Как пишется прописная английская буква кью

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Q (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Queue.

Q
Q q
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Greek language Latin language
Phonetic usage	(Table)
Unicode codepoint	U+0051, U+0071
Alphabetical position	17
History
Development	Q q
Time period	Unknown to present
Descendants	• Ƣ  • Ɋ  • ℺  • Ԛ
Sisters	Φ φ Ф ק ق ܩ ࠒ 𐎖 ቀ Փ փ Ֆ ֆ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	q(x)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pronounced , most commonly spelled cue, but also kew, kue and que.^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph wj	Phoenician qoph	Greek Qoppa	Etruscan Q	Latin Q

The Semitic sound value of Qôp was /q/ (voiceless uvular stop), and the form of the letter could have been based on the eye of a needle, a knot, or even a monkey with its tail hanging down.^[2][3][4] /q/ is a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in many European languages.^[a] Some have even suggested that the form of the letter Q is even more ancient: it could have originated from Egyptian hieroglyphics.^[5][6]

In an early form of Ancient Greek, qoppa (Ϙ) probably came to represent several labialized velar stops, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/.^[7] As a result of later sound shifts, these sounds in Greek changed to /p/ and /pʰ/ respectively.^[8] Therefore, qoppa was transformed into two letters: qoppa, which stood for the number 90,^[9] and phi (Φ), which stood for the aspirated sound /pʰ/ that came to be pronounced /f/ in Modern Greek.^[10][11]

The Etruscans used Q in conjunction with V to represent /kʷ/, and this usage was copied by the Romans with the rest of their alphabet.^[4] In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the two sounds /k/ and /ɡ/, which were not differentiated in writing. Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (e.g. ⟨EQO⟩ ‘ego’), K before /a/ (e.g. ⟨KALENDIS⟩ ‘calendis’), and C elsewhere.^[12] Later, the use of C (and its variant G) replaced most usages of K and Q: Q survived only to represent /k/ when immediately followed by a /w/ sound.^[13]

Typography

Uppercase «Q»

Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter’s tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica,^[15] meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the bowl as in PT Sans. In writing block letters, bisecting tails are fastest to write, as they require less precision. All three styles are considered equally valid, with most serif typefaces having a Q with a tail that meets the circle, while sans-serif typefaces are more equally split between those with bisecting tails and those without.^[16] Typefaces with a disconnected Q tail, while uncommon, have existed since at least 1529.^[17] A common method among type designers to create the shape of the Q is by simply adding a tail to the letter O.^[16][18][19]

Old-style serif fonts, such as Garamond, may contain two capital Qs: one with a short tail to be used in short words, and another with a long tail to be used in long words.^[17] Some early metal type fonts included up to 3 different Qs: a short-tailed Q, a long-tailed Q, and a long-tailed Q-u ligature.^[14] This print tradition was alive and well until the 19th century, when long-tailed Qs fell out of favor: even recreations of classic typefaces such as Caslon began being distributed with only short Q tails.^[20][14] Not a fan of long-tailed Qs, American typographer D. B. Updike celebrated their demise in his 1922 book Printing Types, claiming that Renaissance printers made their Q tails longer and longer simply to «outdo each other».^[14] Latin-language words, which are much more likely than English words to contain «Q» as their first letter, have also been cited as the reason for their existence.^[14] The long-tailed Q had fallen out of use with the advent of early digital typography, as many early digital fonts could not choose different glyphs based on the word that the glyph was in, but it has seen something of a comeback with the advent of OpenType fonts and LaTeX, both of which can automatically typeset the long-tailed Q when it is called for and the short-tailed Q when it is not.^[21][22]

Owing to the allowable variation between letters Q, Q is a very distinctive feature of a typeface;^[16][23] as &, Q is oft cited as a letter that gives type designers a greater opportunity at self-expression.^[4]

Identifont, an automatic typeface identification service that identifies typefaces by questions about their appearance, asks about the Q tail second if the «sans-serif» option is chosen.^[24] In the Identifont database, the distribution of Q tails is:^[25]

