battery
- Electric energy consumption
- IEEE Std 260.1-2004
- Orders of magnitude (energy)
References[edit]
- ^ Thompson, Ambler and Taylor, Barry N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Special publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 12.
- ^ «Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication.», Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.) The International System of Units. Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20.
- ^ IEC Electropedia, Entry 131-11-58 Archived March 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ See for example: Wind Energy Reference Manual Part 2: Energy and Power Definitions Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Danish Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)» Archived March 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «US Nuclear Power Industry» Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «Energy. A Beginners Guide: Making Sense of Units» Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Renew On Line (UK). The Open University. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
- ^ ASTM SI10-10, IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, [www.astm.org] «The symbols for certain compound units of electrical power engineering are usually written without separation, thus: watthour (Wh), kilowatthour (kWh), voltampere (VA), and kilovoltampere (kVA)»
- ^ a b c «The International System of Units (SI)» (PDF). International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). 2019. p. 147. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. (1997). (IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and ASTM. 15.
- ^ «10.57: Units derived from SI base units». The Chicago Manual of Style (17 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ «Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)» (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
Reference [4: ISO 31-0] suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt-hour. Nevertheless, this Guide takes the position that a half-high dot or a space should always be used to avoid possible confusion;
- ^ «Electric Vehicles: Learn More About the New Label». fueleconomy.gov. US Department of energy. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2018
- ^ «Understanding Electric Demand» Archived June 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, National Grid
- ^ «How much electricity does an American home use?». U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ Eugene A. Avallone et al., (ed), Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 11th Edition , Mc-Graw Hill, New York 2007 ISBN 0-07-142867-4 page 9-4
- ^ Woofenden, Ian (2009-10-05). Wind Power For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-470-49637-4.
Much too often, I hear people say something like … ‘watts per hour’…
- ^ Home Power. Electron Connection. 2007.
Watts per hour. This nonsensical phrase tops my electrical terminology pet peeve list.
- ^ E. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (New ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 137. ISBN 0550102345.
- ^ «The Board of Trade 1621-1970». Archived from the original on 2010.
- ^ «Get enlightened about electricity». The Financial Express. December 20, 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ «BHEL manufactured units generate record power». The Hindu. Press Trust of India. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| kilowatt-hour | |
|---|---|
|
Residential electricity meter located in Canada |
|
| General information | |
| Unit system | Non-SI metric |
| Unit of | Energy |
| Symbol | kW⋅h or kW h |
| Conversions | |
| 1 kW⋅h in … | … is equal to … |
| SI units | 3.6 MJ |
| CGS units | 3.6×1013 erg |
| English Engineering units | ≈ 2,655,224 ft⋅lbf |
| British Gravitational units | ≈ 85,429,300 ft⋅pdl |
A kilowatt-hour (unit symbol: kW⋅h or kW h; commonly written as kWh) is a unit of energy: one kilowatt of power for one hour. In terms of SI derived units with special names, it equals 3.6 megajoules (MJ). Kilowatt-hours are a common billing unit for electrical energy delivered to consumers by electric utilities.
Definition[edit]
The kilowatt-hour is a composite unit of energy equal to one kilowatt (kW) sustained for (multiplied by) one hour. Expressed in the standard unit of energy in the International System of Units (SI), the joule (symbol J), it is equal to 3,600 kilojoules or 3.6 MJ.[1][2]
Unit representations[edit]
A widely used representation of the kilowatt-hour is «kWh», derived from its component units, kilowatt and hour. It is commonly used in billing for delivered energy to consumers by electric utility companies, and in commercial, educational, and scientific publications, and in the media.[3][4] It is also the usual unit representation in electrical power engineering.[5] This common representation, however, does not comply with the style guide of the International System of Units (SI).[6]
Other representations of the unit may be encountered:
- «kW⋅h» and «kW h» are less commonly used, but they are consistent with the SI. The SI brochure[6] states that in forming a compound unit symbol, «Multiplication must be indicated by a space or a half-high (centred) dot (⋅), since otherwise some prefixes could be misinterpreted as a unit symbol.» This is supported by a voluntary standard[7] issued jointly by an international (IEEE) and national (ASTM) organization, and by a major style guide.[8] However, the IEEE/ASTM standard allows «kWh» (but does not mention other multiples of the watt-hour). One guide published by NIST specifically recommends against «kWh» «to avoid possible confusion».[9]
- The United States official fuel-economy window sticker for electric vehicles uses the abbreviation «kW-hrs».[10]
- Variations in capitalization are sometimes encountered: KWh, KWH, kwh, etc., which are inconsistent with the International System of Units.
- The notation «kW/h» for the kilowatt-hour is incorrect, as it denotes kilowatt per hour.
