Как пишется марка машины вольво

This article is about Volvo Cars. For the separate Swedish-owned manufacturer of heavy trucks, buses, and construction equipment (among others) otherwise known as the Volvo Group (AB Volvo) and which owned the car division until 1999, see Volvo. For other uses of «Volvo», see Volvo (disambiguation).

Volvo Car Corporation

Volvo-Iron-Mark-Black.svg
Volvo PV HK Torslanda Göteborg.jpg

Headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden

Trade name

Volvo Car Group

Native name

Volvo Personvagnar AB
Type Publicly traded Aktiebolag

Traded as

Nasdaq Stockholm: VOLCAR B
Industry Automotive
Founded 1927; 96 years ago
Headquarters Gothenburg, Sweden

Area served

Worldwide

Key people

Li Shufu
(Chairman)
Jim Rowan
(President and CEO)[1]
Products Luxury cars

Production output

Increase 699,000 vehicles (2021)[2]
Revenue Increase 282.045 billion kr (2021)[2]

Operating income

Increase 20.275 billion kr (2021)[2]

Net income

Increase 14.177 billion kr (2021)[2]
Total assets Increase 283.824 billion kr (2021)[2]
Total equity Increase 94.978 billion kr (2021)[2]

Number of employees

Increase 41,000 (2021)[2]
Parent Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (82%)
Divisions
  • Care by Volvo
  • Volvo R
Subsidiaries
  • Volvo Car Mobility
  • Zenseact
Website volvocars.com

Volvo Cars (Swedish: Volvo personvagnar, styled VOLVO in the company’s logo) is a Swedish multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Torslanda, Gothenburg. The company manufactures SUVs, station wagons, and sedans. The company’s main marketing arguments are safety and its Swedish heritage and design.

Volvo Cars has been separate from its former parent conglomerate and producer of heavy trucks, buses, and construction equipment (among others) AB Volvo since 1999 when AB Volvo sold its automobile division Volvo Cars to Ford Motor Company.[3] In 2010, Ford sold loss-making Volvo Cars to the company Geely.[4][5] Volvo Cars was publicly listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange in 2021, though Geely still retains majority ownership. Volvo Cars and AB Volvo both share the Volvo logo, and cooperate in running the Volvo Museum.

In March 2021, Volvo Cars announced that it would be a fully electric brand by 2030.[6] In June 2021, Volvo Cars and Swedish battery developer and manufacturer Northvolt announced the intention to establish a 50/50 joint venture consisting of a battery gigafactory and R&D (research and development) center.[7] In December 2021, it was revealed the battery R&D center would be located in Gothenburg.[8] In February 2022, Gothenburg was also chosen as the location for the battery gigafactory.[9]
During 2021 and 2022, Volvo Cars transferred its hybrid engine research and production capabilities in Skövde and Zhangjiakou to Aurobay, in a joint venture with Geely.[10]

Volvo Cars owns 49.5% of Polestar[11] and 30% of Lynk & Co.[12]

History[edit]

1927–1999[edit]

Volvo was founded upon the concept of safety in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden:

Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must remain, safety.

— Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson, 1927[13]

The company was created as a subsidiary to SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed managing director and Gustav Larson technical manager.

The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for ‘I roll’) was first registered by SKF on 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market but it was never used for this purpose (however in the application for the trademark, it was also designated for the purpose of automobiles). The SKF trademark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name ‘Volvo’ were manufactured but never released to the market, and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for an automobile.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line on 14 April 1927, and was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front. The round logo with the arrow pointing to the right ( ) is the Greek alchemical symbol for iron.

Presented in 1944 the Volvo PV444 passenger car only entered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yet and was to take the lion’s share of Volvo production, as well as spearheading their move into the profitable American market. The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began distributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, and in 1956, Volvo themselves began importing cars to the US. North America has consistently provided Volvo with their main outlet since.[14]

In 1963, Volvo opened the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, the first assembly plant in the company’s history outside of Sweden, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.[15] In 1964, Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs).[16] Then in 1965, the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company’s second largest production site.[17] This was also Volvo’s first location producing cars within the European Economic Community.[15] In 1989, the Uddevalla plant in Sweden was opened, which was jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina Sverige AB from 2005 to 2013.[18]

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be a big seller in the UK market in the 1980s. In 1986 Volvo sold 113,267 cars in the US marking a record year for the company. The appearance of Japanese brands like Acura and Lexus and the growing popularity of Subaru station wagons in subsequent years meant the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have never regained.[14]

Volvo’s long-time CEO Pehr G. Gyllenhammar saw early on that Volvo was too small to survive in the future, and attempted several times to merge with other manufacturers. Volvo nearly merged with Saab in the late seventies, while in 1978 an aborted affair would have seen the Norwegian state take over 40 percent of the company. In return, Volvo would receive 200 million SEK and a ten percent concession in the Oseberg oil field. Major institutional actors in Sweden opposed the deal and blocked it.[19] A deal to merge with Renault was blocked in 1993, mainly opposed by a Swedish stockholders’ association.[20]

A collection of Volvo’s most important historical vehicles are now housed in the Volvo Museum, which opened in a permanent location in Arendal at Hisingen on 30 May 1995.[21] For several years, the collection had been housed at the Blue Hangar, at the then closed Torslanda Airport.[21]

In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business in order to concentrate on commercial vehicles, and to buy a 5% stake in Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors (with which Volvo Group along with the Dutch government had participated in a joint venture at the former DAF plant in Born, Netherlands since 1991). Ford saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on 28 January 1999,[22] and in the following year the acquisition was completed at a price of US$6.45 billion. As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark was used by two separate companies:

  • Volvo Group – a manufacturer of trucks, buses and construction equipment (among others) owned by Swedish interests
  • Volvo Car Corporation or Volvo Cars – a manufacturer of automobiles owned by Ford Motor Company

Volvo Group completed its 5% deal with Mitsubishi in November 1999, but sold its stake back to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in March 2001.[23][24]

Ford era, 1999–2010[edit]

The Volvo C30 is one example of a Volvo produced under Ford ownership.

Volvo Car Corporation was part of Ford Motor Company’s Premier Automotive Group (PAG), along with Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover. While part of the PAG, the company significantly expanded its range of vehicles.

After Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India in 2008, the company initially decided to keep Volvo Cars despite mounting losses and major economic downturns. Ford decided to restructure plans for Volvo Cars, pushing it further upmarket, alongside the lower end of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV crossovers. The outcome was the luxurious second generation Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossover Volvo XC60.

When the global economic crisis of 2008 threatened the US automakers, Swedish authorities became concerned about the fate of Volvo, should Ford file for bankruptcy. These concerns mounted after repeated mass-layoffs at Volvo. In December 2008, Ford announced that it was considering selling Volvo Cars. Initially, a sale price of US$6 billion was reported.[25] Ford said it was also looking into the possibility of spinning off Volvo as an independent company. The Swedish government was asked to look into a possible state ownership of Volvo, or a financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB of GM. Former parent AB Volvo agreed to help Volvo cut costs through partnerships, and suggested taking part in a shared ownership of Volvo Cars, as part of a larger consortium. Other rumored candidates to purchase Volvo Cars included BMW AG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden, Chinese investors, and Russian investors.

Although it was rumoured that Volkswagen would buy Volvo Cars, and despite initial denials, the company Geely Holding Group was ultimately selected to take over the Swedish automaker.[26] Geely Group Holdings Co. allegedly bid about US$1.5 billion to take over Volvo, with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (US$334 million) in the holding company.[27][28][29]

Geely era, 2010–present[edit]

Volvo office in Hangzhou (with Geely headquarters in the background)

2016 Volvo XC90, the first Volvo vehicle developed fully under Geely ownership

Volvo logo from 2015 to 2021

Ford Motor Company offered Volvo Cars for sale in December 2008, after suffering losses that year.[30] On 28 October 2009, Ford confirmed that, after considering several offers, the preferred buyer of Volvo Cars was Geely Holding Group, the parent of motor manufacturer Geely Automobile.[31][32] On 23 December 2009, Ford confirmed the terms of the sale to Geely had been settled. A definitive agreement was signed on 28 March 2010, for $1.8 billion. The European Commission and China’s Ministry of Commerce approved the deal on 6 and 29 July 2010, respectively. The deal closed on 2 August 2010 with Geely paying $1.3 billion cash and a $200 million note. Further payments are expected with a later price «true-up».[33][34] It is the largest overseas acquisition by a Chinese automaker.[35]

Stefan Jacoby, formerly chief executive of Volkswagen of America, became Volvo Car Corporation’s president and chief executive on 16 August 2010, replacing Stephen Odell, who became chief executive of Ford Europe. Li Shufu became Volvo Cars’ chairman of the board. His board members include vice-chairman Hans-Olov Olsson, a former president and chief executive of Volvo Cars, and Håkan Samuelsson, formerly chief executive of MAN.[36]

Under Geely ownership, Volvo has refocused its product lineup. The manufacturer has developed a new line of 3- and 4-cylinder diesel and petrol engines while eliminating larger engines. It has also developed a new vehicle platform, the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA), and re-introduced an expanded -90 series of models, including the S90 sedan and Volvo V90 wagon in addition to a redesigned XC90 SUV.[37]

In 2015, Volvo sold more than half a million cars for the first time in its 89-year history.
Volvo reported strong sales from all three core global regions. Sales in Europe rose 10% in 2015 to 269k, representing over 50% of total global volume. Volvo’s revival in the US gained momentum, with sales up 24% in 2015, while China was flat amid a challenging sales environment, but sales were up 11% in the fourth quarter.[38]

In July 2017, the automaker announced that beginning in 2019, all of its new models will include an electric motor in their powertrain. Implementation of the announcement could mean Volvo becoming the first manufacturer to end production of internal combustion-only vehicles, with all vehicles hybrid or electric powered. Between 2019 and 2021, Volvo plans to launch three electric cars under the Volvo brand and two more under the Polestar performance brand.[39]

Volvo is one of the proponents of autonomous vehicles. On 20 November 2017, Uber announced that it planned to buy up to 24,000 Volvo cars designed to accept autonomous technology between 2019 and 2021. This non-binding intent includes a plan for Uber Advanced Technologies Group to design and build the self-driving system in the XC90 SUV.[40] In 2016, the companies announced that they planned to collaborate on the design and financing of cars with self-driving systems. Such vehicles require a different type of steering and braking mechanism, as well as sensors. The CEO of Volvo Cars, Håkan Samuelsson, made this comment in an interview: «We get support developing this car … It’s also a big commercial deal.»[41]

Also in 2017, Volvo announced a vehicle subscription offering called Care by Volvo, which offers the Volvo XC40 for a monthly payment that includes insurance and maintenance. Care by Volvo is offered in several European markets, such as Germany, the UK and Italy, as well as in the U.S.[42]

In February 2020, Volvo and Geely announced that they had started formal discussions about a merger of business. Geely had owned 100% of Volvo, but Volvo Cars had largely been allowed autonomy with its resources.[43] These merger talks were later halted, and 18% of Volvo Cars shares were listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange in October 2021.[44]

In early 2021 the company announced plans to completely stop selling fossil fuel-based cars by 2030, switching to electric-powered cars. The plan includes phasing out fossil-fuel-only cars by 2025, manufacturing only electric cars or hybrids.[45]

In 2021, Volvo Cars set up a joint venture with Geely for its hybrid engine operations.[46] The new business, Aurobay will develop and market powertrain solutions, and as of 2022, includes Volvo Cars’ engine plants in Skövde and Zhangjiakou, together with its powertrain research and development operations in Gothenburg.[47]

Safety[edit]

Volvo cars have long been marketed as safe and the company has stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability in marketing campaigns. Volvo uses high-tech safety systems as standard equipment in new vehicles.[citation needed] Prior to strong government safety regulation Volvo had been at the forefront of safety engineering.[48]

In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model.[49] After Vattenfall engineers presented their pioneering work to Volvo in the 1950s,[50] Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern three-point safety belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959,[51] and then made this design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[52][53] Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964[49] and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.[49]

In 1991, the 960 introduced the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushion integrated in the middle armrest.[49] Also in 1991, it introduced the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) on the 700, 940/960 and 850 models, which channels the force of a side impact away from the doors and into the safety cage.[54]

In 1994,[55] to add to its SIPS, Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags and installed them as standard equipment in all models from 1995. At the start of the 1995 model year, side impact protection airbags were standard on high trim-level Volvo 850s, and optional on other 850s. By the middle of the production year, they were standard on all 850s. In model year 1995, SIPS airbags became standard on all Volvo models.[55]

In 1995, the Volvo 745 was recalled as the front seatbelt mounts could break in a collision.[56][57]

In 1998, Volvo installed a head-protecting airbag,[58] which was made standard in all new models as well as some existing models.[55] The IC head-protecting airbag was not available on the 1997 C70 since the initial design deployed the airbag from the roof, and the C70, being a convertible, could not accommodate such an airbag. A later version of the C70 featured a head-protecting airbag deploying upwards from the door, avoiding this problem. It has been stated by many testing authorities that side head protecting curtain airbags can reduce the risk of death in a side impact by up to 40% and brain injury by up to 55%, as well as protect occupants during a rollover.[59] In 1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS), a safety device to prevent injury to front seat users during collisions.[49]

In 2004, Volvo introduced the Blind Spot Information System (BLIS), which detects vehicles entering the vehicle’s blind spot with a side-view-mirror-mounted camera, and alerts the driver with a light. That year also saw Volvos sold in all markets equipped with side-marker lights and daytime running lights. Also, since 2004 all Volvo models except for the coupes (C70 and C30) are available with an all-wheel drive system developed by Haldex Traction of Sweden.[60]

In 2005, Volvo presented the second generation of Volvo C70, which came with extra stiff door-mounted inflatable side curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible) dubbed ‘DMIC’.[61][62][63]

Even though Volvo Car Corporation was owned by Ford Motor Company, Volvo’s safety systems were still standard on all Volvo vehicles. Volvo has patented all its safety innovations, including SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS, DSTC, and body structures. Some of these systems were fitted to other Ford vehicles in forms similar to those of Volvo systems, but only because Volvo licensed the FOMOCO and other PAG members to use these features.[citation needed]

A 2005 Folksam report,[64] put the 740/940 (from 1982 on) in the 15% better than average category, the second from the top category.[citation needed]

In 2005, when the American non-profit, non-governmental Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released its first annual «Top Safety Picks» vehicles list, none of Volvo’s offered vehicles in the US were included on the list.[65]
According to Russ Rader, a spokesman for IIHS, Volvo lagged behind its competitors.[66] Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman, denied that the company’s vehicles were any less safe than the institute’s top-rated vehicles, adding that

It’s just a philosophy on safety that is different from building cars to pass these kinds of tests.[66]

In 2006, Volvo’s Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control was launched as an optional feature with the all-new Volvo S80. Before a driver enters their car, they can review the security level and know whether they had set the alarm and if the car is locked.[67][68] Additionally, a heartbeat sensor warns if someone is hiding inside the car.[67] The S80 was also the first Volvo model to feature adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).[69]

In 2008, a French court found Volvo partially responsible for causing the death of two children and serious injuries of another in Wasselonne on 17 June 1999, when the brakes of a 1996 Volvo 850 failed. The court subjected Volvo to a €200,000 fine.[48][70][71][72]

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Volvo’s S80 became one of the 2009 Top Safety Picks Award winners. The previous versions of the S40 and S60 models (2005–09 models with standard side airbags) failed to attain the highest rating in their side impact test.[73][74] However, according to the IIHS, in recent years Volvo cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in test results.[75] The Volvo XC90, S80, C70, XC60, S60 and C30 are all rated Top Safety Picks in these crash tests.[76][77][78][79][80][81] The 2014 models of the XC60, XC90, S60 and S80 have even received the Top Safety Pick+ rating.[82][83] All Volvos tested in the small overlap test have received a ‘good’ rating.[84]

