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Windows

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
Developer Microsoft
Source model
  • Closed-source
  • Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release 22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[2][3]) [±]

Beta Channel

22H2 (10.0.22624.1391) (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[4]) [±]

Dev Channel

10.0.25309.1000 (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[5]) [±]

Marketing target Personal computing
Available in 110 languages
Update method
  • Windows Update
  • Microsoft Store
  • Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64

Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
  • Windows NT family: Hybrid
  • Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid
  • Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default
user interface
Windows shell
License Proprietary commercial software
Official website microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

  • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
    • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
    • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
    • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

  • Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.[citation needed] (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
  • Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
  • Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[19][20]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation), here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[21]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.[57][58][59][60][61]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.[citation needed] The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[74]

Timeline of releases

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg

Version market share
As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Windows,[79] according to StatCounter data from October 2022.[80]

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files, however, Windows 98 included each profile to have their own My folders (My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, etc) separate from other profiles. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

  • Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
    • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
    • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
  • ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

  • Wintel

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External links

  • Official website
  • Official Windows Blog
  • Microsoft Developer Network
  • Windows Developer Center
  • Microsoft Windows History Timeline
  • Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
  • Microsoft Business Software Solutions
  • Windows 10 release Information
Windows

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
Developer Microsoft
Source model
  • Closed-source
  • Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release 22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[2][3]) [±]

Beta Channel

22H2 (10.0.22624.1391) (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[4]) [±]

Dev Channel

10.0.25309.1000 (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[5]) [±]

Marketing target Personal computing
Available in 110 languages
Update method
  • Windows Update
  • Microsoft Store
  • Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64

Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
  • Windows NT family: Hybrid
  • Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid
  • Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default
user interface
Windows shell
License Proprietary commercial software
Official website microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

  • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
    • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
    • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
    • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

  • Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.[citation needed] (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
  • Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
  • Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[19][20]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation), here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[21]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.[57][58][59][60][61]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.[citation needed] The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[74]

Timeline of releases

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg

Version market share
As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Windows,[79] according to StatCounter data from October 2022.[80]

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files, however, Windows 98 included each profile to have their own My folders (My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, etc) separate from other profiles. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

  • Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
    • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
    • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
  • ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

  • Wintel

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External links

  • Official website
  • Official Windows Blog
  • Microsoft Developer Network
  • Windows Developer Center
  • Microsoft Windows History Timeline
  • Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
  • Microsoft Business Software Solutions
  • Windows 10 release Information
Windows

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
Developer Microsoft
Source model
  • Closed-source
  • Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release 22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[2][3]) [±]

Beta Channel

22H2 (10.0.22624.1391) (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[4]) [±]

Dev Channel

10.0.25309.1000 (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[5]) [±]

Marketing target Personal computing
Available in 110 languages
Update method
  • Windows Update
  • Microsoft Store
  • Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64

Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
  • Windows NT family: Hybrid
  • Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid
  • Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default
user interface
Windows shell
License Proprietary commercial software
Official website microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

  • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
    • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
    • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
    • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

  • Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.[citation needed] (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
  • Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
  • Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[19][20]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation), here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[21]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.[57][58][59][60][61]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.[citation needed] The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[74]

Timeline of releases

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg

Version market share
As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Windows,[79] according to StatCounter data from October 2022.[80]

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files, however, Windows 98 included each profile to have their own My folders (My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, etc) separate from other profiles. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

  • Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
    • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
    • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
  • ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

  • Wintel

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External links

  • Official website
  • Official Windows Blog
  • Microsoft Developer Network
  • Windows Developer Center
  • Microsoft Windows History Timeline
  • Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
  • Microsoft Business Software Solutions
  • Windows 10 release Information
Windows

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg
Developer Microsoft
Source model
  • Closed-source
  • Source-available (through Shared Source Initiative)
Initial release November 20, 1985; 37 years ago
Latest release 22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[1]) [±]
Latest preview
Release Preview Channel

22H2 (10.0.22621.1344) (February 28, 2023; 3 days ago[2][3]) [±]

Beta Channel

22H2 (10.0.22624.1391) (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[4]) [±]

Dev Channel

10.0.25309.1000 (March 2, 2023; 1 day ago[5]) [±]

Marketing target Personal computing
Available in 110 languages
Update method
  • Windows Update
  • Microsoft Store
  • Windows Server Update Services (WSUS)
Package manager Windows Installer (.msi, .msix, .msp), Microsoft Store (.appx, .appxbundle),[6] Windows Package Manager
Platforms IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64

Previously: 16-bit x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
Kernel type
  • Windows NT family: Hybrid
  • Windows Embedded Compact/Windows CE: Hybrid
  • Windows 9x and earlier: Monolithic (MS-DOS)
Default
user interface
Windows shell
License Proprietary commercial software
Official website microsoft.com/windows

Windows is a group of several proprietary graphical operating system families developed and marketed by Microsoft. Each family caters to a certain sector of the computing industry. For example, Windows NT for consumers, Windows Server for servers, and Windows IoT for embedded systems. Defunct Windows families include Windows 9x, Windows Mobile, and Windows Phone.

The first version of Windows was released on November 20, 1985, as a graphical operating system shell for MS-DOS in response to the growing interest in graphical user interfaces (GUIs).[7]

Windows is the most popular desktop operating system in the world, with 75% market share as of April 2022, according to StatCounter.[8] However, Windows is not the most used operating system when including both mobile and desktop OSes, due to Android’s massive growth.[9]

As of September 2022, the most recent version of Windows is Windows 11 for consumer PCs and tablets, Windows 11 Enterprise for corporations, and Windows Server 2022 for servers.

Genealogy

By marketing role

Microsoft, the developer of Windows, has registered several trademarks, each of which denotes a family of Windows operating systems that target a specific sector of the computing industry. As of 2014, the following Windows families were being actively developed:

  • Windows NT: Started as a family of operating systems with Windows NT 3.1, an operating system for server computers and workstations. It now consists of three operating system subfamilies that are released almost at the same time and share the same kernel:
    • Windows: The operating system for mainstream personal computers and tablets. The latest version is Windows 11. The main competitor of this family is macOS by Apple for personal computers and iPadOS and Android for tablets (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category).
    • Windows Server: The operating system for server computers. The latest version is Windows Server 2022. Unlike its client sibling, it has adopted a strong naming scheme. The main competitor of this family is Linux. (c.f. Usage share of operating systems § Market share by category)
    • Windows PE: A lightweight version of its Windows sibling, meant to operate as a live operating system, used for installing Windows on bare-metal computers (especially on many computers at once), recovery or troubleshooting purposes. The latest version is Windows PE 10.
  • Windows IoT (previously Windows Embedded): Initially, Microsoft developed Windows CE as a general-purpose operating system for every device that was too resource-limited to be called a full-fledged computer. Eventually, however, Windows CE was renamed Windows Embedded Compact and was folded under Windows Compact trademark which also consists of Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows Embedded Handheld and Windows Embedded Automotive.[10]

The following Windows families are no longer being developed:

  • Windows 9x: An operating system that targeted the consumer market. Discontinued because of suboptimal performance.[citation needed] (PC World called its last version, Windows Me, one of the worst products of all time.[11]) Microsoft now caters to the consumer market with Windows NT.
  • Windows Mobile: The predecessor to Windows Phone, it was a mobile phone operating system. The first version was called Pocket PC 2000; the third version, Windows Mobile 2003 is the first version to adopt the Windows Mobile trademark. The last version is Windows Mobile 6.5.
  • Windows Phone: An operating system sold only to manufacturers of smartphones. The first version was Windows Phone 7, followed by Windows Phone 8, and Windows Phone 8.1. It was succeeded by Windows 10 Mobile, which is now also discontinued.

Version history

The term Windows collectively describes any or all of several generations of Microsoft operating system products. These products are generally categorized as follows:

Early versions

The history of Windows dates back to 1981 when Microsoft started work on a program called «Interface Manager». It was announced in November 1983 (after the Apple Lisa, but before the Macintosh) under the name «Windows», but Windows 1.0 was not released until November 1985.[12] Windows 1.0 was to compete with Apple’s operating system, but achieved little popularity. Windows 1.0 is not a complete operating system; rather, it extends MS-DOS. The shell of Windows 1.0 is a program known as the MS-DOS Executive. Components included Calculator, Calendar, Cardfile, Clipboard Viewer, Clock, Control Panel, Notepad, Paint, Reversi, Terminal and Write. Windows 1.0 does not allow overlapping windows. Instead, all windows are tiled. Only modal dialog boxes may appear over other windows. Microsoft sold as included Windows Development libraries with the C development environment, which included numerous windows samples.[13]

Windows 2.0 was released in December 1987, and was more popular than its predecessor. It features several improvements to the user interface and memory management.[14] Windows 2.03 changed the OS from tiled windows to overlapping windows. The result of this change led to Apple Computer filing a suit against Microsoft alleging infringement on Apple’s copyrights (eventually settled in court in Microsoft’s favor in 1993).[15][16] Windows 2.0 also introduced more sophisticated keyboard shortcuts and could make use of expanded memory.

Windows 2.1 was released in two different versions: Windows/286 and Windows/386. Windows/386 uses the virtual 8086 mode of the Intel 80386 to multitask several DOS programs and the paged memory model to emulate expanded memory using available extended memory. Windows/286, in spite of its name, runs on both Intel 8086 and Intel 80286 processors. It runs in real mode but can make use of the high memory area.[citation needed]

In addition to full Windows packages, there were runtime-only versions that shipped with early Windows software from third parties and made it possible to run their Windows software on MS-DOS and without the full Windows feature set.

The early versions of Windows are often thought of as graphical shells, mostly because they ran on top of MS-DOS and used it for file system services.[17] However, even the earliest Windows versions already assumed many typical operating system functions; notably, having their own executable file format and providing their own device drivers (timer, graphics, printer, mouse, keyboard and sound). Unlike MS-DOS, Windows allowed users to execute multiple graphical applications at the same time, through cooperative multitasking. Windows implemented an elaborate, segment-based, software virtual memory scheme, which allows it to run applications larger than available memory: code segments and resources are swapped in and thrown away when memory became scarce; data segments moved in memory when a given application had relinquished processor control.

Windows 3.x

Windows 3.0, released in 1990, improved the design, mostly because of virtual memory and loadable virtual device drivers (VxDs) that allow Windows to share arbitrary devices between multi-tasked DOS applications.[18] Windows 3.0 applications can run in protected mode, which gives them access to several megabytes of memory without the obligation to participate in the software virtual memory scheme. They run inside the same address space, where the segmented memory provides a degree of protection. Windows 3.0 also featured improvements to the user interface. Microsoft rewrote critical operations from C into assembly. Windows 3.0 was the first version of Windows to achieve broad commercial success, selling 2 million copies in the first six months.[19][20]

Versions before Windows 95 had to be installed from floppy disks by end users (or in professional environments with a network installation), here Windows for Workgroups with nine 3.5-inch-disks to be inserted sequentially.

Windows 3.1, made generally available on March 1, 1992, featured a facelift. In August 1993, Windows for Workgroups, a special version with integrated peer-to-peer networking features and a version number of 3.11, was released. It was sold along with Windows 3.1. Support for Windows 3.1 ended on December 31, 2001.[21]

Windows 3.2, released in 1994, is an updated version of the Chinese version of Windows 3.1.[22] The update was limited to this language version, as it fixed only issues related to the complex writing system of the Chinese language.[23] Windows 3.2 was generally sold by computer manufacturers with a ten-disk version of MS-DOS that also had Simplified Chinese characters in basic output and some translated utilities.

Windows 9x

The next major consumer-oriented release of Windows, Windows 95, was released on August 24, 1995. While still remaining MS-DOS-based, Windows 95 introduced support for native 32-bit applications, plug and play hardware, preemptive multitasking, long file names of up to 255 characters, and provided increased stability over its predecessors. Windows 95 also introduced a redesigned, object oriented user interface, replacing the previous Program Manager with the Start menu, taskbar, and Windows Explorer shell. Windows 95 was a major commercial success for Microsoft; Ina Fried of CNET remarked that «by the time Windows 95 was finally ushered off the market in 2001, it had become a fixture on computer desktops around the world.»[24] Microsoft published four OEM Service Releases (OSR) of Windows 95, each of which was roughly equivalent to a service pack. The first OSR of Windows 95 was also the first version of Windows to be bundled with Microsoft’s web browser, Internet Explorer.[25] Mainstream support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2000, and extended support for Windows 95 ended on December 31, 2001.[26]

Windows 95 was followed up with the release of Windows 98 on June 25, 1998, which introduced the Windows Driver Model, support for USB composite devices, support for ACPI, hibernation, and support for multi-monitor configurations. Windows 98 also included integration with Internet Explorer 4 through Active Desktop and other aspects of the Windows Desktop Update (a series of enhancements to the Explorer shell which was also made available for Windows 95). In May 1999, Microsoft released Windows 98 Second Edition, an updated version of Windows 98. Windows 98 SE added Internet Explorer 5.0 and Windows Media Player 6.2 amongst other upgrades. Mainstream support for Windows 98 ended on June 30, 2002, and extended support for Windows 98 ended on July 11, 2006.[27]

On September 14, 2000, Microsoft released Windows Me (Millennium Edition), the last DOS-based version of Windows. Windows Me incorporated visual interface enhancements from its Windows NT-based counterpart Windows 2000, had faster boot times than previous versions (which however, required the removal of the ability to access a real mode DOS environment, removing compatibility with some older programs),[28] expanded multimedia functionality (including Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker, and the Windows Image Acquisition framework for retrieving images from scanners and digital cameras), additional system utilities such as System File Protection and System Restore, and updated home networking tools.[29] However, Windows Me was faced with criticism for its speed and instability, along with hardware compatibility issues and its removal of real mode DOS support. PC World considered Windows Me to be one of the worst operating systems Microsoft had ever released, and the fourth worst tech product of all time.[11]

Windows NT

Version history

Early versions (Windows NT 3.1/3.5/3.51/4.0/2000)

In November 1988, a new development team within Microsoft (which included former Digital Equipment Corporation developers Dave Cutler and Mark Lucovsky) began work on a revamped version of IBM and Microsoft’s OS/2 operating system known as «NT OS/2». NT OS/2 was intended to be a secure, multi-user operating system with POSIX compatibility and a modular, portable kernel with preemptive multitasking and support for multiple processor architectures. However, following the successful release of Windows 3.0, the NT development team decided to rework the project to use an extended 32-bit port of the Windows API known as Win32 instead of those of OS/2. Win32 maintained a similar structure to the Windows APIs (allowing existing Windows applications to easily be ported to the platform), but also supported the capabilities of the existing NT kernel. Following its approval by Microsoft’s staff, development continued on what was now Windows NT, the first 32-bit version of Windows. However, IBM objected to the changes, and ultimately continued OS/2 development on its own.[30][31]

Windows NT was the first Windows operating system based on a hybrid kernel. The hybrid kernel was designed as a modified microkernel, influenced by the Mach microkernel developed by Richard Rashid at Carnegie Mellon University, but without meeting all of the criteria of a pure microkernel.

