Как пишется питтсбург

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The name of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has a complicated history. Pittsburgh is one of the few U.S. cities or towns to be spelled with an h at the end
of a burg suffix, although the spelling Pittsburg was acceptable for many years and was even held as standard by the federal government (but not the city government) from 1891 to 1911.

Etymology[edit]

Pittsburgh was named in honor of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, often referred to as William Pitt the Elder to distinguish him from his son William Pitt the Younger.

The suffix burgh is the Scots language and Scottish English cognate of the English language borough, which has other cognates in words and place names in several Indo-European languages. Historically, this morpheme was used in place names to describe a location as being defensible, such as a hill, a fort, or a fortified settlement.^{[1][note 1]}

History and spellings[edit]

Pittsburgh was so named when British forces captured Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). The earliest known references to the new name of the settlement are in letters sent by General John Forbes, dated 26 and 27 November 1758, reporting the capture of the fort. In copies of and quotes from those letters in later sources, the name of Pittsburgh is spelled with and without the h, and sometimes with an o before the u.^{[note 2]} As a Scotsman, General Forbes probably pronounced the name PITS-bər-ə, similar to the pronunciation of «Edinburgh» as a Scotsman would say it: ED-in-bər-ə.^[10][11][12] The name appeared in print at least as early as 14 December 1758, when the Pennsylvania Gazette published a letter written by a member of Forbes’s army from «Pittsburgh (formerly Fort Duquesne)».^[13]

For a long time, there was little regard for uniformity in the spelling of Pittsburgh’s name.^[14] Early municipal documents and city directories generally spelled the name with a final h,^[15] but the letter is notably omitted in the city charter enacted by the state legislature in 1816.^[14] The variance in spelling persisted through the 19th century. In 1890, some local newspapers were using the final h and some were not.^[14]

The name of the city was normally spelled without an h in German (including Pennsylvania Dutch), in which geographical names ending in -burg and -berg (and never followed by an h) are very common.

Federal board decisions[edit]

In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names was created to establish uniform place name usage throughout the various departments and agencies of the U.S. government. To guide its standardization efforts, the Board adopted thirteen general principles, one of which was that the final -h should be dropped from place names ending in -burgh.^[16] The Board compiled a report of place name «decisions» in 1891 in which Pittsburgh’s name for federal government purposes was rendered Pittsburg.^{[17][note 3]}

In support of its decision favoring the Pittsburg spelling, the Board referenced the 1816 city charter. The full decision and rationale from the Board follows:

Pittsburg. Pennsylvania.
The city was chartered in 1816, its name being spelled without the h, and its official form is still Pittsburg. The h appears to have been added by the Post-Office Department, and through that action local usage appears to have become divided. While the majority of local newspapers print it without the h, certain others use the final h.^[18]

The Board’s decisions were compulsory upon all federal government agencies, including the Post Office. Outside the federal government, the decisions, while highly influential,^[17] were not officially binding.^[19] The Pittsburgh city government continued to use the spelling with the h,^[10] as did such local institutions as the Pittsburgh Gazette, the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange and the University of Pittsburgh.^[14] In 1908, a Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce committee, after conducting a review of historical documents, endorsed Pittsburgh as the proper way to spell the city’s name and looked toward getting that spelling federally recognized.^[20] Responding to mounting pressure and, in the end, political pressure from senator George T. Oliver, the names board reversed itself and added an h to its spelling of the city on July 19, 1911.^[14] The letter sent to Senator Oliver to announce this decision, dated July 20, stated:

Hon. George T. Oliver, United States Senate:

Sir: At a special meeting of the United States Geographic Board held on July 19, 1911, the previous decision with regard to the spelling of Pittsburgh without a final H was reconsidered and the form given below was adopted:

Pittsburgh, a city in Pennsylvania (not Pittsburg).

Very respectfully,
C. S. SLOAN,

Secretary.^[21]

With the spelling controversy largely settled, the h-less form of the city’s name headed toward extinction. There were some holdouts: the city’s largest-circulation newspaper, The Pittsburg Press, adhered to the shorter spelling until 1921;^[22] The Pittsburg Dispatch and The Pittsburg Leader did so until ceasing publication in 1923.^[23]

Many cities across the United States named after the city of Pittsburgh, such as Pittsburg, Kansas, Pittsburg, California, and West Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, continue to use the Pittsburg spelling in their names. Other independent municipalities, such as the borough of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reflect the modern spelling.

Baseball card[edit]

Perhaps the most familiar reference to the Pittsburg spelling is on the renowned 1909 T-206 baseball card of Pittsburgh Pirates legend Honus Wagner. Its scarcity, even at the time, combined with Wagner’s reputation as one of the greatest players in baseball history, made it the most valuable sports card of all time, with one pristine specimen yielding $6.6 million at auction.^[24] It has been characterized as the «Holy Grail» of baseball cards.^[25] The city name displayed across Wagner’s jersey on the card was an artistic addition that did not actually appear on the Pirates’ uniforms of the time.^[26][27] The portrait of Wagner makes it appear as if there could be an H on the end, cut off by the border of the picture, but this notion is countered by the appearance of «PITTSBURG» in the underlying caption and on other Pirate portraits from the T-206 card set.

The -h in Pittsburgh culture[edit]

The presence of the -h at the end of the word Pittsburgh is occasionally recognized in Pittsburgh culture. It is often rendered as PGH. For example, Pittsburgh International Airport’s abbreviation is PIT, while Union Station’s abbreviation is PGH. The area’s Fox affiliate takes their calls, WPGH-TV from this. A recent playful take on the final -h of Pittsburgh appears in the name of the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority’s brand of bottled water: PGH₂O, which is a portmanteau of the abbreviation PGH and the chemical name for water, H₂O.^[28] «Da ‘Burgh» or «Da Burgh» is a local and affectionate nickname for the city. In homage to the city’s history, the «Pittsburg Plunge» at Kennywood park retains the alternate spelling without the h.

See also[edit]

• Alburgh, Vermont, a town whose name was changed from Alburgh to Alburg in the 19th century, apparently by influence of the same 1891 decision that applied to the spelling of Pittsburgh. The Alburgh spelling was restored in 2006.
• Newburgh, New York, another early U.S. city with a trailing h.
• Plattsburgh, New York, another early U.S. city with a trailing h, located in the northeastern corner of the state.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Google Books Ngram Viewer graph showing relative usage of «Pittsburgh» vs. «Pittsburg» in a corpus of English-language books over time.

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The name of the city of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, has a complicated history. Pittsburgh is one of the few U.S. cities or towns to be spelled with an h at the end
of a burg suffix, although the spelling Pittsburg was acceptable for many years and was even held as standard by the federal government (but not the city government) from 1891 to 1911.

Etymology[edit]

Pittsburgh was named in honor of William Pitt, 1st Earl of Chatham, often referred to as William Pitt the Elder to distinguish him from his son William Pitt the Younger.

