Как пишется оскор

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Подскажите пожалуйста. В документе ставить двоеточие или нет? В документах, если награждаем одного человека, пишем «Наградить грамотой Иванову Анну — директора», а если двух и более, то ставим двоеточие, так как перечень лиц «Наградить грамотой: Иванову Анну — директора, Петрову Марию — директора». Правильно ли? Заранее большое спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Перед перечислением при отсутствии обобщающего слова двоеточие может ставиться в текстах деловых и научных. Ср.: На собрании присутствовали: студенты, аспиранты, преподаватели. В других случаях двоеточие обычно отсутствует: Великие гуманисты того времени подняли голос против турок. В защиту выступили Виктор Гюго, Чарлз Дарвин, Оскар Уайльду Лев Толстой, Федор Достоевский, Д. И. Менделеев, В. М. Гаршин, В. В. Верещагин (Сол.).

Из моих родственников — никто. А из моих знакомых: пара сослуживцев и… та-дам! ты и Иванова. Скажите, пожалуйста, как оформить данное предложение знаками препинания, в том числе, если перед _та-дам!_ — интанационная пауза, как на вручении премии «Оскар«?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: Из моих родственников — никто. А из моих знакомых — пара сослуживцев и — та-дам! — ты и Иванова. 

Здравствуйте! На вашем портале в орфографическом словаре слово «Оскар» применительно к премии зафиксировано без кавычек, а в словаре имён собственных — в кавычках. То есть допустимы оба варианта?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В тексте название премии нужно писать в кавычках. В орфографических словарях, которые призваны показывать собственно орфографическую форму (буквенный состав, слитное/дефисное/раздельное написание), кавычки, являющиеся пунктуационным знаком, часто не используют. Прежде всего, это связано с тем, что кавычки в начале словарной статьи затрудняют поиск слов в словаре.

Здравствуйте. «Итальянский электронный музыкант, четырехкратный обладатель премии «Грэмми» и двукратный обладатель «Оскара», даст единственный концерт в Москве», — надо ли в этом предложении выделить с обеих сторон то, что он обладатель наград (как уточнение) или запятая нужна только одна (хотя я не считаю, что это однородные члены предложения… возможно, ошибаюсь)? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Приложение выделяется запятыми с двух сторон, знаки препинания расставлены верно.

Добрый день! Леонардо Ди Каприо, наконец, получает Оскар. Подскажите, пожалуйста, нужны ли запятые?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Если слово наконец используется в значении «в конечном итоге, после всего, напоследок, под конец, в результате всего», то запятые не нужны: Леонардо Ди Каприо наконец получает Оскар. Подробнее см. в «Справочнике по пунктуации».

Точно первая часть двойной фамилии не склоняется? Разве неверно говорить «роман Новиков-Прибоя», «творчество Лебедев-Кумача», «судьба Антонов-Овсеенко»? Ср. похожий случай, который описан в вашем «Письмовнике»: «В русском языке сложилась традиция употреблять фамилии ряда иностранных деятелей (преимущественно писателей) в сочетании с именами: Вальтер Скотт, Жюль Верн, Майн Рид, Конан Дойль, Брет Гарт, Оскар Уальд, Ромен Роллан; ср. также литературные персонажи: Робин Гуд, Шерлок Холмс, Нат Пинкертон. Употребление этих фамилий отдельно, без имен мало распространено (в особенности это касается односложных фамилий; вряд ли кто-нибудь читал в детстве Верна, Рида, Дойля и Скотта!). Следствием такого тесного единства имени и фамилии оказывается склонение в косвенных падежах только фамилии: Вальтер Скотта, Жюль Верну, с Майн Ридом, о Робин Гуде и т.п.»

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В приведенном Вами фрагменте из «Письмовника» речь идет не о двойной фамилии, а о сочетаниях иностранных имен и фамилий. Склонение двойных фамилий подчиняется другому правилу. В русских двойных фамилиях первая часть склоняется, если она сама по себе употребляется как фамилия, например: песни Соловьева-Седого, картины Соколова-Скаля, роман Новикова-Прибоя, творчество Лебедева-Кумача, судьба Антонова-Овсеенко. Если же первая часть не образует фамилии, то она не склоняется, например: исследования Грум-Гржимайло, в роли Сквозник-Дмухановского, скульптура Демут-Малиновского.

Здравствуйте. Нужна запятая перед «что»? Все только и говорят, что об «Оскаре».

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Запятая не нужна: Все только и говорят что об «Оскаре». Запятая не ставится перед союзом что в выражении только и… что, за которым следует существительное или местоимение. Но если конструкция, содержащая в первой части сложную частицу только и, глагол делать (сделать, знать) и союз что, имеет во второй части глагол, то перед что запятая ставится. Ср.: Все только и делают, что говорят об «Оскаре».

Добрый день! Скажите, пожалуйста, будет ли склоняться фамилия Алехандро Гонсалес Иньярриту в падеже? «Оскар» в номинации «Лучший режиссер» достался Алехандро Гонсалес(у) Иньярриту.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Компонент имени, оканчивающийся на согласный, склоняется: достался Алехандро Гонсалесу Иньярриту.

Добрый день! Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно: церемония награждения премии / премией «Грэмми»? Думаю, что церемония вручения премии, но: награждения премией. В Википедии есть статья под названием «Список церемоний награждения премии «Оскар»». Скажите, это ошибка? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: вручение премии, награждение премией. Видимо, в названии статьи из «Википедии» слово премии относится не к награждения, а к церемоний (т. е. список церемоний, относящихся к этой премии).

Склоняется ли название «Левиафан» в В.п.? Выдвинули «Левиафан(а)» на «Оскар».
Это вроде бы одушевленное существо, так что должно?
Спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: Выдвинули «Левиафана» на «Оскар».

Как правильно: получить «Оскар» или «Оскара»? Объясните, пожалуйста.
С уважением Наталья

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верны оба варианта: фильм получил «Оскар» и фильм получил «Оскара». Но: фильм получил премию «Оскар». См.: Зализняк А. А. Грамматический словарь русского языка. 5-е изд., испр. М., 2008.

См.: http://gramota.ru/spravka/letters/?rub=odush

Здравствуйте, уважаемые сотрудники «Грамоты».
В ваших ответах по поводу написания (склонения) кинопремии «Оскар» разнобой. Уберите, пожалуйста, неверные (возможно, устаревшие) ответы! А то такие противоречивые ответы вызывают недоразумение в коллективах, например, редакций и даже подрывают доверие к вашей замечательной службе.
Теперь конкретнее.
Ответы на вопросы 214731, 214715, 208217 — за то, чтобы слово «Оскар» склонялось как неодушевленное, если употребляется без слова ‘премия’: получил «Оскар«, выдвинут на «Оскар«.
А вот ответы на вопросы 201940 и 201908 — за то, чтобы название «Оскар» склонять в таком случае: получил «Оскара».

Спасибо.
С уважением,
Ирина

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В ответе на вопрос № 201908 некорректный пример, поправим.

Действительно, слово «Оскар» склоняется, если оно не используется в функции приложения. Причем форма винительного падежа этого слова может совпадать с формой именительного (получил «Оскар«) или с формой родительного падежа (получил «Оскара»). Это связано с отнесенностью слова к числу одушевленных и неодушевленных существительных. В этом отношении возможны грамматические колебания, однако предпочтительно все же употребление этого слова как неодушевленного существительного.

Уважаемые сотрудники «Грамоты»!

Спасибо за ответы! Они очень помогают в работе.

И еще один вопрос. Корректно ли употребление слова «оскароносный» применительно к людям? Меня почему-то смущает такое словосочетание, как оскароносный актер такой-то. Возможно, я не права, но мне кажется, что оскароносный применимо только к фильмам.

Развейте, пожалуйста, мои сомнения. Сталкиваться в работе с этим приходится часто, и каждый раз спотыкаюсь.

Спасибо!

С уважением,

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Применительно к людям это не самое удачное именование.

Здравствуйте!
Подскажите, пожалуйста, как правильно писать:
Категория «Фильмы-лауреаты премии «Оскар«»
или всё же
Категория «Фильмы — лауреаты премии «Оскар«»?
Заранее спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Верен второй вариант (с тире и пробелами).

Здравствуйте,

в Википедии возник спор по поводу наименования немецкого города, пишущегося по-немецки Chemnitz. Сейчас статья о нем называется Кемниц, однако в процессе дискуссии прозвучали мнения о том, почему он может называться Хемниц. На форуме переводчиков
http://www.trworkshop.net/forum/viewtopic.php?f=26&t=39291&start=60
мы нашли процитированное кем-то письмо из Роскартографии о правильности названия Кемниц; с другой стороны, в картах Роскартографии были уже многажды замечены ошибки и недосмотры. Подскажите, пожалуйста, какое название сейчас правильно и почему.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Все доступные нам словари – как лингвистические, так и энциклопедические – фиксируют только вариант Хемниц. В их числе такие авторитетные издания, как:

• Зализняк А. А. Грамматический словарь русского языка. М., 2008.
• Агеенко Ф. Л. Собственные имена в русском языке. М., 2001.
• Поспелов Е. М. Географические названия мира. Топонимический словарь. М., 2001.
• Толково-энциклопедический словарь. СПб., 2006.
• Российский энциклопедический словарь. М., 2000

Вариант Хемниц зафиксирован также в «Большой советской энциклопедии» (разумеется, в статье Карл-Маркс-Штадт). А вот что указано в словаре Е. М. Поспелова: Хемниц, город, Германия. Упоминается в 1143 г. как слав. селение Камениц (Kameniz), в 1590 г. Кемниц (Kemnitz), с 1630 г. совр. Хемниц (Chemnitz).

Учитывая сказанное, мы полагаем, что статью в «Википедии» следует назвать Хемниц.

«Oscars» and «The Oscar» redirect here. For other uses, see Oscar.

Academy Awards
Current: 94th Academy Awards
The Academy Award statuette (the «Oscar»)
Awarded for	Excellence in the American and International film industry
Country	United States
Presented by	Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
First awarded	May 16, 1929; 93 years ago
Website	abc.com/shows/oscars
Television/radio coverage
Network	List of broadcasters

The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars,^[1] are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide.^[2][3][4] Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy’s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the «Academy Award of Merit», although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the «Oscar». The statuette, depicting a knight rendered in the Art Deco style, was originally sculpted by Los Angeles artist George Stanley from a design sketch by art director Cedric Gibbons.^[5]

The 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.^[6][7] The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide.^[8] It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards.^[9] A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929.^[10]

Most recent Academy Award winners

← 2020/21 Best in films in 2021 2022 →

Award Best Actor Best Actress Winner Will Smith (King Richard) Jessica Chastain (The Eyes of Tammy Faye)   Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Winner Troy Kotsur (CODA) Ariana DeBose (West Side Story)   Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay Winner Jane Campion (The Power of the Dog) Kenneth Branagh (Belfast)

Previous Best Picture Nomadland Best Picture CODA

History[edit]

The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.^[11]

The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.^[12][8] The cost of guest tickets for that night’s ceremony was $5 ($79 at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.

For this first ceremony, winners were announced to the media three months earlier. For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards.^[8] In 1940, the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the following year the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.^[8]

The term «Oscar» is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.^[13][14]

Milestones[edit]

The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.^[8]

At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.

Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, «Isn’t it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?» Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel’s appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show’s producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show’s business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler’s wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.^[15]

The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.^[16]

From 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Traditionally, the previous year’s winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year’s winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.

On February 9, 2020, Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the award ceremony of 92nd Academy Awards.^[17]

Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.^[18] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer.^[19] The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy’s Ruby Red Slippers.

The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, along with satellite location taking place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.^[20] Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.^[21]

Oscar statuette[edit]

Academy Award of Merit[edit]

See also: § Awards of Merit categories

The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.^[10] Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.^[22]

Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons’ design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.^[10] Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.^[23] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award’s statuettes. From 1983 to 2015,^[24] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.^[25] It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.^[26] In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry.^[27][28] While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.^[29] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.^[30]

Naming[edit]

The Academy officially adopted the name «Oscar» for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.^[31]

One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive director, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of «Uncle Oscar», a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.^[32]

Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick’s naming in 1931, wrote that «Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette ‘Oscar’.»^[33] The Academy credits Skolsky with «the first confirmed newspaper reference» to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year’s 6th Academy Awards.^[34] The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar: a Time magazine story.^[35] In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his «Oscar» during his acceptance speech.^[36]

Bruce Davis, in preparing a history of the awards for his book The Academy and the Award, found that the term «Oscar» had come from Eleanore Lilleberg, a secretary within the Academy when the award was first introduced, as she had been in charge of pre-ceremony handling of the awards. Davis found in an autobiography of Einar Lilleberg, Eleanore’s brother, that Einar had referenced a Norwegian army veteran named Oscar the two knew in Chicago, who Einar described as «stood straight and tall».^[37]

In 2021, Brazilian researcher Dr. Waldemar Dalenogare Neto found the likely first public mention of the name «Oscar», in journalist Relman Morin’s column «Cinematters» in the «Los Angeles Evening Post-Record» on December 5, 1933. As the award did not take place that year, Relman Morin wrote: «What’s happened to the annual Academy banquet? As a rule, the banquet and the awarding of «Oscar» the bronze statuette given for best performances, is all over long before this.» This information changes the question of Sidney Skolsky as the first to publicly name the name.^{[38][non-primary source needed]}

Engraving[edit]

To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor’s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.^[39][40]

Ownership of Oscar statuettes[edit]

Prior to 1950, Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient.^[41] Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.^[42]

In 1989, Michael Todd’s grandson tried to sell Todd’s Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.

