Как пишется скандинавские цифры

In the Vikings’ runic inscriptions, we do find numbers written down, but it’s very rare. Usually numbers are spelled out as whole words, although on rare occasion the first letter of the number-word is used to stand for the number (see below for the runic inscriptions with numbers).

Old Norse Words for Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

• •ein «one»
• •tveir «two»
• •þrír «three»
• •fjórir «four»
• •fimm «five»
• •sex «six»
• •sjau «seven»
• •átta «eight»
• •níu «nine»
• •tíu «ten»
• •ellifu «eleven»
• •tólf «twelve»
• •þrettán «thirteen»
• •fjórtán «fourteen»
• •fimtán «fifteen»
• •sextán «sixteen»
• •sjaután «seventeen»
• •átján «eighteen»
• •nítján «nineteen»
• •tuttugu «twenty
• •tuttugu ok ein «twenty and one, twenty-one» *or* ein ok tuttugu
• •tuttugu ok tveir «twenty-two» *or* tveir ok tuttugu (etc. for 23-29)
• •þrír tigir «thirty»
• •tíu tigir «100»
• •ellifu tigit «110»
• •hundrað «120»
• •hundrað ok átta tigir «200»
• •tvau hundrað «240»
• •þúsund «1200»
• Ordinal Numbers
• •fyrstr «first, foremost»
• •annarr «second, another»
• •þriði «third»
• •fjórði «fourth»
• •fimmti «fifth»
• •sétti «sixth»
• •sjaundi «seventh»
• •átti *or* áttundi «eighth»
• •níundi «ninth»
• •tíundi «tenth»
• •ellifti «eleventh»
• •tólfti «twelfth»
• •þrettándi «thirteenth»
• •fjórtandi «fourteenth»
• •fimtándi «fifteenth»
• •sextándi «sixteenth»
• •sjautándi «seventeenth»
• •átjándi «eighteenth»
• •nítjándi «nineteenth»
• •tuttugandi «twentieth»
• •tuttugandi ok fyrstr «twentieth-and-one, 21st» *or* fyrstr ok tuttugandi
• •þrítugandi «thirtieth»
• Old Norse did not have ordinal numbers for 100 or higher.

And some other related terms:

• •tví «twice, double»
• •þrennr «triple, three-fold»
• •fjór-faldr «four-fold»
• •sex-faldr «six-fold»
• •fjórðungr «fourth, a quarter»
• •settungr «sixth, a sixth part»

Runic Inscriptions with Numbers

The following represent most of the runic inscriptions with numbers, taken from the Samnordisk runtextdatabas (Rundata). Inscriptions that commemorate «two sons» or «one daughter» and the like have not been included. The top set of each numbered pair is a transliteration of the runic inscription using standard scholarly notation for the runes, followed by a second numbered line with an English translation of the inscription. These are all Younger Futhark unless otherwise noted.

To see how these runic letters looked, you can find several versions of the futhark, or runic alphabet, on the web: Norwegian Runes, Swedish Runes, and Danish Runes.

The various runic alphabets used by the Vikings would be the ones found roughly between 800AD and 1100AD, which are the dates for the Viking Age.

Runes used as numerals

Although it is very uncommon, on occasion the Vikings would use the runic letters to stand for a numeral. I was only able to find a couple of inscriptions that used this practice, and here they appear to just be abbreviating the word for the number and representing it by its first letter. This would be like an English speaker writing numbers as O=1, T=2, TH=3, Fo=4, Fi=5, Si=6, Se=7, E=8, N=9 etc.:

Gokstad, Norway (Viking Age).

N A39 $M §A æilifr * uiri*uæhr * a mek * mit : stæin:grimr : ha=fum : mælt : ma=rt : o=kka=r imilli : firir : þa so=k : at ek : uil : nema : a=f þi : runa=r : §B eaa=uo : knor : ek : spu:r þek : uilt * tu * gifta * mer * æina*þa * en * þa=r er : <þisar> mrþk iiiii sssss ttttt lllll * §C æ t þ f f s s a n t æ t þ f f s s a n t §D : þa=u : ero : bæþe : i buþ : saman : kla=uua:kare : o=k : ko=na : uilia=lms : hæil=lþu : hæil=l * sæl * þu * tha §E ——-

N A39 $M §A Eilífr the Worthy owns me. We two, Steingrímr and I, have spoken much between ourselves for the reason that I want take/learn runes of it. §B … …, I ask you: do you want to marry me, one of these these: mistletoe, ploughshare, ’tistill’, ‘histill’, casket. §C O[ne], t[wo], t[hree], f[our], f[ive], s[ix], s[even], e[ight], n[ine], t[en], e[leven], t[welve], t[hirteen], f[ourteen], f[ifteen], s[ixteen], s[eventeen], e[ighteen], n[ineteen], t[wenty]. §D They are both lodging together, Clumsy-Kári and Vilhjalm’s wife. Hail! Hail and good fortune to you then! §E …

Bergen, Norway (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age)

N B89 M §A -hurþrlslrþsr lafra=nc r rr þr — §B s m t o þ f l æ t þ f f s s a n t æ —

N B89 M Lafranz carved these runes … S(unday), M(onday), T(uesday), W(ednesday), Th(ursday), F(riday), S(aturday); o(ne), t(wo), th(ree), f(our), f(ive), s(ix), s(even), ei(ght), n(ine), t(en), e(leven) …

The other way runes were used to stand for numbers was in runic calendars. We can’t say exactly how the Vikings would have done this, since no runic calendars from the Viking Age actually survive. However, the practice of using a stave of wood and cutting runes on it for a calendar was widespread in medieval Scandinavia from just after the Viking Age (1200) up through almost the present day, so we think the Vikings probably did something very similar. On these calendars, the runes were not used exactly to represent a number, nor a specific day of the week, but rather «1st day of the week» (not always a Sunday!), «2nd day of the week», «3rd day of the week» and so on. This went up to the seventh rune and then repeated, so Day1=f, Day2=u, Day3=þ, Day4=a, Day5=r, Day6=k, Day7=h.

Numbers Written as Whole Words Using RunesThis is the usual practice of the Vikings in representing numbers.

Sölvesborgs Church, Gummarp, Listers, Blekinge, Denmark. 500-700AD (pre-Viking Age, Elder Futhark)

DR 357 $U §AP niuhAborumz niuhagestumz hAþuwolAfz gAf j hAriwolAfz (m)A—u snuh-e hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hederA §AQ niu hAborumz niu hagestumz hAþuwolAfz gAf j hAriwolAfz (m)A—u snuh-e hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hederA §B ginoronoz §C herAmAlAsAz ArAgeu we(l)Aduds| |sA þAt §D bAriutiþ

DR 357 $U §AP(To the) dwellers (and) guests Haþuwulfar gave full year, Hariwulfar … … I, master of the runes(?) conceal here §AQ nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar … … I, master of the runes(?) conceal here §B runes of power. §C Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this §D breaks.