The hour is a unit of time listed among the non-SI units accepted by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures for use with the SI.[6] Its combination with the kilowatt, a standard SI unit, is therefore permitted within the standard.[dubious – discuss]
An electric heater consuming 1,000 watts (1 kilowatt), and operating for one hour uses one kilowatt-hour of energy. A television consuming 100 watts operating continuously for 10 hours uses one kilowatt-hour. A 40-watt electric appliance operating continuously for 25 hours uses one kilowatt-hour.
Electricity sales[edit]
Electrical energy is typically sold to consumers in kilowatt-hours. The cost of running an electrical device is calculated by multiplying the device’s power consumption in kilowatts by the operating time in hours, and by the price per kilowatt-hour. The unit price of electricity charged by utility companies may depend on the customer’s consumption profile over time. Prices vary considerably by locality. In the United States prices in different states can vary by a factor of three.[11]
While smaller customer loads are usually billed only for energy, transmission services, and the rated capacity, larger consumers also pay for peak power consumption, the greatest power recorded in a fairly short time, such as 15 minutes. This compensates the power company for maintaining the infrastructure needed to provide peak power. These charges are billed as demand changes.[12] Industrial users may also have extra charges according to the power factor of their load.
Major energy production or consumption is often expressed as terawatt-hours (TWh) for a given period that is often a calendar year or financial year. A 365-day year equals 8,760 hours, so over a period of one year, power of one gigawatt equates to 8.76 terawatt-hours of energy. Conversely, one terawatt-hour is equal to a sustained power of about 114 megawatts for a period of one year.
Examples[edit]
In 2020, the average household in the United States consumed 893 kWh per month.[13]
In terms of human power, a healthy adult male manual laborer performs work equal to about half a kilowatt-hour over an eight-hour day.[14]
Conversions[edit]
To convert a quantity measured in a unit in the left column to the units in the top row, multiply by the factor in the cell where the row and column intersect.
| Joule | Watt-hour | Kilowatt-hour | Electronvolt | Calorie | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 J = 1 kg⋅m2⋅s−2 = | 1 | 2.77778 × 10−4 | 2.77778 × 10−7 | 6.241 × 1018 | 0.239 |
| 1 Wh = | 3.6 × 103 | 1 | 0.001 | 2.247 × 1022 | 859.8 |
| 1 kWh = | 3.6 × 106 | 1,000 | 1 | 2.247 × 1025 | 8.598 × 105 |
| 1 eV = | 1.602 × 10−19 | 4.45 × 10−23 | 4.45 × 10−26 | 1 | 3.827 × 10−20 |
| 1 cal = | 4.184 | 1.162 × 10−3 | 1.162 × 10−6 | 2.612 × 1019 | 1 |
Watt-hour multiples [edit]
| Submultiples | Multiples | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | Symbol | Name | Value | Symbol | Name |
| 10−3 | mW⋅h | milliwatt-hour | 103 | kW⋅h | kilowatt-hour |
| 10−6 | µW⋅h | microwatt-hour | 106 | MW⋅h | megawatt-hour |
| 109 | GW⋅h | gigawatt-hour | |||
| 1012 | TW⋅h | terawatt-hour | |||
| 1015 | PW⋅h | petawatt-hour |
All the SI prefixes are commonly applied to the watt-hour: a kilowatt-hour is 1,000 Wh (kWh); a megawatt-hour is 1 million Wh (MWh); a milliwatt-hour is 1/1,000 Wh (mWh) and so on.
The kilowatt-hour is commonly used by electrical energy providers for purposes of billing, since the monthly energy consumption of a typical residential customer ranges from a few hundred to a few thousand kilowatt-hours. Megawatt-hours (MWh), gigawatt-hours (GWh), and terawatt-hours (TWh) are often used for metering larger amounts of electrical energy to industrial customers and in power generation. The terawatt-hour and petawatt-hour (PWh) units are large enough to conveniently express the annual electricity generation for whole countries and the world energy consumption.
Distinguishing between kilowatt-hours (energy) and kilowatts (power)[edit]
Work is the amount of energy transferred to a system; power is the rate of delivery of energy.
Energy is measured in joules, or watt-seconds. Power is measured in watts, or joules per second.
For example, a battery stores energy. When the battery delivers its energy, it does so at a certain power, that is, the rate of delivery of the energy. The higher the power, the quicker the battery’s stored energy is delivered. A higher power output will cause the battery’s stored energy to be depleted in a shorter time period.
Annualized power[edit]
Electric energy production and consumption are sometimes reported on a yearly basis, in units such as megawatt-hours per year (MWh/yr) gigawatt-hours/year (GWh/yr) or terawatt-hours per year (TWh/yr). These units have dimensions of energy divided by time and thus are units of power. They can be converted to SI power units by dividing by the number of hours in a year, about 8766 h/yr.
