Как пишется миннесота

Minnesota
State
Flag Seal
Nickname(s):  Land of 10,000 Lakes; North Star State; Gopher State
Motto:  L’Étoile du Nord (French: The Star of the North)
Anthem: «Hail! Minnesota»
Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Minnesota Territory
Admitted to the Union	May 11, 1858 (32nd State in the Union)
Capital	Saint Paul
Largest city	Minneapolis
Largest metro and urban areas	Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Government
• Governor	Tim Walz (DFL)
• Lieutenant Governor	Peggy Flanagan (DFL)
Legislature	Minnesota Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Minnesota Supreme Court
U.S. senators	Amy Klobuchar (DFL) Tina Smith (DFL)
U.S. House delegation	4 Democrats 4 Republicans (list)
Area
• Total	86,935.83 sq mi (225,163 km2)
• Land	79,626.74 sq mi (206,232 km2)
• Water	7,309.09 sq mi (18,930 km2)  8.40%
• Rank	12th
Dimensions
• Length	about 400 mi (640 km)
• Width	200–350 mi (320–560 km)
Elevation	1,200 ft (370 m)
Highest elevation (Eagle Mountain[1][a])	2,301 ft (701 m)
Lowest elevation (Lake Superior[1][a][2])	602 ft (183 m)
Population  (2022)
• Total	5,717,184[3]
• Rank	22nd
• Density	68.9/sq mi (26.6/km2)
• Rank	36th (2020 census)
• Median household income	$74,593[4]
• Income rank	13th
Demonym	Minnesotan
Language
• Official language	none
• Spoken language	English 88.9% Spanish Somali Hmong[5]
Time zone	UTC– 06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC– 05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation	MN
ISO 3166 code	US-MN
Traditional abbreviation	Minn.
Latitude	43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
Longitude	89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
Website	mn.gov

State symbols of Minnesota

List of state symbols
Living insignia
Bird	Common loon
Butterfly	Monarch
Fish	Walleye
Flower	Pink-and-white lady’s slipper
Mushroom	Common morel (Morchella esculenta)
Tree	Norway pine[6]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Food	Fruit: Honeycrisp apple Muffin: Blueberry Mushroom: Morel
Gemstone	Lake Superior agate
Other	Photograph: Grace
Lists of United States state symbols

Minnesota () is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Roughly a third of the state is covered in forests, and it is known as the «Land of 10,000 Lakes» for having over 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres.^[7] More than 60% of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the «Twin Cities», the state’s main political, economic, and cultural hub.^[8] With a population of about 3.7 million, the Twin Cities is the 16th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the state include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.^[9]

Minnesota, which gets its name from the Dakota language, has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since the Woodland period of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous Hopewell tradition emerged: the Laurel complex in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the Mississippi River Valley in the south. The Upper Mississippian culture, consisting of the Oneota people and other Siouan speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and missionaries were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the Dakota, Ojibwe, and various Anishinaabe tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which the United States purchased in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the Minnesota Territory was admitted to the Union as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota’s official motto, L’Étoile du Nord, is the only state motto in French; meaning «The Star of the North», it was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state’s early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

As part of the American frontier, Minnesota attracted settlers and homesteaders from across the country, with its growth initially centered on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from Scandinavia, Germany, and Central Europe; many were linked to the failed revolutions of 1848, which partly influenced the state’s development as a center of labor and social activism.^[10] Minnesota’s rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated major social, economic, and political changes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of labor rights, women’s suffrage, and political reform.^[11] Minnesota is considered Democratic-leaning, having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.^[12]

Since the late 20th century, the core of Minnesota’s economy has diversified, shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest in terms of GDP and per capita income. The state is home to 11 federally recognized Native American reservations (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and remains a center of Scandinavian and German cultures with an influence of Lutheranism. In more recent decades, Minnesota has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Horn of Africa, and the Middle East; the state has the nation’s largest population of Somali Americans and second largest Hmong population.^[13] Minnesota’s standard of living and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,^[14] and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.^[15]

Etymology

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota^[16] name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: «mní sóta«, which means «clear blue water»,^[17][18] or «Mníssota«, which means «cloudy water».^[19][20] Dakota people demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mní sóta.^[20] Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as Minnehaha Falls («curling water» or waterfall), Minneiska («white water»), Minneota («much water»), Minnetonka («big water»), Minnetrista («crooked water»), and Minneapolis, a hybrid word combining Dakota mní («water») and —polis (Greek for «city»).^[21]

History

When Europeans arrived in North America, the Dakota people lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French voyageurs, fur traders who arrived in the 17th century. They used the Grand Portage to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,^[22] and dislocated the Mdewakanton from their homelands along Mille Lacs Lake. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet mapped the state.

The region was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 to 1802.^[23][24] The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, though the Hudson’s Bay Company disputed the Red River Valley until the Treaty of 1818, when the border on the 49th parallel was agreed upon.^[25] In 1805 Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.^[26] Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.^[27]

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the Territory of Missouri that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory (1821–1834) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived Territory of Michigan (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848 Minnesota and Iowa were part of the Territory of Wisconsin. From 1838 to 1846 Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the Territory of Iowa. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,^[28] was dominated by men of New England ancestry.^[29] Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed «the New England of the West».^{[30][31][32][33]}

Treaties between the U.S. Government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862.^[34] The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of Little Crow’s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.^[35] The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation by the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into Rupert’s Land.^[25] As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.^[36]

Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey subsequently declared that «the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state”^[37] and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.^[38] William Crooks, commander of 6th Minnesota, had a palisade erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.^[39] Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.^[40][41] Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but Abraham Lincoln reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.^[25]

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal Indian Commissioner. His successor, Governor Henry Swift, raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.^[41] Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the Treaty of Old Crossing, whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota’s early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of Pine City, Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.^[25] St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota «patent» flour, which commanded almost double the price of «bakers'» or «clear» flour which it replaced.^[42] By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern, and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of General Mills), were grinding 14.1% of the nation’s grain.^[43]

The state’s iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges in the 1880s, followed by the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors for ship transport east via the Great Lakes.^[25]

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota’s economy was hit hard by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.^[26]

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with hybridization of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution.^[26] Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.^[26]

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).^[44] Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.

The United States Navy and Coast Guard have recognized Minnesota with:

• USS Minnesota (1855) steam frigate
• USS Minnesota (BB-22) Connecticut-class battleship
• USS Minnesota (SSN-783) Virginia-class submarine
• USS Minnesotan (ID-4545)
• SS Gopher State (T-ACS-4)

Geography

Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America’s Great Lakes region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With 86,943 square miles (225,180 km²),^[45] or approximately 2.25% of the United States,^[46] Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.^[47]

Geology

Minnesota has some of the earth’s oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old (80% as old as the planet).^[48][49] About 2.7 billion years ago basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota.^[48][50] The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Since a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota’s geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.^[48]

In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state’s landscape and sculpted its terrain.^[48] The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago.^[48] These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.^[51] Much of the remainder of the state has fifty feet (15 m) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling.^[48] Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, most of them minor.^[52]

The state’s high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (21 km) away from the low point of 601 feet (183 m) at the shore of Lake Superior.^[50][53] Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.^[48]

Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota’s northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.^[54]

The state’s nickname «Land of 10,000 Lakes» is apt, as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres (4 ha) in size.^[55] Minnesota’s portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres (389,600 ha; 3,896 km²) and deepest (at 1,290 ft (390 m)) body of water in the state.^[55] Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km).^[55] The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles (1,090 km) downstream.^[55] It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada’s Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (4,300,000 ha; 43,000 km²) of wetlands are within Minnesota’s borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.^[56]

Flora and fauna

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: prairie parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the eastern broadleaf forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state’s northwestern part, where it transitions into tallgrass aspen parkland; and the northern Laurentian mixed forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south.^[57] These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Much of Minnesota’s northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (162,000 ha) of unlogged land.^[58] Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about a third of the state forested.^[59] Nearly all Minnesota’s prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.^[60]

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison,^[61] others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. Minnesota has the nation’s largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,^[62] and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007,^[63] red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. Hawk Ridge is one of the premier bird watching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and brook, brown, and rainbow trout populate streams in the southeast and northeast.

Climate

Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was −60 °F (−51 °C) at Tower on February 2, 1996, and the highest was 114 °F (46 °C) at Moorhead on July 6, 1936.^[64] Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 °F (3 to 9 °C).^[65] Average summer dewpoints range from about 58 °F (14 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (9 °C) in the north.^[65][66] Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches (48 to 89 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.^[65]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota^[67]

Location	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Minneapolis	83/64	28/18	23/7	−4/−13
Saint Paul	83/63	28/17	23/6	−5/−14
Rochester	82/63	28/17	23/3	−5/−16
Duluth	76/55	24/13	19/1	−7/−17
St. Cloud	81/58	27/14	18/−1	−7/−18
Mankato	86/62	30/16	23/3	−5/−16
International Falls	77/52	25/11	15/−6	−9/−21

Protected lands

Minnesota’s first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River.^[68] Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The Chippewa and Superior national forests comprise 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²). The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA) is a 72-mile-long (116 km) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.^[69]

Cities and towns

Saint Paul, in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota’s capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as the state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota’s most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the country’s 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state’s population.^[70] The remainder of the state is known as «Greater Minnesota» or «Outstate Minnesota».^[71]

The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Saint Cloud, Woodbury, Eagan, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Burnsville, Apple Valley, Blaine, and Lakeville.^[72] Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota’s population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state’s 87 counties lost residents over the same period.^[73]

The United States Navy has recognized
multiple Minnesota communities.

Demographics

Population

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	6,077		—
1860	172,023		2,730.7%
1870	439,706		155.6%
1880	780,773		77.6%
1890	1,310,283		67.8%
1900	1,751,394		33.7%
1910	2,075,708		18.5%
1920	2,387,125		15.0%
1930	2,563,953		7.4%
1940	2,792,300		8.9%
1950	2,982,483		6.8%
1960	3,413,864		14.5%
1970	3,804,971		11.5%
1980	4,075,970		7.1%
1990	4,375,099		7.3%
2000	4,919,479		12.4%
2010	5,303,925		7.8%
2020	5,706,494		7.6%
2022 (est.)	5,717,184		0.2%
Source: 1910–2020[75] 2022 Estimate[3]

From fewer than 6,120 white settlers in 1850, Minnesota’s enumerated population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900 and 3.4 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11% to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9% over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 census.^[73]

At the 2022 estimate Minnesota’s population at 5,717,184 on July 1, 2022, a 0.19% increase since the 2020 United States census.^[76] The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota’s center of population is in Hennepin County.^[77]

At the 2010 census Minnesota’s population was 5,303,925. The gender makeup of the state was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. 24.2% of the population was under age 18; 9.5% between 18 and 24; 26.3% from 25 to 44; 27.1% from 45 to 64; and 12.9% 65 or older.^[78]

The table below shows the racial composition of Minnesota’s population as of the 2020 census.

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census

Race and Ethnicity[79]	Alone	Total
White (non-Hispanic)	76.3%		80.2%
African American (non-Hispanic)	6.9%		8.2%
Hispanic or Latino[b]	—		6.1%
Asian	5.2%		6.2%
Native American	1.0%		2.3%
Pacific Islander	0.05%		0.1%
Other	0.4%		1.3%

According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 5.1% of Minnesota’s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (3.5%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).^[80] The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were German (33.8%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.5%), Swedish (8.1%), and English (5.4%).^[81] Minnesota was also a major destination for a wave of Finnish immigrants in the early 20th century, along with Wisconsin and Michigan.^[82] Among U.S. states, Minnesota has the highest number of Finnish-Americans, 100,545 as of 2019.^[83]

In 2011 non-Hispanic whites accounted for 72.3% of all births,^[84] but Minnesota’s growing minority groups still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole.^[85]

Minnesota has the country’s largest Somali population,^[86] with an estimated 57,000 people, the largest concentration outside of the Horn of Africa.^[87]

Religion

The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants, including a large Lutheran contingent, owing to the state’s largely Northern European ethnic makeup. Roman Catholics (of largely German, Irish, French and Slavic descent) make up the largest single Christian denomination. A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32% of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions, 21% were Evangelical Protestants, 28% Roman Catholic, 1% each Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Black Protestant, and smaller amounts of other faiths, with 13% unaffiliated.^[88] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,150,367; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737,537; and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 182,439.^[89] This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations.^[90] The international Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference is headquartered in Mankato, Minnesota.^[91] Although Christianity is dominant, Minnesota has a long history with non-Christian faiths. Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul’s first synagogue in 1856.^[92] Minnesota is home to more than 30 mosques, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area.^[93] The Temple of ECK, the spiritual home of Eckankar, is based in Minnesota.^[94]

Religious affiliation in Minnesota by movement (2014)^[95]

Affiliation	% of population
Christian	74
Protestant	50
Lutheran	26
Methodist	3
Pentecostal	3
Historically Black Protestant	2
Other Protestant	16
Roman Catholic	22
Mormon	1
Other Christian	1
Other religion or association	5
Judaism	1
Islam	1
Other and unspecified	3
Unaffiliated	20
Nothing in particular	13
Agnostic	4
Atheist	3

Economy

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota’s economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.^[96] Minnesota’s economy had a gross domestic product of $383 billion in 2019,^[97] with 33 of the United States’ top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,^[98] including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O’ Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy, and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States,^[99] and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels.^[100]

Minnesota’s per capita personal income in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.^[101] Its 2019 median household income was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.^[102]

Industry and commerce

Minnesota’s earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,^[104] it remains a major part of the state’s economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.^[105] The state is the nation’s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,^[106] and has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States.^[107] Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world’s iron ore for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country’s usable iron ore.^[106] The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation’s first indoor shopping mall was Edina’s Southdale Center, and its largest is Bloomington’s Mall of America.

Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include multi-jurisdiction draws, in-house draws, and other games.

Energy use and production

Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (E10).^[108] In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying E85 fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.^[109] A 2% biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.^[110]

Xcel Energy is the state’s largest utility and is headquartered in the state;^[111] it is one of five investor-owned utilities.^[112] There are also a number of municipal utilities.^[112]

State taxes

Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.^[113] As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.^[114] In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.^[114] The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.^[115] The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.^[116] Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.^[115] Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.

Culture

Fine and performing arts

Minnesota’s leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, and The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities’ community. The world-renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis’s number of theater companies ranks behind only New York City’s,^[117] and about 2.3 million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.^[118] The Minnesota Fringe Festival in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids’ shows, visual art, and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country’s largest non-juried performing arts festival.^[119]

Literature

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children’s books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state’s places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman (Bob Dylan) won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. Science fiction writer Marissa Lingen lives here.

Entertainment

Minnesota musicians include Prince, Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, The Andrews Sisters, The Castaways, The Trashmen, Soul Asylum, David Ellefson, Chad Smith, John Wozniak, Hüsker Dü, Semisonic, The Replacements, Owl City, Holly Henry, Motion City Soundtrack, Atmosphere, and Dessa. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters’ «Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy» was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen’s «Surfin’ Bird» and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince, The Original 7ven, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, The Jets, Lipps Inc., and Information Society.

Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. A Prairie Home Companion which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on National Public Radio. A cult scifi cable TV show, Mystery Science Theater 3000, was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, The Daily Show, was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg.

Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam, Bill Pohlad, and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson, Richard Dean Anderson, James Arness, Jessica Biel, Rachael Leigh Cook, Julia Duffy, Mike Farrell, Judy Garland, Peter Graves, Josh Hartnett, Garrett Hedlund, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Lange, Kelly Lynch, E.G. Marshall, Laura Osnes, Melissa Peterman, Chris Pratt, Marion Ross, Jane Russell, Winona Ryder, Seann William Scott, Kevin Sorbo, Lea Thompson, Vince Vaughn, Jesse Ventura, and Steve Zahn.

Popular culture

Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include «Minnesota nice», Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdishes, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as Fargo, Grumpy Old Men, Grumpier Old Men, Juno, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Young Adult, A Serious Man, New in Town, Rio, The Mighty Ducks films, and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Golden Girls, Coach, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, How I Met Your Mother and Fargo. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then… This Is Now, Purple Rain, Airport, Beautiful Girls, North Country, Untamed Heart, Feeling Minnesota, Jingle All The Way, A Simple Plan, and The Mighty Ducks films.

The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5 million people, there were more than 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.^[120] The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4-H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the «fattest pig» competition. One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, the Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis’ Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake, and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes.

Health

Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.^[121][122] They have long life expectancies,^[123] and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.^{[121][124][125]} These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking.^[121][126] While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.^[127]

On October 1, 2007, the Freedom to Breathe Act took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.^[128]

The Minnesota Department of Health is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including Allina Hospitals & Clinics, CentraCare Health System, Essentia Health, HealthPartners, M Health Fairview and the Mayo Clinic Health System. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state’s growing biotechnology industry.^[129] The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by William Worrall Mayo, an immigrant from England.^[130][131]

U.S. News & World Report‘s 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.^[132] The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.^[133]

Education

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona. Minnesota’s commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a high school diploma, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor’s degrees.^[134] In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation’s «Most Literate City», while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.^[135] In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.^[136] In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam.^[137] In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.^[138] While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers,^[139] it is home to the first charter school.^[140]

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation’s top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.^[141]

Transportation

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Twin Cities metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 (I-35), I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.^[142] In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to public transit.^[143] There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.^[144] There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.^[145]

Minnesota’s principal airport is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines, Compass Airlines, and Endeavor Air.^[146]

Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including Metro Transit in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators Minnesota Valley Transit Authority, SouthWest Transit, Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as Duluth Transit Authority, Mankato Transit System, MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead), Rochester Public Transit, Saint Cloud Metro Bus, Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota Counties.^[147]

In addition to bus services, Amtrak’s daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations.^[148] Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines, Greyhound, and Megabus. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis. From there, light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line, and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line.

Law and government

Minnesota is governed pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution, which was adopted October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.^[149] Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a republican system of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.^[150] The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its federal counterpart, with some protected more strongly and explicitly.^[149]

Executive

The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Tim Walz, DFL (Democratic–Farmer–Labor), who took office on January 7, 2019. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.

Constitutional officeholders:

• Governor Tim Walz (DFL)
• Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan (DFL)
• Secretary of State Steve Simon (DFL)
• Attorney General Keith Ellison (DFL)
• State Auditor Julie Blaha (DFL)

Legislature

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.

Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.^[151]

Judiciary

Minnesota’s court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court, the workers’ compensation court of appeals, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes.^[152]

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers’ compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.

Supreme Court Justices^[153]

• Chief Justice Lorie Gildea

Associate Justices

• Barry Anderson
• David Lillehaug
• Natalie Hudson
• Margaret Chutich
• Anne McKeig
• Paul Thissen

Regional

In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Regional development commissions (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), such as the Metropolitan Council, provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

Federal

Minnesota’s United States senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith. The state has eight congressional districts; they are represented by Brad Finstad (1st district; R), Angie Craig (2nd; DFL), Dean Phillips (3rd; DFL), Betty McCollum (4th; DFL), Ilhan Omar (5th; DFL), Tom Emmer (6th; R), Michelle Fischbach (7th; R), and Pete Stauber (8th; R).

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul.

Tribal

The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:

Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities:

• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Reservation
• Upper Sioux Community – Pejuhutazizi Oyate

Seven Anishinaabe reservations:

• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Band of Ojibwe
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa

The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.

Politics

United States presidential election results for Minnesota^[154]

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third party
No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	1,484,065	45.28%	1,717,077	52.40%	76,029	2.32%
2016	1,323,232	44.93%	1,367,825	46.44%	254,176	8.63%
2012	1,320,225	44.96%	1,546,167	52.65%	70,169	2.39%
2008	1,275,409	43.82%	1,573,354	54.06%	61,606	2.12%
2004	1,346,695	47.61%	1,445,014	51.09%	36,678	1.30%
2000	1,109,659	45.50%	1,168,266	47.91%	160,760	6.59%
1996	766,476	34.96%	1,120,438	51.10%	305,726	13.94%
1992	747,841	31.85%	1,020,997	43.48%	579,110	24.66%
1988	962,337	45.90%	1,109,471	52.91%	24,982	1.19%
1984	1,032,603	49.54%	1,036,364	49.72%	15,482	0.74%
1980	873,241	42.56%	954,174	46.50%	224,538	10.94%
1976	819,395	42.02%	1,070,440	54.90%	60,096	3.08%
1972	898,269	51.58%	802,346	46.07%	41,037	2.36%
1968	658,643	41.46%	857,738	54.00%	72,129	4.54%
1964	559,624	36.00%	991,117	63.76%	3,721	0.24%
1960	757,915	49.16%	779,933	50.58%	4,039	0.26%
1956	719,302	53.68%	617,525	46.08%	3,178	0.24%
1952	763,211	55.33%	608,458	44.11%	7,814	0.57%
1948	483,617	39.89%	692,966	57.16%	35,643	2.94%
1944	527,416	46.86%	589,864	52.41%	8,249	0.73%
1940	596,274	47.66%	644,196	51.49%	10,718	0.86%
1936	350,461	31.01%	698,811	61.84%	80,703	7.14%
1932	363,959	36.29%	600,806	59.91%	38,078	3.80%
1928	560,977	57.77%	396,451	40.83%	13,548	1.40%
1924	420,759	51.18%	55,913	6.80%	345,474	42.02%
1920	519,421	70.59%	142,994	19.43%	73,423	9.98%
1916	179,544	46.35%	179,152	46.25%	28,668	7.40%
1912	64,334	19.25%	106,426	31.84%	163,459	48.91%
1908	195,843	59.11%	109,401	33.02%	26,060	7.87%
1904	216,651	73.98%	55,187	18.84%	21,022	7.18%
1900	190,461	60.21%	112,901	35.69%	12,949	4.09%
1896	193,503	56.62%	139,735	40.89%	8,524	2.49%
1892	122,823	45.96%	100,920	37.76%	43,495	16.28%
1888	142,492	54.12%	104,385	39.65%	16,408	6.23%
1884	111,685	58.78%	70,065	36.87%	8,267	4.35%
1880	93,902	62.28%	53,315	35.36%	3,553	2.36%
1876	72,955	58.80%	48,587	39.16%	2,533	2.04%
1872	55,708	61.27%	35,211	38.73%	0	0.00%
1868	43,722	60.88%	28,096	39.12%	0	0.00%
1864	25,055	59.06%	17,367	40.94%	0	0.00%
1860	22,069	63.53%	11,920	34.31%	748	2.15%

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a long-standing force among the state’s political parties.^[155][156] Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state – versus the national average of 61.2%.^[157] That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.^[158] Voters can register on election day at their polling places with evidence of residency.^[159]

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican Richard Nixon.

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties.

The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,^[160] notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).

The state’s U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota’s congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party’s U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide.^[161] In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken defeated incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.

In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton’s election, the DFL party took the governor’s office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,^[162] and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.^[163]

In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer Tim Walz as Governor.

In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.^[164]

Media

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States, as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state’s other top markets are Fargo–Moorhead (118th nationally), Duluth–Superior (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).^[165]

Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting.^[166] Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities CBS station WCCO-TV and FOX station KMSP-TV are owned-and-operated by their respective networks. There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth, and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester. The Minnesota Daily is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.^[167] Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake, MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent. Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.

Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.^[168][169] PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.^[170] The state’s oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.

Sports, recreation and tourism

Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.^[171]

Organized sports

Minnesota has professional men’s teams in all major sports.

The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 through 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team’s new home, U.S. Bank Stadium. The Vikings’ current stadium hosted Super Bowl LII in February 2018. Super Bowl XXVI was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl Super Bowl IV, Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, and Super Bowl XI, losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent

The Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original Washington Senators, a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and 1991 World Series in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the 1965 World Series, where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games. The team has played at Target Field since 2010.

The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in Target Center since 1990.

The National Hockey League’s Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul’s Xcel Energy Center, and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.^[172] Previously, the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals.

Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at Allianz Field in St. Paul.^[173] Previous professional soccer teams have included the Minnesota Kicks, which played at Metropolitan Stadium from 1976 to 1981, and the Minnesota Strikers from 1984 to 1988.

Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The St. Paul Saints, who play at CHS Field in St. Paul, are the Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.

Professional women’s sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women’s National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, Minnesota Aurora FC of the United Soccer League W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women’s Football League, the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women’s Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth; Minnesota State University, Mankato; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, and twenty NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.^[174][175]

Minneapolis has hosted the NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Championship in 1951, 1992, 2001, and 2019.

The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women’s Open, U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship. The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.^[176]

Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women’s Open, and Solheim Cup.

Winter Olympic Games medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medalist U.S. men’s curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.

Grandma’s Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior, and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season. Farther north, Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Outdoor recreation

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,^[177] and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.^[178]

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota’s numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state,^[179] boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.^[180]

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.^[181] Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, luge, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.^[182] Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played.^[183]

State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of snowmobile trails statewide.^[184] Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state,^[185] and a growing network of hiking trails, including the 235-mile (378 km) Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast.^[186] Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.

See also

• Index of Minnesota-related articles
• Outline of Minnesota

Notes

References

External links

Culture and history

• Minnesota Historical Society
• Minnesota Place Names
• Minnesota Reflections
• Minnesota State Guide from the Library of Congress

General

• Minnesota at Curlie

Government

• Official website
• Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota
• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Community
• The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate
• Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

Maps and demographics

• Minnesota State Demographic Center
• State Facts from USDA
• Minnesota State Highway Map
• Minnesota at OpenStreetMap

Tourism and recreation

• Explore Minnesota
• Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
• Minnesota travel guide from Wikivoyage

Coordinates: 46°N 94°W / 46°N 94°W

Minnesota
State
Flag Seal
Nickname(s):  Land of 10,000 Lakes; North Star State; Gopher State
Motto:  L’Étoile du Nord (French: The Star of the North)
Anthem: «Hail! Minnesota»
Map of the United States with Minnesota highlighted
Country	United States
Before statehood	Minnesota Territory
Admitted to the Union	May 11, 1858 (32nd State in the Union)
Capital	Saint Paul
Largest city	Minneapolis
Largest metro and urban areas	Minneapolis–Saint Paul
Government
• Governor	Tim Walz (DFL)
• Lieutenant Governor	Peggy Flanagan (DFL)
Legislature	Minnesota Legislature
• Upper house	Senate
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Judiciary	Minnesota Supreme Court
U.S. senators	Amy Klobuchar (DFL) Tina Smith (DFL)
U.S. House delegation	4 Democrats 4 Republicans (list)
Area
• Total	86,935.83 sq mi (225,163 km2)
• Land	79,626.74 sq mi (206,232 km2)
• Water	7,309.09 sq mi (18,930 km2)  8.40%
• Rank	12th
Dimensions
• Length	about 400 mi (640 km)
• Width	200–350 mi (320–560 km)
Elevation	1,200 ft (370 m)
Highest elevation (Eagle Mountain[1][a])	2,301 ft (701 m)
Lowest elevation (Lake Superior[1][a][2])	602 ft (183 m)
Population  (2022)
• Total	5,717,184[3]
• Rank	22nd
• Density	68.9/sq mi (26.6/km2)
• Rank	36th (2020 census)
• Median household income	$74,593[4]
• Income rank	13th
Demonym	Minnesotan
Language
• Official language	none
• Spoken language	English 88.9% Spanish Somali Hmong[5]
Time zone	UTC– 06:00 (Central)
• Summer (DST)	UTC– 05:00 (CDT)
USPS abbreviation	MN
ISO 3166 code	US-MN
Traditional abbreviation	Minn.
Latitude	43° 30′ N to 49° 23′ N
Longitude	89° 29′ W to 97° 14′ W
Website	mn.gov