In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife’s medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($116,800 today). Russell defended his action, saying, «I don’t know why anybody would be critical. My wife’s health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn’t.»^[43]

In December 2011, Orson Welles’ 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.^[44] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($1,037,800 today).^[45]

Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.^[42]

Other awards presented by the Academy[edit]

See also: § Special categories

In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):^[46]

• Governors Awards:
  • The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
  • The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
• The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:
  • Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
  • Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
  • The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
  • The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and
• The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).

The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.

Nomination[edit]

From 2004 to 2020, the Academy Award nomination results were announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees were announced in March. In 2022, the nominees were announced in early February for the first time since 2003.

Voters[edit]

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018.^[47]

Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy’s composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.^[48][49][50]

All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.^[51]

In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS’ voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).^[52]

In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.^[53]

Rules[edit]

According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.^[54][55]

For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.^[56]

Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.^[57] Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy’s announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.^[58]

The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country’s official selection.

The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City^[a] during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country’s official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.^[60]

Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.

Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead of covering one year starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.^[60][61]
In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.^[62][63][64] In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.^[62][64] Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting.^[64][65] Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.^[66][67]

Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.^[68] For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).

Academy Screening Room[edit]

The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films (except, initially, those in the International category) in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars, though DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay $12,500, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed via Apple TV and Roku players.^[69][70] The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.^[71]

In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform.^[72] The in-person screenings were said to be cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[73] Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.^[72]

Awards ceremonies[edit]

Telecast[edit]

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)

The Academy Awards is the world’s longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all-time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.^[74] The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.^[75] The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA basketball tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC’s regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC’s NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.^[76] Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award’s own launch in 1949.^[77]

After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT.^[78] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.^[79] For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.^[80] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers’ fatigue with the film industry’s long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games.^[81] In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.^[82]

Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.^[83]

In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,^[84] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.^[85] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a «popularity contest» feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject’s cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.

In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.^[86][87] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners’ acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed «the single most hated thing on the show» – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.^[88] In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners’ dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.^[89] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread).^[90] The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts’ speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.^[91]

Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.^[92] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.^[93]

TV ratings[edit]

Historically, the telecast’s viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.^[94] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers.^[95] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.^[96]

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.^[97] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.^[98] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).

Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers,^[99] the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million.^[100] That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.^[101]

Archive[edit]

The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video, and digital formats.^[102]

Broadcasters[edit]

Venues[edit]

In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.

Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy’s headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.^[103]

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood’s Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.

In 2002, Hollywood’s Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation’s current venue.^[104]

Awards of Merit categories[edit]

Current categories[edit]

List of current Awards of Merit categories by year introduced, sortable by category

Year introduced	Category
1927/28	Best Picture
1927/28	Best Director
1927/28	Best Actor
1927/28	Best Actress
1927/28	Best Cinematography
1927/28	Best Production Design
1927/28	Best Adapted Screenplay
1929/30	Best Sound
1930	Best Animated Short Film
1931/32	Best Live Action Short Film
1934	Best Film Editing
1934	Best Original Score
1934	Best Original Song
1936	Best Supporting Actor
1936	Best Supporting Actress
1939	Best Visual Effects
1940	Best Original Screenplay
1941	Best Documentary Short Film
1943	Best Documentary Feature Film
1947	Best International Feature Film
1948	Best Costume Design
1981	Best Makeup and Hairstyling
2001	Best Animated Feature Film

In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.

In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.^[105]
Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.^[106]

Discontinued categories[edit]

Proposed categories[edit]

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed:

• Best Casting: rejected in 1999^[107]
• Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented)^[108]
• Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012^{[109][110][111][112]}
• Best Title Design: rejected in 1999^[107]

Special categories[edit]

The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.

Current special categories[edit]

• Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
• Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931
• Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981
• Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957
• Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938
• Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

Discontinued special categories[edit]

• Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960

Criticism[edit]

Accusations of commercialism[edit]

Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the «Oscar season». This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as «the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself».^[113]

Tim Dirks, editor of AMC’s filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:

Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking «formula-made» blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven’t necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.^[114]

A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.^[115]

Accusations of bias[edit]

Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term «Oscar bait» was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring «Oscar bait» over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.^[116]

Allegations of a lack of diversity[edit]

The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees.^{[117][118][119]} This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.^[120] Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters.^[121][122] The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists’ perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias.^[123] In response, the Academy initiated «historic» changes in membership by 2020.^[124][125] Media critics find the Academy’s efforts to address its racial, gender, and national biases are merely distractions.^{[126][127][128][129]} Some question whether the Academy’s definition of «merit» is unjust and disempowering for BIPOC and non-Americans.^[130]

Symbolism or sentimentalization[edit]

Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity,^[131] to make up for a «snub» for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a «career honor» to recognize a distinguished nominee’s entire body of work.^[33]

Recognition of streaming media film[edit]

Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.^[132] The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.^[133] Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.^[134]

2022 Will Smith and Chris Rock slapping incident[edit]

During the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, 2022, Chris Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith’s shaved head,^[135] with a G.I. Jane reference. Will Smith walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to «Keep my wife’s name out [of] your fucking mouth!»^{[136][137][138]} While later accepting the Best Actor award for King Richard, Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock.^{[139][140][141]} Rock decided not to press charges against Smith.^{[142][relevant?]} On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement on a letter sent by president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson informing the public that Will Smith is banned from the Oscars for 10 years in result from the slap.^[143]

Refusals of the award[edit]

Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers’ Guild.^[144] Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a «meat parade», saying, «I don’t want any part of it.»^{[145][146][147]}

The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972’s The Godfather), citing the film industry’s discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.^[148][144]

Disqualifications[edit]

Six films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony:^[149]

• The Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
• Hondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
• High Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.
• The Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score’s composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
• A Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
• Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film’s title song, «Alone Yet Not Alone», was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy’s musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.

One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:

• Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.

One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:

• Tuba Atlantic (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.

Associated events[edit]

The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

• BAFTA Awards
• César Awards
• David di Donatello Awards
• Goya Awards
• Nominees luncheon
• Governors Awards
• The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live
• The annual «Night Before», traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
• Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
• The Governors Ball is the Academy’s official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue
• The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton’s restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009
• Ariel Award in Mexico

Presenter and performer gifts[edit]

It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners.^[150] The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000.^[151] The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.^[152]
Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.^{[150][153][154][155][156]} Some of the gifts have even had a «risque» element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a «Secret Room Gifting Suite». Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O’Heir, and John Salley.^[157]

Television ratings and advertisement prices[edit]

From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.^[158]

Notable highest wins and nominees[edit]

By franchises[edit]

By people[edit]

See also[edit]

• List of film awards
• List of actors with Academy Award nominations
• List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees
• List of Academy Award Winners for Best Picture, Director, Actor and Actress

Footnotes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Brokaw, Lauren (2010). «Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars». Los Angeles: The Daily Truffle.
• Cotte, Oliver (2007). Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52070-4.
• Fischer, Erika J (1988). The inauguration of «Oscar»: sketches and documents from the early years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927–1930. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-10753-5. OCLC 925086635.
• Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002). The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-240-9.
• Levy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.
• Wright, Jon (2007). The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood’s Biggest Night. Thomas Publishing, Inc.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• The Oscars on Twitter
• The Oscars‘s channel on YouTube
• Academy Awards at IMDb
• Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)

«Oscars» and «The Oscar» redirect here. For other uses, see Oscar.

Academy Awards
Current: 94th Academy Awards
The Academy Award statuette (the «Oscar»)
Awarded for	Excellence in the American and International film industry
Country	United States
Presented by	Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences
First awarded	May 16, 1929; 93 years ago
Website	abc.com/shows/oscars
Television/radio coverage
Network	List of broadcasters

The Academy Awards, better known as the Oscars,^[1] are awards for artistic and technical merit for the American and international film industry. The awards are regarded by many as the most prestigious, significant awards in the entertainment industry worldwide.^[2][3][4] Given annually by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), the awards are an international recognition of excellence in cinematic achievements, as assessed by the Academy’s voting membership. The various category winners are awarded a copy of a golden statuette as a trophy, officially called the «Academy Award of Merit», although more commonly referred to by its nickname, the «Oscar». The statuette, depicting a knight rendered in the Art Deco style, was originally sculpted by Los Angeles artist George Stanley from a design sketch by art director Cedric Gibbons.^[5]

The 1st Academy Awards were held in 1929 at a private dinner hosted by Douglas Fairbanks in The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel.^[6][7] The Academy Awards ceremony was first broadcast by radio in 1930 and was televised for the first time in 1953. It is the oldest worldwide entertainment awards ceremony and is now televised live worldwide.^[8] It is also the oldest of the four major annual American entertainment awards; its equivalents – the Emmy Awards for television, the Tony Awards for theater, and the Grammy Awards for music – are modeled after the Academy Awards.^[9] A total of 3,140 Oscar statuettes have been awarded since its inception in 1929.^[10]

Most recent Academy Award winners

← 2020/21 Best in films in 2021 2022 →

Award Best Actor Best Actress Winner Will Smith (King Richard) Jessica Chastain (The Eyes of Tammy Faye)   Award Best Supporting Actor Best Supporting Actress Winner Troy Kotsur (CODA) Ariana DeBose (West Side Story)   Award Best Director Best Original Screenplay Winner Jane Campion (The Power of the Dog) Kenneth Branagh (Belfast)

Previous Best Picture Nomadland Best Picture CODA

History[edit]

The first Academy Awards presentation was held on May 16, 1929, at a private dinner function at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel with an audience of about 270 people.^[11]

The post-awards party was held at the Mayfair Hotel.^[12][8] The cost of guest tickets for that night’s ceremony was $5 ($79 at 2020 prices). Fifteen statuettes were awarded, honoring artists, directors and other participants in the film-making industry of the time, for their works during the 1927–28 period. The ceremony ran for 15 minutes.

For this first ceremony, winners were announced to the media three months earlier. For the second ceremony in 1930, and the rest of the first decade, the results were given to newspapers for publication at 11:00 pm on the night of the awards.^[8] In 1940, the Los Angeles Times announced the winners before the ceremony began; as a result, the following year the Academy started using a sealed envelope to reveal the names of the winners.^[8]

The term «Oscar» is a registered trademark of the AMPAS; however, in the Italian language, it is used generically to refer to any award or award ceremony, regardless of which field.^[13][14]

Milestones[edit]

The first Best Actor awarded was Emil Jannings, for his performances in The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. He had to return to Europe before the ceremony, so the Academy agreed to give him the prize earlier; this made him the first Academy Award winner in history. At that time, winners were recognized for the entirety of their work done in a certain category during the qualifying period; for example, Jannings received the award for two movies in which he starred during that period, and Janet Gaynor later won a single Oscar for performances in three films. With the fourth ceremony, however, the system changed, and professionals were honored for a specific performance in a single film. For the first six ceremonies, the eligibility period spanned two calendar years.^[8]

At the 29th ceremony, held in 1957, the Best Foreign Language Film category, now known as Best International Feature Film, was introduced. Until then, foreign-language films had been honored with the Special Achievement Award.

Perhaps the most widely seen streaker in history was 34-year-old Robert Opel, who streaked across the stage of The Dorothy Chandler Pavilion in Los Angeles flashing a peace sign on national US television at the 46th Academy Awards in 1974. Bemused host David Niven quipped, «Isn’t it fascinating to think that probably the only laugh that man will ever get in his life is by stripping off and showing his shortcomings?» Later, evidence arose suggesting that Opel’s appearance was facilitated as a publicity stunt by the show’s producer Jack Haley Jr. Robert Metzler, the show’s business manager, believed that the incident had been planned in some way; during the dress rehearsal Niven had asked Metzler’s wife to borrow a pen so he could write down the famous line, which was thus not the ad-lib it appeared to be.^[15]

The 74th Academy Awards, held in 2002, presented the first Academy Award for Best Animated Feature.^[16]

From 1973 to 2020, all Academy Awards ceremonies have ended with the Academy Award for Best Picture. For 2021, this tradition was broken as the ceremony ended with the Academy Award for Best Actor.

Traditionally, the previous year’s winner for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor present the awards for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress, while the previous year’s winner for Best Actress and Best Supporting Actress present the awards for Best Actor and Best Supporting Actor.

