Как пишется пескоструйная обработка

ПЕСКОСТРУЙНАЯ ОБРАБОТКА

«Sandblasted», «Sandblast», and «Media blaster» redirect here. For the Swervedriver EP, see Sandblasted (EP). For the underwater circumnavigation, see Operation Sandblast. For the entertainment company, see Media Blasters.

Sandblasting, sometimes known as abrasive blasting, is the operation of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material against a surface under high pressure to smooth a rough surface, roughen a smooth surface, shape a surface or remove surface contaminants. A pressurised fluid, typically compressed air, or a centrifugal wheel is used to propel the blasting material (often called the media). The first abrasive blasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870.^[1][2]

There are several variants of the process, using various media; some are highly abrasive, whereas others are milder. The most abrasive are shot blasting (with metal shot) and sandblasting (with sand). Moderately abrasive variants include glass bead blasting (with glass beads) and plastic media blasting (PMB) with ground-up plastic stock or walnut shells and corncobs. Some of these substances can cause anaphylactic shock to individuals allergic to the media.^[3] A mild version is sodablasting (with baking soda). In addition, there are alternatives that are barely abrasive or nonabrasive, such as ice blasting and dry-ice blasting.

Types[edit]

Sandblasting[edit]

Sand blasting is also known as abrasive blasting, which is a generic term for the process of smoothing, shaping and cleaning a hard surface by forcing solid particles across that surface at high speeds; the effect is similar to that of using sandpaper, but provides a more even finish with no problems at corners or crannies. Sandblasting can occur naturally, usually as a result of particles blown by wind causing aeolian erosion, or artificially, using compressed air. An artificial sandblasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870.^[1][2] Thomas Wesley Pangborn perfected the idea and added compressed air in 1904.^[4]

Sandblasting equipment typically consists of a chamber in which sand and air are mixed. The mixture travels through a hand-held nozzle to direct the particles toward the surface or work piece. Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Boron carbide is a popular material for nozzles because it resists abrasive wear well.

Wet abrasive blasting[edit]

Wet abrasive blasting uses water as the fluid moving the abrasives. The advantages are that the water traps the dust produced, and lubricates the surface. The water cushions the impact on the surface, reducing the removal of sound material.

One of the original pioneers of the wet abrasive process was Norman Ashworth who found the advantages of using a wet process as a strong alternative to dry blasting. The process is available in all conventional formats including hand cabinets, walk-in booths, automated production machinery and total loss portable blasting units. Advantages include the ability to use extremely fine or coarse media with densities ranging from plastic to steel and the ability to use hot water and soap to allow simultaneous degreasing and blasting. The reduction in dust also makes it safer to use siliceous materials for blasting, or to remove hazardous material such as asbestos, radioactive or poisonous products.

Process speeds are generally not as fast as conventional dry abrasive blasting when using the equivalent size and type of media, in part because the presence of water between the media and the substrate being processed creates a lubricating cushion that can protect both the surface and the media, reducing breakdown rates. Reduced impregnation of blasting material into the surface, dust reduction and the elimination of static cling can result in a very clean surface.

Wet blasting of mild steel will result in immediate or ‘flash’ corrosion of the blasted steel substrate due to the presence of water. The lack of surface recontamination also allows the use of single equipment for multiple blasting operations—e.g., stainless steel and mild steel items can be processed in the same equipment with the same media without problems.

Vapor blasting[edit]

A variant of wet blasting is vapor blasting (or vapour blasting; U.K.). In this process pressurized air is added to the water in the nozzle producing a high-speed mist, called «vapor». This process is even milder than wet blasting, allowing mating surfaces to be cleaned while retaining their ability to mate.

Bead blasting[edit]

Bead blasting is the process of removing surface deposits by applying fine glass beads at a high pressure without damaging the surface. It is used to clean calcium deposits from pool tiles or any other surfaces, remove embedded fungus, and brighten grout color. It is also used in auto body work to remove paint. In removing paint for auto body work, bead blasting is preferred over sand blasting, as sand blasting tends to create a greater surface profile than bead blasting. Bead blasting is often used in creating a uniform surface finish on machined parts.^[5] It is additionally used in cleaning mineral specimens, most of which have a Mohs hardness of 7 or less and would thus be damaged by sand.

Wheel blasting[edit]

In wheel blasting, a spinning wheel propels the abrasive against an object. It is typically categorized as an airless blasting operation because there is no propellant (gas or liquid) used. A wheel machine is a high-power, high-efficiency blasting operation with recyclable abrasive (typically steel or stainless-steel shot, cut wire, grit, or similarly sized pellets). Specialized wheel blast machines propel plastic abrasive in a cryogenic chamber and is usually used for deflashing plastic and rubber components. The size of the wheel blast machine, and the number and power of the wheels vary considerably depending on the parts to be blasted as well as on the expected result and efficiency. The first blast wheel was patented by Wheelabrator in 1932.^[6][7] In China, the first blast wheel was built around the 1950s, ^[8] Qinggong Machinery is one of the earliest manufacturers of blast wheel.^[9]

Micro-abrasive blasting[edit]

Micro-abrasive blasting is dry abrasive blasting process that uses small nozzles (typically 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm diameter) to deliver a fine stream of abrasive accurately to a small part or a small area on a larger part. Generally the area to be blasted is from about 1 mm² to only a few cm² at most. Also known as pencil blasting, the fine jet of abrasive is accurate enough to write directly on glass and delicate enough to cut a pattern in an eggshell.^[10] The abrasive media particle sizes range from 10 micrometres up to about 150 micrometres. Higher pressures are often required.

The most common micro-abrasive blasting systems are commercial bench-mounted units consisting of a power supply and mixer, exhaust hood, nozzle, and gas supply. The nozzle can be hand-held or fixture mounted for automatic operation. Either the nozzle or part can be moved in automatic operation.

