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Слово состоит из букв:
П,
Е,
Л,
Ь,
М,
Е,
Н,
И,

Похожие слова:

пелопонесский
Пелопоннес
пель
пельвеция
пелькомпас
пельменный
пельмень
пельмешек
пелядь
пемза

Рифма к слову пельмени

измени, емени, времени, знамени, семени, имени, пламени, стремени, сажени, ступени, сени, осени, колени, тени, печени, сирени, степени, лени, заутрени, зелени, себастиани, пополудни, ставни, западни, возни, огни, нагни, казни, дни, бредни, часовни, болтовни, полудни, одни, бани, намедни, эрцгерцогини, харчевни, обедни, извини, грани, болезни, налегни, сани, восстани, деревни, рязани, господни, сохрани, жизни

Толкование слова. Правильное произношение слова. Значение слова.

This article is about the peninsula and the traditional geographic region. For the modern administrative region, see Peloponnese (region).

Peloponnese Πελοπόννησος
Traditional region of Greece
Peloponnese (blue) within Greece
Country	Greece
Capital and largest city	Patras
Area
• Total	21,549.6 km2 (8,320.3 sq mi)
Population  (2011)
• Total	1,155,019
• Density	54/km2 (140/sq mi)
Demonym	Peloponnesian
ISO 3166 code	GR-J

The Peloponnese (), Peloponnesus (; Greek: Πελοπόννησος, romanized: Pelopónnēsos,(IPA: [peloˈponisos]), or Morea is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge which separates the Gulf of Corinth from the Saronic Gulf. From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century the peninsula was known as the Morea (Medieval Greek: Μωρέας), (Morèas) a name still in colloquial use in its demotic form (Greek: Μωριάς), (Moriàs).

The peninsula is divided among three administrative regions: most belongs to the Peloponnese region, with smaller parts belonging to the West Greece and Attica regions.

Geography[edit]

The Peloponnese is a peninsula located at the southern tip of the mainland, 21,549.6 square kilometres (8,320.3 sq mi) in area, and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. It is connected to the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth, where the Corinth Canal was constructed in 1893. However, it is also connected to the mainland by several bridges across the canal, including two submersible bridges at the north and the south end. Near the northern tip of the peninsula, there is another bridge, the Rio–Antirrio bridge (completed 2004). Indeed, the Peloponnese is rarely, if ever, referred to as an island.

The peninsula has a mountainous interior and deeply indented coasts. The Peloponnese possesses four south-pointing peninsulas, the Messenian, the Mani, the Cape Malea (also known as Epidaurus Limera), and the Argolid in the far northeast of the Peloponnese. Mount Taygetus in the south is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese, at 2,407 metres (7,897 ft). Οther important mountains include Cyllene in the northeast (2,376 metres (7,795 ft)), Aroania in the north (2,355 metres (7,726 ft)), Erymanthos (2,224 metres (7,297 ft)) and Panachaikon in the northwest (1,926 metres (6,319 ft)), Mainalon in the center (1,981 metres (6,499 ft)), and Parnon in the southeast (1,935 metres (6,348 ft)). The entire peninsula is earthquake prone and has been the site of many earthquakes in the past.

The longest river is the Alfeios in the west (110 km), followed by the Evrotas in the south (82 km), and also the Pineios, also in the west (70 km). Extensive lowlands are found only in the west, except for the Evrotas valley in the south and the Argolid in the northeast. The Peloponnese is home to numerous spectacular beaches, which are a major tourist draw.

Two groups of islands lie off the Peloponnesian coast: the Argo-Saronic Islands to the east, and the Ionian to the west. The island of Kythira, off the Epidaurus Limeira peninsula to the south of the Peloponnese, is considered to be part of the Ionian Islands. The island of Elafonisos used to be part of the peninsula but was separated following the major quake of 365 AD.

Since antiquity, and continuing to the present day, the Peloponnese has been divided into seven major regions: Achaea (north), Corinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), Arcadia (center), Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), and Elis (west). Each of these regions is headed by a city. The largest city is Patras (pop. 170,000) in Achaia, followed by Kalamata (pop. 55,000) in Messenia.

History[edit]

Mythology and early history[edit]

The peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Its modern name derives from ancient Greek mythology, specifically the legend of the hero Pelops, who was said to have conquered the entire region. The name Peloponnesos means «Island of Pelops».

The Mycenaean civilization, mainland Greece’s (and Europe’s) first major civilization, dominated the Peloponnese in the Bronze Age from the palaces of Mycenae, Pylos and Tiryns; among others. The Mycenaean civilization collapsed suddenly at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological research has found that many of its cities and palaces show signs of destruction. The subsequent period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, is marked by an absence of written records.

Classical antiquity[edit]

In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in the western Peloponnese and this date is sometimes used to denote the beginning of the classical period of Greek antiquity. During classical antiquity, the Peloponnese was at the heart of the affairs of ancient Greece, possessed some of its most powerful city-states, and was the location of some of its bloodiest battles.

The major cities of Sparta, Corinth, Argos and Megalopolis were all located on the Peloponnese, and it was the homeland of the Peloponnesian League. Soldiers from the peninsula fought in the Persian Wars, and it was also the scene of the Peloponnesian War of 431–404 BC. The entire Peloponnese with the notable exception of Sparta joined Alexander’s expedition against the Persian Empire.

Along with the rest of Greece, the Peloponnese fell to the expanding Roman Republic in 146 BC, when the Romans razed the city of Corinth and massacred its inhabitants. The Romans created the province of Achaea comprising the Peloponnese and central Greece. During the Roman period, the peninsula remained prosperous but became a provincial backwater, relatively cut off from the affairs of the wider Roman world.

Middle Ages[edit]

Byzantine rule[edit]

After the partition of the Empire in 395, the Peloponnese became a part of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The devastation of Alaric’s raid in 396–397 led to the construction of the Hexamilion wall across the Isthmus of Corinth.^[1] Through most of late antiquity, the peninsula retained its urbanized character: in the 6th century, Hierocles counted 26 cities in his Synecdemus. By the latter part of that century, however, building activity seems to have stopped virtually everywhere except Constantinople, Thessalonica, Corinth, and Athens. This has traditionally been attributed to calamities such as plague, earthquakes and Slavic invasions.^[2] However, more recent analysis suggests that urban decline was closely linked with the collapse of long-distance and regional commercial networks that underpinned and supported late antique urbanism in Greece,^[3] as well as with the generalized withdrawal of imperial troops and administration from the Balkans.^[4]

Slavic invasion, settlement and decline[edit]

The scale of the Slavic invasion and settlement in the 7th and 8th centuries remains a matter of dispute, although it is nowadays considered much smaller than previously thought.^[5] The Slavs did occupy most of the peninsula, as evidenced by the abundance of Slavic toponyms, but these toponyms accumulated over centuries rather than as a result of an initial «flood» of Slavic invasions, and many appeared to have been mediated by speakers of Greek, or in mixed Slavic-Greek compounds.^[2][6][7]

Fewer Slavic toponyms appear on the eastern coast, which remained in Byzantine hands and was included in the thema of Hellas, established by Justinian II c. 690.^[8] While traditional historiography has dated the arrival of Slavs to southern Greece to the late 6th century, according to Florin Curta there is no evidence for a Slavic presence in the Peloponnese until after c. 700 AD,^[9] when Slavs may have been allowed to settle in specific areas that had been depopulated.^[10]

Relations between the Slavs and Greeks were probably peaceful apart from intermittent uprisings.^[11] There was also a continuity of the Peloponnesian Greek population. This is especially true in Mani and Tsakonia, where Slavic incursions were minimal, or non-existent. Being agriculturalists, the Slavs probably traded with the Greeks, who remained in the towns, while Greek villages continued to exist in the interior, governing themselves, possibly paying tribute to the Slavs.^[12] The first attempt by the Byzantine imperial government to re-assert its control over the independent Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese occurred in 783, with the logothete Staurakios’ overland campaign from Constantinople into Greece and the Peloponnese, which according to Theophanes the Confessor made many prisoners and forced the Slavs to pay tribute.^[13]

From the mid-9th century, following a Slavic revolt and attack on Patras, a determined Hellenization process was carried out. According to the Chronicle of Monemvasia, in 805 the Byzantine governor of Corinth went to war with the Slavs, exterminated them, and allowed the original inhabitants to claim their lands. They regained control of the city of Patras and the region was re-settled with Greeks.^[14] Many Slavs were transported to Asia Minor, and many Asian, Sicilian and Calabrian Greeks were resettled in the Peloponnese. By the turn of the 9th century, the entire Peloponnese was formed into the new thema of Peloponnesos, with its capital at Corinth.^[12]

The imposition of Byzantine rule over the Slavic enclaves may have largely been a process of Christianization and accommodating Slavic chieftains into the Imperial fold, as literary, epigraphic and sigillographic evidence testify to Slavic archontes participating in Imperial affairs.^[15] By the end of the 9th century, the Peloponnese was culturally and administratively Greek again,^[16] except for a few small Slavic tribes in the mountains such as the Melingoi and Ezeritai. Although they were to remain relatively autonomous until Ottoman times, such tribes were the exception rather than the rule.^[17] Even the Melingoi and Ezeritai, however, could speak Greek and appear to have been Christian.^[18]

The success of the Hellenization campaign also shows that the Slavs had settled among many Greeks, in contrast to areas further north in what is now Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, as those areas could not be Hellenized when they were recovered by the Byzantines in the early 11th century.^[19] A 2017-human genetics study showed that the Peloponnesians have little admixture with populations of the Slavic homeland and are much closer to Sicilians and southern Italians.^[20]

Apart from the troubled relations with the Slavs, the coastal regions of the Peloponnese suffered greatly from repeated Arab raids following the Arab capture of Crete in the 820s and the establishment of a corsair emirate there.^[21][22] After the island was recovered by Byzantium in 961 however, the region entered a period of renewed prosperity, where agriculture, commerce, and urban industry flourished.^[21]

Frankish rule and Byzantine reconquest[edit]

In 1205, following the destruction of the Byzantine Empire by the forces of the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders under William of Champlitte and Geoffrey of Villehardouin marched south through mainland Greece and conquered the Peloponnese against sporadic local Greek resistance. The Franks then founded the Principality of Achaea, nominally a vassal of the Latin Empire, while the Venetians occupied several strategically important ports around the coast such as Navarino and Coron, which they retained into the 15th century.^[23] The Franks popularized the name Morea for the peninsula, which first appears as the name of a small bishopric in Elis during the 10th century. Its etymology is disputed, but it is most commonly held to be derived from the mulberry tree (morea), whose leaves are similar in shape to the peninsula.^[24]

In 1208, William I founded a commission at Andravida consisted of Latin bishops, two bannerets and five Greek magnates and chaired by himself, to assess the land and divide it, according to Latin practice, in fiefs. The result was divide the country into twelve baronies, mostly centred around a newly constructed castle—a testament to the fact that the Franks were a military elite amidst a potentially hostile Greek population.^[25][26] The twelve temporal barons were joined by seven ecclesiastic lords, headed by the Latin Archbishop of Patras. Each of the latter was granted a number of estates as knightly fiefs, with the Archbishop receiving eight, the other bishops four each, and likewise four granted to each of the military orders: the Templars, Hospitallers and the Teutonic Knights.^[27] Shortly after 1260, a thirteenth barony, that of Arcadia (modern Kyparissia) was established, which was also a personal fief of the Villehardouins.^[28] The barons retained considerable powers and privileges, so that the Prince was not an absolute sovereign but rather a «first among equals» among them. Thus they had the right to construct a castle without the Prince’s permission, or to decree capital punishment. Since Salic Law was not adopted in Achaea, women could also inherit the fiefs.^[29]

Despotate of Morea and Ottoman incursions[edit]

Frankish supremacy in the peninsula, however, received a critical blow after the Battle of Pelagonia, when William II of Villehardouin was forced to cede the newly constructed fortress and palace at Mystras near ancient Sparta to a resurgent Byzantium. At this point, the emperor concluded an agreement with the captive prince: William and his men would be set free in exchange for an oath of fealty, and for the cession of Monemvasia, Grand Magne, and Mystras.^[30] The handover was effected in 1262, and henceforth Mystras was the seat of the governor of the Byzantine territories in the Morea. Initially this governor (kephale) was changed every year, but after 1308 they started being appointed for longer terms.^[31] Almost immediately on his return to the Morea, William of Villehardouin renounced his oath to the emperor, and warfare broke out between Byzantines and Franks. The first Byzantine attempts to subdue the Principality of Achaea were beaten back in the battles of Prinitsa and Makryplagi, but the Byzantines were firmly ensconced in Laconia. Warfare became endemic, and the Byzantines slowly pushed the Franks back.^[32] The insecurity engendered by the raids and counter-raids caused the inhabitants of Lacedaemon to abandon their exposed city and settle at Mystras, in a new town built under the shadow of the fortress.