The first release of the resulting operating system, Windows NT 3.1 (named to associate it with Windows 3.1) was released in July 1993, with versions for desktop workstations and servers. Windows NT 3.5 was released in September 1994, focusing on performance improvements and support for Novell’s NetWare, and was followed up by Windows NT 3.51 in May 1995, which included additional improvements and support for the PowerPC architecture. Windows NT 4.0 was released in June 1996, introducing the redesigned interface of Windows 95 to the NT series. On February 17, 2000, Microsoft released Windows 2000, a successor to NT 4.0. The Windows NT name was dropped at this point in order to put a greater focus on the Windows brand.[31]

Windows XP

The next major version of Windows NT, Windows XP, was released on October 25, 2001. The introduction of Windows XP aimed to unify the consumer-oriented Windows 9x series with the architecture introduced by Windows NT, a change which Microsoft promised would provide better performance over its DOS-based predecessors. Windows XP would also introduce a redesigned user interface (including an updated Start menu and a «task-oriented» Windows Explorer), streamlined multimedia and networking features, Internet Explorer 6, integration with Microsoft’s .NET Passport services, a «compatibility mode» to help provide backwards compatibility with software designed for previous versions of Windows, and Remote Assistance functionality.[32][33]

At retail, Windows XP was marketed in two main editions: the «Home» edition was targeted towards consumers, while the «Professional» edition was targeted towards business environments and power users, and included additional security and networking features. Home and Professional were later accompanied by the «Media Center» edition (designed for home theater PCs, with an emphasis on support for DVD playback, TV tuner cards, DVR functionality, and remote controls), and the «Tablet PC» edition (designed for mobile devices meeting its specifications for a tablet computer, with support for stylus pen input and additional pen-enabled applications).[34][35][36] Mainstream support for Windows XP ended on April 14, 2009. Extended support ended on April 8, 2014.[37]

After Windows 2000, Microsoft also changed its release schedules for server operating systems; the server counterpart of Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, was released in April 2003.[31] It was followed in December 2005, by Windows Server 2003 R2.

Windows Vista

After a lengthy development process, Windows Vista was released on November 30, 2006, for volume licensing and January 30, 2007, for consumers. It contained a number of new features, from a redesigned shell and user interface to significant technical changes, with a particular focus on security features. It was available in a number of different editions, and has been subject to some criticism, such as drop of performance, longer boot time, criticism of new UAC, and stricter license agreement. Vista’s server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 was released in early 2008.

Windows 7

On July 22, 2009, Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 were released to manufacturing (RTM) and released to the public 3 months later on October 22, 2009. Unlike its predecessor, Windows Vista, which introduced a large number of new features, Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to the Windows line, with the goal of being compatible with applications and hardware with which Windows Vista was already compatible.[38] Windows 7 has multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows shell with an updated taskbar with revealable jump lists that contain shortcuts to files frequently used with specific applications and shortcuts to tasks within the application,[39] a home networking system called HomeGroup,[40] and performance improvements.

Windows 8 and 8.1

Windows 8, the successor to Windows 7, was released generally on October 26, 2012. A number of significant changes were made on Windows 8, including the introduction of a user interface based around Microsoft’s Metro design language with optimizations for touch-based devices such as tablets and all-in-one PCs. These changes include the Start screen, which uses large tiles that are more convenient for touch interactions and allow for the display of continually updated information, and a new class of apps which are designed primarily for use on touch-based devices. The new Windows version required a minimum resolution of 1024×768 pixels,[41] effectively making it unfit for netbooks with 800×600-pixel screens.

Other changes include increased integration with cloud services and other online platforms (such as social networks and Microsoft’s own OneDrive (formerly SkyDrive) and Xbox Live services), the Windows Store service for software distribution, and a new variant known as Windows RT for use on devices that utilize the ARM architecture, and a new keyboard shortcut for screenshots.[42][43][44][45][46][47][48] An update to Windows 8, called Windows 8.1,[49] was released on October 17, 2013, and includes features such as new live tile sizes, deeper OneDrive integration, and many other revisions. Windows 8 and Windows 8.1 have been subject to some criticism, such as the removal of the Start menu.

Windows 10

On September 30, 2014, Microsoft announced Windows 10 as the successor to Windows 8.1. It was released on July 29, 2015, and addresses shortcomings in the user interface first introduced with Windows 8. Changes on PC include the return of the Start Menu, a virtual desktop system, and the ability to run Windows Store apps within windows on the desktop rather than in full-screen mode. Windows 10 is said to be available to update from qualified Windows 7 with SP1, Windows 8.1 and Windows Phone 8.1 devices from the Get Windows 10 Application (for Windows 7, Windows 8.1) or Windows Update (Windows 7).[50]

In February 2017, Microsoft announced the migration of its Windows source code repository from Perforce to Git. This migration involved 3.5 million separate files in a 300-gigabyte repository.[51] By May 2017, 90 percent of its engineering team was using Git, in about 8500 commits and 1760 Windows builds per day.[51]

In June 2021, shortly before Microsoft’s announcement of Windows 11, Microsoft updated their lifecycle policy pages for Windows 10, revealing that support for their last release of Windows 10 will end on October 14, 2025.[52][53]

Windows 11

On June 24, 2021, Windows 11 was announced as the successor to Windows 10 during a livestream. The new operating system was designed to be more user-friendly and understandable. It was released on October 5, 2021.[54][55] As of May 2022, Windows 11 is a free upgrade to Windows 10 users who meet the system requirements.[56]

Windows 365

In July 2021, Microsoft announced it will start selling subscriptions to virtualized Windows desktops as part of a new Windows 365 service in the following month. It is not a standalone version of Windows, but a web service that provides access to Windows 10 and Windows 11 built on top of Azure Virtual Desktop. The new service will allow for cross-platform usage, aiming to make the operating system available for both Apple and Android users. The subscription service will be accessible through any operating system with a web browser. The new service is an attempt at capitalizing on the growing trend, fostered during the COVID-19 pandemic, for businesses to adopt a hybrid remote work environment, in which «employees split their time between the office and home». As the service will be accessible through web browsers, Microsoft will be able to bypass the need to publish the service through Google Play or the Apple App Store.[57][58][59][60][61]

Microsoft announced Windows 365 availability to business and enterprise customers on August 2, 2021.[62]

Multilingual support

Multilingual support has been built into Windows since Windows 3.0. The language for both the keyboard and the interface can be changed through the Region and Language Control Panel. Components for all supported input languages, such as Input Method Editors, are automatically installed during Windows installation (in Windows XP and earlier, files for East Asian languages, such as Chinese, and right-to-left scripts, such as Arabic, may need to be installed separately, also from the said Control Panel). Third-party IMEs may also be installed if a user feels that the provided one is insufficient for their needs.

Interface languages for the operating system are free for download, but some languages are limited to certain editions of Windows. Language Interface Packs (LIPs) are redistributable and may be downloaded from Microsoft’s Download Center and installed for any edition of Windows (XP or later) – they translate most, but not all, of the Windows interface, and require a certain base language (the language which Windows originally shipped with). This is used for most languages in emerging markets. Full Language Packs, which translate the complete operating system, are only available for specific editions of Windows (Ultimate and Enterprise editions of Windows Vista and 7, and all editions of Windows 8, 8.1 and RT except Single Language). They do not require a specific base language and are commonly used for more popular languages such as French or Chinese. These languages cannot be downloaded through the Download Center, but are available as optional updates through the Windows Update service (except Windows 8).

The interface language of installed applications is not affected by changes in the Windows interface language. The availability of languages depends on the application developers themselves.

Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012 introduce a new Language Control Panel where both the interface and input languages can be simultaneously changed, and language packs, regardless of type, can be downloaded from a central location. The PC Settings app in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2 also includes a counterpart settings page for this. Changing the interface language also changes the language of preinstalled Windows Store apps (such as Mail, Maps and News) and certain other Microsoft-developed apps (such as Remote Desktop). The above limitations for language packs are however still in effect, except that full language packs can be installed for any edition except Single Language, which caters to emerging markets.

Platform support

Windows NT included support for several platforms before the x86-based personal computer became dominant in the professional world. Windows NT 4.0 and its predecessors supported PowerPC, DEC Alpha and MIPS R4000 (although some of the platforms implement 64-bit computing, the OS treated them as 32-bit). Windows 2000 dropped support for all platforms, except the third generation x86 (known as IA-32) or newer in 32-bit mode. The client line of the Windows NT family still runs on IA-32 but the Windows Server line ceased supporting this platform with the release of Windows Server 2008 R2.

With the introduction of the Intel Itanium architecture (IA-64), Microsoft released new versions of Windows to support it. Itanium versions of Windows XP and Windows Server 2003 were released at the same time as their mainstream x86 counterparts. Windows XP 64-Bit Edition, released in 2005, is the last Windows client operating system to support Itanium. Windows Server line continues to support this platform until Windows Server 2012; Windows Server 2008 R2 is the last Windows operating system to support Itanium architecture.

On April 25, 2005, Microsoft released Windows XP Professional x64 Edition and Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions to support x86-64 (or simply x64), the 64-bit version of x86 architecture. Windows Vista was the first client version of Windows NT to be released simultaneously in IA-32 and x64 editions. x64 is still supported.

An edition of Windows 8 known as Windows RT was specifically created for computers with ARM architecture, and while ARM is still used for Windows smartphones with Windows 10, tablets with Windows RT will not be updated. Starting from Windows 10 Fall Creators Update (version 1709) and later includes support for ARM-based PCs.[63]

Windows 11 is the first version to drop support for 32-bit hardware.[56]

Windows CE

Windows CE (officially known as Windows Embedded Compact), is an edition of Windows that runs on minimalistic computers, like satellite navigation systems and some mobile phones. Windows Embedded Compact is based on its own dedicated kernel, dubbed Windows CE kernel. Microsoft licenses Windows CE to OEMs and device makers. The OEMs and device makers can modify and create their own user interfaces and experiences, while Windows CE provides the technical foundation to do so.

Windows CE was used in the Dreamcast along with Sega’s own proprietary OS for the console. Windows CE was the core from which Windows Mobile was derived. Its successor, Windows Phone 7, was based on components from both Windows CE 6.0 R3 and Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8 however, is based on the same NT-kernel as Windows 8.

Windows Embedded Compact is not to be confused with Windows XP Embedded or Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, modular editions of Windows based on Windows NT kernel.

Xbox OS

Xbox OS is an unofficial name given to the version of Windows that runs on Xbox consoles.[64] From Xbox One onwards it is an implementation with an emphasis on virtualization (using Hyper-V) as it is three operating systems running at once, consisting of the core operating system, a second implemented for games and a more Windows-like environment for applications.[65]
Microsoft updates Xbox One’s OS every month, and these updates can be downloaded from the Xbox Live service to the Xbox and subsequently installed, or by using offline recovery images downloaded via a PC.[66] It was originally based on NT 6.2 (Windows 8) kernel, and the latest version runs on an NT 10.0 base. This system is sometimes referred to as «Windows 10 on Xbox One» or «OneCore».[67][68]
Xbox One and Xbox Series operating systems also allow limited (due to licensing restrictions and testing resources) backward compatibility with previous generation hardware,[69] and the Xbox 360’s system is backwards compatible with the original Xbox.[70]

Version control system

Up to and including every version before Windows 2000, Microsoft used an in-house version control system named Source Library Manager (SLM). Shortly after Windows 2000 was released, Microsoft switched to a fork of Perforce named Source Depot.[71] This system was used up until 2017 once the system couldn’t keep up with the size of Windows. Microsoft had begun to integrate Git into Team Foundation Server in 2013, but Windows continued to rely on Source Depot.[citation needed] The Windows code was divided among 65 different repositories with a kind of virtualization layer to produce unified view of all of the code.

In 2017 Microsoft announced that it would start using Git, an open source version control system created by Linus Torvalds and in May 2017 they reported that has completed migration into the Git repository.[72][73][51]

VFSForGit

Because of its large, decades-long history, however, the Windows codebase is not especially well suited to the decentralized nature of Linux development that Git was originally created to manage.[citation needed] Each Git repository contains a complete history of all the files, which proved unworkable for Windows developers because cloning the whole repository takes several hours.[citation needed] Microsoft has been working on a new project called the Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) to address these challenges.[73]

In 2021 the VFS for Git has been superseded by Scalar.[74]

Timeline of releases

Windows logo and wordmark - 2021.svg

Version market share
As a percentage of desktop and laptop systems using Windows,[79] according to StatCounter data from October 2022.[80]

Use of Windows 10 has exceeded Windows 7 globally since early 2018.[81]

For desktop and laptop computers, according to Net Applications and StatCounter, which track the use of operating systems in devices that are active on the Web, Windows was the most used operating-system family in August 2021, with around 91% usage share according to Net Applications[82] and around 76% usage share according to StatCounter.[83]

Including personal computers of all kinds (e.g., desktops, laptops, mobile devices, and game consoles), Windows OSes accounted for 32.67% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 46.03%), iOS’s 13.76%, iPadOS’s 2.81%, and macOS’s 2.51%, according to Net Applications[84] and 30.73% of usage share in August 2021, compared to Android (highest, at 42.56%), iOS/iPadOS’s 16.53%, and macOS’s 6.51%, according to StatCounter.[85]

Those statistics do not include servers (including so-called cloud computing, where Microsoft is known not to be a leader, with Linux used more than Windows), as Net Applications and StatCounter use web browsing as a proxy for all use.

Security

This section needs to be updated. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (May 2020)

Early versions of Windows were designed at a time where malware and networking were less common, and had few built-in security features; they did not provide access privileges to allow a user to prevent other users from accessing their files, and they did not provide memory protection to prevent one process from reading or writing another process’s address space or to prevent a process from code or data used by privileged-mode code.