Some type designers prefer one «Q» design over another: Adrian Frutiger, famous for the airport typeface that bears his name, remarked that most of his typefaces feature a Q tail that meets the bowl and then extends horizontally.^[19] Frutiger considered such Qs to make for more «harmonious» and «gentle» typefaces.^[19] «Q» often makes the list of their favorite letters; for example, Sophie Elinor Brown, designer of Strato,^[26] has listed «Q» as being her favorite letter.^[27][28]

Lowercase «q»

The lowercase «q» is usually seen as a lowercase «o» or «c» with a descender (i.e., downward vertical tail) extending from the right side of the bowl, with or without a swash (i.e., flourish), or even a reversed lowercase p. The «q»‘s descender is usually typed without a swash due to the major style difference typically seen between the descenders of the «g» (a loop) and «q» (vertical). When handwritten, or as part of a handwriting font, the descender of the «q» sometimes finishes with a rightward swash to distinguish it from the letter «g» (or, particularly in mathematics, the digit «9»).

Pronunciation and use

List of pronunciations

Most common pronunciation: /q/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Albanian	/cç/
Azeri	/ɡ/
Dogrib	/ɣ/		Official orthography
English	/k/		Mainly used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Fijian	/ᵑɡ/
French	/k/		Mostly used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Galician	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
German	Standard	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kv/
Hadza	/!/
Indonesian	/k/		Only used in loanwords for religion and science
Italian	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Ket	/q/~/qχ/
/ɢ/	After /ŋ/
K’iche	/qʰ/
Kiowa	/kʼ/
Kurdish	/q/
Maltese	/ʔ/
Mandarin	/t͡ɕʰ/
Menominee	/ʔ/
Mi’kmaq	/x/
Mohegan-Pequot	/kʷ/
Nuxalk	/qʰ/
Portuguese	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Somali	/q/~/ɢ/
Sotho	/!kʼ/
Spanish	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Swedish	/k/		Archaic, uncommon spelling
Uzbek	/q/
Vietnamese	Northern, Central	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Southern	silent		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /w/
Võro	/ʔ/
Wolof	/qː/
Xhosa	/!/
Zulu	/!/

Phonetic and phonemic transcription

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨q⟩ for the voiceless uvular stop.

English standard orthography

In English, the digraph ⟨qu⟩ most often denotes the cluster ; however, in borrowings from French, it represents , as in ‘plaque’. See the list of English words containing Q not followed by U. Q is the second least frequently used letter in the English language (after Z), with a frequency of just 0.1% in words. Q has the fourth fewest English words where it is the first letter, after X, Z, and Y.

Other orthographies

In most European languages written in the Latin script, such as in Romance and Germanic languages, ⟨q⟩ appears almost exclusively in the digraph ⟨qu⟩. In French, Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese, ⟨qu⟩ represents /k/ or /kw/; in Spanish, it represents /k/. ⟨qu⟩ replaces ⟨c⟩ for /k/ before front vowels ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩, since in those languages ⟨c⟩ represents a fricative or affricate before front vowels. In Italian ⟨qu⟩ represents [kw] (where [w] is the semivowel allophone of /u/). In Albanian, Q represents /c/ as in Shqip.

It is not considered to be part of the Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets.

⟨q⟩ has a wide variety of other pronunciations in some European languages and in non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet.

Other uses

The capital letter Q is used as the currency sign for the Guatemalan quetzal.