The suffix burgh is the Scots language and Scottish English cognate of the English language borough, which has other cognates in words and place names in several Indo-European languages. Historically, this morpheme was used in place names to describe a location as being defensible, such as a hill, a fort, or a fortified settlement.^{[1][note 1]}

History and spellings[edit]

Pittsburgh was so named when British forces captured Fort Duquesne during the French and Indian War (Seven Years War). The earliest known references to the new name of the settlement are in letters sent by General John Forbes, dated 26 and 27 November 1758, reporting the capture of the fort. In copies of and quotes from those letters in later sources, the name of Pittsburgh is spelled with and without the h, and sometimes with an o before the u.^{[note 2]} As a Scotsman, General Forbes probably pronounced the name PITS-bər-ə, similar to the pronunciation of «Edinburgh» as a Scotsman would say it: ED-in-bər-ə.^[10][11][12] The name appeared in print at least as early as 14 December 1758, when the Pennsylvania Gazette published a letter written by a member of Forbes’s army from «Pittsburgh (formerly Fort Duquesne)».^[13]

For a long time, there was little regard for uniformity in the spelling of Pittsburgh’s name.^[14] Early municipal documents and city directories generally spelled the name with a final h,^[15] but the letter is notably omitted in the city charter enacted by the state legislature in 1816.^[14] The variance in spelling persisted through the 19th century. In 1890, some local newspapers were using the final h and some were not.^[14]

The name of the city was normally spelled without an h in German (including Pennsylvania Dutch), in which geographical names ending in -burg and -berg (and never followed by an h) are very common.

Federal board decisions[edit]

In 1890, the United States Board on Geographic Names was created to establish uniform place name usage throughout the various departments and agencies of the U.S. government. To guide its standardization efforts, the Board adopted thirteen general principles, one of which was that the final -h should be dropped from place names ending in -burgh.^[16] The Board compiled a report of place name «decisions» in 1891 in which Pittsburgh’s name for federal government purposes was rendered Pittsburg.^{[17][note 3]}

In support of its decision favoring the Pittsburg spelling, the Board referenced the 1816 city charter. The full decision and rationale from the Board follows:

Pittsburg. Pennsylvania.
The city was chartered in 1816, its name being spelled without the h, and its official form is still Pittsburg. The h appears to have been added by the Post-Office Department, and through that action local usage appears to have become divided. While the majority of local newspapers print it without the h, certain others use the final h.^[18]

The Board’s decisions were compulsory upon all federal government agencies, including the Post Office. Outside the federal government, the decisions, while highly influential,^[17] were not officially binding.^[19] The Pittsburgh city government continued to use the spelling with the h,^[10] as did such local institutions as the Pittsburgh Gazette, the Pittsburgh Stock Exchange and the University of Pittsburgh.^[14] In 1908, a Pittsburgh Chamber of Commerce committee, after conducting a review of historical documents, endorsed Pittsburgh as the proper way to spell the city’s name and looked toward getting that spelling federally recognized.^[20] Responding to mounting pressure and, in the end, political pressure from senator George T. Oliver, the names board reversed itself and added an h to its spelling of the city on July 19, 1911.^[14] The letter sent to Senator Oliver to announce this decision, dated July 20, stated:

Hon. George T. Oliver, United States Senate:

Sir: At a special meeting of the United States Geographic Board held on July 19, 1911, the previous decision with regard to the spelling of Pittsburgh without a final H was reconsidered and the form given below was adopted:

Pittsburgh, a city in Pennsylvania (not Pittsburg).

Very respectfully,
C. S. SLOAN,

Secretary.^[21]

With the spelling controversy largely settled, the h-less form of the city’s name headed toward extinction. There were some holdouts: the city’s largest-circulation newspaper, The Pittsburg Press, adhered to the shorter spelling until 1921;^[22] The Pittsburg Dispatch and The Pittsburg Leader did so until ceasing publication in 1923.^[23]

Many cities across the United States named after the city of Pittsburgh, such as Pittsburg, Kansas, Pittsburg, California, and West Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, continue to use the Pittsburg spelling in their names. Other independent municipalities, such as the borough of East Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, reflect the modern spelling.

Baseball card[edit]

Perhaps the most familiar reference to the Pittsburg spelling is on the renowned 1909 T-206 baseball card of Pittsburgh Pirates legend Honus Wagner. Its scarcity, even at the time, combined with Wagner’s reputation as one of the greatest players in baseball history, made it the most valuable sports card of all time, with one pristine specimen yielding $6.6 million at auction.^[24] It has been characterized as the «Holy Grail» of baseball cards.^[25] The city name displayed across Wagner’s jersey on the card was an artistic addition that did not actually appear on the Pirates’ uniforms of the time.^[26][27] The portrait of Wagner makes it appear as if there could be an H on the end, cut off by the border of the picture, but this notion is countered by the appearance of «PITTSBURG» in the underlying caption and on other Pirate portraits from the T-206 card set.

The -h in Pittsburgh culture[edit]

The presence of the -h at the end of the word Pittsburgh is occasionally recognized in Pittsburgh culture. It is often rendered as PGH. For example, Pittsburgh International Airport’s abbreviation is PIT, while Union Station’s abbreviation is PGH. The area’s Fox affiliate takes their calls, WPGH-TV from this. A recent playful take on the final -h of Pittsburgh appears in the name of the Pittsburgh Water and Sewer Authority’s brand of bottled water: PGH₂O, which is a portmanteau of the abbreviation PGH and the chemical name for water, H₂O.^[28] «Da ‘Burgh» or «Da Burgh» is a local and affectionate nickname for the city. In homage to the city’s history, the «Pittsburg Plunge» at Kennywood park retains the alternate spelling without the h.

See also[edit]

• Alburgh, Vermont, a town whose name was changed from Alburgh to Alburg in the 19th century, apparently by influence of the same 1891 decision that applied to the spelling of Pittsburgh. The Alburgh spelling was restored in 2006.
• Newburgh, New York, another early U.S. city with a trailing h.
• Plattsburgh, New York, another early U.S. city with a trailing h, located in the northeastern corner of the state.

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Google Books Ngram Viewer graph showing relative usage of «Pittsburgh» vs. «Pittsburg» in a corpus of English-language books over time.