While the Windows 9x series offered the option of having profiles for multiple users, it had no concept of access privileges, allowing any user to edit others’ files, however, Windows 98 included each profile to have their own My folders (My Documents, My Pictures, My Music, etc) separate from other profiles. In addition, while it ran separate 32-bit applications in separate address spaces, protecting an application’s code and data from being read or written by another application, it did not protect the first megabyte of memory from userland applications for compatibility reasons. This area of memory contains code critical to the functioning of the operating system, and by writing into this area of memory an application can crash or freeze the operating system. This was a source of instability as faulty applications could accidentally write into this region, potentially corrupting important operating system memory, which usually resulted in some form of system error and halt.[86]

Windows NT was far more secure, implementing access privileges and full memory protection, and, while 32-bit programs meeting the DoD’s C2 security rating,[87] yet these advantages were nullified by the fact that, prior to Windows Vista, the default user account created during the setup process was an administrator account; the user, and any program the user launched, had full access to the machine. Though Windows XP did offer an option of turning administrator accounts into limited accounts, the majority of home users did not do so, partially due to the number of programs which required administrator rights to function properly. As a result, most home users still ran as administrator all the time. These architectural flaws, combined with Windows’s very high popularity, made Windows a frequent target of computer worm and virus writers.[88][89]

Furthermore, although Windows NT and its successors are designed for security (including on a network) and multi-user PCs, they were not initially designed with Internet security in mind as much, since, when it was first developed in the early 1990s, Internet use was less prevalent.[90]

In a 2002 strategy memo entitled «Trustworthy computing» sent to every Microsoft employee, Bill Gates declared that security should become Microsoft’s highest priority.[91][92]

Windows Vista introduced a privilege elevation system called User Account Control.[93] When logging in as a standard user, a logon session is created and a token containing only the most basic privileges is assigned. In this way, the new logon session is incapable of making changes that would affect the entire system. When logging in as a user in the Administrators group, two separate tokens are assigned. The first token contains all privileges typically awarded to an administrator, and the second is a restricted token similar to what a standard user would receive. User applications, including the Windows shell, are then started with the restricted token, resulting in a reduced privilege environment even under an Administrator account. When an application requests higher privileges or «Run as administrator» is clicked, UAC will prompt for confirmation and, if consent is given (including administrator credentials if the account requesting the elevation is not a member of the administrators group), start the process using the unrestricted token.[94]

Leaked documents published by WikiLeaks, codenamed Vault 7 and dated from 2013 to 2016, detail the capabilities of the CIA to perform electronic surveillance and cyber warfare,[95] such as the ability to compromise operating systems such as Windows.[96]

In August 2019, computer experts reported that the BlueKeep security vulnerability, CVE-2019-0708, that potentially affects older unpatched Windows versions via the program’s Remote Desktop Protocol, allowing for the possibility of remote code execution, may now include related flaws, collectively named DejaBlue, affecting newer Windows versions (i.e., Windows 7 and all recent versions) as well.[97] In addition, experts reported a Microsoft security vulnerability, CVE-2019-1162, based on legacy code involving Microsoft CTF and ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), that affects all Windows versions from Windows XP to the then most recent Windows 10 versions; a patch to correct the flaw is currently available.[98]

Microsoft releases security patches through its Windows Update service approximately once a month (usually the second Tuesday of the month), although critical updates are made available at shorter intervals when necessary.[99] Versions subsequent to Windows 2000 SP3 and Windows XP implemented automatic download and installation of updates, substantially increasing the number of users installing security updates.[100]

Today, Windows integrates the Windows Defender antivirus, which is seen as one of the best available.[101] Windows also implements Secure Boot, Control Flow Guard, ransomware protection, BitLocker disk encryption, a firewall, and Windows SmartScreen.

File permissions

All Windows versions from Windows NT 3 have been based on a file system permission system referred to as AGDLP (Accounts, Global, Domain Local, Permissions) in which file permissions are applied to the file/folder in the form of a ‘local group’ which then has other ‘global groups’ as members. These global groups then hold other groups or users depending on different Windows versions used. This system varies from other vendor products such as Linux and NetWare due to the ‘static’ allocation of permission being applied directly to the file or folder. However using this process of AGLP/AGDLP/AGUDLP allows a small number of static permissions to be applied and allows for easy changes to the account groups without reapplying the file permissions on the files and folders.

Alternative implementations

Owing to the operating system’s popularity, a number of applications have been released that aim to provide compatibility with Windows applications, either as a compatibility layer for another operating system, or as a standalone system that can run software written for Windows out of the box. These include:

  • Wine – a free and open-source implementation of the Windows API, allowing one to run many Windows applications on x86-based platforms, including UNIX, Linux and macOS. Wine developers refer to it as a «compatibility layer»[102] and use Windows-style APIs to emulate Windows environment.
    • CrossOver – a Wine package with licensed fonts. Its developers are regular contributors to Wine.
    • Proton – A fork of Wine by Steam to run Windows games on Linux and other Unix-like OS.
  • ReactOS – an open-source OS intended to run the same software as Windows, originally designed to simulate Windows NT 4.0, now aiming at Windows 7 compatibility. It has been in the development stage since 1996.

See also

  • Wintel

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External links

  • Official website
  • Official Windows Blog
  • Microsoft Developer Network
  • Windows Developer Center
  • Microsoft Windows History Timeline
  • Pearson Education, InformIT – History of Microsoft Windows
  • Microsoft Business Software Solutions
  • Windows 10 release Information

Microsoft Windows

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Windows (значения).

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

РазработчикMicrosoftИсходный кодЗакрытый исходный код / Shared sourceПервый выпуск20 ноября 1985Последняя версия10.0.14393 (по разработчикам 1607)Частота обновления финальных версийраз в несколько летПоддерживаемые языкимногоязычная, в том числе русскийПоддерживаемые платформыx86, x86-64 и ARMТип ядраWindows NTИнтерфейсMetro (интерфейс) и Windows USERЛицензияПользовательское соглашениеСостояниеАктуальноВеб-сайтwindows.com

Содержание

Версии [ ]

Версии Microsoft Windows
Дата выхода Название Последняя версия Дата прекращения поддержки Последняя версия встроенного браузера
20 ноября 1985 Windows 1.0x 1.04 (апрель 1987) 31 декабря 2001 Нет браузеров
1 ноября 1987 Windows 2.x
Windows 2.1x
2.11 (13 марта 1989) 31 декабря 2001
22 мая 1990 Windows 3.x 3.00a (31 октября 1990) 31 декабря 2001 [1]
18 марта 1992 Windows 3.1 3.1 31 декабря 2001 Internet Explorer 5
1 октября 1992 Windows для рабочих групп 3.1 3.11 (31 декабря 1993) 31 декабря 2001
27 июля 1993 Windows NT 3.1 3.10.528 SP3 (10 ноября 1994) 31 декабря 2001
21 сентября 1994 Windows NT 3.5 3.50.807 SP3 (21 июня 1995) 31 декабря 2001
30 мая 1995 Windows NT 3.51 3.51.1057 SP5 (19 сентября 1996) 31 декабря 2001
24 августа 1995 Windows 95 4.00.950C (4.03.1214) (26 ноября 1997) 31 декабря 2000 (осн.) (Retail); 31 декабря 2001 (SBL) (ext) Internet Explorer 5.5
29 июля 1996 Windows NT 4.0 4.00.1381 / SP6a SRP (26 июля 2001) 20 июня 2002 (осн.); 30 июня 2003 (SBL); 31 декабря 2004 (ext) Internet Explorer 6
25 июня 1998 Windows 98 4.10.2222A (SE) (5 мая 1999) 30 июня 2002 (осн.); 31 марта 2004 (SBL); 11 июля 2006 (ext)
20 апреля 2000 Windows 2000 5.0.2195 / 5.0 SP4 Rollup 1 v2 (13 сентября 2005) 31 марта 2004 (retail); 31 марта 2005 (SBL); 30 июня 2005 (осн); 13 июля 2010 (ext)
14 сентября 2000 Windows ME 4.90.9000 (14 сентября 2000) 31 декабря 2003 (осн.); 30 июня 2004 (SBL) (Retail); 11 июля 2006 (ext)
24 августа 2001 (RTM)
25 октября 2001 (продажи)
Windows XP 5.1.2600.5512 SP3 (21 апреля 2008) 30 сентября 2004 (RTM); 10 сентября 2006 (SP1/SP1a); 30 июня 2008 (retail); 14 апреля 2009 (SP2/SP3 осн.); 13 июля 2010 (SP2); 22 октября 2010 (SBL); 8 апреля 2014 (ext) Internet Explorer 8
28 марта 2003 Windows XP 64-bit Edition 5.2.3790 25 июля 2006
24 апреля 2003 Windows Server 2003 5.2.3790.3959 SP2 (13 марта 2007) 30 июня 2009 (RTM); 13 июля 2010 (осн.); 14 июля 2015 (ext)
25 апреля 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition 5.2.3790.3959 SP2 (13 марта 2007) 30 июня 2008 (retail); 31 января 2009 (SBL)
8 ноября 2006 (RTM)
30 января 2007 (продажи)
Windows Vista 6.0.6001 / SP2 Build 6002 (25 мая 2009) 13 апреля 2010 (RTM); 22 октября 2010 (retail); 12 июля 2011 (SP1); 22 октября 2011 (SBL); 10 апреля 2012 (осн.); 11 апреля 2017 (ext) Internet Explorer 9
16 июля 2007 Windows Home Server 5.2.4500 (16 июля 2007) 8 января 2013 (ext)
27 февраля 2008 Windows Server 2008 6.0.6002 / SP2 build 6002 (25 мая 2009) 12 июля 2011 (SP1), 9 июля 2015 (осн.), 10 июля 2018 (ext)
13 июля 2009 (RTM)
22 октября 2009 (продажи)
Windows 7 6.1.7601 / SP1 Build 7601 (22 февраля 2011) 9 апреля 2013 (RTM), 13 января 2015 (осн), 14 января 2020 (ext) Internet Explorer 11
13 июля 2009 (RTM)
22 октября 2009 (продажи)
Windows Server 2008 R2 или Windows Server 7 6.1.7601 / SP1 Build 7601 (22 февраля 2011) 9 июля 2015 (осн.), 10 июля 2018 (ext)
6 апреля 2011 Windows Home Server 2011 6.1.8400 12 апреля 2016 (ext)
1 августа 2012 (RTM)
4 сентября 2012 (продажи)
Windows Server 2012 6.2.9200 (26 октября 2012) 12 января 2016(осн), 10 января 2018 (ext)
1 августа 2012 (RTM)
26 октября 2012 (продажи)
Windows 8 6.2.9200 (26 октября 2012) 12 января 2016 (осн.), 10 января 2018 (ext)
21 августа 2013 (RTM)
17 октября 2013 (продажи)
Windows Server 2012 R2 6.3.9600 (17 октября 2013) 9 января 2018 (осн) 10 января 2023 (ext)
21 августа 2013 (RTM)
17 октября 2013 (продажи)
Windows 8.1 6.3.9600 (17 октября 2013) 9 января 2018 (осн) 10 января 2023 (ext)
15 июля 2015 (RTM)
29 июля 2015 (продажи)
Windows 10 10.0.14393 (2 августа 2016) 13 октября 2020 (осн.), 14 октября 2025 (ext.) Microsoft Edge / Internet Explorer 11(оставлен для совместимости)
Условные обозначения:
Оболочка для MS-DOS Windows 9x Windows NT Windows Server
Не поддерживается
осн. — окончание действия лицензии для первого (основного) релиза SBL — окончание срока лицензии для производителей [2] retail — окончание срока лицензии для розничных покупателей SPx — окончание срока лицензии для различных дополнений ( сервис-паков ) к системе ext — полное окончание поддержки системы

Графические интерфейсы и расширения для DOS [ ]

Логотип первых Windows

Семейство Windows 9x [ ]

Логотип первой системы семейства Windows 9x

Логотип второй системы семейства Windows 9x

Семейство Windows NT [ ]

Логотип семейства Windows NT

Только в этом семействе представлены операционные системы для серверов. До версии Windows 2000 включительно они выпускались под тем же названием, что и аналогичная версия для рабочих станций, но с добавлением суффикса, например, «Windows NT 4.0 Server» и «Windows 2000 Datacenter Server». Начиная с Windows Server 2003 серверные операционные системы называются добавлением суффикса «Server» и года выпуска.

Логотип Windows 10

В основу семейства Windows NT положено разделение адресных пространств между процессами. Каждый процесс имеет возможность работать с выделенной ему памятью. Однако он не имеет прав для записи в память других процессов, драйверов и системного кода.

Семейство ОС для смартфонов [ ]

Логотип Windows Phone

Семейство встраиваемых ОС Windows Embedded [ ]

Логотип Windows Embedded

В настоящее время выпускаются следующие варианты ОС Windows Embedded [7] :

Хронология [ ]

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Будущее Windows [ ]

Windows PDA [ ]

Интегрированные программные продукты [ ]

Вокруг факта включения таких «стандартных» продуктов в ОС Windows разгорается много дискуссий и юридических споров, по мнению сторонних разработчиков, это ведёт к отсутствию конкуренции и создает препятствия для распространения конкурирующих продуктов, они же часто ставят под сомнение качество браузера Internet Explorer, объясняя его популярность вхождением в пакет Windows и плохой осведомленностью пользователей о наличии альтернатив.

Распространённость [ ]

В настоящее время Windows установлена менее чем на 90% персональных компьютеров и рабочих станций. По данным компании Net Applications, на апрель 2016 года рыночная доля Windows составила Шаблон:Падение 88,77%. По другим данным, рыночная доля Windows еще меньше. Падение доли связано, в первую очередь, с тенденцией к сокращению продаж ПК в мире, а также с увеличением доли ОС конкурентов — Mac OS X и Linux. Среди различных версий Windows по данным W3Schools с августа 2011 года наиболее популярна Windows 7 [10] (около 48%).

Источник

История Windows

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Содержание

Содержание

Раньше, чтобы добиться ответа от будущего поработителя человечества, приходилось вручную вводить данные в командную строку. Это неудобно и долго. Привычный «оконный интерфейс» появился в середине 80-х годов и необходимость заучивать словарик терминов отпала, команда стала передаваться парой кликов. Визуализация действий позволила параллельно выполнять несколько задач, переносить информацию из одной программы в другую, получать быстрый доступ к файлам с помощью иконок.

Первая графическая операционная система была воспринята специалистами в штыки из-за высоких требований к «железу». Для работы требовался экзотический зверь – мышь. В то время хвостатый грызун не был распространен, и на вопрос: «Мыши есть?», можно было получить искренний ответ продавца-консультанта: «Травим».

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Начало начал

Графический интерфейс придумал Даг Энгельбарт в 60-х годах. В 1973 команда Xerox создала корпоративный инструмент WIMP – окна, иконки, меню, указатели для компьютеров собственной разработки PERQ и STAR.

Вычислительные машины долгое время считались специализированным инструментом военных, ученых, инженеров. Для элементарных математических расчетов требовалось выучить компьютерную грамоту. Рядовые пользователи не могли представить, зачем им этот дорогой аппарат. С появлением графического интерфейса все изменилось. Звуки, картинки и главное – игры, превратили ЭВМ в мультимедийный развлекательный центр.

Почему окна?

Мы живем в физическом объемном мире, нам нравится все, что можно потрогать, рассмотреть с разных сторон. Окно умеет менять свою форму, расширяется и сужается, отбрасывает тень, создает иллюзию выпуклости. Негатив, злость и раздражение приходят в тот момент, когда динамичное изменение пространства рабочего стола вдруг замораживается, а меняющиеся надписи, иконки, размеры шрифтов, цвета регулярно раздражают мозг, вызывая позитивную реакцию.

Повелители окон

История оконной гегемонии началась в 1975, когда Билл Гейтс и Пол Аллен основали корпорацию Microsoft.

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Выпуская софт для быстро растущего рынка персональных компьютеров, Гейтс не мог упустить возможность скопировать новый продукт – графический интерфейс Apple.

В довесок к окнам яблочники давали увесистую Lisa, массой в 9 «тонн» американских денег. Большинство пользователей предпочитали машины попроще. В начале 80-х в гонку вычислений вступает Белоснежка – IBM и 7 компаний-гномов: RCA, CDC, Univac, Burroughs, Honeywell, NCR, GE. Стоимость персонального компьютера падает до 500-1000$. Lisa, стоившая в 9-18 раз дороже, чуть не погубила Apple, снизив ценность акций на 30%, Джобс покинул здание.