Automated blasting[edit]

Automated blasting is simply the automation of the abrasive blasting process. Automated blasting is frequently just a step in a larger automated procedure, usually involving other surface treatments such as preparation and coating applications. Care is often needed to isolate the blasting chamber from mechanical components that may be subject to dust fouling.

Dry-ice blasting[edit]

In this type of blasting, air and dry ice are used. Surface contaminants are dislodged by the force of frozen carbon dioxide particles hitting at high velocity, and by slight shrinkage due to freezing which disrupts adhesion bonds. The dry ice sublimates, leaving no residue to clean up other than the removed material. Dry ice is a relatively soft material, so is less destructive to the underlying material than sandblasting.

Bristle blasting[edit]

Bristle blasting, unlike other blasting methods, does not require a separate blast medium. The surface is treated by a brush-like rotary tool made of dynamically tuned high-carbon steel wire bristles. Repeated contact with the sharp, rotating bristle tips results in localized impact, rebound, and crater formation, which simultaneously cleans and coarsens the surface.

Vacuum blasting[edit]

Vacuum blasting is a method that generates very little dust and spill, as the blast tool does dry abrasive blasting and collects used blast media and loosened particles from the surface to be treated, simultaneously. Blast media consumption is relatively low with this method, as the used blast media is automatically separated from dust and loosened particles, and reused several times.

Equipment[edit]

Portable blast equipment[edit]

Mobile dry abrasive blast systems are typically powered by a diesel air compressor. The air compressor provides a large volume of high pressure air to a single or multiple «blast pots». Blast pots are pressurized, tank-like containers, filled with abrasive material, used to allow an adjustable amount of blasting grit into the main blasting line. The number of blast pots is dictated by the volume of air the compressor can provide. Fully equipped blast systems are often found mounted on semi-tractor trailers, offering high mobility and easy transport from site to site. Others are hopper-fed types making them lightweight and more mobile.

In wet blasting, the abrasive is introduced into a pressurized stream of water or other liquid, creating a slurry. Wet blasting is often used in applications where the minimal dust generation is desired. Portable applications may or may not recycle the abrasive.

Blast cabinet[edit]

A blast cabinet is essentially a closed loop system that allows the operator to blast the part and recycle the abrasive.^[11] It usually consists of four components; the containment (cabinet), the abrasive blasting system, the abrasive recycling system and the dust collection. The operator blasts the parts from the outside of the cabinet by placing his arms in gloves attached to glove holes on the cabinet, viewing the part through a view window, turning the blast on and off using a foot pedal or treadle. Automated blast cabinets are also used to process large quantities of the same component and may incorporate multiple blast nozzles and a part conveyance system.

There are three systems typically used in a blast cabinet. Two, siphon and pressure, are dry and one is wet:

• A siphon blast system (suction blast system) uses the compressed air to create vacuum in a chamber (known as the blast gun). The negative pressure pulls abrasive into the blast gun where the compressed air directs the abrasive through a blast nozzle. The abrasive mixture travels through a nozzle that directs the particles toward the surface or workpiece.

Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Tungsten carbide is the liner material most often used for mineral abrasives. Silicon carbide and boron carbide nozzles are more wear resistant and are often used with harder abrasives such as aluminium oxide. Inexpensive abrasive blasting systems and smaller cabinets use ceramic nozzles.

• In a pressure blast system, the abrasive is stored in the pressure vessel then sealed. The vessel is pressurized to the same pressure as the blast hose attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. The abrasive is metered into the blast hose and conveyed by the compressed gas through the blast nozzle.
• Wet blast cabinets use a system that injects the abrasive/liquid slurry into a compressed gas stream. Wet blasting is typically used when the heat produced by friction in dry blasting would damage the part.

Blast room[edit]

A blast room is a much larger version of a blast cabinet. Blast operators work inside the room to roughen, smooth, or clean surfaces of an item depending on the needs of the finished product. Blast rooms and blast facilities come in many sizes, some of which are big enough to accommodate very large or uniquely shaped objects like rail cars, commercial and military vehicles, construction equipment, and aircraft.^[12]

Each application may require the use of many different pieces of equipment, however, there are several key components that can be found in a typical blast room:

• An enclosure or containment system, usually the room itself, designed to remain sealed to prevent blast media from escaping
• A blasting system; wheel blasting and air blasting systems are commonly used
• A blast pot – a pressurized container filled with abrasive blasting media^[13]
• A dust collection system which filters the air in the room and prevents particulate matter from escaping
• A material recycling or media reclamation system to collect abrasive blasting media so it can be used again; these can be automated mechanical or pneumatic systems installed in the floor of the blast room, or the blast media can be collected manually by sweeping or shoveling the material back into the blast pot

Additional equipment can be added for convenience and improved usability, such as overhead cranes for maneuvering the workpiece, wall-mounted units with multiple axes that allow the operator to reach all sides of the workpiece, and sound-dampening materials used to reduce noise levels.^[14]

Media[edit]

In the early 1900s, it was assumed that sharp-edged grains provided the best performance, but this was later shown to be incorrect.^[15]

Mineral: Silica sand can be used as a type of mineral abrasive. It tends to break up quickly, creating large quantities of dust, exposing the operator to the potential development of silicosis, a debilitating lung disease. To counter this hazard, silica sand for blasting is often coated with resins to control the dust. Using silica as an abrasive is not allowed in Germany, Belgium, Russia, Sweden and United Kingdom for this reason.^[16] Silica is a common abrasive in countries where it is not banned.^[17]

Another common mineral abrasive is garnet. Garnet is more expensive than silica sand, but if used correctly, will offer equivalent production rates while producing less dust and no safety hazards from ingesting the dust. Magnesium sulphate, or kieserite, is often used as an alternative to baking soda.

Agricultural: Typically, crushed nut shells or fruit kernels. These soft abrasives are used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired.