Питсбург

Синонимы:

Полезное

City of Pittsburg (formerly) Black Diamond, New York Landing and New York of the Pacific[1]
City
The Boardwalk
Nickname:  «P-World» «The Burg»
Motto:  Gateway to the Delta!
Location in Contra Costa County and the state of California
City of Pittsburg Location in the United States
Coordinates: 38°01′41″N 121°53′05″W / 38.02806°N 121.88472°WCoordinates: 38°01′41″N 121°53′05″W / 38.02806°N 121.88472°W
Country	United States
State	California
County	Contra Costa
Incorporated	June 25, 1903[2]
Government
• Type	General Law City
• Mayor	Holland White [3]
• State Senator	Steve Glazer (D)[4]
• State Assembly	Lori Wilson (D) and Buffy Wicks (D)[5]
• U. S. Congress	Nancy Pelosi (D)[6]
Area [7]
• Total	19.71 sq mi (51.05 km2)
• Land	17.64 sq mi (45.69 km2)
• Water	2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2)  10.11%
Elevation [8]	26 ft (8 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	76,416
• Density	4,332/sq mi (1,672.5/km2)
Time zone	UTC-8 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code	94565
Area code	925
FIPS code	06-57456
GNIS feature IDs	1659783, 2411430
Website	www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us

Pittsburg is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. It is an industrial suburb located on the southern shore of the Suisun Bay in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, and is part of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta area. The population was 76,416 at the 2020 United States Census.^[9]

History[edit]

Originally settled in 1839 as “Rancho Los Medanos”, the area of almost 10,000 acres was issued to Californios Jose Antonio Mesa and his brother Jose Miguel under a Mexican Land Grant by then Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, one of the final land grants issued prior to the formation of California as a state.^[10][11]

In 1849, during the California Gold Rush, Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson (from New York) bought the Rancho Los Medanos land grant for speculation, and laid out a town he called New York of the Pacific.^[12] General William Tecumseh Sherman laid out the first network of streets on the west side of town. The area was the midway stopping point for schooners traveling from San Francisco to the gold country further inland. Fishing, farming, and cattle raising for the hide and tallow industry were the major economic activities during this time.^[13]

In 1859, with the discovery of coal in the nearby town of Nortonville, the place became a port for coal. The Black Diamond Coal Mining Company commenced operations, building the Black Diamond Coal Mining Railroad to Nortonville.^[14] Steam powered engines moved coal cars down the tracks along present day Railroad Avenue to the waterfront docks that came to be called «Black Diamond Landing.» The boom ended in 1885, and the company moved to Washington state to work a new claim.^[10]

In the 1870s, commercial fishing took hold and the Black Diamond Cannery was established at the foot of Los Medanos St. By 1882, a network of ten canneries was formed along the Sacramento Delta. An industry was born with fishermen, packing plants, boat builders and the like dominating the local waterfront for the next 80 years. The town boasted the largest Delta fishing community in the state, made up primarily of Sicilian immigrants, the families of which have remained in the area for generations. In 1957, the State of California closed down the Sacramento Delta to commercial fishing, ending the area’s industry.^[10]

In 1900, C.A. Hooper purchased the land grant and gave birth to many manufacturing ventures, beginning in 1903 with the creation of the Industrial Center of the West. Hooper secured additional capitalization and provided property for Columbia Geneva Steel, which, in 1910, opened its California steel plant in Pittsburg with one foundry and a crew of 60 employees. It made steel castings for the dredging, lumber and shipping industries.^[10]

In 1903 the town was incorporated, and by a vote of the citizenry, was renamed «Black Diamond», after the mining firm.^[12] Because of the industrial potential of the site, a name change to Pittsburg was proposed in 1909.^[12] On February 11, 1911, the city officials changed the town’s name to «Pittsburg», honoring Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as the two cities shared a common steel and mining industrial heritage.^[15] This rechristening came at a time when the name of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was more commonly spelled without the «h».^[16]

In 1930, Columbia Steel became a subsidiary of U.S. Steel Company. The plant continued to grow until the early 1950s, reaching a peak staff of 5,200 employees when the markets for its products crashed. The parent company (by 1986, renamed as USS Company) had merged with Korean Pohang Iron and Steel Company. Together they invested $450 million turning the Pittsburg plant into a modern flat-products mill, renamed as USS-Posco. As of 1999, the facility employed 970 workers and shipped over 1.6 million U.S. tons per year of steel to over 175 customers in the Western U. S., Mexico, Canada and the Pacific Rim.^[17]

The original town site fronts on the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, reflecting its origins as a deep water channel river port. (As of January 1, 2007, state legislation [Assembly Bill 2324] enabled the city to manage its own riverfront for commercial development and subsequent port operations). Since the early 1900s, the city has grown inland to the south, then spread east and west along State Route 4, now a freeway carrying resident commuters to jobs in the San Francisco Bay-Oakland Region. In the process, the former town of Cornwall, California was absorbed. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 56,769.^[18]

Camp Stoneman was built in 1942, and was a major staging area for the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War until 1954.^[19]

The post office first opened in 1868 as Black Diamond, and changed its name with the town’s in 1911.^[12]

Economy[edit]

The city has an extensive history of coal mining and industrial development since the late 1800s, with USS-POSCO Industries (a joint venture between US Steel and POSCO of South Korea) and Corteva (formerly, the Dow Chemical Company) maintaining substantial plants in Pittsburg.^[17]

Top employers[edit]

According to the City’s 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[20] the top employers in the city are:

Bombardier Rail Car Facility[edit]

On June 15, 2019, the East Bay Times reported that the Canadian company, Bombardier, Inc. is moving into a former warehouse in Pittsburg, where it will produce train cars destined for its Pacific Coast customers. Bombardier will lease 122,750 square feet (11,404 m²) of the building, while Hitachi Corp., the owner, will retain about 67,000 square feet (6,200 m²). Early in 2019, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System announced that it will replace its existing fleet of 669 cars with 775 cars of a new design, and has recently been negotiating to buy an additional 425 cars.^[21]

Bombardier plans to inaugurate the Pittsburg facility in September, 2019, with an initial workforce of 50, working on cars for the new BART contract, and growing to about 150 within five years.^[21]

Bombardier is one of the most active suppliers of train cars, and officials believe that the Pittsburg will substantially improve its competitive position. In the U.S., much of the funding for this equipment is supplied by the Federal Government, which requires that a large part of the work be performed in the U.S. Bombardier’s only U.S. production facility is in Plattsburgh, N. Y.^[21]

The company also has a number of other important West Coast contracts, including:

• Maintain the Air Train System at San Francisco International Airport (SFO);
• supply the rail fleet for the Los Angeles Metrolink System;
• supply Coast and Sprinter train cars for San Diego’s North County Transit District;
• initial design for automated people mover system at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).^[21]

Geography[edit]

The city of Pittsburg is located 37 miles northeast from San Francisco, 29 miles northeast from Oakland, California, 60 miles north of San Jose and 65 miles south of Sacramento, California. Pittsburg shares a border with the unincorporated community of Bay Point, California to the west, the city of Concord, California to the southwest and Antioch, California to the east. The Suisun Bay is directly north of the city and connects the San Francisco Bay to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.^[22][23]

Climate[edit]

Pittsburg experiences a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) bordering on the Semi-arid climate because of the Mt. Diablo rain shadow in East Contra Costa County.^[24]

Transportation[edit]

The city has two BART stations, the Pittsburg/Bay Point Station located on Bailey Road and Highway 4 near Bay Point and the Pittsburg Center Station located on Railroad Avenue and Highway 4.^[26] Tri Delta Transit provides bus service in the area. California State Route 4 bisects the city from west to east.