State symbols of Minnesota

List of state symbols
Living insignia
Bird	Common loon
Butterfly	Monarch
Fish	Walleye
Flower	Pink-and-white lady’s slipper
Mushroom	Common morel (Morchella esculenta)
Tree	Norway pine[6]
Inanimate insignia
Beverage	Milk
Food	Fruit: Honeycrisp apple Muffin: Blueberry Mushroom: Morel
Gemstone	Lake Superior agate
Other	Photograph: Grace
Lists of United States state symbols

Minnesota () is a state in the Upper Midwestern region of the United States. It is the 12th largest U.S. state in area and the 22nd most populous, with over 5.75 million residents. Minnesota is home to western prairies, now given over to intensive agriculture; deciduous forests in the southeast, now partially cleared, farmed, and settled; and the less populated North Woods, used for mining, forestry, and recreation. Roughly a third of the state is covered in forests, and it is known as the «Land of 10,000 Lakes» for having over 14,000 bodies of fresh water covering at least ten acres.^[7] More than 60% of Minnesotans live in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area, known as the «Twin Cities», the state’s main political, economic, and cultural hub.^[8] With a population of about 3.7 million, the Twin Cities is the 16th largest metropolitan area in the U.S. Other minor metropolitan and micropolitan statistical areas in the state include Duluth, Mankato, Moorhead, Rochester, and St. Cloud.^[9]

Minnesota, which gets its name from the Dakota language, has been inhabited by various indigenous peoples since the Woodland period of the 11th century BCE. Between roughly 200 and 500 CE, two areas of the indigenous Hopewell tradition emerged: the Laurel complex in the north, and Trempealeau Hopewell in the Mississippi River Valley in the south. The Upper Mississippian culture, consisting of the Oneota people and other Siouan speakers, emerged around 1000 CE and lasted through the arrival of Europeans in the 17th century. French explorers and missionaries were the earliest Europeans to enter the region, encountering the Dakota, Ojibwe, and various Anishinaabe tribes. Much of what is now Minnesota formed part of the vast French holding of Louisiana, which the United States purchased in 1803. After several territorial reorganizations, the Minnesota Territory was admitted to the Union as the 32nd state in 1858. Minnesota’s official motto, L’Étoile du Nord, is the only state motto in French; meaning «The Star of the North», it was adopted shortly after statehood and reflects both the state’s early French explorers and its position as the northernmost state in the contiguous U.S.

As part of the American frontier, Minnesota attracted settlers and homesteaders from across the country, with its growth initially centered on timber, agriculture, and railroad construction. Into the early 20th century, European immigrants arrived in significant numbers, particularly from Scandinavia, Germany, and Central Europe; many were linked to the failed revolutions of 1848, which partly influenced the state’s development as a center of labor and social activism.^[10] Minnesota’s rapid industrialization and urbanization precipitated major social, economic, and political changes in the late 19th and early 20th centuries; the state was at the forefront of labor rights, women’s suffrage, and political reform.^[11] Minnesota is considered Democratic-leaning, having voted for every Democratic presidential nominee since 1976, longer than any other U.S. state.^[12]

Since the late 20th century, the core of Minnesota’s economy has diversified, shifting from traditional industries such as agriculture and resource extraction to services, finance, and health care; it is consequently one of the richest in terms of GDP and per capita income. The state is home to 11 federally recognized Native American reservations (seven Ojibwe, four Dakota), and remains a center of Scandinavian and German cultures with an influence of Lutheranism. In more recent decades, Minnesota has become more multicultural, driven by both larger domestic migration and immigration from Latin America, Asia, the Horn of Africa, and the Middle East; the state has the nation’s largest population of Somali Americans and second largest Hmong population.^[13] Minnesota’s standard of living and level of education are among the highest in the U.S.,^[14] and it is ranked among the best states in metrics such as employment, median income, safety, and governance.^[15]

Etymology

The word Minnesota comes from the Dakota^[16] name for the Minnesota River, which got its name from one of two words in Dakota: «mní sóta«, which means «clear blue water»,^[17][18] or «Mníssota«, which means «cloudy water».^[19][20] Dakota people demonstrated the name to early settlers by dropping milk into water and calling it mní sóta.^[20] Many places in the state have similar Dakota names, such as Minnehaha Falls («curling water» or waterfall), Minneiska («white water»), Minneota («much water»), Minnetonka («big water»), Minnetrista («crooked water»), and Minneapolis, a hybrid word combining Dakota mní («water») and —polis (Greek for «city»).^[21]

History

When Europeans arrived in North America, the Dakota people lived in what is now Minnesota. The first Europeans to enter the region were French voyageurs, fur traders who arrived in the 17th century. They used the Grand Portage to access trapping and trading areas further into Minnesota. The Anishinaabe (also known as Ojibwe or Chippewa) were migrating into Minnesota, causing tensions with the Dakota people,^[22] and dislocated the Mdewakanton from their homelands along Mille Lacs Lake. Explorers such as Daniel Greysolon, Sieur du Lhut, Father Louis Hennepin, Jonathan Carver, Henry Schoolcraft, and Joseph Nicollet mapped the state.

The region was part of Spanish Louisiana from 1762 to 1802.^[23][24] The portion of the state east of the Mississippi River became part of the United States at the end of the American Revolutionary War, when the Second Treaty of Paris was signed. Land west of the Mississippi was acquired with the Louisiana Purchase, though the Hudson’s Bay Company disputed the Red River Valley until the Treaty of 1818, when the border on the 49th parallel was agreed upon.^[25] In 1805 Zebulon Pike bargained with Native Americans to acquire land at the confluence of the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers to create a military reservation. The construction of Fort Snelling followed between 1819 and 1825.^[26] Its soldiers built a grist mill and a sawmill at Saint Anthony Falls, which were harbingers of the water-powered industries around which Minneapolis later grew. Meanwhile, squatters, government officials, and others had settled near the fort; in 1839 the army forced them off military lands, and most moved downriver, just outside the military reservation, to the area that became St. Paul.^[27]

Minnesota was part of several territorial organizations between acquisition and statehood. From 1812 to 1821 it was part of the Territory of Missouri that corresponded with much of the Louisiana Purchase. It was briefly an unorganized territory (1821–1834) and was later consolidated with Wisconsin, Iowa and half the Dakotas to form the short-lived Territory of Michigan (1834–1836). From 1836 to 1848 Minnesota and Iowa were part of the Territory of Wisconsin. From 1838 to 1846 Minnesota west of the Mississippi River was part of the Territory of Iowa. Minnesota east of the Mississippi was part of Wisconsin until 1848. When Iowa gained statehood western Minnesota was in an Unorganized Territory again. Minnesota Territory was formed on March 3, 1849. The first territorial legislature, held on September 2, 1849,^[28] was dominated by men of New England ancestry.^[29] Thousands of pioneers had come to create farms and cut timber. Minnesota became the 32nd U.S. state on May 11, 1858. The founding population was so overwhelmingly of New England origins that the state was dubbed «the New England of the West».^{[30][31][32][33]}

Treaties between the U.S. Government and the eastern Dakota and Ojibwe gradually forced the natives off their lands and onto reservations. As conditions deteriorated for the eastern Dakota, tensions rose, leading to the Dakota War of 1862.^[34] The conflict was ignited when four young Dakota men, searching for food, killed a family of white settlers on August 17. That night, a faction of Little Crow’s eastern Dakota decided to try and drive all settlers out of the Minnesota River valley. In the weeks that followed, Dakota warriors killed hundreds of settlers, causing thousands to flee the area.^[35] The six-week war ended with the defeat of the eastern Dakota and 2,000 in custody, who were eventually exiled to the Crow Creek Reservation by the Great Sioux Reservation in Dakota Territory. The remaining 4,500 to 5,000 Dakota mostly fled the state into Rupert’s Land.^[25] As many as 800 settlers were killed during the war.^[36]

Minnesota Governor Alexander Ramsey subsequently declared that «the Sioux Indians of Minnesota must be exterminated or driven forever beyond the borders of the state”^[37] and placed a bounty of $25/scalp on the heads of the eastern Dakota men. Over 1,600 eastern Dakota women, children, and elderly walked from the Lower Sioux Agency to Fort Snelling to be held until the spring thaw allowed riverboats to take them out of Minnesota to Crow Creek Indian Reservation.^[38] William Crooks, commander of 6th Minnesota, had a palisade erected around the encampment on Pike Island, just below the fort, to protect native people from the soldiers and settlers.^[39] Conditions there were poor and between 125 and 300 died of disease.^[40][41] Around 400 Dakota men were tried after the war. 303 were sentenced to death, but Abraham Lincoln reviewed the convictions and approved 39 of the death sentences. In December 1862, 38 of them were hanged.^[25]

In early 1863, Ramsey resigned as governor to become the Federal Indian Commissioner. His successor, Governor Henry Swift, raised the bounty to $200/scalp. A total of $325 was paid out to four people collecting bounties, including for Little Crow who was killed in July 1863.^[41] Upon becoming Indian Commissioner, Ramsey set out to get Ojibwe lands too. In 1863 he negotiated the Treaty of Old Crossing, whereby the Ojibwe ceded all their land in northern Minnesota and moved to reservations.

Logging, farming, and railroads were mainstays of Minnesota’s early economy. The sawmills at Saint Anthony Falls and logging centers of Pine City, Marine on St. Croix, Stillwater, and Winona processed vast quantities of timber. These cities were on rivers that were ideal for transportation.^[25] St. Anthony Falls was later tapped to provide power for flour mills. Innovations by Minneapolis millers led to the production of Minnesota «patent» flour, which commanded almost double the price of «bakers'» or «clear» flour which it replaced.^[42] By 1900 Minnesota mills, led by Pillsbury, Northwestern, and the Washburn-Crosby Company (an ancestor of General Mills), were grinding 14.1% of the nation’s grain.^[43]

The state’s iron-mining industry was established with the discovery of iron in the Vermilion and Mesabi ranges in the 1880s, followed by the Cuyuna Range in the early 1900s. The ore went by rail to Duluth and Two Harbors for ship transport east via the Great Lakes.^[25]

Industrial development and the rise of manufacturing caused the population to shift gradually from rural areas to cities during the early 20th century. Nevertheless, farming remained prevalent. Minnesota’s economy was hit hard by the Great Depression, resulting in lower prices for farmers, layoffs among iron miners, and labor unrest. Compounding the adversity, western Minnesota and the Dakotas were hit by drought from 1931 to 1935. New Deal programs provided some economic turnaround. The Civilian Conservation Corps and other programs around the state established some jobs for Indians on their reservations, and the Indian Reorganization Act of 1934 provided the tribes with a mechanism of self-government. This gave Natives a greater voice within the state and promoted more respect for tribal customs because religious ceremonies and native languages were no longer suppressed.^[26]

After World War II, industrial development quickened. New technology increased farm productivity through automation of feedlots for hogs and cattle, machine milking at dairy farms, and raising chickens in large buildings. Planting became more specialized, with hybridization of corn and wheat, and farm machinery such as tractors and combines became the norm. University of Minnesota professor Norman Borlaug contributed to these developments as part of the Green Revolution.^[26] Suburban development accelerated due to increased postwar housing demand and convenient transportation. Increased mobility in turn enabled more specialized jobs.^[26]

Minnesota became a center of technology after World War II. Engineering Research Associates was formed in 1946 to develop computers for the United States Navy. It later merged with Remington Rand, and then became Sperry Rand. William Norris left Sperry in 1957 to form Control Data Corporation (CDC).^[44] Cray Research was formed when Seymour Cray left CDC to form his own company. Medical device maker Medtronic also started business in the Twin Cities in 1949.