The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000.^[29]

In Turkey the use of the letter Q was banned between 1928 and 2013. This constituted a problem for the Kurdish population in Turkey as the letter was a part of the Kurdish alphabet. The ones who used the letter Q, were able to be prosecuted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from six months to two years.^[30]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Q with diacritics: ʠ Ɋ ɋ q̃
• Japanese linguistics: Small capital q (ꞯ)^[31] and modifier letter capital q (ꟴ)^[32]
• 𐞥 Modifier letter small q is used as a superscript IPA letter^[33]
• Gha: Ƣ ƣ

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤒 : Semitic letter Qoph, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ϙ ϙ: Greek letter Koppa
    • 𐌒 : Old Italic Q, which is the ancestor of modern Latin Q
    • Ԛ ԛ : Cyrillic letter Qa

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ℺ : rotated capital Q, a signature mark
• Ꝗ ꝗ, Ꝙ ꝙ : Various forms of Q were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[34]

Computing codes

Character information

Preview	Q	q
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	81	U+0051	113	U+0071
UTF-8	81	51	113	71
Numeric character reference	Q	Q	q	q
EBCDIC family	216	D8	152	98
ASCII 1	81	51	113	71

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

• List of English words containing Q not followed by U
• Mind your Ps and Qs – English-language idiom
• Q factor – Parameter describing the longevity of energy in a resonator relative to its resonant frequency
• Q# – Programming lang. for quantum algorithms
• QAnon – American conspiracy theory and political movement

References

Notes

External links

This article is about the letter of the alphabet. For other uses, see Q (disambiguation).

Not to be confused with Queue.

Q
Q q
(See below)
Usage
Writing system	Latin script
Type	Alphabetic and Logographic
Language of origin	Greek language Latin language
Phonetic usage	(Table)
Unicode codepoint	U+0051, U+0071
Alphabetical position	17
History
Development	Q q
Time period	Unknown to present
Descendants	• Ƣ  • Ɋ  • ℺  • Ԛ
Sisters	Φ φ Ф ק ق ܩ ࠒ 𐎖 ቀ Փ փ Ֆ ֆ
Variations	(See below)
Other
Other letters commonly used with	q(x)
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Q, or q, is the seventeenth letter of the Latin alphabet, used in the modern English alphabet, the alphabets of other western European languages and others worldwide. Its name in English is pronounced , most commonly spelled cue, but also kew, kue and que.^[1]

History

Egyptian hieroglyph wj	Phoenician qoph	Greek Qoppa	Etruscan Q	Latin Q

The Semitic sound value of Qôp was /q/ (voiceless uvular stop), and the form of the letter could have been based on the eye of a needle, a knot, or even a monkey with its tail hanging down.^[2][3][4] /q/ is a sound common to Semitic languages, but not found in many European languages.^[a] Some have even suggested that the form of the letter Q is even more ancient: it could have originated from Egyptian hieroglyphics.^[5][6]

In an early form of Ancient Greek, qoppa (Ϙ) probably came to represent several labialized velar stops, among them /kʷ/ and /kʷʰ/.^[7] As a result of later sound shifts, these sounds in Greek changed to /p/ and /pʰ/ respectively.^[8] Therefore, qoppa was transformed into two letters: qoppa, which stood for the number 90,^[9] and phi (Φ), which stood for the aspirated sound /pʰ/ that came to be pronounced /f/ in Modern Greek.^[10][11]

The Etruscans used Q in conjunction with V to represent /kʷ/, and this usage was copied by the Romans with the rest of their alphabet.^[4] In the earliest Latin inscriptions, the letters C, K and Q were all used to represent the two sounds /k/ and /ɡ/, which were not differentiated in writing. Of these, Q was used before a rounded vowel (e.g. ⟨EQO⟩ ‘ego’), K before /a/ (e.g. ⟨KALENDIS⟩ ‘calendis’), and C elsewhere.^[12] Later, the use of C (and its variant G) replaced most usages of K and Q: Q survived only to represent /k/ when immediately followed by a /w/ sound.^[13]

Typography

Uppercase «Q»

Depending on the typeface used to typeset the letter Q, the letter’s tail may either bisect its bowl as in Helvetica,^[15] meet the bowl as in Univers, or lie completely outside the bowl as in PT Sans. In writing block letters, bisecting tails are fastest to write, as they require less precision. All three styles are considered equally valid, with most serif typefaces having a Q with a tail that meets the circle, while sans-serif typefaces are more equally split between those with bisecting tails and those without.^[16] Typefaces with a disconnected Q tail, while uncommon, have existed since at least 1529.^[17] A common method among type designers to create the shape of the Q is by simply adding a tail to the letter O.^[16][18][19]