Synthetic: This category includes corn starch, wheat starch, sodium bicarbonate, and dry ice. These «soft» abrasives are also used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired. Soda blasting uses baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) which is extremely friable, the micro fragmentation on impact exploding away surface materials without damage to the substrate.

Additional synthetic abrasives include process byproducts (e.g., copper slag, nickel slag, and coal slag), engineered abrasives (e.g., aluminium oxide, silicon carbide or carborundum, glass beads, ceramic shot/grit), and recycled products (e.g., plastic abrasive, glass grit).

Metallic: Steel shot, steel grit, stainless steel shot, cut wire, copper shot, aluminium shot, zinc shot.^[18]

Many coarser media used in sandblasting often result in energy being given off as sparks or light on impact. The colours and size of the spark or glow varies significantly, with heavy bright orange sparks from steel shot blasting, to a faint blue glow (often invisible in sunlight or brightly lit work areas) from garnet abrasive.

Safety[edit]

Cleaning operations using abrasive blasting can present risks for workers’ health and safety, specifically in portable air blasting or blast room (booth) applications. There is a large amount of dust created through abrasive blasting from the substrate and abrasive.^[17] Although many abrasives used in blasting rooms are not hazardous in themselves, (steel shot and grit, cast iron, aluminum oxide, garnet, plastic abrasive and glass bead), other abrasives (silica sand, copper slag, nickel slag, and staurolite) have varying degrees of hazard (typically free silica or heavy metals). However, in all cases their use can present serious danger to operators, such as burns due to projections (with skin or eye lesions), falls due to walking on round shot scattered on the ground, exposure to hazardous dusts, heat exhaustion, creation of an explosive atmosphere, and exposure to excessive noise. Blasting rooms and portable blaster’s equipment have been adapted to these dangers. Blasting lead-based paint can fill the air with lead particles which can be harmful to the nervous system.^[19]

In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates engineered solutions to potential hazards, however silica sand continues to be allowed even though most commonly used blast helmets are not sufficiently effective at protecting the blast operator if ambient levels of dust exceed allowable limits. Adequate levels of respiratory protection for blast operations in the United States is approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Typical safety equipment for operators includes:

• Positive pressure blast hood or helmet – The hood or helmet includes a head suspension system to allow the device to move with the operator’s head, a view window with replaceable lens or lens protection and an air-feed hose.
• Grade‑D air supply (or self-contained oil-less air pump) – The air feed hose is typically attached to a grade‑D pressurized air supply. Grade‑D air is mandated by OSHA to protect the worker from hazardous gases. It includes a pressure regulator, air filtration and a carbon monoxide monitor/alarm. An alternative method is a self-contained, oil-less air pump to feed pressurized air to the blast hood/helmet. An oil-less air pump does not require an air filter or carbon monoxide monitor/alarm, because the pressurized air is coming from a source that cannot generate carbon monoxide.
• Hearing protection – ear muffs or ear plugs
• Body protection – Body protection varies by application but usually consists of gloves and overalls or a leather coat and chaps. Professionals would wear a cordura/canvas blast suit (unless blasting with steel abrasives, in which case they would use a leather suit).

In the past, when sandblasting was performed as an open-air job, the worker was exposed to risk of injury from the flying material and lung damage from inhaling the dust. The silica dust produced in the sandblasting process would cause silicosis after sustained inhalation of the dust. In 1918, the first sandblasting enclosure was built, which protected the worker with a viewing screen, revolved around the workpiece, and used an exhaust fan to draw dust away from the worker’s face.^[20] Silicosis is still a risk when the operator is not completely isolated from the sandblasting apparatus.^[17]

Sandblasting also may present secondary risks, such as falls from scaffolding or confinement in a small space.^[17] Carbon monoxide poisoning is another potential risk, from the use of small gasoline-powered engines in abrasive blasting.^[21]

Several countries and territories now regulate sandblasting such that it may only be performed in a controlled environment using ventilation, protective clothing and breathing air supply.

Worn-look jeans[edit]

Many consumers are willing to pay extra for jeans that have the appearance of being used. To give the fabrics the right worn look sandblasting is used. Sandblasting has the risk of causing silicosis to the workers, and in Turkey, more than 5,000 workers in the textile industry suffer from silicosis, and 46 people are known to have died from it. Silicosis was shown to be very common among former denim sandblasters in Turkey in 2007.^[22] A 2015 study confirmed that silicosis is almost inevitable among former sandblasters.^[23] Sweden’s Fair Trade Center conducted a survey among 17 textile companies that showed very few were aware of the dangers caused by manually sandblasting jeans. Several companies said they would abolish this technique from their own production.^[24]

In 2013, research claimed that in China some factories producing worn-look jeans are involved in varied non-compliance with health and safety regulations.^[25]

Applications[edit]

The lettering and engraving on most modern cemetery monuments and markers is created by abrasive blasting.

Sandblasting can also be used to produce three-dimensional signage. This type of signage is considered to be a higher-end product as compared to flat signs. These signs often incorporate gold leaf overlay and sometimes crushed glass backgrounds which is called smalts. When sandblasting wood signage it allows the wood grains to show and the growth rings to be raised, and is a popular way to give a sign a traditional carved look. Sandblasting can also be done on clear acrylic glass and glazing as part of a store front or interior design.

Sandblasting can be used to refurbish buildings or create works of art (carved or frosted glass). Modern masks and resists facilitate this process, producing accurate results.

Sandblasting techniques are used for cleaning boat hulls, as well as brick, stone, and concrete work. Sandblasting is used for cleaning industrial as well as commercial structures, but is rarely used for non-metallic workpieces.