Трудолюбивые гномы наштамповали массу компьютеров и настала пора клепать новый интерфейс – так решили в Microsoft. У компании уже был опыт разработки OS для IBM. MS-DOS – получает графическую надстройку Windows 1.

Все украдено до нас

Увидев знакомые окна в 1984 году, Джобс отправился в суд. Тяжба длилась до 1993 года, и закончилась в пользу Билла. По одной из версий, Гейтс позаимствовал интерфейс во время разработки софта для Macintosh, по другой – это самостоятельная разработка, которую вели с 1982 года.

Сам Стив Джобс обзавелся окошками во время визита в исследовательский центр Xerox в Пало-Альто. Стащив дискету со стола инженера, он убегал, сверкая пятками (но это не точно). Компания Apple щедро отсыпала своих акций Xerox, чтобы предотвратить судебные тяжбы.

Факт: первое название Windows – Interface Manager. «Окна» появились благодаря маркетинговому отделу компании.

Причина популярности окошек – отсутствие альтернативы в принципе. Продукт, разработанный Xerox, доведенный до ума Apple и MicroSoft, завоевывал доверие, постепенно приручая восприятие людей к оконному мышлению. Microsoft обязан своей популярности двум провальным проектам Стива Джобса и высокому спросу на персональные компьютеры.

Оконная история

Первенец, родившийся 10 ноября 1983 года, был наречен Windows 1. За цветастым кафтаном графического интерфейса, спряталась морально устаревшая MS-DOS. Черный экран, отражающий лысину программиста, уступил место окнам. Стоимость – 100$, продано 500 000 копий, основной конкурент – Apple Lisa 1983 года рождения.

Старший брат – Windows 2, явился на свет 9 декабря 1987 года, будучи по-прежнему всего лишь шкуркой, он лишился недостатков первой версии. Окна свободно перемещались, появилось ведро для отбросов. Обновился интерфейс: кнопки минимизации и максимизации окон, поддержка горячих клавиш, встроенная программа Dynamic Data Exchange для обмена сообщениями. Цена не изменилась, продажи увеличились в 2 раз.

Появившийся 22 мая 1990 года Windows 3 – стал окном в Интернет. С версии 3.1 используется протокол TCP IP. Малыш получился довольно цветастым, – к тому же со славянской примесью. Пока американских ученых и студентов радовали 256 оттенков, граждане СССР рассматривали зарубежные витражи с кириллическими буковками – добавилась поддержка русского языка.

Дедушка MS-DOS сделал свое дело, родив 3-х сыновей, больше его услуги не требовались. 27 июля 1993 года свершилось долгожданное событие, на свет явилась Windows NT – операционная система нового поколения, мать-прародительница всех последующих OS, которая изначально разрабатывалась для серверов.

На дворе 24 августа 1995 года. Windows 95 – первая полноценная OS для домашнего использования. Лихой хакер играет в косынку, слушает wav-мелодию и пялится 15 минут на медленно прорисовывающуюся картинку в браузере Internet Explorer.

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Многозадачность пошла в массы. Интерфейс стал удобным и симпатичным. Появилась кнопка «Start», 65 000 цветов. Продано 40 миллионов копий по 210$, совет директоров Apple льет крокодильи слезы.

Windows 98 – 21 июня 1998 выходит естественное продолжение Windows 95 c улучшенным USB, поддержкой HDD большого объема, предустановленным ПО: обновленный Explorer и Outlook Express. За 7 дней реализовано полмиллиона дисков ценой в 110$.

17 февраля 2000 года появился Millennium, получивший народное прозвище «Линолеум». Выкидыш стимулировал народное творчество, старина Билли узнал о себе много нового. Gif-ки с изображающим головы главы корпорации демонстрировали широту фантазии оконных адептов. Windows ME по сути был Windows 98 с новой красивой шкуркой, аудио-видеоплеером и огромным количеством багов.

«Чупакабру» не смог спасти даже мизерный ценник в 60$. Забив на провальный проект, Microsoft выпускает новую OS – легендарную Windows XP. Система по сей день пользуется популярностью за стабильность, не требовательность к ресурсам, лаконичный графический интерфейс. С 15 августа 2019 года она считается совершеннолетней. По информации от NetmarketshareXP установлена на 12% всех ноутбуков на планете. Ценник – 85$.

30 ноября 2006 года выходит Windows Vista – сестра Линолеума по несчастью. Красивая и яркая особа оказалась слишком требовательна к кормовой базе. Почувствовав неладное, пользователи спешно мигрировали обратно на XP. Из новинок: защита от вирусов, идентифицирующая пользователей, как врагов. Красивая Aero, превращающая Pentium IV в дрова. Ценник 200-400$.

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Счастливая 7-ка вышла 22 октября 2009 года, и стала самой популярной операционной системой в первом десятилетии 21 века, установлена на 55,7% ПК по данным Netmarketshare. Быстрая, производительная, с симпатичным интерфейсом, она сочетала в себе брутальный характер XP и красоту Висты. Стоимость на момент релиза 160-320$.

В октябре 2012 года появилсяWindows 8, подтвердив теорию – корпорация выпускает нормальный продукт через один. Многим не понравился плиточный интерфейс, к тому же OS бесконечно быстро пожирала оперативную память. С другой стороны, система работала стабильно и быстро загружалась. Попытка создать универсальный продукт для планшетов, компьютеров и телефонов вышла третьим по счету комочком.

Apple был первым, но не смог. Семейство Windows за 30 лет захватило дисковое пространство 90% ПК и 30% серверов, установив свою гегемонию. Агенты: Paint, Word, Блокнот, Сапер, Косынка и Пасьянс – поработили разум и души миллиардов пользователей, став легендарными.

Источник

Microsoft прощается с Windows: Почему ОС больше не главный продукт компании

Сатья Наделла объявил, что Windows больше не главный продукт Microsoft

Весной этого года Microsoft объявила о реорганизации, которую можно назвать знаковой. Если она удастся, то даже исторической. Теперь Windows — официально не главный продукт Microsoft. Хотя именно с неё всё и начиналось.

В письме сотрудникам корпорации СЕО Microsoft Сатья Наделла объявил, что подразделение, которое занимается развитием Windows, перестанет существовать как самостоятельная структура. Глава этого подразделения, вице-президент Microsoft Терри Майерсон, работавший в компании 21 год и возглавлявший работу над Windows с 2013 года, покинет компанию.

Майерсон, кстати, занимался развитием мобильной ОС Windows Phone, которая фактически прекратила своё существование, проиграв конкуренцию Apple и Samsung. Этим увольнением компания признала тупик, в которую зашёл её главный продукт. И уволила ответственного по совокупности провалов, потому как Windows Phone просто была убогой. Именно поэтому ни рекламные деньги, ни работа с партнёрами не выводили долю рынка этой ОС последние годы из 1%.

Windows больше не солнце в системе Microsoft, вокруг которой крутятся все планеты. Windows — это удалённый спутник, важный, но всё-таки спутник», — метафорично заключает Bloomberg.

Что будет теперь? В Microsoft появятся два новых больших подразделения. Первое займётся «изучением пользовательского опыта при работе с разными устройствами». Именно сюда войдут команды Windows и Microsoft Office. То есть это подразделение будет фактически дистибуцировать сервисы и программы Microsoft, а на одной платформе, ПК, продолжать создавать ОС. (Это кстати, при том, что рынок ПК потихоньку сжимается при росте мобильных платформ, но это отдельный разговор, просто запомним этот факт).

Второе подразделение — Cloud and AI Platform — займётся, соответственно, проектами, связанными с облачными сервисами и искусственным интеллектом. Во главе объединённого отдела встанет Скотт Гатри, руководитель облачного сервиса Microsoft Azure. Этот рынок растёт получше, и у экспертов с точки зрения перспектив котируется побольше. Но вот если взять конкуренцию, то такой подавляющей доли, как в офисных программах и ОС на конкретной платформе, у Микрософта в этой области нет. Сильны Google и Amazon, есть игроки помельче, но не менее опасные.

Сам Наделла в письме объяснил, что облачные сервисы, искусственный интеллект и изучение пользовательского опыта доказали свою эффективность и должны стать фокусом для компании. Это укладывается в стратегию работы Наделлы под названием «отринем всё старое». Предыдущий глава компании Стив Баллмер фактически завалил набок всю контору. Кроме как скачек по сцене в потной рубашке с криком «Developers» и смеха над iPhone с iPad, он особо ничем и не запомнился.

Компания зашла в тупик, налицо стало главное её отставание — она перестала быть хоть сколько-то интересной рынку. Не то чтобы модной, об этом можно было и не мечтать. Вот и решились на перемены. Наделла стал СЕО Microsoft в 2014 году и уже тогда косвенно обозначил свою позицию по поводу Windows и «сервисов будущего». То есть уже тогда для него «винда» была сервисом прошлого.

Коллеги даже посчитали, что в своём первом официальном письме, тексте на 3 тысячи слов, он упомянул Windows 10 раз, а слово «облачный» — 21. Есть, конечно, резон перебрасывать силы с рынка ПК. Если продажи в год в 2010-м составляли 157 млн персональных машин, то в 2022 году эксперты прогнозируют цифру в 86 млн.

Как отмечает The Verge, у Android сейчас около 2 млрд активных девайсов, у Apple — более 2 млрд, а у Windows, несмотря на утверждение компании, что ОС используют 1,5 млрд человек, фактически произошло падение до 1,3 млрд.

майкрософт и виндовс это одно и то же

Если в 2010 году продажи Windows для PC были строчкой номер один в выручке компании и приносили Microsoft около 28% продаж, то в последний финансовый год Windows был только третьим источником выручки (16%) после Office и сервисов для бизнеса вроде баз данных и Microsoft Azure. Глобальные продажи облачных и AI-сервисов (в том числе от Microsoft) растут.

Компания упёрлась в технологический тупик. Пользователям не нужны новые функции. Существующие бы освоить. Потому что как только начинаются выдумки про новые функции, пользователи просто отказываются от свежих версий софта. Вот и приходится искать новые рынки, чтобы заваленная Баллмером на бок компания совсем не погибла, как выброшенный на берег кит.

Источник

Современная эмблема Microsoft Windows

Microsoft Windows (/ˈwɪndoʊz/) — семейство собственнических операционных систем компании .

Операционные системы Windows работают на платформах x86-64, ARM. Существовали также версии для DEC Alpha, MIPS и

Содержание

  • 1 История выпусков версий Microsoft Windows
  • 2 Версии Microsoft Windows
    • 2.1 Графические интерфейсы и расширения для DOS
    • 2.2 Семейство Windows 9x
    • 2.3 Семейство Windows NT
    • 2.4 Семейство ОС для карманных компьютеров
  • 3 Интегрированные программные продукты
  • 4 Популярность
  • 5 Примечания
  • 6 См. также
  • 7 Ссылки
  • 8 Литература

История выпусков версий Microsoft Windows

Дата выхода Название Последняя версия Дата прекращения поддержки Последняя совместимая версия Internet Explorer
20 ноября 1985 Windows 1.0 1.04 (апрель 1987) 31 декабря 2001
1 ноября 1987 Windows 2.0 2.11 (13 марта 1989) 31 декабря 2001
22 мая 1990 Windows 3.0 3.00a (31 октября 1990) 31 декабря 2001
18 марта 1992 Windows 3.1 3.11 (31 декабря 1993) 31 декабря 2001  ?
октябрь 1992 Windows For Workgroups 3.1 3.1  ?? 5.0
27 июля 1993 Windows NT 3.1 3.10.528 SP3 (10 ноября 1994) 31 декабря 2000 5.0
11 августа 1993 Windows For Workgroups 3.11 3.11  ?? 5.0
1994 Windows 3.2 3.2 ?  ?
21 сентября 1994 Windows NT 3.5 3.50.807 SP3 (21 июня 1995) 31 декабря 2000  ?
30 мая 1995 Windows NT 3.51 3.51.1057 SP5 (19 сентября 1996) 31 декабря 2001  ?
24 августа 1995 Windows 95 4.00.950C (4.03.1214) (26 ноября 1997) 31 декабря 2000 (retail); 31 декабря 2001 (SBL) 5.0
29 июля 1996 Windows NT 4.0 4.00.1381 / SP6a SRP (26 июля 2001) 20 июня 2002 (retail); 30 июня 2003 (SBL); 31 декабря 2004 (ext) 5.0
25 июня 1998 Windows 98 4.10.1998 (25 июня 1998) 30 июня 2002 (retail); 30 ноября 2003 (SBL); 11 июля 2006 (ext) 5.5
5 мая 1999 Windows 98 SE 4.10.2222A (5 мая 1999) 30 июня 2002 (retail); 31 марта 2004 (SBL); 11 июля 2006 (ext) 6.0
17 февраля 2000 Windows 2000 5.0.2195 / 5.0 SP4 Rollup 1 v2 (13 сентября 2005) 31 марта 2004 (retail); 31 марта 2005 (SBL); 13 июля 2010 (ext) 6.0
14 сентября 2000 Windows Me 4.90.3000 (14 сентября 2000) 31 декабря 2004 (retail); 30 июня 2004 (SBL); 11 июля 2006 (ext) 6.0
25 октября 2001(RTM)
31 декабря 2001 (продажи)
Windows XP 5.1.2600.5112 SP3 (19 февраля 2008) 30 сентября 2004 (10 октября 2006 (SP1/SP1a); 30 июня 2008 (retail); 31 января 2009 (SBL); 14 апреля 2009 (SP2); 8 апреля 2014 (ext) 8
28 марта 2003 Windows XP 64-bit Edition 5.2.3790 25 июля 2005 8
24 апреля 2003 Windows Server 2003 5.2.3790.3959 SP2 (13 марта 2007) 13 июля 2010 8
25 апреля 2005 Windows XP Professional x64 Edition 5.2.3790.3959 SP2 13 марта 2007 30 июня 2008 (retail); 31 января 2009 (SBL) 8
8 июля 2006 Windows Fundamentals for Legacy PCs 5.1.2600 RTM (8 июля 2006)  ?? 8
8 ноября 2006 (RTM)
30 января 2007 (продажи)
Windows Vista 6.0.6001 / SP2 Build 6002 (25 мая 2009)  ?? 8
16 июля 2007 Windows Home Server 5.2.1500 (16 июля 2007)  ??
27 февраля 2008 Windows Server 2008 6.0.6002 / SP2 build 6002 (25 мая 2009)  ?? 8
2009-2010 Windows 7 6.1.7137 (RTM Escrow) (27 мая 2009)  ?? 8
2009-2010 Windows Server 2008 R2 (ранее известна как Windows Server 7) 6.1.7100 (RC)  ?? 8
В столбце «Дата прекращения поддержки» словом «retail» помечается дата окончания продаж конечному пользователю; аббревиатурой «SBL» помечена дата окончания выдачи System Builder лицензии; «ext» — окончание срока продления поддержки

Версии Microsoft Windows

Распространённость различных MS Windows

Источник Hitslink[1] Awio[2] GoStats NetApplications
Дата январь 2009 январь 2009 апрель 2009 9 мая 2009
Все версии 88.26%[3] 94.58% 87.90%
Windows XP 63.76% 71.73% 72% 62.21%
Windows Vista 22.48% 13.72% 21.42% 23.90%
Windows 2000 1.37% 2.08% 0.52% 1.15%
Windows 7 (RC) 0.10% 0.26% 0.24%
Windows 2003 0.69% 0.39%
Windows 98 0.23% 0.54% 0.17%
Windows ME 0.14% 0.22% 0.11%
Windows NT 0.09% 0.11%
Windows CE 0.05% 0.05%
Windows 95 0.01%[4]

Обычно все версии Windows делят на несколько «групп».