On February 9, 2020, Parasite became the first foreign-language film to win Best Picture at the award ceremony of 92nd Academy Awards.^[17]

Tom Hanks announced at the 2020 Oscar Ceremony, the opening of the Academy Museum of Motion Pictures on December 14, 2020.^[18] The museum development started in 2017 under Kerry Brougher, but is now led by Bill Kramer.^[19] The industry curated exhibits will be geared toward the history of motion picture, the art & science of film making, exhibiting trailblazing directors, actors, film-makers, sound editors and more, and will house famous artifacts from acclaimed movies like Dorothy’s Ruby Red Slippers.

The 93rd Academy Awards ceremony, honoring the best films of 2020 and early 2021, was held on April 25, 2021, after it was postponed from its original February 28, 2021, schedule due to the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on cinema. As with two previous ceremonies, there was no host. The ceremony was broadcast on ABC. It took place at the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles, California for the 19th consecutive year, along with satellite location taking place at the Union Station also in Los Angeles.^[20] Because of the virus impact on films and TV industries, Academy president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson announced that for the 2021 Oscar Ceremony, streaming movies not shown in theaters would be eligible, though at some point the requirement that movies be shown in theaters would return.^[21]

Oscar statuette[edit]

Academy Award of Merit[edit]

See also: § Awards of Merit categories

The best known award is the Academy Award of Merit, more popularly known as the Oscar statuette.^[10] Made of gold-plated bronze on a black metal base, it is 13.5 in (34.3 cm) tall, weighs 8.5 lb (3.856 kg), and depicts a knight rendered in Art Deco style holding a sword standing on a reel of film with five spokes. The five spokes represent the original branches of the Academy: Actors, Writers, Directors, Producers, and Technicians.^[22]

Sculptor George Stanley (who also did the Muse Fountain at the Hollywood Bowl) sculpted Cedric Gibbons’ design. The statuettes presented at the initial ceremonies were gold-plated solid bronze. Within a few years, the bronze was abandoned in favor of Britannia metal, a pewter-like alloy which is then plated in copper, nickel silver, and finally, 24-karat gold.^[10] Due to a metal shortage during World War II, Oscars were made of painted plaster for three years. Following the war, the Academy invited recipients to redeem the plaster figures for gold-plated metal ones.^[23] The only addition to the Oscar since it was created is a minor streamlining of the base. The original Oscar mold was cast in 1928 at the C.W. Shumway & Sons Foundry in Batavia, Illinois, which also contributed to casting the molds for the Vince Lombardi Trophy and Emmy Award’s statuettes. From 1983 to 2015,^[24] approximately 50 Oscars in a tin alloy with gold plating were made each year in Chicago by Illinois manufacturer R.S. Owens & Company.^[25] It would take between three and four weeks to manufacture 50 statuettes.^[26] In 2016, the Academy returned to bronze as the core metal of the statuettes, handing manufacturing duties to Walden, New York-based Polich Tallix Fine Art Foundry.^[27][28] While based on a digital scan of an original 1929 Oscar, the statuettes retain their modern-era dimensions and black pedestal. Cast in liquid bronze from 3D-printed ceramic molds and polished, they are then electroplated in 24-karat gold by Brooklyn, New York–based Epner Technology. The time required to produce 50 such statuettes is roughly three months.^[29] R.S. Owens is expected to continue producing other awards for the Academy and service existing Oscars that need replating.^[30]

Naming[edit]

The Academy officially adopted the name «Oscar» for the trophies in 1939. However, the origin of the nickname is disputed.^[31]

One biography of Bette Davis, who was a president of the Academy in 1941, claims she named the award after her first husband, band leader Harmon Oscar Nelson. A frequently mentioned originator is Margaret Herrick, the Academy executive director, who, when she first saw the award in 1931, said the statuette reminded her of «Uncle Oscar», a nickname for her cousin Oscar Pierce.^[32]

Columnist Sidney Skolsky, who was present during Herrick’s naming in 1931, wrote that «Employees have affectionately dubbed their famous statuette ‘Oscar’.»^[33] The Academy credits Skolsky with «the first confirmed newspaper reference» to Oscar in his column on March 16, 1934, which was written about that year’s 6th Academy Awards.^[34] The 1934 awards appeared again in another early media mention of Oscar: a Time magazine story.^[35] In the ceremonies that year, Walt Disney was the first to thank the Academy for his «Oscar» during his acceptance speech.^[36]

Bruce Davis, in preparing a history of the awards for his book The Academy and the Award, found that the term «Oscar» had come from Eleanore Lilleberg, a secretary within the Academy when the award was first introduced, as she had been in charge of pre-ceremony handling of the awards. Davis found in an autobiography of Einar Lilleberg, Eleanore’s brother, that Einar had referenced a Norwegian army veteran named Oscar the two knew in Chicago, who Einar described as «stood straight and tall».^[37]

In 2021, Brazilian researcher Dr. Waldemar Dalenogare Neto found the likely first public mention of the name «Oscar», in journalist Relman Morin’s column «Cinematters» in the «Los Angeles Evening Post-Record» on December 5, 1933. As the award did not take place that year, Relman Morin wrote: «What’s happened to the annual Academy banquet? As a rule, the banquet and the awarding of «Oscar» the bronze statuette given for best performances, is all over long before this.» This information changes the question of Sidney Skolsky as the first to publicly name the name.^{[38][non-primary source needed]}

Engraving[edit]

To prevent information identifying the Oscar winners from leaking ahead of the ceremony, Oscar statuettes presented at the ceremony have blank baseplates. Until 2010, winners returned their statuettes to the Academy and had to wait several weeks to have their names inscribed on their respective Oscars. Since 2010, winners have had the option of having engraved nameplates applied to their statuettes at an inscription-processing station at the Governor’s Ball, a party held immediately after the Oscar ceremony. The R.S. Owens company has engraved nameplates made before the ceremony, bearing the name of every potential winner. The nameplates for the non-winning nominees are later recycled.^[39][40]

Ownership of Oscar statuettes[edit]

Prior to 1950, Oscar statuettes were (and remain) the property of the recipient.^[41] Since then the statuettes have been legally encumbered by the requirement that the statuette be first offered for sale back to the Academy for US$1. If a winner refuses to agree to this stipulation, then the Academy keeps the statuette. Academy Awards predating this agreement have been sold in public auctions and private deals for six-figure sums.^[42]

In 1989, Michael Todd’s grandson tried to sell Todd’s Best Picture Oscar for his 1956 production of Around the World in 80 Days to a movie prop collector. The Academy earned enforcement of its statuette contract by gaining a permanent injunction against the sale.

In 1992, Harold Russell consigned his 1946 Oscar for Best Supporting Actor for The Best Years of Our Lives to auction to raise money for his wife’s medical expenses. Though his decision caused controversy, the first-ever Oscar to be sold passed to a private collector on August 6, 1992 for $60,500 ($116,800 today). Russell defended his action, saying, «I don’t know why anybody would be critical. My wife’s health is much more important than sentimental reasons. The movie will be here, even if Oscar isn’t.»^[43]

In December 2011, Orson Welles’ 1941 Oscar for Citizen Kane (Academy Award for Best Original Screenplay) was put up for auction, after his heirs won a 2004 court decision contending that Welles did not sign any agreement to return the statue to the Academy.^[44] On December 20, 2011, it sold in an online auction for US$861,542 ($1,037,800 today).^[45]

Some buyers have subsequently returned the statuettes to the Academy, which keeps them in its treasury.^[42]

Other awards presented by the Academy[edit]

See also: § Special categories

In addition to the Academy Award of Merit (Oscar award), there are nine honorary (non-competitive) awards presented by the Academy from time to time (except for the Academy Honorary Award, the Technical Achievement Award, and the Student Academy Awards, which are presented annually):^[46]

• Governors Awards:
  • The Academy Honorary Award (annual) (which may or may not be in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • The Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award (since 1938) (in the form of a bust of Thalberg);
  • The Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award (since 1957) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
• The Academy Scientific and Technical Awards:
  • Academy Award of Merit (non-competitive) (in the form of an Oscar statuette);
  • Scientific and Engineering Award (in the form of a bronze tablet);
  • Technical Achievement Award (annual) (in the form of a certificate);
  • The John A. Bonner Medal of Commendation (since 1978) (in the form of a medal);
  • The Gordon E. Sawyer Award (since 1982); and
• The Academy Student Academy Awards (annual).

The Academy also awards Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting.

Nomination[edit]

From 2004 to 2020, the Academy Award nomination results were announced to the public in mid-January. Prior to that, the results were announced in early February. In 2021, the nominees were announced in March. In 2022, the nominees were announced in early February for the first time since 2003.

Voters[edit]

The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (AMPAS), a professional honorary organization, maintains a voting membership of over 7,000 as of 2018.^[47]

Academy membership is divided into different branches, with each representing a different discipline in film production. Actors constitute the largest voting bloc, numbering 1,311 members (22 percent) of the Academy’s composition. Votes have been certified by the auditing firm PricewaterhouseCoopers (and its predecessor Price Waterhouse) since the 7th Academy Awards in 1935. The firm mails the ballots of eligible nominees to members of the Academy in December to reflect the previous eligible year with a due date sometime in January of the next year, then tabulates the votes in a process that takes thousands of hours.^[48][49][50]

All AMPAS members must be invited to join by the Board of Governors, on behalf of Academy Branch Executive Committees. Membership eligibility may be achieved by a competitive nomination or a member may submit a name based on other significant contributions to the field of motion pictures.

New membership proposals are considered annually. The Academy does not publicly disclose its membership, although as recently as 2007 press releases have announced the names of those who have been invited to join. The 2007 release also stated that it has just under 6,000 voting members. While the membership had been growing, stricter policies have kept its size steady since then.^[51]

In 2012, the results of a study conducted by the Los Angeles Times were published describing the demographic breakdown of approximately 88% of AMPAS’ voting membership. Of the 5,100+ active voters confirmed, 94% were Caucasian, 77% were male, and 54% were found to be over the age of 60. 33% of voting members are former nominees (14%) and winners (19%).^[52]

In May 2011, the Academy sent a letter advising its 6,000 or so voting members that an online system for Oscar voting would be implemented in 2013.^[53]

Rules[edit]

According to Rules 2 and 3 of the official Academy Awards Rules, a film must open in the previous calendar year, from midnight at the start of January 1 to midnight at the end of December 31, in Los Angeles County, California, and play for seven consecutive days, to qualify (except for the Best International Feature Film, Best Documentary Feature, and awards in short film categories). Additionally, the film must be shown at least three times on each day of its qualifying run, with at least one of the daily showings starting between 6 pm and 10 pm local time.^[54][55]

For example, the 2009 Best Picture winner, The Hurt Locker, was originally first released in 2008, but did not qualify for the 2008 awards, as it did not play its Oscar-qualifying run in Los Angeles until mid-2009, thus qualifying for the 2009 awards. Foreign films must include English subtitles, and each country can submit only one film for consideration in the International Feature Film category per year.^[56]

Rule 2 states that a film must be feature-length, defined as a minimum of 40 minutes, except for short-subject awards, and it must exist either on a 35 mm or 70 mm film print or in 24 frame/s or 48 frame/s progressive scan digital cinema format with a minimum projector resolution of 2048 by 1080 pixels.^[57] Since the 90th Academy Awards, presented in 2018, multi-part and limited series have been ineligible for the Best Documentary Feature award. This followed the win of O.J.: Made in America, an eight-hour presentation that was screened in a limited release before being broadcast in five parts on ABC and ESPN, in that category in 2017. The Academy’s announcement of the new rule made no direct mention of that film.^[58]

The Best International Feature Film award does not require a U.S. release. It requires the film to be submitted as its country’s official selection.

The Best Documentary Feature award requires either week-long releases in both Los Angeles County and New York City^[a] during the previous calendar year, or a qualifying award at a competitive film festival from the Documentary Feature Qualifying Festival list (regardless of any public exhibition or distribution), or submission in the International Feature Film category as its country’s official selection. The qualifying theatrical runs must meet the same requirements as those for non-documentary films regarding numbers and times of screenings. Additionally, a film must have been reviewed by a critic from The New York Times, Time Out New York, the Los Angeles Times, or LA Weekly.^[60]

Producers must submit an Official Screen Credits online form before the deadline; in case it is not submitted by the defined deadline, the film will be ineligible for Academy Awards in any year. The form includes the production credits for all related categories. Then, each form is checked and put in a Reminder List of Eligible Releases.

Awards in short film categories (Best Documentary Short Subject, Best Animated Short Film, and Best Live Action Short Film) have noticeably different eligibility rules from most other competitive awards. First, the qualifying period for release does not coincide with a calendar year, instead of covering one year starting on October 1 and ending on September 30 of the calendar year before the ceremony. Second, there are multiple methods of qualification. The main method is a week-long theatrical release in either Los Angeles County or New York City during the eligibility period. Films also can qualify by winning specified awards at one of several competitive film festivals designated by the Academy, also without regard to prior public distribution. Finally, a film that is selected as a gold, silver, or bronze medal winner in an appropriate category of the immediately previous Student Academy Awards is also eligible (Documentary category for that award, and Animation, Narrative, Alternative, or International for the other awards). The requirements for the qualifying theatrical run are also different from those for other awards. Only one screening per day is required. For the Documentary award, the screening must start between noon and 10 pm local time; for other awards, no specific start time is required, but the film must appear in regular theater listings with dates and screening times.^[60][61]
In late December, ballots, and copies of the Reminder List of Eligible Releases are mailed to around 6,000 active members. For most categories, members from each of the branches vote to determine the nominees only in their respective categories (i.e. only directors vote for directors, writers for writers, actors for actors, etc.). In the special case of Best Picture, all voting members are eligible to select the nominees. In all major categories, a variant of the single transferable vote is used, with each member casting a ballot with up to five nominees (ten for Best Picture) ranked preferentially.^[62][63][64] In certain categories, including International Feature Film, Documentary and Animated Feature, nominees are selected by special screening committees made up of members from all branches.