Education[edit]

Pittsburg is home to Los Medanos College,^[27] a two-year community college that is part of the Contra Costa Community College District. The college’s name is derived from that of Rancho Los Medanos, one of the land grants made by the Mexican Government during its sovereignty over California from 1821 to 1846; Los Medanos, loosely translated from Spanish, means The Sand Dunes. Construction on Los Medanos College was completed in 1974.^[28][29]

Pittsburg is served by three School Districts: Pittsburg Unified School District, Mt. Diablo Unified School District, and Antioch Unified School District.^[30]

Pittsburg has two public high schools, one a continuation school:^[31]

• Pittsburg High School
• Black Diamond High School

The public Junior high schools in Pittsburg are:

• Martin Luther King, Jr. Junior High School
• Hillview Junior High School
• Rancho Medanos Middle School

Central Jr. High School was another middle school in the Pittsburg area. But it closed down in 2008 due to a gas leak in the building. Currently, it remains vacant with no intention of reopening it.

The public elementary schools in Pittsburg are:

• Delta View Elementary School (Mt. Diablo Unified School District)
• Foothill Elementary School
• Heights Elementary School (torn down & renovated in 2014)
• Highlands Elementary School
• Los Medanos Elementary School
• Marina Vista Elementary School
• Parkside Elementary School (torn down & renovated in 2020)
• Stoneman Elementary School
• Willow Cove Elementary School
• Synergy Charter School (closed as of January 2016 due to financial struggles)

Private schools in Pittsburg include:

• The Christian Center
• School of Saint Peter Martyr
• Spectrum Center.

Public libraries[edit]

Pittsburg hosts one of the many Contra Costa County Libraries.^[32]

Arts and culture[edit]

• California Theatre — opened on May 4, 1920, the California Theatre began as a venue for live vaudeville performances and silent films. The theatre was designed by architect Albert W. Cornelius in a classic revival sytle and built by the Enea Brothers for $200,000. During its heyday, notable performers included Flash Gordon and cowboy heroes Ray “Crash” Corrigan, Tim Holt, Tex Ritter and Fred Scott. The California Theatre closed in February 1954 and began to deteriorate, including the caving in of the ceiling due to rain damage. In 2008, the City began a major $7.6 million renovation, restoring artwork throughout the theatre and fabricating fixtures to match photographs of the original building. In 2022, the City completed an additional $2 million restoration to complete the balcony area. Today, the auditorium features a capacity of 981 seats, beaux-artes style ceiling decoration, and a grand balcony.^[33]

Redevelopment projects[edit]

• The city is currently in the process of redeveloping Old Town Pittsburg. In November 2010 The Railroad Book Depot opened. The bookstore is owned and operated by the non-profit Pittsburg Arts & Community Foundation.^[34]
• A new Marina Master Plan is under development along Pittsburg’s waterfront which includes a pedestrian promenade with subsequent commercial construction and development planned.^[35]

Sports and recreation[edit]

The Pittsburg Delta View Golf Course had a back nine originally built in 1947, and a front nine completed in 1991.^[36] It closed in March 2018 due to financial difficulty and legal costs stemming from a slip and fall lawsuit. The city had considered keeping the course open, but after debate in May 2018, it was decided to use the land for other economic opportunities.^[37]

The Pittsburg Diamonds, an independent professional baseball team, began play as a member of the Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs in 2014. The team played its home games in City Park Field #1 until going on hiatus for 2019 and 2020. It remains to be seen if the team will resume play in 2021.^[38]

Demographics[edit]

2010[edit]

The 2010 United States Census^[40] reported that Pittsburg had a population of 63,264. The population density was 3,302.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,275.2/km²). The racial makeup of Pittsburg was 23,106 (36.5%) White, 11,187 (17.7%) African American, 517 (0.8%) Native American, 9,891 (15.6%) Asian (9.9% Filipino, 2.0% Indian, 1.2% Chinese, 1.1% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.2% Japanese, 1.1% Other), 645 (1.0%) Pacific Islander, 13,270 (21.0%) from other races, and 4,648 (7.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26,841 persons (42.4%).

The Census reported that 62,973 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 153 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 138 (0.2%) were institutionalized.

There were 19,527 households, out of which 8,837 (45.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,833 (50.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,583 (18.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,420 (7.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,432 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 194 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,446 households (17.6%) were made up of individuals, and 1,067 (5.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22. There were 14,836 families (76.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.64.

The population was spread out, with 17,385 people (27.5%) under the age of 18, 6,823 people (10.8%) aged 18 to 24, 18,319 people (29.0%) aged 25 to 44, 15,298 people (24.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,439 people (8.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

There were 21,126 housing units at an average density of 1,102.9 per square mile (425.8/km²), of which 19,527 were occupied, of which 11,490 (58.8%) were owner-occupied, and 8,037 (41.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.8%. 37,078 people (58.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 25,895 people (40.9%) lived in rental housing units.

2000[edit]

As of the census^[42] of 2000, there were 56,769 people, 17,741 households, and 13,483 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,639.0/mi² (1,405.0/km²). There were 18,300 housing units at an average density of 1,173.1/mi² (452.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 36.53% White, 25.89% Black or African American, 0.75% Native American, 12.65% Asian, 0.86% Pacific Islander, 16.11% from other races, and 7.22% from two or more races. 32.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 17,741 households, out of which 42.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.59.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.8% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $50,557, and the median income for a family was $54,472. Males had a median income of $39,111 versus $31,396 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,241. About 8.7% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics[edit]

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Pittsburg has 33,751 registered voters. Of those, 18,644 (55.2%) are registered Democrats, 3,817 (11.3%) are registered Republicans, and 9,888 (29.3%) have declined to state a political party.^[43]

Notable people[edit]

People born in Pittsburg:

• Justin Baesman (born 1981), mixed martial artist
• Dante Basco (born 1975), actor
• Dion Basco (born 1977), actor; brother of Dante
• Toni Blackman, rapper
• Bert Bonanno (born 1940), track and field coach
• Marvin Burke (1918-1994), NASCAR driver
• Joe Canciamilla (born 1955), politician
• Cameron Colvin (born 1986), footballer
• John Coughran (born 1951), basketballer
• Xavier Crawford (born 1995), footballer
• Brian Dailey (born 1951), artist
• Darrell Daniels (born 1994), footballer
• Pete Escovedo (born 1935), percussionist
• Sal Esquivel (born 1948), businessman
• Rosie Gaines (born 1960), musician
• Phillip Garrido (born 1951), one of two kidnappers of Jaycee Dugard
• Donald George, operatic tenor
• Luis Gutierrez (born 1933), artist
• Shaunard Harts (born 1978), footballer
• Rydah J. Klyde, rapper
• Paul E. Koelliker (born 1943), general authority of LDS Church
• Steve Lopez (born 1953), journalist
• Pat McNeil (born 1954), footballer
• Aaron Miles (born 1976), baseballer
• Dominick Newton (1977-2015), rapper better known as «The Jacka»
• Joe O’Brien (born 1972), footballer
• James «Mighty Quinn» Page (born 1971), boxer
• Avery Patterson, footballer
• Broderick Perkins (born 1954), baseballer
• Evan Pilgrim (born 1972), footballer
• Ken Simonton (born 1979), footballer
• Dave Stetson (born 1946), co-creator of Caricature Carvers of America
• Joe Tafoya (born 1978), footballer
• Altie Taylor (1947-2010), footballer
• Tony Teresa (1933-1984), footballer
• Mario Verduzco, football coach
• Karen Vogtmann (born 1949), mathematician
• Keith Daniel Williams (1947-1996), murderer
• Stan Williamson (1909-1965), footballer