Графические интерфейсы и расширения для интерфейс к возможностям операционной системы 8086.

  1. Windows 1.0 (1985)
  2. Windows 2.0 (1987)
  3. Windows 2.1 (Windows 386) (1987) — в системе появилась возможность запуска DOS-приложений в графических окнах, причём каждому приложению предоставлялись полные 640 Кб памяти. Полная поддержка процессора 80286.
  4. Windows 3.0 (1990) — появилась поддержка процессоров 80386 и защищённого режима.
  5. Windows 3.1 (1992) — серьёзно переработанная Windows 3.0; устранены UAE (Unrecoverable Application Errors — фатальные ошибки прикладных программ), добавлен механизм OLE, печать в режиме TrueType, изменён диспетчер файлов, добавлены мультимедийные функции.
  6. Windows для рабочих групп (Windows for Workgroups) 3.1/3.11 — первая версия ОС семейства с поддержкой локальных сетей. В WFWG 3.11 также испытывались отдельные усовершенствования ядра, применённые позднее в Windows 95.

Семейство Windows 9x

Семейство ОС, разработанных специально для процессоров с 32-битной архитектурой, на рынке позиционировались как 32-разрядные ОС, однако в составе данных продуктов присутствовало некоторое количество 16-битного кода. В состав программных продуктов Windows 9x входила ОС Windows 95 4.00.950 поставлялась с MS-DOS 7.0, а последующие версии Windows 9x с MS-DOS 7.10 с поддержкой файлов поддерживается только при загрузке ядра Windows). При настройках системы по умолчанию сразу после загрузки MS-DOS загружалось ядро Windows, однако эту автозагрузку можно было отключить. Кроме того, MS-DOS 7.x в ряде случаев сообщала о себе, как о Windows 9x. И то, и другое было сделано из маркетинговых соображений. После загрузки MS-DOS загружались 16-разрядные компоненты Windows, аналогичные предыдущим версиям Windows, и в последнюю очередь — 32-разрядные компоненты. Собственно 32-х разрядное ядро было усовершенствованным ядром Windows 3.1/3.11, работающим в расширенном режиме. В отличие от Windows 3.11 в Windows 9x по умолчанию используется 32-разрядный доступ к файлам, что позволяет данным ОС работать с жестким диском без использования ядра MS-DOS. Таким образом, считается, что при работе приложений Windows Windows 9x как правило не использует ядро MS-DOS для работы с оборудованием, роль ядра MS-DOS сводится в основном к загрузке ядра Windows и запуску приложений MS-DOS.

  1. Windows 95 (1995) — Windows 4.00
  2. Windows 98 (1998) — Windows 4.10
  3. Windows Millennium Edition (Me) (2000) — Windows 4.90

Основной стратегической задачей создания семейств Windows 9x являлся перевод пользователей на новые 32-битные программы при сохранении преемственности программ, написанных для MS-DOS, входившая в состав данных программных продуктов, предоставляла полный доступ ко всем периферийным устройствам, памяти кода операционной системы, памяти кода драйверов устройств, а также памяти других программ, исполняющихся в системе, семейство программных продуктов Windows 9x позволяло умышленную или неумышленную порчу содержимого оперативной памяти, что могло быть одной из причин «зависания» или некорректной работы системы.

Семейство Windows NT

Текстовый логотип Windows® XP (обычно используется вместе с графическим)

Операционные системы этого семейства работали на процессорах с архитектурой IA-32 и некоторых Alpha, MIPS, (до версии 2000, которая вышла только в версии для IA-32). Windows NT являются полностью 32-битными операционными системами, и, в отличие от версий 1.0—3.x и 9x, не нуждаются в поддержке со стороны Windows Server 2003, серверные операционные системы называются по-другому.

  1. Windows NT 3.1 (1993)
  2. Windows NT 3.5 (1994)
  3. Windows NT 3.51 (1995)
  4. Windows NT 4.0 (1996)
  5. Windows 2000 (2000) — Windows NT 5.0
  6. Windows XP (2001) — Windows NT 5.1
  7. Windows XP 64-bit Edition (2006) — Windows NT 5.2
  8. Windows Server 2003 (2003) — Windows NT 5.2
  9. Windows Vista (2006) — Windows NT 6.0
  10. Windows Home Server (2007) — Windows NT 6.0
  11. Windows Server 2008 — Windows NT 6.0
  12. Windows 7 (в разработке, 2009) — Windows NT 6.1

В основу семейства Windows NT положено разделение адресных пространств между процессами. Каждый процесс имеет возможность работать с выделенной ему памятью. Однако он не имеет прав для записи в память других процессов, драйверов и системного кода.

Семейство Windows NT относится к операционным системам с вытесняющей многозадачностью. Разделение процессорного времени между потоками происходит по принципу «карусели». Ядро операционной системы выделяет квант времени (в Windows 2000 квант равен примерно 20 мс) каждому из потоков по очереди при условии, что все потоки имеют одинаковый приоритет. Поток может отказаться от выделенного ему кванта времени. В этом случае система перехватывает у него управление (даже если выделенный квант времени не закончен) и передаёт управление другому потоку. При передаче управления другому потоку система сохраняет состояние всех регистров процессора в особой структуре в оперативной памяти. Эта структура называется контекстом потока. Сохранение контекста потока достаточно для последующего возобновления его работы.

Семейство ОС для карманных компьютеров

Логотип Windows® Ce

Поддерживаются процессоры StrongARM и некоторые другие.

  1. Windows CE
  2. Microsoft Pocket PC
  3. Microsoft Windows Mobile

Интегрированные программные продукты

Пакет Microsoft Windows включает в себя стандартные приложения, такие как браузер (Internet Explorer), почтовый клиент (Outlook Express), проигрыватель (Windows Media Player). С помощью технологий COM и OLE (Ранее использовалось DDE (основополагающая часть OLE) их компоненты могут встраиваться в другие приложения, в том числе и сторонних производителей. Эти продукты бесплатны и могут быть свободно скачаны с официального сайта Microsoft, однако для установки некоторых из них необходимо иметь действующую лицензию Microsoft Windows. Запуск этих программ под другими операционными системами возможен с помощью эмуляторов среды Windows. Существуют также версии некоторых из них, специально разработанные для других операционных систем. Эти версии уступают оригинальным версиям набором функций и возможностей, а также частотой обновления.

Вокруг факта включения таких стандартных продуктов в ОС Windows разгорается много споров и дискуссий, поскольку это создает серьёзное препятствие для распространения конкурирующих продуктов. Так, часто оспаривают лидерство и ставят под сомнение качество браузера Internet Explorer, объясняя его популярность вхождением в пакет Windows и плохой осведомленностью пользователей о наличии альтернатив. А в марте 2004 года Европейская Комиссия оштрафовала Майкрософт и обязала создать для продажи в Европе версию Windows без Windows Media Player. Сама компания Майкрософт продолжает отстаивать своё право включать свои продукты в пакет Windows и разрабатывает новые интегрированные продукты.

Популярность

В настоящее время Microsoft Windows установлена на большинстве персональных компьютеров и рабочих станций[5]. Однако, в мире все большую популярность набирают альтернативные ОС такие как Mac OS X,

Примечания

  1. Net Applications OS versions market share (2009-02).
  2. глобальная веб-статистика. W3Counter (2009-01).
  3. «Operating System Market Share». Hitslink.
  4. Net Applications Trend for ‘Windows 95’ (2008-12).
  5. По данным Net Applications, в мае 2009 года доля Windows в мире составляла 87,76 %, Linux — 0,99 %, iPod touch — 0,15 %, Nintendo Wii, SunOS.

См. также

Компоненты Microsoft Windows

Основные

Aero • Desktop Window Manager • Проводник (Explorer) • Панель задач • Меню «Пуск» • Shell (namespace • Special Folders • File associations) • Search (Saved search • iFilters) • Graphics Device Interface • WIM • Next Generation TCP/IP stack () • .NET Framework • Audio • Printing (XML Paper Specification) • Active Scripting (WSH • VBScript • COM (OLE • OLE Automation • DCOM • ActiveX • ActiveX Document • Structured storage • Transaction Server) • Previous Versions • WDDM • UAA • Win32 console

Службы
управления

Backup and Restore Center • Панель управления (Applets) • Диспетчер устройств • Очистка диска • Дефрагментация диска • Event Viewer • Management Console • Problem Reports and Solutions • Sysprep • Диспетчер задач • System File Checker • Восстановление системы • Windows Installer • Windows PowerShell • Windows Update • WinSAT • Windows Easy Transfer

Приложения

Калькулятор • Calendar • Таблица символов • Contacts • DVD Maker • Fax and Scan • Internet Explorer • Journal • Outlook Express • Почта Windows • Magnifier • Media Center • Meeting Space • Mobile Device Center • Mobility Center • Movie Maker • Narrator • Notepad • Paint • Фотоальбом • Private Character Editor • Remote Assistance • Sidebar • Snipping Tool • Звукозапись • Windows Media Player • Windows Speech Recognition • Игры

Chess Titans • Hold ‘Em • InkBall • Mahjong Titans • Purble Place • Пасьянс «Косынка» • Пасьянс «Паук» • Сапёр • Пасьянс «Свободная ячейка» • Пинбол • Червы

Ядро ОС

hal.dll • System Idle Process • Registry (реестр) • Windows service • Service Control Manager • EXE • Boot Manager • Recovery Console • I/O • WinRE • WinPE • Kernel Patch Protection

Службы

Autorun • BITS • Task Scheduler • Wireless Zero Configuration • Shadow Copy • Windows Error Reporting • Multimedia Class Scheduler • CLFS

Файловые
системы

Hard link • Junction point • Mount Point • Reparse point • Symbolic link • TxF • FAT • CDFS • UDF • DFS • IFS

Сервер

Domains • Active Directory • DNS • Групповая политика • Roaming user profiles • Folder redirection • Координатор распределённых транзакций • MSMQ • Windows SharePoint Services • Windows Media Services • Rights Management Services • IIS • Terminal Services • WSUS • Network Access Protection • DFS Replication • Remote Differential Compression • Print Services for UNIX • Remote Installation Services • Windows Deployment Services • Windows System Resource Manager • Hyper-V

Архитектура

NT series architecture • Object Manager • Startup process (Vista) • I/O request packets • Kernel Transaction Manager • Logical Disk Manager • Security Accounts Manager • Windows Resource Protection • LSASS • CSRSS • SMSS

Безопасность

UAC • BitLocker • Defender • DEP • Protected Media Path • Mandatory Integrity Control • UIPI • Windows Firewall • Security Center

Совместимость

Unix subsystem (Interix) • Virtual DOS Machine • Windows on Windows • Список операционных систем;

  • Проводник Windows;
  • Windows API;
  • Многозадачность;
  • Microsoft Solitaire;
  • Сравнение Microsoft Windows и GNU/Linux.
  • Ссылки

    • Home page for the Windows family of products and technologies.
    • MS Windows — дискуссионная группа пользователей Windows
    • — Windows Блог

    Литература

    • Брайан Ливингстон, Пол Таррот Секреты Microsoft Windows Vista = Windows Vista Secrets. — М.: «Диалектика», 2007. — С. 456. — ISBN 0-7645-7704-2
    • Пол Мак-Федрис Microsoft Windows XP SP2. Полное руководство = Microsoft Windows XP Unleashed. — М.: «Вильямс», 2006. — С. 880. — ISBN 0-672-32833-X

    История Microsoft Windows

    Надстройка над Windows 1.0 • Windows 2.x • Windows 3.x
    Семейство Windows 9x Windows 95 • Windows 98 • Windows ME
    Семейство Windows NT NT 3.1 • NT 3.5 • NT 3.51 • NT 4.0 • 2000 • XP • Server 2003 • FLP • Vista • Home Server • Server 2008
    Семейство Windows CE CE 2.0 • CE 3.0 • CE 4.0 • CE 5.0 • CE 6.0 • Mobile
    В разработке Windows 7 • Windows 8 • Azure
    Закрытые Neptune • Nashville • Odyssey • Cairo
    Другие проекты OS/2 • Midori • Singularity

    Операционная система

    Ядро

    Микроядро • Монолитное ядро • Гибридное ядро • Пространство ядра (kernel space) • Модульное ядро • Наноядро • Драйвер • Пространство пользователя • Область пользователя • Экзоядро

    Управление
    процессом

    Процесс • Мультипрограммирование • Прерывание • Защищённый режим (кольца защиты) • Режим супервизора • Многозадачность • Многопоточность • Управление процессом • Планировщик задач • Переключение контекста • Кооперативная многозадачность • Вытесняющая многозадачность • Режимы работы процессора

    Управление
    памятью

    Защита памяти • Сегментация памяти • Страничная память (Paging) • Блок управления памятью • Ошибка сегментации • Общая ошибка защиты

    Примеры

    Microsoft Windows Mac OS • Прочее

    Загрузчик ОС • API • VFS • Компьютерная сеть • GUI • История операционных систем • Слой аппаратных абстракций HAL

    Wikimedia Foundation.
    2010.