Volvo has also scored high in Euro NCAP tests. Since 2009, all the Volvo models that Euro NCAP have tested have received five-star safety ratings: Volvo C30, V40, V60, V60 plug-in hybrid, XC60 and V70.[85] The second generation Volvo V40 got the best test result of any car model ever tested by Euro NCAP at the time.[86] As well the redesigned XC60 received the highest adult occupant score (98%) in 2017.[87]

In the United States, Volvo paid $19.6 million in fines for missing its Corporate Average Fuel Economy targets for the 2010–2014 model years.[88] In July 2017, Volvo announced that new models launched from 2019 onward would be fully electric or hybrid-electric, heralding the end of production of nearly a century of Volvo vehicles powered solely by the internal combustion engine. Volvo, however, will continue to produce non-electric, non-hybrid cars from models introduced before that year but will discontinue them once the non-hybrid, non-electric cars receive a facelift or complete redesign.[89] In 2019, Volvo announced that it plans to produce only electrified cars from the year 2040 onwards.[90]

Safety milestones[edit]

The Amazon was noted for its safety features: a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts, and a laminated windshield.[91]

(This list is not necessarily Volvo innovations, but dates when Volvo incorporated the technology into its cars)

  • 1944 – safety cage
  • 1944 – laminated windscreen
  • 1957 – anchor points for two-point safety belts, front
  • 1958 – anchor points for two-point safety belts, rear
  • 1959 – three-point safety belt, standard in front seats
  • 1964 – rearward-facing child safety seat, first prototype tested
  • 1966 – crumple zones front and rear
  • 1966 – safety door-locks
  • 1969 – inertia-reel safety belts
  • 1971 – reminder safety belt
  • 1972 – three-point safety belt, outer rear seats
  • 1972 – rearward-facing child safety seat
  • 1974 – multistage impact absorbing steering column
  • 1974 – bulb integrity sensor
  • 1975 – braking system with stepped bore master cylinder
  • 1978 – child safety booster cushion
  • 1982 – «anti-submarining» protection
  • 1986 – three-point safety belt in centre rear seat (740/760)
  • 1990 – integrated child safety cushion in centre rear seat (940/960)
  • 1991 – Side Impact Protection System (850 and 940/960)
  • 1991 – automatic height adjusting safety belt
  • 1992 – reinforced rear seats, estate models
  • 1995 – front side airbags (seat-mounted) for torso (850), integrated child safety cushion, outer rear seats
  • 1997 – Roll Over Protection System (C70)
  • 1998 – Whiplash Protection System (S80)
  • 1998 – roof-mounted inflatable curtain side airbags (S80)
  • 2001 – SCC : Volvo Safety Concept Car
  • 2002 – Roll Stability Control (XC90)
  • 2003 – Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture, new front structure (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – rear seat belt reminders (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – Intelligent Driver Information System, a system that selectively blocks information to the driver in complex traffic situations and lets the information through once the situation has calmed down (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – Volvo’s Traffic Accident Research Team, inaugurated in Bangkok
  • 2004 – Blind Spot Information System, informs the driver of vehicles in the blind spots, using a yellow LED in the A-pillars (S40, V50)
  • 2005 – door-mounted inflatable curtain airbags (C70)
  • 2006 – Personal Car Communicator (S80)
  • 2006 – Collision Warning Brake Support, a system that warns the driver and gives brake support when a collision with another vehicle in front of the car is imminent (S80)
  • 2006 – Electrical Parking Brake (S80)
  • 2007 – Driver Alert Control, a driver drowsiness detection system that alerts the driver when the system detects that they are becoming tired (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Lane Departure Warning, a system that warns the driver for unintended lane departures (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Collision Warning with Auto Brake, a system that automatically brakes the car when a collision with another vehicle in front of the car is imminent (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Distance Alert, a system that helps the driver keeping a safe distance to the vehicle ahead, by continuously measuring the distance and lighting up the vehicle’s head up display if the time gap becomes shorter than what the driver has specified (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Alcoguard, a hand-held device that the driver blows into before they can start the car, mainly aimed for the company-car sector, taxi operators, state authorities and municipalities (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2008 – City Safety, a system that automatically brakes the car at speeds below 30 km/h (19 mph) if an obstruction is detected in front of the car (new XC60)
  • 2010 – Pedestrian Detection with Auto Brake, a system that warns the driver and automatically brakes the car when a collision with a pedestrian in front of the car is imminent (S60)
  • 2012 – pedestrian airbag, covering the A-pillars and the lower part of the windscreen in case of collision with a pedestrian (Volvo V40)
  • 2012 – knee airbag, for the driver (V40)
  • 2012 – Upgraded City Safety, now working up to 50 km/h (31 mph) (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60, new V40)
  • 2012 – Lane Keeping Aid, a system that steers the car back into the lane again if it is about to unintentionally drift out of the lane (V40)
  • 2012 – Road Sign Information, a system that reads road signs and displays them in the information display, thereby helping the driver to remember speed limits, no-overtaking stretches, low-speed areas, etc. (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60, V40)
  • 2012 – Enhanced Blind Spot Information System, now able to detect approaching vehicles up to 70 meters behind the car (V40)
  • 2012 – Cross Traffic Alert, alerting the driver of crossing traffic approaching from the sides (up to 30 meters away) when reversing out of a parking space (V40)
  • 2013 – Cyclist Detection with Auto Brake, a system that warns the driver and automatically brakes the car when a collision with a cyclist travelling in the same direction as the car in front of the car is imminent (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, XC90, S60, V60, V40)
  • 2018 – Head-on crash detection with Auto Brake.

Car models[edit]

Early years[edit]

  • Volvo ÖV 4, a.k.a. Jakob

  • Volvo PV650 Series
  • Volvo TR670 Series
  • Volvo PV 36 Carioca
  • Volvo PV51
  • Volvo PV800 Series (civilian (PV801, PV802, PV810, PV821, PV822 and PV831) and military (TP21/P2104, P2104))
  • Volvo PV 60
  • Volvo PV444/544

  • Volvo Duett (Volvo PV445, P210)
  • Volvo P1900
  • Volvo Amazon/Volvo 122
  • Volvo P1800
  • Volvo 66
  • Volvo C202
  • Volvo C3-series (C303, C304 and C306)

Tri-digit nomenclature[edit]

Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule – the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder, as the «eight» would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify cars underhood on the identification plate.

  • Volvo 140 (Volvo 142, Volvo 144, Volvo 145)
  • Volvo 164
  • Volvo 240 (Volvo 242, 244, 245)
  • Volvo 260 (Volvo 262C, 264, 265)
  • Volvo 340 (Volvo 343, 345)
  • Volvo 360
  • Volvo 440/460
  • Volvo 480
  • Volvo 740

    The Volvo 740 was one of the few European passenger cars that could carry a EUR-pallet in its luggage compartment.

  • Volvo 760
  • Volvo 780
  • Volvo 850
  • Volvo 940

    The Volvo 940 series was an evolution of the 740 series, fitted with SIPS (Side Impact Protection System) and other safety features.

  • Volvo 960

Post tri-digit models[edit]

  • Released in 1995[92]
    • Volvo S40
    • Volvo V40
  • Released in 1996[93][94]
    • Volvo S70 replaced the 850 saloon
    • Volvo V70 replaced the 850 estate
    • Volvo S90 replaced the 960 saloon
    • Volvo V90 replaced the 960 estate
  • Released in 1997[94]
    • Volvo C70 coupé
    • Volvo V70 XC
  • Released in 1998[94]
    • Volvo C70 convertible
    • Volvo S80 replaced the Volvo S90
  • Released in 2000[93]
    • Volvo S60 replaced the Volvo S70
    • Volvo V70 II
    • Volvo V70 XC II/XC70
  • Released in 2002[93]
    • Volvo XC90
  • Released in 2004
    • Volvo S40 II replaced the Volvo S40
    • Volvo V50 replaced the Volvo V40
  • Released in 2006
    • Volvo C30
    • Volvo C70 II
    • Volvo S80 II
  • Released in 2007
    • Volvo V70 III
    • Volvo XC70 II
  • Released in 2008
    • Volvo XC60
  • Released in 2010
    • Volvo S60 II replaced the Volvo S60
    • Volvo V60 replaced the Volvo V50
  • Released in 2012
    • Volvo V40 II replaced both the Volvo S40 II and Volvo V50
  • Released in 2014
    • Volvo XC Classic
    • Volvo XC90 II replaced the Volvo XC90
  • Released in 2016
    • Volvo S90 replaced the Volvo S80 II
    • Volvo V90 replaced both the Volvo V70 III and Volvo XC70 II
  • Released in 2017
    • Volvo XC60 II replaced the Volvo XC60
    • Volvo XC40
  • Released in 2018
    • Volvo V60 II replaced the Volvo V60

Current models[edit]

Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. «S» stands for «sedan», «C» stands for «coupé» or «convertible» (including three-door hatchback AKA «shooting brake») and «V» stands for «versatile» (5-door hatchback and station wagon). A V50 is an estate (also under «V») that is smaller than the V70. «XC» stands for «cross country» originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give it an SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the «XC70» in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90.

Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but «F», standing for «flexibility», was to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles «S», and the yet to be introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to another complaint from Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo switching the «F» to «V», for versatile.[95][96][97]

  • Medium cars (CMA platform)
    • Volvo XC40 2017–present (M/Y 2019–present)
  • Large cars (SPA platform)
    • Volvo XC90 II 2014–present (M/Y 2015–present)
    • Volvo S90 II 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo V90 II 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo V90 Cross Country 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo XC60 II 2017–present (M/Y 2018–present)
    • Volvo S60 III 2018–present (M/Y 2018–present)
    • Volvo V60 II 2018–present (M/Y 2019–present)

Future models[edit]

  • Medium cars (CMA platform)
    • Volvo C40[98] 2022–future
  • Medium cars (SEA platform)
    • Volvo EX30[99]
  • Large cars (SPA platform)
    • Volvo XC100[100] 2023-future
    • Volvo EX90 2023-future[101]

Concept cars[edit]

  • Volvo Venus Bilo (1933)
  • Volvo Philip (1952)
  • Volvo Margarete Rose (1953)
  • Volvo Elisabeth I (1953)
  • Volvo GTZ (1969)
  • Volvo GTZ 3000 (1970)
  • Volvo VESC (1972)
  • Volvo 1800 ESC (1972)
  • Volvo EC (1977)
  • Volvo City Taxi (1977)
  • Volvo Tundra (1979)
  • Volvo VCC – Volvo Concept Car (1980)
  • Volvo LCP2000 (1983)
  • Volvo ECC – Environment Concept Car (1992)
  • Volvo ACC – Adventure Concept Car (1997)
  • Volvo SCC – Safety Concept Car (2001)
  • Volvo PCC – Performance Concept Car (2001)
  • Volvo PCC2 (2002)
  • Volvo ACC2 (2002)
  • Volvo VCC – Versatility Concept Car (2003)
  • Volvo YCC – Your Concept Car (2004)
  • Volvo T6 (2005)
  • Volvo 3CC (2005)
  • Volvo C30 Design Concept (2006)
  • Volvo XC60 Concept (2006)
  • Volvo ReCharge Concept (2007)
  • Volvo S60 Concept (2008)
  • C30 DRIVe Electric (2010)
  • Volvo Universe Concept (2011)
  • Volvo Concept You (2011)
  • Volvo Concept Coupe (2013)
  • Volvo Concept Estate (2014)
  • Volvo Concept XC Coupe (2014)
  • Volvo 40.1 (2016)
  • Volvo 40.2 (2016)
  • Volvo 360c (2018)
  • Volvo Concept Recharge (2021)

Alternative propulsion[edit]

In 2019, Volvo announced that it plans to produce only fully electrified cars from the year 2040 onwards. From 2040, it plans to no longer produce internal combustion engine powered vehicles.[90] In March 2021, Volvo doubled down on these plans and committed to being an electric-only car maker by 2030.[102]

The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was one of the first E85 flex cars launched in the Swedish market by a domestic automaker. The Volvo FlexiFuel is now offered on the European market.

Flexible-fuel vehicles[edit]

In 2005, Volvo introduced to the Swedish market the company’s first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Swedish market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[103] In 2008, Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.[104]

Plug-in hybrids[edit]

The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car with an all-electric range (AER) of 60 miles (97 km). It was officially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.[105]

On 1 June 2009, Volvo announced the launching of series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012.[106][107][108] The company plans to sell a series hybrid with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometer.[107][108] As part of a joint venture with Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company, Volvo converted two Volvo V70 to plug-in hybrid demonstrators that have been in field testing in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009.[109] Vattenfall offered customers participating in this trial the supply of renewable electricity generated from wind power or hydropower.[110] Among other challenges, this test has allowed to experience the all-electric range at low temperatures, which has been a disadvantage of plug-in vehicles.[108][109][110]

Electric car[edit]

The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and Volvo announced that field testing will begin in 2011, in the US, Europe, and China.[111] The C30 DRIVe electric car has a lithium-ion battery, a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph), and an all-electric range of up to 150 kilometres (93 mi). Field testing began in 2010 with 10 units in Göteborg, Sweden.[112]

Gas-turbine Hybrid[edit]

The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was exhibited at the 1992 Paris Motor Show. The vehicles range on batteries alone was 90 miles (140 km), and when combined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about 415 miles (668 km).

Drive-E engines[edit]

Starting in the 2015 model year (Volvo S60, V60, and XC60), Volvo introduced a line of forced-induction four-cylinder engines, dubbed «Drive-E»,[113] to increase the efficiency of their models without sacrificing performance. These engines also debuted throughout the lineup that year, and also appeared in the second-generation Volvo XC90. Hybridized versions of these engines would, in theory, have enough power to match eight-cylinder engines.

Production locations[edit]

Sweden

  • Torslanda (Volvo Cars Torslanda – Torslandaverken) 1964–present
    • Volvo V60, Volvo XC60, Volvo V90, Volvo XC90
  • Olofström (body components)
  • Skövde (engines)
  • Floby (engine components, brake discs)[114]

Belgium

  • Ghent (Volvo Car Gent) 1965–present
    • Volvo XC40, Volvo S60, Volvo V60

China

  • Chengdu (Zhongjia Automobile Manufacturing) 2013–present
    • Volvo S60L, Volvo XC60
  • Daqing (Daqing Volvo Car Manufacturing) 2014–present
    • Volvo S90, Volvo S90L
  • Luqiao (Zhejiang Geely Manufacturing) 2016–present
    • Volvo XC40
  • Zhangjiakou (engines)

Malaysia

  • Shah Alam (Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia) 1967–present
    • Volvo S60, Volvo S90, Volvo V60, Volvo XC40, Volvo XC60, Volvo XC90

India

  • Bangalore (Volvo Auto India) 2017–present
    • Volvo S90, Volvo XC60, Volvo XC90

United States

  • Ridgeville, South Carolina (Volvo Car North America) 2018–present[115][116]
    • Volvo S60

Other facilities[edit]

Sweden

  • Gothenburg (Volvo Cars Headquarters, R&D and Safety Center)
  • Hedared (Hällered Proving Ground)

Engine types[edit]

Volvo uses in-line, or straight engines in their production vehicles. Volvo is also known for the application of the in-line 5-cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since its introduction in 1991 in the Volvo 850.

  • Side valve six – fitted into the PV651/2, TR671/4, PV653/4, TR676/9, PV658/9, PV36, PV51/2, PV53/6, PV801/2, PV821/2, PV831/2 and PV60 from 1929 to 1958
  • B4B and B14A – fitted into the Volvo PV and Volvo Duett from 1947 to 1956
  • B16 (A and B) – fitted into the PV, Duett and Volvo Amazon from 1957 to 1960
  • B18 and B20 – 1.8 L/2.0 L OHV 8v fitted into all Volvo models from 1961 to 1974 except 164 (and 1975 US spec 240 models).
  • B19,   B21,   and B23 – fitted from 1975
  • B200 and B230 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L, respectively, SOHC 8v fitted to 240, 360, 700, 940 series cars from 1985
  • B204 and B234 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L DOHC 16 valve engines
  • B27/B28 and B280 – 2.7 and 2.8 L SOHC 12v developed together with Renault and Peugeot
  • B30 – fitted to all 164 models

Transmissions[edit]

Volvo automatic transmissions in the past were made by the ZF Friedrichshafen company, but now the transmissions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Geartronic is Volvo Cars’ name for its manumatic transmission.