Sister cities[edit]

Pittsburg is twinned with:^[44]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

City of Pittsburg (formerly) Black Diamond, New York Landing and New York of the Pacific[1]
City
The Boardwalk
Nickname:  «P-World» «The Burg»
Motto:  Gateway to the Delta!
Location in Contra Costa County and the state of California
City of Pittsburg Location in the United States
Coordinates: 38°01′41″N 121°53′05″W / 38.02806°N 121.88472°WCoordinates: 38°01′41″N 121°53′05″W / 38.02806°N 121.88472°W
Country	United States
State	California
County	Contra Costa
Incorporated	June 25, 1903[2]
Government
• Type	General Law City
• Mayor	Holland White [3]
• State Senator	Steve Glazer (D)[4]
• State Assembly	Lori Wilson (D) and Buffy Wicks (D)[5]
• U. S. Congress	Nancy Pelosi (D)[6]
Area [7]
• Total	19.71 sq mi (51.05 km2)
• Land	17.64 sq mi (45.69 km2)
• Water	2.07 sq mi (5.36 km2)  10.11%
Elevation [8]	26 ft (8 m)
Population  (2020)
• Total	76,416
• Density	4,332/sq mi (1,672.5/km2)
Time zone	UTC-8 (PST)
• Summer (DST)	UTC-7 (PDT)
ZIP code	94565
Area code	925
FIPS code	06-57456
GNIS feature IDs	1659783, 2411430
Website	www.ci.pittsburg.ca.us

Pittsburg is a city in Contra Costa County, California, United States. It is an industrial suburb located on the southern shore of the Suisun Bay in the East Bay region of the San Francisco Bay Area, and is part of the Sacramento–San Joaquin River Delta area. The population was 76,416 at the 2020 United States Census.^[9]

History[edit]

Originally settled in 1839 as “Rancho Los Medanos”, the area of almost 10,000 acres was issued to Californios Jose Antonio Mesa and his brother Jose Miguel under a Mexican Land Grant by then Governor Juan Bautista Alvarado, one of the final land grants issued prior to the formation of California as a state.^[10][11]

In 1849, during the California Gold Rush, Colonel Jonathan D. Stevenson (from New York) bought the Rancho Los Medanos land grant for speculation, and laid out a town he called New York of the Pacific.^[12] General William Tecumseh Sherman laid out the first network of streets on the west side of town. The area was the midway stopping point for schooners traveling from San Francisco to the gold country further inland. Fishing, farming, and cattle raising for the hide and tallow industry were the major economic activities during this time.^[13]

In 1859, with the discovery of coal in the nearby town of Nortonville, the place became a port for coal. The Black Diamond Coal Mining Company commenced operations, building the Black Diamond Coal Mining Railroad to Nortonville.^[14] Steam powered engines moved coal cars down the tracks along present day Railroad Avenue to the waterfront docks that came to be called «Black Diamond Landing.» The boom ended in 1885, and the company moved to Washington state to work a new claim.^[10]

In the 1870s, commercial fishing took hold and the Black Diamond Cannery was established at the foot of Los Medanos St. By 1882, a network of ten canneries was formed along the Sacramento Delta. An industry was born with fishermen, packing plants, boat builders and the like dominating the local waterfront for the next 80 years. The town boasted the largest Delta fishing community in the state, made up primarily of Sicilian immigrants, the families of which have remained in the area for generations. In 1957, the State of California closed down the Sacramento Delta to commercial fishing, ending the area’s industry.^[10]

In 1900, C.A. Hooper purchased the land grant and gave birth to many manufacturing ventures, beginning in 1903 with the creation of the Industrial Center of the West. Hooper secured additional capitalization and provided property for Columbia Geneva Steel, which, in 1910, opened its California steel plant in Pittsburg with one foundry and a crew of 60 employees. It made steel castings for the dredging, lumber and shipping industries.^[10]

In 1903 the town was incorporated, and by a vote of the citizenry, was renamed «Black Diamond», after the mining firm.^[12] Because of the industrial potential of the site, a name change to Pittsburg was proposed in 1909.^[12] On February 11, 1911, the city officials changed the town’s name to «Pittsburg», honoring Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, as the two cities shared a common steel and mining industrial heritage.^[15] This rechristening came at a time when the name of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania was more commonly spelled without the «h».^[16]

In 1930, Columbia Steel became a subsidiary of U.S. Steel Company. The plant continued to grow until the early 1950s, reaching a peak staff of 5,200 employees when the markets for its products crashed. The parent company (by 1986, renamed as USS Company) had merged with Korean Pohang Iron and Steel Company. Together they invested $450 million turning the Pittsburg plant into a modern flat-products mill, renamed as USS-Posco. As of 1999, the facility employed 970 workers and shipped over 1.6 million U.S. tons per year of steel to over 175 customers in the Western U. S., Mexico, Canada and the Pacific Rim.^[17]

The original town site fronts on the Sacramento/San Joaquin River Delta, reflecting its origins as a deep water channel river port. (As of January 1, 2007, state legislation [Assembly Bill 2324] enabled the city to manage its own riverfront for commercial development and subsequent port operations). Since the early 1900s, the city has grown inland to the south, then spread east and west along State Route 4, now a freeway carrying resident commuters to jobs in the San Francisco Bay-Oakland Region. In the process, the former town of Cornwall, California was absorbed. As of the 2000 census, the city had a total population of 56,769.^[18]

Camp Stoneman was built in 1942, and was a major staging area for the United States Army during World War II and the Korean War until 1954.^[19]

The post office first opened in 1868 as Black Diamond, and changed its name with the town’s in 1911.^[12]

Economy[edit]

The city has an extensive history of coal mining and industrial development since the late 1800s, with USS-POSCO Industries (a joint venture between US Steel and POSCO of South Korea) and Corteva (formerly, the Dow Chemical Company) maintaining substantial plants in Pittsburg.^[17]

Top employers[edit]

According to the City’s 2020 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report,^[20] the top employers in the city are:

Bombardier Rail Car Facility[edit]

On June 15, 2019, the East Bay Times reported that the Canadian company, Bombardier, Inc. is moving into a former warehouse in Pittsburg, where it will produce train cars destined for its Pacific Coast customers. Bombardier will lease 122,750 square feet (11,404 m²) of the building, while Hitachi Corp., the owner, will retain about 67,000 square feet (6,200 m²). Early in 2019, the Bay Area Rapid Transit (BART) System announced that it will replace its existing fleet of 669 cars with 775 cars of a new design, and has recently been negotiating to buy an additional 425 cars.^[21]

Bombardier plans to inaugurate the Pittsburg facility in September, 2019, with an initial workforce of 50, working on cars for the new BART contract, and growing to about 150 within five years.^[21]

Bombardier is one of the most active suppliers of train cars, and officials believe that the Pittsburg will substantially improve its competitive position. In the U.S., much of the funding for this equipment is supplied by the Federal Government, which requires that a large part of the work be performed in the U.S. Bombardier’s only U.S. production facility is in Plattsburgh, N. Y.^[21]

The company also has a number of other important West Coast contracts, including:

• Maintain the Air Train System at San Francisco International Airport (SFO);
• supply the rail fleet for the Los Angeles Metrolink System;
• supply Coast and Sprinter train cars for San Diego’s North County Transit District;
• initial design for automated people mover system at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX).^[21]

Geography[edit]

The city of Pittsburg is located 37 miles northeast from San Francisco, 29 miles northeast from Oakland, California, 60 miles north of San Jose and 65 miles south of Sacramento, California. Pittsburg shares a border with the unincorporated community of Bay Point, California to the west, the city of Concord, California to the southwest and Antioch, California to the east. The Suisun Bay is directly north of the city and connects the San Francisco Bay to the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers.^[22][23]

Climate[edit]

Pittsburg experiences a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen climate classification Csa) bordering on the Semi-arid climate because of the Mt. Diablo rain shadow in East Contra Costa County.^[24]

Transportation[edit]

The city has two BART stations, the Pittsburg/Bay Point Station located on Bailey Road and Highway 4 near Bay Point and the Pittsburg Center Station located on Railroad Avenue and Highway 4.^[26] Tri Delta Transit provides bus service in the area. California State Route 4 bisects the city from west to east.

Education[edit]

Pittsburg is home to Los Medanos College,^[27] a two-year community college that is part of the Contra Costa Community College District. The college’s name is derived from that of Rancho Los Medanos, one of the land grants made by the Mexican Government during its sovereignty over California from 1821 to 1846; Los Medanos, loosely translated from Spanish, means The Sand Dunes. Construction on Los Medanos College was completed in 1974.^[28][29]

Pittsburg is served by three School Districts: Pittsburg Unified School District, Mt. Diablo Unified School District, and Antioch Unified School District.^[30]

Pittsburg has two public high schools, one a continuation school:^[31]

• Pittsburg High School
• Black Diamond High School

The public Junior high schools in Pittsburg are:

• Martin Luther King, Jr. Junior High School
• Hillview Junior High School
• Rancho Medanos Middle School

Central Jr. High School was another middle school in the Pittsburg area. But it closed down in 2008 due to a gas leak in the building. Currently, it remains vacant with no intention of reopening it.

The public elementary schools in Pittsburg are:

• Delta View Elementary School (Mt. Diablo Unified School District)
• Foothill Elementary School
• Heights Elementary School (torn down & renovated in 2014)
• Highlands Elementary School
• Los Medanos Elementary School
• Marina Vista Elementary School
• Parkside Elementary School (torn down & renovated in 2020)
• Stoneman Elementary School
• Willow Cove Elementary School
• Synergy Charter School (closed as of January 2016 due to financial struggles)

Private schools in Pittsburg include:

• The Christian Center
• School of Saint Peter Martyr
• Spectrum Center.

Public libraries[edit]

Pittsburg hosts one of the many Contra Costa County Libraries.^[32]

Arts and culture[edit]

• California Theatre — opened on May 4, 1920, the California Theatre began as a venue for live vaudeville performances and silent films. The theatre was designed by architect Albert W. Cornelius in a classic revival sytle and built by the Enea Brothers for $200,000. During its heyday, notable performers included Flash Gordon and cowboy heroes Ray “Crash” Corrigan, Tim Holt, Tex Ritter and Fred Scott. The California Theatre closed in February 1954 and began to deteriorate, including the caving in of the ceiling due to rain damage. In 2008, the City began a major $7.6 million renovation, restoring artwork throughout the theatre and fabricating fixtures to match photographs of the original building. In 2022, the City completed an additional $2 million restoration to complete the balcony area. Today, the auditorium features a capacity of 981 seats, beaux-artes style ceiling decoration, and a grand balcony.^[33]

Redevelopment projects[edit]

• The city is currently in the process of redeveloping Old Town Pittsburg. In November 2010 The Railroad Book Depot opened. The bookstore is owned and operated by the non-profit Pittsburg Arts & Community Foundation.^[34]
• A new Marina Master Plan is under development along Pittsburg’s waterfront which includes a pedestrian promenade with subsequent commercial construction and development planned.^[35]

Sports and recreation[edit]

The Pittsburg Delta View Golf Course had a back nine originally built in 1947, and a front nine completed in 1991.^[36] It closed in March 2018 due to financial difficulty and legal costs stemming from a slip and fall lawsuit. The city had considered keeping the course open, but after debate in May 2018, it was decided to use the land for other economic opportunities.^[37]

The Pittsburg Diamonds, an independent professional baseball team, began play as a member of the Pacific Association of Professional Baseball Clubs in 2014. The team played its home games in City Park Field #1 until going on hiatus for 2019 and 2020. It remains to be seen if the team will resume play in 2021.^[38]

Demographics[edit]

2010[edit]

The 2010 United States Census^[40] reported that Pittsburg had a population of 63,264. The population density was 3,302.8 inhabitants per square mile (1,275.2/km²). The racial makeup of Pittsburg was 23,106 (36.5%) White, 11,187 (17.7%) African American, 517 (0.8%) Native American, 9,891 (15.6%) Asian (9.9% Filipino, 2.0% Indian, 1.2% Chinese, 1.1% Vietnamese, 0.2% Korean, 0.2% Japanese, 1.1% Other), 645 (1.0%) Pacific Islander, 13,270 (21.0%) from other races, and 4,648 (7.3%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 26,841 persons (42.4%).

The Census reported that 62,973 people (99.5% of the population) lived in households, 153 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 138 (0.2%) were institutionalized.

There were 19,527 households, out of which 8,837 (45.3%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 9,833 (50.4%) were opposite-sex married couples living together, 3,583 (18.3%) had a female householder with no husband present, 1,420 (7.3%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 1,432 (7.3%) unmarried opposite-sex partnerships, and 194 (1.0%) same-sex married couples or partnerships. 3,446 households (17.6%) were made up of individuals, and 1,067 (5.5%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.22. There were 14,836 families (76.0% of all households); the average family size was 3.64.