See also[edit]

• Abrasion (mechanical)
• Abrasive machining
• Air abrasion
• High-frequency impact treatment
• Laser ablation, for laser blasting surface ablation instead of abrasive medium surface ablation
• Shot peening

References[edit]

General and cited references[edit]

• Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, 1st ed., by Robert H. Todd, Dell K. Allen, and Leo Alting
• Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, Vol. 1: Machining, 4th Edition, 1983. Society of Manufacturing Engineers

External links[edit]

• Media related to Sandblasting at Wikimedia Commons

«Sandblasted», «Sandblast», and «Media blaster» redirect here. For the Swervedriver EP, see Sandblasted (EP). For the underwater circumnavigation, see Operation Sandblast. For the entertainment company, see Media Blasters.

Sandblasting, sometimes known as abrasive blasting, is the operation of forcibly propelling a stream of abrasive material against a surface under high pressure to smooth a rough surface, roughen a smooth surface, shape a surface or remove surface contaminants. A pressurised fluid, typically compressed air, or a centrifugal wheel is used to propel the blasting material (often called the media). The first abrasive blasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870.^[1][2]

There are several variants of the process, using various media; some are highly abrasive, whereas others are milder. The most abrasive are shot blasting (with metal shot) and sandblasting (with sand). Moderately abrasive variants include glass bead blasting (with glass beads) and plastic media blasting (PMB) with ground-up plastic stock or walnut shells and corncobs. Some of these substances can cause anaphylactic shock to individuals allergic to the media.^[3] A mild version is sodablasting (with baking soda). In addition, there are alternatives that are barely abrasive or nonabrasive, such as ice blasting and dry-ice blasting.

Types[edit]

Sandblasting[edit]

Sand blasting is also known as abrasive blasting, which is a generic term for the process of smoothing, shaping and cleaning a hard surface by forcing solid particles across that surface at high speeds; the effect is similar to that of using sandpaper, but provides a more even finish with no problems at corners or crannies. Sandblasting can occur naturally, usually as a result of particles blown by wind causing aeolian erosion, or artificially, using compressed air. An artificial sandblasting process was patented by Benjamin Chew Tilghman on 18 October 1870.^[1][2] Thomas Wesley Pangborn perfected the idea and added compressed air in 1904.^[4]

Sandblasting equipment typically consists of a chamber in which sand and air are mixed. The mixture travels through a hand-held nozzle to direct the particles toward the surface or work piece. Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Boron carbide is a popular material for nozzles because it resists abrasive wear well.

Wet abrasive blasting[edit]

Wet abrasive blasting uses water as the fluid moving the abrasives. The advantages are that the water traps the dust produced, and lubricates the surface. The water cushions the impact on the surface, reducing the removal of sound material.

One of the original pioneers of the wet abrasive process was Norman Ashworth who found the advantages of using a wet process as a strong alternative to dry blasting. The process is available in all conventional formats including hand cabinets, walk-in booths, automated production machinery and total loss portable blasting units. Advantages include the ability to use extremely fine or coarse media with densities ranging from plastic to steel and the ability to use hot water and soap to allow simultaneous degreasing and blasting. The reduction in dust also makes it safer to use siliceous materials for blasting, or to remove hazardous material such as asbestos, radioactive or poisonous products.

Process speeds are generally not as fast as conventional dry abrasive blasting when using the equivalent size and type of media, in part because the presence of water between the media and the substrate being processed creates a lubricating cushion that can protect both the surface and the media, reducing breakdown rates. Reduced impregnation of blasting material into the surface, dust reduction and the elimination of static cling can result in a very clean surface.

Wet blasting of mild steel will result in immediate or ‘flash’ corrosion of the blasted steel substrate due to the presence of water. The lack of surface recontamination also allows the use of single equipment for multiple blasting operations—e.g., stainless steel and mild steel items can be processed in the same equipment with the same media without problems.

Vapor blasting[edit]

A variant of wet blasting is vapor blasting (or vapour blasting; U.K.). In this process pressurized air is added to the water in the nozzle producing a high-speed mist, called «vapor». This process is even milder than wet blasting, allowing mating surfaces to be cleaned while retaining their ability to mate.

Bead blasting[edit]

Bead blasting is the process of removing surface deposits by applying fine glass beads at a high pressure without damaging the surface. It is used to clean calcium deposits from pool tiles or any other surfaces, remove embedded fungus, and brighten grout color. It is also used in auto body work to remove paint. In removing paint for auto body work, bead blasting is preferred over sand blasting, as sand blasting tends to create a greater surface profile than bead blasting. Bead blasting is often used in creating a uniform surface finish on machined parts.^[5] It is additionally used in cleaning mineral specimens, most of which have a Mohs hardness of 7 or less and would thus be damaged by sand.

Wheel blasting[edit]

In wheel blasting, a spinning wheel propels the abrasive against an object. It is typically categorized as an airless blasting operation because there is no propellant (gas or liquid) used. A wheel machine is a high-power, high-efficiency blasting operation with recyclable abrasive (typically steel or stainless-steel shot, cut wire, grit, or similarly sized pellets). Specialized wheel blast machines propel plastic abrasive in a cryogenic chamber and is usually used for deflashing plastic and rubber components. The size of the wheel blast machine, and the number and power of the wheels vary considerably depending on the parts to be blasted as well as on the expected result and efficiency. The first blast wheel was patented by Wheelabrator in 1932.^[6][7] In China, the first blast wheel was built around the 1950s, ^[8] Qinggong Machinery is one of the earliest manufacturers of blast wheel.^[9]

Micro-abrasive blasting[edit]

Micro-abrasive blasting is dry abrasive blasting process that uses small nozzles (typically 0.25 mm to 1.5 mm diameter) to deliver a fine stream of abrasive accurately to a small part or a small area on a larger part. Generally the area to be blasted is from about 1 mm² to only a few cm² at most. Also known as pencil blasting, the fine jet of abrasive is accurate enough to write directly on glass and delicate enough to cut a pattern in an eggshell.^[10] The abrasive media particle sizes range from 10 micrometres up to about 150 micrometres. Higher pressures are often required.