Sölvesborgs Church, Gummarp, Listers, Blekinge, Denmark. 500-700AD (pre-Viking Age, Elder Futhark)

DR 358 #$U §PA [(h)AþuwolAfA] §PB [sAte] §PC [(s)tA(b)A þr(i)a] §PD [fff] §QA [… (h)AþuwolAfA] §QB [… sAte] §QC [… (s)tA(b)A þr(i)a] §QD [fff]

DR 358 #$U §PA Haþuwulfar §PB placed §PC three staves §PD fff. §QA [In memory of] Haþuwulfar §QB […] placed §QC [these] three staves §QD fff.

Blæsinge, Holbæk, Sjælland, Denmark (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, language is Latin)

DR AARB1987;205 M * so=niuro= =uos : s=æpt=(æ)(m) ÷ so=ro=ræs (a)(t)—(a)r——-(s) : ræ(s)… (æ)=(l)ffrisa : a=ffris=(e)a so=ria a=ffosa : a=ffrisala : so=niuro uos æ=t so=n:t=æsto=r : pær patræm ÷ æ=t filium æ=t spirit=um (:) sanst=um (:) (u)(t) n(o)=n : nosæatis : stam famulum : gæi : næquæ (i)n * hosulis : næquæ in mæmpris : næquæ in mægullis ÷ næs in ullo somp(-)(-)ine mæmbrorum æius : ut inhabit=æt : in te uirt=us sristi : al(t)iss(i)(m)(i) : essæ srru(u)(s)(æ)m ÷ (g)o=nmini (:) fukit(i) (:) pa=rt=(æ)s : (a)=guæ(r)s=æ : (u)i(s)(i)(t) (l)æ(o) : gæ t=r(i)b(u) (i)(u)ga ragi{X} : gauit : in nominæ pat=ris æt filii : æ=t spirit=us sa=ns=ti amæn **(*) srist=us : uinsit : srist=us : ræknit : srist=us : impæræt : srist=us : lipærat + srist=us t=æ bænægisat : a=b oomi : m=alo : (g)æfængat : a:k÷l÷a bat=ær : nostær :* ?

DR AARB1987;205 M I invoke you, seven sisters… … Elffrica(?) Affricca, Soria, Affoca, Affricala. I invoke and call you to witness through the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, that you do not harm this servant of God, neither in the eyes nor in the limbs nor in the marrow nor in any joint of his limbs, that the power of Christ Most High shall reside in you. Behold the cross of the Lord; flee, you hostile powers. The lion of the tribe of Juda, the root of David, has conquered. In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, Amen. Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ rules, Christ liberates, Christ blesses you, defends you from all evil. Agla (= Thou art strong in eternity, Lord). Our Father. …

DR EM85;493 — Ribe, Jylland, Denmark (1300AD, post-Viking Age)

DR EM85;493 M §A + io=rþ ÷ biþ a=k ÷ ua=rþæ ÷ o=k ÷ uphimæn ÷ so=l ÷ o=k ÷ sa=nt=æ maria ÷ o=k ÷ salfæn ÷ gud| |drotæn ÷ þæt han ÷ læ mik ÷ læknæs÷ha=nd ÷ o=k lif÷tuggæ ÷ at= =liuæ §B uiuindnæ ÷ þær ÷ botæ ÷ þa=rf ÷ or ÷ ba=k ÷ o=k or brRst ÷ or lækæ ÷ o=k or lim ÷ or øuæn ÷ o=k or øræn ÷ or ÷ a=llæ þe ÷ þær ÷ ilt ÷ kan i at §C kumæ ÷ suart ÷ hetær ÷ sten ÷ ha=n ÷ stær ÷ i ÷ hafæ ÷ utæ ÷ þær ÷ ligær ÷ a ÷ þe ÷ ni ÷ no=uþær ÷ þær ÷ l—r(a) ÷ (þ)en-nþþæþeskulhuærki §D skulæ ÷ huærki ÷ søtæn ÷ sofæ ÷ æþ ÷ uarmnæn ÷ uakæ ÷ førr æn ÷ þu ÷ þæssa ÷ bot ÷ biþær ÷ þær ÷ a=k o=rþ ÷ at kæþæ ÷ ro=nti ÷ amæn ÷ o=k þæt ÷ se +

DR EM85;493 M §A I pray Earth to guard and High Heaven, the sun and Saint Mary and Lord God himself, that he grant me medicinal hands and healing tongue to heal §B the Trembler when a cure is needed. From back and from breast, from body and from limb, from eyes and from ears, from wherever evil can §C enter. A stone is called Svart[r] (black), it stands out in the sea, there lie upon it nine needs, who … … §D shall neither sleep sweetly nor wake warmly until you pray this cure which I have proclaimed in runic words. Amen and so be it.

Eke Church, Gotland, Sweden (ca. 1361AD, post-Viking Age)

G 48 M §A [arum ÷ …bti(r) ÷ …u… ÷ biyrþ ÷ þusinn ÷ iþuntraþ ÷ at ÷ ok ÷ sekstih ÷ … … ÷ kirkia] malaþ ÷ bu ÷ ra [?ur ÷ sif…na ÷ kari ÷ (a)-l(e) ÷ na=uþ] §B [i(r)a=l ru—r]

G 48 M The church [was] painted one thousand, three hundred and sixty-one years after God’s birth …

Lye Church, Gotland, Sweden (ca. 1449AD, post-Viking Age)

G 99 M ÷ iaka=upr * i * litla=ronum * ha=n * lit * gia=ra þinna * stain * yvir * fa=þu=r * sin * o=la=f * o=k * bro=yþr * sina * liknuiþ * o=k * simo=n * biþim * f(i) þaim * o=k * a=llum * krisnum * sia=lum * o=k * þa * ua=r * liþit a=f * guz * by=rþ * fiu=rta=n * hu=nt=ra=þ * a=r o=k * ainu * are * minna * þen * {V}*tihi * a=r * o=k * i * þi * a=ri * brima=þi * k * o=k * r * su=nudahr * i *(¤) {I} * ra=þu

G 99 M Jakobr in Litlaronr/Lillrone, he had this stone made over his father Ólafr and his brothers Líknviðr and Símon. Pray for them and for all Christian souls. And then fourteen hundred years and one year less than fifty years had passed since God’s birth. And in that year K was the prime-stave and R the Sunday[-stave] in the eleventh row.