The population was spread out, with 17,385 people (27.5%) under the age of 18, 6,823 people (10.8%) aged 18 to 24, 18,319 people (29.0%) aged 25 to 44, 15,298 people (24.2%) aged 45 to 64, and 5,439 people (8.6%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 32.5 years. For every 100 females, there were 94.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.4 males.

There were 21,126 housing units at an average density of 1,102.9 per square mile (425.8/km²), of which 19,527 were occupied, of which 11,490 (58.8%) were owner-occupied, and 8,037 (41.2%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 3.8%; the rental vacancy rate was 6.8%. 37,078 people (58.6% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 25,895 people (40.9%) lived in rental housing units.

2000[edit]

As of the census^[42] of 2000, there were 56,769 people, 17,741 households, and 13,483 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,639.0/mi² (1,405.0/km²). There were 18,300 housing units at an average density of 1,173.1/mi² (452.9/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 36.53% White, 25.89% Black or African American, 0.75% Native American, 12.65% Asian, 0.86% Pacific Islander, 16.11% from other races, and 7.22% from two or more races. 32.21% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.

There were 17,741 households, out of which 42.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 17.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 24.0% were non-families. 18.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 5.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.17 and the average family size was 3.59.

In the city, the population was spread out, with 30.8% under the age of 18, 10.4% from 18 to 24, 31.2% from 25 to 44, 19.4% from 45 to 64, and 8.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 31 years. For every 100 females, there were 96.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 94.1 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $50,557, and the median income for a family was $54,472. Males had a median income of $39,111 versus $31,396 for females. The per capita income for the city was $18,241. About 8.7% of families and 11.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 14.1% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.

Politics[edit]

According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Pittsburg has 33,751 registered voters. Of those, 18,644 (55.2%) are registered Democrats, 3,817 (11.3%) are registered Republicans, and 9,888 (29.3%) have declined to state a political party.^[43]

Notable people[edit]

People born in Pittsburg:

• Justin Baesman (born 1981), mixed martial artist
• Dante Basco (born 1975), actor
• Dion Basco (born 1977), actor; brother of Dante
• Toni Blackman, rapper
• Bert Bonanno (born 1940), track and field coach
• Marvin Burke (1918-1994), NASCAR driver
• Joe Canciamilla (born 1955), politician
• Cameron Colvin (born 1986), footballer
• John Coughran (born 1951), basketballer
• Xavier Crawford (born 1995), footballer
• Brian Dailey (born 1951), artist
• Darrell Daniels (born 1994), footballer
• Pete Escovedo (born 1935), percussionist
• Sal Esquivel (born 1948), businessman
• Rosie Gaines (born 1960), musician
• Phillip Garrido (born 1951), one of two kidnappers of Jaycee Dugard
• Donald George, operatic tenor
• Luis Gutierrez (born 1933), artist
• Shaunard Harts (born 1978), footballer
• Rydah J. Klyde, rapper
• Paul E. Koelliker (born 1943), general authority of LDS Church
• Steve Lopez (born 1953), journalist
• Pat McNeil (born 1954), footballer
• Aaron Miles (born 1976), baseballer
• Dominick Newton (1977-2015), rapper better known as «The Jacka»
• Joe O’Brien (born 1972), footballer
• James «Mighty Quinn» Page (born 1971), boxer
• Avery Patterson, footballer
• Broderick Perkins (born 1954), baseballer
• Evan Pilgrim (born 1972), footballer
• Ken Simonton (born 1979), footballer
• Dave Stetson (born 1946), co-creator of Caricature Carvers of America
• Joe Tafoya (born 1978), footballer
• Altie Taylor (1947-2010), footballer
• Tony Teresa (1933-1984), footballer
• Mario Verduzco, football coach
• Karen Vogtmann (born 1949), mathematician
• Keith Daniel Williams (1947-1996), murderer
• Stan Williamson (1909-1965), footballer

Sister cities[edit]

Pittsburg is twinned with:^[44]

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Внутри ротонды Union Station в Питтсбурге с названием города, которое обычно произносилось в 1900 году.

Название города Питтсбург, Пенсильвания имеет сложную историю. Питтсбург — один из немногих городов США, которые пишутся с буквой h в конце суффикса burg, хотя написание Питтсбург было приемлемым в течение многих лет и даже считалось стандартом федеральным правительством (но не правительством города) с 1891 по 1911 год.

Содержание

• 1 Этимология
• 2 История и написание
  • 2.1 Решения федерального совета
  • 2.2 Бейсбольная карточка
  • 2.3 -h в культуре Питтсбурга
• 3 См. также
• 4 Примечания
• 5 Ссылки
• 6 Внешние ссылки

Этимология

Питтсбург был назван в честь Уильяма Питта, 1-го графа Чатема, которого часто называют Уильям Питт Старший, чтобы отличить его от сына Уильям Питт Младший.

Суффикс бург — это шотландский язык и шотландский английский родственник английского языка район, который имеет другие родственные слова и топонимы в нескольких индоевропейских языках. Исторически эта морфема использовалась в топонимах, чтобы описать место как защищаемое, такое как холм, форт или укрепленное поселение.

История и Правописание

Питтсбург пишется без буквы h в городском уставе 1816 года. Реклама для The Pittsburg Dispatch с 1876 года. Газета использовала питтсбургское написание со второго года (1847) до конца публикация в 1923 году.

Питтсбург (первоначально Форт Дукесн ) был захвачен британскими войсками во время французско-индийской войны (Семилетней войны ). Самые ранние известные упоминания о новом названии поселения находятся в письмах от генерала Джона Форбса, датированных 26 и 27 ноября 1758 года, с сообщением о захвате форта. В копиях и цитатах из этих букв в более поздних источниках название Питтсбурга пишется с буквой h и без нее, а иногда и с буквой o перед буквой u. Как шотландец, генерал Форбс, вероятно, произнес имя, аналогично произношению «Эдинбург», как сказал бы шотландец: (слушай ) . Это имя появилось в печати по крайней мере 14 декабря 1758 г., когда Pennsylvania Gazette опубликовало письмо, написанное военнослужащим армии Форбса из «Питтсбурга (ранее Форт Дюкен)».

Долгое время написание имени Питтсбурга почти не беспокоило. Ранние муниципальные документы и городские справочники обычно писали имя с заключительной буквой h, но эта буква заметно опущена в городской хартии, принятой законодательным собранием штата в 1816 году. Различия в написании сохранялись на протяжении всего XIX века. В 1890 году некоторые местные газеты использовали окончание h, а некоторые нет.

