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Tower Bridge is a Grade I listed combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, built between 1886 and 1894, designed by Horace Jones and engineered by John Wolfe Barry with the help of Henry Marc Brunel.^[1] It crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and is one of five London bridges owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust founded in 1282. The bridge was constructed to give better access to the East End of London, which had expanded its commercial potential in the 19th century. The bridge was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales in 1894.

Tower Bridge
View from Shad Thames
Coordinates	51°30′20″N 0°04′31″W / 51.5055°N 0.075406°W
Carries	London Inner Ring Road
Crosses	River Thames
Locale	London boroughs: – north side: Tower Hamlets – south side: Southwark
Named for	Tower of London
Maintained by	Bridge House Estates
Heritage status	Grade I listed building
Website	www.towerbridge.org.uk
Preceded by	London Bridge
Followed by	Elizabeth II Bridge
Characteristics
Design	Bascule bridge / Suspension Bridge
Total length	800 feet (240 m)
Height	213 feet (65 m)
History
Architect	Horace Jones
Construction start	21 June 1886
Construction end	1894
Opened	30 June 1894
Location

The bridge is 800 feet (240 m) in length and consists of two 213-foot (65 m) bridge towers connected at the upper level by two horizontal walkways, and a central pair of bascules that can open to allow shipping. Originally hydraulically powered, the operating mechanism was converted to an electro-hydraulic system in 1972. The bridge is part of the London Inner Ring Road and thus the boundary of the London congestion charge zone, and remains an important traffic route with 40,000 crossings every day. The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, whereas the bridge’s twin towers, high-level walkways, and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition.

Tower Bridge has become a recognisable London landmark. It is sometimes confused with London Bridge, about 0.5 miles (800 m) upstream, which has led to a persistent urban legend about an American purchasing the wrong bridge.

HistoryEdit

InceptionEdit

Elevation, with dimensions

In the late 19th century, commercial development in the East End of London increased, leading to demand for a new river crossing downstream of London Bridge. A traditional fixed bridge at street level could not be built because it would cut off access by sailing ships to the port facilities in the Pool of London between London Bridge and the Tower of London.^[2]

A Special Bridge or Subway Committee chaired by Sir Albert Joseph Altman was formed in 1877 to find a solution.^[3] More than fifty designs were submitted, including one from civil engineer Sir Joseph Bazalgette, which was rejected because of a lack of sufficient headroom. A design was not approved until 1884 when it was decided to build a bascule bridge.^[2][4] Sir John Wolfe Barry was appointed engineer and Sir Horace Jones the architect (who was also one of the judges).^[5][6] An Act of Parliament authorising construction was passed in 1885. It specified that the opening span would provide a clear width of 200 feet (61 m) and headroom of 135 feet (41 m). The design had to be in a Gothic style.^[5] Construction was funded by the Bridge House Estates, a charity established in 1282 for maintenance of London Bridge that subsequently expanded to cover Tower Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge, Southwark Bridge and the Millennium Bridge.^[7]

Barry designed a bridge with two bridge towers built on piers. The central span was split into two equal bascules or leaves, which could be raised to allow river traffic to pass. The two side spans were suspension bridges, with rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained in the bridge’s upper walkways.^[5]

ConstructionEdit

Tower Bridge under construction, 1892

Construction started in 1886, with the foundation stone laid by the Prince of Wales on 21 June, and took eight years.^[8][9] Major contractors included Sir John Jackson (foundations),^[10] Armstrong, Mitchell and Company (hydraulics), William Webster,^[11] and Sir William Arrol & Co.^[12] 432 people worked on the site; E W Crutwell was the resident engineer for the construction.^[13]

Two piers, containing over 70,000 long tons (78,400 short tons; 71,123 t) of concrete, were sunk into the riverbed to support the construction.^[14] More than 11,000 long tons (12,320 short tons; 11,177 t) of steel were used in the framework for the towers and walkways, which were then clad in Cornish granite and Portland stone to protect the underlying steelwork.^[15]

Jones died in 1887, and George D. Stevenson took over the project.^[16] Stevenson replaced Jones’s original brick façade with the more ornate Victorian Gothic style, which made the bridge a distinctive landmark and was intended to harmonise the bridge with the nearby Tower of London.^[13][16] The total cost of construction was £1,184,000^[9][13] (equivalent to £143 million in 2021).^[17]

OpeningEdit

Tower Bridge was officially opened on 30 June 1894 by the Prince and Princess of Wales.^[5][18] The opening ceremony was attended by the Lord Chamberlain, the Lord Carrington and the Home Secretary, H. H. Asquith.^[9] An Act of Parliament stipulated that a tug boat should be on station to assist vessels in danger when crossing the bridge, a requirement that remained in place until the 1960s.^[18]

The bridge connected Iron Gate, on the north bank of the river, with Horselydown Lane, on the south – now known as Tower Bridge Approach and Tower Bridge Road, respectively.^[13] Until the bridge was opened, the Tower Subway – 0.25 mi (400 m) to the west – was the shortest way to cross the river from Tower Hill to Tooley Street in Southwark. Opened in 1870, Tower Subway was among the world’s earliest underground («tube») railways, but it closed after just three months and was reopened as a tolled pedestrian foot tunnel. Once Tower Bridge was open, the majority of foot traffic transferred to using the bridge, as there was no toll to cross. Having lost most of its income, the tunnel was closed in 1898.^[19]

The high-level open-air walkways between the towers gained a reputation for prostitutes and pickpockets. Since they were only accessible by stairs, the walkways were seldom used by regular pedestrians and were closed in 1910.^[20][21] The walkway reopened in 1982 as part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition.^[20][22]

20th centuryEdit

Tower Bridge during the first mass air raid on London, 7 September 1940

Tower Bridge – 1950, BW Lee

During the Second World War, Tower Bridge was seen as a major transport link to the Port of London, and consequently was a target for enemy action. In 1940, the high-level span took a direct hit, severing the hydraulic mechanism and taking the bridge out of action. In April 1941, a parachute mine exploded close to the bridge, causing serious damage to the bascule, towers, and engine room. In 1942, a third engine was installed in case the existing ones were damaged by enemy action.^[23] It was a 150 hp horizontal cross-compound engine, built by Vickers Armstrong Ltd. at their Elswick works in Newcastle upon Tyne. It was fitted with a flywheel having a 9-foot (2.7 m) diameter and weighing 9 tons, and was governed to a speed of 30 rpm. The engine became redundant when the rest of the system was modernised in 1974 and was donated to the Forncett Industrial Steam Museum by the City of London Corporation.^[24]

The southern section of the bridge, in the London Borough of Southwark, was Grade I listed on 6 December 1949.^[25] The remainder of the bridge, in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets, was listed on 27 September 1973.^[26] In 1974, the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro-hydraulic drive system, designed by BHA Cromwell House, with the original final pinions driven by modern hydraulic motors.^[27][28]

In 1982, the Tower Bridge Exhibition opened, housed in the bridge’s twin towers, the long-closed high-level walkways, and the Victorian engine rooms. The latter still houses the original steam engines and some of the original hydraulic machinery.^[29][30][31]