Old-style serif fonts, such as Garamond, may contain two capital Qs: one with a short tail to be used in short words, and another with a long tail to be used in long words.^[17] Some early metal type fonts included up to 3 different Qs: a short-tailed Q, a long-tailed Q, and a long-tailed Q-u ligature.^[14] This print tradition was alive and well until the 19th century, when long-tailed Qs fell out of favor: even recreations of classic typefaces such as Caslon began being distributed with only short Q tails.^[20][14] Not a fan of long-tailed Qs, American typographer D. B. Updike celebrated their demise in his 1922 book Printing Types, claiming that Renaissance printers made their Q tails longer and longer simply to «outdo each other».^[14] Latin-language words, which are much more likely than English words to contain «Q» as their first letter, have also been cited as the reason for their existence.^[14] The long-tailed Q had fallen out of use with the advent of early digital typography, as many early digital fonts could not choose different glyphs based on the word that the glyph was in, but it has seen something of a comeback with the advent of OpenType fonts and LaTeX, both of which can automatically typeset the long-tailed Q when it is called for and the short-tailed Q when it is not.^[21][22]

Owing to the allowable variation between letters Q, Q is a very distinctive feature of a typeface;^[16][23] as &, Q is oft cited as a letter that gives type designers a greater opportunity at self-expression.^[4]

Identifont, an automatic typeface identification service that identifies typefaces by questions about their appearance, asks about the Q tail second if the «sans-serif» option is chosen.^[24] In the Identifont database, the distribution of Q tails is:^[25]

Some type designers prefer one «Q» design over another: Adrian Frutiger, famous for the airport typeface that bears his name, remarked that most of his typefaces feature a Q tail that meets the bowl and then extends horizontally.^[19] Frutiger considered such Qs to make for more «harmonious» and «gentle» typefaces.^[19] «Q» often makes the list of their favorite letters; for example, Sophie Elinor Brown, designer of Strato,^[26] has listed «Q» as being her favorite letter.^[27][28]

Lowercase «q»

The lowercase «q» is usually seen as a lowercase «o» or «c» with a descender (i.e., downward vertical tail) extending from the right side of the bowl, with or without a swash (i.e., flourish), or even a reversed lowercase p. The «q»‘s descender is usually typed without a swash due to the major style difference typically seen between the descenders of the «g» (a loop) and «q» (vertical). When handwritten, or as part of a handwriting font, the descender of the «q» sometimes finishes with a rightward swash to distinguish it from the letter «g» (or, particularly in mathematics, the digit «9»).

Pronunciation and use

List of pronunciations

Most common pronunciation: /q/ Languages in italics do not use the Latin alphabet
Language	Dialect(s)	Pronunciation (IPA)	Environment	Notes
Albanian	/cç/
Azeri	/ɡ/
Dogrib	/ɣ/		Official orthography
English	/k/		Mainly used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Fijian	/ᵑɡ/
French	/k/		Mostly used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Galician	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
German	Standard	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kv/
Hadza	/!/
Indonesian	/k/		Only used in loanwords for religion and science
Italian	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Ket	/q/~/qχ/
/ɢ/	After /ŋ/
K’iche	/qʰ/
Kiowa	/kʼ/
Kurdish	/q/
Maltese	/ʔ/
Mandarin	/t͡ɕʰ/
Menominee	/ʔ/
Mi’kmaq	/x/
Mohegan-Pequot	/kʷ/
Nuxalk	/qʰ/
Portuguese	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Somali	/q/~/ɢ/
Sotho	/!kʼ/
Spanish	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /k/
Swedish	/k/		Archaic, uncommon spelling
Uzbek	/q/
Vietnamese	Northern, Central	/k/		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /kw/
Southern	silent		Only used in ⟨qu⟩ /w/
Võro	/ʔ/
Wolof	/qː/
Xhosa	/!/
Zulu	/!/

Phonetic and phonemic transcription

The International Phonetic Alphabet uses ⟨q⟩ for the voiceless uvular stop.

