Как пишется масонская ложа

масонская ложа

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly used as a term for a building in which such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, but is subject to its direction only in enforcing the published constitution of the jurisdiction. By exception the three surviving lodges that formed the world’s first known grand lodge in London (now merged into the United Grand Lodge of England) have the unique privilege to operate as time immemorial, i.e., without such warrant; only one other lodge operates without a warrant – the Grand Stewards’ Lodge in London, although it is not also entitled to the «time immemorial» title.^{[note 1]} A Freemason is generally entitled to visit any lodge in any jurisdiction (i.e., under any Grand Lodge) in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons (that is, Freemasons who have attained the Order’s third degree). He is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason.

Masonic premises[edit]

Technically, Freemasons meet as a lodge, not in a lodge. In this context, the word «lodge» refers to a local chapter of Freemasons, meeting as a body. However, the term is often misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also sometimes referred to as temples («of Philosophy and the Arts»). In many countries Masonic centre or Masonic hall has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice and suspicion, or confusion with a religious building. Several different lodges, or other Masonic organizations, often use the same premises at different times.

Types[edit]

Blue lodges, craft lodges or ancient craft lodges refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite. The term «craft lodge» is used in Great Britain. The blue lodge is said to refer to the traditional colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread and mainstream usage in America in recent times.^[1]

Research lodges have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge, in London, is an example of a research lodge; it has a strictly limited membership and receives visitors and papers from all over the world. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges and do not confer degrees.

In Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. The lodge of instruction provides the officers and those who wish to become officers an opportunity to rehearse ritual under the guidance of an experienced brother; there may also be lectures around the ritual and the symbolism in the lodge within a Lodge of Instruction, in order to develop the knowledge and understanding of the membership.

In some jurisdictions in the United States, the lodge of instruction serves as a warranted lodge for candidate instruction in other aspects of Freemasonry besides ritual rehearsal, as well as hosting a speaker on topics both Masonic and non-Masonic.

In Great Britain, the term mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first «made a Mason» (i.e. received his Entered Apprentice degree). ‘Mother lodge’ may also refer to a lodge that sponsors the creation of a new lodge, the daughter lodge, to be warranted under the jurisdiction of the same grand lodge; specific procedures pertaining to this vary throughout history and in different jurisdictions. Lodge Mother Kilwinning No 0 in the Grand Lodge of Scotland is known as the Mother Lodge of Scotland, having been referred to in the Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599, and having itself warranted other lodges at a time when it did not subscribe to a grand lodge.

The 21st century has seen the rise of internet virtual lodges that meet online rather than in person. Examples are the Internet Lodge No. 9659, Lodge Ireland, and Castle Island Virtual Lodge No. 190. The ability to hold remote lodge meetings allows those who are distant to continue to attend, whether they are military servicemen serving overseas or they inhabit a sparsely populated region.

Organization[edit]

Lodges are governed by national, state or provincial authorities, usually called Grand Lodges or Grand Orients, whose published constitutions define the structure of freemasonry under their authority, and which appoint Grand Officers from their senior masons. Provincial Grand Lodges (which in England generally correspond to historic counties) exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers.

Different grand lodges and their regions show subtleties of tradition and variation in the degrees and practice; for example under the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Mark Degree (which is unrecognised by the United Grand Lodge of England, but has a separate Mark Grand Lodge) is integrated into «The Craft» as a completion of the second degree. In any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges.

Membership[edit]

Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason (in a lodge following Anglo-American style), a candidate must:

• Be a man
• Come of his own free will by his own initiative or by invitation in some jurisdictions.^[2]
• Believe in some kind of Supreme Being.^[2]
• Be of good morals, reputation and financially supporting himself and family.^[2]
• Be at least 21 years old (may be as young as 18 or as old as 25, depending on the jurisdiction).^[2]
• Live in the jurisdiction (under some Grand Lodges in the United States.)^[3]
• Be able to pass interviews and pass the Investigation Committee’s inquiries about his past with people who have known him, which can take up to 2 years.^[2]
• Be of sound mind and body.^[4] (this is not a universal requirement).^[2]
• Be a «Free Man». This may have arisen from the refusal of operative masons to pass their secrets to slaves, who could be ordered to divulge them to others.^[5] It may also have arisen from a requirement of early speculative lodges that a new Freemason should at least have a licence to trade and employ others, making him a Free Man of the city or borough of the lodge.^[6]
• Pass the vote of the Lodge to allow his membership.^[2]