21st centuryEdit

The bridge closed for a month in 2000 to repair the bascules and perform other maintenance.^[32] A computer system was installed to control the raising and lowering of the bascules remotely. However, the system proved unreliable, resulting in the bridge being stuck in the open or closed positions on several occasions during 2005 until its sensors were replaced.^[33]

In April 2008, authorities announced that the bridge would undergo a £4 million refurbishment that would take four years to complete. The work entailed stripping existing paint down to bare metal and repainting in blue and white.^[34][35] Before this, the bridge’s colour scheme dated from 1977, when it was painted red, white, and blue for Queen Elizabeth II’s Silver Jubilee. Its colours were subsequently restored to blue and white.^[34][35] Each section was enshrouded in scaffolding and plastic sheeting to prevent the old paint falling into the Thames and causing pollution. Starting in mid-2008, contractors worked on a quarter of the bridge at a time to minimise disruption, but some road closures were inevitable. The completed work should stand for 25 years.^[36] The renovation of the walkway interior was completed in mid-2009. The renovation of the four suspension chains was completed in March 2010 using a state-of-the-art coating system requiring up to six different layers of paint.^[34] A lighting system based on RGB LED luminaires was installed, concealed within the bridge superstructure, and attached without drilling holes, owing to the bridge’s Grade I listing.^[37]

On 8 July 2012, as part of the London Olympics, the west walkway was transformed into a 200-foot-long (61 m) Live Music Sculpture by the British composer Samuel Bordoli. 30 classical musicians were arranged along the length of the bridge 138 feet (42 m) above the Thames behind the Olympic rings. The sound travelled backward and forwards along the walkway, echoing the structure of the bridge.^[38][39]

Following the Olympics, the rings were removed from Tower Bridge and replaced by the emblem of the Paralympic Games for the 2012 Summer Paralympics.^[40]

In 2016, Tower Bridge was closed to all road traffic from 1 October to 30 December.^[41] This was to allow structural maintenance work to take place on the timber decking, lifting mechanism and waterproofing the brick arches on the bridge’s approaches. During this, the bridge was still open to waterborne traffic. It was open to pedestrians for all but three weekends when free ferry service was in operation.^[42]

DesignEdit

StructureEdit

The bridge is 800 feet (240 m) in length with two towers each 213 feet (65 m) high, built on piers.^[43] The central span of 200 feet (61 m) between the towers is split into two equal bascules, or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 86 degrees to allow river traffic to pass.^[44] The bascules, weighing over 1,000 tons each, are counterbalanced to minimise the force required and allow raising in five minutes.^[45]

The two side spans are suspension bridges, each 270 feet (82 m) long, with the suspension rods anchored both at the abutments and through rods contained within the bridge’s upper walkways. The pedestrian walkways are 143 feet (44 m) above the river at high tide and accessed by lifts and staircases.^[5][13]

One of the chimneys on the bridge connects to an old fireplace in a guardroom of the Tower of London. It is long-disused.^[46]

Hydraulic systemEdit

One of the original steam engines

The original raising mechanism was powered by pressurised water stored in several hydraulic accumulators.^[47] The system was designed and installed by Hamilton Owen Rendel while working for Armstrong, Mitchell and Company of Newcastle upon Tyne.^[48][49] Water at a pressure of 750 psi (5.2 MPa) was pumped into the accumulators by a pair of stationary steam engines.^[50] Each drove a force pump from its piston tail rod. The accumulators each comprise a 20-inch (51 cm) ram which sits a very heavy weight to maintain the desired pressure.^[45]

The entire hydraulic system along with the gas lighting system was installed by William Sugg & Co Ltd. The gas lighting was initially by open-flame burners within the lanterns, but was soon updated to the later incandescent system.^[51]

In 1974, the original operating mechanism was largely replaced by a new electro-hydraulic drive system, designed by BHA Cromwell House.^[50] The only remaining parts of the old system are the final pinions, which fit into the racks on the bascules and were driven by hydraulic motors and gearing. Oil is now used in place of water as the new hydraulic fluid.^[52]

Signalling and controlEdit

Originally, river traffic passing beneath the bridge was required to follow several rules and signals. Daytime control was provided by red semaphore signals, mounted on small control cabins on either end of both of the bridge piers. At night, coloured lights were used, in either direction, on both of the piers: two red lights to show that the bridge was closed, and two green to show that it was open. In foggy weather, a gong was sounded as well.^[13]

Vessels passing through the bridge were required to display signals. By day, a black ball at least 2 feet (0.61 m) in diameter was mounted high up where it could be seen. Night passage called for two red lights in the same position. Foggy weather required repeated blasts from the ship’s steam whistle. If a black ball was suspended from the middle of each walkway (or a red light at night) this indicated that the bridge could not be opened. These signals were repeated about 1,000 yards (910 m) downstream, at Cherry Garden Pier, where boats needing to pass through the bridge had to hoist their signals/lights and sound their horn, as appropriate, to alert the Bridge Master.^[13]

Some of the control mechanism for the signalling equipment has been preserved and is housed in the Tower Bridge’s museum.^[53]

TrafficEdit

The tall ship Wylde Swan passing under Tower Bridge decorated for the London Olympics in August 2012. Note the Olympic rings are folded up to allow passage of the mast.^[54]

Preparing Tower Bridge for raising. When this occurs, gates across the low-level part are closed and motorists are ordered to stop by a red light on ordinary traffic signals, not by a pair of flashing red lights.

RoadEdit

Tower Bridge is still a busy crossing of the Thames, used by more than 40,000 people (motorists, cyclists, and pedestrians) every day.^[33] The bridge is on the London Inner Ring Road, and is on the eastern boundary of the London congestion charge zone (drivers do not incur the charge by crossing the bridge).^[55]

To maintain the integrity of the structure, the City of London Corporation has imposed a 20-mile-per-hour (32 km/h) speed restriction, and an 18-tonne (20-short-ton) weight limit on vehicles using the bridge. A camera system measures the speed of traffic crossing the bridge, using a number plate recognition system to send fixed penalty charges to speeding drivers.^[56]

A second system monitors other vehicle parameters. Induction loops and piezoelectric sensors are used to measure the weight, the height of the chassis above ground level, and the number of axles of each vehicle, with drivers of overweight vehicles also receiving fixed penalty notices.^[56]

PedestrianEdit

From the outset, the high-level connection was a pedestrian route and was intended to allow pedestrian movement to continue while the bridge was open. This was closed in 1910 due to growing crime in this hidden area but was reopened in 1982 when a glass floor was also installed.^[57]

RiverEdit

The bascules are raised about a thousand times a year.^[58] River traffic is now much reduced, but it still takes priority over road traffic. Today, 24 hours’ notice is required before opening the bridge, and opening times are published in advance on the bridge’s website;^[59] there is no charge for vessels to open the bridge.^[60]