Lye Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages ca. 1449AD, post-Viking Age)

G 100 M ÷ þinna * sten : þa * lit * husfru * ru=þvi * giera * yfir sin * bo=nda * ia=ko=p * i * ma=na=ga=rd=um * sum skutin * ua=rþ * ihel * miþ * en : pyrsu*stin * a=f * uis*bo=rh * þa * en * ku=nuu=ng * erik * ua=r * be*stallaþ * pa * þi * fo=r*nemda * slot * en * þa ** ua=r * liþit * a=f * guz * by=r(þ) * fiu=rta=n * hu=nd=ra=þ : a=r * o=k * ainu : a=ri * minna * þen : fem(t)igi : a=r * biþium * þet : et * guþ : na=þi * ha=nz * sia=l * o=k * a=llum * krisnum * sia=lum : amen

G 100 M Housewife Hróðvé had this stone made over her husbandsman Jakobr in Managardhir/Mannegård, who was shot to pieces with a gun at Visborg, when King Eirkr was stationed at the aforementioned castle. And then fourteen hundred years and one year less than fifty years had passed since God’s birth. Let us pray that God be gracious to his soul and to all Christian souls. Amen.

Anga Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, 1280s)

G 119 M —o : ger(þ)(u) …R kirkiu : þisa : hehmu=ndr : miþ : fiau—m : eykium : ok liknuiþr miþ tuaim eykium : ok hehuiþr miþ … botuiþr miþ ainum : eyk : ok : ahnmundr likuiþr miþ : ainum eyk : : ok fargaiR : miþ : tuaim : eykiu:m roeaikr miþ ainum : eyk : ok ioan miþ tuaim : eykium : ok : hahuer miþ : ainum : eyk : ok sihulfr miþ : tuaim : eykium ok roþualr miþ : ainum : eyk : ok ronuiþr miþ tuaim eykium : ok haluatr miþ : ainum eyk ok : alt þit : fulk : sum : hiar : hafr : arfuþi : haft : baþi : nemt : ok : onemt : þa : misku-i : þaim : guþ : baþi : lifanti : ok : dauþum

G 119 M … made … this church, Hegmundr with four oxen and Líknvidhr with two oxen and Hegvidhr with … Bótviðr with one ox and Agnmundr [and] Líknviðr with one ox and Fargeirr with two oxen, Hróðleikr(?) with one ox and Jóhan with two ox and Hegviðr(?) with one ox and Sigulfr with two oxen and Hróðvaldr with one ox and Ronviðr with two oxen and Hallhvatr with one ox. And all those people, who have had .. here, both named and unnamed, then may God have mercy on them, both living and dead.

Vänge Church, Gotland, Sweden (Post-Viking Age, August 5, 1553)

G 124 M bedin * fyri * iakobs * sial * nikkarfua * han * do * fæm * daha fyri * sante * lafranz * dag ta * uar * f * sundahr * ok * m * primst-f(u)-r * i * fimtand- ra(t)…

G 124 M Pray for Jakobr of Nikkarfa/Nickarve’s soul. He died five days before Saint Lafrantz’ day, when F was the Sunday[-stave] and M the prime-stave in the fifteenth row.

Halla Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, 1400s)

G 140 M … um to=lf mark

G 140 M … about twelve marks.

Hejde Church, Gotland, Sweden (Post-Viking Age, April 4, 1506)

G 170 M + betin * fyrre * petars sia=l ka=upa=rfa : ha=n : to : sia=u nat=um efder ny ta= ua=r : o : o=k : k : prim : i : fiurta=ndo rato

G 170 M Pray for Pétar of Kauparfa/Kauparve’s soul. He died seven nights after New [Year]. Then O and K were prime[-staves] in the fourteenth row.

Lärbro Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, 1350)

G 293 M [guþ : naþi : hehuars : sial : sum : h—… : gera fem þusend] ar : ok : ainu : a… mina : en : tu : hundra… -r : uaru : af : adami : ok : ti- : -uz : byrþ : et þusend : ar : ok : þry : hundr-þ ar : ok fimtihi : ar : uar : af : guz : byrþ : ok til : tihra:dauþ-…

G 293 M May God be gracious to Hegvarð’s soul, which … … five thousand years and one year less then two hundred years were from Adam to God’s birth, one thousand years and three hundred years and fifty years were from God’s birth and to the Black Death.

Visby, St. Clemens, Gotland, Sweden (Medieval, Post-Viking Age)

G 341 M ??????????? [elfa hunara=þ or ok … biþim furi … ial stain botuiþr lit fira …]

G 341 M … Eleven hundred years and … pray for … … stone. Bótviðr had … made.

Talgje Church, Finnøy, Rogaland, Norway (Post-Viking Age, 12th century)

N 257 M §A … uiþ : a=nlat : sit ÷ -… §B …es ÷ kirkio : þæsse * til : ke=rþa=r … §C …t(e) : til : uista=r : ua=l-… §D … …l : dyrþa=r : o=uk : ga=f : til : se=gs : …

N 257 M §A … at his demise… §B … to the making of this church … §C … to provision … §D … to magnificence, and gave six to …

Ystines, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway (Medieval)

N 521 M [u](n)di[r a=us](t)(a)-(u)-(r)(þ)re o=rf er gul g-(y)— niu a=lna —þr

N 521 M Gold is hidden nine ells below under the eastern corner.

Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Latin inscription in runes) (Medieval, Post-Viking Age, after 1332)

N 632 M §A ÷ in nomne (p)at=ric æ=þ fi(l)i æ=þ cprit=uc| |ca=nti am=en : surraa §B pia sruc æ=þ pasio sricte ??i m(a) pacmauit æ=þ casrobat §C ?(a)=l(r) ?i?(e) (d)(e)i cin medisina cin medisina mii o §D cagine la=uit febrac (a)(d)(i)(k)oui(a)(d) fu(i) (m)(a) uecca=re lr

N 632 M §A In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, Amen §C May God’s Five Wounds be (my) medicine. May my medicine be §B Holy Cross and Christ’s passion. He who moulded and washed me §D with Holy Blood. May he expel the fever which strives to torment me.