Automatic transmissions[edit]

  • Borg-Warner 35 transmission
  • Borg-Warner 55 transmission
  • Volvo AW70 series transmissions
    • Volvo AW70 transmission
    • Volvo AW71 transmission
    • Volvo AW72 transmission
  • AW50-42 (4-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AW55-50/51 (5-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • GM4T65EV/GT (4-speed GM automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AWTF-80 SC (6-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • ZF 4HP22 transmission (4-speed automatic transmission, 4×4)[citation needed]

Manual transmissions[edit]

  • Volvo M30 transmission
  • Volvo M40 transmission
  • Volvo M400 & M410 transmission
  • Volvo M41 transmission
  • Volvo M45 transmission
  • Volvo M46 transmission
  • Volvo M47 transmission
  • Volvo M50 transmission
  • Volvo M51 transmission
  • Volvo M56 transmission
  • Volvo M58 transmission
  • Volvo M59 transmission
  • Volvo M65 transmission
  • Volvo M66 transmission
  • Volvo M90 transmission
  • IB5
  • MTX-75
  • MMT6
  • MPS6 (6-speed dual clutch Powershift, FWD)

Motorsport[edit]

In 1959, Volvo had set up its own motorsport department. This led to Volvo enjoying worldwide success in the motorsport arena throughout the early 1960s. In 1961, Gran Premio de Argentina Gunnar Andersson was appointed Volvo’s competition department manager, signing a number of drivers, including Carl-Magnus Skogh, Tom Trana and Ewy Rosqvist, though he himself still continued to compete in rallies. In 1964, Volvo made heavy investments in the Safari Rally, entering four Volvo PV544s in the 1964 competition. A PV544, borrowed from Volvo and then modified[117] and driven by Joginder and Jaswant Singh won the Safari Rally in 1965.[118]

Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championship with the Volvo 240 Turbo in the 1980s. In the 1984 European Touring Car Championship, the Swedish team Sportpromotion won the EG Trophy at Zolder circuit, followed by placing second in the Mugello. In 1985, Volvo signed Swiss engine guru Ruedi Eggenberger to run its works team through Eggenberger Motorsport. Team drivers Gianfranco Brancatelli and Thomas Lindström led the 240T to victory in the 1985 ETCC.

Also in 1985, New Zealander Mark Petch had purchased a 240T from the Magnum team in Sweden (and claimed to run the only privateer Volvo 240T outside of Europe), and drivers Robbie Francevic and Michel Delcourt had also won the Wellington 500 street race in New Zealand in January. Francevic went on to finish 5th in the 1985 Australian Touring Car Championship, taking wins at Symmons Plains and Oran Park. The factory-supported Petch team also participated in the 1985 Bathurst 1000. Thomas Lindström later joined Francevic to win the 1986 Wellington 500. The Petch team become the Volvo Dealer Team in 1986, and expanded to two cars, with the other being for John Bowe, who had driven the Volvo with Francevic at the 1985 Bathurst 1000.

Volvo contracted Belgian based team RAS Sport to be its works team in the ETCC in 1986, following Eggenberger moving to race Ford Sierra’s. This team included defending champion Lindström, joined by ex-Formula One and Grand Prix motorcycle racer Johnny Cecotto, as well as Ulf Granberg and Anders Olofsson. The team took wins at wins at Hockenheim, Anderstorp, Brno, Österreichring and Zolder, though the wins at Anderstorp and the Österreichring were disqualified due to the use of illegal fuel.

The 240T also entered the Guia Race, part of the Macau Grand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both 1985 and 1986.

Volvo also saw success in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (German Touring Car Championship), with a 240 Turbo driven by Per Stureson winning the 1985 DTM.

Volvo also entered the British Touring Car Championship in the 1990s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partnership was responsible for the controversial 850 Estate racing cars, driven by Rickard Rydell and Jan Lammers and with a best qualifying placing of third and a best race finish of fifth, which was only rendered uncompetitive when the FIA allowed the use of aerodynamic aids in 1995. TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, with six wins in 1995, and five wins in 1996, and a S40, with one win in 1997 in the BTCC, as well as Volvo placing third in the Manufacturers Championship, both in 1995 and 1996. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring Car Championship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.

Volvo also competed in the Super Touring category with the 850 across Europe and in Australia. Australian race car driver Peter Brock drove an 850 T5 with Tony Scott in the 1994 James Hardie 12 Hour production car race at Bathurst, finishing 25th. He also drove an 850 saloon in the 1996 Australian Super Touring Championship, placing sixth in the Drivers’ Championship.

Volvo regularly entered the S60 in the Swedish Touring Car Championship, where it finished 2nd in the drivers’ championship twice and won the manufacturers’ title once. The S60 continued to be raced after the formation of the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship, a merger of the Swedish and Danish touring car championships. Thed Björk won three consecutive titles from 2013 to 2015, driving an S60 prepared by Polestar Racing.

From 2002 to 2007, there was an S60 one-make racing series as a support series to the Swedish Touring Car Championship known as the S60 Challenge Cup, using 26 factory-modified S60s.

An S60 was driven by Robert Dahlgren in the Swedish round of the 2007 World Touring Car Championship.

The first generation S60 made its competitive debut in 2006, racing in the Speed World Challenge GT class. The second-generation model was introduced for the 2009 season. In 2010, its programme was expanded to include the SCAA Pro Racing World Challenge, where it won both the drivers’ and manufacturers’ championships in the GT class. The programme was expanded again in 2011, to include the Pirelli World Challenge.[119]

In 2008, Volvo entered the Swedish Touring Car Championship with a C30 powered by bioethanol E85 fuel. Robert Dahlgren and Tommy Rustad were the drivers, finishing 5th and 10th respectively in the championship. Volvo had also signalled their intentions to enter the 2009 British Touring Car Championship with the same car.[120]

Volvo entered the V8 Supercars Championship with two S60s in 2014 with Garry Rogers Motorsport, and were immediately competitive. Following ten pole positions and four race wins, Scott McLaughlin finished fifth in the championship and was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal.[122]

Marketing[edit]

The symbol for Mars has been used since ancient times to represent iron.

The name Volvo is Latin for «I roll».

Logo[edit]

The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron. The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron used in the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron. The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille came about to hold the actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, in front of the radiator.[123]

[edit]

Volvo has, since the 1950s, had special international sales programs for customers assigned abroad, for example Diplomat Sales, Military Sales and Expat Sales.

The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) by Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation.[124] One of the main promotional activities for the brand is the sailing Race Volvo Ocean Race, formerly known as the Whitbread Around the World Race. There is also a Volvo Baltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes to encourage its image by sponsoring golf tournaments all over the world including major championship events called the Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.

Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world’s leading round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001–02. The next edition was to take place between 2011 and 2012. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment to the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) and is involved in the Volvo/ISAF World Youth Sailing Championships since 1997.

In 2011, Volvo Cars is the main sponsor of the winter sports and music festival Snowbombing in Austria.

In 2012, Volvo signed NBA star Jeremy Lin to an endorsement agreement for two years to participate in Volvo’s corporate and marketing activities as a «brand ambassador» for Volvo Car Corp.[125]

In 2015, Volvo signed a deal with Chennaiyin FC, a football franchise team of the Indian Super League as a side shirt sponsor.

Video games[edit]

In May 2009, Volvo – The Game was released. It was developed by Simbin Studios (now Sector3 Studios).[126]

Volvo trademark lawsuit[edit]

In 1990, Volvo Cars filed a lawsuit against Hong Kong-based Club Volvo night club for infringement in Hong Kong High Court. The lawsuit ended with settlement where the night club paid 1 dollar to Volvo Cars. Since then, Club Volvo had been renamed to Club Borubo (the Japanese pronunciation of «Volvo»), and then Club Bboss (reference to Big Boss).[127][128][129]

See also[edit]

  • British Touring Car Championship (BTCC)
  • Polestar (in-house performance division)
  • Polestar Racing (STCC)
  • Garry Rogers Motorsport (V8 Supercars)
  • Saab Automobile
  • The Saint (TV series)
  • Tom Trana
  • Volvo – The Game
  • Volvo Penta
  • Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR)
  • Jan Wilsgaard

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External links[edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Wikibooks:Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Volvo/VIN codes

This article is about Volvo Cars. For the separate Swedish-owned manufacturer of heavy trucks, buses, and construction equipment (among others) otherwise known as the Volvo Group (AB Volvo) and which owned the car division until 1999, see Volvo. For other uses of «Volvo», see Volvo (disambiguation).

Volvo Car Corporation

Volvo-Iron-Mark-Black.svg
Volvo PV HK Torslanda Göteborg.jpg

Headquarters in Gothenburg, Sweden

Trade name

Volvo Car Group

Native name

Volvo Personvagnar AB
Type Publicly traded Aktiebolag

Traded as

Nasdaq Stockholm: VOLCAR B
Industry Automotive
Founded 1927; 96 years ago
Headquarters Gothenburg, Sweden

Area served

Worldwide

Key people

Li Shufu
(Chairman)
Jim Rowan
(President and CEO)[1]
Products Luxury cars

Production output

Increase 699,000 vehicles (2021)[2]
Revenue Increase 282.045 billion kr (2021)[2]

Operating income

Increase 20.275 billion kr (2021)[2]

Net income

Increase 14.177 billion kr (2021)[2]
Total assets Increase 283.824 billion kr (2021)[2]
Total equity Increase 94.978 billion kr (2021)[2]

Number of employees

Increase 41,000 (2021)[2]
Parent Zhejiang Geely Holding Group (82%)
Divisions
  • Care by Volvo
  • Volvo R
Subsidiaries
  • Volvo Car Mobility
  • Zenseact
Website volvocars.com

Volvo Cars (Swedish: Volvo personvagnar, styled VOLVO in the company’s logo) is a Swedish multinational manufacturer of luxury vehicles headquartered in Torslanda, Gothenburg. The company manufactures SUVs, station wagons, and sedans. The company’s main marketing arguments are safety and its Swedish heritage and design.

Volvo Cars has been separate from its former parent conglomerate and producer of heavy trucks, buses, and construction equipment (among others) AB Volvo since 1999 when AB Volvo sold its automobile division Volvo Cars to Ford Motor Company.[3] In 2010, Ford sold loss-making Volvo Cars to the company Geely.[4][5] Volvo Cars was publicly listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange in 2021, though Geely still retains majority ownership. Volvo Cars and AB Volvo both share the Volvo logo, and cooperate in running the Volvo Museum.

In March 2021, Volvo Cars announced that it would be a fully electric brand by 2030.[6] In June 2021, Volvo Cars and Swedish battery developer and manufacturer Northvolt announced the intention to establish a 50/50 joint venture consisting of a battery gigafactory and R&D (research and development) center.[7] In December 2021, it was revealed the battery R&D center would be located in Gothenburg.[8] In February 2022, Gothenburg was also chosen as the location for the battery gigafactory.[9]
During 2021 and 2022, Volvo Cars transferred its hybrid engine research and production capabilities in Skövde and Zhangjiakou to Aurobay, in a joint venture with Geely.[10]

Volvo Cars owns 49.5% of Polestar[11] and 30% of Lynk & Co.[12]

History[edit]

1927–1999[edit]

Volvo was founded upon the concept of safety in 1927, in Gothenburg, Sweden:

Cars are driven by people. The guiding principle behind everything we make at Volvo, therefore, is and must remain, safety.

— Assar Gabrielsson and Gustav Larson, 1927[13]

The company was created as a subsidiary to SKF. Assar Gabrielsson was appointed managing director and Gustav Larson technical manager.

The trademark Volvo (which is Latin for ‘I roll’) was first registered by SKF on 11 May 1915 with the intention to use it for a special series of ball bearing for the American market but it was never used for this purpose (however in the application for the trademark, it was also designated for the purpose of automobiles). The SKF trademark as it looks today was used instead for all the SKF-products. Some pre-series of Volvo-bearings stamped with the brand name ‘Volvo’ were manufactured but never released to the market, and it was not until 1927 that the trademark was used again, now as a trademark and company name for an automobile.

The first Volvo car left the assembly line on 14 April 1927, and was called Volvo ÖV 4. After this the young company produced closed top and cabriolet vehicles, which were designed to hold strong in the Swedish climate and terrain. In the registration application for Volvo logotype in 1927, they simply made a copy of the entire radiator for ÖV4, viewed from the front. The round logo with the arrow pointing to the right ( ) is the Greek alchemical symbol for iron.

Presented in 1944 the Volvo PV444 passenger car only entered production in 1947. It was the smallest Volvo yet and was to take the lion’s share of Volvo production, as well as spearheading their move into the profitable American market. The first Volvos arrived in the United States in 1955, after hardware wholesaler Leo Hirsh began distributing cars in California. Later, Texas was added, and in 1956, Volvo themselves began importing cars to the US. North America has consistently provided Volvo with their main outlet since.[14]

In 1963, Volvo opened the Volvo Halifax Assembly plant, the first assembly plant in the company’s history outside of Sweden, in Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada.[15] In 1964, Volvo opened its Torslanda plant in Sweden, which currently is one of its largest production sites (chiefly large cars and SUVs).[16] Then in 1965, the Ghent, Belgium plant was opened, which is the company’s second largest production site.[17] This was also Volvo’s first location producing cars within the European Economic Community.[15] In 1989, the Uddevalla plant in Sweden was opened, which was jointly operated by Volvo Car Corporation and Pininfarina Sverige AB from 2005 to 2013.[18]

In the early 1970s, Volvo acquired the passenger car division of the Dutch company DAF, and marketed their small cars as Volvos before releasing the Dutch-built Volvo 340, which went on to be a big seller in the UK market in the 1980s. In 1986 Volvo sold 113,267 cars in the US marking a record year for the company. The appearance of Japanese brands like Acura and Lexus and the growing popularity of Subaru station wagons in subsequent years meant the loss of a significant market share for Volvo, one which they have never regained.[14]

Volvo’s long-time CEO Pehr G. Gyllenhammar saw early on that Volvo was too small to survive in the future, and attempted several times to merge with other manufacturers. Volvo nearly merged with Saab in the late seventies, while in 1978 an aborted affair would have seen the Norwegian state take over 40 percent of the company. In return, Volvo would receive 200 million SEK and a ten percent concession in the Oseberg oil field. Major institutional actors in Sweden opposed the deal and blocked it.[19] A deal to merge with Renault was blocked in 1993, mainly opposed by a Swedish stockholders’ association.[20]

A collection of Volvo’s most important historical vehicles are now housed in the Volvo Museum, which opened in a permanent location in Arendal at Hisingen on 30 May 1995.[21] For several years, the collection had been housed at the Blue Hangar, at the then closed Torslanda Airport.[21]

In 1999, Volvo Group decided to sell its automobile manufacturing business in order to concentrate on commercial vehicles, and to buy a 5% stake in Japanese automaker Mitsubishi Motors (with which Volvo Group along with the Dutch government had participated in a joint venture at the former DAF plant in Born, Netherlands since 1991). Ford saw advantages in acquiring a profitable prestige mid-size European automobile manufacturer, well renowned for its safety aspects, as an addition to its Premier Automotive Group. The buyout of Volvo Cars was announced on 28 January 1999,[22] and in the following year the acquisition was completed at a price of US$6.45 billion. As a result of the divestiture, the Volvo trademark was used by two separate companies:

  • Volvo Group – a manufacturer of trucks, buses and construction equipment (among others) owned by Swedish interests
  • Volvo Car Corporation or Volvo Cars – a manufacturer of automobiles owned by Ford Motor Company

Volvo Group completed its 5% deal with Mitsubishi in November 1999, but sold its stake back to Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in March 2001.[23][24]

Ford era, 1999–2010[edit]

The Volvo C30 is one example of a Volvo produced under Ford ownership.

Volvo Car Corporation was part of Ford Motor Company’s Premier Automotive Group (PAG), along with Jaguar, Aston Martin and Land Rover. While part of the PAG, the company significantly expanded its range of vehicles.