In most categories, the winner is selected from among the nominees by plurality voting of all members.^[62][64] Since 2009, the Best Picture winner has been chosen by instant runoff voting.^[64][65] Since 2013, re-weighted range voting has been used to select the nominees for the Best Visual Effects.^[66][67]

Film companies will spend as much as several million dollars on marketing to awards voters for a movie in the running for Best Picture, in attempts to improve chances of receiving Oscars and other movie awards conferred in Oscar season. The Academy enforces rules to limit overt campaigning by its members to try to eliminate excesses and prevent the process from becoming undignified. It has an awards czar on staff who advises members on allowed practices and levies penalties on offenders.^[68] For example, a producer of the 2009 Best Picture nominee The Hurt Locker was disqualified as a producer in the category when he contacted associates urging them to vote for his film and not another that was seen as the front-runner (The Hurt Locker eventually won).

Academy Screening Room[edit]

The Academy Screening Room or Academy Digital Screening Room is a secure streaming platform which allows voting members of the Academy to view all eligible films (except, initially, those in the International category) in one place. It was introduced in 2019, for the 2020 Oscars, though DVD screeners and Academy in-person screenings were still provided. For films to be included on the platform, the North American distributor must pay $12,500, including a watermarking fee, and a digital copy of the film to be prepared for streaming by the Academy. The platform can be accessed via Apple TV and Roku players.^[69][70] The watermarking process involved several video security firms, creating a forensic watermark and restricting the ability to take screenshots or screen recordings.^[71]

In 2021, for the 2022 Oscars, the Academy banned all physical screeners and in-person screenings, restricting official membership viewing to the Academy Screening Room. Films eligible in the Documentary and International categories were made available in different sections of the platform. Distributors can also pay an extra fee to add video featurettes to promote their films on the platform.^[72] The in-person screenings were said to be cancelled because of the COVID-19 pandemic.^[73] Eligible films do not have to be added to the platform, but the Academy advertises them to voting members when they are.^[72]

Awards ceremonies[edit]

Telecast[edit]

The major awards are presented at a live televised ceremony, commonly in late February or early March following the relevant calendar year, and six weeks after the announcement of the nominees. It is the culmination of the film awards season, which usually begins during November or December of the previous year. This is an elaborate extravaganza, with the invited guests walking up the red carpet in the creations of the most prominent fashion designers of the day. Black tie dress is the most common outfit for men, although fashion may dictate not wearing a bow-tie, and musical performers sometimes do not adhere to this. (The artists who recorded the nominees for Best Original Song quite often perform those songs live at the awards ceremony, and the fact that they are performing is often used to promote the television broadcast.)

The Academy Awards is the world’s longest-running awards show televised live from the U.S. to all-time zones in North America and worldwide, and gathers billions of viewers elsewhere throughout the world.^[74] The Oscars were first televised in 1953 by NBC, which continued to broadcast the event until 1960, when ABC took over, televising the festivities (including the first color broadcast of the event in 1966) through 1970. NBC regained the rights for five years (1971–75), then ABC resumed broadcast duties in 1976 and its current contract with the Academy runs through 2028.^[75] The Academy has also produced condensed versions of the ceremony for broadcast in international markets (especially those outside of the Americas) in more desirable local timeslots. The ceremony was broadcast live internationally for the first time via satellite since 1970, but only two South American countries, Chile and Brazil, purchased the rights to air the broadcast. By that time, the television rights to the Academy Awards had been sold in 50 countries. A decade later, the rights were already being sold to 60 countries, and by 1984, the TV rights to the Awards were licensed in 76 countries.

The ceremonies were moved up from late March/early April to late February, since 2004, to help disrupt and shorten the intense lobbying and ad campaigns associated with Oscar season in the film industry. Another reason was because of the growing TV ratings success coinciding with the NCAA basketball tournament, which would cut into the Academy Awards audience. (In 1976 and 1977, ABC’s regained Oscars were moved from Tuesday to Monday and went directly opposite NBC’s NCAA title game.) The earlier date is also to the advantage of ABC, as it now usually occurs during the highly profitable and important February sweeps period. Some years, the ceremony is moved into the first Sunday of March to avoid a clash with the Winter Olympic Games. Another reason for the move to late February and early March is also to avoid the awards ceremony occurring so close to the religious holidays of Passover and Easter, which for decades had been a grievance from members and the general public.^[76] Advertising is somewhat restricted, however, as traditionally no movie studios or competitors of official Academy Award sponsors may advertise during the telecast. The production of the Academy Awards telecast currently holds the distinction of winning the most Emmys in history, with 47 wins and 195 nominations overall since that award’s own launch in 1949.^[77]

After many years of being held on Mondays at 9:00 pm Eastern/6:00 p.m Pacific, since the 1999 ceremonies, it was moved to Sundays at 8:30 pm ET/5:30 pm PT.^[78] The reasons given for the move were that more viewers would tune in on Sundays, that Los Angeles rush-hour traffic jams could be avoided, and an earlier start time would allow viewers on the East Coast to go to bed earlier.^[79] For many years the film industry opposed a Sunday broadcast because it would cut into the weekend box office.^[80] In 2010, the Academy contemplated moving the ceremony even further back into January, citing TV viewers’ fatigue with the film industry’s long awards season. However, such an accelerated schedule would dramatically decrease the voting period for its members, to the point where some voters would only have time to view the contending films streamed on their computers (as opposed to traditionally receiving the films and ballots in the mail). Furthermore, a January ceremony on Sunday would clash with National Football League playoff games.^[81] In 2018, the Academy announced that the ceremony would be moved from late February to mid February beginning with the 92nd Academy Awards in 2020.^[82]

Originally scheduled for April 8, 1968, the 40th Academy Awards ceremony was postponed for two days, because of the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. On March 30, 1981, the 53rd Academy Awards was postponed for one day, after the shooting of President Ronald Reagan and others in Washington, D.C.^[83]

In 1993, an In Memoriam segment was introduced,^[84] honoring those who had made a significant contribution to cinema who had died in the preceding 12 months, a selection compiled by a small committee of Academy members.^[85] This segment has drawn criticism over the years for the omission of some names. Criticism was also levied for many years regarding another aspect, with the segment having a «popularity contest» feel as the audience varied their applause to those who had died by the subject’s cultural impact; the applause has since been muted during the telecast, and the audience is discouraged from clapping during the segment and giving silent reflection instead. This segment was later followed by a commercial break.

In terms of broadcast length, the ceremony generally averages three and a half hours. The first Oscars, in 1929, lasted 15 minutes. At the other end of the spectrum, the 2002 ceremony lasted four hours and twenty-three minutes.^[86][87] In 2010, the organizers of the Academy Awards announced winners’ acceptance speeches must not run past 45 seconds. This, according to organizer Bill Mechanic, was to ensure the elimination of what he termed «the single most hated thing on the show» – overly long and embarrassing displays of emotion.^[88] In 2016, in a further effort to streamline speeches, winners’ dedications were displayed on an on-screen ticker.^[89] During the 2018 ceremony, host Jimmy Kimmel acknowledged how long the ceremony had become, by announcing that he would give a brand-new jet ski to whoever gave the shortest speech of the night (a reward won by Mark Bridges when accepting his Best Costume Design award for Phantom Thread).^[90] The Wall Street Journal analyzed the average minutes spent across the 2014–2018 telecasts as follows: 14 on song performances; 25 on the hosts’ speeches; 38 on prerecorded clips; and 78 on the awards themselves, broken into 24 on the introduction and announcement, 24 on winners walking to the stage, and 30 on their acceptance speeches.^[91]

Although still dominant in ratings, the viewership of the Academy Awards has steadily dropped; the 88th Academy Awards were the lowest-rated in the past eight years (although with increases in male and 18–49 viewership), while the show itself also faced mixed reception. Following the show, Variety reported that ABC was, in negotiating an extension to its contract to broadcast the Oscars, seeking to have more creative control over the broadcast itself. Currently and nominally, AMPAS is responsible for most aspects of the telecast, including the choice of production staff and hosting, although ABC is allowed to have some input on their decisions.^[92] In August 2016, AMPAS extended its contract with ABC through 2028: the contract neither contains any notable changes nor gives ABC any further creative control over the telecast.^[93]

TV ratings[edit]

Historically, the telecast’s viewership is higher when box-office hits are favored to win the Best Picture award. More than 57.25 million viewers tuned to the telecast for the 70th Academy Awards in 1998, the year of Titanic, which generated a box office haul during its initial 1997–98 run of US$600.8 million in the US, a box office record that would remain unsurpassed for years.^[94] The 76th Academy Awards ceremony, in which The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King (pre-telecast box office earnings of US$368 million) received 11 Awards including Best Picture, drew 43.56 million viewers.^[95] The most watched ceremony based on Nielsen ratings to date, however, was the 42nd Academy Awards (Best Picture Midnight Cowboy) which drew a 43.4% household rating on April 7, 1970.^[96]

By contrast, ceremonies honoring films that have not performed well at the box office tend to show weaker ratings, despite how much critical acclaim those films have received. The 78th Academy Awards which awarded low-budget independent film Crash (with a pre-Oscar gross of US$53.4 million) generated an audience of 38.64 million with a household rating of 22.91%.^[97] In 2008, the 80th Academy Awards telecast was watched by 31.76 million viewers on average with an 18.66% household rating, the lowest-rated and least-watched ceremony at the time, in spite of celebrating 80 years of the Academy Awards.^[98] The Best Picture winner of that particular ceremony was another independent film (No Country for Old Men).

Whereas the 92nd Academy Awards drew an average of 23.6 million viewers,^[99] the 93rd Academy Awards drew an even lower viewership of 10.4 million.^[100] That is the lowest viewership recorded by Nielsen since it started recording audience totals in 1974.^[101]

Archive[edit]

The Academy Film Archive holds copies of every Academy Awards ceremony since the 1949 Oscars and material on many prior ceremonies, along with ancillary material related to more recent shows. Copies are held in a variety of film, video, and digital formats.^[102]

Broadcasters[edit]

Venues[edit]

In 1929, the first Academy Awards were presented at a banquet dinner at The Hollywood Roosevelt Hotel. From 1930 to 1943, the ceremony alternated between two venues: the Ambassador Hotel on Wilshire Boulevard and the Biltmore Hotel in downtown Los Angeles.

Grauman’s Chinese Theatre in Hollywood then hosted the awards from 1944 to 1946, followed by the Shrine Auditorium in Los Angeles from 1947 to 1948. The 21st Academy Awards in 1949 were held at the Academy Award Theatre at what had been the Academy’s headquarters on Melrose Avenue in Hollywood.^[103]

From 1950 to 1960, the awards were presented at Hollywood’s Pantages Theatre. With the advent of television, the awards from 1953 to 1957 took place simultaneously in Hollywood and New York, first at the NBC International Theatre (1953) and then at the NBC Century Theatre, after which the ceremony took place solely in Los Angeles. The Oscars moved to the Santa Monica Civic Auditorium in Santa Monica, California, in 1961. By 1969, the Academy decided to move the ceremonies back to Downtown Los Angeles, this time to the Dorothy Chandler Pavilion at the Los Angeles County Music Center. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, the ceremony returned to the Shrine.

In 2002, Hollywood’s Dolby Theatre (previously known as the Kodak Theatre) became the presentation’s current venue.^[104]

Awards of Merit categories[edit]

Current categories[edit]

List of current Awards of Merit categories by year introduced, sortable by category

Year introduced	Category
1927/28	Best Picture
1927/28	Best Director
1927/28	Best Actor
1927/28	Best Actress
1927/28	Best Cinematography
1927/28	Best Production Design
1927/28	Best Adapted Screenplay
1929/30	Best Sound
1930	Best Animated Short Film
1931/32	Best Live Action Short Film
1934	Best Film Editing
1934	Best Original Score
1934	Best Original Song
1936	Best Supporting Actor
1936	Best Supporting Actress
1939	Best Visual Effects
1940	Best Original Screenplay
1941	Best Documentary Short Film
1943	Best Documentary Feature Film
1947	Best International Feature Film
1948	Best Costume Design
1981	Best Makeup and Hairstyling
2001	Best Animated Feature Film

In the first year of the awards, the Best Directing award was split into two categories (Drama and Comedy). At times, the Best Original Score award has also been split into separate categories (Drama and Comedy/Musical). From the 1930s through the 1960s, the Art Direction (now Production Design), Cinematography, and Costume Design awards were likewise split into two categories (black-and-white films and color films). Prior to 2012, the Production Design award was called Art Direction, while the Makeup and Hairstyling award was called Makeup.