Proximity to UndergroundEdit

The nearest London Underground tube stations to Tower Bridge are Tower Hill on the Circle and District lines, London Bridge on the Jubilee and Northern lines and Bermondsey on the Jubilee line, and the nearest Docklands Light Railway station is Tower Gateway.^[61] The nearest National Rail stations are at Fenchurch Street and London Bridge.^[62]

CyclingEdit

Transport for London have proposed Cycle Superhighway 4 to run across Tower Bridge.^[63]

ExhibitionEdit

Interior of high-level walkway (used as an exhibition space)

The Tower Bridge Exhibition is a display housed in the bridge’s twin towers, the high-level walkways, and the Victorian engine rooms. It uses films, photos, and interactive displays to explain why and how Tower Bridge was built. Visitors can access the original steam engines that once powered the bridge bascules, housed in a building close to the south end of the bridge.^[31]

The exhibition charges an admission fee. The entrance is from the west side of the bridge deck to the northern tower, from where visitors ascend to level 4 by lift before crossing the high-level walkways to the southern tower. In the towers and walkways is an exhibition on the history of the bridge. The walkways also provide views over the city, the Tower of London and the Pool of London, and include a glass-floored section. From the south tower, visitors can visit the engine rooms, with the original steam engines, which are situated in a separate building beside the southern approach to the bridge.^[64]

ReactionEdit

Side view of Tower Bridge, from King’s Stairs Gardens

Although Tower Bridge is an undoubted landmark, professional commentators in the early 20th century were critical of its aesthetics. «It represents the vice of tawdriness and pretentiousness, and of falsification of the actual facts of the structure», wrote Henry Heathcote Statham,^[65] while Frank Brangwyn stated that «A more absurd structure than the Tower Bridge was never thrown across a strategic river».^[66]

Benjamin Crisler, the New York Times film critic, wrote in 1938: «Three unique and valuable institutions the British have that we in America have not: Magna Carta, the Tower Bridge and Alfred Hitchcock.»^[67] Architectural historian Dan Cruickshank selected Tower Bridge as one of his four choices for the 2002 BBC television documentary series Britain’s Best Buildings.^[68][69] The bridge and its surrounding landscape was depicted in an official BBC trailer for the 2021 Rugby League World Cup (in reference to London being one of the host cities).^[70]

Tower Bridge has been mistaken for the next bridge upstream, London Bridge.^[71] A popular urban legend is that in 1968, Robert P. McCulloch, the purchaser of the old London Bridge that was later shipped to Lake Havasu City in Arizona, believed that he was buying Tower Bridge. This was denied by McCulloch himself and has been debunked by Ivan Luckin, the vendor of the bridge.^[72]

A partial replica of Tower Bridge has been built in the city of Suzhou in China. The replica differs from the original in having no lifting mechanism and four separate towers.^[73] The Suzhou replica was renovated in 2019, giving it a new look that differs from the original London design.^[74]

IncidentsEdit

On 10 August 1912, the pioneering stunt pilot Francis McClean flew between the bascules and the high-level walkways in his Short Brothers S.33 floatplane. McClean became a celebrity overnight because of the stunt, and went on to fly underneath London Bridge, Blackfriars Bridge and Waterloo Bridge.^[75][76]

On 3 August 1922, a 13-year-old boy fell off a slipway next to the south side of Tower Bridge. A man jumped into the Thames to save him, but both were pulled under a barge by Butler’s Wharf and drowned.^[77]

In December 1952, the bridge opened while a number 78 double-decker bus was crossing from the south bank. At that time, the gateman would ring a warning bell and close the gates when the bridge was clear before the watchman ordered the raising of the bridge. The process failed while a relief watchman was on duty. The bus was near the edge of the south bascule when it started to rise; driver Albert Gunter made a split-second decision to accelerate, clearing a 3-foot (1 m) gap to drop 6 feet (2 m) onto the north bascule, which had not yet started to rise. There were no serious injuries. Gunter was given £10 (equivalent to £310 in 2021^[17]) by the City Corporation to honour his act of bravery.^[78][79]

On 5 April 1968, a Royal Air Force Hawker Hunter FGA.9 jet fighter from No. 1 Squadron made an unauthorised flight through Tower Bridge. Unimpressed that senior staff was not going to celebrate the RAF’s 50th birthday with a flypast, the pilot flew at low altitude down the Thames without authorisation, past the Houses of Parliament, and continued towards the bridge. He flew beneath the walkway, at an estimated 300 miles per hour (500 km/h). He was placed under arrest upon landing, and discharged from the RAF on medical grounds without the chance to defend himself at a court martial.^[80][81]

On 31 July 1973, a single-engined Beagle Pup was twice flown under the pedestrian walkway of Tower Bridge by 29-year-old stockbroker’s clerk Peter Martin. Martin, who was on bail following accusations of stock market fraud, then «buzzed» buildings in the city before flying north towards the Lake District, where he died when his aircraft crashed some two hours later.^[82][83]

In May 1997, the motorcade of United States President Bill Clinton was divided by the opening of the bridge. The Thames sailing barge Gladys, on her way to a gathering at St Katharine Docks, arrived on schedule and the bridge was opened for her. Returning from a Thames-side lunch at Le Pont de la Tour restaurant with UK Prime Minister Tony Blair, President Clinton was less punctual and arrived just as the bridge was rising. The bridge opening split the motorcade in two, much to the consternation of security staff. A spokesman for Tower Bridge is quoted as saying: «We tried to contact the American Embassy, but they wouldn’t answer the phone.»^[84]

On 19 August 1999, Jef Smith, a Freeman of the City of London, drove a flock of two sheep across the bridge. He was exercising a claimed ancient permission, granted as a right to freemen, to make a point about the powers of older citizens and the way their rights were being eroded.^[85]

Before dawn on 31 October 2003, a Fathers 4 Justice campaigner climbed a 100-foot (30 m) tower crane near Tower Bridge at the start of a six-day protest dressed as Spider-Man.^[86] Fearing for his safety, and that of motorists should he fall, police cordoned off the area, closing the bridge and surrounding roads and causing widespread traffic congestion across the City and East London. ^[87][88]

On 11 May 2009, six people were trapped and injured after a lift fell 10 feet (3 m) inside the north tower.^[89]

On 9 August 2021, the bridge remained open after a technical failure.^[90] The bridge had opened to let the Jubilee Trust Tall Ship through from 2 p.m. before getting stuck.^[91][92] The bridge was closed and reopened to traffic approximately 12 hours later.^[93]

GalleryEdit

See alsoEdit

• List of bridges in London
• Crossings of the River Thames
• Moveable bridges
• Pool of London

Historic places adjacent to Tower BridgeEdit

• HMS Belfast
• London Bridge
• Shad Thames
• St Katharine Docks
• Tower of London

ReferencesEdit

CitationsEdit

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90. ^ «London’s Tower Bridge stuck open after technical failure». BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
91. ^ «Tower Bridge is stuck open after technical fault». Retrieved 9 August 2021.
92. ^ «Tower Bridge reopens after 11 hours of being stuck open because of technical fault». MyLondon. Reach plc. Retrieved 9 August 2021.
93. ^ «London’s Tower Bridge reopens after technical failure». BBC News. 9 August 2021. Retrieved 10 August 2021.