After a Lodge elects or approves a candidate in accordance with the requirements of its Grand Lodge, it will decide whether to give the candidate each degree in order. Generally speaking those who have only received the Entered Apprentice degree are considered Freemasons, but hold limited privileges until they attain the Master Mason degree; under UGLE only a Master Mason will receive a Grand Lodge certificate, which may be demanded by any other Lodge he wishes to visit.

A Master Mason is considered a full lifetime member of the Lodge where he received his degrees. He can demit (resign)^[7] if he so desires but only if he is in good standing and his dues paid. A Mason might demit for personal reasons or to join another Lodge in those jurisdictions where multiple membership is not permitted. After demitting, he continues to be regarded as a Mason in absentia and may rejoin through a new application, but he and his family have no rights, privileges or claims on Freemasonry.^[8] Some sources (Mackey) claim that leaving the lodge does not exempt him from his obligations nor the wholesome control of the Order over his moral conduct.^[9] A Mason may be expelled from his Lodge and Freemasonry in general if convicted of particularly serious violations of Civil or Masonic law. Expulsion from all of Freemasonry can only occur from a Grand Lodge while lesser chapters can expel members from their specific lodges.^[9]

A Master Mason «in good standing» (i.e. whose dues are current and who is not subject to Masonic investigation or discipline) may join another regular Lodge; he need not take his degrees again, but may be expected to serve the new Lodge in office.

If a Master Mason is dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues, under most circumstances he may be immediately reinstated in good standing simply by paying his current dues as well as any back dues owed, although in many jurisdictions there is a requirement to ballot for re-admission.

Many Grand Lodges permit Master Masons to be «plural affiliates,» or members of more than one Lodge simultaneously. In some jurisdictions plural affiliates are prohibited from serving as an elected officer of more than one Lodge at any given time.

These rules are different for Freemasons of the Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degrees. In some Grand Lodges an Entered Apprentice or Fellowcraft may not receive a demit, but may join another Lodge with the intent of earning the Master Mason Degree with the consent of his original Lodge.

Officers[edit]

The names, roles and numbers of Lodge officers vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most cases, there is an equivalent office in the Grand Lodge of the given jurisdiction, with the addition of the prefix ‘Grand’ to the title in question.

There are certain ‘progressive’ offices through which members move by a process of effective promotion, but also other more permanent offices, usually held by experienced members.

See also[edit]

• Grand Lodge
• Masonic music
• Masonic ritual and symbolism
• Research lodge

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Freemasonry at Wikimedia Commons

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A Masonic lodge, often termed a private lodge or constituent lodge, is the basic organisational unit of Freemasonry. It is also commonly used as a term for a building in which such a unit meets. Every new lodge must be warranted or chartered by a Grand Lodge, but is subject to its direction only in enforcing the published constitution of the jurisdiction. By exception the three surviving lodges that formed the world’s first known grand lodge in London (now merged into the United Grand Lodge of England) have the unique privilege to operate as time immemorial, i.e., without such warrant; only one other lodge operates without a warrant – the Grand Stewards’ Lodge in London, although it is not also entitled to the «time immemorial» title.^{[note 1]} A Freemason is generally entitled to visit any lodge in any jurisdiction (i.e., under any Grand Lodge) in amity with his own. In some jurisdictions this privilege is restricted to Master Masons (that is, Freemasons who have attained the Order’s third degree). He is first usually required to check, and certify, the regularity of the relationship of the Lodge – and be able to satisfy that Lodge of his regularity of membership. Freemasons gather together as a Lodge to work the three basic Degrees of Entered Apprentice, Fellowcraft, and Master Mason.