In August 2018, the Academy announced that several categories would not be televised live, but rather be recorded during commercial breaks and aired later in the ceremony.^[105]
Following dissent from Academy members, they announced that they would indeed air all 24 categories live. This followed several proposals (among them, the introduction of a Popular Film category) that the Academy had announced but did not implement.^[106]

Discontinued categories[edit]

Proposed categories[edit]

The Board of Governors meets each year and considers new award categories. To date, the following categories have been proposed:

• Best Casting: rejected in 1999^[107]
• Best Popular Film: proposed in 2018 for presentation at the 2019 ceremony; postponed until the 2020 ceremony at the earliest (yet to be implemented)^[108]
• Best Stunt Coordination: rejected every year from 1991 to 2012^{[109][110][111][112]}
• Best Title Design: rejected in 1999^[107]

Special categories[edit]

The Special Academy Awards are voted on by special committees, rather than by the Academy membership as a whole. They are not always presented on an annual basis.

Current special categories[edit]

• Academy Honorary Award: since 1929
• Academy Scientific and Technical Award (three different awards): since 1931
• Gordon E. Sawyer Award: since 1981
• Jean Hersholt Humanitarian Award: since 1957
• Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award: since 1938
• Academy Special Achievement Award: from 1972 to 1995, and again for 2017

Discontinued special categories[edit]

• Academy Juvenile Award: 1934 to 1960

Criticism[edit]

Accusations of commercialism[edit]

Due to the positive exposure and prestige of the Academy Awards, many studios spend millions of dollars and hire publicists specifically to promote their films during what is typically called the «Oscar season». This has generated accusations of the Academy Awards being influenced more by marketing than by quality. William Friedkin, an Academy Award-winning film director and former producer of the ceremony, expressed this sentiment at a conference in New York in 2009, describing it as «the greatest promotion scheme that any industry ever devised for itself».^[113]

Tim Dirks, editor of AMC’s filmsite.org, has written of the Academy Awards:

Unfortunately, the critical worth, artistic vision, cultural influence and innovative qualities of many films are not given the same voting weight. Especially since the 1980s, moneymaking «formula-made» blockbusters with glossy production values have often been crowd-pleasing titans (and Best Picture winners), but they haven’t necessarily been great films with depth or critical acclaim by any measure.^[114]

A recent technique that has been claimed to be used during the Oscar season is the whisper campaign. These campaigns are intended to spread negative perceptions of other movies nominated and are believed to be perpetrated by those that were involved in creating the movie. Examples of whisper campaigns include the allegations against Zero Dark Thirty suggesting that it justifies torture and the claim that Lincoln distorts history.^[115]

Accusations of bias[edit]

Typical criticism of the Academy Awards for Best Picture is that among the winners and nominees there is an over-representation of romantic historical epics, biographical dramas, romantic dramedies and family melodramas, most of which are released in the U.S. in the last three months of the calendar year. The Oscars have been infamously known for selecting specific genres of movies to be awarded. The term «Oscar bait» was coined to describe such movies. This has led, at times, to more specific criticisms that the Academy is disconnected from the audience, e.g., by favoring «Oscar bait» over audience favorites or favoring historical melodramas over critically acclaimed movies that depict current life issues.^[116]

Allegations of a lack of diversity[edit]

The Academy Awards have long received criticism over its lack of diversity among the nominees.^{[117][118][119]} This criticism is based on the statistics from every Academy Awards since 1929, which shows us that only 6.4% of academy award nominees have been non-white and since 1991, 11.2% of nominees have been non-white, with the rate of winners being even more polarizing.^[120] Due to a variety of reasons, including marketability and historical bans on interracial couples, a number of high-profile Oscars have been given to yellowface portrayals, as well as performances of Asian characters rewritten for white characters.^[121][122] The 88th awards ceremony became the target of a boycott, popularized on social media with the hashtag #OscarsSoWhite, based on activists’ perception that its all-white acting nominee list reflected bias.^[123] In response, the Academy initiated «historic» changes in membership by 2020.^[124][125] Media critics find the Academy’s efforts to address its racial, gender, and national biases are merely distractions.^{[126][127][128][129]} Some question whether the Academy’s definition of «merit» is unjust and disempowering for BIPOC and non-Americans.^[130]

Symbolism or sentimentalization[edit]

Acting prizes in certain years have been criticized for not recognizing superior performances so much as being awarded for personal popularity,^[131] to make up for a «snub» for a work that proved in time to be more popular or renowned than the one awarded, or presented as a «career honor» to recognize a distinguished nominee’s entire body of work.^[33]

Recognition of streaming media film[edit]

Following the 91st Academy Awards in February 2019 in which the Netflix-broadcast film Roma had been nominated for ten awards including the Best Picture category, Steven Spielberg and other members of the Academy discussed changing the requirements through the Board of Governors for films as to exclude those from Netflix and other media streaming services. Spielberg had been concerned that Netflix as a movie production and distribution studio could spend much more than typical Oscar-winning films and have much wider and earlier distribution than other Best Picture-nominated films, while still being able to meet the minimal theatrical-run status to qualify for an Oscar.^[132] The United States Department of Justice, having heard of this potential rule change, wrote a letter to the Academy in March 2019, cautioning them that placing additional restrictions on films that originate from streaming media services without proper justification could raise anti-trust concerns against the Academy.^[133] Following its April 2019 board meeting, the Academy Board of Governors agreed to retain the current rules that allow for streaming media films to be eligible for Oscars as long as they enjoy limited theatrical runs.^[134]

2022 Will Smith and Chris Rock slapping incident[edit]

During the 94th Academy Awards on March 27, 2022, Chris Rock joked about Jada Pinkett Smith’s shaved head,^[135] with a G.I. Jane reference. Will Smith walked onstage and slapped Rock across the face, then returned to his seat and told Rock, twice, to «Keep my wife’s name out [of] your fucking mouth!»^{[136][137][138]} While later accepting the Best Actor award for King Richard, Smith apologized to the Academy and the other nominees, but not to Rock.^{[139][140][141]} Rock decided not to press charges against Smith.^{[142][relevant?]} On April 8, 2022, the Academy made an announcement on a letter sent by president David Rubin and CEO Dawn Hudson informing the public that Will Smith is banned from the Oscars for 10 years in result from the slap.^[143]

Refusals of the award[edit]

Some winners critical of the Academy Awards have boycotted the ceremonies and refused to accept their Oscars. The first to do so was screenwriter Dudley Nichols (Best Writing in 1935 for The Informer). Nichols boycotted the 8th Academy Awards ceremony because of conflicts between the Academy and the Writers’ Guild.^[144] Nichols eventually accepted the 1935 award three years later, at the 1938 ceremony. Nichols was nominated for three further Academy Awards during his career.

George C. Scott became the second person to refuse his award (Best Actor in 1970 for Patton) at the 43rd Academy Awards ceremony. Scott described it as a «meat parade», saying, «I don’t want any part of it.»^{[145][146][147]}

The third person to refuse the award was Marlon Brando, who refused his award (Best Actor for 1972’s The Godfather), citing the film industry’s discrimination and mistreatment of Native Americans. At the 45th Academy Awards ceremony, Brando asked actress and civil rights activist Sacheen Littlefeather to read a 15-page speech in his place, detailing his criticisms, for which there was booing and cheering by the audience.^[148][144]

Disqualifications[edit]

Six films have had nominations revoked before the official award ceremony:^[149]

• The Circus (1928) – The film was voluntarily removed by the Academy from competitive categories, to award Charlie Chaplin a special award.
• Hondo (1953) – Removed from the Best Story ballot after letters from the producer and nominee questioned its inclusion in the category.
• High Society (1955) – Withdrawn from screenwriting ballot after being mistaken for the 1956 movie of the same title.
• The Godfather (1972) – Initially nominated for eleven awards, its nomination for Best Original Score was revoked after it was discovered that its main theme was very similar to music that the score’s composer had written for an earlier film. None of its other nominations were revoked, and it received three Oscars, including Best Picture.
• A Place in the World (1992) – Removed from the Best Foreign Language Film ballot after it was discovered that the country which submitted the film exercised insufficient artistic control.
• Alone Yet Not Alone (2014) – The film’s title song, «Alone Yet Not Alone», was removed from the Best Original Song ballot after Bruce Broughton was found to have improperly contacted other members of the academy’s musical branch; this was the first time that a film was removed from a ballot for ethical reasons.

One film was disqualified after winning the award, and had the winner return the Oscar:

• Young Americans (1969) – Initially won the award for Best Documentary Feature, but was later revoked after it was revealed that it had opened theatrically prior to the eligibility period.

One film had its nomination revoked after the award ceremony when it had not won the Oscar:

• Tuba Atlantic (2011) – Its nomination for Best Live Action Short Film was revoked when it was discovered that the film had aired on television in 2010, before its theatrical release.

Associated events[edit]

The following events are closely associated with the annual Academy Awards:

• BAFTA Awards
• César Awards
• David di Donatello Awards
• Goya Awards
• Nominees luncheon
• Governors Awards
• The 25th Independent Spirit Awards (2010), usually held in Santa Monica, California the Saturday before the Oscars, marked the first time it was moved to a Friday and a change of venue to L.A. Live
• The annual «Night Before», traditionally held at the Beverly Hills Hotel, begun in 2002 and generally known as the party of the season, benefits the Motion Picture & Television Fund, which operates a retirement home for SAG actors in the San Fernando Valley
• Elton John AIDS Foundation Academy Award Party airs the awards live at the nearby Pacific Design Center
• The Governors Ball is the Academy’s official after-party, including dinner (until 2011), and is adjacent to the awards-presentation venue
• The Vanity Fair after-party, historically at the former Morton’s restaurant, has been at the Sunset Tower since 2009
• Ariel Award in Mexico

Presenter and performer gifts[edit]

It has become a tradition to give out gift bags to the presenters and performers at the Oscars. In recent years, these gifts have also been extended to award nominees and winners.^[150] The value of each of these gift bags can reach into the tens of thousands of dollars. In 2014, the value was reported to be as high as US$80,000.^[151] The value has risen to the point where the U.S. Internal Revenue Service issued a statement regarding the gifts and their taxable status.^[152]
Oscar gift bags have included vacation packages to Hawaii and Mexico and Japan, a private dinner party for the recipient and friends at a restaurant, videophones, a four-night stay at a hotel, watches, bracelets, spa treatments, bottles of vodka, maple salad dressing, weight-loss gummie candy and up to $25,000 worth of cosmetic treatments and rejuvenation procedures such as lip fillers and chemical peels from New York City facial plastic surgeon Konstantin Vasyukevich.^{[150][153][154][155][156]} Some of the gifts have even had a «risque» element to them; in 2014, the adult products retailer Adam & Eve had a «Secret Room Gifting Suite». Celebrities visiting the gifting suite included Judith Hoag, Carolyn Hennesy, Kate Linder, Chris Mulkey, Jim O’Heir, and John Salley.^[157]

Television ratings and advertisement prices[edit]

From 2006 onwards, results are Live+SD; all previous years are live viewing.^[158]

Notable highest wins and nominees[edit]

By franchises[edit]

By people[edit]

See also[edit]

• List of film awards
• List of actors with Academy Award nominations
• List of superlative Academy Award winners and nominees
• List of Academy Award Winners for Best Picture, Director, Actor and Actress

Footnotes[edit]

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Brokaw, Lauren (2010). «Wanna see an Academy Awards invite? We got it along with all the major annual events surrounding the Oscars». Los Angeles: The Daily Truffle.
• Cotte, Oliver (2007). Secrets of Oscar-winning animation: Behind the scenes of 13 classic short animations. Focal Press. ISBN 978-0-240-52070-4.
• Fischer, Erika J (1988). The inauguration of «Oscar»: sketches and documents from the early years of the Hollywood Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Academy Awards, 1927–1930. Munich: K. G. Saur Verlag. ISBN 978-3-598-10753-5. OCLC 925086635.
• Kinn, Gail; Piazza, Jim (2002). The Academy Awards: The Complete History of Oscar. Black Dog & Leventhal Publishers. ISBN 978-1-57912-240-9.
• Levy, Emanuel (2003). All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. Burns & Oates. ISBN 978-0-8264-1452-6.
• Wright, Jon (2007). The Lunacy of Oscar: The Problems with Hollywood’s Biggest Night. Thomas Publishing, Inc.

External links[edit]

• Official website
• The Oscars on Twitter
• The Oscars‘s channel on YouTube
• Academy Awards at IMDb
• Official Academy Awards Database (searchable)

Всего найдено: 11

Из моих родственников — никто. А из моих знакомых: пара сослуживцев и… та-дам! ты и Иванова. Скажите, пожалуйста, как оформить данное предложение знаками препинания, в том числе, если перед _та-дам!_ — интанационная пауза, как на вручении премии «Оскар«?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: Из моих родственников — никто. А из моих знакомых — пара сослуживцев и — та-дам! — ты и Иванова. 