Norway (Medieval, Post-Viking Age, before 1332)

N 650 M §A ÷ æin=nriþi ÷ þeta ÷ at| |tu mer at gia=l=lda ÷ tua mæla ok ÷ þriu sa=lld ÷ en ahngarstihi ÷ sihta=n mæla §B en þu ska=l=lt ÷ æin=ndriþi ÷ taka ÷ þat ko=nn ÷ sem ÷ berþor ÷ a mer at luka ÷ eihi min=na ÷ en sehsta=n mæla §C ska=l=lt| |tu ta=ka ÷ eþa ÷ el=lihar : tak þu ehi ÷ en ÷ fa=þur min=n ÷ biþ ek ÷ a(t) ha=n=n kil=lti ÷ mer ÷ þriu sa=l=ld ÷ i

N 650 M §A Eindriði! This you owe in payment: two measures and three casks, or else(?) sixteen measures. §B And you should, Eindriði, take the corn which Bergþórr has to discharge. (You should take) no less than sixteen measures §C or otherwise take nothing. And I order my father that he pay me three casks …

Bergen, Norway (Post-Viking Age, 1198)

N 654 M §A bet=r= =let| |t=uær mærkr * o=la=fr : þreta=n bu=(n) §B suærþo=lfr — enku lo…

N 654 M §A Pétr let (gave) two marks, Ólafr thirteen pounds. §B Sverðolfr … nothing discharged.

Søndre Engelgården, Bergen, Norway (Post-Viking Age, Before 1332)

N 655 M §A * (k) * barþr * t=ra=uan : ha=luan : a=nan : øyri : hein:rekr : tuær : ærtogar : brek * i uihi §B ingimundr : sauþr : ha=lfa : þriþiu : ærtog uihi §C h- (h) §D uihi

N 655 M §A Paid(?): Bárðr: scarcely one and a half ôre. Heinrekr: two ertogar, fradulently. Vígi / Acknowledged. §B Ingimundr the Sheep: two and a half ertogar. Vígi / Acknowledged. §C … … §D Vígi / Acknowledged.

Nordre Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Medieval, Before 1248)

N 656 M §A — halluar þe slotha þrim (p)-… … §B loþne faus haluan niunnda æyri ok h-…

N 656 M §A … To Hallvarðr the Slothful: three pounds(?)… §B To Lodinn the Reckless(?): eight and a half ôre and …

Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Medieval, Before 1248)

N 735 M §A couæk a þræþr þisa §B ho=f : fimta mo=rk

N 735 M §A Sölveig owns these threads. §B Four and a half marks.

Nedre Langgate, Vestfold, Norway (Medieval, Post-Viking Age)

N A347 M ÷ sægs : o=k æyrir

N A347 M Six (marks?) and (one?) øre

Gamla Högby Church, Östergötland, Sweden (Viking Age, 10th century)

ÖG 81 §A * þukir * resþi * stin * þansi * eftiR * asur * sin * muþur*bruþur * sin * iaR * eataþis * austr * i * krikum * §B * kuþr * karl * kuli * kat * fim * suni * feal * o * furi * frukn * treks * asmutr * aitaþis * asur * austr * i krikum * uarþ * o hulmi * halftan * tribin * kari * uarþ * at uti * §C auk * tauþr * bui * þurkil * rist * runaR

ÖG 81 §A Thorgerðr(?) raised this stone in memory of Özurr, her mother’s brother. He met his end in the east in Greece. §B The good man Gulli got five sons. The brave valiant man Ásmundr fell at Fyri(?); Özurr met his end in the east in Greece; Halfdan was killed at Holmr (Bornholm?); Kári was (killed) at Oddr(?); §C also dead (is) Búi. Thorkell carved the runes.

Rök Church, Östergötland, Sweden (Viking Age, 9th century)

ÖG 136 $ aft uamuþ stonta runaR þaR n uarin faþi faþiR aft faikion sunu sakum| |mukmini þat huariaR ualraubaR uaRin tuaR þaR suaþ tualf sinum uaRin| |numnaR t ualraubu baþaR somon o umisum| |monum ‘ þat sakum onart huaR fur niu altum on urþi fiaru miR hraiþkutum auk tu miR on ub sakaR raiþ| |þiaurikR hin þurmuþi stiliR flutna strontu hraiþmaraR sitiR nu karuR o kuta sinum skialti ub fatlaþR skati marika þat sakum tualfta huar histR si kunaR itu| |uituoki on kunukaR tuaiR tikiR suaþ o likia ‘ þat sakum þritaunta huariR tuaiR tikiR kunukaR satin t siulunti fiakura uintur at fiakurum nabnum burnR fiakurum bruþrum ‘ ualkaR fim ra=þulfs| |suniR hraiþulfaR fim rukulfs| |suniR hoislaR fim haruþs suniR kunmuntaR fim (b)irnaR suniR * nuk m— (m)— alu —(k)(i) ainhuaR -þ… …þ … ftiR fra sagwm| |mogmeni (þ)ad hOaR igOldga OaRi gOldin d gOonaR hOsli sakum| |mukmini uaim si burin| |niþR troki uilin is þat knuo knati| |iatun uilin is þat (n)(i)(t) akum| |mukmini þur sibi uiauari ul niruþR

ÖG 136 $ In memory of Vémóðr stand these runes. And Varinn coloured them, the father, in memory of his dead son. I say the folktale / to the young men, which the two war-booties were, which twelve times were taken as war-booty, both together from various men. I say this second, who nine generations ago lost his life with the Hreidgoths; and died with them for his guilt. Þjóðríkr the bold, chief of sea-warriors, ruled over the shores of the Hreiðsea. Now he sits armed on his Goth(ic horse), his shield strapped, the prince of the Mærings. I say this the twelfth, where the horse of Gunnr sees fodder on the battlefield, where twenty kings lie. This I say as thirteenth, which twenty kings sat on Sjólund for four winters, of four names, born of four brothers: five Valkis, sons of Hráðulfr, five Hreiðulfrs, sons of Rugulfr, five Háisl, sons of Hôrðr, five Gunnmundrs/Kynmundrs, sons of Bjôrn. Now I say the tales in full. Someone … I say the folktale / to the young men, which of the line of Ingold was repaid by a wife’s sacrifice. I say the folktale / to the young men, to whom is born a relative, to a valiant man. It is Vélinn. He could crush a giant. It is Vélinn … I say the folktale / to the young men: Thórr. Sibbi of Vé, nonagenarian, begot (a son).

Norra Sandsjö, Småland, Sweden (Viking Age, ca. 990-1010 AD)

SM 71 × erinuorþr × let × reisa × stein × þena × eftiR × heka × faþur × sin × auk × heru × faþur : hans × auk × karl × hans × faþur … × heru × hans × faþur × auk × þiagn × hans × faþur × auk × eftiR × þe × lagfaþrga × fem ×

SM 71 Erinvarðr had this stone raised in memory of Heggi, his father and Hæra, his (i.e. Heggi’s) father, and Karl, his (i.e. Hæra’s) father and Hæra, his father and Thegn, his father and in memory of these five forefathers.