Masonic premises[edit]

Technically, Freemasons meet as a lodge, not in a lodge. In this context, the word «lodge» refers to a local chapter of Freemasons, meeting as a body. However, the term is often misused to refer to the buildings or rooms that Masons meet in. Masonic premises are also sometimes referred to as temples («of Philosophy and the Arts»). In many countries Masonic centre or Masonic hall has now replaced these terms to avoid arousing prejudice and suspicion, or confusion with a religious building. Several different lodges, or other Masonic organizations, often use the same premises at different times.

Types[edit]

Blue lodges, craft lodges or ancient craft lodges refer to the lodges that work the first three Masonic degrees, rather than the appendant Masonic orders such as York Rite and Scottish Rite. The term «craft lodge» is used in Great Britain. The blue lodge is said to refer to the traditional colour of regalia in lodges derived from English or Irish Freemasonry. Although the term was originally frowned upon, it has gained widespread and mainstream usage in America in recent times.^[1]

Research lodges have the purpose of furthering Masonic scholarship. Quatuor Coronati Lodge, in London, is an example of a research lodge; it has a strictly limited membership and receives visitors and papers from all over the world. Many jurisdictions have well-established research lodges, which usually meet less frequently than blue lodges and do not confer degrees.

In Great Britain, a lodge of instruction may be associated with a Lodge, but is not constituted separately. The lodge of instruction provides the officers and those who wish to become officers an opportunity to rehearse ritual under the guidance of an experienced brother; there may also be lectures around the ritual and the symbolism in the lodge within a Lodge of Instruction, in order to develop the knowledge and understanding of the membership.

In some jurisdictions in the United States, the lodge of instruction serves as a warranted lodge for candidate instruction in other aspects of Freemasonry besides ritual rehearsal, as well as hosting a speaker on topics both Masonic and non-Masonic.

In Great Britain, the term mother lodge is used to identify the particular Lodge where the individual was first «made a Mason» (i.e. received his Entered Apprentice degree). ‘Mother lodge’ may also refer to a lodge that sponsors the creation of a new lodge, the daughter lodge, to be warranted under the jurisdiction of the same grand lodge; specific procedures pertaining to this vary throughout history and in different jurisdictions. Lodge Mother Kilwinning No 0 in the Grand Lodge of Scotland is known as the Mother Lodge of Scotland, having been referred to in the Schaw Statutes of 1598 and 1599, and having itself warranted other lodges at a time when it did not subscribe to a grand lodge.

The 21st century has seen the rise of internet virtual lodges that meet online rather than in person. Examples are the Internet Lodge No. 9659, Lodge Ireland, and Castle Island Virtual Lodge No. 190. The ability to hold remote lodge meetings allows those who are distant to continue to attend, whether they are military servicemen serving overseas or they inhabit a sparsely populated region.

Organization[edit]

Lodges are governed by national, state or provincial authorities, usually called Grand Lodges or Grand Orients, whose published constitutions define the structure of freemasonry under their authority, and which appoint Grand Officers from their senior masons. Provincial Grand Lodges (which in England generally correspond to historic counties) exercise an intermediate authority, and also appoint Provincial Grand Officers.

Different grand lodges and their regions show subtleties of tradition and variation in the degrees and practice; for example under the Grand Lodge of Scotland, the Mark Degree (which is unrecognised by the United Grand Lodge of England, but has a separate Mark Grand Lodge) is integrated into «The Craft» as a completion of the second degree. In any case, Grand Lodges have limited jurisdiction over their member Lodges, and where there is no prescribed ritual Lodges may thus have considerable freedom of practice. Despite these minor differences, fraternal relations exist between Lodges of corresponding degrees under different Grand Lodges.