The United States Navy and Coast Guard have recognized Minnesota with:

• USS Minnesota (1855) steam frigate
• USS Minnesota (BB-22) Connecticut-class battleship
• USS Minnesota (SSN-783) Virginia-class submarine
• USS Minnesotan (ID-4545)
• SS Gopher State (T-ACS-4)

Geography

Minnesota is the second northernmost U.S. state (after Alaska) and northernmost contiguous state, as the isolated Northwest Angle in Lake of the Woods County is the only part of the 48 contiguous states north of the 49th parallel. The state is part of the U.S. region known as the Upper Midwest and part of North America’s Great Lakes region. It shares a Lake Superior water border with Michigan and a land and water border with Wisconsin to the east. Iowa is to the south, North Dakota and South Dakota are to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Ontario and Manitoba are to the north. With 86,943 square miles (225,180 km²),^[45] or approximately 2.25% of the United States,^[46] Minnesota is the 12th-largest state.^[47]

Geology

Minnesota has some of the earth’s oldest rocks, gneisses that are about 3.6 billion years old (80% as old as the planet).^[48][49] About 2.7 billion years ago basaltic lava poured out of cracks in the floor of the primordial ocean; the remains of this volcanic rock formed the Canadian Shield in northeast Minnesota.^[48][50] The roots of these volcanic mountains and the action of Precambrian seas formed the Iron Range of northern Minnesota. Since a period of volcanism 1.1 billion years ago, Minnesota’s geological activity has been more subdued, with no volcanism or mountain formation, but with repeated incursions of the sea, which left behind multiple strata of sedimentary rock.^[48]

In more recent times, massive ice sheets at least one kilometer thick ravaged the state’s landscape and sculpted its terrain.^[48] The Wisconsin glaciation left 12,000 years ago.^[48] These glaciers covered all of Minnesota except the far southeast, an area characterized by steep hills and streams that cut into the bedrock. This area is known as the Driftless Zone for its absence of glacial drift.^[51] Much of the remainder of the state has fifty feet (15 m) or more of glacial till left behind as the last glaciers retreated. Gigantic Lake Agassiz formed in the northwest 13,000 years ago. Its flatbed now is the fertile Red River valley, and its outflow, glacial River Warren, carved the valley of the Minnesota River and the Upper Mississippi downstream from Fort Snelling.^[48] Minnesota is geologically quiet today; it experiences earthquakes infrequently, most of them minor.^[52]

The state’s high point is Eagle Mountain at 2,301 feet (701 m), which is only 13 miles (21 km) away from the low point of 601 feet (183 m) at the shore of Lake Superior.^[50][53] Notwithstanding dramatic local differences in elevation, much of the state is a gently rolling peneplain.^[48]

Two major drainage divides meet in Minnesota’s northeast in rural Hibbing, forming a triple watershed. Precipitation can follow the Mississippi River south to the Gulf of Mexico, the Saint Lawrence Seaway east to the Atlantic Ocean, or the Hudson Bay watershed to the Arctic Ocean.^[54]

The state’s nickname «Land of 10,000 Lakes» is apt, as there are 11,842 Minnesota lakes over 10 acres (4 ha) in size.^[55] Minnesota’s portion of Lake Superior is the largest at 962,700 acres (389,600 ha; 3,896 km²) and deepest (at 1,290 ft (390 m)) body of water in the state.^[55] Minnesota has 6,564 natural rivers and streams that cumulatively flow for 69,000 miles (111,000 km).^[55] The Mississippi River begins its journey from its headwaters at Lake Itasca and crosses the Iowa border 680 miles (1,090 km) downstream.^[55] It is joined by the Minnesota River at Fort Snelling, by the St. Croix River near Hastings, by the Chippewa River at Wabasha, and by many smaller streams. The Red River drains the northwest part of the state northward toward Canada’s Hudson Bay. Approximately 10.6 million acres (4,300,000 ha; 43,000 km²) of wetlands are within Minnesota’s borders, the most of any state outside Alaska.^[56]

Flora and fauna

Minnesota has four ecological provinces: prairie parkland, in the southwestern and western parts of the state; the eastern broadleaf forest (Big Woods) in the southeast, extending in a narrowing strip to the state’s northwestern part, where it transitions into tallgrass aspen parkland; and the northern Laurentian mixed forest, a transitional forest between the northern boreal forest and the broadleaf forests to the south.^[57] These northern forests are a vast wilderness of pine and spruce trees mixed with patchy stands of birch and poplar.

Much of Minnesota’s northern forest has undergone logging, leaving only a few patches of old growth forest today in areas such as the Chippewa National Forest and the Superior National Forest, where the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness has some 400,000 acres (162,000 ha) of unlogged land.^[58] Although logging continues, regrowth and replanting keep about a third of the state forested.^[59] Nearly all Minnesota’s prairies and oak savannas have been fragmented by farming, grazing, logging, and suburban development.^[60]

While loss of habitat has affected native animals such as the pine marten, elk, woodland caribou, and bison,^[61] others like whitetail deer and bobcat thrive. Minnesota has the nation’s largest population of timber wolves outside Alaska,^[62] and supports healthy populations of black bears, moose, and gophers. Located on the Mississippi Flyway, Minnesota hosts migratory waterfowl such as geese and ducks, and game birds such as grouse, pheasants, and turkeys. It is home to birds of prey, including the largest number of breeding pairs of bald eagles in the lower 48 states as of 2007,^[63] red-tailed hawks, and snowy owls. Hawk Ridge is one of the premier bird watching sites in North America. The lakes teem with sport fish such as walleye, bass, muskellunge, and northern pike, and brook, brown, and rainbow trout populate streams in the southeast and northeast.

Climate

Minnesota experiences temperature extremes characteristic of its continental climate, with cold winters and hot summers. The lowest temperature recorded was −60 °F (−51 °C) at Tower on February 2, 1996, and the highest was 114 °F (46 °C) at Moorhead on July 6, 1936.^[64] Meteorological events include rain, snow, blizzards, thunderstorms, hail, derechos, tornadoes, and high-velocity straight-line winds. The growing season varies from 90 days in the far northeast to 160 days in southeast Minnesota near the Mississippi River, and average temperatures range from 37 to 49 °F (3 to 9 °C).^[65] Average summer dewpoints range from about 58 °F (14 °C) in the south to about 48 °F (9 °C) in the north.^[65][66] Average annual precipitation ranges from 19 to 35 inches (48 to 89 cm), and droughts occur every 10 to 50 years.^[65]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Minnesota^[67]

Location	July (°F)	July (°C)	January (°F)	January (°C)
Minneapolis	83/64	28/18	23/7	−4/−13
Saint Paul	83/63	28/17	23/6	−5/−14
Rochester	82/63	28/17	23/3	−5/−16
Duluth	76/55	24/13	19/1	−7/−17
St. Cloud	81/58	27/14	18/−1	−7/−18
Mankato	86/62	30/16	23/3	−5/−16
International Falls	77/52	25/11	15/−6	−9/−21

Protected lands

Minnesota’s first state park, Itasca State Park, was established in 1891, and is the source of the Mississippi River.^[68] Today Minnesota has 72 state parks and recreation areas, 58 state forests covering about four million acres (16,000 km²), and numerous state wildlife preserves, all managed by the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. The Chippewa and Superior national forests comprise 5.5 million acres (22,000 km²). The Superior National Forest in the northeast contains the Boundary Waters Canoe Area Wilderness, which encompasses over a million acres (4,000 km²) and a thousand lakes. To its west is Voyageurs National Park. The Mississippi National River and Recreation Area (MNRRA) is a 72-mile-long (116 km) corridor along the Mississippi River through the Minneapolis–St. Paul Metropolitan Area connecting a variety of sites of historic, cultural, and geologic interest.^[69]

Cities and towns

Saint Paul, in east-central Minnesota along the banks of the Mississippi River, has been Minnesota’s capital city since 1849, first as capital of the Territory of Minnesota, and then as the state capital since 1858.

Saint Paul is adjacent to Minnesota’s most populous city, Minneapolis; they and their suburbs are collectively known as the Twin Cities metropolitan area, the country’s 16th-largest metropolitan area and home to about 55% of the state’s population.^[70] The remainder of the state is known as «Greater Minnesota» or «Outstate Minnesota».^[71]

The state has 17 cities with populations above 50,000 as of the 2010 census. In descending order of population, they are Minneapolis, Saint Paul, Rochester, Duluth, Bloomington, Brooklyn Park, Plymouth, Saint Cloud, Woodbury, Eagan, Maple Grove, Coon Rapids, Eden Prairie, Minnetonka, Burnsville, Apple Valley, Blaine, and Lakeville.^[72] Of these, only Rochester, Duluth, and Saint Cloud are outside the Twin Cities metropolitan area.

Minnesota’s population continues to grow, primarily in the urban centers. The populations of metropolitan Sherburne and Scott counties doubled between 1980 and 2000, while 40 of the state’s 87 counties lost residents over the same period.^[73]

The United States Navy has recognized
multiple Minnesota communities.

Demographics

Population

Historical population

Census	Pop.	Note	%±
1850	6,077		—
1860	172,023		2,730.7%
1870	439,706		155.6%
1880	780,773		77.6%
1890	1,310,283		67.8%
1900	1,751,394		33.7%
1910	2,075,708		18.5%
1920	2,387,125		15.0%
1930	2,563,953		7.4%
1940	2,792,300		8.9%
1950	2,982,483		6.8%
1960	3,413,864		14.5%
1970	3,804,971		11.5%
1980	4,075,970		7.1%
1990	4,375,099		7.3%
2000	4,919,479		12.4%
2010	5,303,925		7.8%
2020	5,706,494		7.6%
2022 (est.)	5,717,184		0.2%
Source: 1910–2020[75] 2022 Estimate[3]

From fewer than 6,120 white settlers in 1850, Minnesota’s enumerated population grew to over 1.7 million by 1900 and 3.4 million in 1960. Growth then slowed, rising 11% to 3.8 million in 1970, and an average of 9% over the next three decades to 4.9 million in the 2000 census.^[73]

At the 2022 estimate Minnesota’s population at 5,717,184 on July 1, 2022, a 0.19% increase since the 2020 United States census.^[76] The rate of population change, and age and gender distributions, approximate the national average. Minnesota’s center of population is in Hennepin County.^[77]

At the 2010 census Minnesota’s population was 5,303,925. The gender makeup of the state was 49.6% male and 50.4% female. 24.2% of the population was under age 18; 9.5% between 18 and 24; 26.3% from 25 to 44; 27.1% from 45 to 64; and 12.9% 65 or older.^[78]

The table below shows the racial composition of Minnesota’s population as of the 2020 census.

Ethnic composition as of the 2020 census

Race and Ethnicity[79]	Alone	Total
White (non-Hispanic)	76.3%		80.2%
African American (non-Hispanic)	6.9%		8.2%
Hispanic or Latino[b]	—		6.1%
Asian	5.2%		6.2%
Native American	1.0%		2.3%
Pacific Islander	0.05%		0.1%
Other	0.4%		1.3%

According to the 2017 American Community Survey, 5.1% of Minnesota’s population were of Hispanic or Latino origin (of any race): Mexican (3.5%), Puerto Rican (0.2%), Cuban (0.1%), and other Hispanic or Latino origin (1.2%).^[80] The ancestry groups claimed by more than 5% of the population were German (33.8%), Norwegian (15.3%), Irish (10.5%), Swedish (8.1%), and English (5.4%).^[81] Minnesota was also a major destination for a wave of Finnish immigrants in the early 20th century, along with Wisconsin and Michigan.^[82] Among U.S. states, Minnesota has the highest number of Finnish-Americans, 100,545 as of 2019.^[83]

In 2011 non-Hispanic whites accounted for 72.3% of all births,^[84] but Minnesota’s growing minority groups still form a smaller percentage of the population than in the nation as a whole.^[85]

Minnesota has the country’s largest Somali population,^[86] with an estimated 57,000 people, the largest concentration outside of the Horn of Africa.^[87]

Religion

The majority of Minnesotans are Protestants, including a large Lutheran contingent, owing to the state’s largely Northern European ethnic makeup. Roman Catholics (of largely German, Irish, French and Slavic descent) make up the largest single Christian denomination. A 2010 survey by the Pew Forum on Religion and Public Life showed that 32% of Minnesotans were affiliated with Mainline Protestant traditions, 21% were Evangelical Protestants, 28% Roman Catholic, 1% each Jewish, Muslim, Buddhist, and Black Protestant, and smaller amounts of other faiths, with 13% unaffiliated.^[88] According to the Association of Religion Data Archives, the denominations with the most adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 1,150,367; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 737,537; and the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod with 182,439.^[89] This is broadly consistent with the results of the 2001 American Religious Identification Survey, which also gives detailed percentages for many individual denominations.^[90] The international Confessional Evangelical Lutheran Conference is headquartered in Mankato, Minnesota.^[91] Although Christianity is dominant, Minnesota has a long history with non-Christian faiths. Ashkenazi Jewish pioneers set up Saint Paul’s first synagogue in 1856.^[92] Minnesota is home to more than 30 mosques, mostly in the Twin Cities metro area.^[93] The Temple of ECK, the spiritual home of Eckankar, is based in Minnesota.^[94]

Religious affiliation in Minnesota by movement (2014)^[95]

Affiliation	% of population
Christian	74
Protestant	50
Lutheran	26
Methodist	3
Pentecostal	3
Historically Black Protestant	2
Other Protestant	16
Roman Catholic	22
Mormon	1
Other Christian	1
Other religion or association	5
Judaism	1
Islam	1
Other and unspecified	3
Unaffiliated	20
Nothing in particular	13
Agnostic	4
Atheist	3

Economy

Once primarily a producer of raw materials, Minnesota’s economy has transformed to emphasize finished products and services. Perhaps the most significant characteristic of the economy is its diversity; the relative outputs of its business sectors closely match the United States as a whole.^[96] Minnesota’s economy had a gross domestic product of $383 billion in 2019,^[97] with 33 of the United States’ top 1,000 publicly traded companies by revenue headquartered in Minnesota,^[98] including Target, UnitedHealth Group, 3M, General Mills, U.S. Bancorp, Ameriprise, Hormel, Land O’ Lakes, SuperValu, Best Buy, and Valspar. Private companies based in Minnesota include Cargill, the largest privately owned company in the United States,^[99] and Carlson Companies, the parent company of Radisson Hotels.^[100]

Minnesota’s per capita personal income in 2019 was $58,834, the thirteenth-highest in the nation.^[101] Its 2019 median household income was $74,593, ranking thirteenth in the U.S. and fifth among the 36 states not on the Atlantic coast.^[102]

Industry and commerce

Minnesota’s earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture. Minneapolis grew around the flour mills powered by St. Anthony Falls. Although less than 1% of the population is now employed in the agricultural sector,^[104] it remains a major part of the state’s economy, ranking sixth in the nation in the value of products sold.^[105] The state is the nation’s largest producer of sugar beets, sweet corn, and peas for processing, and farm-raised turkeys. Minnesota is also a large producer of corn and soybeans,^[106] and has the most food cooperatives per capita in the United States.^[107] Forestry remains strong, including logging, pulpwood processing and paper production, and forest products manufacturing. Minnesota was famous for its soft-ore mines, which produced a significant portion of the world’s iron ore for more than a century. Although the high-grade ore is now depleted, taconite mining continues, using processes developed locally to save the industry. In 2016 the state produced 60% of the country’s usable iron ore.^[106] The mining boom created the port of Duluth, which continues to be important for shipping ore, coal, and agricultural products. The manufacturing sector now includes technology and biomedical firms, in addition to the older food processors and heavy industry. The nation’s first indoor shopping mall was Edina’s Southdale Center, and its largest is Bloomington’s Mall of America.