While Mystras served as the provincial capital from this time, it became a royal capital in 1349 CE, when the first despot was appointed to rule over the Morea. The Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, reorganized the territory in 1349 to establish it as an appanage for his son, the Despot Manuel Kantakouzenos. Around that time, the Ottoman Turks began raiding the Peloponnese, but their raids intensified only after 1387 when the energetic Evrenos Bey took control. Exploiting the quarrels between Byzantines and Franks, he plundered across the peninsula and forced both the Byzantine despots and the remaining Frankish rulers to acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty and pay tribute. This situation lasted until the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, after which Ottoman power was for a time checked.^[33] From 1349 until its surrender to the Ottoman Turks on 31 May 1460, Mystras was the residence of a Despot who ruled over the Byzantine Morea, known as the «Despotate of the Morea». For the larger portion of his reign, Manuel maintained peaceful relations with his Latin neighbors and secured a long period of prosperity for the area. Greco-Latin cooperation included an alliance to contain the raids of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I into Morea in the 1360s. The rival Palaiologos dynasty seized the Morea after Manuel’s death in 1380, with Theodore I Palaiologos becoming despot in 1383.

Theodore I ruled until 1407, consolidating Byzantine rule and coming to terms with his more powerful neighbours—particularly the expansionist Ottoman Empire, whose suzerainty he recognised.^[34] Subsequent despots were the sons of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, brother of the despot Theodore: Theodore II, Constantine, Demetrios, and Thomas. As Latin power in the Peloponnese waned during the 15th century, the Despotate of the Morea expanded to incorporate the entire peninsula in 1430 with territory being acquired by dowry settlements, and the conquest of Patras by Constantine. However, in 1446 the Ottoman Sultan Murad II destroyed the Byzantine defences—the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth.^[35] His attack opened the peninsula to invasion, though Murad died before he could exploit this. His successor Mehmed II «the Conqueror» captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. The despots, Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send him any aid, as Morea was recovering from a recent Ottoman attack. Their own incompetence resulted in the Morea revolt of 1453–1454 led by Manuel Kantakouzenos against them, during which they invited in Ottoman troops to help them put down the revolt. At this time, the Greek archons made peace with Mehmed.^[36] After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.

Ottoman incursions into the Morea resumed under Turahan Bey after 1423. Despite the reconstruction of the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth, the Ottomans under Murad II breached it in 1446, forcing the Despots of the Morea to re-acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty, and again under Turahan in 1452 and 1456. Following the occupation of the Duchy of Athens in 1456, the Ottomans occupied a third of the Peloponnese in 1458, and Sultan Mehmed II extinguished the remnants of the Despotate in 1460. A few holdouts remained for a time. The rocky peninsula of Monemvasia refused to surrender, and it was first ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out, they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope’s protection before the end of 1460. The Mani Peninsula at the south end of the Morea resisted under a loose coalition of the local clans, and that area then came under Venice’s rule. The last holdout was Salmeniko, in the Morea’s northwest. Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there, stationed at Salmeniko Castle. While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory.^[33] Only the Venetian fortresses of Modon, Coron, Navarino, Monemvasia, Argos and Nauplion escaped Ottoman control.^[33]

Albanian migration, settlement and relocations to Italy[edit]

The same period was also marked by the migration and settlement of Christian Albanians to parts of Central Greece and the Peloponnese, a group that eventually become known as the Arvanites^[37][38] The Albanians settled in successive waves, often invited by the local rulers. They start appearing more frequently in the historical record from during the second part of the 14th century, when they were being offered arable land, pasture and favorable taxation in exchange for military service.^[39] One of the larger groups of Albanian settlers, amounting to 10,000, settled the Peloponnese during the reign of Theodore I Palaiologos, first in Arcadia and subsequently in other regions around Messenia, Argolis, Elis and Achaia. Around 1418, a second large group arrived, possibly fleeing Aetolia, Acarnania and Arta, where Albanian political power had been defeated. The settling Albanians lived in tribes spread out into small villages, practicing nomadic lifestyles based on pastoralism and animal husbandry. By the mid-15th century, they formed a substantial part of the population of the Peloponnesus.^[40] Military sources of the era (1425) report about 30,000 Albanian men who could carry arms in the Peloponnese.^[41] The Greeks tended to live in large villages and cities, while Albanians in small villages.^[42]

Following Ottoman conquest, many Albanians fled to Italy, settling primarily in nowadays Arbereshe villages of Calabria and Sicily. On the other hand, in an effort to control the remaining Albanians, during the second half of the 15th century, the Ottomans adopted favorable tax policies towards them were adopted, likely in continuation of similar Byzantine practices. This policy had been discontinued by the early 16th century.^[43] Throughout the Ottoman–Venetian wars, many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at Nafpaktos, Nafplio, Argos, Methoni, Koroni and Pylos. Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian stratioti, most of them along with their families, left the Peloponnese to continue their military service under the Republic of Venice or the Kingdom of Naples. At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily.^[44]

In the second half of the 19th century, out of the approximately 730,000 (per the Greek census of 1879) inhabitants of the Peloponnese, and the three neighboring islands of Poros, Hydra and Spetses, Arvanites numbered 90,253 (or 12.3%) in total according to Alfred Philippson; while in a critical response to Philippson’s study the same year, Christos Koryllos supported 50,352 (or 6.9%) for the Peloponnese and 20,685 for the three aforementioned islands, totalling 71,037 (or 9.7%).^[45][46]

Ottoman conquest, Venetian interlude and Ottoman reconquest[edit]

The Venetian fortresses were conquered in a series of Ottoman-Venetian Wars: the first war, lasting from 1463 to 1479, saw much fighting in the Peloponnese, resulting in the loss of Argos, while Modon and Coron fell in 1500 during the second war. Coron and Patras were captured in a crusading expedition in 1532, led by the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, but this provoked another war in which the last Venetian possessions on the Greek mainland were lost.^[47]

Following the Ottoman conquest, the peninsula was made into a province (sanjak), with 109 ziamets and 342 timars. During the first period of Ottoman rule (1460–1687), the capital was first in Corinth (Turk. Gördes), later in Leontari (Londari), Mystras (Misistire) and finally in Nauplion (Tr. Anaboli). Sometime in the mid-17th century, the Morea became the centre of a separate eyalet, with Patras (Ballibadra) as its capital.^[48][49] Until the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1570, the Christian population (counted at some 42,000 families c. 1550^[47]) managed to retain some privileges and Islamization was slow, mostly among the Albanians or the estate owners who were integrated into the Ottoman feudal system.

Although they quickly came to control most of the fertile lands, Muslims remained a distinct minority. Christian communities retained a large measure of self-government, but the entire Ottoman period was marked by a flight of the Christian population from the plains to the mountains. This occasioned the rise of the klephts, armed brigands and rebels, in the mountains, as well as the corresponding institution of the government-funded armatoloi to check the klephts‘ activities.^[48]

With the outbreak of the «Great Turkish War» in 1683, the Venetians under Francesco Morosini occupied the entire peninsula by 1687, and received recognition by the Ottomans in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699).^[50] The Venetians established their province as the «Kingdom of the Morea» (It. Regno di Morea), but their rule proved unpopular, and when the Ottomans invaded the peninsula in 1715, most local Greeks welcomed them. The Ottoman reconquest was easy and swift, and was recognized by Venice in the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.^[51]

The Peloponnese now became the core of the Morea Eyalet, headed by the Mora valesi, who until 1780 was a pasha of the first rank (with three horsetails) and held the title of vizier. After 1780 and until the Greek War of Independence, the province was headed by a muhassil. The pasha of the Morea was aided by several subordinate officials, including a Christian translator (dragoman), who was the senior Christian official of the province.^[51] As during the first Ottoman period, the Morea was divided into 22 districts or beyliks.^[51] The capital was first at Nauplion, but after 1786 at Tripolitza (Tr. Trabliçe).^[48]

The Greeks of the Peloponnese rose against the Ottomans with Russian aid during the so-called «Orlov Revolt» of 1770, but it was swiftly and brutally suppressed by bands of Muslim Albanian mercenaries hired by the Ottomans. Referred to by the local Greek populace as «Turk-Albanians», those forces had also destroyed many cities and towns in Epirus during the 1769–70 revolt there.^[52] The Peloponnese suffered more than any other Greek inhabited area by irregular Albanian gangs during the decades following.^[53] In Patras nearly no one was left alive after the Turkish-Albanian invasion.^[54] The city of Mystras was left in ruins and the metropolitan bishop Ananias was executed despite having saved the life of several Turks during the uprising. A great number of local Greeks were killed by the Albanian groups, while children were sold to slavery.^[55]

The Ottoman government was unable to pay the wages the Albanian mercenaries demanded for their service, causing the latter to ravage the region even after revolt had been put down.^[56] In 1774 the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca which granted general amnesty to the population. Nevertheless, attacks by Muslim Albanian mercenaries in the region continued not only against the Greek population but also against Turks.^[57] The extensive destruction and lack of control in the Peloponnese forced the central Ottoman government to send a regular Turkish military force to suppress those Albanian troops in 1779,^[58] and eventually drive them out from Peloponnese.^[59] As a result of the invasion by those mercenary groups the local population had to found refuge in the mountains of Peloponnese to avoid persecution. The total population decreased during this time, while the Muslim element in it increased.^[51]

As such Greek resistance in the peninsula was reinforced and powerful groups of klephts were formed under the clans of Zacharias, Melios, Petmezas and Kolokotronis. Klephtic songs of that era describe the resistance activities.^[60] Nevertheless, through the privileges granted with the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, especially the right for the Christians to trade under the Russian flag, led to a considerable economic flowering of the local Greeks, which, coupled with the increased cultural contacts with Western Europe (Modern Greek Enlightenment) and the inspiring ideals of the French Revolution, laid the groundwork for the Greek War of Independence.^[51]

Modern Greece[edit]

The Peloponnesians played a major role in the Greek War of Independence – the war began in the Peloponnese, when rebels took control of Kalamata on March 23, 1821. The Greek insurgents made rapid progress and the entire peninsula was under Greek control within a few months, except for a few coastal forts and the main Turkish garrison at Tripolitsa.^[61] The fighting was fierce and marked by atrocities on both sides; eventually the entire Muslim population was either massacred or fled to the forts. The capture of Tripolitsa in September 1821 marked a turning point. Rivalries among the insurgents eventually erupted into civil war in 1824, which enabled the Ottoman Egyptian vassal Ibrahim Pasha to land in the peninsula in 1825.^[61]

The Peloponnese peninsula was the scene of fierce fighting and extensive devastation following the arrival of Ibrahim’s Egyptian troops. Partly as a result of the atrocities committed by Ibrahim, the UK, France, and the Russian Empire decided to intervene in favor of the Greeks. The decisive naval Battle of Navarino was fought in 1827 off Pylos on the west coast of the Peloponnese, where a combined British, French and Russian fleet decisively defeated the Turko-Egyptian fleet.^[61] Subsequently, a French expeditionary corps cleared the last Turko-Egyptian forces from the peninsula in 1828. The city of Nafplion, on the east coast of the peninsula, became the first capital of the independent Greek state. By the conclusion of the war, the entire Muslim population of the newly independent Greek state, including the Peloponnese, had been exterminated or had fled.^[62]

During the 19th and early 20th century, the region became relatively poor and economically isolated. A significant part of its population emigrated to the larger cities of Greece, especially Athens, and other countries such as the United States and Australia. It was badly affected by the Second World War and Greek Civil War, experiencing some of the worst atrocities committed in Greece during those conflicts. Living standards improved dramatically throughout Greece after the country accedes to the European Union in 1981.

The Corinth Canal was completed in the late 19th century, linking the Aegean Sea with the Gulf of Corinth and the Ionian. In 2001, the Rio-Antirio Bridge was completed, linking the western Peloponnese to western Greece. In late August 2007, large parts of Peloponnese suffered from wildfires, which caused severe damage in villages and forests and the death of 77 people. The impact of the fires to the environment and economy of the region are still unknown. It is thought to be one of the largest environmental disasters in modern Greek history.