After Ford sold Jaguar Land Rover to Tata Motors of India in 2008, the company initially decided to keep Volvo Cars despite mounting losses and major economic downturns. Ford decided to restructure plans for Volvo Cars, pushing it further upmarket, alongside the lower end of Mercedes and BMW sedans, wagons, and SUV crossovers. The outcome was the luxurious second generation Volvo S80 and the new small premium crossover Volvo XC60.

When the global economic crisis of 2008 threatened the US automakers, Swedish authorities became concerned about the fate of Volvo, should Ford file for bankruptcy. These concerns mounted after repeated mass-layoffs at Volvo. In December 2008, Ford announced that it was considering selling Volvo Cars. Initially, a sale price of US$6 billion was reported.[25] Ford said it was also looking into the possibility of spinning off Volvo as an independent company. The Swedish government was asked to look into a possible state ownership of Volvo, or a financial bailout for Volvo Cars and SAAB of GM. Former parent AB Volvo agreed to help Volvo cut costs through partnerships, and suggested taking part in a shared ownership of Volvo Cars, as part of a larger consortium. Other rumored candidates to purchase Volvo Cars included BMW AG of Germany, Investor AB of Sweden, Chinese investors, and Russian investors.

Although it was rumoured that Volkswagen would buy Volvo Cars, and despite initial denials, the company Geely Holding Group was ultimately selected to take over the Swedish automaker.[26] Geely Group Holdings Co. allegedly bid about US$1.5 billion to take over Volvo, with Goldman Sachs investing HK$2.59 billion (US$334 million) in the holding company.[27][28][29]

Geely era, 2010–present[edit]

Volvo office in Hangzhou (with Geely headquarters in the background)

2016 Volvo XC90, the first Volvo vehicle developed fully under Geely ownership

Volvo logo from 2015 to 2021

Ford Motor Company offered Volvo Cars for sale in December 2008, after suffering losses that year.[30] On 28 October 2009, Ford confirmed that, after considering several offers, the preferred buyer of Volvo Cars was Geely Holding Group, the parent of motor manufacturer Geely Automobile.[31][32] On 23 December 2009, Ford confirmed the terms of the sale to Geely had been settled. A definitive agreement was signed on 28 March 2010, for $1.8 billion. The European Commission and China’s Ministry of Commerce approved the deal on 6 and 29 July 2010, respectively. The deal closed on 2 August 2010 with Geely paying $1.3 billion cash and a $200 million note. Further payments are expected with a later price «true-up».[33][34] It is the largest overseas acquisition by a Chinese automaker.[35]

Stefan Jacoby, formerly chief executive of Volkswagen of America, became Volvo Car Corporation’s president and chief executive on 16 August 2010, replacing Stephen Odell, who became chief executive of Ford Europe. Li Shufu became Volvo Cars’ chairman of the board. His board members include vice-chairman Hans-Olov Olsson, a former president and chief executive of Volvo Cars, and Håkan Samuelsson, formerly chief executive of MAN.[36]

Under Geely ownership, Volvo has refocused its product lineup. The manufacturer has developed a new line of 3- and 4-cylinder diesel and petrol engines while eliminating larger engines. It has also developed a new vehicle platform, the Scalable Product Architecture (SPA), and re-introduced an expanded -90 series of models, including the S90 sedan and Volvo V90 wagon in addition to a redesigned XC90 SUV.[37]

In 2015, Volvo sold more than half a million cars for the first time in its 89-year history.
Volvo reported strong sales from all three core global regions. Sales in Europe rose 10% in 2015 to 269k, representing over 50% of total global volume. Volvo’s revival in the US gained momentum, with sales up 24% in 2015, while China was flat amid a challenging sales environment, but sales were up 11% in the fourth quarter.[38]

In July 2017, the automaker announced that beginning in 2019, all of its new models will include an electric motor in their powertrain. Implementation of the announcement could mean Volvo becoming the first manufacturer to end production of internal combustion-only vehicles, with all vehicles hybrid or electric powered. Between 2019 and 2021, Volvo plans to launch three electric cars under the Volvo brand and two more under the Polestar performance brand.[39]

Volvo is one of the proponents of autonomous vehicles. On 20 November 2017, Uber announced that it planned to buy up to 24,000 Volvo cars designed to accept autonomous technology between 2019 and 2021. This non-binding intent includes a plan for Uber Advanced Technologies Group to design and build the self-driving system in the XC90 SUV.[40] In 2016, the companies announced that they planned to collaborate on the design and financing of cars with self-driving systems. Such vehicles require a different type of steering and braking mechanism, as well as sensors. The CEO of Volvo Cars, Håkan Samuelsson, made this comment in an interview: «We get support developing this car … It’s also a big commercial deal.»[41]

Also in 2017, Volvo announced a vehicle subscription offering called Care by Volvo, which offers the Volvo XC40 for a monthly payment that includes insurance and maintenance. Care by Volvo is offered in several European markets, such as Germany, the UK and Italy, as well as in the U.S.[42]

In February 2020, Volvo and Geely announced that they had started formal discussions about a merger of business. Geely had owned 100% of Volvo, but Volvo Cars had largely been allowed autonomy with its resources.[43] These merger talks were later halted, and 18% of Volvo Cars shares were listed on the Nasdaq Stockholm stock exchange in October 2021.[44]

In early 2021 the company announced plans to completely stop selling fossil fuel-based cars by 2030, switching to electric-powered cars. The plan includes phasing out fossil-fuel-only cars by 2025, manufacturing only electric cars or hybrids.[45]

In 2021, Volvo Cars set up a joint venture with Geely for its hybrid engine operations.[46] The new business, Aurobay will develop and market powertrain solutions, and as of 2022, includes Volvo Cars’ engine plants in Skövde and Zhangjiakou, together with its powertrain research and development operations in Gothenburg.[47]

Safety[edit]

Volvo cars have long been marketed as safe and the company has stressed their historic reputation for solidity and reliability in marketing campaigns. Volvo uses high-tech safety systems as standard equipment in new vehicles.[citation needed] Prior to strong government safety regulation Volvo had been at the forefront of safety engineering.[48]

In 1944, laminated glass was introduced in the PV model.[49] After Vattenfall engineers presented their pioneering work to Volvo in the 1950s,[50] Volvo engineer Nils Bohlin invented and patented the modern three-point safety belt, which became standard on all Volvo cars in 1959,[51] and then made this design patent open in the interest of safety and made it available to other car manufacturers for free.[52][53] Additionally, Volvo developed the first rear-facing child seat in 1964[49] and introduced its own booster seat in 1978.[49]

In 1991, the 960 introduced the first three-point seat belt for the middle of the rear seat and a child safety cushion integrated in the middle armrest.[49] Also in 1991, it introduced the Side Impact Protection System (SIPS) on the 700, 940/960 and 850 models, which channels the force of a side impact away from the doors and into the safety cage.[54]

In 1994,[55] to add to its SIPS, Volvo was the first to introduce side airbags and installed them as standard equipment in all models from 1995. At the start of the 1995 model year, side impact protection airbags were standard on high trim-level Volvo 850s, and optional on other 850s. By the middle of the production year, they were standard on all 850s. In model year 1995, SIPS airbags became standard on all Volvo models.[55]

In 1995, the Volvo 745 was recalled as the front seatbelt mounts could break in a collision.[56][57]

In 1998, Volvo installed a head-protecting airbag,[58] which was made standard in all new models as well as some existing models.[55] The IC head-protecting airbag was not available on the 1997 C70 since the initial design deployed the airbag from the roof, and the C70, being a convertible, could not accommodate such an airbag. A later version of the C70 featured a head-protecting airbag deploying upwards from the door, avoiding this problem. It has been stated by many testing authorities that side head protecting curtain airbags can reduce the risk of death in a side impact by up to 40% and brain injury by up to 55%, as well as protect occupants during a rollover.[59] In 1998, Volvo introduced its Whiplash Protection System (WHIPS), a safety device to prevent injury to front seat users during collisions.[49]

In 2004, Volvo introduced the Blind Spot Information System (BLIS), which detects vehicles entering the vehicle’s blind spot with a side-view-mirror-mounted camera, and alerts the driver with a light. That year also saw Volvos sold in all markets equipped with side-marker lights and daytime running lights. Also, since 2004 all Volvo models except for the coupes (C70 and C30) are available with an all-wheel drive system developed by Haldex Traction of Sweden.[60]

In 2005, Volvo presented the second generation of Volvo C70, which came with extra stiff door-mounted inflatable side curtains (the first of its kind in a convertible) dubbed ‘DMIC’.[61][62][63]

Even though Volvo Car Corporation was owned by Ford Motor Company, Volvo’s safety systems were still standard on all Volvo vehicles. Volvo has patented all its safety innovations, including SIPS, WHIPS, ROPS, DSTC, and body structures. Some of these systems were fitted to other Ford vehicles in forms similar to those of Volvo systems, but only because Volvo licensed the FOMOCO and other PAG members to use these features.[citation needed]

A 2005 Folksam report,[64] put the 740/940 (from 1982 on) in the 15% better than average category, the second from the top category.[citation needed]

In 2005, when the American non-profit, non-governmental Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) released its first annual «Top Safety Picks» vehicles list, none of Volvo’s offered vehicles in the US were included on the list.[65]
According to Russ Rader, a spokesman for IIHS, Volvo lagged behind its competitors.[66] Dan Johnston, a Volvo spokesman, denied that the company’s vehicles were any less safe than the institute’s top-rated vehicles, adding that

It’s just a philosophy on safety that is different from building cars to pass these kinds of tests.[66]

In 2006, Volvo’s Personal Car Communicator (PCC) remote control was launched as an optional feature with the all-new Volvo S80. Before a driver enters their car, they can review the security level and know whether they had set the alarm and if the car is locked.[67][68] Additionally, a heartbeat sensor warns if someone is hiding inside the car.[67] The S80 was also the first Volvo model to feature adaptive cruise control (ACC) with Collision Warning and Brake Support (CWBS).[69]

In 2008, a French court found Volvo partially responsible for causing the death of two children and serious injuries of another in Wasselonne on 17 June 1999, when the brakes of a 1996 Volvo 850 failed. The court subjected Volvo to a €200,000 fine.[48][70][71][72]

According to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), Volvo’s S80 became one of the 2009 Top Safety Picks Award winners. The previous versions of the S40 and S60 models (2005–09 models with standard side airbags) failed to attain the highest rating in their side impact test.[73][74] However, according to the IIHS, in recent years Volvo cars have still managed to maintain their high class safety ratings as seen in test results.[75] The Volvo XC90, S80, C70, XC60, S60 and C30 are all rated Top Safety Picks in these crash tests.[76][77][78][79][80][81] The 2014 models of the XC60, XC90, S60 and S80 have even received the Top Safety Pick+ rating.[82][83] All Volvos tested in the small overlap test have received a ‘good’ rating.[84]

Volvo has also scored high in Euro NCAP tests. Since 2009, all the Volvo models that Euro NCAP have tested have received five-star safety ratings: Volvo C30, V40, V60, V60 plug-in hybrid, XC60 and V70.[85] The second generation Volvo V40 got the best test result of any car model ever tested by Euro NCAP at the time.[86] As well the redesigned XC60 received the highest adult occupant score (98%) in 2017.[87]

In the United States, Volvo paid $19.6 million in fines for missing its Corporate Average Fuel Economy targets for the 2010–2014 model years.[88] In July 2017, Volvo announced that new models launched from 2019 onward would be fully electric or hybrid-electric, heralding the end of production of nearly a century of Volvo vehicles powered solely by the internal combustion engine. Volvo, however, will continue to produce non-electric, non-hybrid cars from models introduced before that year but will discontinue them once the non-hybrid, non-electric cars receive a facelift or complete redesign.[89] In 2019, Volvo announced that it plans to produce only electrified cars from the year 2040 onwards.[90]

Safety milestones[edit]

The Amazon was noted for its safety features: a padded dashboard, front and rear seat belts, and a laminated windshield.[91]

(This list is not necessarily Volvo innovations, but dates when Volvo incorporated the technology into its cars)

  • 1944 – safety cage
  • 1944 – laminated windscreen
  • 1957 – anchor points for two-point safety belts, front
  • 1958 – anchor points for two-point safety belts, rear
  • 1959 – three-point safety belt, standard in front seats
  • 1964 – rearward-facing child safety seat, first prototype tested
  • 1966 – crumple zones front and rear
  • 1966 – safety door-locks
  • 1969 – inertia-reel safety belts
  • 1971 – reminder safety belt
  • 1972 – three-point safety belt, outer rear seats
  • 1972 – rearward-facing child safety seat
  • 1974 – multistage impact absorbing steering column
  • 1974 – bulb integrity sensor
  • 1975 – braking system with stepped bore master cylinder
  • 1978 – child safety booster cushion
  • 1982 – «anti-submarining» protection
  • 1986 – three-point safety belt in centre rear seat (740/760)
  • 1990 – integrated child safety cushion in centre rear seat (940/960)
  • 1991 – Side Impact Protection System (850 and 940/960)
  • 1991 – automatic height adjusting safety belt
  • 1992 – reinforced rear seats, estate models
  • 1995 – front side airbags (seat-mounted) for torso (850), integrated child safety cushion, outer rear seats
  • 1997 – Roll Over Protection System (C70)
  • 1998 – Whiplash Protection System (S80)
  • 1998 – roof-mounted inflatable curtain side airbags (S80)
  • 2001 – SCC : Volvo Safety Concept Car
  • 2002 – Roll Stability Control (XC90)
  • 2003 – Volvo Intelligent Vehicle Architecture, new front structure (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – rear seat belt reminders (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – Intelligent Driver Information System, a system that selectively blocks information to the driver in complex traffic situations and lets the information through once the situation has calmed down (S40, V50)
  • 2003 – Volvo’s Traffic Accident Research Team, inaugurated in Bangkok
  • 2004 – Blind Spot Information System, informs the driver of vehicles in the blind spots, using a yellow LED in the A-pillars (S40, V50)
  • 2005 – door-mounted inflatable curtain airbags (C70)
  • 2006 – Personal Car Communicator (S80)
  • 2006 – Collision Warning Brake Support, a system that warns the driver and gives brake support when a collision with another vehicle in front of the car is imminent (S80)
  • 2006 – Electrical Parking Brake (S80)
  • 2007 – Driver Alert Control, a driver drowsiness detection system that alerts the driver when the system detects that they are becoming tired (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Lane Departure Warning, a system that warns the driver for unintended lane departures (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Collision Warning with Auto Brake, a system that automatically brakes the car when a collision with another vehicle in front of the car is imminent (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Distance Alert, a system that helps the driver keeping a safe distance to the vehicle ahead, by continuously measuring the distance and lighting up the vehicle’s head up display if the time gap becomes shorter than what the driver has specified (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2007 – Alcoguard, a hand-held device that the driver blows into before they can start the car, mainly aimed for the company-car sector, taxi operators, state authorities and municipalities (S80, V70, XC70)
  • 2008 – City Safety, a system that automatically brakes the car at speeds below 30 km/h (19 mph) if an obstruction is detected in front of the car (new XC60)
  • 2010 – Pedestrian Detection with Auto Brake, a system that warns the driver and automatically brakes the car when a collision with a pedestrian in front of the car is imminent (S60)
  • 2012 – pedestrian airbag, covering the A-pillars and the lower part of the windscreen in case of collision with a pedestrian (Volvo V40)
  • 2012 – knee airbag, for the driver (V40)
  • 2012 – Upgraded City Safety, now working up to 50 km/h (31 mph) (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60, new V40)
  • 2012 – Lane Keeping Aid, a system that steers the car back into the lane again if it is about to unintentionally drift out of the lane (V40)
  • 2012 – Road Sign Information, a system that reads road signs and displays them in the information display, thereby helping the driver to remember speed limits, no-overtaking stretches, low-speed areas, etc. (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, S60, V60, V40)
  • 2012 – Enhanced Blind Spot Information System, now able to detect approaching vehicles up to 70 meters behind the car (V40)
  • 2012 – Cross Traffic Alert, alerting the driver of crossing traffic approaching from the sides (up to 30 meters away) when reversing out of a parking space (V40)
  • 2013 – Cyclist Detection with Auto Brake, a system that warns the driver and automatically brakes the car when a collision with a cyclist travelling in the same direction as the car in front of the car is imminent (S80, V70, XC70, XC60, XC90, S60, V60, V40)
  • 2018 – Head-on crash detection with Auto Brake.