Решения федерального совета

В 1890 году Совет США по географическим названиям был создан для установить единообразное использование географических названий в различных департаментах и ​​агентствах правительства США. Чтобы направлять свои усилия по стандартизации, Правление приняло тринадцать общих принципов, один из которых заключался в том, что последний -h должен быть исключен из названий мест, оканчивающихся на -burgh. Правление составило отчет о «решениях» географических названий в 1891 году, в котором название Питтсбурга для целей федерального правительства было преобразовано в Питтсбург.

В поддержку своего решения в пользу написания Питтсбурга Правление сослалось на устав города 1816 года. Полное решение и обоснование Совета следующие:

Питтсбург . Пенсильвания.. Город был зафрахтован в 1816 году, его название пишется без буквы h, а его официальная форма все еще остается Питтсбургом. Буква h, похоже, была добавлена ​​почтовым отделением, и в результате этого действия местное использование, похоже, разделилось. В то время как большинство местных газет печатают его без буквы h, в некоторых других используется последняя буква h.

Решения Совета были обязательными для всех федеральных правительственных агентств, включая почтовое отделение. За пределами федерального правительства решения, хотя и имели большое влияние, официально не имели обязательной силы. Городские власти Питтсбурга продолжали использовать написание с буквой h, как и такие местные учреждения, как Pittsburgh Gazette, Питтсбургская фондовая биржа и Университет Питтсбурга. В 1908 году комитет Торговой палаты Питтсбурга, проведя обзор исторических документов, одобрил Питтсбург как правильный способ написания названия города и стремился добиться признания этого написания на федеральном уровне. В ответ на растущее давление и, в конце концов, политическое давление со стороны сенатора Джорджа Т. Оливера, доска с именами перевернулась и 19 июля 1911 года добавила букву h к написанию города. Сенатор Оливер, объявивший об этом решении от 20 июля, заявил:

Относительная частота словоформ Питтсбург (синий) и Питтсбург (красный) в англоязычных книгах с течением времени, согласно Google Ngram Viewer данные. Использование Питтсбурга практически исчезло, за исключением ссылок на другие места, кроме города Пенсильвании.

Достопочтенный. Джордж Т. Оливер, Сенат США:.

. Сэр: На специальном заседании Географического совета Соединенных Штатов, состоявшемся 19 июля 1911 года, предыдущее решение относительно написания Pittsburgh без заключительной буквы H было пересмотрено, и форма приведенное ниже было принято:.. Питтсбург, город в Пенсильвании (не Питтсбург)… С уважением,. С. С. СЛОАН,.

секретарь.

Когда споры по поводу правописания в значительной степени утихли, безбуквенная форма названия города направилась к исчезновению. Были некоторые возражения: самая тиражная газета города, The Pittsburg Press, придерживалась более короткого написания до 1921 года; The Pittsburg Dispatch и The Pittsburg Leader придерживалась этого. так до прекращения публикации в 1923 году.

Многие города в США названы в честь города Питтсбург, например Питтсбург, Канзас, Питтсбург, Калифорния и Западный Питтсбург, Пенсильвания, продолжают использовать написание Питтсбург в своих именах. Другие независимые муниципалитеты, такие как район Ист-Питтсбург, штат Пенсильвания, отражают современное написание.

Бейсбольная карточка

Бейсбольная карточка Т-206 Хонуса Вагнера 1909 года

Возможно, самая известная ссылка на написание в Питтсбурге находится на знаменитом Т-206 1909 года бейсбольная карточка из «Питтсбург Пиратс» легенда Хонуса Вагнера. Его нехватка даже в то время в сочетании с репутацией Вагнера как одного из величайших игроков в истории бейсбола сделали его самой ценной спортивной картой всех времен: один нетронутый образец был продан на аукционе за 2,8 миллиона долларов. Он был охарактеризован как «Святой Грааль » бейсбольных карточек. Название города, отображаемое на майке Вагнера на карточке, было художественным дополнением, которого фактически не было на униформе пиратов того времени. Портрет Вагнера создает впечатление, будто на конце может быть буква H, обрезанная краем картины, но этому понятию противоречит появление «ПИТТСБУРГА» в нижеследующей подписи и на других портретах пиратов из Набор карточек Т-206.

-h в питтсбургской культуре

Наличие -h в конце слова Pittsburgh иногда признается в питтсбургской культуре. Часто обозначается как PGH. Например, для Международного аэропорта Питтсбург используется аббревиатура PIT, а для Union Station — PGH (это иронично, учитывая, что Union Station, открывшаяся в 1903 году, имеет облегчение на его ротонда, в которой название города пишется без -h). Региональный филиал Fox принимает их звонки, WPGH-TV от этого. Недавний игривый подход к заключительному -h Питтсбурга появляется в названии марки бутилированной воды, принадлежащей Управлению по водоснабжению и канализации Питтсбурга : PGH 2 O, то есть портманто аббревиатуры PGH и химическое название воды H2O. «Да ‘Бург» или «Да Бург» — это местное ласковое прозвище города. В знак уважения к истории города «Pittsburg Plunge» в парке Кеннивуд сохраняет альтернативное написание без буквы h.

См. Также

• Албург, Вермонт, город, название которого было изменено с Албурга на Албург в 19 веке, по-видимому, под влиянием того же решения 1891 года, которое применялось к написанию Питтсбурга. Правописание Албург было восстановлено в 2006 году.
• Ньюбург, Нью-Йорк, еще один ранний город в США с буквой h.

Примечания

Ссылки

Внешние ссылки

• График программы просмотра Google Книг Ngram Viewer, показывающий относительное использование слов «Питтсбург» и «Питтсбург» в корпусе англоязычных книг с течением времени.

Для многих слов существуют различные варианты переносов, однако именно указанный вероятней всего вам засчитают правильным в школе.

Правила, используемые при переносе

• Слова переносятся по слогам:
  ма-ли-на
• Нельзя оставлять и переносить одну букву:
  о-сень
• Буквы Ы, Ь, Ъ, Й не отрываются от предыдущих букв:
  ма-йка
• В словах с несколькими разными подряд идущими согласными (в корне или на стыке корня и суффикса) может быть несколько вариантов переноса:
  се-стра, сес-тра, сест-ра
• Слова с приставками могут переноситься следующими вариантами:
  по-дучить, поду-чить и под-учить
  если после приставки идёт буква Ы, то она не отрывается от согласной:
  ра-зыграться, разы-граться
• Переносить следует не разбивая морфем (приставки, корня и суффикса):
  про-беж-ка, смеш-ливый
• Две подряд идущие одинаковые буквы разбиваются переносом:
  тон-на, ван-на
• Нельзя переносить аббревиатуры (СССР), сокращения мер от чисел (17 кг), сокращения (т.е., т. д.), знаки (кроме тире перед прерванной прямой речью)

Правила русской орфографии и пунктуации Утверждены в 1956 году Академией наук СССР, Министерством высшего образования СССР и Министерством просвещения РСФСР:

Ознакомиться с разделом Правила переноса можно здесь, просмотреть документ полностью и скачать его можно по этой ссылке

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