Regional units[edit]

• Arcadia – 100,611 inhabitants
• Argolis – 108, 636 inhabitants
• Corinthia – 144,527 inhabitants (except municipalities of Agioi Theodoroi and most of Loutraki-Perachora, which lie east of the Corinth Canal)
• Laconia – 100,871 inhabitants
• Messenia – 180,264 inhabitants
• Achaea – 331,316 inhabitants
• Elis – 198,763 inhabitants
• Islands (only the municipality Troizinia and part of Poros)

Cities[edit]

The principal modern cities of the Peloponnese are (2011 census):

• Patras – 170,896 inhabitants
• Kalamata – 62,409 inhabitants
• Corinth – 38,132 inhabitants
• Tripoli – 30,912 inhabitants
• Aigio – 26,523 inhabitants
• Pyrgos – 25,180 inhabitants
• Argos – 24,700 inhabitants
• Sparta – 19,854 inhabitants
• Nafplio – 18,910 inhabitants
• Amaliada — 18,303 inhabitants

Archaeological sites[edit]

The Peloponnese possesses many important archaeological sites dating from the Bronze Age through to the Middle Ages. Among the most notable are:

• Bassae (ancient town and the temple of Epikourios Apollo and Greece’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Corinth (ancient city)
• Epidaurus (ancient religious and healing centre and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Koroni (medieval seaside fortress and city walls)
• Kalamata Acropolis (medieval acropolis and fortress located within the modern city)
• Messene (ancient city)
• Methoni (medieval seaside fortress and city walls)
• Mystras (medieval Byzantine fortress-town near Sparta and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Monemvasia (medieval Byzantine fortress-town)
• Mycenae (fortress-town of the eponymous civilization and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Olympia (site of the Ancient Olympic Games and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Sparta
• Pylos (the Palace of Nestor and a well-preserved medieval/early modern fortress)
• Pavlopetri (the oldest underwater city in the world, located in Vatika Bay, dating from the early Bronze Age 3,500 BCE)
• Tegea (ancient religious centre)
• Tiryns (ancient fortified settlement and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Diros caves (4000 – 3000 BC)

Cuisine[edit]

Specialities of the region:

• Goges/Goglies (type of pasta)
• Giosa, lamb or goat meat
• Hilopites
• Kalamata (olive)
• Kolokythopita (pumpkin pie)
• Piperopita
• Syglino (pork meat) (Mani Peninsula)
• Regali, lamb soup (Mani)
• Diples (dessert)
• Galatopita (dessert)
• Tentura drink
• Gournopoula (or Bouziopoula), pork

Several notable Peloponnese wines have Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status. The Mantineia region makes a white wine made from Moschofilero, the Nemea wine region makes renowned red wines from the Agiorgitiko grape, and fortified red wine is made in the region around the city of Patras from Mavrodafni grapes.

See also[edit]

• Geography of Greece
• List of Greek place names

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Bées, N. A. & Savvides, A. (1993). «Mora». In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 236–241. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
• Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. ISBN 9783920153568.
• Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
• Miller, W. (1964). The Latins in the Levant: A history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566). Cambridge: Speculum Historiale.
• Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. Praeger Publishers.
• Florin Curta (2011). The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, C. 500 to 1050: The Early Middle Ages. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748638093.
• Setton, Kenneth (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0. OCLC 2698253.

External links[edit]

• Britannica.com
• Official Regional Government Website
• Greek Fire Survivors Mourn Amid Devastation in Peloponnese.
• Stewart, Daniel (2013). «Storing up Problems: Labour, Storage, and the Rural Peloponnese». Internet Archaeology (34). doi:10.11141/ia.34.4.

Coordinates: 37°20′59″N 22°21′08″E / 37.34972°N 22.35222°E

This article is about the peninsula and the traditional geographic region. For the modern administrative region, see Peloponnese (region).

Peloponnese Πελοπόννησος
Traditional region of Greece
Peloponnese (blue) within Greece
Country	Greece
Capital and largest city	Patras
Area
• Total	21,549.6 km2 (8,320.3 sq mi)
Population  (2011)
• Total	1,155,019
• Density	54/km2 (140/sq mi)
Demonym	Peloponnesian
ISO 3166 code	GR-J

The Peloponnese (), Peloponnesus (; Greek: Πελοπόννησος, romanized: Pelopónnēsos,(IPA: [peloˈponisos]), or Morea is a peninsula and geographic region in southern Greece. It is connected to the central part of the country by the Isthmus of Corinth land bridge which separates the Gulf of Corinth from the Saronic Gulf. From the late Middle Ages until the 19th century the peninsula was known as the Morea (Medieval Greek: Μωρέας), (Morèas) a name still in colloquial use in its demotic form (Greek: Μωριάς), (Moriàs).

The peninsula is divided among three administrative regions: most belongs to the Peloponnese region, with smaller parts belonging to the West Greece and Attica regions.

Geography[edit]

The Peloponnese is a peninsula located at the southern tip of the mainland, 21,549.6 square kilometres (8,320.3 sq mi) in area, and constitutes the southernmost part of mainland Greece. It is connected to the mainland by the Isthmus of Corinth, where the Corinth Canal was constructed in 1893. However, it is also connected to the mainland by several bridges across the canal, including two submersible bridges at the north and the south end. Near the northern tip of the peninsula, there is another bridge, the Rio–Antirrio bridge (completed 2004). Indeed, the Peloponnese is rarely, if ever, referred to as an island.

The peninsula has a mountainous interior and deeply indented coasts. The Peloponnese possesses four south-pointing peninsulas, the Messenian, the Mani, the Cape Malea (also known as Epidaurus Limera), and the Argolid in the far northeast of the Peloponnese. Mount Taygetus in the south is the highest mountain in the Peloponnese, at 2,407 metres (7,897 ft). Οther important mountains include Cyllene in the northeast (2,376 metres (7,795 ft)), Aroania in the north (2,355 metres (7,726 ft)), Erymanthos (2,224 metres (7,297 ft)) and Panachaikon in the northwest (1,926 metres (6,319 ft)), Mainalon in the center (1,981 metres (6,499 ft)), and Parnon in the southeast (1,935 metres (6,348 ft)). The entire peninsula is earthquake prone and has been the site of many earthquakes in the past.

The longest river is the Alfeios in the west (110 km), followed by the Evrotas in the south (82 km), and also the Pineios, also in the west (70 km). Extensive lowlands are found only in the west, except for the Evrotas valley in the south and the Argolid in the northeast. The Peloponnese is home to numerous spectacular beaches, which are a major tourist draw.

Two groups of islands lie off the Peloponnesian coast: the Argo-Saronic Islands to the east, and the Ionian to the west. The island of Kythira, off the Epidaurus Limeira peninsula to the south of the Peloponnese, is considered to be part of the Ionian Islands. The island of Elafonisos used to be part of the peninsula but was separated following the major quake of 365 AD.

Since antiquity, and continuing to the present day, the Peloponnese has been divided into seven major regions: Achaea (north), Corinthia (northeast), Argolis (east), Arcadia (center), Laconia (southeast), Messenia (southwest), and Elis (west). Each of these regions is headed by a city. The largest city is Patras (pop. 170,000) in Achaia, followed by Kalamata (pop. 55,000) in Messenia.

History[edit]

Mythology and early history[edit]

The peninsula has been inhabited since prehistoric times. Its modern name derives from ancient Greek mythology, specifically the legend of the hero Pelops, who was said to have conquered the entire region. The name Peloponnesos means «Island of Pelops».

The Mycenaean civilization, mainland Greece’s (and Europe’s) first major civilization, dominated the Peloponnese in the Bronze Age from the palaces of Mycenae, Pylos and Tiryns; among others. The Mycenaean civilization collapsed suddenly at the end of the 2nd millennium BC. Archeological research has found that many of its cities and palaces show signs of destruction. The subsequent period, known as the Greek Dark Ages, is marked by an absence of written records.

Classical antiquity[edit]

In 776 BC, the first Olympic Games were held at Olympia, in the western Peloponnese and this date is sometimes used to denote the beginning of the classical period of Greek antiquity. During classical antiquity, the Peloponnese was at the heart of the affairs of ancient Greece, possessed some of its most powerful city-states, and was the location of some of its bloodiest battles.

The major cities of Sparta, Corinth, Argos and Megalopolis were all located on the Peloponnese, and it was the homeland of the Peloponnesian League. Soldiers from the peninsula fought in the Persian Wars, and it was also the scene of the Peloponnesian War of 431–404 BC. The entire Peloponnese with the notable exception of Sparta joined Alexander’s expedition against the Persian Empire.

Along with the rest of Greece, the Peloponnese fell to the expanding Roman Republic in 146 BC, when the Romans razed the city of Corinth and massacred its inhabitants. The Romans created the province of Achaea comprising the Peloponnese and central Greece. During the Roman period, the peninsula remained prosperous but became a provincial backwater, relatively cut off from the affairs of the wider Roman world.

Middle Ages[edit]

Byzantine rule[edit]

After the partition of the Empire in 395, the Peloponnese became a part of the East Roman or Byzantine Empire. The devastation of Alaric’s raid in 396–397 led to the construction of the Hexamilion wall across the Isthmus of Corinth.^[1] Through most of late antiquity, the peninsula retained its urbanized character: in the 6th century, Hierocles counted 26 cities in his Synecdemus. By the latter part of that century, however, building activity seems to have stopped virtually everywhere except Constantinople, Thessalonica, Corinth, and Athens. This has traditionally been attributed to calamities such as plague, earthquakes and Slavic invasions.^[2] However, more recent analysis suggests that urban decline was closely linked with the collapse of long-distance and regional commercial networks that underpinned and supported late antique urbanism in Greece,^[3] as well as with the generalized withdrawal of imperial troops and administration from the Balkans.^[4]

Slavic invasion, settlement and decline[edit]

The scale of the Slavic invasion and settlement in the 7th and 8th centuries remains a matter of dispute, although it is nowadays considered much smaller than previously thought.^[5] The Slavs did occupy most of the peninsula, as evidenced by the abundance of Slavic toponyms, but these toponyms accumulated over centuries rather than as a result of an initial «flood» of Slavic invasions, and many appeared to have been mediated by speakers of Greek, or in mixed Slavic-Greek compounds.^[2][6][7]

Fewer Slavic toponyms appear on the eastern coast, which remained in Byzantine hands and was included in the thema of Hellas, established by Justinian II c. 690.^[8] While traditional historiography has dated the arrival of Slavs to southern Greece to the late 6th century, according to Florin Curta there is no evidence for a Slavic presence in the Peloponnese until after c. 700 AD,^[9] when Slavs may have been allowed to settle in specific areas that had been depopulated.^[10]

Relations between the Slavs and Greeks were probably peaceful apart from intermittent uprisings.^[11] There was also a continuity of the Peloponnesian Greek population. This is especially true in Mani and Tsakonia, where Slavic incursions were minimal, or non-existent. Being agriculturalists, the Slavs probably traded with the Greeks, who remained in the towns, while Greek villages continued to exist in the interior, governing themselves, possibly paying tribute to the Slavs.^[12] The first attempt by the Byzantine imperial government to re-assert its control over the independent Slavic tribes of the Peloponnese occurred in 783, with the logothete Staurakios’ overland campaign from Constantinople into Greece and the Peloponnese, which according to Theophanes the Confessor made many prisoners and forced the Slavs to pay tribute.^[13]

From the mid-9th century, following a Slavic revolt and attack on Patras, a determined Hellenization process was carried out. According to the Chronicle of Monemvasia, in 805 the Byzantine governor of Corinth went to war with the Slavs, exterminated them, and allowed the original inhabitants to claim their lands. They regained control of the city of Patras and the region was re-settled with Greeks.^[14] Many Slavs were transported to Asia Minor, and many Asian, Sicilian and Calabrian Greeks were resettled in the Peloponnese. By the turn of the 9th century, the entire Peloponnese was formed into the new thema of Peloponnesos, with its capital at Corinth.^[12]

The imposition of Byzantine rule over the Slavic enclaves may have largely been a process of Christianization and accommodating Slavic chieftains into the Imperial fold, as literary, epigraphic and sigillographic evidence testify to Slavic archontes participating in Imperial affairs.^[15] By the end of the 9th century, the Peloponnese was culturally and administratively Greek again,^[16] except for a few small Slavic tribes in the mountains such as the Melingoi and Ezeritai. Although they were to remain relatively autonomous until Ottoman times, such tribes were the exception rather than the rule.^[17] Even the Melingoi and Ezeritai, however, could speak Greek and appear to have been Christian.^[18]

