Как пишется намасте на санскрите


На санскрите намасте означает «божественное во мне приветствует божественное в тебе». Мысленно произносите «намасте» каждый раз, когда встречаете взгляд другого человека. Таким образом вы признаете, что «то» создание едино с «этим» созданием. Когда вы посылаете человеку это приветствие, он воспринимает информацию о вас – ваши жесты, мимику, тон голоса – на более глубоком уровне. Хоть вы и не обращаетесь к нему вслух, он непременно почувствует в вашем приветствии любовь и уважение…

(14): 
Dragon, Yota, Radha, Catriona, nimec77, Lesya, nick80, forsuasson, Omvichara, Mint, angela9, Shivaya, olalam, Eve

Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pressing hands together with a smile to greet namaste – a common cultural gesture in India

Namaste (,[1] Devanagari: नमस्ते), sometimes called namaskar and namaskaram, is a customary Hindu[2][3][4] non-contact manner of respectfully greeting and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.[5] It is found on the Indian subcontinent, and among the Nepalese and Indian diaspora. Namaste is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called añjali mudrā; the standing posture incorporating it is pranamasana.[6]

Etymology, meaning and origins[edit]

Namaste (Namas + te) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namas and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namas before the sound te.[8][9]

It is found in the Vedic literature. Namas-krita and related terms appear in the Hindu scripture Rigveda such as in the Vivaha Sukta, verse 10.85.22[10] in the sense of «worship, adore», while Namaskara appears in the sense of «exclamatory adoration, homage, salutation and worship» in the Atharvaveda, the Taittiriya Samhita, and the Aitareya Brahmana. It is an expression of veneration, worship, reverence, an «offering of homage» and «adoration» in the Vedic literature and post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata.[11][12] The phrase Namas-te appears with this meaning in Rigveda 8.75.10,[13] Atharvaveda verse 6.13.2, Taittirya Samhita 2.6.11.2 and in numerous other instances in many early Hindu texts.[14] It is also found in numerous ancient and medieval era sculpture and mandapa relief artwork in Hindu temples.[15]

A Nepali bride in namaste pose while welcoming guests at her wedding

According to the Indologist Stephen Phillips, the terms «te and tvam» are an informal, familiar form of «you» in Sanskrit, and it is typically not used for unfamiliar adults. It is reserved for someone familiar, intimate, divine or a child.[16][17] By using the dative form of tvam in the greeting Namas-te, there is an embedded secondary, metaphorical sense in the word. This is the basis of the pragmatic meaning of Namas-te, that is «salutations to the (divine) child (in your heart)», states Phillips.[16]

In the contemporary era, namaḥ means ‘bow’, ‘obeisance’, ‘reverential salutation’ or ‘adoration’[18] and te means ‘to you’ (singular dative case of ‘tvam’). Therefore, namaste literally means «bowing to you».[19] In Hinduism, it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that «the divine and self (atman, Self) is same in you and me», and connotes «I bow to the divine in you».[20][5][21] According to sociologist Holly Oxhandler, it is a Hindu term which means «the sacred in me recognizes the sacred in you».[22]

A less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely Namo vaḥ which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person plural pronoun vaḥ.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namo before the sound v.[8] An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, Namo vām, which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person dual pronoun vām.[7]

History[edit]

Excavations at various Indus Valley Civilisation have revealed some male and female terracotta figures in namaste posture.[23][24] These archaeological findings are dated to the Mature Harappan.[25][26]

A namaste gesture in the artwork of the 6th to 7th century CE Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, Chhattisgarh

Anjali Mudra[edit]

The gesture of folding hands during a namaste is called the Añjali Mudrā.[27] In addition to namaste, this mudra is one of the postures found in Indian classical dance such as Bharatanatyam,[28] and in yoga practice.[29] It is widely found in Indian temple reliefs and sculpture in mandapam, at entrances and iconography such as the Lingobhavamurti of Shaivism.[30][31] The Anjali mudra differs from namaste by being a non-verbal gesture, while namaste can be said with or without any gesture. According to Bhaumik and Govil, the Anjali mudra and Namaskara mudra are very similar but have a subtle difference. The back of the thumbs in Anjali mudra face the chest and are perpendicular to other fingers, while the thumbs in Namaskara mudra are aligned with the other fingers.[32]

Anjali mudra is described in Sanskrit texts such as in verse 9.127–128 of the Natya Shastra (200 BCE – 200 CE), in temple architecture texts dated after the sixth-century CE such as in verse 5.67 of the Devata murti prakarana and those on painting called the Citrasutras. The Natya Shastra, a classical Indian dance text, describes it to be a posture where the two hands are folded together in a reverential state and that this is used to pray before a deity, receive any person one reveres and also to greet friends. The Natya Shastra further states that for prayers inside a temple, the Anjali mudra should be placed near one’s head or above, while meeting someone venerable it is placed in front of one’s face or chin, and for friends near one’s chest.[33][34]

Uses[edit]

The gesture is widely used throughout the Indian subcontinent, parts of Asia and beyond where people of South and Southeast Asian origins have migrated.[20] Namaste is used as a respectful form of greeting, acknowledging and welcoming a relative, guest or stranger.[35] In some contexts, namaste is used by one person to express gratitude for assistance offered or given, and to thank the other person for his or her generous kindness.[36]

Namaskar is also part of the 16 upacharas used inside temples or any place of formal Puja (worship). Namaste in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,[37][38] has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Taittiriya Upanishad, as Atithi Devo Bhava (literally, treat the guest like a god).[39][40]

Namaste is one of the six forms of pranama, and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.[41][42]

Since namaste is a non-contact form of greeting, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested using the gesture as an alternative to hand shaking during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic as a means to prevent the spread of the virus.[43]

Gallery[edit]

  • A side view of a Hindu man in namaste pose

    A side view of a Hindu man in namaste pose

  • The ninth line from the top, last word in the Rigveda manuscript above is namas in the sense of "reverential worship"

    The ninth line from the top, last word in the Rigveda manuscript above is namas in the sense of «reverential worship»