SourcesEdit

BooksEdit

• Bamber, Judith, ed. (1998). Europe. Rough Guides. ISBN 978-1-858-28348-7.
• Bracken, G. Byrne (2011). Walking Tour London: Sketches of the city’s architectural treasures… Journey Through London’s Urban Landscapes. Marshall Cavendish. ISBN 978-9-814-43536-9.
• Cohen, Robert D. (2014). The History and Science of Elevation. Troubador Publishing. ISBN 978-1-783-06325-3.
• Frommer, Pauline; Cochran, Jason (2007). Pauline Frommer’s London. Frommer’s. ISBN 978-0-470-05228-0.
• Jepson, Tim; Porges, Larry (2014). London Book of Lists. The City’s Best, Worst, Oldest, Greatest, and Quirkiest. National Geographic Society. ISBN 9781426213823.
• Jones, Nigel R. (2005). Architecture of England, Scotland, and Wales. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0-313-31850-4.
• Langmead, Donald; Garnaut, Christine (2001). Encyclopedia of Architectural and Engineering Feats. ABC-Clio. ISBN 978-1-576-07112-0.
• Milne, Gustav (2020). The Thames at War: Saving London From the Blitz. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-526-7-6805-6.
• Peacock, Chris (2011). «Tower Bridge, London». 10 Amazing Bridges. Andrews UK Limited. pp. 24–26. ISBN 978-1-849-89386-2.
• Roberts, Christ (2005). Cross River Traffic: A History of London’s Bridges. Granta Books. ISBN 978-1-862-07800-0.
• Robins, Chris (2017). The Ships That Came to the Pool of London: From the Roman Galley to HMS Belfast. Amberley Publishing. ISBN 978-1-445-66462-0.
• Shaw, Michael (1986). No.1 Squadron. Ian Allan. p. 157.
• Smith, Denis (2001). Civil Engineering Heritage: London and the Thames Valley. Thomas Telford. ISBN 0-7277-2876-8.
• Smith, Hubert Shirley (1953). The World’s Great Bridges. Phoenix House. p. 153.
• Spencer-Silver, Patricia; Stephens, John Hall (2005). Tower Bridge to Babylon: The Life and Work of Sir John Jackson, Civil Engineer. Six Martlets Publishing for the Newcomen Society. ISBN 978-0-954-48561-0.
• Stewart, Oliver (1964). Of Flight and Flyers – An Aerospace Anthology. Newnes. p. 40.
• Wade, John (2016). The Ingenious Victorians: Weird and Wonderful Ideas from the Age of Innovation. Pen and Sword. ISBN 978-1-473-84902-0.
• Weinreb, Ben; Hibbert, Christopher; Keay, John; Keay, Julia (2008). The London Encyclopaedia (3rd ed.). Pan Macmillan. ISBN 978-1-405-04924-5.

• Welch, Charles; Barry, John Wolfe; Benham, William (1894). History of the Tower Bridge and of Other Bridges Over the Thames Built by the Corporation of London: Including an Account of the Bridge House Trust from the Twelfth Century. Smith, Elder and Company.

JournalsEdit

• «Tower Bridge». Archive – the Quarterly Journal for British Industrial and Transport History. Lightmoor Press (3). 1994. ISSN 1352-7991.
• Winchester, Clarence, ed. (13 July 1937). «Building the Tower Bridge». Wonders of World Engineering. London: Amalgamated Press. 1 (20): 575–580.

TelevisionEdit

• Cruickshank, Dan (2 November 2002). «Tower Bridge». Britain’s Best Buildings. Season 1. Episode 1. BBC.
• Bell, Rob (13 January 2021). «Tower Bridge: Gateway to London». London’s Greatest Bridges. Season 1. Episode 2. Channel 5.

External linksEdit

• Official Tower Bridge Exhibition website
• Bridge Lift Times
• Video showing the interior of a bascule chamber as the bridge lifts

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «Тауэрский Мост» на английский

Тауэрский Мост строили 432 рабочих на протяжение 8 лет.

С 1994 года Тауэрский Мост сдается в аренду для проведения торжественных вечеров и приемов.

In 1994, Tower Bridge became available to hire for parties and receptions.

Тауэрский Мост состоит из двух башен с двумя горизонтальными проходами, связывающими его на верхнем уровне.

Tower Bridge comprises of two towers, with two horizontal walkways tying it at the upper level.

Сконструированный с использованием продвинутых способов постройки, редких цветов и элементов, Тауэрский Мост имеет завершённый вид со своими знаменитыми парными башнями и разводным мостом, который действительно можно открыть.

Designed with advanced building techniques and rare colors and elements, the Tower Bridge is complete with its iconic paired towers and a drawbridge that really opens.

244 метра длиной Тауэрский Мост, пожалуй, является самым узнаваемым и культовым из лондонских мостов.

At 244 metres long, Tower Bridge is probably the most iconic and recognisable of London’s bridges.

Знаменитый разводной Тауэрский Мост, который находится прямо над Тауэрской крепостью и является гениальным примером Викторианской инженерии.

In second place is the famous movable Tower Bridge, which is located directly above the Tower fortress and is a brilliant example of Victorian engineering.

В мае 1997 года «неожиданно» открывшийся Тауэрский Мост разделил автоколонну американского Президента Билла Клинтона.

In May 1997, the «unexpected» opening of Tower Bridge divided the motorcade of US President Bill Clinton.

Тауэрский Мост соединяет Железные ворота (Iron Gate) на северном берегу реки с Horsleydown Lane (сейчас Tower Bridge Road) — на южном.

Tower Bridge connects Iron Gate (now Tower Bridge Approach), on the north bank of the river, with Horsleydown Lane (now Tower Bridge Road), on the south.

В состав Лондонского Сити не входят Тауэрский Мост (Тошёг Bridge) или Лондонский Тауэр (Tower of London); обе эти достопримечательности относятся к таком району Лондона, как Тауэр Хамлетс (Tower Hamlets).

The City of London does not include Tower Bridge or the Tower of London; they are in the London borough of Tower Hamlets.

Тауэрский мост строили 432 рабочих в течении 8 лет.

Tower Bridge using the 432 workers who built it for 8 years.

Купить билет заранее на Тауэрский мост вы можете здесь.

You can buy a ticket in advance for Tower Bridge here.

За всю его историю, Тауэрский мост редко простаивал.

During its history, Tower Bridge has rarely failed to operate.

Он ошибочно думал, что покупает Тауэрский мост.

According to the legend, he believed he was buying Tower Bridge.

Не сложно догадаться, что свое название Тауэрский мост получил именно благодаря расположению.

It is not difficult to guess that Tower Bridge received its name precisely because of its location.

Тауэрский мост вполне соответствовал техническому уровню того времени.

Tower Bridge is quite consistent with the technical level of the time.

Одним из символов лондона можно назвать тауэрский мост.

One of the symbols of London is called tower bridge.

Река Темза является судоходной, поэтому Тауэрский мост изначально строился как разводной мост.

The river Thames is navigable, therefore the Tower Bridge was originally built as a drawbridge.