Minnesota is one of 45 U.S. states with its own lottery; its games include multi-jurisdiction draws, in-house draws, and other games.

Energy use and production

Minnesota produces ethanol fuel and is the first to mandate its use, a 10% mix (E10).^[108] In 2019 there were more than 411 service stations supplying E85 fuel, comprising 85% ethanol and 15% gasoline.^[109] A 2% biodiesel blend has been required in diesel fuel since 2005. Minnesota is ranked in the top ten for wind energy production. The state gets nearly one fifth of all its electrical energy from wind.^[110]

Xcel Energy is the state’s largest utility and is headquartered in the state;^[111] it is one of five investor-owned utilities.^[112] There are also a number of municipal utilities.^[112]

State taxes

Minnesota has a progressive income tax structure; the four brackets of state income tax rates are 5.35%, 7.05%, 7.85%, and 9.85%.^[113] As of 2008 Minnesota was ranked 12th in the nation in per capita total state and local taxes.^[114] In 2008 Minnesotans paid 10.2% of their income in state and local taxes; the U.S. average was 9.7%.^[114] The state sales tax in Minnesota is 6.875%, but clothing, prescription drug medications and food items for home consumption are exempt.^[115] The state legislature may allow municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes, such as the 0.5% supplemental sales tax in Minneapolis.^[116] Excise taxes are levied on alcohol, tobacco, and motor fuel. The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within Minnesota.^[115] Owners of real property in Minnesota pay property tax to their county, municipality, school district, and special taxing districts.

Culture

Fine and performing arts

Minnesota’s leading fine art museums include the Minneapolis Institute of Art, the Walker Art Center, the Frederick R. Weisman Art Museum, and The Museum of Russian Art (TMORA). All are in Minneapolis. The Minnesota Orchestra and the Saint Paul Chamber Orchestra are prominent full-time professional musical ensembles who perform concerts and offer educational programs to the Twin Cities’ community. The world-renowned Guthrie Theater moved into a new Minneapolis facility in 2006, boasting three stages and overlooking the Mississippi River. Attendance at theatrical, musical, and comedy events in the area is strong. In the United States, Minneapolis’s number of theater companies ranks behind only New York City’s,^[117] and about 2.3 million theater tickets were sold in the Twin Cities annually as of 2006.^[118] The Minnesota Fringe Festival in Minneapolis is an annual celebration of theatre, dance, improvisation, puppetry, kids’ shows, visual art, and musicals with more than 800 performances over 11 days. It is the country’s largest non-juried performing arts festival.^[119]

Literature

The rigors and rewards of pioneer life on the prairie are the subject of Giants in the Earth by Ole Rolvaag and the Little House series of children’s books by Laura Ingalls Wilder. Small-town life is portrayed grimly by Sinclair Lewis in the novel Main Street, and more gently and affectionately by Garrison Keillor in his tales of Lake Wobegon. St. Paul native F. Scott Fitzgerald writes of the social insecurities and aspirations of the young city in stories such as Winter Dreams and The Ice Palace (published in Flappers and Philosophers). Henry Wadsworth Longfellow’s epic poem The Song of Hiawatha was inspired by Minnesota and names many of the state’s places and bodies of water. Minnesota native Robert Zimmerman (Bob Dylan) won the 2016 Nobel Prize in Literature. Science fiction writer Marissa Lingen lives here.

Entertainment

Minnesota musicians include Prince, Bob Dylan, Eddie Cochran, The Andrews Sisters, The Castaways, The Trashmen, Soul Asylum, David Ellefson, Chad Smith, John Wozniak, Hüsker Dü, Semisonic, The Replacements, Owl City, Holly Henry, Motion City Soundtrack, Atmosphere, and Dessa. Minnesotans helped shape the history of music through popular American culture: the Andrews Sisters’ «Boogie Woogie Bugle Boy» was an iconic tune of World War II, while the Trashmen’s «Surfin’ Bird» and Bob Dylan epitomize two sides of the 1960s. In the 1980s, influential hit radio groups and musicians included Prince, The Original 7ven, Jimmy Jam & Terry Lewis, The Jets, Lipps Inc., and Information Society.

Minnesotans have also made significant contributions to comedy, theater, media, and film. The comic strip Peanuts was created by St. Paul native Charles M. Schulz. A Prairie Home Companion which first aired in 1974, became a long-running comedy radio show on National Public Radio. A cult scifi cable TV show, Mystery Science Theater 3000, was created by Joel Hodgson in Hopkins, and Minneapolis, MN. Another popular comedy staple developed in the 1990s, The Daily Show, was originated through Lizz Winstead and Madeleine Smithberg.

Joel and Ethan Coen, Terry Gilliam, Bill Pohlad, and Mike Todd contributed to the art of filmmaking as writers, directors, and producers. Notable actors from Minnesota include Loni Anderson, Richard Dean Anderson, James Arness, Jessica Biel, Rachael Leigh Cook, Julia Duffy, Mike Farrell, Judy Garland, Peter Graves, Josh Hartnett, Garrett Hedlund, Tippi Hedren, Jessica Lange, Kelly Lynch, E.G. Marshall, Laura Osnes, Melissa Peterman, Chris Pratt, Marion Ross, Jane Russell, Winona Ryder, Seann William Scott, Kevin Sorbo, Lea Thompson, Vince Vaughn, Jesse Ventura, and Steve Zahn.

Popular culture

Stereotypical traits of Minnesotans include «Minnesota nice», Lutheranism, a strong sense of community and shared culture, and a distinctive brand of North Central American English sprinkled with Scandinavian expressions. Potlucks, usually with a variety of hotdishes, are popular small-town church activities. A small segment of the Scandinavian population attend a traditional lutefisk dinner to celebrate Christmas. Life in Minnesota has also been depicted or used as a backdrop, in movies such as Fargo, Grumpy Old Men, Grumpier Old Men, Juno, Drop Dead Gorgeous, Young Adult, A Serious Man, New in Town, Rio, The Mighty Ducks films, and in famous television series like Little House on the Prairie, The Mary Tyler Moore Show, The Golden Girls, Coach, The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show, How I Met Your Mother and Fargo. Major movies shot on location in Minnesota include That Was Then… This Is Now, Purple Rain, Airport, Beautiful Girls, North Country, Untamed Heart, Feeling Minnesota, Jingle All The Way, A Simple Plan, and The Mighty Ducks films.

The Minnesota State Fair, advertised as The Great Minnesota Get-Together, is an icon of state culture. In a state of 5.5 million people, there were more than 1.8 million visitors to the fair in 2014, setting a new attendance record.^[120] The fair covers the variety of Minnesota life, including fine art, science, agriculture, food preparation, 4-H displays, music, the midway, and corporate merchandising. It is known for its displays of seed art, butter sculptures of dairy princesses, the birthing barn, and the «fattest pig» competition. One can also find dozens of varieties of food on a stick, such as Pronto Pups, cheese curds, and deep-fried candy bars. On a smaller scale, many of these attractions are offered at numerous county fairs.

Other large annual festivals include the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, the Minnesota Renaissance Festival, Minneapolis’ Aquatennial and Mill City Music Festival, Moondance Jam in Walker, Sonshine Christian music festival in Willmar, the Judy Garland Festival in Grand Rapids, the Eelpout Festival on Leech Lake, and the WE Fest in Detroit Lakes.

Health

Minnesotans have low rates of premature death, infant mortality, cardiovascular disease, and occupational fatalities.^[121][122] They have long life expectancies,^[123] and high rates of health insurance and regular exercise.^{[121][124][125]} These and other measures have led two groups to rank Minnesota as the healthiest state in the nation; however, in one of these rankings, Minnesota descended from first to sixth in the nation between 2005 and 2009 because of low levels of public health funding and the prevalence of binge drinking.^[121][126] While overall health indicators are strong, Minnesota does have significant health disparities in minority populations.^[127]

On October 1, 2007, the Freedom to Breathe Act took effect, outlawing smoking in restaurants and bars in Minnesota.^[128]

The Minnesota Department of Health is the primary state health agency responsible for public policy and regulation. Medical care in the state is provided by a comprehensive network of hospitals and clinics operated by a number of large providers including Allina Hospitals & Clinics, CentraCare Health System, Essentia Health, HealthPartners, M Health Fairview and the Mayo Clinic Health System. There are two teaching hospitals and medical schools in Minnesota. The University of Minnesota Medical School is a high-rated teaching institution that has made a number of breakthroughs in treatment, and its research activities contribute significantly to the state’s growing biotechnology industry.^[129] The Mayo Clinic, a world-renowned hospital based in Rochester, was founded by William Worrall Mayo, an immigrant from England.^[130][131]

U.S. News & World Report‘s 2020–21 survey ranked 4,554 hospitals in the country in 12 specialized fields of care, and placed the Mayo Clinic in the top four in most fields. The hospital ranked first on the best hospitals honor roll. The only specialty where it fell outside the top ten was ophthalmology.^[132] The Mayo Clinic and the University of Minnesota are partners in the Minnesota Partnership for Biotechnology and Medical Genomics, a state-funded program that conducts research into cancer, Alzheimer’s disease, heart health, obesity, and other areas.^[133]

Education

One of the first acts of the Minnesota Legislature when it opened in 1858 was the creation of a normal school in Winona. Minnesota’s commitment to education has contributed to a literate and well-educated populace. In 2009, according to the U.S. Census Bureau, Minnesota had the second-highest proportion of high school graduates, with 91.5% of people 25 and older holding a high school diploma, and the tenth-highest proportion of people with bachelor’s degrees.^[134] In 2015, Minneapolis was named the nation’s «Most Literate City», while St. Paul placed fourth, according to a major annual survey.^[135] In a 2013 study conducted by the National Center for Educational Statistics comparing the performance of eighth-grade students internationally in math and science, Minnesota ranked eighth in the world and third in the United States, behind Massachusetts and Vermont.^[136] In 2014, Minnesota students earned the tenth-highest average composite score in the nation on the ACT exam.^[137] In 2013, nationwide in per-student public education spending, Minnesota ranked 21st.^[138] While Minnesota has chosen not to implement school vouchers,^[139] it is home to the first charter school.^[140]

The state supports a network of public universities and colleges, including 37 institutions in the Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System, and five major campuses of the University of Minnesota system. It is also home to more than 20 private colleges and universities, six of which rank among the nation’s top 100 liberal arts colleges, according to U.S. News & World Report.^[141]

Transportation

Transportation in Minnesota is overseen by the Minnesota Department of Transportation (MnDOT) at the state level and by regional and local governments at the local level. Principal transportation corridors radiate from the Twin Cities metropolitan area and along interstate corridors in Greater Minnesota. The major Interstate highways are Interstate 35 (I-35), I-90, and I-94, with I-35 and I-94 connecting the Minneapolis–St. Paul area, and I-90 traveling east–west along the southern edge of the state.^[142] In 2006, a constitutional amendment was passed that required sales and use taxes on motor vehicles to fund transportation, with at least 40% dedicated to public transit.^[143] There are nearly two dozen rail corridors in Minnesota, most of which go through Minneapolis–St. Paul or Duluth.^[144] There is water transportation along the Mississippi River system and from the ports of Lake Superior.^[145]

Minnesota’s principal airport is Minneapolis–St. Paul International Airport (MSP), a major passenger and freight hub for Delta Air Lines and Sun Country Airlines. Most other domestic carriers serve the airport. Large commercial jet service is provided at Duluth and Rochester, with scheduled commuter service to four smaller cities via Delta Connection carriers SkyWest Airlines, Compass Airlines, and Endeavor Air.^[146]

Public transit services are available in the regional urban centers in Minnesota including Metro Transit in the Twin Cities, opt-out suburban operators Minnesota Valley Transit Authority, SouthWest Transit, Plymouth Metrolink, Maple Grove Transit and others. In Greater Minnesota transit services are provided by city systems such as Duluth Transit Authority, Mankato Transit System, MATBUS (Fargo-Moorhead), Rochester Public Transit, Saint Cloud Metro Bus, Winona Public Transit and others. Dial-a-Ride service is available for persons with disabilities in a majority of Minnesota Counties.^[147]

In addition to bus services, Amtrak’s daily Empire Builder (Chicago–Seattle/Portland) train runs through Minnesota, calling at the Saint Paul Union Depot and five other stations.^[148] Intercity bus providers include Jefferson Lines, Greyhound, and Megabus. Local public transit is provided by bus networks in the larger cities and by two rail services. The Northstar Line commuter rail service runs from Big Lake to the Target Field station in downtown Minneapolis. From there, light rail runs to Saint Paul Union Depot on the Green Line, and to the MSP airport and the Mall of America via the Blue Line.

Law and government

Minnesota is governed pursuant to the Minnesota Constitution, which was adopted October 13, 1857, roughly one year before statehood.^[149] Like all U.S. states and the federal government, Minnesota has a republican system of political representation with power divided into three branches: executive, legislative, and judicial.^[150] The state constitution includes a bill of rights that reaffirms many of the same rights and freedoms as its federal counterpart, with some protected more strongly and explicitly.^[149]

Executive

The executive branch is headed by the governor, currently Tim Walz, DFL (Democratic–Farmer–Labor), who took office on January 7, 2019. The governor has a cabinet consisting of the leaders of various state government agencies, called commissioners. The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state, attorney general, and state auditor.