  • Statue with namaste pose (wai) in a Thai temple

    Statue with namaste pose (wai) in a Thai temple

  • Namaste statue in Bali, Indonesia

    Namaste statue in Bali, Indonesia

  • Namaste (yakshi salabhanjika), c. 100 BCE, Satna, Madhya Pradesh

    Namaste (yakshi salabhanjika), c. 100 BCE, Satna, Madhya Pradesh

See also[edit]

  • Culture of India
  • Pranāma
  • Sat Sri Akal
  • Gassho
  • Sampeah
  • Sembah
  • Wai

References[edit]

  1. ^ «namaste». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.). The British pronunciation is either /ˈnaməsteɪ/ or /naməˈsteɪ/, and the American is /ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/.
  2. ^ «How ‘Namaste’ Entered The English Language». www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  3. ^ «Why ‘namaste’ has become the perfect pandemic greeting». Religion News Service. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  4. ^ «Here’s the history behind these no-touch greetings». Travel. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  5. ^ a b K V Singh (2015). Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings. Penguin Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0143425106. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  6. ^ Chatterjee, Gautam (2001), Sacred Hindu Symbols, Abhinav Publications, pp. 47–48, ISBN 9788170173977, archived from the original on 2017-01-11, retrieved 2017-12-28.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 263–268
  8. ^ a b Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 100–102
  9. ^ Namah Archived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit Dictionary
  10. ^ «उदीर्ष्वातो विश्वावसो नमसेळा महे त्वा । अन्यामिच्छ प्रफर्व्यं सं जायां पत्या सृज ॥२२॥, Griffith translates it as, «Rise up from hence, Visvavasu, with reverence we worship thee. Seek thou another willing maid, and with her husband leave the bride; RV, Griffith, Wikisource Archived 2020-01-05 at the Wayback Machine; other instances include RV 9.11.6 and many other Vedic texts; for a detailed list, see Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press
  11. ^ Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology Namas Archived 2019-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, p. 528
  12. ^ namas Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1899 edition], Harvard University update (2008)
  13. ^ RV 8.75.10, Wikisource:
    नमस्ते अग्न ओजसे गृणन्ति देव कृष्टयः ।
    Translation: «Homage to your power, Agni! The separate peoples hymn you, o god.»
    Translators: Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Volume 2 of three, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-01-99363-780, p. 1172
  14. ^ Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press, pp. 532–533
  15. ^ A. K. Krishna Nambiar (1979). Namaste: Its Philosophy and Significance in Indian Culture. pp. vii–viii with listed pages. OCLC 654838066. Archived from the original on 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  16. ^ a b Stephen H. Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 272 note 26. ISBN 978-0-231-51947-2.
  17. ^ This is similar to tu / vous of French and Romance languages in Europe, states the Indologist Patrick Olivelle, see: Patrick Olivelle (2005). Manu’s Code of Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 346 note 11.205. ISBN 978-0-19-517146-4.
  18. ^ «Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon», Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (search results), University of Cologne, archived from the original on September 25, 2013, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  19. ^ Namaste Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary
  20. ^ a b Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), «Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents», Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp. 350–363
  21. ^ Lawrence, J. D. (2007), «The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India», Homily Service, 41(2), pp. 1–3
  22. ^ Oxhandler, Holly (2017). «Namaste Theory: A Quantitative Grounded Theory on Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment». Religions. 8 (9): 168. doi:10.3390/rel8090168.
  23. ^ Sharma & Sharma (2004), Panorama of Harappan Civilization, ISBN 978-8174790576, Kaveri Books, p. 129
  24. ^ «Origins of Hinduism» Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Hinduism Today, Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3
  25. ^ Seated Male in Namaskar pose Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine National Museum, New Delhi, India (2012)
  26. ^ S Kalyanaraman, Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, ISBN 978-0982897102, pp. 234–236
  27. ^ «The Meaning of Namaste». Yoga Journal. Yoga Journal. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  28. ^ Anami, Basavaraj S.; Bhandage, Venkatesh A. (2018-06-04). «A vertical-horizontal-intersections feature based method for identification of bharatanatyam double hand mudra images». Multimedia Tools and Applications. Springer Science. 77 (23): 31021–31040. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6223-y. ISSN 1380-7501. S2CID 46968377.
  29. ^ C Carroll; R Carroll (2012). Mudras of India: A Comprehensive Guide to the Hand Gestures of Yoga and Indian Dance. SD Publishers. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-85701-067-4.
  30. ^ Douglas Barrett (1964). «An Early Cola Lingodbhavamurti». The British Museum Quarterly. 28 (1/2 (Summer)): 32–39. JSTOR 4422848.
  31. ^ Stella Kramrisch (1957). «Indian Sculpture Newly Acquired». Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin (Winter). 52 (252): 30–38 with Fig 2 and 3. doi:10.2307/3795036. JSTOR 379036.
  32. ^ Bhaumik, Gopa; Govil, Mahesh Chandra (2020). «Buddhist Hasta Mudra Recognition Using Morphological Features». Communications in Computer and Information Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 356–364. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6315-7_29. ISBN 978-981-15-6314-0. ISSN 1865-0929. S2CID 225349190.
  33. ^ Isabella Nardi (2003). The Theory of Indian Painting: the Citrasutras, their Uses and Interpretations. SOAS, University of London. pp. 132–134, also see Figure 67 on page 273.
  34. ^ James R. BRANDON (2009). Theatre in Southeast Asia. Harvard University Press. pp. 137–139. ISBN 9780674028746.
  35. ^ Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9, p. 302
  36. ^ Joseph Shaules (2007), Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living, ISBN 978-1847690166, pp. 68–70
  37. ^ James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, 720 pp.
  38. ^ Fuller, C. J. (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 66–70, ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5
  39. ^ Kelkar (2010), A Vedic approach to measurement of service quality, Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 420–433
  40. ^ Roberto De Nobili, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, ISBN 978-1880810378, p. 132
  41. ^ R.R. Mehrotra (1995), How to be polite in Indian English, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 116, Issue 1, pp. 99–110
  42. ^ G. Chatterjee (2003), Sacred Hindu Symbols, ISBN 978-8170173977, pp. 47–49
  43. ^ «Greet the Indian way: Israeli PM urges citizens to adopt ‘Namaste’ instead of handshakes to avoid COVID-19». www.timesnownews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Namaste.