Kärnbo Ödekyrka, Södermanland, Sweden (Viking Age, 10th century)

Sö 176 §A … …(n) * þina| |aft * mik * sialbR * in aft kaiRulf * bruþur min : uarb iak * hrauR §B hi(n)uslik(R) * hi(a)— * an(a)— * §C [u](l) * af-raiþu ÷ i[n h]uariaR * aiku (l)(o)kmuþrk(u) þriaR * bar(n) (s)(i)ak(s) * bas[t] *

Sö 176 §A … this stone in memory of myself. And in memory of Geirulfr, my brother, I threw up a cairn §B … §C … and each of the ancestresses has six children, the best (…).

Sigtuna, Uppland, Sweden (Late Viking Age, ca. 1050-1100)

U AST1;166 M §A ik * ak * uk * ris d=u * i * ueg onþ=R * tun=glunum sifgeuinum oyr þæ=t an=ge * æuþ| |þæt skin §B × ek * þ * sig þ=rio × nauþR niu uiur nank

U AST1;166 M §A … … … Rise and go away beneath the benevolent stars! Make this (= the curse) crazy (ie. confuse this), (magical) mist! Destroy this (= the curse), (sun)shine! §B I say three giants, nine needs. I conjure (in the capacity of) overseer of the sanctuary.(?)

Uppland, Sweden (Viking Age, 11th century)

U Fv1933;134 $ §A þurs| × |sarriþu × þursa trutin fliu þu nu f=untin is §B af þiR þriaR þraR ulf × af þiR niu nøþiR ulfR × ikiR þik ikiR auk ik uniR ulfr niut lufia

U Fv1933;134 $ §A Spectre of the giants, lord of the giants! Flee now! You are found. §B Have for yourself three pangs, Wolf! Have for yourself nine needs, Wolf! , Wolf. Make good use of the healing(-charm)!

Saleby Church, Västergötland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, Post-Viking Age, ca. 1228, inscription in church bell)

VG 210 M ÷ þa : iak : uar : gør : þa : uar : þushundraþ : tu : hu=ndraþ : tiuhu : uintr : ok : atta : fra : bRrþ : gus :+ a+g+l+a+ ÷ ÷ aue ÷ maria ÷ gracia ÷ plena ÷ ÷ dionisius : siþ ÷ benediktus ÷

VG 210 M When I was completed, then there were thousand two hundred twenty winters and eight from the birth of God. AGLA. Ave «Maria gracia plena. «Dionysius sit benedictus.

one would have probably been raise, but it face was a metal mask and it betrayed nothing of the mind beneath.

“TG-28……it’s in the direction of TG-46 and only 27 light years. If we don’t find a planet there we can send one of the civilian ships that has an ISAH drive to scout it out while we begin work on replacement ISAH pods for the Harvard. We could even start mining operations. Manpower wouldn’t be a problem, slow and inexperienced but we have plenty of it. Equipment is a different story, but we would have the trip there to get started on something-”

“It sounds like you have already decided,” cut in Freeman.

In the Vikings’ runic inscriptions, we do find numbers written down, but it’s very rare. Usually numbers are spelled out as whole words, although on rare occasion the first letter of the number-word is used to stand for the number (see below for the runic inscriptions with numbers).

Old Norse Words for Numbers

Cardinal Numbers

• •ein «one»
• •tveir «two»
• •þrír «three»
• •fjórir «four»
• •fimm «five»
• •sex «six»
• •sjau «seven»
• •átta «eight»
• •níu «nine»
• •tíu «ten»
• •ellifu «eleven»
• •tólf «twelve»
• •þrettán «thirteen»
• •fjórtán «fourteen»
• •fimtán «fifteen»
• •sextán «sixteen»
• •sjaután «seventeen»
• •átján «eighteen»
• •nítján «nineteen»
• •tuttugu «twenty
• •tuttugu ok ein «twenty and one, twenty-one» *or* ein ok tuttugu
• •tuttugu ok tveir «twenty-two» *or* tveir ok tuttugu (etc. for 23-29)
• •þrír tigir «thirty»
• •tíu tigir «100»
• •ellifu tigit «110»
• •hundrað «120»
• •hundrað ok átta tigir «200»
• •tvau hundrað «240»
• •þúsund «1200»
• Ordinal Numbers
• •fyrstr «first, foremost»
• •annarr «second, another»
• •þriði «third»
• •fjórði «fourth»
• •fimmti «fifth»
• •sétti «sixth»
• •sjaundi «seventh»
• •átti *or* áttundi «eighth»
• •níundi «ninth»
• •tíundi «tenth»
• •ellifti «eleventh»
• •tólfti «twelfth»
• •þrettándi «thirteenth»
• •fjórtandi «fourteenth»
• •fimtándi «fifteenth»
• •sextándi «sixteenth»
• •sjautándi «seventeenth»
• •átjándi «eighteenth»
• •nítjándi «nineteenth»
• •tuttugandi «twentieth»
• •tuttugandi ok fyrstr «twentieth-and-one, 21st» *or* fyrstr ok tuttugandi
• •þrítugandi «thirtieth»
• Old Norse did not have ordinal numbers for 100 or higher.

And some other related terms:

• •tví «twice, double»
• •þrennr «triple, three-fold»
• •fjór-faldr «four-fold»
• •sex-faldr «six-fold»
• •fjórðungr «fourth, a quarter»
• •settungr «sixth, a sixth part»

Runic Inscriptions with Numbers

The following represent most of the runic inscriptions with numbers, taken from the Samnordisk runtextdatabas (Rundata). Inscriptions that commemorate «two sons» or «one daughter» and the like have not been included. The top set of each numbered pair is a transliteration of the runic inscription using standard scholarly notation for the runes, followed by a second numbered line with an English translation of the inscription. These are all Younger Futhark unless otherwise noted.

To see how these runic letters looked, you can find several versions of the futhark, or runic alphabet, on the web: Norwegian Runes, Swedish Runes, and Danish Runes.

The various runic alphabets used by the Vikings would be the ones found roughly between 800AD and 1100AD, which are the dates for the Viking Age.

Runes used as numerals

Although it is very uncommon, on occasion the Vikings would use the runic letters to stand for a numeral. I was only able to find a couple of inscriptions that used this practice, and here they appear to just be abbreviating the word for the number and representing it by its first letter. This would be like an English speaker writing numbers as O=1, T=2, TH=3, Fo=4, Fi=5, Si=6, Se=7, E=8, N=9 etc.:

Gokstad, Norway (Viking Age).