Constitutional officeholders:

• Governor Tim Walz (DFL)
• Lt. Governor Peggy Flanagan (DFL)
• Secretary of State Steve Simon (DFL)
• Attorney General Keith Ellison (DFL)
• State Auditor Julie Blaha (DFL)

Legislature

The Minnesota Legislature is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The state has 67 districts, each with about 60,000 people. Each district has one senator and two representatives, each senatorial district being divided into A and B sections for members of the House. Senators serve for four years and representatives for two years.

Since 2023, both the House and Senate have had a slim DFL majority.^[151]

Judiciary

Minnesota’s court system has three levels. Most cases start in the district courts, which are courts of general jurisdiction. There are 279 district court judgeships in ten judicial districts. Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the Minnesota Court of Appeals, consisting of 19 judges who typically sit in three-judge panels. The seven-justice Minnesota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the tax court, the workers’ compensation court of appeals, first-degree murder convictions, and discretionary appeals from the court of appeals; it also has original jurisdiction over election disputes.^[152]

Two specialized courts within administrative agencies have been established: the workers’ compensation court of appeals, and the tax court, which deals with non-criminal tax cases.

Supreme Court Justices^[153]

• Chief Justice Lorie Gildea

Associate Justices

• Barry Anderson
• David Lillehaug
• Natalie Hudson
• Margaret Chutich
• Anne McKeig
• Paul Thissen

Regional

In addition to the city and county levels of government found in the United States, Minnesota has other entities that provide governmental oversight and planning. Regional development commissions (RDCs) provide technical assistance to local governments in the broad multi-county areas of the state. Along with this Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOs), such as the Metropolitan Council, provide planning and oversight of land use actions in metropolitan areas. Many lakes and rivers are overseen by watershed districts and soil and water conservation districts.

Federal

Minnesota’s United States senators are Democrats Amy Klobuchar and Tina Smith. The state has eight congressional districts; they are represented by Brad Finstad (1st district; R), Angie Craig (2nd; DFL), Dean Phillips (3rd; DFL), Betty McCollum (4th; DFL), Ilhan Omar (5th; DFL), Tom Emmer (6th; R), Michelle Fischbach (7th; R), and Pete Stauber (8th; R).

Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of Minnesota, in Minneapolis, St. Paul, Duluth, and Fergus Falls. Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals in St. Louis, Missouri and St. Paul.

Tribal

The State of Minnesota was created by the United States federal government in the traditional and cultural range of lands occupied by the Dakota and Anishinaabe peoples as well as other Native American groups. After many years of unequal treaties and forced resettlement by the state and federal government, the tribes re-organized into sovereign tribal governments. Today, the tribal governments are divided into 11 semi-autonomous reservations that negotiate with the U.S. and the state on a bilateral basis:

Four Dakota Mdewakanton communities:

• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Reservation
• Upper Sioux Community – Pejuhutazizi Oyate

Seven Anishinaabe reservations:

• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Band of Ojibwe
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa

The first six of the Anishinaabe bands compose the Minnesota Chippewa Tribe, the collective federally recognized tribal government of the Bois Forte, Fond du Lac, Grand Portage, Leech Lake, Mille Lacs, and White Earth reservations.

Politics

United States presidential election results for Minnesota^[154]

Year	Republican	Democratic	Third party
No.	%	No.	%	No.	%
2020	1,484,065	45.28%	1,717,077	52.40%	76,029	2.32%
2016	1,323,232	44.93%	1,367,825	46.44%	254,176	8.63%
2012	1,320,225	44.96%	1,546,167	52.65%	70,169	2.39%
2008	1,275,409	43.82%	1,573,354	54.06%	61,606	2.12%
2004	1,346,695	47.61%	1,445,014	51.09%	36,678	1.30%
2000	1,109,659	45.50%	1,168,266	47.91%	160,760	6.59%
1996	766,476	34.96%	1,120,438	51.10%	305,726	13.94%
1992	747,841	31.85%	1,020,997	43.48%	579,110	24.66%
1988	962,337	45.90%	1,109,471	52.91%	24,982	1.19%
1984	1,032,603	49.54%	1,036,364	49.72%	15,482	0.74%
1980	873,241	42.56%	954,174	46.50%	224,538	10.94%
1976	819,395	42.02%	1,070,440	54.90%	60,096	3.08%
1972	898,269	51.58%	802,346	46.07%	41,037	2.36%
1968	658,643	41.46%	857,738	54.00%	72,129	4.54%
1964	559,624	36.00%	991,117	63.76%	3,721	0.24%
1960	757,915	49.16%	779,933	50.58%	4,039	0.26%
1956	719,302	53.68%	617,525	46.08%	3,178	0.24%
1952	763,211	55.33%	608,458	44.11%	7,814	0.57%
1948	483,617	39.89%	692,966	57.16%	35,643	2.94%
1944	527,416	46.86%	589,864	52.41%	8,249	0.73%
1940	596,274	47.66%	644,196	51.49%	10,718	0.86%
1936	350,461	31.01%	698,811	61.84%	80,703	7.14%
1932	363,959	36.29%	600,806	59.91%	38,078	3.80%
1928	560,977	57.77%	396,451	40.83%	13,548	1.40%
1924	420,759	51.18%	55,913	6.80%	345,474	42.02%
1920	519,421	70.59%	142,994	19.43%	73,423	9.98%
1916	179,544	46.35%	179,152	46.25%	28,668	7.40%
1912	64,334	19.25%	106,426	31.84%	163,459	48.91%
1908	195,843	59.11%	109,401	33.02%	26,060	7.87%
1904	216,651	73.98%	55,187	18.84%	21,022	7.18%
1900	190,461	60.21%	112,901	35.69%	12,949	4.09%
1896	193,503	56.62%	139,735	40.89%	8,524	2.49%
1892	122,823	45.96%	100,920	37.76%	43,495	16.28%
1888	142,492	54.12%	104,385	39.65%	16,408	6.23%
1884	111,685	58.78%	70,065	36.87%	8,267	4.35%
1880	93,902	62.28%	53,315	35.36%	3,553	2.36%
1876	72,955	58.80%	48,587	39.16%	2,533	2.04%
1872	55,708	61.27%	35,211	38.73%	0	0.00%
1868	43,722	60.88%	28,096	39.12%	0	0.00%
1864	25,055	59.06%	17,367	40.94%	0	0.00%
1860	22,069	63.53%	11,920	34.31%	748	2.15%

Minnesota is known for a politically active citizenry, and populism has been a long-standing force among the state’s political parties.^[155][156] Minnesota has a consistently high voter turnout. In the 2008 U.S. presidential election, 78.2% of eligible Minnesotans voted – the highest percentage of any U.S. state – versus the national average of 61.2%.^[157] That figure was surpassed in 2020, when 79.96% of registered voters participated in the general election.^[158] Voters can register on election day at their polling places with evidence of residency.^[159]

Hubert Humphrey brought national attention to the state with his address at the 1948 Democratic National Convention. Minnesotans have consistently cast their Electoral College votes for Democratic presidential candidates since 1976, longer than any other state. Minnesota is the only state in the nation that did not vote for Ronald Reagan in either of his presidential campaigns. Minnesota has voted for the Democratic nominee in every presidential election since 1960, with the exception of 1972, when the state was won by Republican Richard Nixon.

Both the Democratic and Republican parties have major-party status in Minnesota, but its state-level Democratic party has a different name, officially known as the Minnesota Democratic-Farmer-Labor Party (DFL). It was formed out of a 1944 alliance of the Minnesota Democratic and Farmer-Labor parties.

The state has had active third-party movements. The Reform Party, now the Independence Party, was able to elect former mayor of Brooklyn Park and professional wrestler Jesse Ventura to the governorship in 1998. The Independence Party has received enough support to keep major-party status. The Green Party, while no longer having major-party status, has a large presence in municipal government,^[160] notably in Minneapolis and Duluth, where it competes directly with the DFL party for local offices. Major-party status in Minnesota (which grants state funding for elections) is reserved to parties whose candidates receive five percent or more of the vote in any statewide election (e.g., governor, secretary of state, U.S. president).

The state’s U.S. Senate seats have generally been split since the early 1990s and in the 108th and 109th Congresses, Minnesota’s congressional delegation was split, with four representatives and one senator from each party. In the 2006 mid-term election, Democrats were elected to all state offices, except governor and lieutenant governor, where Republicans Tim Pawlenty and Carol Molnau narrowly won reelection. The DFL posted double-digit gains in both houses of the legislature, elected Amy Klobuchar to the U.S. Senate, and increased the party’s U.S. House caucus by one. Keith Ellison (DFL) was elected as the first African American U.S. Representative from Minnesota, as well as the first Muslim elected to Congress nationwide.^[161] In 2008, DFLer and former comedian and radio talk show host Al Franken defeated incumbent Republican Norm Coleman in the U.S. Senate race by 312 votes out of three million cast.

In the 2010 election, Republicans took control of both chambers of the Minnesota legislature for the first time in 38 years and, with Mark Dayton’s election, the DFL party took the governor’s office for the first time in 20 years. Two years later, the DFL regained control of both houses, and with Dayton in office, the party had same-party control of both the legislative and executive branches for the first time since 1990. Two years later, the Republicans regained control of the Minnesota House,^[162] and in 2016, the GOP also regained control of the State Senate.^[163]

In 2018, the DFL retook control of the Minnesota House, while electing DFLer Tim Walz as Governor.

In a 2020 study, Minnesota was ranked as the 15th easiest state for citizens to vote in.^[164]

Media

The Twin Cities area is the fifteenth largest media market in the United States, as ranked by Nielsen Media Research. The state’s other top markets are Fargo–Moorhead (118th nationally), Duluth–Superior (137th), Rochester–Mason City–Austin (152nd), and Mankato (200th).^[165]

Broadcast television in Minnesota and the Upper Midwest started on April 27, 1948, when KSTP-TV began broadcasting.^[166] Hubbard Broadcasting, which owns KSTP, is now the only locally owned television company in Minnesota. Twin Cities CBS station WCCO-TV and FOX station KMSP-TV are owned-and-operated by their respective networks. There are 39 analog broadcast stations and 23 digital channels broadcast over Minnesota.

The four largest daily newspapers are the Star Tribune in Minneapolis, the Pioneer Press in Saint Paul, the Duluth News Tribune in Duluth, and the Post-Bulletin in Rochester. The Minnesota Daily is the largest student-run newspaper in the U.S.^[167] Sites offering daily news on the Web include The UpTake, MinnPost, the Twin Cities Daily Planet, business news site Finance and Commerce and Washington D.C.-based Minnesota Independent. Weeklies including City Pages and monthly publications such as Minnesota Monthly are available.

Two of the largest public radio networks, Minnesota Public Radio (MPR) and Public Radio International (PRI), are based in the state. MPR has the largest audience of any regional public radio network in the nation, broadcasting on 46 radio stations as of 2019.^[168][169] PRI weekly provides more than 400 hours of programming to almost 800 affiliates.^[170] The state’s oldest radio station, KUOM-AM, was launched in 1922 and is among the 10-oldest radio stations in the United States. The University of Minnesota-owned station is still on the air, and since 1993 broadcasts a college rock format.

Sports, recreation and tourism

Minnesota has an active program of organized amateur and professional sports. Tourism has become an important industry, especially in the Lake region. In the North Country, what had been an industrial area focused on mining and timber has largely been transformed into a vacation destination. Popular interest in the environment and environmentalism, added to traditional interests in hunting and fishing, has attracted a large urban audience within driving range.^[171]

Organized sports

Minnesota has professional men’s teams in all major sports.

The Minnesota Vikings have played in the National Football League since their admission as an expansion franchise in 1961. They played in Metropolitan Stadium from 1961 through 1981 and in the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome from 1982 until its demolition after the 2013 season for the construction of the team’s new home, U.S. Bank Stadium. The Vikings’ current stadium hosted Super Bowl LII in February 2018. Super Bowl XXVI was played in the Metrodome in 1992. The Vikings have advanced to the Super Bowl Super Bowl IV, Super Bowl VIII, Super Bowl IX, and Super Bowl XI, losing all four games to their AFC/AFL opponent

The Minnesota Twins have played in the Major League Baseball in the Twin Cities since 1961. The Twins began play as the original Washington Senators, a founding member of the American League in 1901, relocating to Minnesota in 1961. The Twins won the 1987 and 1991 World Series in seven-game matches where the home team was victorious in all games. The Twins also advanced to the 1965 World Series, where they lost to the Los Angeles Dodgers in seven games. The team has played at Target Field since 2010.

The Minneapolis Lakers of the National Basketball Association played in the Minneapolis Auditorium from 1947 to 1960, after which they relocated to Los Angeles. The Minnesota Timberwolves joined the NBA in 1989, and have played in Target Center since 1990.

The National Hockey League’s Minnesota Wild play in St. Paul’s Xcel Energy Center, and reached 300 consecutive sold-out games on January 16, 2008.^[172] Previously, the Minnesota North Stars competed in NHL from 1967 to 1993, which played in and lost the 1981 and 1991 Stanley Cup Finals.

Minnesota United FC joined Major League Soccer as an expansion team in 2017, having played in the lower-division North American Soccer League from 2010 to 2016. The team plays at Allianz Field in St. Paul.^[173] Previous professional soccer teams have included the Minnesota Kicks, which played at Metropolitan Stadium from 1976 to 1981, and the Minnesota Strikers from 1984 to 1988.

Minnesota also has minor-league professional sports teams. The Minnesota Swarm of the National Lacrosse League played at the Xcel Energy Center until the team moved to Georgia in 2015. The St. Paul Saints, who play at CHS Field in St. Paul, are the Triple-A minor league affiliate of the Minnesota Twins.