Look up namaste in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • The Meaning of Namaste Yoga Journal
  • Saying goodbye in different languages- Namaste
  • Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri, Indian Institute of Language Studies
  • Ancient Indus Valley Seal print showing Namaste/anjali mudra, CSU Chico
Источник

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Pressing hands together with a smile to greet namaste – a common cultural gesture in India

Namaste (,[1] Devanagari: नमस्ते), sometimes called namaskar and namaskaram, is a customary Hindu[2][3][4] non-contact manner of respectfully greeting and honouring a person or group, used at any time of day.[5] It is found on the Indian subcontinent, and among the Nepalese and Indian diaspora. Namaste is usually spoken with a slight bow and hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointing upwards, thumbs close to the chest. This gesture is called añjali mudrā; the standing posture incorporating it is pranamasana.[6]

Etymology, meaning and origins[edit]

Namaste (Namas + te) is derived from Sanskrit and is a combination of the word namas and the second person dative pronoun in its enclitic form, te.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namas before the sound te.[8][9]

It is found in the Vedic literature. Namas-krita and related terms appear in the Hindu scripture Rigveda such as in the Vivaha Sukta, verse 10.85.22[10] in the sense of «worship, adore», while Namaskara appears in the sense of «exclamatory adoration, homage, salutation and worship» in the Atharvaveda, the Taittiriya Samhita, and the Aitareya Brahmana. It is an expression of veneration, worship, reverence, an «offering of homage» and «adoration» in the Vedic literature and post-Vedic texts such as the Mahabharata.[11][12] The phrase Namas-te appears with this meaning in Rigveda 8.75.10,[13] Atharvaveda verse 6.13.2, Taittirya Samhita 2.6.11.2 and in numerous other instances in many early Hindu texts.[14] It is also found in numerous ancient and medieval era sculpture and mandapa relief artwork in Hindu temples.[15]

A Nepali bride in namaste pose while welcoming guests at her wedding

According to the Indologist Stephen Phillips, the terms «te and tvam» are an informal, familiar form of «you» in Sanskrit, and it is typically not used for unfamiliar adults. It is reserved for someone familiar, intimate, divine or a child.[16][17] By using the dative form of tvam in the greeting Namas-te, there is an embedded secondary, metaphorical sense in the word. This is the basis of the pragmatic meaning of Namas-te, that is «salutations to the (divine) child (in your heart)», states Phillips.[16]

In the contemporary era, namaḥ means ‘bow’, ‘obeisance’, ‘reverential salutation’ or ‘adoration’[18] and te means ‘to you’ (singular dative case of ‘tvam’). Therefore, namaste literally means «bowing to you».[19] In Hinduism, it also has a spiritual import reflecting the belief that «the divine and self (atman, Self) is same in you and me», and connotes «I bow to the divine in you».[20][5][21] According to sociologist Holly Oxhandler, it is a Hindu term which means «the sacred in me recognizes the sacred in you».[22]

A less common variant is used in the case of three or more people being addressed namely Namo vaḥ which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person plural pronoun vaḥ.[7] The word namaḥ takes the sandhi form namo before the sound v.[8] An even less common variant is used in the case of two people being addressed, namely, Namo vām, which is a combination of namaḥ and the enclitic second person dual pronoun vām.[7]

History[edit]

Excavations at various Indus Valley Civilisation have revealed some male and female terracotta figures in namaste posture.[23][24] These archaeological findings are dated to the Mature Harappan.[25][26]

A namaste gesture in the artwork of the 6th to 7th century CE Rajivalochan Vishnu Temple, Rajim, Chhattisgarh

Anjali Mudra[edit]

The gesture of folding hands during a namaste is called the Añjali Mudrā.[27] In addition to namaste, this mudra is one of the postures found in Indian classical dance such as Bharatanatyam,[28] and in yoga practice.[29] It is widely found in Indian temple reliefs and sculpture in mandapam, at entrances and iconography such as the Lingobhavamurti of Shaivism.[30][31] The Anjali mudra differs from namaste by being a non-verbal gesture, while namaste can be said with or without any gesture. According to Bhaumik and Govil, the Anjali mudra and Namaskara mudra are very similar but have a subtle difference. The back of the thumbs in Anjali mudra face the chest and are perpendicular to other fingers, while the thumbs in Namaskara mudra are aligned with the other fingers.[32]

Anjali mudra is described in Sanskrit texts such as in verse 9.127–128 of the Natya Shastra (200 BCE – 200 CE), in temple architecture texts dated after the sixth-century CE such as in verse 5.67 of the Devata murti prakarana and those on painting called the Citrasutras. The Natya Shastra, a classical Indian dance text, describes it to be a posture where the two hands are folded together in a reverential state and that this is used to pray before a deity, receive any person one reveres and also to greet friends. The Natya Shastra further states that for prayers inside a temple, the Anjali mudra should be placed near one’s head or above, while meeting someone venerable it is placed in front of one’s face or chin, and for friends near one’s chest.[33][34]

Uses[edit]

The gesture is widely used throughout the Indian subcontinent, parts of Asia and beyond where people of South and Southeast Asian origins have migrated.[20] Namaste is used as a respectful form of greeting, acknowledging and welcoming a relative, guest or stranger.[35] In some contexts, namaste is used by one person to express gratitude for assistance offered or given, and to thank the other person for his or her generous kindness.[36]

Namaskar is also part of the 16 upacharas used inside temples or any place of formal Puja (worship). Namaste in the context of deity worship, scholars conclude,[37][38] has the same function as in greeting a guest or anyone else. It expresses politeness, courtesy, honor, and hospitality from one person to the other. It is used in goodbyes as well. This is sometimes expressed, in ancient Hindu scriptures such as Taittiriya Upanishad, as Atithi Devo Bhava (literally, treat the guest like a god).[39][40]