Thus, 1 GWh/yr = 1 GWh/8766 h ≈ 114.08 kW.
Misuse of watts per hour[edit]
Many compound units for various kinds of rates explicitly mention units of time to indicate a change over time. For example: miles per hour, kilometres per hour, dollars per hour. Power units, such as kW, already measure the rate of energy per unit time (kW=kJ/s). Kilowatt-hours are a product of power and time, not a rate of change of power with time.
Watts per hour (W/h) is a unit of a change of power per hour, i.e. an acceleration in the delivery of energy. It is used to measure the daily variation of demand (e.g. the slope of the duck curve), or ramp-up behavior of power plants. For example, a power plant that reaches a power output of 1 MW from 0 MW in 15 minutes has a ramp-up rate of 4 MW/h.
Other uses of terms such as watts per hour are likely to be errors.[15][16]
[edit]
Several other units related to kilowatt-hour are commonly used to indicate power or energy capacity or use in specific application areas.
Average annual energy production or consumption can be expressed in kilowatt-hours per year. This is used with loads or output that vary during the year but whose annual totals are similar from one year to the next. For example, it is useful to compare the energy efficiency of household appliances whose power consumption varies with time or the season of the year. Another use is to measure the energy produced by a distributed power source. One kilowatt-hour per year equals about 114.08 milliwatts applied constantly during one year.
The energy content of a battery is usually expressed indirectly by its capacity in ampere-hours; to convert ampere-hour (Ah) to watt-hours (Wh), the ampere-hour value must be multiplied by the voltage of the power source. This value is approximate, since the battery voltage is not constant during its discharge, and because higher discharge rates reduce the total amount of energy that the battery can provide. In the case of devices that output a different voltage than the battery, it is the battery voltage (typically 3.7 V for Li-ion) that must be used to calculate rather than the device output (for example, usually 5.0 V for USB portable chargers). This results in a 500 mA USB device running for about 3.7 hours on a 2,500 mAh battery, not five hours.
The Board of Trade unit (B.T.U.)[17] is an obsolete UK synonym for kilowatt-hour. The term derives from the name of the Board of Trade which regulated the electricity industry until 1942 when the Ministry of Power took over.[18] This should not be confused with a British Thermal Unit (BTU) which is 1055 J.
In India, the kilowatt-hour is often simply called a Unit of energy. A million units, designated MU, is a gigawatt-hour and a BU (billion units) is a terawatt-hour.[19][20]
See also[edit]
- Ampere-hour
- Electric vehicle battery
- Electric energy consumption
- IEEE Std 260.1-2004
- Orders of magnitude (energy)
References[edit]
- ^ Thompson, Ambler and Taylor, Barry N. (2008). Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI) Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Special publication 811). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 12.
- ^ «Half-high dots or spaces are used to express a derived unit formed from two or more other units by multiplication.», Barry N. Taylor. (2001 ed.) The International System of Units. Archived June 3, 2016, at the Wayback Machine (Special publication 330). Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology. 20.
- ^ IEC Electropedia, Entry 131-11-58 Archived March 14, 2016, at the Wayback Machine
- ^ See for example: Wind Energy Reference Manual Part 2: Energy and Power Definitions Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Danish Wind Energy Association. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «Kilowatt-Hour (kWh)» Archived March 2, 2016, at the Wayback Machine BusinessDictionary.com. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «US Nuclear Power Industry» Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine www.world-nuclear.org. Retrieved 9 January 2008; «Energy. A Beginners Guide: Making Sense of Units» Archived November 26, 2007, at the Wayback Machine Renew On Line (UK). The Open University. Retrieved 9 January 2008.
- ^ ASTM SI10-10, IEEE/ASTM SI 10 American National Standard for Metric Practice, ASTM International, West Conshohocken, PA, 2010, [www.astm.org] «The symbols for certain compound units of electrical power engineering are usually written without separation, thus: watthour (Wh), kilowatthour (kWh), voltampere (VA), and kilovoltampere (kVA)»
- ^ a b c «The International System of Units (SI)» (PDF). International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM). 2019. p. 147. Retrieved 7 April 2020.
- ^ Standard for the Use of the International System of Units (SI): The Modern Metric System. (1997). (IEEE/ASTM SI 10-1997). New York and West Conshohocken, PA: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers and ASTM. 15.
- ^ «10.57: Units derived from SI base units». The Chicago Manual of Style (17 ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press. 2017. Retrieved 1 April 2020.
- ^ «Guide for the Use of the International System of Units (SI)» (PDF). National Institute of Standards and Technology. 2008. Retrieved 6 April 2020.