N A39 $M §A æilifr * uiri*uæhr * a mek * mit : stæin:grimr : ha=fum : mælt : ma=rt : o=kka=r imilli : firir : þa so=k : at ek : uil : nema : a=f þi : runa=r : §B eaa=uo : knor : ek : spu:r þek : uilt * tu * gifta * mer * æina*þa * en * þa=r er : <þisar> mrþk iiiii sssss ttttt lllll * §C æ t þ f f s s a n t æ t þ f f s s a n t §D : þa=u : ero : bæþe : i buþ : saman : kla=uua:kare : o=k : ko=na : uilia=lms : hæil=lþu : hæil=l * sæl * þu * tha §E ——-

N A39 $M §A Eilífr the Worthy owns me. We two, Steingrímr and I, have spoken much between ourselves for the reason that I want take/learn runes of it. §B … …, I ask you: do you want to marry me, one of these these: mistletoe, ploughshare, ’tistill’, ‘histill’, casket. §C O[ne], t[wo], t[hree], f[our], f[ive], s[ix], s[even], e[ight], n[ine], t[en], e[leven], t[welve], t[hirteen], f[ourteen], f[ifteen], s[ixteen], s[eventeen], e[ighteen], n[ineteen], t[wenty]. §D They are both lodging together, Clumsy-Kári and Vilhjalm’s wife. Hail! Hail and good fortune to you then! §E …

Bergen, Norway (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age)

N B89 M §A -hurþrlslrþsr lafra=nc r rr þr — §B s m t o þ f l æ t þ f f s s a n t æ —

N B89 M Lafranz carved these runes … S(unday), M(onday), T(uesday), W(ednesday), Th(ursday), F(riday), S(aturday); o(ne), t(wo), th(ree), f(our), f(ive), s(ix), s(even), ei(ght), n(ine), t(en), e(leven) …

The other way runes were used to stand for numbers was in runic calendars. We can’t say exactly how the Vikings would have done this, since no runic calendars from the Viking Age actually survive. However, the practice of using a stave of wood and cutting runes on it for a calendar was widespread in medieval Scandinavia from just after the Viking Age (1200) up through almost the present day, so we think the Vikings probably did something very similar. On these calendars, the runes were not used exactly to represent a number, nor a specific day of the week, but rather «1st day of the week» (not always a Sunday!), «2nd day of the week», «3rd day of the week» and so on. This went up to the seventh rune and then repeated, so Day1=f, Day2=u, Day3=þ, Day4=a, Day5=r, Day6=k, Day7=h.

Numbers Written as Whole Words Using RunesThis is the usual practice of the Vikings in representing numbers.

Sölvesborgs Church, Gummarp, Listers, Blekinge, Denmark. 500-700AD (pre-Viking Age, Elder Futhark)

DR 357 $U §AP niuhAborumz niuhagestumz hAþuwolAfz gAf j hAriwolAfz (m)A—u snuh-e hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hederA §AQ niu hAborumz niu hagestumz hAþuwolAfz gAf j hAriwolAfz (m)A—u snuh-e hidez runono fe(l)(A)h ekA hederA §B ginoronoz §C herAmAlAsAz ArAgeu we(l)Aduds| |sA þAt §D bAriutiþ

DR 357 $U §AP(To the) dwellers (and) guests Haþuwulfar gave full year, Hariwulfar … … I, master of the runes(?) conceal here §AQ nine bucks, nine stallions, Haþuwulfar gave fruitful year, Hariwulfar … … I, master of the runes(?) conceal here §B runes of power. §C Incessantly (plagued by) maleficence, (doomed to) insidious death (is) he who this §D breaks.

Sölvesborgs Church, Gummarp, Listers, Blekinge, Denmark. 500-700AD (pre-Viking Age, Elder Futhark)

DR 358 #$U §PA [(h)AþuwolAfA] §PB [sAte] §PC [(s)tA(b)A þr(i)a] §PD [fff] §QA [… (h)AþuwolAfA] §QB [… sAte] §QC [… (s)tA(b)A þr(i)a] §QD [fff]

DR 358 #$U §PA Haþuwulfar §PB placed §PC three staves §PD fff. §QA [In memory of] Haþuwulfar §QB […] placed §QC [these] three staves §QD fff.

Blæsinge, Holbæk, Sjælland, Denmark (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, language is Latin)

DR AARB1987;205 M * so=niuro= =uos : s=æpt=(æ)(m) ÷ so=ro=ræs (a)(t)—(a)r——-(s) : ræ(s)… (æ)=(l)ffrisa : a=ffris=(e)a so=ria a=ffosa : a=ffrisala : so=niuro uos æ=t so=n:t=æsto=r : pær patræm ÷ æ=t filium æ=t spirit=um (:) sanst=um (:) (u)(t) n(o)=n : nosæatis : stam famulum : gæi : næquæ (i)n * hosulis : næquæ in mæmpris : næquæ in mægullis ÷ næs in ullo somp(-)(-)ine mæmbrorum æius : ut inhabit=æt : in te uirt=us sristi : al(t)iss(i)(m)(i) : essæ srru(u)(s)(æ)m ÷ (g)o=nmini (:) fukit(i) (:) pa=rt=(æ)s : (a)=guæ(r)s=æ : (u)i(s)(i)(t) (l)æ(o) : gæ t=r(i)b(u) (i)(u)ga ragi{X} : gauit : in nominæ pat=ris æt filii : æ=t spirit=us sa=ns=ti amæn **(*) srist=us : uinsit : srist=us : ræknit : srist=us : impæræt : srist=us : lipærat + srist=us t=æ bænægisat : a=b oomi : m=alo : (g)æfængat : a:k÷l÷a bat=ær : nostær :* ?

DR AARB1987;205 M I invoke you, seven sisters… … Elffrica(?) Affricca, Soria, Affoca, Affricala. I invoke and call you to witness through the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, that you do not harm this servant of God, neither in the eyes nor in the limbs nor in the marrow nor in any joint of his limbs, that the power of Christ Most High shall reside in you. Behold the cross of the Lord; flee, you hostile powers. The lion of the tribe of Juda, the root of David, has conquered. In the name of the Father, the Son and the Holy Spirit, Amen. Christ conquers, Christ reigns, Christ rules, Christ liberates, Christ blesses you, defends you from all evil. Agla (= Thou art strong in eternity, Lord). Our Father. …

DR EM85;493 — Ribe, Jylland, Denmark (1300AD, post-Viking Age)