Professional women’s sports include the Minnesota Lynx of the Women’s National Basketball Association, winners of the 2011, 2013, 2015, and 2017 WNBA Championships, Minnesota Aurora FC of the United Soccer League W-League, the Minnesota Vixen of the Independent Women’s Football League, the Minnesota Valkyrie of the Legends Football League, and the Minnesota Whitecaps of the National Women’s Hockey League.

The Twin Cities campus of the University of Minnesota is a National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I school competing in the Big Ten Conference. Four additional schools in the state compete in NCAA Division I ice hockey: the University of Minnesota Duluth; Minnesota State University, Mankato; St. Cloud State University and Bemidji State University. There are nine NCAA Division II colleges in the Northern Sun Intercollegiate Conference, and twenty NCAA Division III colleges in the Minnesota Intercollegiate Athletic Conference and Upper Midwest Athletic Conference.^[174][175]

Minneapolis has hosted the NCAA Men’s Division I Basketball Championship in 1951, 1992, 2001, and 2019.

The Hazeltine National Golf Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women’s Open, U.S. Senior Open and PGA Championship. The course also hosted the Ryder Cup in the fall of 2016, when it became one of two courses in the U.S. to host all major golf competitions. The Ryder Cup is scheduled to return in 2028.^[176]

Interlachen Country Club has hosted the U.S. Open, U.S. Women’s Open, and Solheim Cup.

Winter Olympic Games medalists from the state include twelve of the twenty members of the gold medal 1980 ice hockey team (coached by Minnesota native Herb Brooks) and the bronze medalist U.S. men’s curling team in the 2006 Winter Olympics. Swimmer Tom Malchow won an Olympic gold medal in the 2000 Summer games and a silver medal in 1996.

Grandma’s Marathon is run every summer along the scenic North Shore of Lake Superior, and the Twin Cities Marathon winds around lakes and the Mississippi River during the peak of the fall color season. Farther north, Eveleth is the location of the United States Hockey Hall of Fame.

Outdoor recreation

Minnesotans participate in high levels of physical activity,^[177] and many of these activities are outdoors. The strong interest of Minnesotans in environmentalism has been attributed to the popularity of these pursuits.^[178]

In the warmer months, these activities often involve water. Weekend and longer trips to family cabins on Minnesota’s numerous lakes are a way of life for many residents. Activities include water sports such as water skiing, which originated in the state,^[179] boating, canoeing, and fishing. More than 36% of Minnesotans fish, second only to Alaska.^[180]

Fishing does not cease when the lakes freeze; ice fishing has been around since the arrival of early Scandinavian immigrants.^[181] Minnesotans have learned to embrace their long, harsh winters in ice sports such as skating, hockey, curling, and broomball, and snow sports such as cross-country skiing, alpine skiing, luge, snowshoeing, and snowmobiling.^[182] Minnesota is the only U.S. state where bandy is played.^[183]

State and national forests and the 72 state parks are used year-round for hunting, camping, and hiking. There are almost 20,000 miles (32,000 km) of snowmobile trails statewide.^[184] Minnesota has more miles of bike trails than any other state,^[185] and a growing network of hiking trails, including the 235-mile (378 km) Superior Hiking Trail in the northeast.^[186] Many hiking and bike trails are used for cross-country skiing during the winter.

See also

• Index of Minnesota-related articles
• Outline of Minnesota

Notes

References

External links

Culture and history

• Minnesota Historical Society
• Minnesota Place Names
• Minnesota Reflections
• Minnesota State Guide from the Library of Congress

General

• Minnesota at Curlie

Government

• Official website
• Indian Affairs Council, State of Minnesota
• Prairie Island Indian Community
• Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community
• Lower Sioux Indian Community
• The Upper Sioux Community Pejuhutazizi Oyate
• Minnesota Chippewa Tribe
• Bois Forte Band of Chippewa
• Fond du Lac Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Grand Portage Band of Lake Superior Chippewa
• Leech Lake Band of Ojibwe
• Mille Lacs Band of Ojibwe
• White Earth Indian Reservation Tribal Council
• Red Lake Band of Chippewa Indians

Maps and demographics

• Minnesota State Demographic Center
• State Facts from USDA
• Minnesota State Highway Map
• Minnesota at OpenStreetMap

Tourism and recreation

• Explore Minnesota
• Minnesota Department of Natural Resources
• Minnesota travel guide from Wikivoyage

Coordinates: 46°N 94°W / 46°N 94°W

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

minnesota usa

1 Ma. Minnesota

2 Minn. Minnesota

3 Minnesota

4 Minnesota

5 Minnesota

6 Minnesota

7 Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

8 Minnesota

9 Minnesota

10 Minnesota Environmental Control Citizens Association

11 Horticultural Research Center, University of Minnesota

12 Minnesota

13 Minnesota Agricultural Experiment Station, University of Minnesota

14 Minnesota Environmental Control Citizens Association

15 Minnesota Living With Heart Failure Questionnaire

16 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory

17 Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory profile

18 Minnesota Reports

19 Minnesota engineering analogies test

20 Minnesota multiphasic personality inventory

См. также в других словарях:

Miss Minnesota USA — For the state pageant affiliated with Miss America, see Miss Minnesota. Kaylee Unverzagt, Miss Minnesota USA 2008 The Miss Minnesota USA competition is the pageant that selects the representative for the state of Minnesota in the Miss USA pageant … Wikipedia

Minnesota Wild — Gründung 25. Juni 1997 Geschichte Minnesota Wild seit 2000 Stadion … Deutsch Wikipedia

Minnesota State University, Mankato — Motto Go further than you thought possible Established 1868 Type P … Wikipedia

Minnesota Military Museum — Established 1977 Location Camp Ripley, 15000 Highway 115, Little Falls, Minnesota, USA Type Military history museum … Wikipedia

Minnesota (État) — Minnesota Pour les articles homonymes, voir Minnesota (homonymie). Minnesota State of Minnesota … Wikipédia en Français

Minnesota Constitution — Minnesota This article is part of the series: Politics and government of Minnesota … Wikipedia

Minnesota Zoo — Mexican Gray Wolf Date opened May 22, 1978 [1] Location Apple Valley, Minnesota … Wikipedia

Minnesota Valley National Wildlife Refuge — IUCN Category IV (Habitat/Species Management Area) … Wikipedia

Minnesota State Colleges and Universities System — Minnesota State Colleges and Universities Established 1995 Type Public university system Chancellor Steven J. Rosenstone Students 4 … Wikipedia

Minnesota State Patrol — Abbreviation MSP Patch of the Minnesota State Patrol … Wikipedia

Minnesota River — Einzugsgebiet und Nebenflüsse des Minnesota Rivers Daten … Deutsch Wikipedia

Источник

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7 Minnesota

8 Minnesota

9 Minnesota

10 Minnesota

11 Minnesota

12 Minnesota

13 Minnesota

14 Minnesota

15 Minnesota

16 Minnesota

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18 Minnesota

19 minnesota

20 миннесота

См. также в других словарях:

Minnesota — (Details) (Details) … Deutsch Wikipedia

Minnesota — • One of the North Central States of the American Union, lies about midway between the eastern and western shores of the continent, and about midway between the gulf of Mexico and Hudson s Bay Catholic Encyclopedia. Kevin Knight. 2006. Minnesota… … Catholic encyclopedia

MINNESOTA — MINNESOTA, U.S. state in the north central tier with about 4.9 million inhabitants of which the Jewish population is roughly 42,000. (The 2004 Twin Cities Jewish Population Study found 10,900 Jews in St. Paul and 29,100 in Minneapolis. It is… … Encyclopedia of Judaism

Minnesota — es uno de los estados que conforma los Estados Unidos de América. * * * Río del centro N de E.U.A, afluente derecho del Mississippi; 534 km. Estado del centro N de E.U.A., junto al lago Superior (E) y Canadá (N); 218 601 km2 y 4 375 099 h. Cap.,… … Enciclopedia Universal

minnesota — s.f. Rasă de porci creată în America şi crescută pentru producţia de carne. [pr.: mi ni sắu ta] – cuv. engl. Trimis de ana zecheru, 15.05.2003. Sursa: DEX 98  MINNESOTA [pr.: minisăuta] f. 1) Rasă de porci americană crescută pentru carne. 2)… … Dicționar Român

Minnesota 78 — is an old selection of grapevine, developed at the University of Minnesota, United States. It was extensively used in breeding by Elmer Swenson, with its Vitis riparia background providing a degree of adaptation to the harsh climate of the upper… … Wikipedia

Minnesota — (Minesota, Minnisotah), 1) (M. River, d.i. trüber Fluß), so v.w. St. Peters River; 2) einer der Vereinigten Staaten von Nordamerika u. zwar der jüngste der sechs sogenannten nordwestlichen Agriculturstaaten; grenzt im Norden an die… … Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon

Minnesota — (spr. ßōta, abgekürzt Minn.), nordamerikanischer Unionsstaat, zur Gruppe der Staaten am obern Mississippi gehörig (s. Karte »Vereinigte Staaten«), zwischen 43°30 –49° nördl. Br. und 89°39 –97°5 westl. L., wird im N. von Kanada, im O. vom Obern… … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

Minnesota — état du centre nord des È. U., limitrophe du Canada, sur le lac Supérieur; 217 735 km²; 4 375 000 hab.; cap. Saint Paul. Marqué par les glaciations, drainé par le haut Mississippi et son affl. le Minnesota (510 km), cet état est une grande rég.… … Encyclopédie Universelle

Источник

[ˏmɪnɪˊsǝutǝ]
Миннесота, штат на Среднем Западе США <

инд.

вода цвета неба>.
Сокращение: MN.
Прозвища: «штат Северной Звезды» [*North Star State], «штат сусликов» [*Gopher State], «страна десяти тысяч озёр» [*Land of 10,000 Lakes], «штат хлеба и масла» [*Bread and Butter State], «пшеничный штат» [*Wheat State].
Житель штата: миннесотец [*Minnesotan].
Столица:

г.

Сент-Пол [*St. Paul].
Девиз: «Северная/Полярная звезда» [

фр.

‘L’Etoile du Nord’].
Цветок: венерин башмачок [showy lady slipper].
Дерево: красная/норвежская сосна [red/Norway pine].
Птица: гагара [common loon].
Песня: «Славься, Миннесота» [*‘Hail Minnesota’].
Площадь: 205359

кв. км

(84,402 ) (12- е место).
Население (1992): 4,48

млн.

(20- е место).
Крупнейшие города: Миннеаполис—Сент-Пол [*Minneapolis St. Paul].
Экономика. Основные отрасли: туризм, агробизнес, лесная, горнодобывающая и обрабатывающая промышленность.
Основная продукция: продовольствие, машины, продукция химической промышленности, бумага, электрооборудование и электроника, печатная продукция, инструменты, металлоизделия.
Сельское хозяйство. Основные культуры: кукуруза, соя, пшеница, сахарная свёкла, подсолнечник, ячмень.
Животноводство (1990): скота — 2,95

млн.

, свиней — 4,25

млн.

, овец — 285

тыс.

, птицы — 12,7

млн.

Лесное хозяйство: хвойные и породы с твёрдой древесиной.
Минералы: железная руда, строительный песок, гравий и щебень. Рыболовство (1992): на 101

тыс. долл.

История. Район был открыт скупщиками пушнины и миссионерами из французской Канады в XVII

в.

Англия завладела территорией к востоку от

р.

Миссисипи в 1763, после Войны за независимость этот район перешёл к США, а в 1803 в результате покупки Луизианы к нему были присоединены земли к западу от

р.

Миссисипи. В 1862 произошло восстание индейцев сиу, после поражения они были изгнаны за пределы штата.
Достопримечательности: водопад Миннехаха [Minnehaha Falls] в Миннеаполисе, вдохновивший Лонгфелло на поэму «Песнь о Гайавате» [‘Hiawatha, The Song of’]; более 10000 озёр; 64 парка штата; 20 исторических мест; Театр «Ордуэй» [Ordway Theater] в Сент-Поле, Театр «Гатри» [*Guthrie Theater] в Миннеаполисе; профессиональные бейсбол, футбол, хоккей; Национальный парк «Вояджерс» [Voyageurs Nat’l Park], заповедник рек и озёр вдоль канадской границы; онкологическая клиника Мэйо [*Mayo Clinic] в Рочестере; зимний карнавал в Сент-Поле [St. Paul Winter Carnival]; автострада по северному берегу [North Shore Drive].
Знаменитые миннесотцы: Фитцджеральд, Скотт [Fitzgerald, Francis Scott], писатель; Гилберт, Касс [*Gilbert, Cass], архитектор; Льюис, Синклер [*Lewis, Sinclair], писатель; Маншип, Пол [Manship, Paul], скульптор; Мэйо, Уильям и Чарлз [*Mayo, William; Mayo, Charles], врачи; Мондейл, Уолтер [*Mondale, Walter F.], вице-президент США; Шульц, Чарлз [*Schulz, Charles], карикатурист; Стассен, Гарольд [*Stassen, Harold], государственный деятель; Веблен, Торстайн [*Veblen, Thorstein], экономист.
Ассоциации: «страна десяти тысяч озёр», край легендарного гиганта-лесоруба Пола Баньяна [*Bunyan, Paul] и его неизменного спутника Голубого Быка [Blue Ox]; Международные водопады [International Falls] на границе с Канадой славятся рыбной ловлей; промышленность покидает этот северный край, примером умирающего города является Дулут [Duluth], ещё недавно крупный промышленный центр

Миннесота, штат США, Миннесота, миннесотский

существительное

- Миннесота (штат США; почтовый код MN, официальное сокращение Minn.)
- Миннесота (река в США)
- миннесотский

Словосочетания

hunt-minnesota test — тест Хант-Миннесота на выявление степени утраты интеллекта в результате мозговой травмы  

Примеры с переводом

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Миннесо́та^[4][5] (англ. Minnesota, американское произношение: [ˌmɪnᵻˈsoʊtə] ( слушать)) — штат^[6] на Среднем Западе США. В штате проживает 5 709 752 человек^[3] (2020, 22-е место в США), главным образом немецкого (37,3 %), норвежского (17,0 %), ирландского (12,2 %) и шведского (10,0 %) происхождения. Столицей штата является город Сент-Пол. Крупнейший город штата — Миннеаполис. Другие крупные города: Блумингтон, Дулут, Рочестер, Бруклин-Парк.