Membership[edit]

Generally, to be accepted for initiation as a regular Freemason (in a lodge following Anglo-American style), a candidate must:

• Be a man
• Come of his own free will by his own initiative or by invitation in some jurisdictions.^[2]
• Believe in some kind of Supreme Being.^[2]
• Be of good morals, reputation and financially supporting himself and family.^[2]
• Be at least 21 years old (may be as young as 18 or as old as 25, depending on the jurisdiction).^[2]
• Live in the jurisdiction (under some Grand Lodges in the United States.)^[3]
• Be able to pass interviews and pass the Investigation Committee’s inquiries about his past with people who have known him, which can take up to 2 years.^[2]
• Be of sound mind and body.^[4] (this is not a universal requirement).^[2]
• Be a «Free Man». This may have arisen from the refusal of operative masons to pass their secrets to slaves, who could be ordered to divulge them to others.^[5] It may also have arisen from a requirement of early speculative lodges that a new Freemason should at least have a licence to trade and employ others, making him a Free Man of the city or borough of the lodge.^[6]
• Pass the vote of the Lodge to allow his membership.^[2]

After a Lodge elects or approves a candidate in accordance with the requirements of its Grand Lodge, it will decide whether to give the candidate each degree in order. Generally speaking those who have only received the Entered Apprentice degree are considered Freemasons, but hold limited privileges until they attain the Master Mason degree; under UGLE only a Master Mason will receive a Grand Lodge certificate, which may be demanded by any other Lodge he wishes to visit.

A Master Mason is considered a full lifetime member of the Lodge where he received his degrees. He can demit (resign)^[7] if he so desires but only if he is in good standing and his dues paid. A Mason might demit for personal reasons or to join another Lodge in those jurisdictions where multiple membership is not permitted. After demitting, he continues to be regarded as a Mason in absentia and may rejoin through a new application, but he and his family have no rights, privileges or claims on Freemasonry.^[8] Some sources (Mackey) claim that leaving the lodge does not exempt him from his obligations nor the wholesome control of the Order over his moral conduct.^[9] A Mason may be expelled from his Lodge and Freemasonry in general if convicted of particularly serious violations of Civil or Masonic law. Expulsion from all of Freemasonry can only occur from a Grand Lodge while lesser chapters can expel members from their specific lodges.^[9]

A Master Mason «in good standing» (i.e. whose dues are current and who is not subject to Masonic investigation or discipline) may join another regular Lodge; he need not take his degrees again, but may be expected to serve the new Lodge in office.

If a Master Mason is dropped from the rolls for non-payment of dues, under most circumstances he may be immediately reinstated in good standing simply by paying his current dues as well as any back dues owed, although in many jurisdictions there is a requirement to ballot for re-admission.

Many Grand Lodges permit Master Masons to be «plural affiliates,» or members of more than one Lodge simultaneously. In some jurisdictions plural affiliates are prohibited from serving as an elected officer of more than one Lodge at any given time.

These rules are different for Freemasons of the Entered Apprentice and Fellowcraft Degrees. In some Grand Lodges an Entered Apprentice or Fellowcraft may not receive a demit, but may join another Lodge with the intent of earning the Master Mason Degree with the consent of his original Lodge.

Officers[edit]

The names, roles and numbers of Lodge officers vary widely from jurisdiction to jurisdiction. In most cases, there is an equivalent office in the Grand Lodge of the given jurisdiction, with the addition of the prefix ‘Grand’ to the title in question.

There are certain ‘progressive’ offices through which members move by a process of effective promotion, but also other more permanent offices, usually held by experienced members.

See also[edit]

• Grand Lodge
• Masonic music
• Masonic ritual and symbolism
• Research lodge

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Freemasonry at Wikimedia Commons

В Википедии есть статья «масонская ложа».

Русский[править]

Тип и синтаксические свойства сочетания[править]

ма—со́нс—ка·я ло́—жа

Устойчивое сочетание (термин). Используется в качестве именной группы.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [mɐˈsonskəɪ̯ə ˈɫoʐə]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. место, помещение, где собираются масоны для проведения своих собраний ◆ Вечером 12 декабря тридцать восьмого года знаменитый Дубовый зал Центрального дома литераторов (бывшая масонская ложа графа Олсуфьева) был переполнен. Б. Е. Ефимов, «Десять десятилетий», 2000 г. [НКРЯ]
2. объединение масонов ◆ А не знаете, существует ли в Старгороде масонская ложа? Д. И. Рубина, «Окна», 2011 г. [НКРЯ]

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

Этимология[править]

Перевод[править]

Библиография[править]

Статья нуждается в доработке. Это незаконченная статья. Вы можете помочь проекту, исправив и дополнив её. В частности, следует уточнить сведения о: семантике этимологии (См. Общепринятые правила).