    Игры ⚽ Поможем решить контрольную работу

    • Вине Роберт
    • Винегретная заправка

    Полезное

    Смотреть что такое «Виндоус» в других словарях:

    • виндоус — сущ., кол во синонимов: 5 • винда (5) • восьмерка (11) • операционная система (8) …   Словарь синонимов

    • виндоус-апликација — (анг. Windows application) комп. кориснички програмски пакет конструиран да работи во околина на услужната програма микрософт виндоус и да ги користи нејзините можности …   Macedonian dictionary

    • микрософт-виндоус — (анг. Microsoft Windows) комп. објектно ориентирана корисничка програма на компанијата Микрософт што претставува надградба на оперативниот систем МС ДОС за комуникација користи графички кориснички интерфејс што овозможува работата да биде многу… …   Macedonian dictionary

    • мени — (фд menu) 1. избор на јадења, особено избор на јадења што можат да се добијат во ресторан како еден оброк за определена цена 2. список на јадења со ценовник 3. комп. список на операции што можат да се извршат во една програма обично е прикажан на …   Macedonian dictionary

    • Фанаты (фильм, 2009) — Фанаты Fanboys Жанр приключенческий фильм …   Википедия

    • Спрос — (Demand) Определение спроса, рынок и закон спроса Определение спроса, рынок и закон спроса, факторы изменения спроса Содержание Содержание Определение Понятие спроса, его эластичность Величина спроса и спроса Кривые спроса Факторы изменения и… …   Энциклопедия инвестора

    • Летнее время — Весенний перевод часовой стрелки с поясного на летнее время …   Википедия

    • Фанаты (фильм — Фанаты (фильм, 2009) Сюжет Пятеро фанатов «Звёздных войн» отправляются на «Ранчо Cкайуокера», чтобы посмотреть «Призрачную угрозу» раньше всего мира. Дополнительная информация год: 2009 страна: США слоган: «Coming soon to our galaxy» режиссер:… …   Википедия

    • восьмерка — фоска, искривление, восьмерочка, лодка, шлюпка Словарь русских синонимов. восьмерка сущ., кол во синонимов: 11 • винда (5) • …   Словарь синонимов

    • семерка — цифра, семеро, фоска, семерочка, семерик Словарь русских синонимов. семерка сущ., кол во синонимов: 12 • винда (5) • ви …   Словарь синонимов

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    Семейство компьютерных операционных систем, разработанных Microsoft

    Microsoft Windows

    Windows darkblue 2012.svg
    Скриншот Windows 10 2009 с меню «Пуск».png Снимок экрана Windows 10 (Обновление за октябрь 2020 г., версия 20H2), показывающее Меню Пуск
    Разработчик Microsoft
    Исходная модель
    • Закрытый исходный код
    • Доступный исходный код (через Общий источник Инициатива )
    Первый выпуск 20 ноября 1985 г.; 34 года назад (1985-11-20), как версия 1.0 (не поддерживается)
    Последний выпуск
    20H2

    10.0. 19042.572. (20 октября 2020 г.; 9 дней назад (2020-10-20))

    Последняя предварительная версия
    Dev Channel

    10.0.20241.1005. ( 23 октября 2020 г.; 6 дней назад (2020-10-23))

    Маркетинговая цель Персональные вычисления
    Доступно на 138 языках
    Метод обновления
    • Центр обновления Windows
    • Обновление Windows Anytime Upgrade
    • Магазин Windows
    • Службы обновления Windows Server (WSUS)
    Диспетчер пакетов Установщик Windows (.msi,.msix,.msp), исполняемый файл (.exe), Универсальная платформа Windows (.appx,.appxbundle)
    Платформы IA-32, x86-64, ARM, ARM64. Ранее: 16-битный x86, DEC Alpha, MIPS, PowerPC, Itanium
    Тип ядра
    • Семейство Windows NT : Гибрид
    • Windows CE : Гибрид
    • Windows 9x и более ранние версии: Монолитный (MS-DOS )
    По умолчанию пользовательский интерфейс Windows shell
    Лицензия Собственный коммерческое программное обеспечение
    Официальный сайт microsoft.com / windows

    Microsoft Windows, обычно именуемая Windows, представляет собой группу из нескольких закрытых графических операционных систем семейств, все из разработанных и продаются Microsoft. Каждая семья обслуживает отдельный сектор компьютерной индустрии. Активные семейства Microsoft Windows включают Windows NT и Windows IoT ; они могут быть подсемейства, например Windows Server или Windows Embedded Compact (Windows CE). Несуществующие семейства Microsoft Windows включают Windows 9x, Windows Mobile и Windows Phone.

    . Microsoft представила операционную среду под названием Windows 20 ноября 1985 г. в качестве графической оболочки операционной системы для MS-DOS в ответ на растущий интерес к графическим пользовательским интерфейсом (GUI). Microsoft Windows стала доминировать на мировом рынке ПК компьютеров () с долей рынка более 90%, обогнав Mac OS, у которой была представлена ​​в 1984 году. Apple рассматривать Windows как несправедливое посягательство на их инновации в разработке графического интерфейса пользователя, реализованные в таких продуктах, как Lisa и Macintosh (в конечном итоге урегулирован в суде в пользу Microsoft в 1993 г.). На ПК самой популярной операционной системой по-прежнему остается Windows. Однако в 2014 году Microsoft признала большую часть рынка операционных систем в пользу Android из-за роста продаж смартфонов Android . В 2014 году количество проданных устройств Windows было менее 25% от количества проданных устройств Android. Однако это сравнение может быть не совсем актуальным, поскольку операционные системы традиционно нацелены на разные платформы. Те не менее, цифры по использованию Windows на серверах.

    По состоянию на февраль 2020 года самой последней версией Windows для ПК, планшетов и встраиваемых устройств является Windows 10 версии 2004. Самая последняя версия для серверных компьютеров — Windows Server, версия 2004. Специализированная версия Windows также работает на Xbox One игровая консоль.

    Содержание

    • 1 Генеалогия
      • 1.1 По маркетинговой роли
    • 2 История версий
      • 2.1 Ранние версии
      • 2.2 Windows 3.x
      • 2.3 Windows 9x
      • 2.4 Windows NT
        • 2.4. 1 Ранние версии (Windows NT 3.1 / 3.5 / 3.51 / 4.0 / 2000)
        • 2.4.2 Windows XP
        • 2.4.3 Windows Vista
        • 2.4.4 Windows 7
        • 2.4.5 Windows 8 и 8.1
        • 2.4.6 Windows 10
        • 2.4.7 Многоязычная поддержка
        • 2.4.8 Поддержка платформы
      • 2.5 Windows CE
      • 2.6 Xbox OS
    • 3 Система контроля версий
    • 4 Хронология выпусков
    • 5 Использование и продажи устройств
      • 5.1 Использование серверах
    • 6 Безопасно сть
      • 6.1 Права доступа к файлам
    • 7 Альтернативные реализации
    • 8 См.
    • 9 Реферанс
    • 10 Внешние ссылки

    Генеалогия

    В соответствии с маркетинговой ролью

    Microsoft, разработчик Windows, зарегистрировала несколько товарных знаков, каждый из которых обозначает также семейство продуктов систем Windows, предназначенный для конкретного сектора вычислительной индустрии. По состоянию на 2014 год активно развивались следующие семейства Windows:

    • Windows NT : началось как семейство операционных систем с Windows NT 3.1, операционная система для серверных компьютеров и рабочие станции. Теперь он состоит из трех подсем операционных систем, которые выпускаются одновременно и используют одно и то же ядро:
      • Windows: операционная система для обычных компьютеров, планшетов и смартфоны. Последняя версия — Windows 10. Основным конкурентом этого семейства является macOS от Apple для мобильных компьютеров и Android для мобильных устройств (см. Доля использования операционных систем § Доля рынка по категории ).
      • Windows Server : операционная система для серверных компьютеров. Последняя версия — Windows Server 2019. В отличие от своего брата-клиента, она использует строгую схему именования. Linux. (См. Доля использования систем § Доля рынка по категориям )
      • Windows PE : облегченная версия своего брата Windows, предназначенная для работы в качестве живого операционная система, Последняя версия — Windows PE 10.
    • Windows IoT (ранее Windows Embedded): Изначально Microsoft разработала Windows CE как операционную систему общего назначения для каждого устройства, которое было слишком ограничено в ресурсах, чтобы его можно было использовать. аллил полноценный комп. Однако со временем Windows CE была переименована в Windows Embedded Compact и была объединена под товарным знаком Windows Compact, который также включает Windows Embedded Industry, Windows Embedded Professional, Windows Embedded Standard, Windows. Embedded Handheld и Windows Embedded Automotive.

    Следующие семейства Windows больше не разрабатываются:

    • Windows 9x : операционная система, ориентированная на потребительский рынок. Снято с производства из-за неоптимальных характеристик. (PC World назвал свою последнюю версию, Windows Me, одним из худших продуктов всех времен.) Microsoft теперь обслуживает потребительский рынок с Windows NT.
    • Windows Mobile : предшественник Windows Phone, операционная система для мобильных телефонов. Первая версия называлась Pocket PC 2000 ; третья версия, Windows Mobile 2003, является первой версией, использующей товарный знак Windows Mobile. Последняя версия — Windows Mobile 6.5.
    • Windows Phone : операционная система, продаваемая только производителям смартфонов. Первой версией была Windows Phone 7, за ней последовали Windows Phone 8 и Windows Phone 8.1. На смену ей пришла Windows 10 Mobile, которая сейчас также прекращена.

    История версий

    Термин Windows в совокупности любого или все из нескольких поколений Microsoft операционная система продукты. Эти продукты обычно делятся на следующие категории:

    Ранние версии

    Windows 1.0, первая версия, выпущенная в 1985 году

    История Windows восходит к 1981 году, когда Microsoft начала работу над программой. называется «Интерфейсный менеджер». Он был анонсирован в ноябре 1983 года (после Apple Lisa, но до Macintosh ) под названием «Windows», но Windows 1.0 не была выпущена до ноября. 1985. Windows 1.0 должна была составить конкуренцию операционной системе Apple, но не получила большой опыт. Windows 1.0 не является полной операционной системой; скорее, он расширяет MS-DOS. Оболочка Windows 1.0 — это известная как MS-DOS Executive. Включенные компоненты: Калькулятор, Календарь, Cardfile, Средство просмотра буфера обмена, Часы, Панель управления, Блокнот, Раскрасьте, Реверси, Терминал и Напишите. Windows 1.0 не допускает перекрытия окон. Вместо этого все окна выложены плиткой. Только модальные диалоговые окна могут отображаться поверх других окон. Microsoft продавала как включенные библиотеки для разработки Windows со средой разработки C, которая запускает множество примеров Windows.

    Windows 2.0 была выпущена в декабре 1987 года и была более популярной, чем ее предшественница. Он содержит несколько улучшений пользовательского интерфейса и управления памятью. Windows 2.03 изменила ОС с мозаичных окон на перекрывающиеся окна. Результат этого изменения привел к тому, что Apple Computer подала иск против Microsoft о нарушении авторских прав Apple. Windows 2.0 также представила более сложный сочетания клавиш и могла использовать расширенную память..

    Windows 2.1 была выпущена в двух разных версиях: Windows / 286 и Windows / 386. Windows / 386 использует виртуальный режим 8086 из Intel 80386 для многозадачности нескольких программ DOS и модель выгружаемой памяти для эмуляции расширенной памяти с использованием доступной расширенной памяти. Windows / 286, несмотря на свое название, работает на процессорах Intel 8086 и Intel 80286. Он работает в реальном режиме, но может использовать область верхней памяти.

    Помимо полных пакетов Windows, были версии только для времени выполнения, которые поставлялись с ранним программным обеспечением для Windows от сторонних производителей и сделали возможным запуск их программного обеспечения Windows в MS-DOS и без полного набора функций Windows.

    Ранние версии Windows часто воспринимаются как графические оболочки, в основном потому, что они работали поверх MS-DOS и использовали ее для служб файловой системы. Однако даже самые ранние версии Windows уже предполагали многие типичные функции операционной системы; в частности, наличие собственного формата исполняемого файла и предоставление собственных драйверов устройств (таймер, графика, принтер, мышь, клавиатура и звук). В отличие от MS-DOS, Windows позволяет одновременно запускать несколько графических приложений за счет совместной многозадачности. В Windows реализована сложная программная схема используемой памяти на основе сегментов, которая позволяет запускать приложения, объем которых превышает доступную память: ресурсы кода и ресурсы заменяются и выбрасываются, когда память становится недостаточной; сегменты данных перемещались в память, когда это приложение было отказано от управления процессором.

    Windows 3.x

    Windows 3.0, выпущенная в 1990 году

    Windows 3.0, выпущенная в 1990 году, улучшила дизайн, в основном за счет виртуальной памяти и загружаемые драйверы виртуальных устройств (VxD ), которые позволяют Windows совместно использовать произвольные устройства между многозадачными приложениями DOS. Приложения Windows 3.0 могут работать в защищенном режиме, который дает им доступ к нескольким мегабайтам памяти без участия в программе компьютерной памяти. Они работают в одном адресном поле, где сегментированная память обеспечивает определенную степень защиты. В Windows 3.0 также улучшен пользовательский интерфейс. Microsoft переписала критические операции из C в сборку. Windows 3.0 — первая версия Microsoft Windows, добившаяся широкого коммерческого успеха: за первые шесть месяцев было продано 2 миллиона копий.

    Windows 3.1, сделанная общедоступной 1 марта 1992 г., имела подтяжка лица. В августе 1993 года была выпущена специальная версия Windows для рабочих групп со встроенными функциями одноранговой сети и номером версии 3.11. Он продавался вместе с Windows 3.1. Поддержка Windows 3.1 закончилась 31 декабря 2001 года.

    Windows 3.2, выпущенная в 1994 году, является обновленной версией китайской версии Windows 3.1. Обновление было ограничено этой языковой версией, поскольку в нем были устранены только проблемы, связанные со сложной системой письма китайского языка. Производители компьютеров обычно продавали Windows 3.2 с версией MS-DOS для десяти дисков, которая также содержала упрощенные китайские символы в базовом выводе и некоторых переведенных утилит.

    Windows 9x

    Следующий крупный ориентированный на потребителя выпуск Windows, Windows 95, был выпущен 24 августа 1995 года. Хотя он все еще оставался на основе MS-DOS, Windows 95 представила поддержку собственных 32-битных приложений, plug and play оборудования, вытесняющей многозадачности, длинных имен файлов до 255 персонажей и обеспечил повышенную стабильность по сравнению с предшественниками. Windows 95 также представила переработанный объектно-ориентированный пользовательский интерфейс, заменив предыдущий Program Manager на меню Пуск, панель задач и Проводник Windows оболочка. Windows 95 была крупным коммерческим успехом Microsoft; Ина Фрид из CNET отметила, что «к тому времени, когда Windows 95 была окончательно выведена с рынка в 2001 году, она стала неотъемлемой частью настольных компьютеров по всему миру». Microsoft опубликовала четыре OEM Service Release (OSR) Windows 95, каждый из которых был примерно эквивалентен пакету обновления. Первая OSR Windows 95 была также первой версией Windows, которая была связана с веб-браузером Microsoft , Internet Explorer. Основная поддержка Windows 95 закончилась 31 декабря 2000 года, расширенная поддержка Windows 95 закончилась 31 декабря 2001 года.

    За Windows 95 последовал выпуск Windows 98 в июне. 25, 1998, который представил модель драйвера Windows, поддержку составных USB-устройств, поддержку ACPI, гибернации и поддержку конфигурации с ограниченными мониторами. Windows 98 также включает интеграцию с Internet Explorer 4 по Активный рабочий стол и другие элементы Обновление рабочего стола Windows (серия улучшений оболочки Explorer, которые также были доступны для Windows 95). В мае 1999 года Microsoft выпустила Windows 98 Second Edition, обновленную версию Windows 98. В Windows 98 SE, помимо прочего, были добавлены Internet Explorer 5.0 и Windows Media Player 6.2. обновления. Основная поддержка Windows 98 закончилась 30 июня 2002 г., расширенная поддержка Windows 98 закончилась 11 июля 2006 г.