Car models[edit]

Early years[edit]

  • Volvo ÖV 4, a.k.a. Jakob

  • Volvo PV650 Series
  • Volvo TR670 Series
  • Volvo PV 36 Carioca
  • Volvo PV51
  • Volvo PV800 Series (civilian (PV801, PV802, PV810, PV821, PV822 and PV831) and military (TP21/P2104, P2104))
  • Volvo PV 60
  • Volvo PV444/544

  • Volvo Duett (Volvo PV445, P210)
  • Volvo P1900
  • Volvo Amazon/Volvo 122
  • Volvo P1800
  • Volvo 66
  • Volvo C202
  • Volvo C3-series (C303, C304 and C306)

Tri-digit nomenclature[edit]

Starting with the 140 series in 1966, Volvo used a tri-digit system for their cars. The first number was the series, the second number the number of cylinders and the third number the number of doors; so a 164 was a 1-series with a six-cylinder engine and four doors. However, there were exceptions to this rule – the 780 for example, came with turbocharged I4 and naturally aspirated V6 petrol engines and I6 diesel engines, but never an eight-cylinder, as the «eight» would suggest. Similarly, the 760 often was equipped with a turbocharged I4 engine, and the Volvo 360 only had four cylinders. Some 240GLT had a V6 engine. The company dropped the meaning of the final digit for later cars like the 740, but the digit continued to identify cars underhood on the identification plate.

  • Volvo 140 (Volvo 142, Volvo 144, Volvo 145)
  • Volvo 164
  • Volvo 240 (Volvo 242, 244, 245)
  • Volvo 260 (Volvo 262C, 264, 265)
  • Volvo 340 (Volvo 343, 345)
  • Volvo 360
  • Volvo 440/460
  • Volvo 480
  • Volvo 740

    The Volvo 740 was one of the few European passenger cars that could carry a EUR-pallet in its luggage compartment.

  • Volvo 760
  • Volvo 780
  • Volvo 850
  • Volvo 940

    The Volvo 940 series was an evolution of the 740 series, fitted with SIPS (Side Impact Protection System) and other safety features.

  • Volvo 960

Post tri-digit models[edit]

  • Released in 1995[92]
    • Volvo S40
    • Volvo V40
  • Released in 1996[93][94]
    • Volvo S70 replaced the 850 saloon
    • Volvo V70 replaced the 850 estate
    • Volvo S90 replaced the 960 saloon
    • Volvo V90 replaced the 960 estate
  • Released in 1997[94]
    • Volvo C70 coupé
    • Volvo V70 XC
  • Released in 1998[94]
    • Volvo C70 convertible
    • Volvo S80 replaced the Volvo S90
  • Released in 2000[93]
    • Volvo S60 replaced the Volvo S70
    • Volvo V70 II
    • Volvo V70 XC II/XC70
  • Released in 2002[93]
    • Volvo XC90
  • Released in 2004
    • Volvo S40 II replaced the Volvo S40
    • Volvo V50 replaced the Volvo V40
  • Released in 2006
    • Volvo C30
    • Volvo C70 II
    • Volvo S80 II
  • Released in 2007
    • Volvo V70 III
    • Volvo XC70 II
  • Released in 2008
    • Volvo XC60
  • Released in 2010
    • Volvo S60 II replaced the Volvo S60
    • Volvo V60 replaced the Volvo V50
  • Released in 2012
    • Volvo V40 II replaced both the Volvo S40 II and Volvo V50
  • Released in 2014
    • Volvo XC Classic
    • Volvo XC90 II replaced the Volvo XC90
  • Released in 2016
    • Volvo S90 replaced the Volvo S80 II
    • Volvo V90 replaced both the Volvo V70 III and Volvo XC70 II
  • Released in 2017
    • Volvo XC60 II replaced the Volvo XC60
    • Volvo XC40
  • Released in 2018
    • Volvo V60 II replaced the Volvo V60

Current models[edit]

Today, the company uses a system of letters denoting body style followed by the series number. «S» stands for «sedan», «C» stands for «coupé» or «convertible» (including three-door hatchback AKA «shooting brake») and «V» stands for «versatile» (5-door hatchback and station wagon). A V50 is an estate (also under «V») that is smaller than the V70. «XC» stands for «cross country» originally added to a more rugged V70 model as the V70XC and indicates all wheel drive paired with a raised suspension to give it an SUV look. Volvo would later change the name to the «XC70» in keeping with its car naming consistent with the XC90.

Originally, Volvo was planning a different naming scheme. S and C were to be the same, but «F», standing for «flexibility», was to be used on station wagons. When Volvo introduced the first generation S40 and V40 in 1995, they were announced as the S4 and F4. However, Audi complained that it had inherent rights to the S4 name, since it names its sporty vehicles «S», and the yet to be introduced sport version of the Audi A4 would have the S4 name. Volvo agreed to add a second digit, so the vehicles became the S40 and F40. However, that led to another complaint from Ferrari, who used the Ferrari F40 name on their legendary sports car. This led to Volvo switching the «F» to «V», for versatile.[95][96][97]

  • Medium cars (CMA platform)
    • Volvo XC40 2017–present (M/Y 2019–present)
  • Large cars (SPA platform)
    • Volvo XC90 II 2014–present (M/Y 2015–present)
    • Volvo S90 II 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo V90 II 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo V90 Cross Country 2016–present (M/Y 2017–present)
    • Volvo XC60 II 2017–present (M/Y 2018–present)
    • Volvo S60 III 2018–present (M/Y 2018–present)
    • Volvo V60 II 2018–present (M/Y 2019–present)

Future models[edit]

  • Medium cars (CMA platform)
    • Volvo C40[98] 2022–future
  • Medium cars (SEA platform)
    • Volvo EX30[99]
  • Large cars (SPA platform)
    • Volvo XC100[100] 2023-future
    • Volvo EX90 2023-future[101]

Concept cars[edit]

  • Volvo Venus Bilo (1933)
  • Volvo Philip (1952)
  • Volvo Margarete Rose (1953)
  • Volvo Elisabeth I (1953)
  • Volvo GTZ (1969)
  • Volvo GTZ 3000 (1970)
  • Volvo VESC (1972)
  • Volvo 1800 ESC (1972)
  • Volvo EC (1977)
  • Volvo City Taxi (1977)
  • Volvo Tundra (1979)
  • Volvo VCC – Volvo Concept Car (1980)
  • Volvo LCP2000 (1983)
  • Volvo ECC – Environment Concept Car (1992)
  • Volvo ACC – Adventure Concept Car (1997)
  • Volvo SCC – Safety Concept Car (2001)
  • Volvo PCC – Performance Concept Car (2001)
  • Volvo PCC2 (2002)
  • Volvo ACC2 (2002)
  • Volvo VCC – Versatility Concept Car (2003)
  • Volvo YCC – Your Concept Car (2004)
  • Volvo T6 (2005)
  • Volvo 3CC (2005)
  • Volvo C30 Design Concept (2006)
  • Volvo XC60 Concept (2006)
  • Volvo ReCharge Concept (2007)
  • Volvo S60 Concept (2008)
  • C30 DRIVe Electric (2010)
  • Volvo Universe Concept (2011)
  • Volvo Concept You (2011)
  • Volvo Concept Coupe (2013)
  • Volvo Concept Estate (2014)
  • Volvo Concept XC Coupe (2014)
  • Volvo 40.1 (2016)
  • Volvo 40.2 (2016)
  • Volvo 360c (2018)
  • Volvo Concept Recharge (2021)

Alternative propulsion[edit]

In 2019, Volvo announced that it plans to produce only fully electrified cars from the year 2040 onwards. From 2040, it plans to no longer produce internal combustion engine powered vehicles.[90] In March 2021, Volvo doubled down on these plans and committed to being an electric-only car maker by 2030.[102]

The 2005 Volvo FlexiFuel S40 was one of the first E85 flex cars launched in the Swedish market by a domestic automaker. The Volvo FlexiFuel is now offered on the European market.

Flexible-fuel vehicles[edit]

In 2005, Volvo introduced to the Swedish market the company’s first E85 flexifuel models. Volvo introduced its S40 and V50 with flexible-fuel engines, joined in late 2006 by the then new C30. All Volvo models were initially restricted to the Swedish market, until 2007, when these three models were launched in eight new European markets.[103] In 2008, Volvo launched the V70 with a 2.5-litre turbocharged flexifuel engine.[104]

Plug-in hybrids[edit]

The Volvo ReCharge is a plug-in hybrid concept car with an all-electric range (AER) of 60 miles (97 km). It was officially unveiled at the 2007 Frankfurt Auto Show.[105]

On 1 June 2009, Volvo announced the launching of series production diesel-electric plug-in hybrids by 2012.[106][107][108] The company plans to sell a series hybrid with the goal of achieving emissions of less than 50 grams of CO2 per kilometer.[107][108] As part of a joint venture with Vattenfall, a Swedish energy company, Volvo converted two Volvo V70 to plug-in hybrid demonstrators that have been in field testing in Göteborg, Sweden since December 2009.[109] Vattenfall offered customers participating in this trial the supply of renewable electricity generated from wind power or hydropower.[110] Among other challenges, this test has allowed to experience the all-electric range at low temperatures, which has been a disadvantage of plug-in vehicles.[108][109][110]

Electric car[edit]

The Volvo C30 DRIVe Electric concept car was exhibited at the 2010 Paris Motor Show and Volvo announced that field testing will begin in 2011, in the US, Europe, and China.[111] The C30 DRIVe electric car has a lithium-ion battery, a top speed of 130 km/h (81 mph), and an all-electric range of up to 150 kilometres (93 mi). Field testing began in 2010 with 10 units in Göteborg, Sweden.[112]

Gas-turbine Hybrid[edit]

The Volvo ECC (Environmental Concept Car) was exhibited at the 1992 Paris Motor Show. The vehicles range on batteries alone was 90 miles (140 km), and when combined with a full tank of fuel for the turbine, about 415 miles (668 km).

Drive-E engines[edit]

Starting in the 2015 model year (Volvo S60, V60, and XC60), Volvo introduced a line of forced-induction four-cylinder engines, dubbed «Drive-E»,[113] to increase the efficiency of their models without sacrificing performance. These engines also debuted throughout the lineup that year, and also appeared in the second-generation Volvo XC90. Hybridized versions of these engines would, in theory, have enough power to match eight-cylinder engines.

Production locations[edit]

Sweden

  • Torslanda (Volvo Cars Torslanda – Torslandaverken) 1964–present
    • Volvo V60, Volvo XC60, Volvo V90, Volvo XC90
  • Olofström (body components)
  • Skövde (engines)
  • Floby (engine components, brake discs)[114]

Belgium

  • Ghent (Volvo Car Gent) 1965–present
    • Volvo XC40, Volvo S60, Volvo V60

China

  • Chengdu (Zhongjia Automobile Manufacturing) 2013–present
    • Volvo S60L, Volvo XC60
  • Daqing (Daqing Volvo Car Manufacturing) 2014–present
    • Volvo S90, Volvo S90L
  • Luqiao (Zhejiang Geely Manufacturing) 2016–present
    • Volvo XC40
  • Zhangjiakou (engines)

Malaysia

  • Shah Alam (Volvo Car Manufacturing Malaysia) 1967–present
    • Volvo S60, Volvo S90, Volvo V60, Volvo XC40, Volvo XC60, Volvo XC90

India

  • Bangalore (Volvo Auto India) 2017–present
    • Volvo S90, Volvo XC60, Volvo XC90

United States

  • Ridgeville, South Carolina (Volvo Car North America) 2018–present[115][116]
    • Volvo S60

Other facilities[edit]

Sweden

  • Gothenburg (Volvo Cars Headquarters, R&D and Safety Center)
  • Hedared (Hällered Proving Ground)

Engine types[edit]

Volvo uses in-line, or straight engines in their production vehicles. Volvo is also known for the application of the in-line 5-cylinder engine to its vehicle line up since its introduction in 1991 in the Volvo 850.

  • Side valve six – fitted into the PV651/2, TR671/4, PV653/4, TR676/9, PV658/9, PV36, PV51/2, PV53/6, PV801/2, PV821/2, PV831/2 and PV60 from 1929 to 1958
  • B4B and B14A – fitted into the Volvo PV and Volvo Duett from 1947 to 1956
  • B16 (A and B) – fitted into the PV, Duett and Volvo Amazon from 1957 to 1960
  • B18 and B20 – 1.8 L/2.0 L OHV 8v fitted into all Volvo models from 1961 to 1974 except 164 (and 1975 US spec 240 models).
  • B19,   B21,   and B23 – fitted from 1975
  • B200 and B230 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L, respectively, SOHC 8v fitted to 240, 360, 700, 940 series cars from 1985
  • B204 and B234 – 2.0 L and 2.3 L DOHC 16 valve engines
  • B27/B28 and B280 – 2.7 and 2.8 L SOHC 12v developed together with Renault and Peugeot
  • B30 – fitted to all 164 models

Transmissions[edit]

Volvo automatic transmissions in the past were made by the ZF Friedrichshafen company, but now the transmissions are co-developed with Aisin of Japan. Geartronic is Volvo Cars’ name for its manumatic transmission.

Automatic transmissions[edit]

  • Borg-Warner 35 transmission
  • Borg-Warner 55 transmission
  • Volvo AW70 series transmissions
    • Volvo AW70 transmission
    • Volvo AW71 transmission
    • Volvo AW72 transmission
  • AW50-42 (4-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AW55-50/51 (5-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • GM4T65EV/GT (4-speed GM automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • AWTF-80 SC (6-speed automatic, FWD/AWD)
  • ZF 4HP22 transmission (4-speed automatic transmission, 4×4)[citation needed]

Manual transmissions[edit]

  • Volvo M30 transmission
  • Volvo M40 transmission
  • Volvo M400 & M410 transmission
  • Volvo M41 transmission
  • Volvo M45 transmission
  • Volvo M46 transmission
  • Volvo M47 transmission
  • Volvo M50 transmission
  • Volvo M51 transmission
  • Volvo M56 transmission
  • Volvo M58 transmission
  • Volvo M59 transmission
  • Volvo M65 transmission
  • Volvo M66 transmission
  • Volvo M90 transmission
  • IB5
  • MTX-75
  • MMT6
  • MPS6 (6-speed dual clutch Powershift, FWD)

Motorsport[edit]

In 1959, Volvo had set up its own motorsport department. This led to Volvo enjoying worldwide success in the motorsport arena throughout the early 1960s. In 1961, Gran Premio de Argentina Gunnar Andersson was appointed Volvo’s competition department manager, signing a number of drivers, including Carl-Magnus Skogh, Tom Trana and Ewy Rosqvist, though he himself still continued to compete in rallies. In 1964, Volvo made heavy investments in the Safari Rally, entering four Volvo PV544s in the 1964 competition. A PV544, borrowed from Volvo and then modified[117] and driven by Joginder and Jaswant Singh won the Safari Rally in 1965.[118]

Volvo entered the European Touring Car Championship with the Volvo 240 Turbo in the 1980s. In the 1984 European Touring Car Championship, the Swedish team Sportpromotion won the EG Trophy at Zolder circuit, followed by placing second in the Mugello. In 1985, Volvo signed Swiss engine guru Ruedi Eggenberger to run its works team through Eggenberger Motorsport. Team drivers Gianfranco Brancatelli and Thomas Lindström led the 240T to victory in the 1985 ETCC.