Масонство
Направления Регулярное масонство Либеральное масонство Масонство Принса Холла
Терминология Словарь масонских терминов
Список масонов Категория:Масоны
История масонства Холлиуэллский манускрипт Категория:История масонства
Масонские уставы Масонские уставы Организации дополнительных степеней
Масонские организации Список масонских организаций Организации дополнительных степеней
Книги о масонстве Категория:Книги о масонстве Кто боится вольных каменщиков? Феномен масонства Мораль и догма Энциклопедическое изложение масонской, герметической, каббалистической и розенкрейцерской символической философии
Легендарные сюжеты Иерусалимский храм Хирам Абифф Тубал-Каин Яхбулон Соломон Адонирам
Антимасонство Запрещение масонства Гормогоны Антимасонская партия Теория масонского заговора Теория жидомасонского заговора Тайна виллы «Грета» Forces occultes

Масонская ложа (от англ. lodge — домик; сторожка, приют, далее от названия англ. stonemasons’ lodge — строительная мастерская) — место, помещение, где собираются масоны для проведения своих собраний, чаще называемых работами.

Описание

Ложа является основной организационной единицей масонства. Каждая новая ложа должна иметь «патент», выданный великой ложей, который даёт ей право собираться и проводить работы. Кроме очень малого числа лож, существующих «с незапамятных времён», предшествующих образованию «великих лож», масоны, которые собираются в ложе, не предъявляя этого документа (например, в лагерях военнопленных) считаются нелегальными и нерегулярными.

Ложа должна собираться регулярно в постоянном месте и согласно оглашённым датам собраний. Она избирает, посвящает и повышает своих членов и офицеров; она накапливает и управляет своими имуществом и собственностью, в том числе протоколами и отчётами; и может владеть своим «храмом», арендовать его или использовать совместно. Форма деятельности, её способ и уровень активности индивидуален для каждой ложи.

Человек может стать масоном, то есть пройти посвящение, только в правильно основанной ложе. Мастер масон может, как правило, посещать любые собрания любых дружественных лож по своему желанию. Также, ложа может официально отказывать принимать гостей из разных лож, как своей великой ложи, так и взаимопризнанных или дружественных масонских организаций. Посетитель должен сначала проверить регулярность ложи, и должен быть способен доказать этой ложе собственную регулярность; ему может быть отказано в приёме, если будет решено, что он может нарушить гармонию в ложе. Если он желает посещать одну и ту же ложу постоянно он может присоединиться (аффилироваться или перейти) к ней и платить взносы.

Большинство лож состоят из масонов, которые живут или работают в данном городе или рядом с ним. Другие ложи состоят из масонов, которые разделяют определённые интересы, имеют одинаковую профессию или происхождение. В некоторых ложах условия основания и имя представляют лишь исторический интерес, так как с течением времени братство ушло от того, что оно представляло собой во времена основателей; в других же ложах членство остаётся престижным.

Существуют специальные исследовательские ложи, членами которых могут быть лишь мастера масоны, которые занимаются исследованиями масонства (его историей, философией и т. д.). Исследовательские ложи являются полностью полномочными, но не посвящают новых кандидатов. В ОВЛА наставляющие ложи могут быть созданы из любой обычной ложи для изучения ритуала и их репетиций.

Согласно масонской традиции, средневековые европейские каменщики собирались, ели и находили приют в нерабочее время в «домиках»^[1]. Ранние ложи часто собирались в тавернах или любых других пригодных для этого постоянных местах с приватной комнатой.

Масонская ложа представляет собой «союз братьев, сплотившихся в организацию»^[2]. В обычной практике ложа создаётся группой людей (братьями-учредителями), которые затем подают прошение в великую ложу для официального открытия (инсталляции) и получения патента^[3]. В противном случае ложа не считается «правильной» (регулярной). В XIX веке рассылались специальные циркуляры, содержащие сведения о названии и отличительном знаке вновь открытой ложи^[4][5].