    14 сентября 2000 г. Microsoft выпустила Windows Me (Millennium Edition), последнюю версию Windows для DOS. Windows Me создала улучшение визуального интерфейса из своего аналога на базе Windows NT Windows 2000, включила более быстрое внедрение, чем предыдущая версия (что, однако, потребовало удаления возможностей доступа к >Среднему режиму DOS, устраняющая совместимость с некоторыми старшими программами), расширенные функции мультимедиа (включая Windows Media Player 7, Windows Movie Maker и платформу Windows Image Acquisition для получения изображений со сканеров и цифровых камер), дополнительные системные утилиты, такие как Защита системных файлов и Восстановление системы, а также обновленные инструменты домашней сети. Однако Windows Me подверглась критике за ее скорость и нестабильность, а также отказалась от обслуживания реального DOS. PC World считает Windows Me одной из худших операционных систем, когда-либо выпускала Microsoft, и 4-м худшим техническим продуктом за все время.

    Windows NT

    Ранние версии (Windows NT 3.1 / 3.5 / 3.51 / 4.0 / 2000)

    В ноябре 1988 года новая группа разработчиков в Microsoft (в которую вошли бывшие Digital Equipment Corporation разработчики Дэйв Катлер и Марк Луковски ) начали работу над обновленной версией IBM и операционной системы Microsoft OS / 2, известная как «NT OS / 2». NT OS / 2 задумывалась как безопасная многопользовательская операционная система с совместимостью с POSIX и модульным портативным ядром с вытесняющая многозадачность и поддержка нескольких процессорных архитектур. Однако после успешной выпуска Windows 3.0 группа разработчиков NT решила переработать проект, чтобы использовать расширенный 32-битный порт известного Windows API. как Win32 вместо OS / 2. Win32 поддерживает аналогичную Windows API (позволяет легко переносить приложение Windows на платформу), но также поддерживает возможности существующего ядра NT. После его одобрения персоналом Microsoft, разработка была продолжена на том, что сейчас называлось Windows NT, первой 32-разрядной версией Windows. Однако IBM возражала против изменений и в итоге продолжила редактировать OS / 2 самостоятельно.

    Первый выпуск получившейся операционной системы, Windows NT 3.1 (назван так, чтобы связать его с Windows 3.1 ) была выпущена в июле 1993 года с версией для настольных рабочих станций и серверов. Windows NT 3.5 была выпущена в сентябре 1994 года с упором на повышение производительности и поддержку Novell NetWare, последовала Windows NT 3.51 в мае 1995 г., что включало дополнительные улучшения и поддержку архитектуры PowerPC. Windows NT 4.0 была выпущена в июне 1996 года, представив обновленный интерфейс Windows 95 для серии NT. 17 февраля 2000 года Microsoft выпустила Windows 2000, преемницу NT 4.0. На этом этапе названия Windows NT было опущено, чтобы больше внимания уделялось бренду Windows.

    Windows XP

    Следующая основная версия Windows NT, Windows XP, была выпущена 25 октября 2001 г. Введение Windows XP было направлено на унификацию ориентированной на потребителя серии Windows 9x с архитектурой, представленной Windows NT, изменение, которое Microsoft обещала обеспечить лучшую производительность по сравнению с ее Предшественники на основе DOS. Windows XP также представит переработанный пользовательский интерфейс (включая обновленное меню «Пуск» и «ориентированный на задачи» Windows Explorer ), оптимизированные мультимедийные и сетевые функции, Internet Explorer 6, интеграцию с Службы Microsoft .NET Passport, режимы, помогающие обеспечить совместимость с программным обеспечением, разработанным для предыдущих версий Windows, и функции удаленного помощника.

    В розничной продаже Windows XP была теперь продается в двух основных редакциях : «Домашняя» версия была нацелена на потребителей, а «Профессиональная»версия была нацелена на бизнес-среду и опытных пользователей и включала дополнительные функции безопасности и сети. Позднее Home и Professional сопровождались выпуском «Media Center» (разработанным для ПК с домашним кинотеатром, с упором на поддержку воспроизведения DVD, ТВ-тюнеров, функции DVR и пульты дистанционного управления), а также версию «Tablet PC» (разработанную для мобильных устройств, отвечающую его спецификациям для планшетного компьютера, с поддержкой стилус перьевой ввод и дополнительные приложения с поддержкой пера). Основная поддержка Windows XP закончилась 14 апреля 2009 года. Расширенная поддержка закончилась 8 апреля 2014 года.

    После Windows 2000 Microsoft также изменила графики выпуска серверных операционных систем; серверный аналог Windows XP, Windows Server 2003, был выпущен в апреле 2003 года. В декабре 2005 года за нимала последовала Windows Server 2003 R2.

    Windows Vista

    После длительного процесса разработки, Windows Vista была выпущена 30 ноября 2006 г. для корпоративного лицензирования и 30 января 2007 г., для потребителей. Он содержал новых функций, от переработанной оболочки и пользовательского интерфейса до значительных технических изменений, с особым упором на функции безопасности. Он доступен в нескольких версиях и подвергался некоторой критике, например падению производительности, увеличению времени загрузки, критике нового UAC и более строгому лицензионному соглашению. Серверный аналог Vista, Windows Server 2008, был выпущен в начале 2008 года.

    Windows 7

    22 июля 2009 года Windows 7 и Windows Server 2008 R2 была выпущена как RTM (окончательная версия), в то время как первая была выпущена для широкой публики через 3 месяца, 22 октября 2009 г. В отличие от своей предшественницы, Windows Vista, в которой было представлено большое новые функции, Windows 7 должна была стать более целенаправленным, управляемым обновлением линейки Windows с целью совместимости с приложениями и оборудованием, с которыми уже была совместима Виндоус виста. Windows 7 имеет поддержку multi-touch, переработанную оболочку Windows с обновленной панелью задач, систему домашней сети под названием HomeGroup и производительность. улучшения.

    Windows 8 и 8.1

    Windows 8, преемница Windows 7, была выпущена в основном 26 октября 2012 г. В Windows 8 был внесен значительных изменений, включая введение пользовательский интерфейс основан на языке проектирования Microsoft Metro с оптимизацией для сенсорных устройств, таких как планшеты и моноблоки. Эти изменения включают в себя начальный экран, которые используются в которой используются большие плитки, которые более удобны для сенсорного взаимодействия и позволяют отображать постоянно обновляемую информацию, и новый класс приложений, которые предназначены в первую очередь для использование на сенсорных устройствах. Для новой версии Windows требовалось минимальное разрешение 1024 × 768 пикселей, что фактически делало ее непригодной для нетбуков с экраном 800 × 600 пикселей.

    Другие изменения, включая усиление интеграции с облачными сервисами и другими онлайн-платформами (такими как социальные сети и собственные OneDrive от Microsoft (ранее SkyDrive)) и службы Xbox Live ), служба Магазина Windows для распространения программного обеспечения и новый вариант, известный как Windows RT для использования на устройствах, использующих ARM. архитектура. Обновление для Windows 8 под названием Windows 8.1 было выпущено 17 октября 2013 г. и включает такие функции, как новые размеры живых плиток, более глубокую интеграцию OneDrive и многие другие версии. Windows 8 и Windows 8.1 подверглись некоторой критике, например, удалению меню «Пуск».

    Windows 10

    30 сентября 2014 г., Microsoft анонсировала Windows 10 в качестве преемника Windows 8.1. Он был выпущен 29 июля 2015 года и устраняет недостатки в пользовательском интерфейсе, впервые появившиеся в Windows 8. Изменения на ПК включают возвращение меню «Пуск», систему виртуального рабочего стола и возможность запускать Windows. Храните приложения в окнах на рабочем столе, а не в полноэкранном режиме. Windows 10 считается доступной для обновления с квалифицированных устройств Windows 7 с SP1, Windows 8.1 и Windows Phone 8.1 через Get Приложение Windows 10 ( для Windows 7, Windows 8.1 ) или Windows Update (Windows 7 ).

    В феврале 2017 года Microsoft объявила о перемещении репозитория кода Windows с Perforce на Git. В движении было задействовано 3,5 миллиона отдельных файлов в 300-гигабайтном репозитории. К маю 2017 года 90 процентов его инженерной группы использовали Git в около 8500 коммитов и 1760 сборок Windows в день.

    Многоязычная поддержка

    Многоязычная поддержка была встроена в Windows, начиная с Windows 3. Язык клавиатуры и интерфейс можно изменить с помощью региона с помощью и панель управления языком.Компоненты для всех поддерживаемых языков ввода, такие как Редакторы методов ввода, автоматически устанавливаются во время установки Windows (в Window s XP и ранее файлы для восточноазиатских языков, таких как китайский, и скрипты с написанием справа налево, например арабский, возможно потребуется установить отдельно, также из установленных Панели управления). Сторонние IME также могут быть установлены, если пользователь считает предоставленный IME недостаточным для его нужд.

    Языки интерфейса для операционной системы можно загрузить бесплатно, но некоторые языки ограничены определенными выпусками Windows. Пакеты интерфейса пользователя (LIP) являются распространяемыми и могут быть загружены из Центра загрузок Microsoft и для любой версии Windows (XP или более поздней версии) — они переводят большую часть интерфейса Windows, но не все, и требуют определенные Базовый язык (язык, с которым изначально была поставлена ​​Windows). Это используется для многих языков на нормальном языке. Полные языковые пакеты, доступны только для определенных выпусков Windows (выпуски Ultimate и Enterprise Windows Vista и 7, а также все выпуски Windows 8, 8.1 и RT, кроме Single Language). Для них не требуется конкретный базовый язык, и они обычно используются для более популярных языков, таких как французский или китайский. Эти языки нельзя загрузить через Центр загрузки, но они доступны в качестве дополнительных обновлений через службу Центр обновления Windows (кроме Windows 8).

    На язык интерфейса приложений не влияние изменение языка интерфейса Windows. Доступность языков зависит от самих приложений.

    Windows 8 и Windows Server 2012 представляет новую панель управления языком, в которой одновременно можно анализировать и интерфейс, и языки ввода, аковые пакеты, независимо от типа, можно загружать из центрального места расположения. Приложение «Параметры ПК» в Windows 8.1 и Windows Server 2012 R2 также включает соответствующую страницу настроек для этого. При изменении языка также изменяется язык предустановленных приложений Магазина Windows (как Почта, Карты и Новости) и некоторых других приложений, разработанных Microsoft (например, удаленного рабочего стола). Используется только один язык, который используется для закрытых языковых пакетов.

    Поддержка платформ

    Windows NT включает поддержку нескольких платформ до того, как x86 на основе персональный компьютер стал доминирующим в профессиональном мире. Windows NT 4.0 и ее предшественники поддерживали PowerPC, DEC Alpha и MIPS R4000. (Хотя некоторые из этих платформ реализуют 64-разрядные вычисления, операционная система рассматривала их как 32-разрядные.) Однако Windows 2000, преемница Windows NT 4.0 отказалась от поддержки всех платформ, кроме третьего поколения x86. (известный как IA-32 ) или новее в 32-битном режиме. Линия клиентов Windows NT по-прежнему работает на IA-32, хотя линия Windows Server перестала поддерживать эту платформу с выпуском Windows Server 2008 R2.

    С появлением Intel Архитектура Itanium (IA -64 ), Microsoft выпустила новые версии Windows для ее поддержки. Версии Itanium Windows XP и Windows Server 2003 были выпущены одновременно с их массовыми аналогами x86. 64-разрядная версия Windows XP, выпущенная в 2005 году, является последней клиентской системой Windows, поддерживающей Itanium. Линия Windows Server поддерживает эту платформу до Windows Server 2012 ; Windows Server 2008 R2 — последняя операционная система Windows, поддерживающая энергетику Itanium.

    25 апреля 2005 г. Microsoft выпустила Windows XP Professional x64 Edition и Windows Server 2003 x64 Editions для поддержки x86-64 (или просто x64), восьмое поколение архитектуры x86. Windows Vista была первой клиентской версией Windows NT, выпущенной одновременно в версиях IA-32 и x64. x64 все еще поддерживается.

    Выпуск Windows 8, известный как Windows RT, был специально создан для компьютеров с архитектурой ARM, и хотя ARM все еще используется для смартфонов Windows с Windows 10, планшеты с Windows RT обновляться не будет. Начиная с Windows 10 Fall Creators Update и более поздних версий, включает поддержку ПК с архитектурой ARM.

    Windows CE

    Последняя текущая версия Windows CE, Windows Embedded Compact 7, с отображением концептуального носителя Пользовательский интерфейс игрока

    Windows CE (официально известная как Windows Embedded Compact) — это версия Windows, которая работает на минималистичных компьютеровх, таких как системы спутниковой навигации и некоторые мобильные телефоны. Windows Embedded Compact основана на собственном выделенном ядре, получившем название ядра Windows CE. Microsoft лицензирует Windows CE OEM-производителям и производителям устройств. OEM-производители и механизмы могут создать свои пользовательские интерфейсы и возможности производителей Windows CE для этого техническую основу.

    Windows CE использовалась в Dreamcast вместе с собственной проприетарной ОС Sega для консоли. Windows CE была ядром, на котором была основана Windows Mobile. Его преемник, Windows Phone 7, был основан на основе компонентах из Windows CE 6.0 R3 и Windows CE 7.0. Windows Phone 8, однако основан на том же ядре NT, что и Windows 8.

    Windows Embedded Compact не следует путать с Windows XP Embedded или Windows NT 4.0 Embedded, модульные выпуски Windows на основе ядра Windows NT.

    Xbox OS

    Xbox OS — это неофициальное название, данная версия Windows, которая работает на Xbox One. Это более конкретная реализация с акцентом на виртуализацию (с использованием Hyper-V ), поскольку это три операционные системы, работающие одновременно, состоящие из основной операционной системы, второй, реализованной для игр, и более Windows- как среда для приложений. Microsoft обновляет ОС Xbox One каждый месяц, и эти обновления можно загрузить из службы Xbox Live на Xbox и установить или с помощью автономных образов для восстановления, загружаемых через ПК. В этом обновлении системы ядро ​​на базе Windows 10 заменило на базе Windows 8, и новую систему иногда называют «Windows 10 на Xbox One» или «OneCore». Система Xbox One также обеспечивает обратную совместимость с Xbox 360, а система Xbox 360 обратно совместима с оригинальной Xbox.

    Система контроля версий

    В 2017 году Microsoft объявила, что начнет использовать Git, система контроля версий с открытым исходным кодом, созданная Линусом Торвальдсом. Microsoft ранее использовала проприетарную систему контроля версий под названием «Source Depot». Microsoft начала интегрировать Git в Team Foundation Server в 2013 году, но Windows продолжала полагаться на Source Depot. Из-за своей большой, многолетней истории кодовая база Windows не особенно хорошо подходит для децентрализованного характера разработки Linux, для управления которой изначально создавался Git. Каждый репозиторий Git содержит полную историю всех файлов, что оказалось неработоспособным для разработчиков Windows, поскольку клонирование репозитория занимает несколько часов. Microsoft работает над новым проектом под названием Virtual File System for Git (VFSForGit) для решения этих проблем.