Здравствуйте! На вашем портале в орфографическом словаре слово «Оскар» применительно к премии зафиксировано без кавычек, а в словаре имён собственных — в кавычках. То есть допустимы оба варианта?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В тексте название премии нужно писать в кавычках. В орфографических словарях, которые призваны показывать собственно орфографическую форму (буквенный состав, слитное/дефисное/раздельное написание), кавычки, являющиеся пунктуационным знаком, часто не используют. Прежде всего, это связано с тем, что кавычки в начале словарной статьи затрудняют поиск слов в словаре.

Здравствуйте. «Итальянский электронный музыкант, четырехкратный обладатель премии «Грэмми» и двукратный обладатель «Оскара», даст единственный концерт в Москве», — надо ли в этом предложении выделить с обеих сторон то, что он обладатель наград (как уточнение) или запятая нужна только одна (хотя я не считаю, что это однородные члены предложения… возможно, ошибаюсь)? Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Приложение выделяется запятыми с двух сторон, знаки препинания расставлены верно.

Здравствуйте, уважаемые сотрудники «Грамоты».
В ваших ответах по поводу написания (склонения) кинопремии «Оскар» разнобой. Уберите, пожалуйста, неверные (возможно, устаревшие) ответы! А то такие противоречивые ответы вызывают недоразумение в коллективах, например, редакций и даже подрывают доверие к вашей замечательной службе.
Теперь конкретнее.
Ответы на вопросы 214731, 214715, 208217 — за то, чтобы слово «Оскар» склонялось как неодушевленное, если употребляется без слова ‘премия’: получил «Оскар», выдвинут на «Оскар».
А вот ответы на вопросы 201940 и 201908 — за то, чтобы название «Оскар» склонять в таком случае: получил «Оскара».

Спасибо.
С уважением,
Ирина

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

В ответе на вопрос № 201908 некорректный пример, поправим.

Действительно, слово «Оскар» склоняется, если оно не используется в функции приложения. Причем форма винительного падежа этого слова может совпадать с формой именительного (получил «Оскар«) или с формой родительного падежа (получил «Оскара»). Это связано с отнесенностью слова к числу одушевленных и неодушевленных существительных. В этом отношении возможны грамматические колебания, однако предпочтительно все же употребление этого слова как неодушевленного существительного.

что-то вы давно мне не отвечали. как правильно: вручение «Оскара»
(Оскара)? спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Кавычки нужны.

В кавычках или без: «Оскар» и Оскар (премия).

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _«Оскар»_.

Извините, что надоедаем, но вся наша редакция пытается разобраться. К ответу 214715 и многим другим. Кроме «Оскара», есть еще премия «Ника». Если, как вы говорите, склонять их как неодуш., то получается «получил «Оскар» и получил «Ника», а не «Нику»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: _получил «Оскар», получил «Нику»_. В единственном числе у неодушевлённых существительных второго склонения форма винительного падежа совпадает с формой именительного падежа (_есть стол, «Оскар» — получил стол, «Оскар»_), у слов первого склонения форма винительного падежа и именительного падежа не совпадают (_есть картина, «Ника» — получил картину, «Нику»_).

Помогите, пожалуйста, — в четвертый раз задаю вопрос. Склонять ли слово «Оскар«, если оно употребляется без слова «премия»? Праздновал номинацию на «Оскара» или на «Оскар«? У вас разнобой в ответах на этот вопрос. С ув.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Это слово склоняется как неодушевлённое: _на «Оскар»_ (ср.: _на стол_).

Оскаровский комитет Союза кинематографистов России, О(о)скаровская премия — надо ли прилагательное брать в кавычки (ведь название премии берется в кавычки — «Оскар«)? И в каких случаях с прописной, а в каких — со строчной?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно со строчной и без кавычек.

Как лучше: «Ваша презентация получила «Оскар(а)»? (Не)удивительно…»
Заранее спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно: _Ваша презентация получила «Оскар»? Неудивительно…_

название премии «Оскар» склоняется? спасибо

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Да, склоняется, если употребляется без слова _премия_.

Смотреть что такое ОСКАР в других словарях:

Оскар
Оригинальное название	Academy Awards
Награда за	вклад в искусство в создании кинофильмов
Учредитель	AMPAS
Основание	1929
Последний обладатель	2012
Сайт	oscars.org

У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Оскар.

Премия Академии кинематографических искусств и наук (англ. Academy Awards, букв. Премия Академии, с 1940-х известная как «О́скар», англ. Oscar) — главная ежегодная кинопремия мира, традиционно вручающаяся в Лос-Анджелесе. Церемония вручения «Оскаров» транслируется в десятках стран в прямом эфире.

Непосредственно была задумана боссом студии MGM Луисом Б. Майером в 1929 году. С тех пор правила вручения и голосования постоянно менялись. Премия «Оскар» является самой старой премией в мире в области медиа.

Регламент выбора победителей неоднократно подвергался критике, а члены Академии обвинялись в коррупции. Невзирая на это, «Оскар» по сей день остаётся наиболее престижной кинопремией на планете. Победа в одной из номинаций — высшая точка в кинокарьере человека, олицетворение профессионального успеха^[1].

История создания

Предыстория: Основание Академии

Идея о создании первой киноакадемии США возникла у могущественного главы компании Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Луиса Б. Майера в ноябре 1926 года^[2]. Основной причиной основания Академии стало объединение в союз всей киноиндустрии Америки, когда девять ключевых кинокомпаний страны и пять союзов подписали «Базовое соглашение киностудий»^[3]. Однако это соглашение относилось только к техническим работникам, креативные группы, режиссёры, сценаристы и актёры же всё ещё соблюдали условия стандартных контрактов^[3].

Незадолго до того, как монтажёры, композиторы, художники-постановщики и прочие основали собственные гильдии, Майер решил вступить в дело, и в декабре 1926 года встретился с тремя лидерами отрасли: актёром Конрадом Нэйджелом (англ.)русск., режиссёром Фредом Нибло (англ.)русск. и главой Ассоциации кинопродюсеров США Фредом Битсоном^[3]. Все они задумали разработку организации, которая выступала бы посредником в различных трудовых конфликтах и усовершенствовала образ Голливуда во всём мире путём помощи офису Хейса в контролировании спорного контента на киноэкране^[3].

С поддержкой коллег, Майер назначил самого себя главой комитета по отбору членов будущей организации^[3]. 11 января 1927 года он пригласил 36 лидеров отрасли на официальное собрание в отеле «Амбассадор» (англ.)русск.^[3]. Майер предложил назвать Академию «Международной», а в её состав утверждать только тех, кто сделал выдающийся вклад в искусство и науку кинопроизводства^[3]. Тем не менее, его адвокаты посоветовали убрать слово «Международная» из названия ассоциации^[3]. Вскоре Академия стала официально именоваться «Академией кинематографических искусств и наук»^[3].

4 мая 1927 года Академия стала легальной корпорацией^[3]. Произошло это, когда правительство штата Калифорния предоставило ей некоммерческий статус^[3]. Тогда же тридцать шесть её членов избрали первых должностных лиц: актёр Дуглас Фэрбенкс стал президентом, а сценарист Фрэнк Вудс (англ.)русск. — секретарём^[3]. За счёт собственной киностудии Майер созвал три сотни человек на банкет, организованный в отеле «Билтмор» (англ.)русск.^[3]. Там Фэрбенкс произнёс длительную речь, в ходе которой подчеркнул, что киноэкран и все зрители находятся под огромным и тревожным облаком цензуры и презрения^[4].

Развитие «Отличительных наград»

Что же до «Оскара», который тогда назывался «Отличительными наградами» (англ. Merit Awards), то подготовка к первой церемонии шла полным ходом^[4]. Фэрбенкс заострил внимание членов Академии на том, что эта премия будет высочайшим достижением из тех, которых только можно достичь в кинопрофессии^[4]. В июле 1928 года комитет «Отличительных наград» предложил следующую систему голосования^[4]:

1. Каждый член будет голосовать в той номинации, к которой имеет отношение по долгу службы (актёр — в мужской и женской роли, режиссёр — в режиссёрской работе).
2. Коллегия судей из каждой отрасли подсчитает голоса.
3. И, наконец, центральный совет судей с одним человеком от каждой отрасли выберут победителей.

Сразу же возникли споры по поводу того, какого рода фильмы должны быть отмечены^[4]. Первым скандальным решением Академии было выдвинуть в нескольких номинациях одну из первых звуковых лент в мире, премьера которой произвела эффект разорвавшейся бомбы — «Певец джаза»^[4]. На тот момент существовало две самых престижных категории, в каждой из которых «Певец джаза» не мог быть номинированным: «Лучшее производство» («наиболее выдающейся кинокартине, объединившей все лучшие элементы») и «Уникальное художественное исполнение» («лучшей продюсерской компании или отдельному продюсеру»)^[4].

15 февраля 1929 года, накануне первой церемонии вручения, центральный совет судей заседал всю ночь^[4]. В конце концов, они решили наградить статуэткой за уникальное художественное исполнение драму Кинга Видора «Толпа»^[4]. Однако Луис Майер был категорически против ввиду слишком мрачного тона фильма^[4]. Кроме того, он боялся обвинений в фаворитизме, так как созданием «Толпы» занималась его MGM^[4]. Он же предложил наградить картину Фридриха Мурнау (на тот момент уважаемого в Голливуде режиссёра) «Восход солнца»^[4]. Судьи прислушались к Майеру и уже на следующий день, в специальном бюллетене, выпускаемом Академией, были опубликованы результаты голосования^[4].

«Оскар»

Впервые слово «Оскар» было использовано на 6-й церемонии вручения премии^[5]. По сей день точно не известно, кто дал ей это прозвище^[5]. Версии разнятся:

• Актриса Бетти Дэвис неоднократно заявляла, что она была первым человеком, кто прозвал статуэтку «Оскаром», так как она напоминала ей её тогдашнего супруга Хармона Оскара Нельсона^[5].
• Библиотекарша Маргарет Херрик (англ.)русск., позже принявшая на себя полномочия исполнительного секретаря Академии, рассказывала, что следующий случай произошёл с ней прямо в её первый день работы, в 1931 году^[5]. После того, как она впервые взяла в руки статуэтку, она посмотрела на неё очень пристально, и воскликнула: «Да это же мой дядя Оскар!» (Оскар Пирс, на самом деле, был её вторым кузеном, а не дядей)^[5]. Обозреватель Сидни Сколски, присутствовавший при этом, написал об этом в своей газете, в самом конце упомянув: «Сотрудники Академии ласково кличут свою знаменитую статуэтку „Оскаром“»^[5].
  • Однако, согласно Сколски, он был первым, использовавшим это слово по следующей причине: «Я устал писать о безликой статуэтке в своей статье. Я хотел дать парню имя, не только для того, чтобы было легче писать, но и дабы предоставить ему личность. Я подумал, что „Оскар“ не будет слишком величавым, коими являлись церемонии»^[5].

Сама статуэтка была создана скульптором Джорджем Стэнли (англ.)русск., а её дизайн разработан художником-постановщиком кинокомпании MGM Седриком Гиббонсом^[5]. Гиббонс сделал набросок рыцаря, стоящего на катушке киноленты и держащего в руках обоюдоострый меч^[5]. Пять отверстий на основании катушки представляли собой пять отделов Академии: продюсеров, сценаристов, режиссёров, актёров и техников^[5]. Поначалу «Оскары» печатались на листах, после чего изготавливались в золоте^[5]. Стэнли воплотил дизайн Гиббонса в глине, а Алекс Смит бросал статуэтки в олово и медь, после чего золотил^[5]. Высота статуэтки «Оскар» достигает 33 с половиной сантиметров, а весит около трёх с половиной килограмм^[5].

Сценаристка Фрэнсис Марион, выигравшая «Оскары» за фильмы «Казённый дом» и «Чемпион», вспоминала в своих мемуарах, что тогда статуэтка выглядела немного аматорской, однако она видела в ней идеальный символ кинобизнеса:

Во время Второй мировой войны вместо металлических статуэток использовались пластиковые, так как любой кусок металла нужен был на фронте^[2]. После окончания военных действий Академия вернулась к золоту^[2]. Победители награждались премией безо всяких взносов, из-за чего Академия была вынуждена делать дополнительные дубликаты для случаев с потерями, кражами или продажами^[2].

Чтобы избежать дефицита, Академия, помимо собственного производства, ежегодно заказывает 50 статуэток в компании Southern California Trophy, где выпускать их стали ещё в 1930 году^[2]. Невзирая на то, что всего существует 24 номинации, бывали и случаи, когда премия по результатам голосования разделялась между двумя актёрами, сценаристами или техниками^[2]. Академики не забывают и о почётных «Оскарах», вручающихся за жизненные достижения в области кинематографа^[2]. Примечательно, что сразу же после того, как все номинации объявляют в театре Сэмюэля Голдвина (англ.)русск., стартует подсчёт максимального числа наград, которые могут быть выданы^[2].