English standard orthography

In English, the digraph ⟨qu⟩ most often denotes the cluster ; however, in borrowings from French, it represents , as in ‘plaque’. See the list of English words containing Q not followed by U. Q is the second least frequently used letter in the English language (after Z), with a frequency of just 0.1% in words. Q has the fourth fewest English words where it is the first letter, after X, Z, and Y.

Other orthographies

In most European languages written in the Latin script, such as in Romance and Germanic languages, ⟨q⟩ appears almost exclusively in the digraph ⟨qu⟩. In French, Occitan, Catalan and Portuguese, ⟨qu⟩ represents /k/ or /kw/; in Spanish, it represents /k/. ⟨qu⟩ replaces ⟨c⟩ for /k/ before front vowels ⟨i⟩ and ⟨e⟩, since in those languages ⟨c⟩ represents a fricative or affricate before front vowels. In Italian ⟨qu⟩ represents [kw] (where [w] is the semivowel allophone of /u/). In Albanian, Q represents /c/ as in Shqip.

It is not considered to be part of the Cornish (Standard Written Form), Estonian, Icelandic, Irish, Latvian, Lithuanian, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Scottish Gaelic, Slovenian, Turkish, or Welsh alphabets.

⟨q⟩ has a wide variety of other pronunciations in some European languages and in non-European languages that have adopted the Latin alphabet.

Other uses

The capital letter Q is used as the currency sign for the Guatemalan quetzal.

The Roman numeral Q is sometimes used to represent the number 500,000.^[29]

In Turkey the use of the letter Q was banned between 1928 and 2013. This constituted a problem for the Kurdish population in Turkey as the letter was a part of the Kurdish alphabet. The ones who used the letter Q, were able to be prosecuted and sentenced to prison terms ranging from six months to two years.^[30]

Descendants and related characters in the Latin alphabet

• Q with diacritics: ʠ Ɋ ɋ q̃
• Japanese linguistics: Small capital q (ꞯ)^[31] and modifier letter capital q (ꟴ)^[32]
• 𐞥 Modifier letter small q is used as a superscript IPA letter^[33]
• Gha: Ƣ ƣ

Ancestors and siblings in other alphabets

• 𐤒 : Semitic letter Qoph, from which the following symbols originally derive
  • Ϙ ϙ: Greek letter Koppa
    • 𐌒 : Old Italic Q, which is the ancestor of modern Latin Q
    • Ԛ ԛ : Cyrillic letter Qa

Derived signs, symbols and abbreviations

• ℺ : rotated capital Q, a signature mark
• Ꝗ ꝗ, Ꝙ ꝙ : Various forms of Q were used for medieval scribal abbreviations^[34]

Computing codes

Character information

Preview	Q	q
Unicode name	LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Q	LATIN SMALL LETTER Q
Encodings	decimal	hex	dec	hex
Unicode	81	U+0051	113	U+0071
UTF-8	81	51	113	71
Numeric character reference	Q	Q	q	q
EBCDIC family	216	D8	152	98
ASCII 1	81	51	113	71

¹ Also for encodings based on ASCII, including the DOS, Windows, ISO-8859 and Macintosh families of encodings.

Other representations

See also

• List of English words containing Q not followed by U
• Mind your Ps and Qs – English-language idiom
• Q factor – Parameter describing the longevity of energy in a resonator relative to its resonant frequency
• Q# – Programming lang. for quantum algorithms
• QAnon – American conspiracy theory and political movement

References

Notes

External links

Первое, что нужно выучить тому, кто мечтает овладеть английским, — это, конечно, английский алфавит. О нем и поговорим. Так как информации много, я разбила ее на разделы.