    График выпуска

    Таблица версий Windows Условные обозначения: Старая версия Старая версия, все еще поддерживается Последняя версия Последняя предварительная версия Будущий выпуск

    Название продукта Последняя версия Общая доступность дата Кодовое имя Поддержка до Последняя версия
    Mainstream Extended IE DirectX Edge
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 1.0 1.01 20 ноября 1985 г. диспетчер интерфейсов 31 декабря 2001 г. н / д Н / Д Н / Д
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 2.0 2.03 9 декабря 1987 г. Н / Д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 2.1 2.11 27 мая 1988 г. Н / Д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 3.0 3.0 22 мая 1990 г. н / д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 3.1 3.1 6 апреля 1992 г. Янус 31 декабря 2001 г. 5
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows для рабочих групп 3.1 3.1 октябрь 1992 г. Sparta, Winball 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows NT 3.1 NT 3.1.528 27 июля 1993 г. Н / Д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows для рабочих групп 3.11 3.11 11 августа 1993 г. Sparta, Winball 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 3.2 3.2 22 ноября 1993 г. н / д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows NT 3.5 NT 3.5.807 21 сентября 1994 г. Daytona 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия v рсион, больше не обслуживаемый: Windows NT 3.51 NT 3.51.1057 30 мая 1995 г. н / д 31 декабря 2001 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 95 4.0.950 24 августа 1995 г. Чикаго, 4.0 31 декабря 2000 г. 31 декабря 2001 г. 5.5 6.1
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows NT 4.0 NT 4.0.1381 31 июля 1996 г. Каир 30 июня 2002 г. 30 июня 2004 г. 6 н / д
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 98 4.10.1998 25 июня 1998 г. Мемфис, 97, 4,1 30 июня 2002 г. 11 июля 2006 г. 6.1
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 98 SE 4.10.2222 5 мая 1999 г. н / д июнь 30, 2002 11 июля 2006 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 2000 NT 5.0.2195 17 февраля 2000 г. Н / Д 30 июня 2005 г. 13 июля 2010 г. Н / Д
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Me 4.90.3000 14 сентября 2000 г. Millennium, 4.9 31 декабря 2003 г. 11 июля 2006 г. 9.0c
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows XP NT 5.1.2600 25 октября 2001 г. Уистлер 14 апреля 2009 г. 8 апреля 2014 г. 8
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: 64-разрядная версия Windows XP NT 5.2.3790 28 марта 2003 г. Н / Д 14 апреля 2009 г. 8 апреля 2014 г. 6
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Server 2003 NT 5.2.3790 24 апреля 2003 г. н / д 13 июля 2010 г. 14 июля 2015 г. 8
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows XP Professional x64 Edition NT 5.2.3790 25 апреля 2005 г. н / д 14 апреля 2009 г. 8 апреля 2014 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Основы Windows для устаревших ПК NT 5.1.2600 8 июля 2006 г. Эйгер, Мёнх 14 апреля 2009 г. 8 апреля 2014 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Vista NT 6.0.6003 30 января 2007 г. Longhorn 10 апреля 2012 г. 11 апреля 2017 г. 9 11
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Home Сервер NT 5.2.4500 4 ноября 2007 г. Quattro 8 января 2013 г. 8 9.0c
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Server 2008 NT 6.0.6003 27 февраля 2008 г. Longhorn Server 13 января 2015 г. 14 января, 2020 9 11
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 7 NT 6.1.7601 22 октября 2009 г. Блэккомб, Вена 13 января 2015 г. 14 января 2020 г. 11 83
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Server 2008 R2 NT 6.1.7601 22 октября 2009 г. н / д 13 января 2015 г. 14 января 2020 г.
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows Home Server 2011 NT 6.1.8400 6 апреля 2011 г. Вейл 12 апреля 2016 г. 9
    Старая версия, но все еще поддерживается: Windows Server 2012 NT 6.2.9200 4 сентября 2012 г. н / д 9 октября 2018 г. 10 октября 2023 г. 11 11.1
    Старая версия, больше не поддерживается: Windows 8 NT 6.2.9200 26 октября 2012 г. н / д 12 января 2016 г. 10
    Более старая версия, но все еще поддерживается: Windows 8.1 NT 6.3.9600 17 октября 2013 г. Синий Январь 9, 2018 10 января 2023 г. 11 11.2
    Старая версия, но все еще поддерживается: Windows Server 2012 R2 NT 6.3.9600 18 октября 2013 г. Server Blue 9 октября 2018 г. 10 октября 2023 г.
    Текущая стабильная версия: Windows 10 NT 10.0. 18363 29 июля 2015 г. Различный 18 месяцев с момента последнего выпуска 12
    Более старая версия, но все еще поддерживается: Windows Server 2016 NT 10.0.14393 12 октября 2016 г. н / д 11 января 2022 г. 12 января 2027 г.
    Текущая стабильная версия: Windows Server 2019 NT 10.0.17763 2 октября 2018 г. Н / Д 9 января 2024 г. Январь 9, 2029

    Временная шкала Windows: гистограмма

    • вид
    • обсуждение

    Семейное дерево Windows

    Совместное использование и продажи устройств

    Это поле:

    • просмотр
    • обсуждение

    . Логотип и надпись Windows - 2012 (темно-синий).png

    Обзор рынка . В процентах от настольных систем, согласно данным Net Applications и StatCounter за июль 2020 г.

    Доля мобильного рынка составляет очень низкий — менее 0,1% для всех версий вместе взятых.

    . Согласно Net Applications, отслеживающему использование операционных систем в устройствах, активно в Интернете, Windows была наиболее часто используемым семейством операционных систем на персональных компьютерах. в апреле 2020 года с долей использования около 88%. Включая персональные компьютеры всех типов (например, настольные ПК, ноутбуки, мобильные устройства и игровые консоли), на ОС Windows приходилось 35,84% доли использования в мае 2020 года по сравнению с Android (самый высокий показатель 37,48%), 15,52% iOS и macOS — 8,61%, согласно StatCounter, который отслеживает использование операционных систем по их использованию на устройствах, активных в Интернете. Windows используется менее чем на половине рынка не только в развивающихся странах, но и в развитых, таких как США, где использование Windows на настольных компьютерах, на которых она является множественной операционной системой, затруднено. упали до 48,46%, а Соединенное Королевство и Ирландия. Эти цифры (ежемесячные числа) проще всего найти, чтобы отследить реальное использование, но они могут не отражать установленную базу или данные о продажах (за последние годы) устройств. Они соответствуют номерам серверов в следующем разделе.

    Использование последней версии Windows 10 превосходит Windows 7 во всем мире с начала 2018 года.

    Доля использования на серверах

    Доля использования Windows на серверах — те, на которых запущен веб-сервер, (существуют и другие типы серверов) — составляет 30,3%.

    Безопасность

    Потребительские версии Windows изначально были разработаны для простота использования на однопользовательском ПК без подключения к сети и отсутствие встроенных функций безопасности с самого начала. Однако Windows NT и ее преемники предназначены для обеспечения безопасности (в том числе в сети) и многопользовательских ПК, но изначально не были разработаны с учетом безопасности Интернета, поскольку, когда она была впервые разработана в начале 1990-х годов, использование Интернета был менее распространен.

    Эти проблемы проектирования в сочетании с ошибками программирования (например, переполнение буфера ) и популярность Windows означает, что это частая цель компьютерного червя и вирусописатели. В июне 2005 года организация Counterpane Internet Security Брюса Шнайера сообщила, что за последние шесть месяцев она обнаружила более 1000 новых вирусов и червей. В 2005 году Лаборатория Касперского обнаружила около 11 000 вредоносных программ — вирусов, троянов, бэкдордов и эксплойтов, написанных для Windows.

    Microsoft выпускает исправления безопасности через свое Windows Update обслуживание примерно раз в месяц (обычно второй вторник месяца), хотя при необходимости критические обновления предоставляются через более короткие интервалы. В версиях Windows после Windows 2000 SP3 и Windows XP включительно обновления могут быть автоматически загружены и установлены, если пользователь выберет это. В результате, пакет обновления 2 для Windows XP, а также пакет обновления 1 для Windows Server 2003 были установлены пользователями быстрее, чем это могло бы быть в противном случае.

    В то время как Windows 9x предлагали возможность иметь профили для нескольких пользователей, у них не было концепции прав доступа и не разрешался одновременный доступ; и поэтому не были истинными многопользовательскими операционными системами. Кроме того, они реализовали только частичную защиту памяти. Соответственно, их широко критиковали за отсутствие безопасности.

    Операционные системы серии Windows NT, напротив, являются действительно многопользовательскими и реализуют абсолютную защиту памяти. Однако многие преимущества подлинной многопользовательской операционной системы сводились на нет из-за того, что до Windows Vista первой учетной записью пользователя, созданной в процессе установки, была учетная запись администратора , которая была также по умолчанию для новых учетных записей. Хотя Windows XP действительно имела ограниченные учетные записи, большинство домашних пользователей не изменили тип учетной записи с меньшими правами — частично из-за количества программ, которые без необходимости требовали прав администратора — и поэтому большинство домашних пользователей запускали как администратор все время.

    Windows Vista меняет это за счет введения системы повышения привилегий под названием Контроль учетных записей пользователей. При входе в систему в качестве обычного пользователя создается сеанс входа в систему, и ему назначается токен , содержащий только самые основные привилегии. Таким образом, новый сеанс входа в систему не может вносить изменения, которые повлияли бы на всю систему. При входе в систему в качестве пользователя в группе «Администраторы» назначаются два отдельных токена. Первый токен содержит все привилегии, обычно предоставляемые администратору, а второй — ограниченный токен, аналогичный тому, который получил бы обычный пользователь. Пользовательские приложения, включая оболочку Windows, затем запускаются с ограниченным токеном, что приводит к ограничению среды привилегий даже под учетной записью администратора. Когда приложение запрашивает более высокие привилегии или нажата кнопка «Запуск от имени администратора», UAC запрашивает подтверждение и, если дано согласие (включая учетные данные администратора, если учетная запись, запрашивающая повышение прав, не является членом группы администраторов), запускает процесс, используя неограниченный токен.

    Утечка документов, опубликованных WikiLeaks под кодовым названием Vault 7 и датированных периодом с 2013 по 2016 год, подробно описывает возможности ЦРУ по осуществлению электронного наблюдения и кибербезопасности. войны, например, возможность взломать операционные системы, такие как Microsoft Windows.

    В августе 2019 года компьютерные эксперты сообщили, что BlueKeep уязвимость системы безопасности, CVE — 2019-0708, что потенциально влияет на более старые версии Microsoft Windows без исправлений через протокол удаленного рабочего стола программы, что позволяет использовать удаленное выполнение кода, теперь может включать связанные недостатки, вместе названные DejaBlue, что также влияет на более новые версии Windows (то есть, Windows 7 и все последние версии). Кроме того, эксперты сообщили об уязвимости системы безопасности Microsoft, CVE -2019-1162, основанной на устаревшем коде с участием Microsoft CTF и ctfmon (ctfmon.exe), что влияет на все версии Windows от более старой версии Windows XP до самых последних версий Windows 10 ; в настоящее время доступен патч для исправления ошибки.

    Права доступа к файлам

    Все версии Windows из Windows NT 3 основаны на системе разрешений файловой системы, называемой AGDLP (Учетные записи, Глобальные, Локальные в домене, Разрешения), в которых права доступа к файлам применяются к файлу / папке в форме «локальной группы», в которую затем входят другие «глобальные группы» в качестве членов. Эти глобальные группы затем содержат другие группы или пользователей в зависимости от используемых версий Windows. Эта система отличается от продуктов других производителей, таких как Linux и NetWare, из-за «статического» распределения разрешений, применяемых непосредственно к файлу или папке. Однако использование этого процесса AGLP / AGDLP / AGUDLP позволяет применять небольшое количество статических разрешений и позволяет легко изменять группы учетных записей, не применяя повторно права доступа к файлам и папкам.

    Альтернативные реализации

    Из-за популярности операционной системы был выпущен ряд приложений, направленных на обеспечение совместимости с приложениями Windows, либо в качестве уровня совместимости для другого операционная система или как отдельная система, которая может запускать программное обеспечение, написанное для Windows из коробки. К ним относятся:

    • Wine — бесплатная реализация Windows API с открытым исходным кодом, позволяющая запускать многие приложения Windows на платформах x86, включая UNIX, Linux и macOS. Разработчики Wine называют это «уровнем совместимости» и используют API в стиле Windows для эмуляции среды Windows.
      • CrossOver — пакет Wine с лицензионными шрифтами. Его разработчики регулярно вносят вклад в Wine и сосредоточены на том, чтобы Wine запускал официально поддерживаемые приложения.
      • Cedega — проприетарный форк Wine от TransGaming Technologies, разработанный специально для запуска Игры Microsoft Windows в Linux. Версия Cedega, известная как Cider, позволяет запускать игры для Windows на macOS. Поскольку Wine был лицензирован по LGPL, Cedega не смогла перенести улучшения, внесенные в Wine, в свою проприетарную кодовую базу. Cedega прекратила свое обслуживание в феврале 2011 года.
      • Darwine — порт Wine для macOS и Darwin. Работает при запуске Wine на QEMU.
      • Linux Unified Kernel — набор исправлений для ядра Linux, позволяющий использовать множество исполняемых файлов Windows в Linux (с использованием Wine DLL); и некоторые драйверы Windows, которые будут использоваться.
    • ReactOS — ОС с открытым исходным кодом, предназначенная для запуска того же программного обеспечения, что и Windows, первоначально разработанная для имитации Windows NT 4.0, теперь нацеленная на совместимость с Windows 7. Он находится на стадии разработки с 1996 года.
    • Linspire — ранее LindowsOS, коммерческий дистрибутив Linux, изначально созданный для запуска основного программного обеспечения Windows. Изменил свое название на Linspire после Microsoft v. Lindows. Прекращено производство в пользу Xandros Desktop, которое также было позже прекращено.
    • ОС Freedows — попытка с открытым исходным кодом создать клон Windows для платформ x86, который планируется выпустить под Стандартная общественная лицензия GNU. Начатый в 1996 году Рисом К. Селлином, проект так и не был завершен, дойдя только до стадии обсуждения дизайна, в которой был задействован ряд новых концепций, пока он не был приостановлен в 2002 году.
    • Azure Sphere, операционная система Microsoft Linux
    • BlueKeep
    • Стандарт де-факто
    • Доминирующий дизайн
    • Подсистема Windows для Linux, подсистема в Windows 10, без использования ядра Linux ; переопределение
    • Wintel

    Ссылки

    Внешние ссылки

    • Официальный сайт
    • Официальный блог Windows
    • Сеть разработчиков Microsoft
    • Центр разработчиков Windows
    • Хронология истории Microsoft Windows
    • Pearson Education, InformIT — История Microsoft Windows
    • Программные решения Microsoft Business
    • Информация о выпуске Windows 10

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