The most common micro-abrasive blasting systems are commercial bench-mounted units consisting of a power supply and mixer, exhaust hood, nozzle, and gas supply. The nozzle can be hand-held or fixture mounted for automatic operation. Either the nozzle or part can be moved in automatic operation.

Automated blasting[edit]

Automated blasting is simply the automation of the abrasive blasting process. Automated blasting is frequently just a step in a larger automated procedure, usually involving other surface treatments such as preparation and coating applications. Care is often needed to isolate the blasting chamber from mechanical components that may be subject to dust fouling.

Dry-ice blasting[edit]

In this type of blasting, air and dry ice are used. Surface contaminants are dislodged by the force of frozen carbon dioxide particles hitting at high velocity, and by slight shrinkage due to freezing which disrupts adhesion bonds. The dry ice sublimates, leaving no residue to clean up other than the removed material. Dry ice is a relatively soft material, so is less destructive to the underlying material than sandblasting.

Bristle blasting[edit]

Bristle blasting, unlike other blasting methods, does not require a separate blast medium. The surface is treated by a brush-like rotary tool made of dynamically tuned high-carbon steel wire bristles. Repeated contact with the sharp, rotating bristle tips results in localized impact, rebound, and crater formation, which simultaneously cleans and coarsens the surface.

Vacuum blasting[edit]

Vacuum blasting is a method that generates very little dust and spill, as the blast tool does dry abrasive blasting and collects used blast media and loosened particles from the surface to be treated, simultaneously. Blast media consumption is relatively low with this method, as the used blast media is automatically separated from dust and loosened particles, and reused several times.

Equipment[edit]

Portable blast equipment[edit]

Mobile dry abrasive blast systems are typically powered by a diesel air compressor. The air compressor provides a large volume of high pressure air to a single or multiple «blast pots». Blast pots are pressurized, tank-like containers, filled with abrasive material, used to allow an adjustable amount of blasting grit into the main blasting line. The number of blast pots is dictated by the volume of air the compressor can provide. Fully equipped blast systems are often found mounted on semi-tractor trailers, offering high mobility and easy transport from site to site. Others are hopper-fed types making them lightweight and more mobile.

In wet blasting, the abrasive is introduced into a pressurized stream of water or other liquid, creating a slurry. Wet blasting is often used in applications where the minimal dust generation is desired. Portable applications may or may not recycle the abrasive.

Blast cabinet[edit]

A blast cabinet is essentially a closed loop system that allows the operator to blast the part and recycle the abrasive.^[11] It usually consists of four components; the containment (cabinet), the abrasive blasting system, the abrasive recycling system and the dust collection. The operator blasts the parts from the outside of the cabinet by placing his arms in gloves attached to glove holes on the cabinet, viewing the part through a view window, turning the blast on and off using a foot pedal or treadle. Automated blast cabinets are also used to process large quantities of the same component and may incorporate multiple blast nozzles and a part conveyance system.

There are three systems typically used in a blast cabinet. Two, siphon and pressure, are dry and one is wet:

• A siphon blast system (suction blast system) uses the compressed air to create vacuum in a chamber (known as the blast gun). The negative pressure pulls abrasive into the blast gun where the compressed air directs the abrasive through a blast nozzle. The abrasive mixture travels through a nozzle that directs the particles toward the surface or workpiece.

Nozzles come in a variety of shapes, sizes, and materials. Tungsten carbide is the liner material most often used for mineral abrasives. Silicon carbide and boron carbide nozzles are more wear resistant and are often used with harder abrasives such as aluminium oxide. Inexpensive abrasive blasting systems and smaller cabinets use ceramic nozzles.

• In a pressure blast system, the abrasive is stored in the pressure vessel then sealed. The vessel is pressurized to the same pressure as the blast hose attached to the bottom of the pressure vessel. The abrasive is metered into the blast hose and conveyed by the compressed gas through the blast nozzle.
• Wet blast cabinets use a system that injects the abrasive/liquid slurry into a compressed gas stream. Wet blasting is typically used when the heat produced by friction in dry blasting would damage the part.

Blast room[edit]

A blast room is a much larger version of a blast cabinet. Blast operators work inside the room to roughen, smooth, or clean surfaces of an item depending on the needs of the finished product. Blast rooms and blast facilities come in many sizes, some of which are big enough to accommodate very large or uniquely shaped objects like rail cars, commercial and military vehicles, construction equipment, and aircraft.^[12]

Each application may require the use of many different pieces of equipment, however, there are several key components that can be found in a typical blast room:

• An enclosure or containment system, usually the room itself, designed to remain sealed to prevent blast media from escaping
• A blasting system; wheel blasting and air blasting systems are commonly used
• A blast pot – a pressurized container filled with abrasive blasting media^[13]
• A dust collection system which filters the air in the room and prevents particulate matter from escaping
• A material recycling or media reclamation system to collect abrasive blasting media so it can be used again; these can be automated mechanical or pneumatic systems installed in the floor of the blast room, or the blast media can be collected manually by sweeping or shoveling the material back into the blast pot

Additional equipment can be added for convenience and improved usability, such as overhead cranes for maneuvering the workpiece, wall-mounted units with multiple axes that allow the operator to reach all sides of the workpiece, and sound-dampening materials used to reduce noise levels.^[14]

Media[edit]

In the early 1900s, it was assumed that sharp-edged grains provided the best performance, but this was later shown to be incorrect.^[15]

Mineral: Silica sand can be used as a type of mineral abrasive. It tends to break up quickly, creating large quantities of dust, exposing the operator to the potential development of silicosis, a debilitating lung disease. To counter this hazard, silica sand for blasting is often coated with resins to control the dust. Using silica as an abrasive is not allowed in Germany, Belgium, Russia, Sweden and United Kingdom for this reason.^[16] Silica is a common abrasive in countries where it is not banned.^[17]

Another common mineral abrasive is garnet. Garnet is more expensive than silica sand, but if used correctly, will offer equivalent production rates while producing less dust and no safety hazards from ingesting the dust. Magnesium sulphate, or kieserite, is often used as an alternative to baking soda.