Namaste is one of the six forms of pranama, and in parts of India these terms are used synonymously.[41][42]

Since namaste is a non-contact form of greeting, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu suggested using the gesture as an alternative to hand shaking during the 2020 Coronavirus pandemic as a means to prevent the spread of the virus.[43]

Gallery[edit]

  • A side view of a Hindu man in namaste pose

    A side view of a Hindu man in namaste pose

  • The ninth line from the top, last word in the Rigveda manuscript above is namas in the sense of "reverential worship"

    The ninth line from the top, last word in the Rigveda manuscript above is namas in the sense of «reverential worship»

  • Statue with namaste pose (wai) in a Thai temple

    Statue with namaste pose (wai) in a Thai temple

  • Namaste statue in Bali, Indonesia

    Namaste statue in Bali, Indonesia

  • Namaste (yakshi salabhanjika), c. 100 BCE, Satna, Madhya Pradesh

    Namaste (yakshi salabhanjika), c. 100 BCE, Satna, Madhya Pradesh

See also[edit]

  • Culture of India
  • Pranāma
  • Sat Sri Akal
  • Gassho
  • Sampeah
  • Sembah
  • Wai

References[edit]

  1. ^ «namaste». Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.). The British pronunciation is either /ˈnaməsteɪ/ or /naməˈsteɪ/, and the American is /ˈˌnɑməˈˌsteɪ/.
  2. ^ «How ‘Namaste’ Entered The English Language». www.merriam-webster.com. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  3. ^ «Why ‘namaste’ has become the perfect pandemic greeting». Religion News Service. 2020-10-01. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  4. ^ «Here’s the history behind these no-touch greetings». Travel. 2020-03-23. Retrieved 2021-08-18.
  5. ^ a b K V Singh (2015). Hindu Rites and Rituals: Origins and Meanings. Penguin Books. pp. 123–124. ISBN 978-0143425106. Archived from the original on 2019-12-17. Retrieved 2017-05-20.
  6. ^ Chatterjee, Gautam (2001), Sacred Hindu Symbols, Abhinav Publications, pp. 47–48, ISBN 9788170173977, archived from the original on 2017-01-11, retrieved 2017-12-28.
  7. ^ a b c Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 263–268
  8. ^ a b Thomas Burrow, The Sanskrit Language, pp. 100–102
  9. ^ Namah Archived 2014-08-27 at the Wayback Machine Sanskrit Dictionary
  10. ^ «उदीर्ष्वातो विश्वावसो नमसेळा महे त्वा । अन्यामिच्छ प्रफर्व्यं सं जायां पत्या सृज ॥२२॥, Griffith translates it as, «Rise up from hence, Visvavasu, with reverence we worship thee. Seek thou another willing maid, and with her husband leave the bride; RV, Griffith, Wikisource Archived 2020-01-05 at the Wayback Machine; other instances include RV 9.11.6 and many other Vedic texts; for a detailed list, see Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press
  11. ^ Monier Monier-Williams, Sanskrit-English Dictionary with Etymology Namas Archived 2019-05-18 at the Wayback Machine, Oxford University Press, p. 528
  12. ^ namas Archived 2018-10-06 at the Wayback Machine, Monier-Williams Sanskrit-English Dictionary 1899 edition], Harvard University update (2008)
  13. ^ RV 8.75.10, Wikisource:
    नमस्ते अग्न ओजसे गृणन्ति देव कृष्टयः ।
    Translation: «Homage to your power, Agni! The separate peoples hymn you, o god.»
    Translators: Stephanie Jamison & Joel Brereton (2014), The Rigveda, Volume 2 of three, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-01-99363-780, p. 1172
  14. ^ Maurice Bloomfield, Vedic Concordance Archived 2019-03-31 at the Wayback Machine, Harvard University Press, pp. 532–533
  15. ^ A. K. Krishna Nambiar (1979). Namaste: Its Philosophy and Significance in Indian Culture. pp. vii–viii with listed pages. OCLC 654838066. Archived from the original on 2020-01-01. Retrieved 2018-11-02.
  16. ^ a b Stephen H. Phillips (2009). Yoga, Karma, and Rebirth: A Brief History and Philosophy. Columbia University Press. pp. 272 note 26. ISBN 978-0-231-51947-2.
  17. ^ This is similar to tu / vous of French and Romance languages in Europe, states the Indologist Patrick Olivelle, see: Patrick Olivelle (2005). Manu’s Code of Law. Oxford University Press. pp. 346 note 11.205. ISBN 978-0-19-517146-4.
  18. ^ «Cologne Digital Sanskrit Lexicon», Cologne Digital Sanskrit Dictionaries (search results), University of Cologne, archived from the original on September 25, 2013, retrieved March 24, 2012.
  19. ^ Namaste Archived 2014-03-02 at the Wayback Machine Douglas Harper, Etymology Dictionary
  20. ^ a b Ying, Y. W., Coombs, M., & Lee, P. A. (1999), «Family intergenerational relationship of Asian American adolescents», Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology, 5(4), pp. 350–363
  21. ^ Lawrence, J. D. (2007), «The Boundaries of Faith: A Journey in India», Homily Service, 41(2), pp. 1–3
  22. ^ Oxhandler, Holly (2017). «Namaste Theory: A Quantitative Grounded Theory on Religion and Spirituality in Mental Health Treatment». Religions. 8 (9): 168. doi:10.3390/rel8090168.
  23. ^ Sharma & Sharma (2004), Panorama of Harappan Civilization, ISBN 978-8174790576, Kaveri Books, p. 129
  24. ^ «Origins of Hinduism» Archived 2014-02-26 at the Wayback Machine. Hinduism Today, Volume 7, Issue 2 (April/May/June), Chapter 1, p. 3
  25. ^ Seated Male in Namaskar pose Archived 2014-02-23 at the Wayback Machine National Museum, New Delhi, India (2012)
  26. ^ S Kalyanaraman, Indus Script Cipher: Hieroglyphs of Indian Linguistic Area, ISBN 978-0982897102, pp. 234–236
  27. ^ «The Meaning of Namaste». Yoga Journal. Yoga Journal. Retrieved 10 February 2022.
  28. ^ Anami, Basavaraj S.; Bhandage, Venkatesh A. (2018-06-04). «A vertical-horizontal-intersections feature based method for identification of bharatanatyam double hand mudra images». Multimedia Tools and Applications. Springer Science. 77 (23): 31021–31040. doi:10.1007/s11042-018-6223-y. ISSN 1380-7501. S2CID 46968377.
  29. ^ C Carroll; R Carroll (2012). Mudras of India: A Comprehensive Guide to the Hand Gestures of Yoga and Indian Dance. SD Publishers. pp. 44–46. ISBN 978-0-85701-067-4.
  30. ^ Douglas Barrett (1964). «An Early Cola Lingodbhavamurti». The British Museum Quarterly. 28 (1/2 (Summer)): 32–39. JSTOR 4422848.
  31. ^ Stella Kramrisch (1957). «Indian Sculpture Newly Acquired». Philadelphia Museum of Art Bulletin (Winter). 52 (252): 30–38 with Fig 2 and 3. doi:10.2307/3795036. JSTOR 379036.
  32. ^ Bhaumik, Gopa; Govil, Mahesh Chandra (2020). «Buddhist Hasta Mudra Recognition Using Morphological Features». Communications in Computer and Information Science. Singapore: Springer Singapore. pp. 356–364. doi:10.1007/978-981-15-6315-7_29. ISBN 978-981-15-6314-0. ISSN 1865-0929. S2CID 225349190.
  33. ^ Isabella Nardi (2003). The Theory of Indian Painting: the Citrasutras, their Uses and Interpretations. SOAS, University of London. pp. 132–134, also see Figure 67 on page 273.
  34. ^ James R. BRANDON (2009). Theatre in Southeast Asia. Harvard University Press. pp. 137–139. ISBN 9780674028746.
  35. ^ Constance Jones and James D. Ryan, Encyclopedia of Hinduism, ISBN 978-0-8160-5458-9, p. 302
  36. ^ Joseph Shaules (2007), Deep Culture: The Hidden Challenges of Global Living, ISBN 978-1847690166, pp. 68–70
  37. ^ James Lochtefeld, The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, ISBN 0-8239-2287-1, 720 pp.
  38. ^ Fuller, C. J. (2004), The Camphor Flame: Popular Hinduism and Society in India, Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, pp. 66–70, ISBN 978-0-691-12048-5
  39. ^ Kelkar (2010), A Vedic approach to measurement of service quality, Services Marketing Quarterly, 31(4), 420–433
  40. ^ Roberto De Nobili, Preaching Wisdom to the Wise: Three Treatises, ISBN 978-1880810378, p. 132
  41. ^ R.R. Mehrotra (1995), How to be polite in Indian English, International Journal of the Sociology of Language. Volume 116, Issue 1, pp. 99–110
  42. ^ G. Chatterjee (2003), Sacred Hindu Symbols, ISBN 978-8170173977, pp. 47–49
  43. ^ «Greet the Indian way: Israeli PM urges citizens to adopt ‘Namaste’ instead of handshakes to avoid COVID-19». www.timesnownews.com. Archived from the original on 2020-03-12. Retrieved 2020-03-29.