The success of the Hellenization campaign also shows that the Slavs had settled among many Greeks, in contrast to areas further north in what is now Bulgaria and the former Yugoslavia, as those areas could not be Hellenized when they were recovered by the Byzantines in the early 11th century.^[19] A 2017-human genetics study showed that the Peloponnesians have little admixture with populations of the Slavic homeland and are much closer to Sicilians and southern Italians.^[20]

Apart from the troubled relations with the Slavs, the coastal regions of the Peloponnese suffered greatly from repeated Arab raids following the Arab capture of Crete in the 820s and the establishment of a corsair emirate there.^[21][22] After the island was recovered by Byzantium in 961 however, the region entered a period of renewed prosperity, where agriculture, commerce, and urban industry flourished.^[21]

Frankish rule and Byzantine reconquest[edit]

In 1205, following the destruction of the Byzantine Empire by the forces of the Fourth Crusade, the Crusaders under William of Champlitte and Geoffrey of Villehardouin marched south through mainland Greece and conquered the Peloponnese against sporadic local Greek resistance. The Franks then founded the Principality of Achaea, nominally a vassal of the Latin Empire, while the Venetians occupied several strategically important ports around the coast such as Navarino and Coron, which they retained into the 15th century.^[23] The Franks popularized the name Morea for the peninsula, which first appears as the name of a small bishopric in Elis during the 10th century. Its etymology is disputed, but it is most commonly held to be derived from the mulberry tree (morea), whose leaves are similar in shape to the peninsula.^[24]

In 1208, William I founded a commission at Andravida consisted of Latin bishops, two bannerets and five Greek magnates and chaired by himself, to assess the land and divide it, according to Latin practice, in fiefs. The result was divide the country into twelve baronies, mostly centred around a newly constructed castle—a testament to the fact that the Franks were a military elite amidst a potentially hostile Greek population.^[25][26] The twelve temporal barons were joined by seven ecclesiastic lords, headed by the Latin Archbishop of Patras. Each of the latter was granted a number of estates as knightly fiefs, with the Archbishop receiving eight, the other bishops four each, and likewise four granted to each of the military orders: the Templars, Hospitallers and the Teutonic Knights.^[27] Shortly after 1260, a thirteenth barony, that of Arcadia (modern Kyparissia) was established, which was also a personal fief of the Villehardouins.^[28] The barons retained considerable powers and privileges, so that the Prince was not an absolute sovereign but rather a «first among equals» among them. Thus they had the right to construct a castle without the Prince’s permission, or to decree capital punishment. Since Salic Law was not adopted in Achaea, women could also inherit the fiefs.^[29]

Despotate of Morea and Ottoman incursions[edit]

Frankish supremacy in the peninsula, however, received a critical blow after the Battle of Pelagonia, when William II of Villehardouin was forced to cede the newly constructed fortress and palace at Mystras near ancient Sparta to a resurgent Byzantium. At this point, the emperor concluded an agreement with the captive prince: William and his men would be set free in exchange for an oath of fealty, and for the cession of Monemvasia, Grand Magne, and Mystras.^[30] The handover was effected in 1262, and henceforth Mystras was the seat of the governor of the Byzantine territories in the Morea. Initially this governor (kephale) was changed every year, but after 1308 they started being appointed for longer terms.^[31] Almost immediately on his return to the Morea, William of Villehardouin renounced his oath to the emperor, and warfare broke out between Byzantines and Franks. The first Byzantine attempts to subdue the Principality of Achaea were beaten back in the battles of Prinitsa and Makryplagi, but the Byzantines were firmly ensconced in Laconia. Warfare became endemic, and the Byzantines slowly pushed the Franks back.^[32] The insecurity engendered by the raids and counter-raids caused the inhabitants of Lacedaemon to abandon their exposed city and settle at Mystras, in a new town built under the shadow of the fortress.

While Mystras served as the provincial capital from this time, it became a royal capital in 1349 CE, when the first despot was appointed to rule over the Morea. The Byzantine Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos, reorganized the territory in 1349 to establish it as an appanage for his son, the Despot Manuel Kantakouzenos. Around that time, the Ottoman Turks began raiding the Peloponnese, but their raids intensified only after 1387 when the energetic Evrenos Bey took control. Exploiting the quarrels between Byzantines and Franks, he plundered across the peninsula and forced both the Byzantine despots and the remaining Frankish rulers to acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty and pay tribute. This situation lasted until the Ottoman defeat at the Battle of Ankara in 1402, after which Ottoman power was for a time checked.^[33] From 1349 until its surrender to the Ottoman Turks on 31 May 1460, Mystras was the residence of a Despot who ruled over the Byzantine Morea, known as the «Despotate of the Morea». For the larger portion of his reign, Manuel maintained peaceful relations with his Latin neighbors and secured a long period of prosperity for the area. Greco-Latin cooperation included an alliance to contain the raids of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I into Morea in the 1360s. The rival Palaiologos dynasty seized the Morea after Manuel’s death in 1380, with Theodore I Palaiologos becoming despot in 1383.

Theodore I ruled until 1407, consolidating Byzantine rule and coming to terms with his more powerful neighbours—particularly the expansionist Ottoman Empire, whose suzerainty he recognised.^[34] Subsequent despots were the sons of the Emperor Manuel II Palaiologos, brother of the despot Theodore: Theodore II, Constantine, Demetrios, and Thomas. As Latin power in the Peloponnese waned during the 15th century, the Despotate of the Morea expanded to incorporate the entire peninsula in 1430 with territory being acquired by dowry settlements, and the conquest of Patras by Constantine. However, in 1446 the Ottoman Sultan Murad II destroyed the Byzantine defences—the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth.^[35] His attack opened the peninsula to invasion, though Murad died before he could exploit this. His successor Mehmed II «the Conqueror» captured the Byzantine capital Constantinople in 1453. The despots, Demetrios Palaiologos and Thomas Palaiologos, brothers of the last emperor, failed to send him any aid, as Morea was recovering from a recent Ottoman attack. Their own incompetence resulted in the Morea revolt of 1453–1454 led by Manuel Kantakouzenos against them, during which they invited in Ottoman troops to help them put down the revolt. At this time, the Greek archons made peace with Mehmed.^[36] After more years of incompetent rule by the despots, their failure to pay their annual tribute to the Sultan, and finally their own revolt against Ottoman rule, Mehmed came into the Morea in May 1460. Demetrios ended up a prisoner of the Ottomans and his younger brother Thomas fled. By the end of the summer the Ottomans had achieved the submission of virtually all cities possessed by the Greeks.

Ottoman incursions into the Morea resumed under Turahan Bey after 1423. Despite the reconstruction of the Hexamilion wall at the Isthmus of Corinth, the Ottomans under Murad II breached it in 1446, forcing the Despots of the Morea to re-acknowledge Ottoman suzerainty, and again under Turahan in 1452 and 1456. Following the occupation of the Duchy of Athens in 1456, the Ottomans occupied a third of the Peloponnese in 1458, and Sultan Mehmed II extinguished the remnants of the Despotate in 1460. A few holdouts remained for a time. The rocky peninsula of Monemvasia refused to surrender, and it was first ruled for a brief time by a Catalan corsair. When the population drove him out, they obtained the consent of Thomas to submit to the Pope’s protection before the end of 1460. The Mani Peninsula at the south end of the Morea resisted under a loose coalition of the local clans, and that area then came under Venice’s rule. The last holdout was Salmeniko, in the Morea’s northwest. Graitzas Palaiologos was the military commander there, stationed at Salmeniko Castle. While the town eventually surrendered, Graitzas and his garrison and some town residents held out in the castle until July 1461, when they escaped and reached Venetian territory.^[33] Only the Venetian fortresses of Modon, Coron, Navarino, Monemvasia, Argos and Nauplion escaped Ottoman control.^[33]

Albanian migration, settlement and relocations to Italy[edit]

The same period was also marked by the migration and settlement of Christian Albanians to parts of Central Greece and the Peloponnese, a group that eventually become known as the Arvanites^[37][38] The Albanians settled in successive waves, often invited by the local rulers. They start appearing more frequently in the historical record from during the second part of the 14th century, when they were being offered arable land, pasture and favorable taxation in exchange for military service.^[39] One of the larger groups of Albanian settlers, amounting to 10,000, settled the Peloponnese during the reign of Theodore I Palaiologos, first in Arcadia and subsequently in other regions around Messenia, Argolis, Elis and Achaia. Around 1418, a second large group arrived, possibly fleeing Aetolia, Acarnania and Arta, where Albanian political power had been defeated. The settling Albanians lived in tribes spread out into small villages, practicing nomadic lifestyles based on pastoralism and animal husbandry. By the mid-15th century, they formed a substantial part of the population of the Peloponnesus.^[40] Military sources of the era (1425) report about 30,000 Albanian men who could carry arms in the Peloponnese.^[41] The Greeks tended to live in large villages and cities, while Albanians in small villages.^[42]

Following Ottoman conquest, many Albanians fled to Italy, settling primarily in nowadays Arbereshe villages of Calabria and Sicily. On the other hand, in an effort to control the remaining Albanians, during the second half of the 15th century, the Ottomans adopted favorable tax policies towards them were adopted, likely in continuation of similar Byzantine practices. This policy had been discontinued by the early 16th century.^[43] Throughout the Ottoman–Venetian wars, many Albanians died or were captured in service to the Venetians; at Nafpaktos, Nafplio, Argos, Methoni, Koroni and Pylos. Furthermore, 8,000 Albanian stratioti, most of them along with their families, left the Peloponnese to continue their military service under the Republic of Venice or the Kingdom of Naples. At the end of the Ottoman–Venetian wars, a large number of Albanians had fled from the Peloponnese to Sicily.^[44]

In the second half of the 19th century, out of the approximately 730,000 (per the Greek census of 1879) inhabitants of the Peloponnese, and the three neighboring islands of Poros, Hydra and Spetses, Arvanites numbered 90,253 (or 12.3%) in total according to Alfred Philippson; while in a critical response to Philippson’s study the same year, Christos Koryllos supported 50,352 (or 6.9%) for the Peloponnese and 20,685 for the three aforementioned islands, totalling 71,037 (or 9.7%).^[45][46]

Ottoman conquest, Venetian interlude and Ottoman reconquest[edit]

The Venetian fortresses were conquered in a series of Ottoman-Venetian Wars: the first war, lasting from 1463 to 1479, saw much fighting in the Peloponnese, resulting in the loss of Argos, while Modon and Coron fell in 1500 during the second war. Coron and Patras were captured in a crusading expedition in 1532, led by the Genoese admiral Andrea Doria, but this provoked another war in which the last Venetian possessions on the Greek mainland were lost.^[47]

Following the Ottoman conquest, the peninsula was made into a province (sanjak), with 109 ziamets and 342 timars. During the first period of Ottoman rule (1460–1687), the capital was first in Corinth (Turk. Gördes), later in Leontari (Londari), Mystras (Misistire) and finally in Nauplion (Tr. Anaboli). Sometime in the mid-17th century, the Morea became the centre of a separate eyalet, with Patras (Ballibadra) as its capital.^[48][49] Until the death of Suleiman the Magnificent in 1570, the Christian population (counted at some 42,000 families c. 1550^[47]) managed to retain some privileges and Islamization was slow, mostly among the Albanians or the estate owners who were integrated into the Ottoman feudal system.