DR EM85;493 M §A + io=rþ ÷ biþ a=k ÷ ua=rþæ ÷ o=k ÷ uphimæn ÷ so=l ÷ o=k ÷ sa=nt=æ maria ÷ o=k ÷ salfæn ÷ gud| |drotæn ÷ þæt han ÷ læ mik ÷ læknæs÷ha=nd ÷ o=k lif÷tuggæ ÷ at= =liuæ §B uiuindnæ ÷ þær ÷ botæ ÷ þa=rf ÷ or ÷ ba=k ÷ o=k or brRst ÷ or lækæ ÷ o=k or lim ÷ or øuæn ÷ o=k or øræn ÷ or ÷ a=llæ þe ÷ þær ÷ ilt ÷ kan i at §C kumæ ÷ suart ÷ hetær ÷ sten ÷ ha=n ÷ stær ÷ i ÷ hafæ ÷ utæ ÷ þær ÷ ligær ÷ a ÷ þe ÷ ni ÷ no=uþær ÷ þær ÷ l—r(a) ÷ (þ)en-nþþæþeskulhuærki §D skulæ ÷ huærki ÷ søtæn ÷ sofæ ÷ æþ ÷ uarmnæn ÷ uakæ ÷ førr æn ÷ þu ÷ þæssa ÷ bot ÷ biþær ÷ þær ÷ a=k o=rþ ÷ at kæþæ ÷ ro=nti ÷ amæn ÷ o=k þæt ÷ se +

DR EM85;493 M §A I pray Earth to guard and High Heaven, the sun and Saint Mary and Lord God himself, that he grant me medicinal hands and healing tongue to heal §B the Trembler when a cure is needed. From back and from breast, from body and from limb, from eyes and from ears, from wherever evil can §C enter. A stone is called Svart[r] (black), it stands out in the sea, there lie upon it nine needs, who … … §D shall neither sleep sweetly nor wake warmly until you pray this cure which I have proclaimed in runic words. Amen and so be it.

Eke Church, Gotland, Sweden (ca. 1361AD, post-Viking Age)

G 48 M §A [arum ÷ …bti(r) ÷ …u… ÷ biyrþ ÷ þusinn ÷ iþuntraþ ÷ at ÷ ok ÷ sekstih ÷ … … ÷ kirkia] malaþ ÷ bu ÷ ra [?ur ÷ sif…na ÷ kari ÷ (a)-l(e) ÷ na=uþ] §B [i(r)a=l ru—r]

G 48 M The church [was] painted one thousand, three hundred and sixty-one years after God’s birth …

Lye Church, Gotland, Sweden (ca. 1449AD, post-Viking Age)

G 99 M ÷ iaka=upr * i * litla=ronum * ha=n * lit * gia=ra þinna * stain * yvir * fa=þu=r * sin * o=la=f * o=k * bro=yþr * sina * liknuiþ * o=k * simo=n * biþim * f(i) þaim * o=k * a=llum * krisnum * sia=lum * o=k * þa * ua=r * liþit a=f * guz * by=rþ * fiu=rta=n * hu=nt=ra=þ * a=r o=k * ainu * are * minna * þen * {V}*tihi * a=r * o=k * i * þi * a=ri * brima=þi * k * o=k * r * su=nudahr * i *(¤) {I} * ra=þu

G 99 M Jakobr in Litlaronr/Lillrone, he had this stone made over his father Ólafr and his brothers Líknviðr and Símon. Pray for them and for all Christian souls. And then fourteen hundred years and one year less than fifty years had passed since God’s birth. And in that year K was the prime-stave and R the Sunday[-stave] in the eleventh row.

Lye Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages ca. 1449AD, post-Viking Age)

G 100 M ÷ þinna * sten : þa * lit * husfru * ru=þvi * giera * yfir sin * bo=nda * ia=ko=p * i * ma=na=ga=rd=um * sum skutin * ua=rþ * ihel * miþ * en : pyrsu*stin * a=f * uis*bo=rh * þa * en * ku=nuu=ng * erik * ua=r * be*stallaþ * pa * þi * fo=r*nemda * slot * en * þa ** ua=r * liþit * a=f * guz * by=r(þ) * fiu=rta=n * hu=nd=ra=þ : a=r * o=k * ainu : a=ri * minna * þen : fem(t)igi : a=r * biþium * þet : et * guþ : na=þi * ha=nz * sia=l * o=k * a=llum * krisnum * sia=lum : amen

G 100 M Housewife Hróðvé had this stone made over her husbandsman Jakobr in Managardhir/Mannegård, who was shot to pieces with a gun at Visborg, when King Eirkr was stationed at the aforementioned castle. And then fourteen hundred years and one year less than fifty years had passed since God’s birth. Let us pray that God be gracious to his soul and to all Christian souls. Amen.

Anga Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, 1280s)

G 119 M —o : ger(þ)(u) …R kirkiu : þisa : hehmu=ndr : miþ : fiau—m : eykium : ok liknuiþr miþ tuaim eykium : ok hehuiþr miþ … botuiþr miþ ainum : eyk : ok : ahnmundr likuiþr miþ : ainum eyk : : ok fargaiR : miþ : tuaim : eykiu:m roeaikr miþ ainum : eyk : ok ioan miþ tuaim : eykium : ok : hahuer miþ : ainum : eyk : ok sihulfr miþ : tuaim : eykium ok roþualr miþ : ainum : eyk : ok ronuiþr miþ tuaim eykium : ok haluatr miþ : ainum eyk ok : alt þit : fulk : sum : hiar : hafr : arfuþi : haft : baþi : nemt : ok : onemt : þa : misku-i : þaim : guþ : baþi : lifanti : ok : dauþum

G 119 M … made … this church, Hegmundr with four oxen and Líknvidhr with two oxen and Hegvidhr with … Bótviðr with one ox and Agnmundr [and] Líknviðr with one ox and Fargeirr with two oxen, Hróðleikr(?) with one ox and Jóhan with two ox and Hegviðr(?) with one ox and Sigulfr with two oxen and Hróðvaldr with one ox and Ronviðr with two oxen and Hallhvatr with one ox. And all those people, who have had .. here, both named and unnamed, then may God have mercy on them, both living and dead.

Vänge Church, Gotland, Sweden (Post-Viking Age, August 5, 1553)

G 124 M bedin * fyri * iakobs * sial * nikkarfua * han * do * fæm * daha fyri * sante * lafranz * dag ta * uar * f * sundahr * ok * m * primst-f(u)-r * i * fimtand- ra(t)…

G 124 M Pray for Jakobr of Nikkarfa/Nickarve’s soul. He died five days before Saint Lafrantz’ day, when F was the Sunday[-stave] and M the prime-stave in the fifteenth row.

Halla Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, 1400s)

G 140 M … um to=lf mark

G 140 M … about twelve marks.