External links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Namaste.

Look up namaste in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

  • The Meaning of Namaste Yoga Journal
  • Saying goodbye in different languages- Namaste
  • Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri, Indian Institute of Language Studies
  • Ancient Indus Valley Seal print showing Namaste/anjali mudra, CSU Chico
Источник

For the episode of Lost, see Namaste (Lost). For the Romanian village of Nămaş, see Bistra, Alba. For the Beastie Boys track Namasté, see Check Your Head.

A Mohiniattam dancer making a Namaste gesture

Namaste (Sanskrit: नमस्ते, Hindustani pronunciation: [nʌmʌsˈteː], from external Sandhi between namaḥ and te) is a common spoken greeting or salutation in South Asia. It has multi-religious or else common usage where it may simply mean «I bow to you.» The word is derived from Sanskrit namas, to bow, obeisance, reverential salutation, and te, «to you».[1]

When spoken to another person, it is commonly accompanied by a slight bow made with hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointed upwards, in front of the chest. This gesture, called Añjali Mudrā, can also be performed wordlessly and carries the same meaning.

Uses

In the word namaste there is sandhi, or coalescence, between the two Sanskrit words namah and te, meaning «I bow (reverentially) to you.» Also common is a polite form using the imperative astu meaning «let there be»: namo: stu te literally meaning «let there be a salutation to you».[2][3]

In Nepalese culture, namaste is performed when a younger family member meets older relatives. It also varies depending upon social status and prestige: The person with lower status or prestige performs namaste first to show respect for the higher station the other person has achieved.

Namaste is also used as a friendly greeting in written communication, or generally between people when they meet.

In some parts of India (for example, Punjabi-speaking areas), namaste is used not only to greet Hindus, but everyone. The proper greeting for Muslims is As-Salaam-Alaykum, for Sikhs, Sat Sri Akaal, and for Jains, Jai Jinendra. The gesture is used to greet people with the verbal «Aayushman». Aayushmaan means «may you live long».

When used at funerals to greet the guests, the verbal part is usually omitted. The aayushman gesture is also a cultural symbol of Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan hospitality. This is also the means used by Sri Lankan air hostesses to greet passengers and used in other hospitality settings. When the gesture is performed with hands in front of the chest, it is usually considered as aayushman. When the hand position is higher, it usually means reverence and/or worship. The expression with hands placed on top of one’s head is usually the sign of utmost reverence or respect.

In Sindh, Pakistan, the gesture of namaste is still maintained even by Sindhi Muslims.