Also in 1985, New Zealander Mark Petch had purchased a 240T from the Magnum team in Sweden (and claimed to run the only privateer Volvo 240T outside of Europe), and drivers Robbie Francevic and Michel Delcourt had also won the Wellington 500 street race in New Zealand in January. Francevic went on to finish 5th in the 1985 Australian Touring Car Championship, taking wins at Symmons Plains and Oran Park. The factory-supported Petch team also participated in the 1985 Bathurst 1000. Thomas Lindström later joined Francevic to win the 1986 Wellington 500. The Petch team become the Volvo Dealer Team in 1986, and expanded to two cars, with the other being for John Bowe, who had driven the Volvo with Francevic at the 1985 Bathurst 1000.

Volvo contracted Belgian based team RAS Sport to be its works team in the ETCC in 1986, following Eggenberger moving to race Ford Sierra’s. This team included defending champion Lindström, joined by ex-Formula One and Grand Prix motorcycle racer Johnny Cecotto, as well as Ulf Granberg and Anders Olofsson. The team took wins at wins at Hockenheim, Anderstorp, Brno, Österreichring and Zolder, though the wins at Anderstorp and the Österreichring were disqualified due to the use of illegal fuel.

The 240T also entered the Guia Race, part of the Macau Grand Prix in 1985, 1986 and 1987, winning in both 1985 and 1986.

Volvo also saw success in the Deutsche Tourenwagen Meisterschaft (German Touring Car Championship), with a 240 Turbo driven by Per Stureson winning the 1985 DTM.

Volvo also entered the British Touring Car Championship in the 1990s with Tom Walkinshaw Racing. This partnership was responsible for the controversial 850 Estate racing cars, driven by Rickard Rydell and Jan Lammers and with a best qualifying placing of third and a best race finish of fifth, which was only rendered uncompetitive when the FIA allowed the use of aerodynamic aids in 1995. TWR then built and ran the works 850 Saloon, with six wins in 1995, and five wins in 1996, and a S40, with one win in 1997 in the BTCC, as well as Volvo placing third in the Manufacturers Championship, both in 1995 and 1996. In 1998, TWR Volvo won the British Touring Car Championship with Rickard Rydell driving the S40R.

Volvo also competed in the Super Touring category with the 850 across Europe and in Australia. Australian race car driver Peter Brock drove an 850 T5 with Tony Scott in the 1994 James Hardie 12 Hour production car race at Bathurst, finishing 25th. He also drove an 850 saloon in the 1996 Australian Super Touring Championship, placing sixth in the Drivers’ Championship.

Volvo regularly entered the S60 in the Swedish Touring Car Championship, where it finished 2nd in the drivers’ championship twice and won the manufacturers’ title once. The S60 continued to be raced after the formation of the Scandinavian Touring Car Championship, a merger of the Swedish and Danish touring car championships. Thed Björk won three consecutive titles from 2013 to 2015, driving an S60 prepared by Polestar Racing.

From 2002 to 2007, there was an S60 one-make racing series as a support series to the Swedish Touring Car Championship known as the S60 Challenge Cup, using 26 factory-modified S60s.

An S60 was driven by Robert Dahlgren in the Swedish round of the 2007 World Touring Car Championship.

The first generation S60 made its competitive debut in 2006, racing in the Speed World Challenge GT class. The second-generation model was introduced for the 2009 season. In 2010, its programme was expanded to include the SCAA Pro Racing World Challenge, where it won both the drivers’ and manufacturers’ championships in the GT class. The programme was expanded again in 2011, to include the Pirelli World Challenge.[119]

In 2008, Volvo entered the Swedish Touring Car Championship with a C30 powered by bioethanol E85 fuel. Robert Dahlgren and Tommy Rustad were the drivers, finishing 5th and 10th respectively in the championship. Volvo had also signalled their intentions to enter the 2009 British Touring Car Championship with the same car.[120]

Volvo entered the V8 Supercars Championship with two S60s in 2014 with Garry Rogers Motorsport, and were immediately competitive. Following ten pole positions and four race wins, Scott McLaughlin finished fifth in the championship and was awarded the Barry Sheene Medal.[122]

Marketing[edit]

The symbol for Mars has been used since ancient times to represent iron.

The name Volvo is Latin for «I roll».

Logo[edit]

The Volvo symbol is an ancient chemistry sign for iron. The iron sign is used to symbolize the strength of iron used in the car as Sweden is known for its quality iron. The diagonal line (a strip of metal) across the grille came about to hold the actual symbol, a circle with an arrow, in front of the radiator.[123]

[edit]

Volvo has, since the 1950s, had special international sales programs for customers assigned abroad, for example Diplomat Sales, Military Sales and Expat Sales.

The Volvo trademark is now jointly owned (50/50) by Volvo Group and Volvo Car Corporation.[124] One of the main promotional activities for the brand is the sailing Race Volvo Ocean Race, formerly known as the Whitbread Around the World Race. There is also a Volvo Baltic Race and Volvo Pacific Race, and Volvo likes to encourage its image by sponsoring golf tournaments all over the world including major championship events called the Volvo Masters and Volvo China Open.

Volvo sponsored the Volvo Ocean Race, the world’s leading round-the-world yacht race for the first time in 2001–02. The next edition was to take place between 2011 and 2012. Volvo has also had a long-standing commitment to the International Sailing Federation (ISAF) and is involved in the Volvo/ISAF World Youth Sailing Championships since 1997.

In 2011, Volvo Cars is the main sponsor of the winter sports and music festival Snowbombing in Austria.

In 2012, Volvo signed NBA star Jeremy Lin to an endorsement agreement for two years to participate in Volvo’s corporate and marketing activities as a «brand ambassador» for Volvo Car Corp.[125]

In 2015, Volvo signed a deal with Chennaiyin FC, a football franchise team of the Indian Super League as a side shirt sponsor.

Video games[edit]

In May 2009, Volvo – The Game was released. It was developed by Simbin Studios (now Sector3 Studios).[126]

Volvo trademark lawsuit[edit]

In 1990, Volvo Cars filed a lawsuit against Hong Kong-based Club Volvo night club for infringement in Hong Kong High Court. The lawsuit ended with settlement where the night club paid 1 dollar to Volvo Cars. Since then, Club Volvo had been renamed to Club Borubo (the Japanese pronunciation of «Volvo»), and then Club Bboss (reference to Big Boss).[127][128][129]

See also[edit]

  • British Touring Car Championship (BTCC)
  • Polestar (in-house performance division)
  • Polestar Racing (STCC)
  • Garry Rogers Motorsport (V8 Supercars)
  • Saab Automobile
  • The Saint (TV series)
  • Tom Trana
  • Volvo – The Game
  • Volvo Penta
  • Tom Walkinshaw Racing (TWR)
  • Jan Wilsgaard

References[edit]

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External links[edit]

  • Official website Edit this at Wikidata
  • Wikibooks:Vehicle Identification Numbers (VIN codes)/Volvo/VIN codes

Вольво (марка автомобилей)

Вольво (марка автомобилей)
Volvo Cars
Год основания

1924

Ключевые фигуры

Стефан Оделл (главный управляющий)

Тип

Дочерняя компания Ford Motor Company

Девиз компании

Volvo. For Life. (Вольво. Для жизни.)

Расположение

Флаг Швеции Гётеборг (Швеция)

Отрасль

Автомобилестроение

Оборот

$34,48 млрд (2008 год)[1]

Операционная прибыль

$1,915 млрд (2008 год)

Чистая прибыль

$1,21 млрд (2008 год)

Веб-сайт

www.volvocars.com

Volvo Cars (русск. Вольво Карз) (официальное название Volvo Personvagnar AB) — шведская автомобилестроительная компания, производитель автомобилей марки «Вольво». Штаб-квартира — в городе Гётеборг, Швеция. В переводе с латыни «volvo» означает «я кручусь» или «я качусь».

Содержание

  • 1 История
  • 2 Собственники и руководство
  • 3 Деятельность
    • 3.1 Volvo в России
  • 4 Примечания
  • 5 Расшифровка VIN Volvo
    • 5.1 Позиция 6-7: Код двигателя
  • 6 См. также
  • 7 Ссылки

История

Компания основана в 1924 году Ассаром Габриелсоном (швед. Assar Gabrielsson) и Густафом Ларсоном (швед. Gustaf Larson) как дочерняя компания известного производителя подшипников 1935 году Volvo обретает полную независимость от SKF.

C 1999 года Volvo Cars становится подразделением концерна Ford и входит в состав Premium Automotive Group.

Собственники и руководство

С 1999 года Volvo Cars находится под контролем Ford Motor Company. Капитализация на Стокгольмской фондовой бирже — 256,86 млрд шведских крон ($37,91 млрд).

Главный управляющий — Стефан Оделл.

Деятельность

Бренд Volvo делает в своей рекламе особый упор на безопасность автомобилей этой марки, как активную, так и пассивную.

Несмотря на то что Volvo продала своё подразделение Volvo Car, в состав группы VOLVO входят следующие подразделения[2]:

  • Volvo Trucks (выпускает грузовые автомобили)
  • Mack Trucks
  • Renault Trucks
  • Nissan Diesel
  • Volvo Buses
  • Volvo Construction Equipment
  • Volvo Penta
  • Volvo Aero
  • Volvo Financial Services

В 2006 году компанией было продано 219 931 грузовых автомобилей. Выручка группы в 2008 году увеличилась на 6 % до 34,48 млрд долларов, чистая прибыль снизилась на 33 % и составила 1,21 млрд долларов.[1]

Volvo в России

У компании имеется небольшое автосборочное производство в подмосковном Зеленограде. В год этот завод выпускает 500 грузовиков.

В апреле 2007 года представители компании сообщили, что Volvo собирается построить завод по сборке грузовиков в Калуге стоимостью €100 млн. Предприятие начнёт производство в 2009 году и будет ежегодно собирать 10 000 грузовых автомобилей Volvo и 5000 — [3].

Продажи компании в России в 2007 году составили 21077 легковых автомобилей.

Примечания

  1. 1 2 Volvo получила 173,7 млн долларов квартального убытка
  2. http://www.volvo.com/group/global/en-gb/group_home.htm
  3. Плохие новости для «Камаза». Volvo будет собирать грузовики в России // Ведомости, № 71 (1845), 20 апреля 2007

Расшифровка VIN Volvo

Позиция 6-7: Код двигателя

  • 38 = B5244S4 (S40/V50 2.4i FWD)
  • 66 = B5244S5 (S40 2.4 FWD)

См. также

  • Автобусы Volvo
  • Вольво P1800
  • Volvo C202
  • Volvo C30

Ссылки

  • Volvo Car Russia (Вольво в России)(рус.)
  • Volvo Group
  • Volvo Car

Модельный ряд автомобилей Volvo

Автомобили Volvo с 1920 до 1959 года

Type 1920s 1930s 1940s 1950s
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Кабриолеты ÖV 4
Седаны PV 4 600 series PV444
PV544
PV 50 series Amazon/120/130
Luxury Car PV 36 PV 60
Estate car Duett
Sports car P1900

November 27 2010, 01:40

Category:

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Как писать названия автомобилей в русском языке

Мне так понравилось (и оказалось кстати), что скопировала этот кусочек с грамоты.ру целиком:

  • Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан», но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.
  • Названия, написанные латиницей, в кавычки не заключаются: автомобили Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.
  • Неоднословные названия (марка и модель автомобиля), написанные кириллицей, пишутся через дефис, при этом все части наименования пишутся с прописной буквы: «Лада-Приора», «Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц», «Ниссан-Альмера-Классик», «Сузуки-Гранд-Витара». Но: «Фольксваген-жук» (перекличка с нарицательным существительным).
  • Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ.
  • В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения пишутся без кавычек, например: Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке). Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: москвичок, фордик, уазик.

    (Особенно меня заинтересовало про «Хёндай». Я как неграмотное по вопросам транслитерации и автомобилизма быдло доселе все два раза в жизни говорила и писала «хиундай», впредь буду умнее.)

  • Всего найдено: 10

    Как правильно пишутся названия зарубежных автомобилей (Ford, Форд или «форд»)?

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Вот основные правила.

    Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

    • Названия, написанные латиницей, в кавычки не заключаются: автомобили Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

    • Неоднословные названия (марка и модель автомобиля), написанные кириллицей, пишутся через дефис, при этом все части наименования пишутся с прописной буквы: «Лада-Приора», «Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц», «Ниссан-Альмера-Классик», «Сузуки-Гранд-Витара». Но: «Фольксваген-жук» (перекличка с нарицательным существительным).

    • Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ.

    • В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения пишутся без кавычек, например: Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке). Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: москвичок, фордик, уазик.

    Здравствуйте! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно оформляются названия марок машин, отечественных и зарубежных (прописная или строчная, кавычки? в т.ч. в таких случаях, как: автомобили марки ВАЗ. Благодарю Вас

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    • Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

    • Названия, написанные латиницей, в кавычки не заключаются: автомобили Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

    • Неоднословные названия (марка и модель автомобиля), написанные кириллицей, пишутся через дефис, при этом все части наименования пишутся с прописной буквы: «Лада-Приора», «Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц», «Ниссан-Альмера-Классик», «Сузуки-Гранд-Витара». Но: «Фольксваген-жук» (перекличка с нарицательным существительным).

    • Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ.

    • В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения пишутся без кавычек, например: Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке). Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: москвичок, фордик, уазик.

    Доброе утро, скажите, пожалуйста, какого рода слово «Вольво» (марка машины).

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Это слово может выступать как существительное мужского рода (как слово автомобиль) и как существительное женского рода (машина).

    Здравствуйте,

    Как грамотнее сказать: я езжу на «Вольво» или я езжу на «Вольве»?

    Спасибо.

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Грамотен первый вариант.

    как правильно писать марки автомобилей — с прописной или строчной, в кавычках или нет

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Приводим рекомендации из рубрики «Письмовник» нашего портала:

  • Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

  • Названия, написанные латиницей, в кавычки не заключаются: автомобили Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

  • Неоднословные названия (марка и модель автомобиля), написанные кириллицей, пишутся через дефис, при этом все части наименования пишутся с прописной буквы: «Лада-Приора», «Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц», «Ниссан-Альмера-Классик», «Сузуки-Гранд-Витара». Но: «Фольксваген-жук» (перекличка с нарицательным существительным).

  • Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ.

  • В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения пишутся без кавычек, например: Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке). Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: москвичок, фордик, уазик.

  • Хотелось бы узнать, как правильно в тексте указывать марку машины, например ниссан. В кавычках или без, с маленькой или большой буквы?

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «шкода», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях окончательное решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

    То и дело сталкиваешься с названиями автомобилей. Как их писать? Ни один из справочников и учебников (в т.ч. Розенталь) не дает однозначного ответа. Форд или форд? «Форд» или «форд»? А как, к примеру, писать форд эксплорер 517 JP?
    Спасибо
    С уважением А.Н.

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

    Названия, написанные латиницей, в кавычки не заключаются: автомобили Toyota Yaris, Peugeot 306, Daewoo Matiz, Škoda Fabia, Lada Priora.

    Неоднословные названия (марка и модель автомобиля), написанные кириллицей, пишутся через дефис, при этом все части наименования пишутся с прописной буквы: «Лада-Приора», «Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц», «Ниссан-Альмера-Классик», «Сузуки-Гранд-Витара». Но: «Фольксваген-жук» (перекличка с нарицательным существительным).

    Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ.

    В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения пишутся без кавычек, например: Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке). Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: москвичок, фордик, уазик.

    См.:

    Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно писать слово тойота – в кавычках или без кавычек, с прописной или со строчной буквы?
    slavyanka

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Справочники рекомендуют писать названия марок автомобилей в кавычках с прописной буквы: автомобили «Волга», «Вольво», «Ниссан», «Шкода» «Тойота», а названия самих автомобилей как технических изделий – со строчной буквы в кавычках (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами – личными и географическими). Например: «кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота», «ниссан»,  но: «Волга», «Ока» (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: «жигули», «мерседес» (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной). Однако на практике различить, в каком случае наименование представляет собой название марки автомобиля, а в каком – наименование технического изделия, часто представляется затруднительным: Всем автомобилям он предпочитает «Тойоту» / «тойоту». В спорных случаях решение о написании с прописной или строчной буквы принимает автор текста.