Содержание статьи Английский алфавит.

• Буквы английского алфавита
• Английский алфавит прописные буквы.
• Прописи английского алфавита.
• Английский алфавит с транскрипцией и произношением
• Гласные английского алфавита.
• Согласные английского алфавита.
• История английского алфавита.

Буквы английского алфавита.

Современный английский алфавит имеет 26 букв (по-английски буквы называют letters или characters – chars для краткости). Каждая буква может быть прописной (uppercase / large) и строчной (lowercase / small). Основой для английского алфавита стали латинские буквы.

Точная форма печатных букв зависит от шрифта.

Начертание букв английского алфавита.

Красным я выделила гласные, синим – согласные.

Звучание букв английского алфавита отличается в разных вариантах. Так последняя буква Z в английском варианте произношения звучит [зэд] / [zed], а в американском – [зи] / [zı:]. Британцы произносят “zed”, потому что данная буква произошла от греческой буквы “Zeta”, которая перешла в старофранцузский как “zede”, откуда перекочевала в английский алфавит в 15-м веке в качестве “zed”.

Американцы произносят букву “z” как [zı:] по аналогии с названием других букв: В [bı:], С [sı:], D [dı:] и пр. Впервые американское произношение буквы “z” как [zı:] было запротоколировано в Lye’s New Spelling Book в 1677 г. Данное решение долго оспаривалось, но было полностью принять в 1827 после публикаций Вебстера.

Сегодня большинство из тех, кто изучает английский алфавит, также называют эту букву [zı:]. Скорее всего данная тенденция объясняется тем, что в большинстве песенок про алфавит поется именно [zı:], так как для данного варианта произношения легче подобрать рифму.

• [zı:] — Now I know my A-B-Cs

• [zı:] — Next time won’t you sing with me?

Но англичане не отстают, и сегодня распространено также окончание песенки

• [zed] — Sugar on your bread. Eat it all up before you are dead.

Английский юмор, не правда ли?

Английский алфавит прописные буквы.

Обратите внимание на новую тенденцию написания большой буквы A. Сегодня принято ее писать также как и маленькую, хотя ранее она писалась похоже на русскую большую A. Вот вариант старого написания.

Стоит сказать, что среди изучающих английский алфавит в других странах мало кто пользуется прописными буквами. Данная тенденция намечается и в странах, где английский является родным. Посмотрите на два рукописных текста. В первом варианте для письма использованы обычные буквы, соединенные в письме так, как удобно пишущему. Во втором варианте использованы прописные буквы английского алфавита, конечно, с особенностями почерка.

А вот как выглядит каллиграфически выверенный вариант рукописного английского. Письменный английский алфавит выглядит изыскано.

А так пишут английские врачи. Кое-что напоминает, не правда ли?

Прописи английского алфавита.

Предлагаю Вам набор прописей английского алфавита. Нажмите, чтобы увеличить.

Английский алфавит прописью.

Английский алфавит с транскрипцией и произношением

Гласные английского алфавита.

В английском алфавите 6 гласных. Не принять говорить “гласные буквы английского алфавита”. Буква – это начертание звука. Гласным или согласным, также как звонким, твердым, мягким, шипящим и пр. может быть только звук. OK, переходим к буквам английского алфавита, которые передают гласный звук. Это A, E, I, O, Y, U – итого 6. Каждая буква может выражать несколько звуков.

A a

[eı]	[æ]	[α:]	[ᴐ:]	[ɒ]	[ə]
take plane same	map bag cat	barn pass grasp ask	mall salt walk	what watch wash	around about

• [eı] – эй;
• [æ] – широкий э;
• [α:] – долгий a;
• [ᴐ:] – долгий о;
• [ɒ] – краткий прикрытый о;
• [ə] – краткий прикрытый э.