Meanings and interpretation

Template:Unreliable sources

Namaste is one of the few Sanskrit words commonly recognized by Non-Hindi speakers. In the West, it is often used to indicate Indian Hindu culture in general. Namaste is particularly associated with aspects of Hindu culture such as vegetarianism, yoga, ayurvedic healing, and other cultures that are derivatives of Hinduism such as Buddhism and Jainism.

In recent times, and more globally, the term «namaste» has come to be especially associated with yoga and spiritual meditation all over the world. In this context, it has been viewed in terms of a multitude of very complicated and poetic meanings which tie in with the spiritual origins of the word. Some examples:

  • «I honor the Spirit in you which is also in me.» — attributed to author Kabir Chopra[4]
  • «I honor the place in you in which the entire Universe dwells, I honor the place in you which is of Love, of Integrity, of Wisdom and of Peace. When you are in that place in you, and I am in that place in me, we are One.»[5][6]
  • «I salute the God within you.»
  • «Your spirit and my spirit are ONE.» — attributed to Lilias Folan‘s shared teachings from her journeys to India.
  • «That which is of God in me greets that which is of God in you.»[7]
  • «The Divinity within me perceives and adores the Divinity within you.»[8]
  • «All that is best and highest in me greets/salutes all that is best and highest in you.»
  • «I greet the God within.»

That said, these are all arguably simply attempts at translating the same concept, which does not have a direct parallel in English, although Aloha would be a good attempt. In Buddhism, the concept may be understood as Buddha nature. Also used as Namo Buddhaye.

  • «I bow to you. The light within me honors the light within you.»

References

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision June 2003.
  2. ↑ http://www.yogajournal.com/basics/822
  3. ↑ http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/namaste
  4. ↑ Chopra, Deepak (2007). Buddha: A Story of Enlightenment. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-087881-8.
  5. ↑ Yoga Heals Us (2007). «Yoga Philosophy — Namaste». Yoga Heals Us. http://yogahealsus.com/about3.html. Retrieved November 10 2007.
  6. ↑ Dass, Ram (1976). Grist For The Mill. Unity Press. ISBN 0913300179.
  7. ↑ TEDTalks (2005). «Rev. Tom Honey: How could God have allowed the tsunami?». Video Podcast. TED Conferences. http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/112. Retrieved November 10 2007.
  8. ↑ Finnegan, Dave (1993). Zen of Juggling. Jugglebug. ISBN 9780961552152.

External links

  • Omkar N Koul (2003-08-10) (PDF). Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri. Indian Institute of Language Studies. http://iils.org/pdf/ModesofGreetings.pdf.
  • Namaste Yoga downloads from MoboVivo.com

See also

  • Anjali
  • Greetings
  • v
  • t
  • e

Gestures
Friendly gestures

A-ok · Air kiss · Cheek kissing · Doff / hat tip · Dap greeting · Elbow bump · Eskimo kissing · Fist bump · High five · Namaste · Shaka · Thumbs up · Wai

Gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg
Formal gestures

Bowing · Curtsey · Hand-kissing · Handshaking · Genuflection · Kowtow
Salutes

Salute · Bellamy salute · Hitler salute · Roman salute · Scout sign and salute · Three-finger salute · Two-finger salute
Celebration gestures

Applause · Fist pump · Victory clasp · Gator Chomp · Gig ’em Aggies · Guns Up · High five/Gimme five · Pitchfork/Trident · Sic ’em Bears · Tomahawk Chop · Hook ’em Horns · Cougar Paw
Obscene gestures

Bras d’honneur · Sign of the horns · Finger · Mooning · Shocker · Moutza · V sign · Wanker
Finger counting

Chinese number gestures  · Chisanbop  · Finger binary
Other

Air quotes · Anasyrma · Articulatory gestures · Crossed fingers · Finger gun · Gang signal · Hand-rubbing · Head bobble · Jazz hands · Lock and fly · Laban Sign · Loser · Manual communication · Mudra · Nod · Poke · Pollice verso · Puppy face · Raised fist · Right hand rule · Right hand grip rule · Rock-paper-scissors  · Shrug · Sign of the Cross · Types of gestures · Varadamudra · V sign · Vulcan salute

List of gestures

ca:Nàmaste
hi:नमस्ते
ml:നമസ്കാരം
ja:合掌
no:Namaste
pt:Namastê
ru:Намасте
simple:Namaste
sv:Namaste
te:నమస్కారం

Источник

For the episode of Lost, see Namaste (Lost). For the Romanian village of Nămaş, see Bistra, Alba. For the Beastie Boys track Namasté, see Check Your Head.

A Mohiniattam dancer making a Namaste gesture

Namaste (Sanskrit: नमस्ते, Hindustani pronunciation: [nʌmʌsˈteː], from external Sandhi between namaḥ and te) is a common spoken greeting or salutation in South Asia. It has multi-religious or else common usage where it may simply mean «I bow to you.» The word is derived from Sanskrit namas, to bow, obeisance, reverential salutation, and te, «to you».[1]

When spoken to another person, it is commonly accompanied by a slight bow made with hands pressed together, palms touching and fingers pointed upwards, in front of the chest. This gesture, called Añjali Mudrā, can also be performed wordlessly and carries the same meaning.

Uses

In the word namaste there is sandhi, or coalescence, between the two Sanskrit words namah and te, meaning «I bow (reverentially) to you.» Also common is a polite form using the imperative astu meaning «let there be»: namo: stu te literally meaning «let there be a salutation to you».[2][3]

In Nepalese culture, namaste is performed when a younger family member meets older relatives. It also varies depending upon social status and prestige: The person with lower status or prestige performs namaste first to show respect for the higher station the other person has achieved.

Namaste is also used as a friendly greeting in written communication, or generally between people when they meet.

In some parts of India (for example, Punjabi-speaking areas), namaste is used not only to greet Hindus, but everyone. The proper greeting for Muslims is As-Salaam-Alaykum, for Sikhs, Sat Sri Akaal, and for Jains, Jai Jinendra. The gesture is used to greet people with the verbal «Aayushman». Aayushmaan means «may you live long».