Although they quickly came to control most of the fertile lands, Muslims remained a distinct minority. Christian communities retained a large measure of self-government, but the entire Ottoman period was marked by a flight of the Christian population from the plains to the mountains. This occasioned the rise of the klephts, armed brigands and rebels, in the mountains, as well as the corresponding institution of the government-funded armatoloi to check the klephts‘ activities.^[48]

With the outbreak of the «Great Turkish War» in 1683, the Venetians under Francesco Morosini occupied the entire peninsula by 1687, and received recognition by the Ottomans in the Treaty of Karlowitz (1699).^[50] The Venetians established their province as the «Kingdom of the Morea» (It. Regno di Morea), but their rule proved unpopular, and when the Ottomans invaded the peninsula in 1715, most local Greeks welcomed them. The Ottoman reconquest was easy and swift, and was recognized by Venice in the Treaty of Passarowitz in 1718.^[51]

The Peloponnese now became the core of the Morea Eyalet, headed by the Mora valesi, who until 1780 was a pasha of the first rank (with three horsetails) and held the title of vizier. After 1780 and until the Greek War of Independence, the province was headed by a muhassil. The pasha of the Morea was aided by several subordinate officials, including a Christian translator (dragoman), who was the senior Christian official of the province.^[51] As during the first Ottoman period, the Morea was divided into 22 districts or beyliks.^[51] The capital was first at Nauplion, but after 1786 at Tripolitza (Tr. Trabliçe).^[48]

The Greeks of the Peloponnese rose against the Ottomans with Russian aid during the so-called «Orlov Revolt» of 1770, but it was swiftly and brutally suppressed by bands of Muslim Albanian mercenaries hired by the Ottomans. Referred to by the local Greek populace as «Turk-Albanians», those forces had also destroyed many cities and towns in Epirus during the 1769–70 revolt there.^[52] The Peloponnese suffered more than any other Greek inhabited area by irregular Albanian gangs during the decades following.^[53] In Patras nearly no one was left alive after the Turkish-Albanian invasion.^[54] The city of Mystras was left in ruins and the metropolitan bishop Ananias was executed despite having saved the life of several Turks during the uprising. A great number of local Greeks were killed by the Albanian groups, while children were sold to slavery.^[55]

The Ottoman government was unable to pay the wages the Albanian mercenaries demanded for their service, causing the latter to ravage the region even after revolt had been put down.^[56] In 1774 the Russo-Turkish War ended with the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca which granted general amnesty to the population. Nevertheless, attacks by Muslim Albanian mercenaries in the region continued not only against the Greek population but also against Turks.^[57] The extensive destruction and lack of control in the Peloponnese forced the central Ottoman government to send a regular Turkish military force to suppress those Albanian troops in 1779,^[58] and eventually drive them out from Peloponnese.^[59] As a result of the invasion by those mercenary groups the local population had to found refuge in the mountains of Peloponnese to avoid persecution. The total population decreased during this time, while the Muslim element in it increased.^[51]

As such Greek resistance in the peninsula was reinforced and powerful groups of klephts were formed under the clans of Zacharias, Melios, Petmezas and Kolokotronis. Klephtic songs of that era describe the resistance activities.^[60] Nevertheless, through the privileges granted with the Treaty of Kuchuk-Kainarji, especially the right for the Christians to trade under the Russian flag, led to a considerable economic flowering of the local Greeks, which, coupled with the increased cultural contacts with Western Europe (Modern Greek Enlightenment) and the inspiring ideals of the French Revolution, laid the groundwork for the Greek War of Independence.^[51]

Modern Greece[edit]

The Peloponnesians played a major role in the Greek War of Independence – the war began in the Peloponnese, when rebels took control of Kalamata on March 23, 1821. The Greek insurgents made rapid progress and the entire peninsula was under Greek control within a few months, except for a few coastal forts and the main Turkish garrison at Tripolitsa.^[61] The fighting was fierce and marked by atrocities on both sides; eventually the entire Muslim population was either massacred or fled to the forts. The capture of Tripolitsa in September 1821 marked a turning point. Rivalries among the insurgents eventually erupted into civil war in 1824, which enabled the Ottoman Egyptian vassal Ibrahim Pasha to land in the peninsula in 1825.^[61]

The Peloponnese peninsula was the scene of fierce fighting and extensive devastation following the arrival of Ibrahim’s Egyptian troops. Partly as a result of the atrocities committed by Ibrahim, the UK, France, and the Russian Empire decided to intervene in favor of the Greeks. The decisive naval Battle of Navarino was fought in 1827 off Pylos on the west coast of the Peloponnese, where a combined British, French and Russian fleet decisively defeated the Turko-Egyptian fleet.^[61] Subsequently, a French expeditionary corps cleared the last Turko-Egyptian forces from the peninsula in 1828. The city of Nafplion, on the east coast of the peninsula, became the first capital of the independent Greek state. By the conclusion of the war, the entire Muslim population of the newly independent Greek state, including the Peloponnese, had been exterminated or had fled.^[62]

During the 19th and early 20th century, the region became relatively poor and economically isolated. A significant part of its population emigrated to the larger cities of Greece, especially Athens, and other countries such as the United States and Australia. It was badly affected by the Second World War and Greek Civil War, experiencing some of the worst atrocities committed in Greece during those conflicts. Living standards improved dramatically throughout Greece after the country accedes to the European Union in 1981.

The Corinth Canal was completed in the late 19th century, linking the Aegean Sea with the Gulf of Corinth and the Ionian. In 2001, the Rio-Antirio Bridge was completed, linking the western Peloponnese to western Greece. In late August 2007, large parts of Peloponnese suffered from wildfires, which caused severe damage in villages and forests and the death of 77 people. The impact of the fires to the environment and economy of the region are still unknown. It is thought to be one of the largest environmental disasters in modern Greek history.

Regional units[edit]

• Arcadia – 100,611 inhabitants
• Argolis – 108, 636 inhabitants
• Corinthia – 144,527 inhabitants (except municipalities of Agioi Theodoroi and most of Loutraki-Perachora, which lie east of the Corinth Canal)
• Laconia – 100,871 inhabitants
• Messenia – 180,264 inhabitants
• Achaea – 331,316 inhabitants
• Elis – 198,763 inhabitants
• Islands (only the municipality Troizinia and part of Poros)

Cities[edit]

The principal modern cities of the Peloponnese are (2011 census):

• Patras – 170,896 inhabitants
• Kalamata – 62,409 inhabitants
• Corinth – 38,132 inhabitants
• Tripoli – 30,912 inhabitants
• Aigio – 26,523 inhabitants
• Pyrgos – 25,180 inhabitants
• Argos – 24,700 inhabitants
• Sparta – 19,854 inhabitants
• Nafplio – 18,910 inhabitants
• Amaliada — 18,303 inhabitants

Archaeological sites[edit]

The Peloponnese possesses many important archaeological sites dating from the Bronze Age through to the Middle Ages. Among the most notable are:

• Bassae (ancient town and the temple of Epikourios Apollo and Greece’s first UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Corinth (ancient city)
• Epidaurus (ancient religious and healing centre and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Koroni (medieval seaside fortress and city walls)
• Kalamata Acropolis (medieval acropolis and fortress located within the modern city)
• Messene (ancient city)
• Methoni (medieval seaside fortress and city walls)
• Mystras (medieval Byzantine fortress-town near Sparta and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Monemvasia (medieval Byzantine fortress-town)
• Mycenae (fortress-town of the eponymous civilization and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Olympia (site of the Ancient Olympic Games and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Sparta
• Pylos (the Palace of Nestor and a well-preserved medieval/early modern fortress)
• Pavlopetri (the oldest underwater city in the world, located in Vatika Bay, dating from the early Bronze Age 3,500 BCE)
• Tegea (ancient religious centre)
• Tiryns (ancient fortified settlement and UNESCO World Heritage Site)
• Diros caves (4000 – 3000 BC)

Cuisine[edit]

Specialities of the region:

• Goges/Goglies (type of pasta)
• Giosa, lamb or goat meat
• Hilopites
• Kalamata (olive)
• Kolokythopita (pumpkin pie)
• Piperopita
• Syglino (pork meat) (Mani Peninsula)
• Regali, lamb soup (Mani)
• Diples (dessert)
• Galatopita (dessert)
• Tentura drink
• Gournopoula (or Bouziopoula), pork

Several notable Peloponnese wines have Protected Designation of Origin (PDO) status. The Mantineia region makes a white wine made from Moschofilero, the Nemea wine region makes renowned red wines from the Agiorgitiko grape, and fortified red wine is made in the region around the city of Patras from Mavrodafni grapes.

See also[edit]

• Geography of Greece
• List of Greek place names

References[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Bées, N. A. & Savvides, A. (1993). «Mora». In Bosworth, C. E.; van Donzel, E.; Heinrichs, W. P. & Pellat, Ch. (eds.). The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Second Edition. Volume VII: Mif–Naz. Leiden: E. J. Brill. pp. 236–241. ISBN 978-90-04-09419-2.
• Birken, Andreas (1976). Die Provinzen des Osmanischen Reiches. Beihefte zum Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (in German). Vol. 13. Reichert. ISBN 9783920153568.
• Fine, John V. A. Jr. (1991) [1983]. The Early Medieval Balkans: A Critical Survey from the Sixth to the Late Twelfth Century. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. ISBN 0-472-08149-7.
• Kazhdan, Alexander, ed. (1991). The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-504652-8.
• Miller, W. (1964). The Latins in the Levant: A history of Frankish Greece (1204-1566). Cambridge: Speculum Historiale.
• Obolensky, Dimitri (1971). The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453. Praeger Publishers.
• Florin Curta (2011). The Edinburgh History of the Greeks, C. 500 to 1050: The Early Middle Ages. Edinburgh University Press. ISBN 9780748638093.
• Setton, Kenneth (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204-1571. Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society. ISBN 0-87169-114-0. OCLC 2698253.

External links[edit]

• Britannica.com
• Official Regional Government Website
• Greek Fire Survivors Mourn Amid Devastation in Peloponnese.
• Stewart, Daniel (2013). «Storing up Problems: Labour, Storage, and the Rural Peloponnese». Internet Archaeology (34). doi:10.11141/ia.34.4.

Coordinates: 37°20′59″N 22°21′08″E / 37.34972°N 22.35222°E

Пелопонесс

Полезное

Пелопонне́с^[1][2][3] (греч. Πελοπόννησος, МФА: [pɛlɔˈpɔnisɔs], Пелопонисос^[4]; средневековое название — Морея) — полуостров в Греции, южная часть Балканского полуострова, соединяющаяся с ним Коринфским перешейком. Площадь полуострова — 21 549 км²^[5] (21,5 тыс. км²^[3]). Омывается водами Ионического и Эгейского морей и их заливами. Береговая линия сильно изрезана. С юга и юго-востока в полуостров вдаются заливы Арголикос, Лаконикос и Месиниакос, которые образуют четыре крупные полуострова: Арголидский^[en], Элос, Мани и Месинии^[3]. Длина береговой линии 1100 км. Наивысшая точка — гора Профитис-Илиас (Айос-Илиас, 2407 м) в массиве Тайгет^[2][3]. Территория полуострова в административном отношении входит в три периферии — Пелопоннес, Западная Греция и Аттика. Периферия Пелопоннес занимает лишь часть полуострова, хотя и бо́льшую. Благодаря постройке Коринфского канала стал, по сути, островом.

Название полуострова

Название Пелопоннес встречается в греческой литературе лишь с VII века до н. э. (древнейшими названиями полуострова, по преданию, были Эгиалея, Апия, Аргос, Ахаида, Инахия, Пеласгия); остров считался во владении царского рода Атридов и получил своё наименование от родоначальника фамилии Атридов, Пелопса^[6].

С возвышением Ахейского союза (в конце III века до н. э.) полуостров получил имя от ахейцев, значение которых распространилось на весь полуостров; во времена же римского владычества Ахайей называлась вся греческая территория, от Эпира и Фессалии до мыса Тенара^[6].

В конце IX века, когда Византия отвоевала у славян полуостров, он стал известен уже под именем Мореи, причём некоторые считают это слово славянским (Морея = морская страна, от слова море, или моравская (моревская) область, от названия моравов), другие видят в нём искажение слова Ρωμεοί = Ρώμαϊοι — римляне, которое ещё теперь живёт в народном говоре как воспоминание о минувшем римском владычестве^[6].

География

Общее

Пелопоннес — самая южная часть Балканского полуострова.
Пелопоннес почти со всех сторон окружён морем, кроме Коринфского перешейка с северо-востока.
С севера Пелопоннес упирается в Коринфский залив^[7]. С востока полуостров граничит с Миртойским морем^[8][9]. С запада Пелопоннес ограничен Ионическим морем^[10]. С юга Пелопоннес омывается Ливийским морем^[11].

Самая северная точка Пелопоннеса — это мыс Дрепан^[12][13]. Самая южная точка полуострова — это мыс Тенар (н. Тенарон)^[14][15]. Самой западной точкой полуострова является мыс Трипити у деревни Аркуди^[el], хотя Страбон называет мыс Хелоната (н. Хелонитис)^[16] самой западной частью Пелопоннеса^[17]. Самой же восточной точкой Пелопоннеса является мыс Скиллей (н. Скилеон)^[18][19].

Физическая карта античного Пелопоннеса

Исторические области

Горы Пелопоннеса^[20] разбили его на 6 областей, имевших скорее географическое, чем политическое значение: Аркадия^[21][22] в центре полуострова, Ахайя (Ахея)^[23][24] — к северу от Аркадии, по берегу Коринфского залива, Арголида^[25][26] — на восток от Аркадии, Лакония^[27][28] — к юго-востоку от Аркадии, Мессения^[29][30] — к западу от Лаконии, Элида^[31][32] — к западу от Аркадии. Кроме того, политически обособлены были области городов Флиунта^[33][34], Сикиона^[35][36] и Коринфа^[37][38].