Reference [4: ISO 31-0] suggests that if a space is used to indicate units formed by multiplication, the space may be omitted if it does not cause confusion. This possibility is reflected in the common practice of using the symbol kWh rather than kW⋅h or kW h for the kilowatt-hour. Nevertheless, this Guide takes the position that a half-high dot or a space should always be used to avoid possible confusion;
- ^ «Electric Vehicles: Learn More About the New Label». fueleconomy.gov. US Department of energy. Retrieved 10 August 2014.
- ^ Average Price of Electricity to Ultimate Customers by End-Use Sector, U.S. Energy Information Administration, April 2018
- ^ «Understanding Electric Demand» Archived June 6, 2016, at the Wayback Machine, National Grid
- ^ «How much electricity does an American home use?». U.S. Energy Information Administration. 2021-10-07. Retrieved 2022-06-11.
- ^ Eugene A. Avallone et al., (ed), Marks’ Standard Handbook for Mechanical Engineers 11th Edition , Mc-Graw Hill, New York 2007 ISBN 0-07-142867-4 page 9-4
- ^ Woofenden, Ian (2009-10-05). Wind Power For Dummies. John Wiley & Sons. p. 48. ISBN 978-0-470-49637-4.
Much too often, I hear people say something like … ‘watts per hour’…
- ^ Home Power. Electron Connection. 2007.
Watts per hour. This nonsensical phrase tops my electrical terminology pet peeve list.
- ^ E. M. Kirkpatrick, ed. (1983). Chambers 20th Century Dictionary (New ed.). Edinburgh: Chambers. p. 137. ISBN 0550102345.
- ^ «The Board of Trade 1621-1970». Archived from the original on 2010.
- ^ «Get enlightened about electricity». The Financial Express. December 20, 2004. Archived from the original on September 8, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
- ^ «BHEL manufactured units generate record power». The Hindu. Press Trust of India. July 24, 2008. Archived from the original on November 7, 2012. Retrieved 29 November 2009.
киловатт-час
- киловатт-час
Слитно или раздельно? Орфографический словарь-справочник. — М.: Русский язык.
.
1998.
Смотреть что такое «киловатт-час» в других словарях:
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — (обозначение кВт.ч или kWh). Единица электроэнергии, равная количеству энергии, затрачиваемой, когда в час расходуется один киловатт (1000 ватт). В киловаттах измеряется количество электроэнергии, потребляемой предприятиями и частными лицами … Научно-технический энциклопедический словарь
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — практическая единица измерения энергии (работы), применяемая гл. обр. для учёта потребляемой или производимой электрической энергии; сокращённое русское обозначение квт ч или международное KWh. Энергия в 1 квт ч расходуется прибором мощностью в 1 … Краткая энциклопедия домашнего хозяйства
-
киловатт-час — единица энергии, равная работе, которую производит в течение часа машина мощностью в 1 киловатт Большой словарь иностранных слов. Издательство «ИДДК», 2007 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — см. Ватт час. Технический железнодорожный словарь. М.: Государственное транспортное железнодорожное издательство. Н. Н. Васильев, О. Н. Исаакян, Н. О. Рогинский, Я. Б. Смолянский, В. А. Сокович, Т. С. Хачатуров. 1941 … Технический железнодорожный словарь
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — внесистемная единица энергии или работы, применяется преимущественно в электротехнике, обозначается кВт.ч. 1 кВт.ч = 3,6.106 Дж … Большой Энциклопедический словарь
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — (кВт•ч, kW•h), внесистемная ед. энергии или работы, применяемая преим. в электротехнике. 1 кВт•ч=3,6•106 Дж. Физический энциклопедический словарь. М.: Советская энциклопедия. Главный редактор А. М. Прохоров. 1983 … Физическая энциклопедия
-
КИЛОВАТТ-ЧАС — (Kilowatt hour) единица для измерения энергии, равная 1000 ватт часам. Сокращенное обозначение kWh или квтч. Самойлов К. И. Морской словарь. М. Л.: Государственное Военно морское Издательство НКВМФ Союза ССР, 1941 … Морской словарь
-
киловатт-час — сущ., кол во синонимов: 1 • единица (830) Словарь синонимов ASIS. В.Н. Тришин. 2013 … Словарь синонимов
-
киловатт-час — — [Я.Н.Лугинский, М.С.Фези Жилинская, Ю.С.Кабиров. Англо русский словарь по электротехнике и электроэнергетике, Москва, 1999 г.] Тематики электротехника, основные понятия EN unit … Справочник технического переводчика
-
Киловатт-час — (кВт·ч) внесистемная единица измерения количества произведенной или потреблённой энергии, а также выполненной работы. Используется преимущественно для измерения потребления электроэнергии в быту, народном хозяйстве и для измерения выработки … Википедия