When used at funerals to greet the guests, the verbal part is usually omitted. The aayushman gesture is also a cultural symbol of Sri Lanka and Sri Lankan hospitality. This is also the means used by Sri Lankan air hostesses to greet passengers and used in other hospitality settings. When the gesture is performed with hands in front of the chest, it is usually considered as aayushman. When the hand position is higher, it usually means reverence and/or worship. The expression with hands placed on top of one’s head is usually the sign of utmost reverence or respect.

In Sindh, Pakistan, the gesture of namaste is still maintained even by Sindhi Muslims.

Meanings and interpretation

Template:Unreliable sources

Namaste is one of the few Sanskrit words commonly recognized by Non-Hindi speakers. In the West, it is often used to indicate Indian Hindu culture in general. Namaste is particularly associated with aspects of Hindu culture such as vegetarianism, yoga, ayurvedic healing, and other cultures that are derivatives of Hinduism such as Buddhism and Jainism.

In recent times, and more globally, the term «namaste» has come to be especially associated with yoga and spiritual meditation all over the world. In this context, it has been viewed in terms of a multitude of very complicated and poetic meanings which tie in with the spiritual origins of the word. Some examples:

  • «I honor the Spirit in you which is also in me.» — attributed to author Kabir Chopra[4]
  • «I honor the place in you in which the entire Universe dwells, I honor the place in you which is of Love, of Integrity, of Wisdom and of Peace. When you are in that place in you, and I am in that place in me, we are One.»[5][6]
  • «I salute the God within you.»
  • «Your spirit and my spirit are ONE.» — attributed to Lilias Folan‘s shared teachings from her journeys to India.
  • «That which is of God in me greets that which is of God in you.»[7]
  • «The Divinity within me perceives and adores the Divinity within you.»[8]
  • «All that is best and highest in me greets/salutes all that is best and highest in you.»
  • «I greet the God within.»

That said, these are all arguably simply attempts at translating the same concept, which does not have a direct parallel in English, although Aloha would be a good attempt. In Buddhism, the concept may be understood as Buddha nature. Also used as Namo Buddhaye.

  • «I bow to you. The light within me honors the light within you.»

References

  1. ↑ Oxford English Dictionary, Draft Revision June 2003.
  2. ↑ http://www.yogajournal.com/basics/822
  3. ↑ http://www.exoticindiaart.com/article/namaste
  4. ↑ Chopra, Deepak (2007). Buddha: A Story of Enlightenment. Harper Collins. ISBN 978-0-06-087881-8.
  5. ↑ Yoga Heals Us (2007). «Yoga Philosophy — Namaste». Yoga Heals Us. http://yogahealsus.com/about3.html. Retrieved November 10 2007.
  6. ↑ Dass, Ram (1976). Grist For The Mill. Unity Press. ISBN 0913300179.
  7. ↑ TEDTalks (2005). «Rev. Tom Honey: How could God have allowed the tsunami?». Video Podcast. TED Conferences. http://www.ted.com/index.php/talks/view/id/112. Retrieved November 10 2007.
  8. ↑ Finnegan, Dave (1993). Zen of Juggling. Jugglebug. ISBN 9780961552152.

External links

  • Omkar N Koul (2003-08-10) (PDF). Modes of Greetings in Kashmiri. Indian Institute of Language Studies. http://iils.org/pdf/ModesofGreetings.pdf.
  • Namaste Yoga downloads from MoboVivo.com

See also

  • Anjali
  • Greetings
  • v
  • t
  • e

Gestures
Friendly gestures

A-ok · Air kiss · Cheek kissing · Doff / hat tip · Dap greeting · Elbow bump · Eskimo kissing · Fist bump · High five · Namaste · Shaka · Thumbs up · Wai

Gesture raised fist with thumb and pinky lifted.jpg
Formal gestures

Bowing · Curtsey · Hand-kissing · Handshaking · Genuflection · Kowtow
Salutes

Salute · Bellamy salute · Hitler salute · Roman salute · Scout sign and salute · Three-finger salute · Two-finger salute
Celebration gestures

Applause · Fist pump · Victory clasp · Gator Chomp · Gig ’em Aggies · Guns Up · High five/Gimme five · Pitchfork/Trident · Sic ’em Bears · Tomahawk Chop · Hook ’em Horns · Cougar Paw
Obscene gestures

Bras d’honneur · Sign of the horns · Finger · Mooning · Shocker · Moutza · V sign · Wanker
Finger counting

Chinese number gestures  · Chisanbop  · Finger binary
Other

Air quotes · Anasyrma · Articulatory gestures · Crossed fingers · Finger gun · Gang signal · Hand-rubbing · Head bobble · Jazz hands · Lock and fly · Laban Sign · Loser · Manual communication · Mudra · Nod · Poke · Pollice verso · Puppy face · Raised fist · Right hand rule · Right hand grip rule · Rock-paper-scissors  · Shrug · Sign of the Cross · Types of gestures · Varadamudra · V sign · Vulcan salute

List of gestures

ca:Nàmaste
hi:नमस्ते
ml:നമസ്കാരം
ja:合掌
no:Namaste
pt:Namastê
ru:Намасте
simple:Namaste
sv:Namaste
te:నమస్కారం

Источник

Приветствия в Индии и как сказать: «До свидания!»

Добрый день, уважаемые посетители и читатели блога! Любая встреча или разговор так или иначе начинаются с приветствия и заканчиваются словами: “До свидания!” или “До встречи!”. Сегодня поговорим о том, как здороваются в Индии и, что говорят на прощание.

Намасте – नमस्ते – [namastē / намастэ] – приветствие, имеющее широкое значение, включая: здравствуйте, привет, доброе утро, добрый день, добрый вечер и так же – до свидания. Это не только светское, но и индуистское (религиозное) приветствие. Намасте, означает: «Я приветствую божественное в вас». Во время произнесения «Намасте», принято сложить руки ладонью к ладони у сердца.

Синоним: Намаскар – नमस्कार – [namaskār / намаскар]

Пранам – प्रणाम – [praṇām / пранам] – почтительно приветствие, обращенное к старшим, к родителям, к учителю. Эквивалентно касанию стоп того к кому оно обращено. Это слово также подразумевает просьбу о благословении. Произносится, как и «Намасте», со сложенными у груди руками с легким поклоном.