Более мелкими областями являлись Ароания, Азания, Келеэлида^[31][39], Эгиалия^[23][24], Акрорея^[31][40], Писатида^[31][41], Трифилия^[31][32], обе Кинурии на западе^[42] (в Аркадии) и на востоке^[25][43] (в Арголиде) полуострова, Гереатида^[44][45], Меналия^[46][47], Тегеатида^[48][49], Эвтресия^[en][22][50], Парорея^[en][50][51], Скиритида^[52][53], Паррасия^[22][54], Флиасия^[33][34].

Элида^[31][32] занимает западную часть Пелопоннеса, она ограничивается в одной стороны западным побережьем полуострова, а с другой стороны горами Фолоя^[55][56] и Эриманф^[57]. Северной границей Элиды является линия мыс Аракс^[24] — река Ларис^[58] — гора Сколлий^[el][59][60]. Область Элида делилась на Келеэлиду, Писатиду, Трифилию, Олимпию и Акрорею^[32]. Во времена Троянской войны в Элиде жило племя эпеев^[el][61][62]. После греко-персидских войн жители из окрестных областей собрались вместе и основали город Элида и стали называться элейцами^[39].

• Элида

• 

  Водохранилище на реке Пеней

• 

  Дубовая чаща на горе Фолоя

• Келеэлида или просто Келе, что означает «впадина»^[39]. Келеэлида была ограничена с севера рекой Ларис^[58], с востока горой Сколлий^[el][59], а с юга рекой Пеней^[63]. В этой области стояли города Бупрасий^[en][64][65], Миртунтий (Мирсин)^[66], Гирмина^[en][67][68] и Киллена^[69]. В Келеэлиде жили эпеи^[61] и кавконы^[70][71].

• Келеэлида

• 

• 

• Акрорея^[40] — это область на северо-востоке Элиды. Акрорея размещается с междуречье рек Пенея^[63] и Ладона (Селлеис)^[72][73] и вокруг их русел. Местность холмистая не редки густые дубравы. Акрорея была заселена ещё во времена Микенской цивилизации. Города Акрореи: элейский Пилос^{[en][74][75][76]}, Эноя^[77][78] (Эфира)^[17][79], Опунт^[80].

• Писатида^[31][41] была ограничена с востока горой Фолоя или рекой Эриманф^[el]. Мыс и город Фея^[81][82] и река Иардан^[el] являются северной границей Писатиды^[83]. Жителей Писатиды звали писатами. В Писатиде были города Алисий^[84], Гераклея^[85][86] на реке Киферии, Арпина, Кикисий, Диспонтий^[en][87], Салмона^[88][89], Летрины^[en][90]. Река Алфей^[91] являлась границей между Писатидой и Трифилией.

• Олимпия^[92][93] — самая маленькая часть Элиды. Территория Олимпии ограничивалась окрестностями города Олимпии и Писы. Коренными жителями Олимпии являлись элейцы (жители региона Элиды). Во времена нашествия дорийцы вместе с этолийцами захватили большую часть Писатиды и подчинили Олимпию. Именно дорийцы учредили Олимпийские игры^[94][95].

• Олимпия

• 

• 

• 

• Трифилия^[31][32] называется так, потому что три племени (кавконы^[70][71], минии^[96] и элейцы) объединились в этой области^[97]. Кавконы являлись коренными жителями Трифилии. Часть жителей Трифилии называлась парореатами^[50][98][99]. Они обитали близ Лепрея^[100][101] и Макиста^{[en][102][103]}. Позже кавконов и парореатов выгнали минийцы^[104]. В Трифилии стояли города Эпиталий^[105], Лепрей^[100][101], Макист^{[en][102][103]}, Самик^[en], трифилийский Пилос^[en][74][76], Фигалия^[106][107] и Пирги^[108][109]. Река Неда^[110][111] является границей между Трифилией и Мессенией.

• Трифилия

• 

  Вид на Кипариссийский залив

• 

Мессения^[29][30] располагается на юго-западе Пелопоннеса. Мессения с севера граничит с Элидой, с востока — с Лаконией, а с северо-востока — с Аркадией. С юга Мессения упирается в юго-западное побережье Пелопоннеса. Города Мессении — Мессена^[112], Мефона^[113][114] (Педас)^[115], Асина^[116][117] (Рион)^[118], Фурия^[119], Фары^[120][121], Кипариссия^[122][123], Лимны^{[en][124][125]}, Кардамила^[126], Герения (Герены)^[127][128], Корона^[129] (Эпея)^[130], Эрана^[131][132], Стениклар^[133] и мессенский Пилос^[74][76]. Коренные жители Мессении — лелеги^[134], отдельный коренной народ. Они смешались с аргивянами эолийцами и дорийцами^[30]. Город Лимны^[124] — граница между Мессенией и Лаконией.

• Макария^[135] — это мессенская долина в бассейне реки Памис^[136][137].

• Мессения

• 

• 

Лаконию^[27][138] от Мессении отделяет хребет Тайгет с востока. От Арголиды Лакония отделена хребтом Парнон^[139]. Города Лаконии: Спарта^[140][141], Амиклы^[142][143], Фарида^[144], Ферапна^[145], Этил (Бетил)^[146][147], Левктра^[148][149], Псамафунт^[150][151], Асина^[116][117], Гифий^[152][153], Акрии^[154], Гелос^[155][156], Кипариссия^[en][122], Бойя (Бойи)^[157], Лас^[158][159], Эгии^[en][160], Эгис^[en][161], Асоп^[162][163], Заракс^{[en][164][165]}, Тир, Глимп^[en], Прасии^{[el][166][167]}, Миноя^[168] и Эпидавр Лимера^[en][169]. До дорийского вторжения Лаконию заселяли ахейцы. До ахейцев жили лелеги^[134]. Дорийцы выгнали ахейцев и последние переселились в Ахею на север Пелопоннеса. Восточное побережье Лаконии более пустынно и скалисто, побережье изрезано бухтами и гаванями.

• Скиритида — малая область на северо-западе Лаконии, граничит с Аркадией. Изначально входила в состав Аркадии, но потом была завоёвана Спартой. Местность была сухой и суровой. Местные жители назывались скиритами. Их почитали спартанцы за храбрость^[52][53].

• Лакония

• 

• 

• 

Арголида (Аргея)^[25][26] начинается у хребта Парнона^[139] и заканчивается у Коринфии. На востоке Арголида заканчивается горами Лиркей^[el][170], Артемисион^[171][172] и Парфений^[173][174]. Ядром Арголиды является плодородная долина, образованная рекой Инах^[170][175]. Арголида делилась на Кинурию^[176] (Фиреатида)^[177], Эпидаврию^[25][178], Трезению^[25][179] и Гермионию^[180][181]. В Арголиде стоят такие города, как Фирея, Гисии^{[en][182][183]}, Темений^[en][184], Лерна^[185][186], Аргос^[25][187], Гереон, Навплия^[188][189], Тиринф^[190][191], Микены^[192][193], Клеоны^[194], Немея^[195][196], Лиркея^[en][197], Орнеи^{[en][198][199]}, Асина^[116], Мидея^[en][200], Просимна^[en][201], Гермиона^[180][181], Масет^[en][202], Галиеи^[203], Эйоны^[204], Илеи^[205], Трезен^[25][179], Эпидавр^[25][178], Мефана^[206][207]. Страбон говорит, что коренным народом Арголиды были пеласги затем данайцы^[208]. Фридрих Любкер писал в своём словаре, что коренным народом Арголиды были ионяне, а именно кинурийцы^[25].

• Лерна^[185][186] — это одновременно название местности реки озера (болота)^[209] и города. Находится Лерна на юго-запад по побережью от города Темений, вплотную к деревни Мили. В озере (болоте) жила легендарная лернейская гидра, которую убил Геракл. Озеро было отделено от моря песчаной косой, но со временем озеро стало заболачиваться, а в XIX веке полностью высохло. Само озеро (впоследствии болото) питалось от многочисленных источников один, из которых назывался Амимон^[210]. Сами реки никогда не пересыхали, даже летом^[211]. Павсаний сообщает нам, что гора Понтин преграждала дорогу водам к морю и земля впитывала эту воду^[212]. Первые значительные строения появились примерно в 2500 гг. до н. э., к примеру, Дом с черепицей.
• Кинурия^[176] (Фиреатида)^[177] граничила с Лаконией на юге через хребет Парнон^[139]. Река Тан — северная граница Кинурии. Реки Тан^[213] и Харадр^[214] образуют между собой плодородное междуречье по сравнению с остальным восточным побережьем Пелопоннеса. Главные города — Фирея и Анфена^[215]. Коренным народом Кинурии были ионяне кинурийцы, они раньше владели Аргосом, но после пеласги выгнали их оттуда^[25]. Геродот также утверждает, что кинурийцы были коренными жителями Пелопоннеса^[216]. Во времена правления царя Крёза (595—546 до н. э.) аргосцы и лакедемоняне враждовали друг с другом из-за этой области и в итоге лакедемоняне отвоевали область у аргосцев^[217]. Во времена Павсания (II век н. э.) в Кинурии жили уже аргивяне^[218].

• Эпидаврия^[25][178] — это малая область на южном побережье Саронического залива в Арголиде. Северо-западной границей была гора Арахнея^[219], на юг Эпидавр владел территорией не дальше горы Дидимы^[220]. Эпидавр имел удачную позицию в отношении торговли, он был удобной стоянкой для торговцев, путешествующих через Саронический залив в Коринф. С древности Эпидавр владел Эгиной, но позже Эгина стала независимой. Далее город Афины захватил Эгину и с тех пор Эпидавр ограничивался только окружающей его землёй. Долгое время Эпидавр был независим. В древности назывался Эпикаром или Эпитавр^[221]. Коренным народом, по Аристотелю, были карийцы^[221], но Страбон и Павсаний сообщают, что коренным народом были ионийцы. Во времена дорийского вторжения дорийцы выгнали ионийцев и заняли город^[222]. В Эпидавре находился знаменитый своим культом храм Асклепия.

• Арголида

• 

• 

• 

Флиасия (Арефирея) — область возле гор Келоссы и Карнеат в верховьях реки Асоп. Горы Келоссы и Карнеат располагались с юга от города, а гора Трикаран^[223] с востока. Сама область расположена к югу от Сикиона^[35][36], на восток от Стимфала^[224][225] и на северо-запад от Арголиды^[226]. Главный город — Флиунт^[33][34]. Ранее жители области жили в городе Арефирея, а потом переселились и основали город Флиунт^[226]. Первоначальное население состояло из ионян, а потом из дорян^[33]. Флиунтцы принимали участие в битве при Фермопилах, они выставили 200 человек^[227].

• Флиасия

• 

• 

Коринфия^[37][38] располагается на северо-востоке полуострова и простирается плоть до горы Геренеи на Истме. Город Тенея^[228][229] является границей Коринфии с Арголидой. Западной границей для Коринфией является река Немея^[195][196]. Коринфия включает в себя такие города, как Коринф, Тенею, Солигею^[el][230], Лехей^[231], Кенхреи^[232][233], Схенунт^[234], Кроммион^{[en][235][236]} и Эною^{[en][77][78][237]}. С давних пор Коринф обладал выгодной позицией для торговли. В древности был построен диолк^[238] для перемещения судов через Истм, избегая плавания вокруг Пелопоннеса. При правлении тирана Периандра диолк был усовершенствован и стал приносить сверхдоходы, благодаря этому были отменены все налоги в городе.

• Коринфия

• 

• 

Сикиония^[35][36] отделялась рекой Сифас^[239] с северо-запада от Ахеи и рекой Немеей^[195][196] с юго-востока от Коринфии. На юго-западе гора Киллена^[69] отделяла эту область от Аркадии. С юга Сикионская область упиралась в Флиасию. Раньше город назывался Меконой, а ещё раньше — Эгиалами. Через Сикионскую область протекает река Асоп^[162][163]. В городе жили ахейцы. Сикион входил в состав Ахейского союза^[240].