Тауэрский мост в Лондоне был построен относительно недавно — во второй половине 19-го века.

Tower Bridge in London was built relatively recently — in the second half of the 19th century.

При помощи данной веб-камеры Лондона можно увидеть Тауэрский мост в процессе разведения.

With the help of this webcam in London you can see the Tower Bridge in the process of breeding.

Согласно фактам, Тауэрский мост является одним из самых популярных мостов в Лондоне.

According to facts, the tower bridge is one of the most popular bridges in London.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Результатов: 400. Точных совпадений: 247. Затраченное время: 140 мс

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Tower Bridge

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Tower Bridge is a Grade I listed combined bascule and suspension bridge in London, built between 1886 and 1894, designed by Horace Jones and engineered by John Wolfe Barry. The bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and is one of five London bridges owned and maintained by the Bridge House Estates, a charitable trust founded in 1282. The bridge was constructed to give better access to the East End of London, which had expanded its commercial potential in the 19th century. The bridge was opened by Edward, Prince of Wales and Alexandra, Princess of Wales in 1894.

The bridge is 800 feet (240 m) in length and consists of two 213-foot (65 m) bridge towers connected at the upper level by two horizontal walkways, and a central pair of bascules that can open to allow shipping. Originally hydraulically powered, the operating mechanism was converted to an electro-hydraulic system in 1972. The bridge is part of the A100 [1] London Inner Ring Road and thus the boundary of the London congestion charge zone, and remains an important traffic route with 40,000 crossings every day. The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians, whereas the bridge’s twin towers, high-level walkways and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition.

Tower Bridge has become a recognisable London landmark. It is sometimes confused with London Bridge, about 0.5 miles (0.80 km) upstream, which has led to a popular urban legend about an American purchasing the wrong bridge. Several stunt pilots have flown underneath the bridge, including the pioneering Francis McClean.

Источник

tower bridge

1 Tower Bridge

2 Tower Bridge

3 tower bridge

4 tower bridge

См. также в других словарях:

Tower Bridge — Pays … Wikipédia en Français

Tower Bridge — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Tower Bridge País Inglaterra Localidad Londres … Wikipedia Español

Tower Bridge — [Tower Bridge] a bridge across the River ↑Thames and one of the most famous structures in London. It was built between 1886 and 1894 and is close to ↑London Bridge and the ↑Tower of London. Its towers are in the ↑Gothic style and the part of the… … Useful english dictionary

Tower Bridge — a bridge which crosses the River Thames in London, just to the east of the Tower of London. The part of the bridge which carries the road divides in the middle into two separate parts, which can be pulled up so that tall ships can pass under it.… … Dictionary of contemporary English

Tower Bridge — Infobox Bridge bridge name= Tower Bridge caption= Tower Bridge from the North Bank at dusk official name= also known as= carries= A100 Tower Bridge Road motor vehicles, pedestrians crosses= Thames locale= London maint= Bridge House Estates … Wikipedia

Tower Bridge — 51.50551 0.075445000000002 Koordinaten: 51° 30′ 19,8″ N, 0° 4′ 31,6″ W f1 … Deutsch Wikipedia

Tower bridge — Die Tower Bridge in der Abenddämmerung vom Südufer aus gesehen Die Tower Bridge ist eine Straßenbrücke über den Fluss Themse in London. Sie wurde 1894 eröffnet und verbindet die City of London auf der Nordseite mit dem Stadtteil Southwark im… … Deutsch Wikipedia

Tower Bridge — a bridge across the River Thames and one of the most famous structures in London. It was built between 1886 and 1894 and is close to London Bridge and the Tower of London. Its towers are in the Gothic style and the part of the bridge with the… … Universalium

Tower-Bridge — Координаты: 51°30′20″ с. ш. 0°04′30″ з. д. / 51.505556° с. ш. 0.075° з. д. … Википедия

Tower Bridge — Координаты: 51°30′20″ с. ш. 0°04′30″ з. д. / 51.505556° с. ш. 0.075° з. д. … Википедия

Источник

Tower Bridge

The Tower Bridge is located in above the River Thames, London. On June 30th, 1894, the Tower bridge was opened by King Edward VII. The design of the Tower Bridge was done by Horace Jones and Wolfe Barry, the bridge was constructed in the year 1894. The Tower Bridge contains two massive towers which are linked together. The bridge stands at a height of 60 meters and the height of each tower is about 43 meters. The middle part of the bridge can be lifted up when huge ships pass through that way. In the past, the bridge was lifted nearly 50 times per day.

Initially, the Tower Bridge was constructed as a level crossing over the River Thames, as the population of London grew, new bridges were constructed. But among all the bridges in London, Tower Bridge is the only one of its kinds. During the construction of the bridge, almost 50 designs were taken into consideration, these 50 designs can be viewed at Tower Bridge Exhibition. Finally, John Wolfe Barry and Horace Jones (architects) designs were chosen.

Eight years were involved in the construction of the bridge, about 430 laborers and five contractors took part in the construction. Two enormous pillars were downcast deep into the Thames River and 11,000 tons of steel are used in building the walkways and towers. The towers are then built with Portland stone and granite. The construction of the bridge pictures can be viewed in the Tower Bridge Exhibition.

The Tower Bridge is operated by hydraulic methods. Over six massive accumulators are used in the operation of the bridge. These machines use steam to generate power and the power is fed to the accumulators. Using this energy, the bridge bascules are lifted up to a height of about 86 degrees. But from the year 1976, electricity and oil were used in place of steam. In addition, the bridge also uses navigation system for the signaling of ships and to control the traffic.

History & Facts

• In the year 1910, the walkways for the public have been designed.

• In the year 1912, Frank MacLean, a pilot has flied in the center of the bascules.

• In the year 1952, a bus jumped over the other bascule during the rising of the bridge.

• In the year 1977, the bridge was painted in several colors.

• In the year 1982, Tower Bridge Exhibition was opened.

• In the year 1993, the Centenary exhibition was opened at the Tower Bridge.

• In the year 1994, the bridge was available for events and parties.

• In the year 2002, the Tower Bridge Exhibition was reopened.

• In the year 2007, the Tower Bridge Exhibition celebrated its Silver Jubilee.

The Tower Bridge exhibition is a special attraction, where the designs, construction and the operating of the bridge can be viewed. The Tower Bridge is a great tourist destination and one of the mostly visited spots in the world. In the present days, the Tower Bridge is closed for some repairs, but it is open on certain days.

Traveling to Tower Bridge

There are numbers of flight services from all over the world to the London Heathrow Airport. Frequent train services are available from the underground London Bridge stations. In addition a number of private bus services are available frequently.

Источник

Tower bridge доклад на английском языке с переводом

Ответ или решение 1

London’s Tower Bridge is one of the most recognizable bridges in the world. Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge over the River Thames in London and takes its name from the nearby Tower of London. It has become an iconic symbol of the city and a very popular tourist attraction.