Agricultural: Typically, crushed nut shells or fruit kernels. These soft abrasives are used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired.

Synthetic: This category includes corn starch, wheat starch, sodium bicarbonate, and dry ice. These «soft» abrasives are also used to avoid damaging the underlying material such when cleaning brick or stone, removing graffiti, or the removal of coatings from printed circuit boards being repaired. Soda blasting uses baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) which is extremely friable, the micro fragmentation on impact exploding away surface materials without damage to the substrate.

Additional synthetic abrasives include process byproducts (e.g., copper slag, nickel slag, and coal slag), engineered abrasives (e.g., aluminium oxide, silicon carbide or carborundum, glass beads, ceramic shot/grit), and recycled products (e.g., plastic abrasive, glass grit).

Metallic: Steel shot, steel grit, stainless steel shot, cut wire, copper shot, aluminium shot, zinc shot.^[18]

Many coarser media used in sandblasting often result in energy being given off as sparks or light on impact. The colours and size of the spark or glow varies significantly, with heavy bright orange sparks from steel shot blasting, to a faint blue glow (often invisible in sunlight or brightly lit work areas) from garnet abrasive.

Safety[edit]

Cleaning operations using abrasive blasting can present risks for workers’ health and safety, specifically in portable air blasting or blast room (booth) applications. There is a large amount of dust created through abrasive blasting from the substrate and abrasive.^[17] Although many abrasives used in blasting rooms are not hazardous in themselves, (steel shot and grit, cast iron, aluminum oxide, garnet, plastic abrasive and glass bead), other abrasives (silica sand, copper slag, nickel slag, and staurolite) have varying degrees of hazard (typically free silica or heavy metals). However, in all cases their use can present serious danger to operators, such as burns due to projections (with skin or eye lesions), falls due to walking on round shot scattered on the ground, exposure to hazardous dusts, heat exhaustion, creation of an explosive atmosphere, and exposure to excessive noise. Blasting rooms and portable blaster’s equipment have been adapted to these dangers. Blasting lead-based paint can fill the air with lead particles which can be harmful to the nervous system.^[19]

In the US the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) mandates engineered solutions to potential hazards, however silica sand continues to be allowed even though most commonly used blast helmets are not sufficiently effective at protecting the blast operator if ambient levels of dust exceed allowable limits. Adequate levels of respiratory protection for blast operations in the United States is approved by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).

Typical safety equipment for operators includes:

• Positive pressure blast hood or helmet – The hood or helmet includes a head suspension system to allow the device to move with the operator’s head, a view window with replaceable lens or lens protection and an air-feed hose.
• Grade‑D air supply (or self-contained oil-less air pump) – The air feed hose is typically attached to a grade‑D pressurized air supply. Grade‑D air is mandated by OSHA to protect the worker from hazardous gases. It includes a pressure regulator, air filtration and a carbon monoxide monitor/alarm. An alternative method is a self-contained, oil-less air pump to feed pressurized air to the blast hood/helmet. An oil-less air pump does not require an air filter or carbon monoxide monitor/alarm, because the pressurized air is coming from a source that cannot generate carbon monoxide.
• Hearing protection – ear muffs or ear plugs
• Body protection – Body protection varies by application but usually consists of gloves and overalls or a leather coat and chaps. Professionals would wear a cordura/canvas blast suit (unless blasting with steel abrasives, in which case they would use a leather suit).

In the past, when sandblasting was performed as an open-air job, the worker was exposed to risk of injury from the flying material and lung damage from inhaling the dust. The silica dust produced in the sandblasting process would cause silicosis after sustained inhalation of the dust. In 1918, the first sandblasting enclosure was built, which protected the worker with a viewing screen, revolved around the workpiece, and used an exhaust fan to draw dust away from the worker’s face.^[20] Silicosis is still a risk when the operator is not completely isolated from the sandblasting apparatus.^[17]

Sandblasting also may present secondary risks, such as falls from scaffolding or confinement in a small space.^[17] Carbon monoxide poisoning is another potential risk, from the use of small gasoline-powered engines in abrasive blasting.^[21]

Several countries and territories now regulate sandblasting such that it may only be performed in a controlled environment using ventilation, protective clothing and breathing air supply.

Worn-look jeans[edit]

Many consumers are willing to pay extra for jeans that have the appearance of being used. To give the fabrics the right worn look sandblasting is used. Sandblasting has the risk of causing silicosis to the workers, and in Turkey, more than 5,000 workers in the textile industry suffer from silicosis, and 46 people are known to have died from it. Silicosis was shown to be very common among former denim sandblasters in Turkey in 2007.^[22] A 2015 study confirmed that silicosis is almost inevitable among former sandblasters.^[23] Sweden’s Fair Trade Center conducted a survey among 17 textile companies that showed very few were aware of the dangers caused by manually sandblasting jeans. Several companies said they would abolish this technique from their own production.^[24]

In 2013, research claimed that in China some factories producing worn-look jeans are involved in varied non-compliance with health and safety regulations.^[25]

Applications[edit]

The lettering and engraving on most modern cemetery monuments and markers is created by abrasive blasting.

Sandblasting can also be used to produce three-dimensional signage. This type of signage is considered to be a higher-end product as compared to flat signs. These signs often incorporate gold leaf overlay and sometimes crushed glass backgrounds which is called smalts. When sandblasting wood signage it allows the wood grains to show and the growth rings to be raised, and is a popular way to give a sign a traditional carved look. Sandblasting can also be done on clear acrylic glass and glazing as part of a store front or interior design.

Sandblasting can be used to refurbish buildings or create works of art (carved or frosted glass). Modern masks and resists facilitate this process, producing accurate results.

Sandblasting techniques are used for cleaning boat hulls, as well as brick, stone, and concrete work. Sandblasting is used for cleaning industrial as well as commercial structures, but is rarely used for non-metallic workpieces.