• Сикион

• 

• 

• 

Ахея^[23][24] занимает северную часть Пелопоннеса, она отделяется с юга горами Эриманф^[57], Киллена^[69], Крафис^[241] и Хелмос от Аркадии. От Элиды Ахея отделяется рекой Ларис^[58]
и горой Сколлий^[el][59][60]. На востоке Ахея граничит с Сикионской областью через реку Сифас. В античности в ней жили ахейцы. Коренной народ Ахеи — это ионийцы, хотя и до ионийцев были пеласгические народы. Ионийцы, которые прибыли из Афин, разделились на 12 городов (перечислены с востока на запад): Пеллена^[242][243], Эгира^[en][244], Эги^[245][246], Бура^[247][248] и Гелика^[249][250] (оба города уничтожены землетрясением в 373 г. до н. э.), Эгий^[251][252], Рипы^[253][254], Патры^[255][256], Фары^[120][121], Олен^[257][258], Дима (или Димы, а раньше назывался Страт)^[259][260] и Тритея^{[en][261][262]}. Ионийцы впоследствии были вытеснены через Афины в Малую Азию ахейцами из Аргоса и Лаконии, которых выгнали дорийцы во время дорийского вторжения. Ионийцы после изгнания основали 12 городов в малоазиатской Ионии. Ахейцы, заняв Ахею и все 12 городов, организовали Ахейский союз. Также в Ахее были города Кериния^[en][263], Леонтий^[264], Эриней^[en][265], Аристонавты. Ахея раньше называлась сначала Эгиалией, а потом Ионией. Также есть Ахея в Фессалии возле Фтиотиды. Эта область в Фессалии, по преданиям, является изначальной родиной ахейцев^[266][267].

Регион Ахея на Пелопоннесе

Регион Ахея в Фессалии (внизу карты)

• Ахея

• 

• 

• 

Аркадия^[21][22] лежит в середине Пелопоннеса, теснимая горами. Аркадия как регион не имеет выхода к морю.
С севера границами Аркадии являются горы Киллена^[69], Крафис^[241], Эриманф^[57]. С запада Аркадия граничит с Элидой через горы Фолоя^[55][56] и хребту Ликей^[268]. С Мессенией Аркадия граничит по горе Номии — острогу хребта Ликей. На востоке Аркадия упиралась в горы Скиатис^[269], Лиркей^[el], Артемисион^[171][172] и Парфений^[173][174]. Cо Спартой Аркадия граничит через долину между горами Тайгет и Парнон^[139]. Коренные жители Аркадии — это азаны^[270] и паррасии. Аркадия делилась на Азанию^[270], Ароанию^[el][271], Меналию^[en][46][47], Гереатиду^[en][44][45], Тегеатиду^[48][49], Парорею^[en][50][51], Паррасию^[22][54] и Кинурию^[42]. Города Аркадии: Мегалополь^[51][272], Асея^[en][273], Гортина^[274], Дипея^[en][275], Герея^[en][44][45], Ликосура^[276][277], Мантинея^[278][279], Тегея^[48][49], Орхомен^[280][281], Клитор^[282][283], Феней^[284][285], Фелпуса^{[en][286][287]}, Стимфал^[224][225], Менал^[en][46][47], Мефидрий^{[en][288][289]}, Кафии^[en][290] и Кинефа^{[en][291][292]}. Страбон скуп в описании Аркадии, уже в его время она была разорена постоянными войнами. Из выше перечисленных городов только Тегея оставалась целой. На фоне других регионов Аркадия отставала в богатстве и мощи из-за сложного рельефа и общей изоляции от остальной Эллады^[293].

• Аркадия

• 

• 

• 

• 

Климат

Пелопоннес находится в субтропическом поясе. Климат Пелопоннеса средиземноморский океанический (средиземноморский морской).

Летом устанавливается высокое давление в субтропиках. Из-за преобладания антициклональных условий циркуляции тропический воздух может иметь высокую температуру от +20° до +28° в июле. Именно в это время наблюдается очень малая сумма осадков^[294].

Зимой полярнофронтовые циклоны часто преобладают. Эти циклоны приносят морские воздушные массы умеренных широт, из-за этого выпадают обильные дожди. Средние месячные температуры воздуха в это время колеблются в диапазоне от +4° до +10°^[294].

Территории средиземноморского морского климата отличаются высокой годовой суммой осадков, нередко превышающей 1000-1500 мм, и меньшей продолжительностью летней засухи (1,5-2,5 месяца)^[294].

Температура воздуха в горах зимой и летом ниже, чем на соседних равнинах^[294].

Сезонность водного стока на территориях средиземноморского морского типа климата выражена наиболее чётко. Средиземноморские реки в сухие летние месяцы имеют очень маленький водный сток, а в дождливый зимний сезон испытывают резкий подъём уровня воды. Регулирование водного стока средиземноморских рек имеет стратегическое значение в водоснабжении для бытовых и хозяйственных нужд^[295].

Отличается климат западной и восточной частей полуострова. В Элиде, Мессении и Западной Ахайе, которые находятся с наветренной стороны Тайгета и других гор Пелопоннеса осадков больше, чем в Арголиде. Так в Патрах выпадает 662 миллиметра осадков в год, в Каламате около 780 миллиметров. А в Аргосе лишь 470 миллиметров^[296].

Флора

Флора Пелопоннеса представлена двумя группами растительности: вечнозелёные ксерофитные леса и кустарники занимают значительную часть всего побережья полуострова, широколиственные леса с субтропическими элементами расположены в центре полуострова^[295].

В горах полуострова находятся леса из граба, каштана, чёрной сосны и бука, иногда местами встречаются дубовые леса. К примеру, на горе Фолоя находятся фолойские леса. Маквис преобладает на территориях побережья полуострова. Маслины и зерновые культуры занимают значительную часть возделываемых земель^[297].

На Пелопоннесе присутствуют три типа почв^[295]:

1. на западе полуострова (Элида, Мессения) — коричневые почвы;
2. в центре полуострова, в северной части кроме Элиды и Арголиды и на полуострове Мани — коричневые выхолощенные почвы;
3. на востоке полуострова, в Арголиде и в восточной Лаконии — рендзины красные.

Лесистость Пелопоннеса составляет от 0 до 10 процентов к общей площади полуострова^[295]. Истребление лесов в Средиземноморье началось со времён античности, гораздо раньше чем в остальной Европе. Естественное возобновление и искусственное лесонасаждение в средиземноморье очень трудоёмки из-за использования лесов для выпаса скота, большой сухости тропического воздуха и усиленной эрозией почв, которая возрастает по мере уничтожения лесов. Частые лесные пожары на огромных территориях Средиземноморья лишь ухудшают ситуацию^[295].

Рельеф

Большая раздробленность рельефа — главное отличие южной части гор Греции и полуострова Пелопоннес. Благодаря многочисленным разломам, складчатые сооружения разбиты на множество глыб. Одни эти глыбы со временем неоднократно поднимались, другие глыбы неоднократно опускались. Участки, опустившиеся по разломам, образовали грабены. Коринфский Патраикоский и другие заливы, которые глубоко врезаются в сушу, представляют собой такие грабены. Внутренние равнины или приморские низменности (Арголидская, Лаконская, Мессинская) образовались вследствие опускания некоторых участков суши^[297].

В тектоническом отношении полуостров Пелопоннес схож с ионическим районом. Известняковые закарстованные плато и скалистые горные массивы составляют наибольшую часть рельефа полуострова. В примыкании с приморскими побережьями плато и горные массивы очень круто обрываются^[297].

Карстовое плоскогорье Аркадия с чередованием известняковых глыбовых возвышенностей и котловин между ними занимает внутренние территории полуострова Пелопоннес. Плато Аркадия ограничено с юга и севера горными массивами со ступенчатыми склонами и усечёнными поверхностями вершин. Скалистые известняковые гребни с множеством ледниковых цирков возвышаются над этими поверхностями.Айос-Илиас (2404 м), Килини (2376 м) и Эримантос (2223 м) являются примером таких гребней. Гора Эримантос резко обрывается в сторону холмистого побережья высокой стеной, что является признаком фронта надвига зоны Пинда на более молодую ионийскую зону^[297].

Тектоника

Пелопоннес является самой изученной областью Греции. Черты рельефа полуострова характерны для всей Греции, но их главное отличие заключается в том, что три типа фации лежат одна на другой в виде надвиговых покровов (шарьяж), которые прослеживаются в вертикальном плане. Эти фации выражены лучше, чем в других местах. Филиппсон распознал в рельефе последовательность трёх серий: в основании лежат мраморы и кристалические сланцы, которые обнажаются, в основном, в куполообразных поднятиях юга полуострова; далее, поверх идёт мощное нагромождение массивных известняков Триполиса; ещё выше идёт прослойка из флиша; и заканчивается всё это серией сланцев и известняков с яшмами (гора Эримантос) (см. схему)^[298].

Известняки Триполиса являются надвиговым покровом. Он образует комплекс, охватывающий весь мезозой. Покров Пинд — Эримантос (Пинд — Олонос) перекрывает на ширину около 80 км ионическую фацию, к которой и относятся известняки Триполиса. На полуострове прослеживается хаотическое и чечевицеобразное расположение отдельных структурных единиц. Это показывают известняки Триполиса и флиш, они очень часто изменяются по мощности. При этом серия Пинд может залегать непосредственно на кристаллических сланцах^[298].

Области опускания расчленили полуостров на отдельные горсты, похожие по расположению на пальцы рук. Котловины Мессинии Мегалополиса и Спарты, внутренние котловины Аркадии, Коринфский и Арголидский заливы — результаты сбросовых движений. Залегающие обломочные отложения встречаются в каждой котловине. К юго-западу от горста Мессинии на расстоянии в 3 км морское дно опускается на глубину до 2600 метров. Это свидетельствует о типичном сбросовом побережье^[298].

Север полуострова. Высокие горные массивы Пелопоннеса (Эримантос, Килини и Воидиасские горы) поднимаются над впадиной Коринфского залива. Эти массивы в своё время подверглись поднятию. В результате флексуры верхний покров наклонен в общем к югу. Северный и восточный склоны обусловлены сбросами. Нижние покровы серии Триполиса и кристаллические сланцы обнажены в основании обрывов Хелмоса и Килини. Западный край массива Эримантос является фронтом надвига, который господствует над холмами флиша. Само горное поднятие Эримантоса разделено эрозией на три части; именно эрозия сыграла ключевую роль в формировании разрыва между Эримантосом и Хелмосом наряду с общим погружением этого разрыва. Это привело к обнажению флиша на больших территориях^[298].

Горсты центра и юго-востока (горы Тайгет, Парнон, Меналон. Эти горсты образованы глубинными тектоническими элементами. Они состоят из более лёгко эродируемых сланцев, которые покрыты массивными известняками Триполиса, которые, в свою очередь, покрыты куполами кристаллических известняков. В этом районе покров Эримантоса (Олоноса) почти отсутствует. Все эти горсты асимметричны, основные сбросовые уступы наклонены на восток. К примеру, склон Парнона непосредственно падает в Эгейское море^[298].

Запад полуострова. Западный фасад полуострова не настолько крут и высок, как выше описанные. Две трети всего побережья является низким. Эта особенность происходит из следующих причин:

1. верхний покров Эримантоса, состоящий из пород средней сопротивляемости, сохранился везде; обрывистые выступы надвига образуют резкие формы рельефа там, где они покоятся на флише горы Кипарисия. Автохтонные известняки Триполиса обнажаются только в небольших антиклинальных сводах;
2. очертания края полуострова образовались вследствие относительно древних вертикальных движений. Сбросовое опускание изолировало складки Хелмоса (Ароании) от гор Андрицаина. Эрозия изменила очертания края полуострова, позже эти очертания были покрыты отложениями конгломератов и мергелей неогена. Слабо выраженные последующие движения расчленили эти породы на отдельные ступени;
3. водный сток развивался в западном направлении из-за более сильного увлажнения. Это обосновало перехваты Ладона, который использует депрессию, вытянутую с запада на восток, и выносит воды озера Фония (пересохло) и реки Алфея, собирающего воды бассейна Мегалополиса. Эти реки сегодня образуют широкую современную аллювиальную равнину. Сами реки нагружены наносами, которые исходят от пород средней сопротивляемости. Малая глубина моря (в отличие от Коринфского залива) способствовала образованию этой равнины^[298].

Внутренние котловины полуострова. Северные депрессии представляют собой полья. Две их них постоянно заполнены водой (озёра Фония (пересохло) и Стимфалии). Эрозия со временем выработала в толще чечевицеобразных покровов контуры этих впадин. Именно эрозия является основной причиной образования этих контуров. Контуры долин через известняковые массивы запада и юга сливаются подземным путём. Одновременно северная окраина упирается в водонепронициаемые породы, расположенные недалеко от Коринфского залива. Долины, вытянутые параллельно юго-западному направлению в результате наклона, в дальнейшем стали слепыми. Это произошло недавно потому, что регрессивная эрозия, идущая с севера, не успела ещё поменять направление водного стока^[298].