Помещение

Закрытое помещение, где проводятся собрания масонских организаций. Как правило, оборудованные специальным образом: определённый пол, стены без окон, либо с закрытыми или закрашенными окнами, наличие алтаря и скамей. Возможно наличие органа либо других музыкальных инструментов. Не исключено, что собрание проводится в закрытой не оборудованной комнате, которая лишается тогда названия масонская ложа, а именуется комнатой для масонских собраний или масонских работ. Место, где находится ложа, называется Восток. Ложа также называется храмом^[6].

Символические ложи

Символические (голубые, иоанновские) ложи называются так по имени своего покровителя Святого Иоанна Крестителя и являются базовой основой всего масонства. В этих ложах работы проводятся в градусах — ученик, подмастерье, мастер. Необходимо заметить, что все масоны независимо от градуса (степени) посвящения являются между собой абсолютно равноправными братьями и все решения в ложе принимаются ими коллегиально. Во главе ложи находится досточтимый мастер, называемый также мастером ложи или мастером стула^[7][8].

Треугольная ложа

В ряде масонских уставов, например, во Французском уставе, три мастера масона могут создать, с разрешения своей великой ложи, треугольную ложу, или треугольник. Эта ложа функционирует как обычная масонская ложа, однако не может самостоятельно проводить ритуалы инициации. Обычно учреждение треугольника оправдано отсутствием регулярно учрежденной масонской ложи в конкретном месте, или наличием различных обстоятельств, по которым регулярно учрежденная ложа не может собраться с необходимым числом мастеров-масонов (не меньше семи). Зачастую новые члены треугольной ложи проходят инициации в других регулярно учрежденных ложах, таким образом треугольник может расти и стать новой совершенной (полноценной) ложей. Треугольник обычно управляется тремя офицерами: досточтимым мастером, секретарем и казначеем^[9].

Организационная структура ложи

Организационно символические ложи являются обществами со своей внутренней структурой. Во главе ложи находится старший офицер — досточтимый мастер (мастер стула). Также у досточтимого мастера есть заместители, они выполняют организационно-координационную работу. Им помогают секретарь и казначей. Заместителей у досточтимого мастера всегда два, это первый и второй стражи (смотрители или надзиратели), все вместе они составляют Совет ложи. Кроме этого в каждой ложе есть ещё целый ряд офицеров выполняющих должностные обязанности, это: обрядоначальник, эксперт, привратник, оратор и дародатель. Все офицеры избираются как правило на один год общим собранием ложи и выполняют определённые ритуальные функции при проведении масонских работ в ложе^[7].

Галерея

• 

  Ложа в Брюсселе

• 

  Ложа в Гамбурге

• 

  Убранство старинной ложи

• 

  Ложа в Варшаве

• 

  Внутреннее убранство ложи

• 

  Ложа в Пенсильвании

• 

  Ложа в Италии

• 

  Украшение места досточтимого мастера

• 

  Ложа в Монреале

• 

  Ложа в Голландии

См. также

• Исследовательская ложа
• Застольная ложа
• Дикая ложа
• Ложа скорби
• Масонский храм
• Великая ложа
• Масонские должности

Литература

• Карпачёв С. П.. Тайны масонских орденов: Ритуалы «вольных каменщиков». — М.: Яуза-Пресс, 2007. — 352, [32] с. — (Тайны масонства). — 4000 экз. — ISBN 978-5-903-33928-0.
• Hodapp, Christopher: Freemasons for dummies, Hoboken, NJ: Wiley, 2005
• Charles E. Cohoughlyn-Burroughs Bristol Masonic Ritual: The Oldest and Most Unique Craft Ritual Used in England. — Kila, Mont.: Kessinger, 2004. — ISBN 9781417915668
• Steven C. Bullock Revolutionary brotherhood: Freemasonry and the transformation of the American social order, 1730—1840. — Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1996. — ISBN 9780807847503
• S. Brent Morris The Complete Idiot’s Guide to Freemasonry. — New York: Alpha Books, 2006. — P. 85 — ISBN 9781592574902

Примечания

Ссылки

• Freemasonry // Encyclopedia Britannica
• Франкмасонство // Энциклопедический словарь Брокгауза и Ефрона : в 86 т. (82 т. и 4 доп.). — СПб., 1890—1907.

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