See also[edit]

• Abrasion (mechanical)
• Abrasive machining
• Air abrasion
• High-frequency impact treatment
• Laser ablation, for laser blasting surface ablation instead of abrasive medium surface ablation
• Shot peening

References[edit]

General and cited references[edit]

• Manufacturing Processes Reference Guide, 1st ed., by Robert H. Todd, Dell K. Allen, and Leo Alting
• Tool and Manufacturing Engineers Handbook, Vol. 1: Machining, 4th Edition, 1983. Society of Manufacturing Engineers

External links[edit]

• Media related to Sandblasting at Wikimedia Commons

Фраза «пескоструйная обработка»

Фраза состоит из двух слов и 22 букв без пробелов.

Комментарии

1

Пескоструйная обрабо́тка (пескоструйная очистка) — общепринятое определение струйного метода очистки поверхностей. Данный метод относится к холодному виду обработки поверхности без использования химических реагентов. Именно это отличие помогло найти широкое применение струйной очистки: на стройплощадке (очистка бетона, арматуры и опалубки), в автосервисе (очистка кузовов, рам, агрегатов и впускных/выпускных каналов двигателя), при проведении реставрационных работ на объектах культурного наследия (очистка без повреждений камня, стекла, дерева и изделий из гипса) и даже в стоматологии (удаление зубного камня с зубов^[2]).

Впервые запатентован американцем Бенджамином Чу Тилгманом (1821—1901) в 1870 году (патент США 108408)^[3]. Пескоструйная обработка с применением сухого песка с содержанием свободного кремния запрещена в России^[4], Бельгии, Великобритании, Германии и Швеции.

В зависимости от компоновки оборудования и используемых частиц (абразива) струйные установки имеют три основных принципа работы:

1. Абразивоструйный (сухой песок или иной абразивный порошок, распыляется потоком воздуха),
2. Воздух с водой и абразивом (пневмогидропескоструйный метод)
3. Струйная очистка только струёй воды или иной жидкости (гидроструйный метод).

В наше время широко распространено названия от производного бластинг ( с англ. струйный). Прим.: сода бластинг, мягкий бластинг, аква бластинг.

Технология

При струйной обработке частицы ускоряются из абразивоструйного аппарата при помощи энергии сжатого воздуха.

Для очистки различных загрязнений и материалов индивидуально подбирают абразив (по фракции и форме). Так же для достижения идеального результата немаловажно сравнивать твердость очищаемой поверхности и абразива по шкале Мооса.

При очистке, ненужные материалы и загрязнения удаляются, поверхность материала упрочняется и становится подготовленной для нанесения покрытий. При помощи абразивоструйной очистки с металлических конструкций удаляют старую краску, ржавчину, масла и окислы (для цветных металлов). Кроме того, при струйной очистке удаляется вторичная окалина, которая образуется на новой стали.

Частицы материала для струйной очистки могут иметь шаровидную форму для шлифовки поверхности и щадящей очистки (прим. стеклошарики) или острые грани (прим. кварцерый песок или электроконурд), придают шероховатость поверхности и создают профиль, или насечку. Большинство производителей красок указывают, каким должен быть профиль, чтобы обеспечить эффективное нанесение их продукции.

Реставрационная очистка позволяет вернуть первоначальный вид объектам архитектуры, независимо от материала поверхности. Бластинг (пескоструйная очистка) наружной штукатурки и кирпича позволяет удалять старую краску, плесень, копоть, красящие вещества и даже граффити, создавая при этом идеальную поверхность для нанесения покрытия.

Строители очищают преднапряженные железобетонные панели, монолитные бетонные стены, колонны и другие конструкции из бетона для того, чтобы удалить остаточный цемент, следы строительной опалубки, выцветшие участки и обнажить бетон.

Кроме обработки стали и каменной кладки, при помощи пескоструйной очистки можно снять верхние слои краски с деревянных домов и лодок. Со стекловолокна с помощью данной очистки обычно удаляют верхний слой гелевого покрытия для того, чтобы сделать видимыми пузырьки воздуха. При абразивоструйной очистке алюминия, титана, магния и других металлов удаляют результаты коррозии и окислы. В зависимости от выбранного абразива и давления, наносят профиль.

Новые, более мягкие виды абразива (включая пластик и пшеничный крахмал), а также специальное абразивоструйное оборудование с низким давлением используются для сухого способа удаления покрытий с современных композиционных материалов. Это позволяет очищать самолеты, вертолеты, автомобили, грузовики и лодки без использования абразивоструйной обработки, которая может нарушить структуру поверхности. Кроме того, переход на сухой способ очистки верхних слоев исключает возможность воздействия на рабочих токсических химических веществ, используемых при очистке, и исключает расходы, связанные с утилизацией опасных отходов.

Возможности пескоструйной очистки (бластинга) разнообразны. Поскольку в промышленности регулярно изобретаются новые материалы и возникает потребность в обработке новых поверхностей, производителям бластинговой техники и материалов приходится непрерывно совершенствовать свои технологии и оборудование.

Эволюция струйных установок

Исторически в пескоструйной обработке использовался обыкновенный песок, промытый и просеянный до однородной фракции. Сами установки имели высокий расход песка, пылеобразования и как необходимость большую ёмкость для абразива. Обычно изготавливались из технических ёмкостей (бочек из черного метала). Имели большой вес и габариты. Из-за огромного дозатора, который конструкционно располагался снизу, повышался риск опрокидывания установки из-за высокого центра тяжести. Эта классическая компоновка получила широкое распространение в СССР и часто встречается до сих пор в России и странах СНГ.

Установки зарубежных производителей получили доработанную систему инжектора (сопла из-за своей формы становились более производительными при том же расходе абразива), уменьшились сами габариты дозатора, что помогло сделать ниже сам бункер. Сами установки стали делать из алюминия, что уменьшило вес и увеличился срок службы оборудования.