В Индии считается хорошим тоном приветствовать человека так, как принято в его религиозной традиции. Сикхи приветствуют друг друга словами – Сат Шри Акал – सत श्री अकाल [sat shrī akāl / сат шри акал]. Мусульмане используют для приветствия выражение सलाम अलैकुम [salām alaikum / салам алейкум].

В культуре индуизма, существуют приветствия с использованием имен богов, например: Радхе Радхе – राधे राधे [rādhe rādhe / радхэ-радхэ], Джай Шри Кришна – जय श्री कृष्णा [jay shrī krishnа / джай шри кришна], Сай Рам – साई राम [saī rām / сай рам]. В штате Раджастхан приветствуют или прощаются со словами: Рам Рам са – राम राम सा [rām rām sā / рам рам са].

Для того, чтобы сказать: “Доброе утро!”, “Добрый день!”, “Добрый вечер!” достаточно использовать слова: “Намаскар” или “Намасте”.

Не будет ошибкой сказать:
Добрый вечер – शुभ संध्या [shubh sandhya / шубх сандхья].
Доброе утро – शुभ प्रभात – [shubh prabhāt / шубх прабхат].
Но подобные выражения используются довольно редко непосредственно для приветствия и больше подходят для пожелания хорошего утра, дня, вечера или ночи. О пожеланиях мы поговорим в другой статье.

В городах, для приветствия применяют так же английские слова: hi, hello, чаще всего при разговоре по телефону. Различные английские приветствия могут использоваться в деловых, профессиональных отношениях.

Для того, чтобы попрощаться и сказать: “До свидания!“, тоже говорят “Намасте” и “Намаскар” или слово из языка урду – “Алвида” – अलविदा – [alvidā / алвида] – до свидания. Алвида, также употребляется в значении “прощай”.

Дополнительные фразы

Русский Хинди МФА Транслит

Добро пожаловать!

सवागत हैं

savāgat haiṁ

свагат хэй

Я (очень) рад вас видеть

मैं आपको देखता (बहुत) खुश हूँ

maiṁ āpkō dēkhtā (bahut) khuś hūm̐

мей апко дэкхта (бахут) кхуш хун

Я рад вас слышать

मैं आपको सुनता खुश हूँ

maiṁ āpkō suntā khuś hūm̐

мей апко сунта кхуш хун

Я рад говорить с вами

मैं आपको बात कर रहा खुश हूँ

maiṁ āpkō bāt kar rahā khuś hūm̐

мей апко бат кар раха кхуш хун

Приятно познакомиться с вами

आप से मिलकर ख़ुशी हुई

āp sē milkar ḵẖuśī hu’ī

ап сэ милкар кхуши ху’и

Мне тоже

मैं भी

maiṁ bhī

мей бхи

До встречи! / Увидимся! / Ещё увидимся!

फिर मिलेंगे

phir milēṅgē

пхир милэнгэ

До скорой встречи!

जल्दी मिलते हैं

jaldī miltē haiṁ

джалди милтэ хэй

Встретимся (увидимся) завтра

कल मिलेंगे

kal milēṅgē

кал милэнгэ

Скоро встретимся

जल्दी मिलेंगे

jaldī milēṅgē

джалди милэнгэ

Встретимся позже

बाद में मिलेंगे

bād mēṁ milēṅgē

бад мэ милэнгэ

До завтра!

कल तक!

kal tak

кал так

До скорого!

जल्द ही मिलेंगे!

jald hī milēṅgē

джалд хи милэнгэ

अगली बार तक!

aglī bār tak!

агли бар так

Используемые в статье слова

अगला [aglā / агла] – следующий, будущий, предстоящий.
अलविदा [alvidā / алвида] – до свидания.
आप से [āp sē / ап сэ] – (с) Вами (вежливое обращение, косвенный падеж местоимения Вы (आप  āp).
आपको [āpkō / апко]- Вас, вас.
बार [bār / бар] – повод, случай, время.
बात करना [bāt karna / бат карна] – говорить.
भी [bhī / бхи] – тоже, также, даже.
जल्दी [jaldī / джалди] – быстро, скоро, ранний.
जल्द [jald / джалд] – спешка, скорость, быстрота – (синоним – jaldī).
ही [hī / хи] – частица подчеркивающая значения слова.
कल [kal / кал] – вчера, завтра (зависит от контекста), любое неопределенное время в прошлом или будущем.
खुश [khush / кхуш] – радостный, счастливый.
नमस्ते [namastē / намастэ] – здравствуйте, привет, доброе утро, добрый день, добрый вечер, до свидания.
नमस्कार [namaskār / намаскар] – синоним слова namaste.
मैं [maiṁ / мей]- я.
में [mēṁ / мэ] – в, внутри.
मिलेंगे [milēṅgē / милэнге] – встретиться.
मिलकर [milkar / милкар] – вместе.
मिलते [miltē / милтэ] – встретить, получить.
मुझे [mujhē / муджхэ] – мне.
फिर [phir / пхир] – затем, потом, снова, еще раз.
प्रभात [prabhāt / прабхат] – утро, рассвет.
प्रणाम [praṇām / пранам] – Здравствуйте (почтительно).
तक [tak / так] – до, за, вплоть до.
संध्या [sandhya / сандхья] – вечер , сумерки.
शुभ [shubh / шубх]- благоприятный, хороший, счастливый.
सवागत [svāgat / свагат] – Добро пожаловать.
सुनना [sunnā / сунна] – слушать.

Автор статьи: Татьяна Славинская

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Вера

Во второй части статьи нет русской транскрипции. Это очень неудобно. Транскрипция написана английскими буквами. Путаешься в звуках .

Татьяна Славянская

Автор

Ответить на  Вера

Здравствуйте. Теперь русская транскрипция добавлена. И под комментариями добавлены дополнительные ключи к к транскрипции и произношению.

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