In 1876 the City of London Corporation had an idea to build a new bridge but it was clear that the new bridge would not disrupt river traffic. There were more than 50 designs and it wasn’t easy to choose the best. Finely design of Sir Horace Jones and Sir John Wolfe Barry was chosen. In 1886 the Bridge’s construction began. Tower Bridge was officially opened on 30th June 1894.

​The bridge is 244m (800 ft) long between two 65m (213 ft) tall towers constructed on piers. The central span of 61m (200 ft) between the towers is split equally into two bascules or leaves, which can be raised to an angle of 83 degrees to allow river traffic to pass through. The bascules weigh over 1,100 tons each and are counterbalanced to minimize the force required to raise them, an operation which takes just five minutes. They are raised by huge hydraulic pumps which were first powered by coal burning steam engines which were replaced by electricity and oil in 1976. The two side-spans are suspension bridges, each being 82m (270 ft) in length.

​There are two high level walkways between the towers which allow to cross the river even when the bridge deck is raised. These walkways were closed to the public in 1910 due to lack of use but were reopened as fully covered passages in 1982 as part of the then newly launched Tower Bridge Exhibition.

В 1876 году у корпорации Лондона появилась идея построить новый мост, но было ясно, что новый мост не нарушит движение реки. Было более 50 дизайнов, и было нелегко выбрать лучшее. Был выбран тончайший дизайн сэра Гораса Джонса и сэра Джона Вулфа Барри. В 1886 году началось строительство моста. Тауэрский мост был официально открыт 30 июня 1894 года.

Между башнями есть две дорожки высокого уровня, которые позволяют пересечь реку, даже когда поднят мост. Эти проходы были закрыты для публики в 1910 году из-за отсутствия использования, но были вновь открыты как полностью закрытые пассажи в 1982 году в рамках недавно выпущенной выставки Tower Bridge.

Источник

Тауэрский мост

1 Тауэрский мост

См. также в других словарях:

Тауэрский мост — Тауэрский мост, вид с южного берега … Википедия

Тауэрский мост — (Tower Bridge) является символом Великобритании. Он был торжественно открыт 30 июня 1894 года принцем Уэльским, будущим королем Эдуардом VII. Свое название мост получил благодаря соседству с Лондонским Тауэром. Решение о строительстве Тауэрского… … Энциклопедия ньюсмейкеров

Мост Миллениум (Лондон) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Миллениум. Мост Тысячелетия Ближний вид на мост Координаты … Википедия

Ватерлоо (мост) — Мост Ватерлоо Координаты … Википедия

Путни (мост) — Мост Путни … Википедия

Миллениум (мост в Лондоне) — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Мост Миллениум (значения). Мост Тысячелетия … Википедия

Лондонский мост — Лондонский мост … Википедия

Вестминстерский мост — Вестминстерский мост … Википедия

Разводной мост — Эта статья о типе мостов. О мосте в городе Кронштадт см. Разводной мост (Кронштадт). Разводной мост особый тип моста, имеющий подвижное пролётное строение. Разводные мосты, как правило, строят на судоходных реках и… … Википедия

Раскрывающийся мост — Принцип действия … Википедия

Ламбетский мост — Ламбет Ламбетский мост ночью … Википедия

Источник

Дорогой ученик! В этом материале подготовлен рассказ про Тауэрский мост. Под английским текстом есть перевод на русский язык.

Tower Bridge is a combined bascule and suspension bridge in London. It was opened in 1894. The bridge crosses the River Thames close to the Tower of London and has become an iconic symbol of London.

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	Total length of the bridge is 244 metres. The height of the bridge is 65 metres. The bridge consists of two towers tied together at the upper level by two horizontal walkways.
	The bridge deck is freely accessible to both vehicles and pedestrians. The bridge’s twin towers, high-level walkways and Victorian engine rooms form part of the Tower Bridge Exhibition, for which an admission charge is made.
	Tower Bridge is still a busy crossing of the Thames: it is crossed by over 40,000 people (motorists, cyclists and pedestrians) every day.

• The London Eye – Лондонский глаз »

• Краткий текст на английском языке про Лондон »

• Официальный сайт моста Tower Bridge

Перевод на русский язык

Примечание: этот текст частично переведен автоматическим переводчиком, в нем могут быть неточности и ошибки.

	Тауэрский мост – это комбинированный раскрывающийся и висячий мост в Лондоне. Он был открыт в 1894 году. Мост пересекает Темзу недалеко от Лондонского Тауэра и стал знаковым символом Лондона.
	Общая длина моста составляет 244 метра. Высота моста составляет 65 метров. Мост состоит из двух башен, соединенных на верхнем уровне двумя горизонтальными проходами.

	Платформа моста свободно доступна как для транспортных средств, так и для пешеходов. Башни-близнецы моста, пешеходные дорожки высокого уровня и викторианские машинные отделения являются частью выставки Tower Bridge Exhibition, где взимается плата за вход.
	Тауэрский мост по-прежнему является оживленным переходом через Темзу: его пересекают более 40 000 человек (автомобилистов, велосипедистов и пешеходов) каждый день.

• Tourist attractions in London – Достопримечательности Лондона »

• Tourist attractions in Great Britain – Достопримечательности Великобритании »

Произношение Тауэрский мост
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[ˏnju:ˊjɔ:rksɪtɪ]

г.

Нью-Йорк, крупнейший город США — 7,3

млн.

жителей ( без пригородов).
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Житель: ньюйоркец [New Yorker].
Ассоциации: Манхаттан, Бродвей, Статуя Свободы, Уолл-стрит, штаб-квартира ООН, Бруклин, Брайтон-Бич и

др.

Хотя формально Нью-Йорк состоит из пяти районов: Манхаттан [*Manhattan], Куинс [*Queens], Бруклин [*Brooklyn], Бронкс [*Bronx] и Ричмонд/Статен-Айленд [Richmond II/*Staten Island], каждый житель Нью-Йорка считает, что центром города, его «сити», является Манхаттан.

Напр.