Одной из важных доработок стало изобретение вихревого потока СВАО (струйно-вихревая абразивная обработка). Её принцип основывается на закручивании частиц по спирали. Создается угловой эффект: частицы скользят по поверхности, а не «обстреливают» ее. Происходит очень бережное и постепенное снятие загрязнения. Новый метод позволил не только увеличить производительность, но и сократить расход абразива от двух до четырёх раз по сравнению с классическими установками. На данный момент^{[какой?]} есть всего три производителя, которые выпускают струйно-вихревые установки: IBIX (Италия), Remmers (Германия), MaxiBlast (Россия).

Техника безопасности

Струйная очистка с использованием абразивов представляет огромный риск для здоровья работников. Несмотря на то, что многие из используемых материалов при струйной очистке безопасны сами по себе (стальная дробь и песок, купершлак, гранат и т. д.) пыль, образующаяся во время работ представляет огромную опасность для здоровья как оператора, так и персонала находящегося в рабочей зоне и может привести к серьёзным профессиональным заболеваниям (силикоз)^[1]. Оператору нужно защищать органы дыхания, слуха, глаза, кожу. Абразивные частицы разгоняются до скорости более 650 км/час, и при не должном обращении, могут нанести травму рабочему персоналу. Если при такой скорости абразивный поток случайно заденет человека, то это может привести к серьёзным телесным повреждениям или даже смерти. Работы по струйной очистке достаточно шумный процесс. Рабочий шум являлся постоянной опасностью для работников, занятых в сфере антикоррозионной защиты и ассоциировался только с ухудшением слуха. Современные понятия охраны труда рассматривают шум как угрозу безопасности и здоровью работников по различным причинам. Шум может привести не только к нарушениям слуха (в случае постоянного нахождения при шуме более 85 децибел(dB)), но может быть фактором стресса и повысить систолическое кровяное давление.

Струйная очистка является работой в атмосфере, в которой концентрация вредных газов и пыли опасна для жизни и здоровья. В качестве средств индивидуальной защиты необходимо применять соответствующую обувь, специальный костюм абразивоструйщика, кожаные рукавицы, пескоструйный шлем с принудительной подачей чистого воздуха. Чтобы предотвратить попадание загрязнённого воздуха в органы дыхания, СИЗОД (средства индивидуальной защиты органов дыхания) должно отделить рабочего от окружающей загрязнённой атмосферы и обеспечить сотрудника чистым или очищенным воздухом, пригодным для дыхания, для этого используют внешний источник чистого воздуха с подачей по шлангу. При этом срок службы пескоструйного шлема может быть продлен за счет ремонта и соответствующего ухода^[1].

Основные области применения

• очистка металлических заготовок от окалины, старой краски, ржавчины и других загрязнений
• обезжиривание металлических заготовок перед окраской, газотермическим напылением, гальванотехническими и т. п. операциями
• очистка арматуры электровакуумных приборов перед сборкой и откачкой баллона
• декоративное матирование стекла
• создание декоративной «шероховатости» поверхности

В последнее время пескоструйная обработка часто используется для создания шероховатости поверхностей. При очистке и ремонте старых кирпичных кладок сохраняется декоративный вид, а новые деревянные поверхности при помощи воздуха и песка могут приобрести в качестве эффекта «старый», «изношенный» вид.

Силикатная пыль, образующаяся при дроблении песчинок об обрабатываемую поверхность, — причина профессионального заболевания — силикоза. Поэтому при пескоструйной обработке в стационарных условиях обязательна эффективная вентиляция, в условиях строительства — ношение респираторов. Применение абразивных материалов с содержанием свободного кремния без пылеподавления запрещено постановлением Роспотребнадзора №100^[2].

Помимо песка, в качестве материала для бластинга может использоваться стальная крошка, стеклянные шарики, корундовый порошок и другие синтетические материалы для струйной очистки.

Современные технологии пескоструйной обработки используют следующие технологии:

• гидропневмоабразивная очистка, в которой вода используется как пылеподавление и для увеличения эффективности струйной очистки
• газодинамической очистки с разгоном абразива в реактивной струе до скорости в 300 м/с
• гидроструйная очистка потоком воды с различным давлением (от 100 до 7500 бар)
• гидроабразивная очистка потоком воды с различным давлением, несущем в себе абразив и/или ингибитор
• очистка сухим льдом

Все современные лакокрасочные материалы требуют обязательной струйной обработки поверхности для придания ей шероховатости и удаления загрязнений. Пескоструйная обработка продлевает срок службы покрытий до шести раз, что позволяет значительно сэкономить на капитальном и текущем ремонтах металлоконструкций.

См. также

• Гидроструйная очистка
• Дробемёт
• Бластинг
• Тилгмен, Бенджамин Чу
• Струйный аппарат
• Абразивные материалы и абразивная обработка
• Компаратор шероховатости
• Материалы для бластинга

Примечания

Эта страница в последний раз была отредактирована 30 июня 2022 в 06:55.

Как только страница обновилась в Википедии она обновляется в Вики 2.
Обычно почти сразу, изредка в течении часа.

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

пес—ко—стру́й—ный

Прилагательное, тип склонения по классификации А. Зализняка — 1a.

Корень: -песк-; интерфикс: -о-; корень: -струй-; суффикс: -н; окончание: -ый [Тихонов, 1996].

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [pʲɪskɐˈstruɪ̯nɨɪ̯]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. напором подающий сильную струю песка ◆ Пескоструйная обработка. ◆ Пескоструйный аппарат употребляется для чистки каменных стен, для отчистки металлических конструкций и т. п.

Синонимы[править]

1. —

Антонимы[править]

1. водомётный

Гиперонимы[править]

1. струйный

Гипонимы[править]

1. —

Родственные слова[править]

Этимология[править]

Происходит от песок + струйный

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Библиография[править]