Номинации

История

В первый год существования премии руководство Академии сообщило всем членам, что проголосовать они должны до 15 августа 1928 года^[6]. Пятью коллегиям судей, по одной из каждого отдела Академии, было поручено рассмотреть все номинации^[6]. Десять номинантов, получивших наибольшее количество голосов, были специально отобраны, а в шорт-лист попало всего трое^[6]. Затем центральный совет судей определял победителей, чьи имена были названы в срочном порядке^[6]. В отличие от сегодняшних церемоний, тогда лауреаты премии назывались гораздо раньше, чем проходило вручение^[6].

Победа Мэри Пикфорд в номинации «Лучшая женская роль» за фильм «Кокетка», фильм, который видели тогда несколько человек, была абсолютным разочарованием в обществе и создала большой шум среди кинокритиков^[6]. Пикфорд выиграла, как тогда говорили, только из-за того, что обладала на тот момент статусом звезды немого кино^[6]. Другие номинанты, Рут Чаттертон («Мадам Икс (англ.)русск.») и Джинн Иглс («Письмо (англ.)русск.»), выглядели более достойными этой статуэтки, чем Пикфорд^[7].

Результатом вышеизложенного скандала стала реформа номинаций «Оскара», приведшая к полной замене процесса голосования^[7]. Теперь в шорт-лист номинантов отбирали представители всех отделов Академии, а за победителя голосовал весь её членский состав^[7]. Тем не менее, и эта процедура подверглась критике, когда в 1935 году актриса Бетти Дэвис не была номинирована за её актёрский прорыв в фильме «Бремя страстей человеческих»^[7]. Критики были в полном восторге от её перевоплощения, статью в журнале Life даже подытожили словами «Дэвис предоставила лучшее перевоплощение из тех, что когда-либо воплощались на киноэкране американской актрисой»^[7]. Мрачные краски, в которых была поставлена лента, повлияли на кассовые сборы^[7]. В итоге почти никто из членов Академии не смотрел картину^[7]. Журнал The Hollywood Reporter был настолько ошеломлён подобной дерзостью, что просто не дал скандалу с Дэвис уйти в сторону без боя^[7]. Академия была забросана всевозможными письмами от голливудских знаменитостей с требованием дать актрисе справедливый шанс^[7]. Даже Норма Ширер, номинировавшаяся в тот год за фильм «Барретты с Уимпол-стрит (англ.)русск.», поддержала Дэвис в трудный час^[7].

Через несколько дней после того, как были объявлены номинанты, президент Академии Говард Эстабрук (англ.)русск. сделал следующее заявление: «…комитет принял решение изменить правила голосования, дабы дать человеку неограниченную возможность сделать свой личный выбор»^[7]. В феврале 1935 года членам Академии, путём вписывания дополнительного кандидата, было официально разрешено выбирать того, кто больше всего припал им к душе^[7]. Сразу же после сообщения о том, что Бетти Дэвис все-таки вошла в шорт-лист и может посетить грядущую церемонию, остальные номинантки за лучшую женскую роль, включая победительницу Клодетт Колбер, отказались придти на мероприятие^[7].

Основные номинации

В настоящее время премия «Оскар» вручается по 24 основным номинациям:

Специальные номинации

Помимо основных номинаций, «Оскары» вручаются также и в специальных номинациях. Их обладатели определяются специально созданным комитетом Академии и вручаются вне основной церемонии. В настоящее время таких номинаций 6:

• Мемориальная награда имени Ирвинга Тальберга, вручаемая за выдающийся продюсерский вклад в развитие кинопроизводства
• Гуманитарная награда имени Джина Хершолта, вручаемая персоне, так или иначе связанной с кинематографом, за выдающиеся гуманистические достижения

  

• Почётный «Оскар», вручаемый за выдающийся вклад в развитие киноискусства и за заслуги перед Академией
• «Оскар» за научные и технические достижения и за художественные фильмы, присуждаемый фильмам, поставленным студентами киновузов США.

Устаревшие номинации

В первые годы существования Оскара режиссёры номинировались по двум категориям — лучший режиссёр драмы и лучший режиссёр комедии. Аналогично, на «лёгкую» и «серьёзную» подразделялась и работа композиторов. С 1930-х по 1960-е годы премии за лучший фильм, а также лучшую работу художника и дизайнера по костюмам отдельно вручались за чёрно-белое и цветное кино. Также в разные годы существовали и номинации, которые ныне прочно канули в Лету:

• Лучший помощник режиссёра — с 1933 по 1937
• Лучшая хореография — с 1935 по 1937
• Лучшие технические эффекты — в 1929
• Лучшая музыка — адаптация или аранжировка
• Лучший цветной короткометражный фильм — с 1936 по 1937
• Лучший короткометражный фильм, снятый вживую на 2 бобины — с 1936 по 1956
• Лучший новаторский короткометражный фильм — с 1932 по 1935
• Лучший оригинальный литературный первоисточник — с 1929 по 1956
• Лучшие титры — в 1929
• Лучшее уникальное и художественное качество исполнения — в 1929
• Молодёжная награда Академии — с 1934 по 1960
• Лучший документальный фильм — в 1942

Правила

Голосование

Американская киноакадемия состоит, по данным на начало 2007 года, из 5 829 членов с правом голоса, разделённых по 15 различным гильдиям. Самой многочисленной гильдией является актёрская (1 311 голосующих участников — 22 % от общего количества). Каждая гильдия голосует по своей категории (актёры выбирают лучшую актрису, лучшего актёра, лучшую актрису второго плана, лучшего актёра второго плана и т. д.). Специальные группы голосования вне Киноакадемии создаются для выбора номинантов и победителей в категориях «лучший документальный фильм», «лучший фильм на иностранном языке», «лучший грим», «лучшие короткометражные фильмы», «лучший монтаж звука» и «лучшие специальные эффекты».

Все члены Киноакадемии голосуют только по одной категории — «лучшая картина».

Номинирование

Официальное название Премия академии за заслуги (англ. Academy Awards of merit). Премия отмечает выдающиеся заслуги и вклад в искусство за создание фильмов, находившихся в кинопрокате календарного года вручения премии, согласно правилам в указанных номинациях. Согласно правилам, премию могут получить фильмы

• Находившиеся в кинопрокате на территории округа Лос-Анджелес не менее семи дней подряд в календарный год вручения премии. Например, 80-я церемония вручения премии проводилась в 2008 году и в качестве номинантов премии могли рассматриваться картины, бывшие в прокате с 1 января по 31 декабря 2007 года.
• Номинантами могут стать картины длительностью не менее 40 минут (кроме случая короткометражных картин), снятые в следующих форматах:
  • на 35 мм или 70 мм плёнку
  • 24 / 48 кадров в секунду с прогрессивной развёрткой с разрешением не менее 1280×720^[8].

Критика

Несмотря на известность премии «Оскар» в кинематографическом мире, её политика и выбор, особенно в последние годы, подвергается критике. В частности, отмечается, что мнение голосующих членов Академии далеко не всегда можно назвать беспристрастным. С началом сезона голосования они подвергаются давлению со стороны кинокомпаний в виде активной рекламной кампании фильмов претендентов^[9].

Специалисты отмечают снижающийся уровень требований к номинантам, а также то, что финансовые показатели проката фильма оказывают влияние на голоса членов Академии. Победители и номинанты становятся калифами на час и не имеют вневременной ценности. Картины, которые должны быть отмечены вниманием Киноакадемии благодаря художественным достоинствам, оказываются незаслуженно забытыми^[10]

Влиятельный критик Роджер Эберт так писал об Оскаре:

Весь процесс выбора пристрастен и зависим от успеха картины. Аутсайдеры кассовых сборов редко номинируются и никогда не выигрывают. Я потерял веру в «Оскар» в тот же год, когда стал критиком — в год, когда не выиграли «Бонни и Клайд»

Оригинальный текст  (англ.)  

The entire selection process is biased toward a kind of applause for success. A box-office loser will very rarely get nominated and will never win. I lost faith in the Oscars the first year I was a movie critic — the year that Bonnie and Clyde didn’t win.

— интервью журналу Playboy ^[11]

Интересные факты

В этом разделе не хватает ссылок на источники информации. Информация должна быть проверяема, иначе она может быть поставлена под сомнение и удалена. Вы можете отредактировать эту статью, добавив ссылки на авторитетные источники. Эта отметка установлена 3 апреля 2012.

• Больше всего «Оскаров» получил Уолт Дисней. Первый — в 1932 году за мультфильм из серии про Микки-Мауса. Последующие «Оскары» сыпались градом — он получал их каждый год, а всего — 26.
• В отличие от большинства национальных премий, где награду за «Лучший фильм» получают и режиссёры, и продюсеры, «Оскары» за «Лучший фильм» вручают только продюсерам.
• Лауреатами премии «Оскар» в главных категориях («Лучший фильм» и «Лучший режиссёр») становились продюсеры и режиссёры исключительно англоязычных работ.
• Оскаровская статуэтка высотой 34 см и весом 3,85 кг изготовлена из покрытого золотом сплава британия и покоится на постаменте из чёрного мрамора. Она изображает рыцаря с мечом, стоящего на ленточной бобине. Согласно легенде, создатель образа «Оскара» Седрик Гиббонс набросал её эскиз в блокноте во время одного из нудных собраний.
• В состав Академии входит чуть более 6000 человек.
• Длина красной дорожки — около 150 метров, ширина — около 10. Она состоит из нескольких рулонов, каждый весом 135 кг, а её общий вес — пять тонн. К кинотеатру ковёр доставляется за четыре дня до церемонии на двух огромных грузовиках. Требуются два дня и 21 человек, чтобы расстелить дорожку: соединить между собой все части, скрыть стыки и разровнять. Сразу после окончания церемонии дорожку начинают убирать. На это уходит всего 4 часа.
• Большие статуи «Оскара», устанавливаемые вдоль красной ковровой дорожки, высотой от 2,5 до 8 метров и весом до 550 килограммов, делают из стекловолокна. Потом облицовывают тончайшими листами алюминия и покрывают жёлтой краской. Их не красят золотом не в целях экономии: просто специальная жёлтая краска лучше смотрится в свете софитов, чем золотая.
• Чтобы звёзды не запутались, кто где сидит, на кресла ставят плакаты с их портретами и именами. Актёров, сыгравших вместе в одном фильме, сажают рядом, но при этом учитывается и их семейное положение: супруги и просто возлюбленные тоже будут находиться в зале друг возле друга.
• Тщательному досмотру подвергаются даже звёзды. Сначала полиция проверяет лимузины, на которых актёры подъезжают к кинотеатру, а потом при входе на красную дорожку все знаменитости предъявляют приглашения и проходят через металлоискатель.
• В настоящее время процесс подсчёта голосов, отданных за номинантов, ведут специалисты аудиторской компании «Price Waterhouse Coopers». Два эксперта компании и четверо их помощников обрабатывают более 6 тысяч бюллетеней, присланных членами Американской киноакадемии. На время работы, которая занимает трое суток, они находятся в строго засекреченном месте. До вручения «Оскаров» на торжественной церемонии имена победителей знают лишь два эксперта «Price Waterhouse Coopers». Даже помощники аудиторов допускаются лишь до процедуры предварительного подсчёта голосов.
• После того, как победители в каждой категории определятся, карточки с их именами помещаются в конверты, которые вскрываются на сцене во время церемонии. Сотрудники «Price Waterhouse Coopers» изготавливают два набора таких конвертов и помещают их в специальные портфели. Накануне вручения «Оскара» два портфеля доставляются на место проведения церемонии в разное время и разными маршрутами, которые также держатся в строгом секрете.
• Общее распределение голосов при голосовании держится в секрете. Один из сотрудников «Price Waterhouse Coopers» заявил, что лишь несколько победителей получили статуэтку с отрывом в один голос, как например Барбара Стрейзанд в 1967 году, при том, что она сама была членом Академии, а потому могла голосовать сама за себя^[12].
• С 1950 года бытует правило, согласно которому ни один обладатель «Оскара» не может продать свою статуэтку с аукциона, не предложив начальную цену в 1 доллар членам Киноакадемии.
• Единственным обладателем «Оскара» по имени Оскар был писатель и либреттист Оскар Хаммерстайн второй — автор либретто к мюзиклу Звуки музыки. Однако, он не дожил до съемок одноименного фильма, получившего 5 статуэток. Сам он получил двух «Оскаров» за лучшие песни в двух фильмах.
• Самые известные семейные «Оскары»: режиссёр Джон Хьюстон снял своего отца Уолтера в фильме «Сокровища Сьерра-Мадре», за что тот получил «Оскара» как лучший актёр, а затем — дочь Анжелику Хьюстон в фильме «Честь семьи Прицци», за что та получила «Оскара» как лучшая актриса второго плана. Сам режиссёр тоже был лауреатом премии Американской киноакадемии.
• Получение «Оскаров» за роли второго плана сделали Кевина Спэйси («Подозрительные лица»), Анджелину Джоли («Прерванная жизнь») и Джека Леммона («Мистер Робертс») звёздами первой величины. Для фильма получение «Оскара», как правило, приносит значительные прибыли. Так, например, после того как «Влюблённый Шекспир» завоевал «Оскара», его кассовые сборы возросли ещё на 100 млн долларов.
• Единственный случай, когда «Оскар» был присвоен за исполнение в игровом фильме роли человека, в свою очередь получавшего «Оскар», имел место, когда Кейт Бланшетт была награждена за роль Кэтрин Хепбёрн в фильме «Авиатор».