, жители Флашинга [Flushing] в Куинсе говорят о поездке «в город» [to the city], имея в виду Манхаттан. Некоторые жители Бруклина годами не пересекают Ист-Ривер [*East River] и считают, что они живут в относительно тихом городке вдали от сутолоки «большого города» [Big Town]. А на Статен-Айленде есть фермеры, которые ни разу в жизни не отваживались на путешествие в Манхаттан. Тем не менее, все они считают себя ньюйоркцами и очень гордятся тем районом, в котором живут. Для туристов Нью-Йорк — это Манхаттан, преимущественно центральная его часть, между 34- й и 96-й улицами. В этом относительно небольшом районе сосредоточены самые фешенебельные отели, роскошные рестораны, самые знаменитые театры, кино, музеи, лучшие магазины. Нью-Йорк — это центр большого бизнеса, крупнейший финансовый центр мирового масштаба. Наличие в нём штаб-квартиры ООН делает его и политической столицей мира. Этническая пестрота его населения общеизвестна: есть такие уголки в городе, где не услышишь английского. Нью-Йорк — центр всех средств массовой информации. Из издаваемых ныне трёх ежедневных газет по крайней мере две — «Нью-Йорк таймс» [*‘New York Times’] и «Нью-Йорк дейли ньюс» [‘New York Daily News’] имеют общенациональное распространение. Нью-Йорк — центр культурной жизни США. В творческой жизни невозможно сделать карьеру, не получив признания в Нью-Йорке. В мире театра каждый актёр, драматург, режиссёр, художник, певец, танцор, музыкант и композитор испытывают на себе притягательную силу Бродвея. Живописцы, скульпторы, писатели всех жанров, карикатуристы, куплетисты, мастера и шарлатаны, все устремляют свой взор на Нью-Йорк. Нью-Йорк — центр туризма, американцы считают своим долгом побывать в этом современном Вавилоне, поглазеть на небоскрёбы, походить по фешенебельным и не столь уж фешенебельным магазинам, попробовать экзотические блюда в многочисленных ресторанах и кафе этнических районов — этих островков разных культур [culture islands], и затем, вернувшись домой, ещё раз повторить: «Нью-Йорк интересно посмотреть, но жить там не хочется» [‘New York is a great place to visit but you wouldn’t want to live there’].
Река: Гудзон [*Hudson River].
Районы и кварталы: Манхаттан [*Manhattan], Бруклин [*Brooklyn], Куинс [*Queens], Бронкс [*Bronx], Статен-Айленд [*Staten Island] ( муниципальные районы); Нижний Манхаттан [*Downtown/Lower Manhattan], Средний Манхаттан [*Midtown Manhattan], Верхний Манхаттан [*Uptown II/Upper Manhattan], жилой район Баттери-Парк-Сити [*Battery Park City], Китайский квартал [*Chinatown], Нижний Ист-Сайд [*Lower East Side], район Сохо [*SoHo], Ист-Виллидж [*East Village], Гринвич-Виллидж [*Greenwich Village], «Маленькая Италия» [*Little Italy], район швейной промышленности [*Garment Center], район ювелиров [*Diamond Center], район студий грамзаписи [*Tin Pan Alley], Верхний Ист-Сайд [*Upper East Side], Верхний Вест-Сайд [*Upper West Side], Гарлем [*Harlem], Йорквилл [*Yorkville], Пятая авеню [*Fifth Avenue], Парк-авеню [*Park Avenue], Медисон-авеню [*Madison Avenue], Первая авеню [*First Avenue], Шестая авеню [*Sixth Avenue], Авеню Америк [*Avenue of the Americas], Седьмая авеню [*Seventh Avenue], Лексингтон-авеню [*Lexington Avenue], Коламбус-авеню [*Columbus Avenue], Амстердам-авеню [*Amsterdam Avenue], Вест-Энд-авеню [*West End Avenue], Сентрал-Парк-Вест [*Central Park West], Бродвей [*Broadway]. Улицы: Бауэри [*Bowery], Мотт-стрит [*Mott Street], Малбери-стрит [*Mulberry Street], Четырнадцатая улица [*Fourteenth Street], Бруклинский променад [*Brooklyn Promenade]. Площади: Таймс-Сквер [*Times Square], Вашингтон-Сквер [*Washington Square], Юнион-Сквер [*Union Square], Гранд-Арми-Плаза [*Grand Army Plaza], Коламбус-Сёркл [*Columbus Circle].
Памятники: Статуя Свободы [Statue of Liberty], статуя Хейла [*Nathan Hale’s statue], мавзолей Гранта [*Grant’s Tomb].
Музеи, памятные места: Музей города Нью-Йорка [*Museum of the City of New York], Федеральный зал [*Federal Hall], таверна Фраунсиса [*Fraunces Tavern], Библиотека и музей Нью-Йоркского исторического общества [*New York Historical Society], Американский музей естественной истории [*American Museum of Natural History], Музей американских индейцев [*Museum of the American Indian], Музей Ван-Кортланда [*Van Cortland Museum], коттедж Эдгара По [*Edgar Allan Poe Cottage], Зал славы [*Hall of Fame], планетарий Хайдена [*Hyden Planetarium].
Соборы, церкви: церковь

Св.

Троицы [Trinity Church], часовня

Св.

Павла [St. Paul’s Chapel], собор

Св.

Патрика [*St. Patrick’s Cathedral], собор

Св.

Иоанна [Cathedral of St. John the Divine], церковь Преображения [Church of the Transfiguration], «Маленькая церковь за углом» [*‘Little church around the corner’].
Здания, небоскрёбы: Центр международной торговли [*World Trade Center], Эмпайр-Стейт-билдинг [*Empire State Building], штаб-квартира ООН [*United Nations Headquarters], Рокфеллеровский центр [*Rockefeller Center], здание «Пан-Американ» [*Pan-American Building], здание компании «Крайслер» [*Chrysler Building], здание компании «Сиграм» [*Seagram Building], здание Фонда Форда [Ford Foundation Building], здание «Си-би-эс» [CBS Building], здание банка «Чейз-Манхаттан» [*Chase Manhattan Building], «Левер-Хаус» [Lever House], «Вулворт» [Woolworth Building], Нью-Йоркская фондовая биржа [*New York Stock Exchange], здание муниципалитета [City Hall II], зал «Медисон-Сквер-Гардн» [*Madison Square Garden], Главный почтамт [General Post Office], выставочный зал «Колизей» [Coliseum].
Худ. музеи, выставки: Музей Метрополитен [*Metropolitan Museum of Art], Музей современного искусства [*Museum of Modern Art], Музей Соломона Р. Гуггенхейма [*Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum], Музей американского искусства Уитни [*Whitney Museum of American Art], Коллекция Фрика [*Frick Collection], Клойстерс [*Cloisters], Бронксский художественный музей [Bronx Museum of Art], Бруклинский музей [Brooklyn Museum], Центр тибетского искусства Жака Марше [Jacques Marchais Center for Tibetian Art].
Культурные центры, театры: Линкольновский центр исполнительских искусств [*Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts], Карнеги-Холл [*Carnegie Hall], концертный зал «Симфони-Спейс» [Symphony Space], «Кауфман-Одиториум» [Kaufman Auditorium], «Радио-Сити мюзик-холл» [*Radio City Music Hall], Бруклинская академия музыки [*Brooklyn Academy of Music], Нью-Йоркская публичная библиотека [*New York Public Library], Театр «Сёркл-Реп» [Circle Rep], Театр «Манхаттанский театральный клуб» [Manhattan Theatre Club], Нью-Йоркский шекспировский фестиваль [NY Shakespeare Festival], Театр «Ла Мама И-Ти-Си» («Театральный экспериментальный клуб») [La Mama ETC], Театр Жана Кокто [Jean Cocteau Repertory], Театр «Смешной» [Ridiculous Theatrical Company], Театр «Карусель» [Roundabout], Зал Грейс Роджерс [Grace Rainey Rogers Auditorium] и

др.