Этимология

Название штата происходит от названия реки Миннесота. Название реки на языке дакота образовано либо от слова Mní sóta’ (чистая кристальная вода), либо от Mnißota (мутная вода).

История

До прихода европейцев на территории Миннесоты обитали индейские племена оджибве, сиу, шайенны и виннебаго.

Согласно Кенсингтонскому руническому камню, первыми европейцами, ступившими на землю Миннесоты, стали прибывшие в XIV веке скандинавы. Однако подлинность камня оспаривается. В новое время первыми европейцами, исследовавшими территорию Миннесоты, стали французы, в частности, экспедиции Самуэля де Шамплена, Даниэля дю Люта, в честь которого назван город Дулут, и Робера де Ла Саля. В 1679 году дю Лют объявил провинцию частью Франции. В 1763 году после Семилетней войны территория была передана Великобритании в соответствии с Парижским договором.

Область нынешней Миннесоты восточнее Миссисипи стала частью США после Войны за независимость, другая область, на западе, перешла к США в результате Луизианской покупки 1803 года.

3 марта 1849 года из состава Айовы выделилась Территория Миннесота, в которую поначалу входила значительная часть современной Северной и Южной Дакоты. 11 мая 1858 года Миннесота была принята в Союз, став 32-м штатом страны. Конституция штата была принята в 1858 году.

Во время Гражданской войны боевые действия на территории Миннесоты не велись. Представители штата воевали в армии северян.

В 1862 году здесь произошло восстание индейцев санти-сиу.

В конце XIX — начале XX века в штате наблюдалось бурное экономическое развитие. В 1915 году в Дулуте были открыты сталелитейные предприятия корпорации U.S. Steel. Развивалось также морское пароходство благодаря навигации по реке Св. Лаврентия.

Физико-географическая характеристика

География

Площадь Миннесоты равна 225 181 км² (12-место среди других штатов), что составляет 2,25 % от территории США. На водную поверхность приходится 8,4 % территории штата^[7].

На севере и северо-востоке Миннесота граничит с канадскими провинциями Манитоба и Онтарио, от которых штат местами отделен озёрами Лесное, Верхнее и др., а также реками Рейни-Ривер и Пиджен. На востоке Миннесота граничит с Висконсином, на юге — с Айовой, на западе — с Южной Дакотой и Северной Дакотой. Таким образом, Миннесота граничит с четырьмя штатами США и двумя канадскими провинциями.

Примыкающие административные единицы
Северо-запад: канадские провинции Онтарио Манитоба	Север: канадские провинции Онтарио Манитоба	Северо-восток: канадская провинция Онтарио
Запад: Северная Дакота Южная Дакота		Восток: Висконсин
Юго-запад Южная Дакота	Юг: Айова	Юго-восток Висконсин

Миннесота является самым северным штатом США после Аляски.

Формально северные границы штатов Вашингтон, Айдахо, Монтана, Северная Дакота и Миннесота проходят по 49 параллели, образуя ровную линию американо-канадской границы. Однако именно в Миннесоте имеется так называемый Северо-Западный Угол — маленький участок границы, заходящий севернее этой линии примерно на 43 километра. Он-то и делает Миннесоту самым северным из «континентальных» штатов.

Центральная и южная части Миннесоты лежат на плоской равнине. Около трети территории покрыто лесами. На северо-западе и западе расположились прерии.
На территории Миннесоты находится 11 842 озера^[8], образованных тающим ледником, что нашло отражение в одном из официальных прозвищ штата.

Самые крупные озёра — Верхнее, Вудс, Рейни, Лоуэр-Рэд^[9]. По территории штата протекает 6 546 природных рек и ручьёв^[8]. Крупные реки: Миссисипи, Миннесота, Ред-Ривер^[9].

Самой высокой точкой штата является гора Игл-Маунтин (701 м)^[9].

Геология

Северная часть Миннесоты расположена на кристаллическом Лаврентийском щите, с выходами которого связаны скалистые гряды и глубокие озёра (всего около 15 тыс. озёр).

Климат

Климат штата Миннесота — влажный умеренный континентальный. Разброс между отмеченным за историю наблюдения температурными максимумом и минимумом составляет 97 °C, от −51 °C (отмечен 2 февраля 1996 года) до 46 °C (отмечены 29 июля 1917 года и 6 июля 1936 года). В Миннесоте расположено, как считается, самое холодное место в континентальной части США — «холодильник нации», город Интернашенал-Фолс.

Среднегодовое количество осадков колеблется от 48 до 89 см. Засухи происходят каждые 10—50 лет.

Суточная максимальная и минимальная температуры
в городах Миннесоты^[10]

Место	Январь, °C (минимум — максимум)	Июль, °C (минимум — максимум)
Миннеаполис	−13…−4	18…28
Сент-Пол	−14…−5	17…28
Рочестер	−16…−5	17…28
Дулут	−17…−7	13…24
Сент-Клауд	−18…−7	14…27
Альберт Ли	−15…−5	17…29
Интернашенал-Фолс	−21…−9	11…25

Флора и фауна

На территории штата сходятся три биома: Великие равнины на западе, лиственные леса на востоке и тайга на севере.

Охраняемые территории

Первый парк штата Миннесота, Государственный Парк Айтаска, был создан в 1891 году, и является источником реки Миссисипи. Сегодня в Миннесоте находятся 72 государственных парка и зон отдыха, 58 государственных лесов площадью около четырёх миллионов акров (16 000 км²), а также многочисленные государственные заказники. Все эти объекты находятся в ведении Департамента природных ресурсов Миннесоты.

Население

Национальный состав

• Немцы — 37,9 %
• Норвежцы — 16,8 %
• Ирландцы — 11,8 %
• Шведы — 9,5 %
• Англичане — 6,3 %
• Поляки — 5,1 %
• Французы — 4,2 %

По данным переписи населения в штате проживает примерно по 100 тыс.чел. итальянцев, чехов, датчан, финнов и голландцев.

Расовый состав

• Европеоидная раса — 88 %
• Негроидная раса — 4,4 %
• Латиноамериканцы — 4 %
• Монголоидная раса — 3,5 %
• Американские индейцы — 1 %

Религиозный состав

• Протестантизм — 32 %
• Католицизм — 28 %
• Евангелизм — 21 %
• Иудаизм — 1 %
• Другие религии — 5 %
• Атеизм — 13 %

Экономика

По данным Бюро экономического анализа, ВВП штата в 2015 г. составил $328 млрд. Минимальная заработная плата в Миннесоте составляет 9 долларов в час и является максимальной в штатах Среднего Запада^[11]. Самый низкий показатель бедности в США — в Миннесоте^[12]. Уровень безработицы на январь 2017 года равнялся 3,7 %.

Миннесота является индустриальным штатом. В городах-близнецах (Миннеаполис и Сент-Пол) расположены центральные офисы многих крупных корпораций, включая 3M. Железорудный район Месаби обеспечивает более половины добычи железной руды США. Открытие глубоководного пути Св. Лаврентия сделало Дулут международным морским портом. Ведётся добыча песка, гравия, камня. В XX веке получили развитие такие отрасли, как машиностроение, полиграфия, пищевая промышленность и деревообработка, а в последние десятилетия — производство компьютерной техники.

Хорошо развито в Миннесоте и сельское хозяйство, хотя фермеры составляют лишь порядка 2 % населения. Основные сельскохозяйственные культуры — соя, кукуруза, сеяные травы, пшеница. Есть также молочное животноводство.

В Миннесоте действует прогрессивный налог на прибыль: 5,35 %, 7,05 %, 7,85 % и 9,85 %. В 2008 году жители штата отдали 10,2 процента в качестве налога (в среднем США — 9,7 %). Государственный налог с продаж в штате Миннесота составляет 6,875 процента, но не облагаются налогами продажа одежды, отпускаемых по рецепту врача лекарств, некоторые услуги и продукты питания для домашнего потребления. Акцизы взимаются на алкоголь, табак и топливо.

Вооружённые силы

Единственной военизированной силой, уполномоченной действовать в штате, является национальная гвардия штата Миннесота, которая состоит из более чем 13 000 солдат и авиаторов. Национальная гвардия штата может использоваться губернатором для оказания помощи штату во время чрезвычайных ситуаций.

Административно-политическое устройство

Административное деление

Штат Миннесота включает в себя 87 округов. По данным за 2014 год население штата составляет 5 457 173 человека; таким образом, средняя численность населения в округе составляет 62 726 человек. Площадь штата Миннесота составляет 206 144 км²[2]; таким образом, средняя площадь округа составляет 2369 км², средняя плотность населения — 26,47 чел./км². Наиболее населённым округом является Хеннепин, на его территории находится крупнейший город штата — Миннеаполис. Самая высокая плотность населения в округе Рамси. Наименее населённым округом является Траверс, наиболее низкая плотность населения среди остальных округов штата в округе Лейк-оф-те-Вудс. Самым большим округом по площади является Сент-Луис, самым маленьким — Рамси.

Власть

Главным законом штата является конституция штата Миннесота. Конституция была одобрена жителями штата на специальных выборах, состоявшихся 13 октября 1857 года и была ратифицирована Сенатом США 11 мая 1858 года. К конституции в разное время было принято 120 поправок.

Законодательная ветвь

Законодательно собрание штата состоит из двух палат — сената, включающего 67 членов, и палаты представителей, насчитывающей 134 парламентария. Заседания обеих палат проходят в Капитолии штата Миннесота.

Исполнительная ветвь

Исполнительная власть представлена губернатором, срок полномочий которого — 4 года. Помимо губернатора, граждане избирают государственного секретаря Миннесоты, государственного аудитора Миннесоты и генерального прокурора Миннесоты. Под общим руководством губернатора работают различные исполнительные агентства (департаменты), такие как, например, Административный департамент или Департамент занятости и экономического развития.

Судебная ветвь

Судебная власть включает:

• Верховный суд Миннесоты — является высшим судебным органом в штате. Состоит из 7 судей.
• Апелляционный суд Миннесоты — второй по величине судебный орган. Состоит из 16 судей.
• Окружные суды.

Также действуют:

• Налоговый суд Миннесоты^[13].
• Апелляционный суд по компенсации работникам^[14].

Культура

Социальная сфера

В 2017 году Миннесота стала лидером среди штатов США по итогам American College Test (аналог: российское ЕГЭ)^[15]

Транспорт

Автомобильный транспорт

Через Миннесоту проходит несколько межштатных автомагистралей: I-35, I-90 и I-94.

Автобусные системы существуют в Рочестере, Уиноне, Дулуте, Сент-Клауде, Ист-Гранд-Форксе, Манкайто Морхеде и Миннеаполисе.

Железнодорожный транспорт

В Миннеаполисе действуют две ветки лёгкого метро. Первая ветка связывает центр Миннеаполиса с аэропортом (протяжённость 20 км), вторая — центры Миннеаполиса и Сент-Пола (протяжённость 18 км).

С 2009 года существует сеть пригородных поездов. Через штат проходит маршрут поезда Empire Builder (Чикаго-Сиэтл), оператором которого является компания Amtrak^[16].

Водный транспорт

В начале истории штата большинство людей и грузов передвигались на большие расстояния по рекам и озёрам.

Воздушный транспорт

Главным аэропортом Миннесоты является Международный аэропорт Миннеаполис/Сент-Пол. Этот аэропорт также является хабом для Delta Air Lines, Sun Country Airlines и других американских авиакомпаний. Также в штате находится большое количество других аэропортов.

Средства массовой информации

Star Tribune, Pioneer Press^[17]

Спорт

В штате базируется баскетбольная команда «Миннесота Тимбервулвз», выступающая в НБА. Женская «Миннесота Линкс».

Хоккейный клуб «Миннесота Уайлд» выступает в НХЛ с 2000 года. В период с 1967 по 1993 в НХЛ выступал хоккейный клуб «Миннесота Норт Старз».

Миннесота Вайкингс (англ. Minnesota Vikings — Викинги Миннесоты) — профессиональный клуб американского футбола, выступающий в Национальной футбольной лиге.

Миннесота Твинс (англ. Minnesota Twins) — профессиональный бейсбольный клуб, выступающий в Центральном дивизионе Американской лиги Главной лиги бейсбола (МЛБ).

Города

Здания и сооружения

В Миннесоте расположены несколько десятков небоскрёбов, одиннадцать самых высоких зданий штата находятся в Миннеаполисе^[en]. Три самых высоких здания штата: IDS Center^[en] (241 м), Башня Капелла (236 м) и Wells Fargo Center (236 м).

Люди

Символы штата^[18]

Официальный девиз штата — «Звезда Севера» (фр. L’étoile du Nord).

Официальные прозвища:

• «Штат Северной звезды» (англ. North Star State)
• «Штат суслика» (англ. Gopher State)
• «Земля 10000 озёр» (англ. Land of 10,000 Lakes)
• «Штат хлеба с маслом» (англ. Bread and Butter State)
• «Пшеничный штат» (англ. Wheat State)

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См. также

Примечания

Ссылки

• state.mn.us (англ.) — официальный сайт администрации Миннесоты

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