Своеобразные рекорды

• Больше всего номинаций на «Оскар» получали фильмы «Всё о Еве» (1950) и «Титаник» (1997) — номинировались на 14 «Оскаров». Драма «Кто боится Вирджинии Вульф?» (1966) получила 13 номинаций на «Оскар» из 13 возможных, но победила только в пяти. Также 13 раз были номинированы фильмы «Властелин колец: Братство кольца» (2001) — победил в четырёх номинациях, и «Загадочная история Бенджамина Баттона» (2008) — победил только в трёх номинациях.
• Рекорд по количеству номинаций на «Оскара» принадлежит Уолту Диснею — 59 раз он претендовал на получение статуэтки (выиграл 26 раз). Второе место с 45 номинациями у каждого делят композиторы Джон Уильямс (выиграл 5 раз) и Альфред Ньюман (выиграл 9 раз).
• Из актёров на «Оскар» номинировался чаще всего Джек Николсон — в общей сложности 12 раз (8 раз за главные роли и 4 за роли второго плана).
• У актрис подобный рекорд поставила Мерил Стрип — 17 номинаций (три победы).
• Единственные актёры, номинировавшиеся на «Оскар» в течение пяти десятилетий подряд (с 1960-х по 2000-е) — Джек Николсон и Майкл Кейн. Пол Ньюман также получил свои номинации в пять разных десятилетий, которые, однако, шли не подряд: 1950-е, 1960-е и с 1980-х по 2000-е. У актрис аналогичное достижение принадлежит Кэтрин Хепбёрн: с 1930-х по 1960-е и 1980-е.
• Только три фильма удостаивались «большой пятёрки Оскаров» (за лучшую картину, лучший сценарий, лучшую мужскую роль, лучшую женскую роль, лучшую режиссуру) — «Это случилось однажды ночью» (1934), «Пролетая над гнездом кукушки» (1975) и «Молчание ягнят» (1991).
• «Бен-Гур» (1959), «Титаник» (1997) и «Властелин колец: Возвращение короля» (2003) получили больше всех «Оскаров» — 11. Десять «Оскаров» получила «Вестсайдская история» (1961). Девять — «Жижи» (1958), «Последний император» (1987), «Английский пациент» (1996). Восемь — «Миллионер из трущоб» (2008), «Ганди» (1982), «Кабаре» (1972). «Унесённые ветром» (1939), «В порту» (1954), «Амадей» (1984)
• Из режиссёров 4 раза награждались «Оскаром» Джон Форд и Вуди Аллен. По 3 раза Фрэнк Капра (четвёртый «Оскар» за лучший фильм года он получил как продюсер) и Уильям Уайлер.
• Из актёров больше всего «Оскаров» получила Кэтрин Хепбёрн (4 как «лучшая актриса»), Мерил Стрип (2 как «лучшая актриса», 1 — «актриса второго плана»), Уолтер Бреннан (3 за «роли второго плана»), Ингрид Бергман (2 как «лучшая актриса», 1 — «актриса второго плана»), Джек Николсон (2 — «лучший актёр», 1 — «актёр второго плана»).
• Двое актёров, которые получали «Оскара» два раза подряд, и оба раза — за лучшую мужскую роль — это Том Хэнкс и Спенсер Трейси. В 1993 г. Том Хэнкс получил «Оскар» за фильм «Филадельфия», и в 1994 г. — за «Форрест Гамп», а Спенсер Трейси в 1937 за фильм «Отважные капитаны» и в 1938 за фильм «Город парней».
• Рекордное число раз (18) церемонию вручения «Оскара» вёл известный американский комик Боб Хоуп.
• Из ныне живущих людей наибольшим количеством «Оскаров» обладает композитор Алан Менкен, завоевавший 8 статуэток (номинировался 18 раз).
• В 2009 году актриса Сандра Буллок поставила своеобразный рекорд: в один и тот же 2009 год она была признана худшей актрисой года за фильм «Всё о Стиве» (за что она получила «Золотую малину»), а на следующий же день лучшей актрисой года за фильм «Невидимая сторона», за что она и получила свой первый «Оскар».

Российские (советские) фильмы — обладатели и номинанты премии

Ни одному русскоязычному игровому фильму не довелось выиграть более одной премии академии. Советские и российские фильмы четыре раза получали «Оскар» в категории «Лучший фильм на иностранном языке» и по одному разу в категориях «Лучший документальный фильм» и «Лучший короткометражный анимационный фильм». Фильм «Чайковский» Игоря Таланкина номинировался сразу на два «Оскара» в 1971 г.: как лучший фильм на иностранном языке и за лучшую песню и адаптацию музыкального сопровождения известным американским композитором российского происхождения Димитрием Тёмкиным, но премии не выиграл. Также на две премии сразу претендовал фильм «Война и мир» Сергея Бондарчука, будучи представленным в номинациях «Лучшая картина на иностранном языке» и «Лучшая работа художника-постановщика». По итогам 41-й церемонии фильм получил награду в категории «Лучший фильм на иностранном языке».

Обладатели премии в категории «Лучший фильм на иностранном языке»

1. «Война и мир» (1968) Сергея Бондарчука
2. «Дерсу Узала» (1975) Акиры Куросавы (совместное производство СССР и Японии)
3. «Москва слезам не верит» (1981) Владимира Меньшова
4. «Утомлённые солнцем» (1994) Никиты Михалкова

Обладатели премии в категории «Лучший документальный фильм»

1. «Разгром немецких войск под Москвой» (1942), режиссёры Леонид Варламов и Илья Копалин.

Обладатели премии в категории «Лучший короткометражный анимационный фильм»

1. «Старик и море» (1999) Александра Петрова

Номинанты на премию в категории «Лучший фильм на иностранном языке»

1. «Братья Карамазовы» (1969, реж. Иван Пырьев)
2. «Чайковский» (1971, реж. Игорь Таланкин)
3. «А зори здесь тихие…» (1972, реж. Станислав Ростоцкий)
4. «Белый Бим Чёрное ухо» (1978, реж. Станислав Ростоцкий)
5. «Частная жизнь» (1982, реж. Юлий Райзман)
6. «Военно-полевой роман» (1984, реж. Пётр Тодоровский)
7. «Урга» (1992, реж. Никита Михалков)
8. «Кавказский пленник» (1996, реж. Сергей Бодров)
9. «Вор» (1998, реж. Павел Чухрай)
10. «12» (2007, реж. Никита Михалков)

Номинанты на премию в категории «Лучший короткометражный анимационный фильм»

1. «Корова» (1989) Александра Петрова
2. «Гагарин» (1995) Алексея Харитиди
3. «Русалка» (1997) Александра Петрова
4. «Моя любовь» (2007) Александра Петрова
5. «Уборная история — любовная история» (2008) Константина Бронзита

Номинанты на премию в категории «За лучший оригинальный сценарий»

1. «Баллада о солдате» (1961 Валентин Ежов, Григорий Чухрай)

Номинанты на премию в категории «Лучший короткометражный документальный фильм»

1. «Воспоминание о Павловске» (1984) Ирины Калининой

Номинанты на премию в категории «Лучшая работа художника-постановщика»

1. «Война и мир» (1968) Сергея Бондарчука

Номинанты на премию в категории «Лучшая песня и адаптация музыкального сопровождения»

1. «Чайковский» (1971) Игоря Таланкина

В советское время авторитет премии «Оскар» был не настолько велик, как у «Золотой пальмовой ветви» Каннского кинофестиваля. Сергей Бондарчук и Владимир Меньшов, несмотря на собственное желание лично получать «Оскар», не смогли выехать из страны. Чиновники от Госкино, в том числе лично руководство и представители КГБ, не дали им соответствующего разрешения. Премию получали сотрудники советского посольства^[13].

Начиная с 1990-х выдвижение фильма как номинанта на премию становится значимым событием и широко освещается в СМИ.

Победители и номинанты российского происхождения

У Дмитрия Тёмкина насчитывалось 22 номинации на «Оскар», в том числе — четыре победные (1953, 1954 и 1959 годы). Первым лауреатом двух премий «Оскар» (1929 год — за лучшую режиссуру и 1930 год — за лучшую картину) был режиссёр российского происхождения Льюис Майлстоун.

На первой же церемонии вручения награды за лучшую роль второго плана (1936) среди номинантов были сразу два актёра российского происхождения: Мария Успенская и Миша Ауэр. Два года спустя на «Оскар» за лучшую женскую роль претендовала Милица Корьюс, которая до 1927 года жила в СССР. Российские корни были у многих номинантов и лауреатов премии, в том числе и у Питера Устинова, выигравшего премию за лучшую мужскую роль второго плана в 1960 и 1964 году, а в 1945 году на эту премию претендовал сам Михаил Чехов. Юл Бриннер, выигравший «Оскар» за лучшую мужскую роль в 1956 году, был родом из Владивостока, а настоящая фамилия обладательницы приза за лучшую женскую роль 2006 года Хелен Миррен — Миронова. Несмотря на это, по сей день единственным бесспорно русским лауреатом премии в актёрской номинации является Лиля Кедрова (1964 год, фильм «Грек Зорба»).

Так или иначе, все победители и номинанты российского происхождения внесли значительный вклад в американский кинематограф и его развитие, за что и были награждены номинациями и национальными премиями американской киноакадемии «Оскар».

Примечания

Литература

• Эмануэль Леви All About Oscar: The History and Politics of the Academy Awards. — The Continuum International Publishing Group, 2003.

Ссылки

• Официальный сайт Американской киноакадемии (англ.)
• Официальный сайт последней церемонии «Оскар» (eng) (англ.)
• База данных по всем номинантам и победителям (англ.)
• Как изготовляют оскаровские статуэтки (рус.)
• База данных по всем номинантам и победителям (рус.)
• Кинопремия «Оскар» (англ.) на сайте Internet Movie Database
• Печатное издание о кинопремии «Оскар»

  Оскар на Google Earth (1958—2008) Google Maps  KMZ (файл меток KMZ для Google Earth)

Кинопремия «Оскар»
Основные награды	Лучший фильм · Лучшая режиссёрская работа · Лучшая мужская роль · Лучшая женская роль · Лучший адаптированный сценарий · Лучший оригинальный сценарий · Лучшая мужская роль второго плана · Лучшая женская роль второго плана · Лучший анимационный полнометражный фильм · Лучшая работа художника-постановщика · Лучшая операторская работа · Лучший дизайн костюмов · Лучший документальный полнометражный фильм · Лучший документальный короткометражный фильм · Лучший монтаж · Лучший фильм на иностранном языке · Лучший грим · Лучшая музыка к фильму · Лучшая песня к фильму · Лучший анимационный короткометражный фильм · Лучший игровой короткометражный фильм · Лучший звук · Лучший звуковой монтаж · Лучшие визуальные эффекты
Специальные награды	Премия за выдающиеся заслуги в кинематографе · Премия за особые достижения · Премия за научно-технические достижения · Награда имени Ирвинга Тальберга · Награда имени Джина Хершолта · Награда имени Гордона Сойера
Устаревшие награды	Лучший помощник режиссёра · Лучший хореограф · Лучший режиссёр комедийного фильма · Лучший короткометражный фильм, снятый вживую на 2 бобины · Лучший новаторский короткометражный фильм · Лучший литературный первоисточник · Лучшие титры · Лучшее уникальное и художественное качество исполнения · Молодёжная награда Академии
Церемонии награждения	1929 · 1930/I · 1930/II · 1931 · 1932 · 1934 · 1935 · 1936 · 1937 · 1938 · 1939 · 1940 · 1941 · 1942 · 1943 · 1944 · 1945 · 1946 · 1947 · 1948 · 1949 · 1950 · 1951 · 1952 · 1953 · 1954 · 1955 · 1956 · 1957 · 1958 · 1959 · 1960 · 1961 · 1962 · 1963 · 1964 · 1965 · 1966 · 1967 · 1968 · 1969 · 1970 · 1971 · 1972 · 1973 · 1974 · 1975 · 1976 · 1977 · 1978 · 1979 · 1980 · 1981 · 1982 · 1983 · 1984 · 1985 · 1986 · 1987 · 1988 · 1989 · 1990 · 1991 · 1992 · 1993 · 1994 · 1995 · 1996 · 1997 · 1998 · 1999 · 2000 · 2001 · 2002 · 2003 · 2004 · 2005 · 2006 · 2007 · 2008 · 2009 · 2010 · 2011 · 2012 · 2013
Прочее	Рекорды · Список претендентов на премию «Оскар» за лучший фильм на иностранном языке от СССР и России
Академия кинематографических искусств и наук

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