Учебные заведения, научные центры: Колумбийский университет [*Columbia University], Нью-Йоркский университет [*New York University], колледж Барнарда [Barnard College], Городской колледж Городского университета [City College of City University], колледж Купер-Юнион [Cooper Union], Фордхамский университет [Fordham University], колледж Хантера [Hunter College], Еврейская теологическая семинария Америки [Jewish Theological Seminary of America], Джульярдская школа музыки ( консерватория) [*Juilliard School of Music], Музыкальный колледж Мэнса [Mannes College of Music], Новая школа социальных исследований [New School for Social Research], колледж Куинса [Queens College], Объединённая теологическая семинария [Union Theological Seminary], Университет Иешива [Yeshiva University], Школа дизайна Парсонса [Parsons School of Design], Институт Пратта [Pratt Institut].
Периодические издания: «Нью-Йорк таймс» [*‘New York Times’], «Дейли ньюс» [*‘Daily News’].
Парки, зоопарки: Баттери-Парк [*Battery Park], Боулинг-Грин [*Bowling Green], Грамерси-Парк [*Gramercy Park], Центральный парк [*Central Park], парк Риверсайд [*Riverside Park], Бронксский зоопарк [*Bronx Zoo], Нью-Йоркский ботанический сад [*New York Botanical Gardens], зоопарк Статен-Айленда [Staten Island Zoo].
Спорт: ежегодный Нью-Йоркский марафон [Annual New York City Marathon];
стадионы: «Янки» [*Yankee Stadium], «Шей» [*Shea Stadium]; команды: бейсбольные «Метс» [‘Mets’] и «Янки» [*‘Yankees’], баскетбольные «Никс» [‘Knicks’] и «Нетс»/«Сети» [*‘Nets’], футбольные «Джетс»/«Реактивные» [‘Jets’] и «Гиганты» [‘Giants’], по европейскому футболу «Нью-Йорк космос» [‘New York Cosmos’], хоккейные «Айлендерс»/«Островитяне» [‘Islanders’] и «Рейнджерс» [‘Rangers’].
Магазины, рынки: универмаги «Мэйси» [*Macy’s], «Лорд-энд-Тэйлор» [*Lord and Taylor], «Стернс» [*Stern’s], «Альтман» [*Altman, B.], «Блумингдейл» [Bloomingdale’s], «Александерс» [*Alexander’s], «Абрахам-энд-Страус» [*Abraham and Strauss], ювелирный магазин «Тиффани» [*Tiffany and Company]; магазины грамзаписей «Сэм Гуди» [*Sam Goody’s], «Кинг Карол» [King Karol], «Диско-Мэт» [*Disco-Mat], «Тауэр рекордз» [Tower Records]; дорогие магазины одежды «Сакс — Пятая авеню» [*Sack’s Fifth Ave], «Бергдорф Гудман» [Bergdorf Goodman]; дешёвый магазин «Стайвесант-Сквер» [Stuyvesant Square Thrift Shop]; обувной магазин «Кенни» [Kenny Shoes]; книжные магазины: «Брентано» [*Brentano’s], «Далтон» [Dalton], «Даблдэй» [Doubleday], «Стренд» [Strand], «Риззоли» [Rizzoli], «Скрибнерс» [Scribner’s], «Барнс-энд-Ноубл» [Barnes and Noble], «Книжный рынок Готам» [Gotham Book Mart]; магазин фотоаппаратуры «Корвет» [Korvette’s]; магазин игрушек «Сворс» [Schwarz].
Отели: «Пьер» [*‘Pierre’], «Ридженси» [*‘Regency’], «Риц-Карлтон» [*‘Ritz-Carlton’], «Плаза» [*‘Plaza’], «Гранд-Хайат» [*‘Grand Hyatt’], «Уолдорф-Астория» [*‘Waldorf-Astoria’], «Нью-Йорк Хилтон» [*‘New York Hilton’], «Шератон-Центр» [*‘Sheraton Centre’], «Холларан-Хаус» [‘Hollaran House’], «Хелмсли-Палас» [*‘Helmsley Palace Hotel’], «Карлайл» [*‘Carlyle’], «Савой-Хилтон» [*‘Savoy-Hilton’], «Парк-Шератон» [*‘Park Sheraton], «Шератон-Рассел» [*‘Sheraton-Russel’], «Шератон-Мотор-Инн» [*‘Sheraton Motor Inn’], «Шератон-Атлантик» [*‘Sheraton Atlantic Hotel’], «Шератон-Терри-Инн» [*‘Sheraton Terry Inn’].
Рестораны: «Четыре времени года» [*‘Four Seasons’], «Лютеция» [*‘Lutece’], «Пальма» [*‘Palm’], «Кучерской» [*‘Coach House’], «Русская чайная» [*‘Russian Tea Room’], «Фрэнки и Джонни» [*‘Frankie and Johnny’ II], «У Линди» [*Lindy’s], «Павильон» [*‘Le Pavilion’], «Мама Леоне» [*‘Mamma Leone’s].
Транспорт:

Ж.-д.

вокзалы: «Пенсильвания-стейшн» [*Pennsylvania Station (Pensy)], «Гранд-Сентрал» [*Grand Central]; аэропорты:

им.

Кеннеди [*Kennedy International Airport (J.F.K.)], Ла Гуардия [*La Guardia Airport], Ньюаркский [*Newark Airport]; городские авиавокзалы: Ист-Сайд [*East Side Airlines Terminal] и Вест-Сайд [*West Side Airlines Terminal]; городской вертолётный аэропорт [*Downtown Heliport]; линии метро «Ай-ар-ти» [*Interboro Rapid Transportation System], «Индепендент» [*Independent], «Бруклин — Манхаттан» [*Brooklyn-Manhattan (BMT)]; мосты Веррацано-Нарроус [*Verrazano-Narrows], Бруклинский [*Brooklyn Bridge], Куинсборо [*Queensboro Bridge], Трайборо [*Triborough Bridge], Джорджа Вашингтона [*George Washington Bridge]; туннели: Баттери [*Battery Tunnel], Куинс-Мидтаун [*Queens Midtown Tunnel], Холланд [*Holland Tunnel], Линкольн [*Lincoln Tunnel].
Достопримечательности:

о-в

Эллис-Айленд [*Ellis Island],

о-в

Губернаторский [*Governors Island], Кастл- Клинтон [*Castle Clinton].
Фестивали, праздники: празднование китайского Нового Года [Chinese New Year Celebration and Dragon Parade]; праздничное шествие в День

Св.

Патрика [St. Patrick’s Day Parade]; выставка картин под открытым небом в Гринвич-Виллидж [Greenwich Village Outdoor Art Show]; праздничное шествие в День Пуэрто-Рико [Puerto Rican Day Parade]; Шекспировский фестиваль [Shakespeare Festival]; Музыкальный фестиваль доктора Пеппера в Центральном парке [Dr Pepper Central Park Music Festival]; Ньюпортский джазовый фестиваль [Newport Jazz Festival]; итальянский фестиваль

Св.

Януария [Festival of San Gennaro]; праздничное шествие в День Колумба [Columbus Day Parade]; выставка лошадей [Horse Show]; шествие в День благодарения, организуемое фирмой «Мэйси» [Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade]; церемония включения огней на рождественской ёлке [Christmas Tree Lighting]; Большое рождественское представление [Great Christmas Show]