Е е

[ı:]	[ı]	[ɜ:]	[ıə]	[α:]	[e]
he meet	begin behind	her berth serve	mere here	clerk sergeant	ten pen

• [ı:] – долгий и;
• [ı] – краткий и;
• [ɜ:] – широкий э;
• [ıə] – иэ;
• [α:] – долгий
• [e] — краткий Э

I i

[aı]	[ı]	[ı:]	[ɜ:]
Fine blind	pick ink	ravine machine	bird fir

• [aı] – ай;
• [ı] – краткий и;
• [ı:] – долгий и;
• [ɜ:] – широкий э.

O о

[əυ]	[ɒ]	[u:]	[ʌ]	[ᴐ:]
alone home bone	hot long spot	do move who	come son dove	for cord store

• [əυ] – эу;
• [ɒ] – краткий о;
• [u:] – долгий у;
• [ʌ] – краткий а;
• [ᴐ:] – долгий о.

Y y

[aı]	[ı]	[j]
fly sky by	funny lorry fully	yes yard yeast

• [aı] – ай;
• [ı] – краткий и;
• [j] – согласный й.

U u

[ju:]	[ʌ]	[υ]
tune fume mute	cut fuss plum	put pull full

• [ju:] – йу;
• [ʌ] – краткий а;
• [u] – краткий у.

Так читаются гласные английского алфавита. Переходим к согласным.

Согласные английского алфавита.

В английском алфавите 20 согласных.

Буква	Звук
Bb	[b] / [б]
Cc	[s] / [c] перед гласными i, e, y [k] / [к]
Dd	[d] / [д]
Ff	[f] / [ф]
Gg	[dʒ] / [дж] перед e, i, y [g] / [г]
Hh	[h] / [x] простой выдох
Kk	[k] / [к]
Ll	[l] / [л]
Mm	[m] / [м]
Nn	[n] / [н] [ŋ] / [носовой / заднеязычный н] перед g и иногда перед k
Pp	[p] / [п]
Qq	[kw] / [кв] в сочетании qu
Rr	[r] — звук, нечто среднее между р и очень твердым русским ж; произносится без вибрации. Часто и вовсе не произносится
Ss	[s] / [c] [z] / [з] в конце слова после гласного или звонкого согласного, иногда в середине слова между 2-мя гласными
Tt	[t] / [т]
Vv	[v] / [в]
Ww	[w] — звук, похожий на [ув]
Xx	[gz] / [гз] перед ударным гласным  [z] / [з] – иногда в начале слова  [ks] / [кс]
Zz	[z] / [з]

История английского алфавита.

Эволюция английского алфавита очевидна за последние 1500 лет. Хотя современный английский алфавит содержит 26 букв, раньше их было больше.

После 6-го века, когда христианские монахи начали транслитерацию англо-саксонского с помощью латинских символов, они столкнулись с некоторыми сложностями. Англо-саксонский содержал несколько звуков, которые невозможно было записать латиницей. Потому монахи позаимствовали три старые руны: ð (межзубной звонкий з), þ (межзубной глухой с), и Ƿ (уинн, аналог современной W). Наличие этих рун, лигатур (соединения букв) æ и œ, а также отсутствие J и Y – одна из характерных особенностей англо-саксонского алфавита. Посмотрите на рукопись Беовульфа.

Под влиянием норманнского письма рунический характер английского алфавита постепенно угасал и буквы ð, þ и Ƿ вскоре исчезли. Вместо Ƿ стали использовать двойную V ->VV, которая постепенно стала самостоятельной буквой W в результате использования печатных станков.

Как же Y и J присоединились к  английскому алфавиту? Y и U  произошли от V, в результате дифференциации согласных и гласных.  J произошла от I.

С характерной для него изобретательностью, Бенджамин Франклин пытался улучшить английский алфавит. Он предложил убрать c, j, q, w, x, и y, так как их можно заменить другими буквами. Он также предлагал добавить шесть букв собственного изобретения. Но алфавит Франклина не прижился.

Сегодня самыми частыми буквами английского алфавита являются e, t, a, o. Самые редкие – х, q, z.

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