    Уважаемые эксперты! Вопрос 224088 — белый «ниссан», вопрос 189629 — «ниссан», вопрос 203724 — «Ниссан Теана», «лексус», «максима»,»теана» — рекомендуете писать в кавычках и со строчной (за исключением почему-то «Ниссан Теана»?); а вопрос 207157 — ниссан-микра, шевроле-авео — рекомендуете писать со строчной, без кавычек и через дефис. Как правильно? Вычитываю журнал, контекст: «куплена машина Ниссан Теана за… тысяч долларов». Надеюсь на ответ: нужно для работы. Спасибо.

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    Правила написания названий автомобилей, сформулированные в полном академическом справочнике «Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации» и в орфографическом словаре В. В. Лопатина, И. В. Нечаевой, Л. К. Чельцовой «Прописная или строчная?», таковы.
    Названия производственных марок технических изделий (в том числе машин) заключаются в кавычки и пишутся с прописной буквы: _автомобили «Москвич-412», «Волга», «Вольво»_. Однако названия самих этих изделий (кроме названий, совпадающих с собственными именами — личными и географическими) пишутся в кавычках со строчной буквы, напр.: _«кадиллак», «москвич», «тойота»_, но: _«Волга», «Ока»_ (совпадают с именами собственными, поэтому пишутся с большой буквы). Исключения: _«жигули», «мерседес»_ (совпадают с именами собственными, но пишутся со строчной).
    Аббревиатурные названия пишутся без кавычек: _ЗИЛ, ВАЗ, КамАЗ_.
    В бытовом употреблении названия средств передвижения могут употребляться без кавычек. Напр.: _Приехал на стареньком москвиче (на роскошном кадиллаке)_. Без кавычек пишутся также разговорные названия машин с уменьшительно-ласкательными суффиксами, напр.: _москвичок, фордик, уазик_.
    Что касается написания двойных названий (марка и модель автомобиля), то соответствующих рекомендаций в справочных пособиях по русскому языку нет. Только в «Справочнике издателя и автора» А. Э. Мильчина, Л. К. Чельцовой приведен пример _«Опель-омега»_, но возникает вопрос, можно ли считать данный пример показательным для написания аналогичных компонентов других названий (_Королла, Меган, Сценик, Гетц_ и пр.), учитывая, что слово _омега_ совпадает с нарицательным существительным – названием буквы греческого алфавита. На наш взгляд, корректно такое написание: _«Тойота-Королла», «Рено-Меган», «Ниссан-Теана», «Хёндай-Гетц»_ и пр. А дефис ставится вот почему. В русском языке для передачи иностранных названий, пишущихся в языке-источнике раздельно, используется дефис, ср.: _Нью-Йорк_ – New York.
    В заключение отметим, что написание названий марок автомобилей (как и других изделий техники и электроники) является одной из самых неупорядоченных и неустойчивых областей современной русской орфографии и задачу регламентирования написания таких наименований еще предстоит решать лингвистам.

    К вопросу 224088. Как же правильно писать названия автомобилей типа «мазда», «мерседес», «фольксваген», «вольво» — в кавычках и со строчной буквы?

    Ответ справочной службы русского языка

    См. ответ № 180617 .

    Днем рождения VOLVO считается 14 апреля 1927 года — день, когда с завода в Гетеборге выехал первый автомобиль под названием «Jacob». Однако настоящая история развития Концерна началась несколькими годами позже.

    Ассар Габриелссон и Густаф Ларсон

    РОЖДЕНИЕ VOLVO

    Днем рождения VOLVO считается 14 апреля 1927 года — день, когда с завода в Гетеборге выехал первый автомобиль под названием «Jacob». Однако настоящая история развития Концерна началась несколькими годами позже.
    20-е годы характеризуются началом реального развития автомобильной промышленности одновременно в США и Европе. В Швеции по-настоящему стали интересоваться автомобилями в 1923 году после выставки в Гетеборге. В начале 20-х годов в страну ввозилось 12 тысяч машин. В 1925 году их число достигло 14,5 тыс. На международном рынке производители, в погоне за увеличением своих объемов, не всегда избирательно подходили к комплектующим, поэтому качество конечной продукции зачастую оставляло желать лучшего, а как следствие, многие из таких производителей быстро разорялись. Для создателей VOLVO вопрос качества был основополагающим. Поэтому их основной задачей было сделать правильный выбор среди поставщиков. Кроме этого, после сборки обязательно проводились испытания. По сегодняшний день VOLVO следует этому принципу.

    Ассар Габриелссон

    Густаф Ларсон

    СОЗДАТЕЛИ VOLVO

    Ассар Габриелссон и Густаф Ларсон являются создателями VOLVO. Ассар Габриелссон Сын Габриела Габриелссона, управляющего офисом, и Анны Ларссон, родился 13 августа 1891 года в Косберге, графство Скараборг. Закончил Высшую Латинскую Школу Норра в г. Стокгольме в 1909 году. Получил степень бакалавра экономических наук и бизнеса в Школе Экономистов в г. Стокгольме в 1911 году. Проработав чиновником и стенографистом в Нижней Палате Шведского Парламента, Габриелссон получил место торгового менеджера в компании «SKF» в 1916 году Основал VOLVO и занимал должности Президента до 1956 года.

    ГУСТАФ ЛАРСОН

    Сын Ларса Ларсона, фермера, и Хильды Магнессон, родился 8 июля 1887 года в Винтросе, графство Еребро. В 1911 году закончил Техническую Начальную Школу в Еребро; получил диплом инженера в Королевском Технологическом Институте в 1917 году. В Англии с 1913 по 1916 г. работал инженером по дизайну в компании «White and Popper Ltd». После окончания Королевского Технологического Института Густаф Ларсон работал в компании «SKF» в качестве менеджера и главного инженера Трансмиссионного Отдела фирмы в Гетеборге и Катринхолме с 1917 по 1920 г. Работал менеджером на заводе, а позже -Техническим директором и Исполнительным Вице-Президентом компании «Nya AB Gaico» с 1920 по 1926 г. Сотрудничал с Ассаром Габриелссоном с целью создания «VOLVO». С 1926 по 1952 г. — Технический Директор и Исполнительный Вице-Президент компании «VOLVO».

    ДВА ЧЕЛОВЕКА, ОБЪЕДИНЕННЫХ ОДНОЙ ИДЕЕЙ

    На протяжении нескольких лет работы в компании «SKF» Ассар Габриелссон отмечал, что шведские шарикоподшипники были недороги по сравнению с ценами международного стандарта, и все сильнее крепла идея создания производства шведских автомобилей, которые способны были бы конкурировать с американскими машинами. Ассар Габриелссон работал с Густафом Ларсоном на протяжении нескольких лет в компании «SKF», и двое людей, проработав также вместе несколько лет в британской автомобильной промышленности, научились признавать и уважать опыт и «ноу-хау» друг Друга.
    Густаф Ларсон также имел виды на создание собственного шведского автомобилестроения. Их сходные взгляды и задачи привели к сотрудничеству после первых же нескольких случайных встреч в 1924 году В результате они решили основать шведскую автомобильную компанию. Пока Густаф Ларсон нанимал молодых механиков для сборки автомобилей, Ассар Габриелссон изучал экономическую почву для осуществления их задумки. Летом 1925 года Ассар Габриелссон вынужден был использовать свои собственные сбережения для финансирования пробной серии продукции, состоящей из 10 пассажирских легковых автомобилей.

    OV4 "Jacob"

    Машины были собраны на заводе «Galco’s Stockholm», привлекая интересы «SKF», доля капитала которой в компании «VOLVO» составляла 200 000 шведских крон. Также «SKF» сделала «VOLVO» подконтрольной, но способной к росту автомобильной компанией.

    Все работы были перемещены в Гетеборг и соседний Хисинген, а оборудование компании «SKF» в итоге было перемещено на производственную территорию «VOLVO». Ассар Габриелссон выделял 4 базисных критерия, способствующих успешному развитию шведской автомобильной компании: Швеция была развитой промышленной страной; низкий уровень заработной платы в Швеции; шведская сталь имела твердую репутацию во всем мире; существовала четкая необходимость в создании пассажирских легковых автомобилей на шведских дорогах. Решение Габриелссона и Ларсона начать производство пассажирских легковых автомобилей в Швеции было четко сформулировано и основывалось на нескольких концепциях бизнеса: — производство легковых автомобилей VOLVO. «VOLVO» будет ответственна и за конструкцию машин, и за сборочные работы, а материалы и компоненты будут приобретаться у других компаний; — стратегически обеспечиться основными субподрядчиками. «VOLVO» должна найти надежную поддержку и, если необходимо, партнеров в сфере железнодорожного транспорта. — концентрация на экспорте. Продажи на экспорт начались год спустя после запуска конвейерного производства. — внимание на качество. Ни усилий, ни расходов нельзя жалеть в процессе создания автомобиля. Дешевле наладить производство в верном направлении в начале пути, чем позволять ошибки и исправлять их в конце. Это один из основных реперов Ассара Габриелссона. Если Ассар Габриелссон был проницателен в бизнесе, то блистательный финансист и торговец Густаф Ларсон был гением машиностроения. Вместе Габриелссон и Ларсон контролировали две основные области деятельности «VOLVO» — экономику и машиностроение. Усилия двух людей основывались на решительности и дисциплине — два качества, которые часто являлись залогом успеха бизнеса в промышленности на протяжении 1-й половины XX в. Таков был их общий подход, который заложил фундамент первой и наиболее важной ценности VOLVO — качеству

    НАЗВАНИЕ VOLVO

    Компания «SKF» выступила серьезным гарантом производства первой тысячи автомобилей: 500 — с откидным верхом и 500 — с жестким. Поскольку одним из основных направлений деятельности «SKF» является производство подшипников, то для автомобилей было предложено название «VOLVO», что в переводе с латыни означает «я качусь». Таким образом, 1927 год стал годом рождения VOLVO.

    Для характеристики своего чада был необходим символ. Им стала сталь и шведская тяжелая промышленность, с тех пор как автомобили начали производиться из шведской стали. «Символ железа» или «символ Марса», как его называли в честь римского бога войны, был размещен в центре решетки радиатора на первом пассажирском легковом автомобиле VOLVO, а позже на всех грузовых автомобилях VOLVO. «Знак Марса» плотно прикрепили к радиатору наипростейшим методом: стальной обод был присоединен диагонально, поперек решетки радиатора. В результате, диагональная полоса стала надежным и хорошо известным символом «VOLVO» и ее продукции, фактически одной из самых сильных торговых марок в автомобильной промышленности.

    1926

    10 августа 1926 года прогнозы Ассара Габриелссона убедили руководство «SKF» пустить в оборот ее бездействующие денежные средства, вложив в компанию «VOLVO», помимо ранее помещенных 200 000 шведских крон. Кроме того, «SKF» предоставила дополнительный кредит в размере 1 000 000 шведских крон компании «VOLVO», покрыв тем самым предшествующие потери «VOLVO», которые сопутствовали ей в первые годы существования до получения прибыли в 1929 году К 1935 году «VOLVO» получала прибыль в течение 5 последующих лет. «SKF», получив несколько выпущенных акций, увеличила свою долю капитала до 13 000 000 шведских крон. Руководство осознавало, что пришло время зарегистрировать акции «VOLVO» на Стокгольмской Фондовой Бирже, что было одобрено акционерами. Приобретение компанией «SKF» значительной части акций обеспечило им незамедлительное повышение в цене и получение звания «народных», существующих до сих пор.

    1927

    Первый автомобиль серийного производства OV4 «Jacob» выехал с завода Хисинген в Гетеборге 14 апреля. Этим событием. ознаменовалось рождение новой эры шведской индустрии. «Jacob» был сделан на базе американской модели, где шасси спереди и сзади имели листовые рессоры. Четырехцилиндровый мотор развивал мощность до 28 л.с. при 2 000 об/мин. Максимальная скорость движения этого автомобиля была 90 км/ч, однако крейсерской была заявлена скорость в 60 км/ч. Автомобиль был установлен на так называемые «артиллерийские колеса», которые имели спицы из натурального дерева и съемный обод. Кузов был пятиместный и имел откидной верх и четыре двери внутри, он был отделан кожей и устанавливался на раму, сделанную из ясеня и бука. Продажная стоимость этого автомобиля с откидным верхом была 4 800 крон, а с жесткой крышей 5 800 крон. В первый год темп производства был очень низким из-за взятых на себя фирмой «VOLVO» очень жестких обязательств по качеству

    1928

    Гораздо большим, чем предполагалось, успехом стала пользоваться модификация с жестким верхом, поэтому план на выпуск 500 автомобилей со складывающимся верхом и 500 — с жестким был очень быстро скорректирован. Было начато производство VOLVO «Special», которая получила модельное название PV4. Капот стал длиннее, формы передней части — более аэродинамичны, лобовое стекло — несколько короче. Модель комплектовалась задним прямоугольным фонарем и бампером. Тормоза на передние колеса были заявлены как опция, и их установка стоила 200 крон. Эрнст Грауер — это человек, с именем которого связано начало успеха VOLVO. Он явился своего рода первым дилером компании через которого прошла вся серия OV4

    ÖV 4

    В это же время «VOLVO» начала выпуск грузовика «Type 1». Малолитражные грузовички уже выпускались на шасси «Jacob» в 1927 году, сам проект уже существовал в 1926 году Производство грузовиков пользовалось успехом. В 1928 году в Финляндии, в г. Хельсинки, было открыто первое представительство «Оу VOLVO Auto ВА’.

    1929

    После начала производства «Jacob» «VOLVO» стала разрабатывать шестицилиндровый мотор.
    Первый автомобиль с шестицилиндровым двигателем PV651 прошел презентацию в апреле. Буквы PV на шведском означают «экипаж», а цифры 651 — шесть цилиндров, пять сидений и первая серия.
    PV651 — это был автомобиль длиннее и шире и с рамой значительно жестче, чем у «Jacob». Более мощный мотор был по достоинству оценен,особенно в такси.
    В 1929 году было продано 1383 машины. 27 было продано на экспорт. Первый журнал для владельцев VOLVO появился в этом году. Его назвали «Ratten» («Руль»). Ральф Хенссон, менеджер по экспорту, стал первым редактором журнала. Обложку первого издания украсил портрет Хьялмара Уоллина, одного из розничных продавцов компании «VOLVO» в Гетеборге.

    Издания распространялись среди служащих «VOLVO» и различных заинтересованных партнеров. В результате «Ratten» стал журналом для покупателей. Сегодня «Ratten» -одно из крупных изданий в Швеции и самый долговечный журнал для покупателей в стране.
    После второй мировой войны было опубликовано специальное издание журнала «Ratten». Помимо единственного текста, написанного на шведском языке, расположившегося на обложке журнала под названием «Объяснения и извинения перед читателями Швеции», весь журнал был издан на английском. Причина этому как объяснила «VOLVO», заключалась в том, что ее экспортные продажи не принесли ни слова информации за границу о прогрессе и развитии компании на протяжении долгих лет войны, которая только завершилась.

    1930

    После успешного дебюта модели PV651 в такси, «VOLVO» решила более серьезно подойти к производству автомобилей такого предназначения.
    В марте 1930 года «VOLVO» выпускает две новые модели TR671 и TR672 с семью пассажирскими местами. Машина предназначалась именно для перевозки людей. Шасси этой модели полностью совпадали с PV650/651.

    В августе 1930 года состоялась презентация новой версии PV651-PV652. В этой машине были модифицированные сиденья и торпеда. Задние крылья стали более длинные, а лобовое стекло — более округлое. Стоимость этой машины была 6 900 крон.

    VOLVO ОДЕВАЕТ ТОРМОЗА

    Как часть философии безопасности и качества, которые были всегда составной торговой марки «VOLVO», в 1930 году были представлены гидравлические тормоза на 4 колеса. Тормоза были настолько эффективны, что предупредительные треугольники часто закреплялись на задние бамперы и багажники легковых и грузовых автомобилей VOLVO для предупреждения других транспортных средств от тормозного эффекта и для сохранения дистанции.