Прекрасным примером заливаемых польев, образованных в результате взаимосвязи карстовой эрозии и тектоники, являются впадины центральной Аркадии. Полье Триполиса является самой крупной из них. Сами впадины асимметричны и вытянуты цепочкой друг за другом. Западный край впадин проследует с севера на юг и соответствует сбросовому уступу Меналона. Одновременно восточный край полья имеет извилистые отчётливые очертания и разделяет многочисленные остаточные холмы (хумы). За этими дипрессиями располагаются замкнутые вторичные впадины, развитие которых зависит от примерно того же уровня карстовых грунтовых вод. Широкая ундуляция^[uk] — это основное структурное изменение, сформировавшее этот рельеф. Эта ундуляция сопровождалось прогибанием покровов, усиленным сбросом, особенно на западе. В вследствие этого поверхностные и глубинные воды стали накапливаться. Впоследствии появился горизонт карстового затопления, который стал глубже на месте, ибо основание поноров находится в наиболее низкой точке тектонического желоба. Исключительно под влиянием эрозийных агентов сформировались контуры современной депрессии^[298].

Другие понижения являются сбросовыми котловинами. Их развитие не подсказывает изначальное состояние этих котловин; они могли быть первоначальной тектонической впадиной или впадиной, отделённой точечной эрозией. В депрессии Мегалополиса роль эрозии была основной. На это указывают следы эрозийного уровня, которые видны в плоских участках и на склонах окружающих гор, выработанных в тектоническом замке устья, возвышающегося над врезанной долиной Алфея. Внешний сток возник здесь очень давно. Поэтому можно предположить следующую цепочку образования: опускание, выполненное отложениями неогена; образование поверхности выравнивания, врезающейся в сбросовые уступы или моноклинальные складки; углубление реки Алфея путём смыва мягких пород неогена. Развитие котловины Спарты является более сложным. Она имеет резко асимметричную форму. Слои неогена на восточных и южных склонах постепенно поднимаются и перекрывают довольно разнообразный рельеф. Эрозийные поверхности обнаружены на высоте от 800 до 1000 метров. Залегание неогеновых слоёв характеризует наличие эпигенетического ущелья, через которое река Эврот следует к морю. Склон Тайгета представляет собой гигантский сбросовый уступ, который косо срезает множество тектонических единиц, и соединяется с
бассейном Мегалополиса, доминируя над осколком опустившегося покрова Эримантоса. У подножия Тайгета находится компактная современная аллювиальная равнина. Эта равнина соединена с множеством эрозионных ложбинок водного стока, которые несут много в себе много воды и аллювия. Наличие этой равнины подсказывает, что сброс произошёл сравнительно недавно^[298].

Землетрясения

Зона полуострова Пелопоннеса специфична глубокофоркусными землетрясениями, эпицентры которых в основном находятся в полосе Критско-Родосской горной дуги и Гелленского желоба^[en][299] с резкой разницей в тектонических движениях. Зона Пелопоннеса может считаться одним из районов активного современного горообразования^[300].

Реки

Реки Пелопоннеса имеют, в основном, дождевое питание. В районе с субтропическим средиземноморским климатом речной сток имеет большую разницу в величине в зависимости от времён года. Зимой и весной, благодаря паводку, который формируется из талых вод горных снегов, речной сток имеет максимальное значение; осенью реки имеют минимальный сток так, как они в это время питаются только от подземных вод. Небольшие реки имеют свойство пересыхать полностью, в этот момент речной сток равен нулю. Большие реки из-за своего большего бассейна, который включает в себя горную местность, избегают полного обмеления^[295].

Река Селлеис протекает в области Элида. Начинается река с горы Фолоя и впадает в реку Пеней с левого берега.

Река Алфей — самая крупная река Пелопоннеса. Берёт своё начало у города Асея в области, принадлежащей городу Мегалополь, недалеко от истока Эврота, протекает через всю Аркадию Писатиду и Трифилию и впадает в Кипариссийский залив. В Алфей впадают реки Ладон и Эриманф, Далион и Ахеронт^[301].

• Река Алфей

• 

• 

• 

Река Эврот — одна из крупнейший рек Пелопоннеса. Берёт своё начало также у Асеи и впадает в Лаконский залив.

Река Неда берёт своё начало на горе Ликей и впадает в Кипариссийский залив.

• Река Неда

• 

• 

Река Памис — река, протекающая через всю Мессению (мессенскую долину Макария) и впадающая в Мессенский залив.

Река Лерна протекает в Арголиде, возле города Темений. Эта река образовала озеро. Позже это озеро превратилось в болото. На этом болоте жила знаменитая лернейская гидра. Само болото окончательно высохло в XIX веке^[209].

Река Инах проистекает из горы Лиркей и протекает через город Аргос, впадая в Арголийский залив.

Заливы

Кипариссийский залив расположен у западных берегов Пелопоннеса и ограничен с севера мысом Ихтис, а с юга мысом Платамодес.

Мессенский залив находится у юго-западных берегов Пелопоннеса. Его также называют Асинский в честь города Асины, который располагается на берегу этого залива и был первым городом, который был построен на берегах залива^[302]. Также Мессенский залив именуется Фурийским заливом в честь города Фурии^[303]. В Мессенский залив впадают реки Памис и Недон.

Лаконский залив расположен между мысами Тенар и Малея.

Саронический (Саламинский, Афинский) залив ограничен мысами Скиллей и Суний.

История

В древности полуостров включал области: Аркадию, Ахею, Элиду, Мессению, Лаконию, Арголиду, Коринф, Флиунт, Эпидаврию и Сикион. Древнейшее население Пелопоннеса, ахейцы в 1104 году до н. э. было вытеснено проживавшими до того несколько севернее дорийскими племенами, основавшими несколько государств, самым могущественным среди которых была Спарта, которая впоследствии контролировала его бо́льшую часть вплоть до поражения от фиванской армии в IV веке до н. э. В 146 году до н. э. Пелопоннес, подчинённый римлянами, образовал со средней Грецией провинцию Ахайю, впоследствии принадлежал Византии и Венеции. В 1204 году, в результате Четвёртого крестового похода, Пелопоннес был временно захвачен Ахейским княжеством.

В Средние века и до начала XIX века полуостров был известен как Морея. В 1460 году завоёван турками, под командованием султана Мехмеда II. На рубеже XVII и XVIII веков ненадолго переходит под венецианский контроль. В 1820-е годы Пелопоннес стал колыбелью Греческой революции и современной греческой государственности.

Достопримечательности

Периферийная единица	Достопримечательности, развлечения
Арголида	Аргос: Акрополь Лариса • Театр • * Археологический музей Аргоса[en] • Герейон • Древняя агора • Святилище Аполлона и Афины Особняк Констандопулоса • Ратуша, двухэтажное здание в неоклассическом стиле • Народный рынок Микены: Древний акрополь • Львиные ворота • Микенские гробницы Нафплион: городские улицы • крепость Акронавплия • венецианская крепость Паламиди • морской форт Бурдзион • Музей чёток • Археологический музей[en] • Пелопонесский музей фольклора[el] • филиал Национальной художественной галереи • развалины древнего Тиринфа Эпидавр: Асклепион — древний храм Асклепия • Театр в Эпидавре
Аркадия	Триполис: древний город Тегея • Храм Афины Алеи • развалины Мантинеи Гортиния: Димицана Мегалополис: театр в Мегалополисе • Святилище Деспины в Ликосуре Вория-Кинурия: замок в Паралион-Астрос
Ахея	Патры: руины византийского замка[el] • археологический музей[el] • вантовый мост Рион — Андирион • крепость Рион[en] Калаврита: Зубчатая железная дорога Диакоптон — Калаврита • монастыри Святая Лавра и Мега-Спилео • Пещера озёр • ущелье Вурайкос • Храм Артемиды Гемеры Эйон: Храм Богородицы Трипити
Коринфия	Коринф:Древняя цитадель Акрокоринф • развалины древнего Коринфа • храм Апполона в древнем Коринфе • источник Пирене в древнем Коринфе • Коринфский канал Лутраки: теплые источники и набережная в Лутраки • монастырь Патапия • озеро Вулиагмени[el] Немея: развалины древней Немеи Сикиония: развалины древнего Сикиона
Лакония	Спарта: руины древней Спарты • археологический музей • храм Афины Халкиойкос • Гробница Леонида Мистра: средневековые дома Мистры и стены города • крепость Виллардуэна • Митрополия • Бронтохион • Дворец Деспотов • монастыри Пантанасса и Перивлепта • церкви Евангелистрия и Святой Софии Монемвасия: средневековый город • церковь Святой Софии Анатолики-Мани: остров Краная в Йитионе • традиционные каменные башни горцев Мани в Вафи • пещеры Диру и Апидима
Месиния	Мессина: развалины древней Мессины Ихалия: Храм Аполлона в Бассах Кипарисия: замок византийской эпохи • остров Проти Пилос-Нестор: Дворец Нестора • крепости Пилоса — Палеокастро и Неокастро • пляж Войдокилья • пляжи вдоль Наваринской бухты • крепости в малых городах Корони и Метони • пещера Маври-Трипа на острове Схиза Каламата: франкский замок Каламата • старый город Каламата • Церковь Айи-Апостоли • археологический музей Мессинии • железнодорожный музей Каламаты Дитики-Мани: традиционные каменные башни горцев Мани в Кардамили • византийская церковь Айя-Феодора в Камбосе
Элида	Олимпия: храмы древней Олимпии • Археологический музей Олимпии • Священная роща Алтис Пиргос: Археологический музей Пиргоса • Маяк в Катаколоне Андравида-Килини: замок Хлемуци

Будучи местом зарождения и развития древнегреческой цивилизации, Пелопоннес имеет массу исторических достопримечательностей. Например, Микены — важный представитель древнегреческой цивилизации второй половины 2-го тысячелетия до н. э., дворец Нестора в Мессинии, средневековый город Монемвасия, крепости в Тиринфе, Аргосе, Нафплионе, Акрокоринфе, Каламате, Метони, Корони, Кипарисии, Хлемуци и Пилосе, классические храмы в Коринфе, Бассах, Немее и Олимпии, развалины древнегреческого города Мессины, монументальные театры в Аргосе и Эпидавре, древний религиозный центр Тегея и расположенный рядом со Спартой византийский город Мистра. Среди природных достопримечательностей популярны Пещеры Диру, пляж Войдокилья вблизи Пилоса

Города

Основные современные города Пелопоннеса (по переписи 2011 года)

• Патры (167 446 чел.)
• Каламата (54 567 чел.)
• Триполис (30 866 чел.)
• Коринф (30 176 чел.)
• Пиргос (24 359 чел.)
• Аргос (22 209 чел.)
• Эйон (20 422 чел.)
• Амальяс (16 763 чел.)
• Спарта (16 239 чел.)
• Нафплион (14 203 чел.)
• Кьятон (9812 чел.)
• Като-Ахаия (6618 чел.)
• Ксилокастрон (5715 чел.)
• Кипарисия (5135 чел.)
• Йитион (4279 чел.)
• Захаро (3145 чел.)

Галерея

• 

• 

  Вид на пляж Войдокилья и лагуну со стороны пещеры Нестора

• 

• 

• 

• 

• 

  Курортный городок Толо

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  Храм Аполлона^[el] в древнем Коринфе

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• 

См. также

• Морея

Примечания

Литература

• Страбон. География = древнегреческий / пер. с дренегреч. Стратановский Г. А.. — Л.: Наука, 1964. — 943 с. — (Классики науки).
• Геродот. История = древнегреческий / пер. с дренегреч. и примечания Стратановский Г. А.. — М.: АСТ МОСКВА, 2009. — 671 с.
• Павсаний. Описание Эллады. — СПб.: Алетея, 1996. — (Античная библиотека).
• Реальный словарь классических древностей / авт.-сост. Ф. Любкер ; Под редакцией членов Общества классической филологии и педагогики Ф. Гельбке, Л. Георгиевского, Ф. Зелинского, В. Канского, М. Куторги и П. Никитина. — СПб., 1885.
• Ерамов Р. А. Физическая география зарубежной Европы. — М.: Мысль, 1973. — 272 с.
• Грацианский А. Н. Природа Средиземноморья. — М.: Мысль, 1971. — 510 с.
• Биро П., Дреш Ж. Средиземноморье / Пер. с фр. Н. Б. Родионовой и др. ; Ред. О. К. Парчевский. — М.: Издательство иностранной литературы, 1962. — Т. 2: Восточное Средиземноморье. — 527 с.
• Dictionary of Greek and Roman geography (англ.) / edited by William Smith. — London: Walton and Maberly, Upper Gower Street and Ivy Lane, Paternoster Row; John Murray, Albemarle Street, 1854.

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