    В этом году «VOLVO» купила завод, который поставлял моторы «Pentaverken». Кроме этого, ранее принадлежавшие «SKF» помещения звода Хисинген также стали владениями VOLVO». Таким образом, рабочий персонал «VOLVO» стал исчисляться сотнями человек.

    1931

    Международный экономический кризис привел к снижению продаж автомобилей в Швеции. Кроме этого, сильную конкуренцию создавала компания «General Motors», которая имела в Стокгольме свой завод по производству Chevrolet. 90% производимых автомобилей VOLVO продавалось в Швеции, и только опираясь на шведский патриотизм, удалось выстоять в этот период. В этом году была выпущена новая модель для такси TR673, TR674. В этом же году впервые в истории «VOLVO» были выплачены дивиденды соучредителям.

    1932

    В январе модель получает ряд серьезных конструктивных изменений. Литраж двигателя увеличился до 3,366 см3, что дало увеличение мощности до 65 л.с. при оборотах 3200 об/мин. Коробка передач стала четырехступенчатой вместо трех, на второй и третьей передачах установили синхронизаторы. В результате всех этих изменений крейсерская скорость увеличилась на 20%. С начала 1927 года количество проданных автомобилей превысило 10 000 штук: 3800 легковых, где 1000 с четырехцилиндровым мотором, 2800 с шестицилиндровым, и 6200 грузовиков.

    1933

    В августе 1933 года прошла презентация новых моделей PV653 (стандарт) и PV654 (люкс). Шасси этих моделей были сходны с PV651/652, однако было одно отличие, которое заключалось в усилении подвески центральными траверсами. Кузова были уже полностью металлические. Колеса остались принципиально те же, то есть спицевые, но их дизайн стал более стильный. Все приборы и различные клавиши управления были собраны со всей торпеды в одну приборную панель, а «бардачок» стал закрываемым. В эти годы значимой характеристикой становится шумоизоляция салона. «VOLVO» проделала большую работу в этом плане. Карбюратор получил фильтр, и появился глушитель, причем установка того и другого была рассчитана и выполнена так, что мотор нисколько не потерял в мощности. Люксовая модель отличалась от стандарта задними фонарями и двумя звуковыми сигналами, установленными под фарами.k8]

    В 1933 году Густаф Д-М Эрикссои представил один автомобиль ручной сборки, который был сделан в единственном экземпляре и был назван «Venus Bito». На тот момент это был революционный автомобиль с точки» зрения аэродинамики, однако рынок был не готов оцештш его преимущества, поэтому «Venus Bito» не получил серийного тиражирования. Однако в будущем принципы аэродинамики кузова этого автомобиля конечно же получили свое полное воплощение. Для «VOLVO» это стало своего рода урокам, показывающим, что опережать время так же бессмысленно, как и отставать.

    1934

    Весной этого года была выпущена новая модель семиместного такси. Новая модель получила название TR675/679 и сменила PV653/654. Принципиальных отличий она не имела.

    За 1934 год было продано 2984 автомобиля, из них 775 — на экспорт.

    1935

    Это был счастливый год для «VOLVO». Выпуск новой модели PV36 стал очередным продолжением американской концепции в автомобилестроении. Двигатель остался от прежней модели. Лобовое стекло было разделено на две части. Задние колеса прикрывались наполовину задними крыльями. Сзади был установлен дополнительный багажный отсек, а салон вмещал шесть человек: трое спереди и трое сзади.

    PV36 была заявлена люксовой моделью и стоила 8500 крон. Первоначально выпустили 500 автомобилей. Эта модель получила также собственное название «Carioca». Так назывался популярный в то время американский танец. PV658/659 сменила PV653/654. У новой модели был изменен капот и появилась решетка радиатора, которая выполняла защитную функцию.

    В этом же году была выпущена новая модель для такси TR701-704, которая отличалась от своей предшественницы только более мощным двигателем — 80 л.с.

    ТОРГОВЛЯ ЭТО ИСКУССТВО

    Кожаная обложка коричневого цвета украшает особый документ 1936 года — руководство по продаже.

    Книга была написана Ассаром Габриелссоном и содержала отдельную техническую главу Густава Ларсона.

    1-я глава посвящена исключительно значению торговли для «VOLVO»: «Торговля -это искусство. Люди без артистических способностей в определенной области никогда не смогут стать блистательными художниками, независимо от того, сколько они будут тренироваться и какое образование получат. Человек, нерожденный торговать и выбирающий торговлю, не сможет стать преуспевающим торговцем посредством учебных программ». Руководство всегда базируется на следующем:

  • Правило N1: Пусть он управляет автомобилем!
  • Правило N2: Пусть он управляет автомобилем!
  • Правило N3: Пусть он управляет автомобилем!

    Внимание Габриелссона к покупателю, даже в далеком 1936 году, иллюстрирует следующее: в целях торговли ничто не может обеспечить эффективность персонального сервиса так, как это могут сделать индивидуальные продавцы. Индивидуальные отношения между Продавцами легковых автомобилей и их покупателями значат много больше для удовлетворения потребностей покупателя, чем что-либо другое. Отдельная глава Густава Ларсона по технологии и машиностроению начинается следующим образом:
    «Автомобили создаются для людей и ими управляются. Основной принцип заключается в том, что все дизайнерские усилия — это есть и должно быть безопасность…».
    Это было впервые, когда «VOLVO» произнесла слово «безопасность» как вторую фундаментальную ценность после «неизменного» качества.

    1936

    Моделью, пользующейся большим успехом, чем PV36, стала PV51. Считается, что с этой моделью марка «VOLVO» стала синонимом понятия качества. Технические характеристики PV51 были такие же, как и PV36. Кузов стал немного шире и лобовое стекло — цельное. Двигатель остался прежней мощности 86 л.с., но сам автомобиль стал легче, чем PV36 и, как следствие, более динамичный. Стоимость этой модели была 8500 крон.

    1937

    В начале 1937 года была представлена модель PV52, которая имела более полную комплектацию по сравнению с PV51. PV52 была оборудована двумя солнцезащитными козырьками, двумя очистителями лобового стекла, электрическими часами, подогревом стекла, мощным звуковым сигналом, сиденьями с откидными спинками. На все двери были установлены подлокотники. 1937 год стал рекордным: было произведено 1804 автомобиля.

    СОЮЗ СЛУЖАЩИХ «VOLVO»

    К концу 30-х годов, в Швеции стремительней начало возрастать количество трейд-юнионов. Шведская Промышленная Ассоциация Служащих (SIF) добралась и до «VOLVO», но это движение не было тепло принято Ассаром Габриелссоном. Вместо этого он попросил Бертила Хелеби назначить представителя от служащих «VOLVO» для решения вопроса о жалованье и других проблем совместно с руководством.
    Ко всему прочему, еда в столовой компании была фактически несъедобной. По этим и другим проблемам 4 октября 1939 года служащие собрались на общее собрание в лекционном зале напротив помещения столовой.
    На собрании большинством голосов было принято решение о создании Союза служащих «VOLVO». Таким образом, начал свою деятельность Союз, в состав которого вошли все 250 служащих компании, а также Ассар Габриелссон и Густаф Ларсон.

    SIF, державшаяся сперва особняком, в результате закрепила свои позиции на «VOLVO» и вела свою деятельность параллельно с Союзом.
    Взрослела «VOLVO», взрослел и Союз служащих «VOLVO». Каждое лето его члены устраивали вечеринку с вареными раками, которая впервые была проведена Габриелссоном и Ларсоном в ресторане «Стерехолф» в г-Стокгольме в 1934 году Союз также выпускал газету для своих членов, оригинальное название которой «Глушитель» было заменено позже на «Очиститель воздуха». Издание позднее было поглощено компанией и трансформировалось в «VOLVO Контакт», которое с 80-х годов и до наших дней называется «VOLVO сейчас».
    По-прежнему в рамках Союза организовываются вечеринки, действуют фото и арт-клубы, так же как и образовавшаяся новая секция старейших.

    1938

    Вместе с моделями PV51/52 появились такие цвета кузова, как голубой, бордовый, зеленый и черный. Новые модели PV53, PV54 стандартной комплектации и PV55, PV56 люкс. В этих моделях изменился дизайн капота и решетки радиатора. Большего размера стали фары и эмблема на решетке радиатора. Спидометр стал располагаться по горизонтали.

    В 1938 году выпускалась также VOLVO PV801 (со стеклянной перегородкой внутри) и PV802 (без перегородки) для такси. База этих моделей стала несколько шире, и изменились радиусы капота и передних крыльев. Эти модели имели восемь сидений вместе с водительским.

    1939

    Вторая мировая война привела к серьезному энергетическому кризису. В силу того, что «VOLVO» уже занималась газогенераторами, ей удалось на шесть недель опередить остальных производителей и начать производство автомобилей с газогенераторами, работающими на древесном угле. В этом году должна была выйти новая модель на смену PV53 и 56, но начавшаяся в сентябре вторая мировая война нарушила все планы.

    ПЕРВАЯ СВОЯ МОДЕЛЬ

    Вторая мировая война привела к снижению продаж автомобилей с 7306 до 5900 штук. Помимо падения покупательской способности автомобилей, стали возникать проблемы с комплектующими к их сборке. В то время Ассар Габриелссон писал: «С самого начала войны ситуация изменилась коренным образом: клиенты, которые «на расхват» покупали наши автомобили, стали отзывать свои заказы». Необходимо было выжить, несмотря на падение продаж, поэтому «VOLVO» отдает приоритет производству газогенераторов и автомобилей для армии, среди которых были машины типа «Jeep».

    В первый год войны было продано 7 000 газогенераторов для нужд национальной обороны. Несмотря на острый дефицит комплектующих, производство PV53-56 полностью не прекращалось. Некоторые модели оснащались моторами ECG (газогенераторными) мощностью 50 л.с.

    1941

    Выпуск новой модели на смену PV53-56 намеченный на май 1940 года, пришлось отложить. «VOLVO» продолжала производить прототипы модели PV53-56. 6 сентября 1941 года с конвейера сошел 50-тысячный автомобиль VOLVO.
    В этом же году «VOLVO» купила контрольный пакет акций компании «Svenska Flygmotor AB»

    1942

    «VOLVO» производит четыре прототипа автомобиля PV60, задние двери которых крепились к центральной стойке. Презентацию этих моделей планировалось провести после войны. Концепция этих прототипов состояла в уменьшении размеров в сравнении PV60. В эти годы руководство «VOLVO» серьёзно занимается разработкой концепции послевоенного автомобиля. В этом же году «VOLVO» покупает контрольный пакет компании «Kopings Mekaniska Verkstad AB», которая с 1927 года поставляла сцепления и коробки передач. Капитал акционерного общества «VOLVO» стал составлять 37,5 миллиона крон.

    1943

    Проект разработки послевоенного автомобиля идет полным ходом. Новый автомобиль уменьшенного размера получает название PV444. Его серийное производство должно было начаться осенью 1944 года. Это была американская концепция в европейском исполнении, с четырехцилиндровым двигателем и приводом на задние колеса. Этот автомобиль пользовался большим успехом

    Основной деятельностью «VOLVO» было производство автомобилей, поэтому помимо серийных автомобилей существовали и экспериментальные модели. В начале 40-х годов был изготовлен автомобиль PV40 с принципиально новым восьмицилиндровым двигателем мощностью 70 л.с. Однако проект не пошел в серию по причине высокой себестоимости машины и, как следствие, неконкурентоспособной его продажной цены.

    1944

    Весной 1944 года было начато производство прототипа PV444. Четырехцилиндровый малолитражный мотор В4В мощностью 40 л.с. имел очень маленький расход топлива. Это был самый маленький мотор за всю историю производства автомобилей VOLVO, и именно в этом моторе впервые клапаны стали располагаться в головке блока. Коробка передач была трехступенчатая с синхронизаторами второй и третьей передач. Живой интерес был проявлен к этому автомобилю на выставке автомобилей VOLVO в Стокгольме. Продажная стоимость этой модели была около 4800 крон, что говорит о большом успехе производства, которое спустя 17 лет смогло выйти вновь на ту же продажную стоимость. Первый «Jacob» стоил также 4800 крон. За время выставки было

    Хелмер Петтерсон играл важную роль в производстве PV444.

    Первоначально он занимался на «VOLVO» газогенераторами. Ему принадлежат многие проекты по производству малолитражных автомобилей. Именно под его патронажем появилась на свет PV444. Принято 2300 заказов на эту модель. PV444 имела такой успех, что клиенты готовы были заплатить двойную стоимость за то, чтобы получить этот автомобиль без очереди. На этой же выставке была представлена модель PV60, которая стала последователем довоенной модели. Этот автомобиль был высокого качества, его уровень продаж слегка превзошел планируемые объемы и составил 3000 PV60 и 500 PV61.

    1945

    После головокружительного успеха модели PV444 объем продаж стал падать. Затяжная забастовка среди рабочих и служащих машиностроительной индустрии явилась причиной переноса планов по производству новых моделей. На одном из прототипов предполагаемых новых моделей был совершен пробег через всю Швецию от Скани до Кируны. Общий километраж пробега составил 3000 км. Средства массовой информации назвали эту машину «красоткой автомобильного мира».

    1946

    Забастовка в машиностроении сильно затормозила производственный процесс «VOLVO». Основная проблема состояла в том, что негде было брать комплектующие для конвейера. Были предприняты различные попытки поиска поставщиков в США, однако они не увенчались успехом. Все эти проблемы сильно снизили объемы производства и, тем самым, осложнили ситуацию с выполнением заказов на производство автомобилей.

    1947

    В начале этого года были разработаны десять модификаций на базе PV444. Серийное производство было начато в феврале 1947 года. Планировалось произвести 12 тыс. автомобилей этой серии, причем 10 181 автомобиль был уже продан. Однако сразу раскачать производство после столь серьезных экономических проблем было непросто, поэтому первые PV444 появились на дорогах гораздо позже. Первые 2000 машин были проданы в убыток, так как заявленная в свое время в Стокгольме цена в 4800 крон была в 1947 году уже нереальной, и автомобиль PV444 стал стоить 8000 крон.

    1948

    Последствия второй мировой войны для Швеции были уже практически не ощутимы, и в этом году «VOLVO» бьет все рекорды по производству автомобилей. Около 3 тыс. было выпущено, среди которых большинство серии PV444. Значительно увеличилось производство PV60. Одновременно выпускалась 800-я серия для такси.

    1949

    Начиная с этого года «VOLVO» стала производить легковых автомобилей больше, чем грузовых и автобусов. Был начат выпуск специальной версии PV444 — PV444S. Цвет кузова стал серый вопреки традиционному черному, обивка салона стала красного и серого цветов. Конструктивно модель не получила изменений. Продавалась только под заказ, и ее стоимость была выше, чем PV444. В 1949 году количество произведенных автомобилей превысило 100 тыс. машин, где 20 тыс. было продано на экспорт. Компания «VOLVO» на тот момент насчитывала в штате 6 тыс. работников, из них на заводе в Гетеборге — 900 рабочих и 500 служащих.

  • Как правильно пишется слово ««Вольво»»

    «Во́льво»

    «Во́льво», нескл., м. (марка автомобиля) и во́льво, нескл., м. (автомобиль)

    Источник: Орфографический
    академический ресурс «Академос» Института русского языка им. В.В. Виноградова РАН (словарная база
    2020)

    Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе

    Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать
    Карту слов. Я отлично
    умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!

    Спасибо! Я стал чуточку лучше понимать мир эмоций.

    Вопрос: преклир — это что-то нейтральное, положительное или отрицательное?

    Ассоциации к слову «вольво»

    Синонимы к слову «вольво»

    Предложения со словом «вольво»

    • Серая машина неожиданно резко набирает ход, догоняет вольво и с силой бьёт в зад.
    • Я на всякий случай обернулась, чтобы ещё раз убедиться в наличии вольво.
    • Зелёный вольво останавливается у поворота за пешеходным переходом, сигналит два раза, проезжает.
    • (все предложения)

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