Hejde Church, Gotland, Sweden (Post-Viking Age, April 4, 1506)

G 170 M + betin * fyrre * petars sia=l ka=upa=rfa : ha=n : to : sia=u nat=um efder ny ta= ua=r : o : o=k : k : prim : i : fiurta=ndo rato

G 170 M Pray for Pétar of Kauparfa/Kauparve’s soul. He died seven nights after New [Year]. Then O and K were prime[-staves] in the fourteenth row.

Lärbro Church, Gotland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, post-Viking Age, 1350)

G 293 M [guþ : naþi : hehuars : sial : sum : h—… : gera fem þusend] ar : ok : ainu : a… mina : en : tu : hundra… -r : uaru : af : adami : ok : ti- : -uz : byrþ : et þusend : ar : ok : þry : hundr-þ ar : ok fimtihi : ar : uar : af : guz : byrþ : ok til : tihra:dauþ-…

G 293 M May God be gracious to Hegvarð’s soul, which … … five thousand years and one year less then two hundred years were from Adam to God’s birth, one thousand years and three hundred years and fifty years were from God’s birth and to the Black Death.

Visby, St. Clemens, Gotland, Sweden (Medieval, Post-Viking Age)

G 341 M ??????????? [elfa hunara=þ or ok … biþim furi … ial stain botuiþr lit fira …]

G 341 M … Eleven hundred years and … pray for … … stone. Bótviðr had … made.

Talgje Church, Finnøy, Rogaland, Norway (Post-Viking Age, 12th century)

N 257 M §A … uiþ : a=nlat : sit ÷ -… §B …es ÷ kirkio : þæsse * til : ke=rþa=r … §C …t(e) : til : uista=r : ua=l-… §D … …l : dyrþa=r : o=uk : ga=f : til : se=gs : …

N 257 M §A … at his demise… §B … to the making of this church … §C … to provision … §D … to magnificence, and gave six to …

Ystines, Nord-Trøndelag, Norway (Medieval)

N 521 M [u](n)di[r a=us](t)(a)-(u)-(r)(þ)re o=rf er gul g-(y)— niu a=lna —þr

N 521 M Gold is hidden nine ells below under the eastern corner.

Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Latin inscription in runes) (Medieval, Post-Viking Age, after 1332)

N 632 M §A ÷ in nomne (p)at=ric æ=þ fi(l)i æ=þ cprit=uc| |ca=nti am=en : surraa §B pia sruc æ=þ pasio sricte ??i m(a) pacmauit æ=þ casrobat §C ?(a)=l(r) ?i?(e) (d)(e)i cin medisina cin medisina mii o §D cagine la=uit febrac (a)(d)(i)(k)oui(a)(d) fu(i) (m)(a) uecca=re lr

N 632 M §A In the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, Amen §C May God’s Five Wounds be (my) medicine. May my medicine be §B Holy Cross and Christ’s passion. He who moulded and washed me §D with Holy Blood. May he expel the fever which strives to torment me.

Norway (Medieval, Post-Viking Age, before 1332)

N 650 M §A ÷ æin=nriþi ÷ þeta ÷ at| |tu mer at gia=l=lda ÷ tua mæla ok ÷ þriu sa=lld ÷ en ahngarstihi ÷ sihta=n mæla §B en þu ska=l=lt ÷ æin=ndriþi ÷ taka ÷ þat ko=nn ÷ sem ÷ berþor ÷ a mer at luka ÷ eihi min=na ÷ en sehsta=n mæla §C ska=l=lt| |tu ta=ka ÷ eþa ÷ el=lihar : tak þu ehi ÷ en ÷ fa=þur min=n ÷ biþ ek ÷ a(t) ha=n=n kil=lti ÷ mer ÷ þriu sa=l=ld ÷ i

N 650 M §A Eindriði! This you owe in payment: two measures and three casks, or else(?) sixteen measures. §B And you should, Eindriði, take the corn which Bergþórr has to discharge. (You should take) no less than sixteen measures §C or otherwise take nothing. And I order my father that he pay me three casks …

Bergen, Norway (Post-Viking Age, 1198)

N 654 M §A bet=r= =let| |t=uær mærkr * o=la=fr : þreta=n bu=(n) §B suærþo=lfr — enku lo…

N 654 M §A Pétr let (gave) two marks, Ólafr thirteen pounds. §B Sverðolfr … nothing discharged.

Søndre Engelgården, Bergen, Norway (Post-Viking Age, Before 1332)

N 655 M §A * (k) * barþr * t=ra=uan : ha=luan : a=nan : øyri : hein:rekr : tuær : ærtogar : brek * i uihi §B ingimundr : sauþr : ha=lfa : þriþiu : ærtog uihi §C h- (h) §D uihi

N 655 M §A Paid(?): Bárðr: scarcely one and a half ôre. Heinrekr: two ertogar, fradulently. Vígi / Acknowledged. §B Ingimundr the Sheep: two and a half ertogar. Vígi / Acknowledged. §C … … §D Vígi / Acknowledged.

Nordre Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Medieval, Before 1248)

N 656 M §A — halluar þe slotha þrim (p)-… … §B loþne faus haluan niunnda æyri ok h-…

N 656 M §A … To Hallvarðr the Slothful: three pounds(?)… §B To Lodinn the Reckless(?): eight and a half ôre and …

Gullskoen, Bergen, Norway (Medieval, Before 1248)

N 735 M §A couæk a þræþr þisa §B ho=f : fimta mo=rk

N 735 M §A Sölveig owns these threads. §B Four and a half marks.

Nedre Langgate, Vestfold, Norway (Medieval, Post-Viking Age)

N A347 M ÷ sægs : o=k æyrir

N A347 M Six (marks?) and (one?) øre

Gamla Högby Church, Östergötland, Sweden (Viking Age, 10th century)

ÖG 81 §A * þukir * resþi * stin * þansi * eftiR * asur * sin * muþur*bruþur * sin * iaR * eataþis * austr * i * krikum * §B * kuþr * karl * kuli * kat * fim * suni * feal * o * furi * frukn * treks * asmutr * aitaþis * asur * austr * i krikum * uarþ * o hulmi * halftan * tribin * kari * uarþ * at uti * §C auk * tauþr * bui * þurkil * rist * runaR

ÖG 81 §A Thorgerðr(?) raised this stone in memory of Özurr, her mother’s brother. He met his end in the east in Greece. §B The good man Gulli got five sons. The brave valiant man Ásmundr fell at Fyri(?); Özurr met his end in the east in Greece; Halfdan was killed at Holmr (Bornholm?); Kári was (killed) at Oddr(?); §C also dead (is) Búi. Thorkell carved the runes.

Rök Church, Östergötland, Sweden (Viking Age, 9th century)

ÖG 136 $ aft uamuþ stonta runaR þaR n uarin faþi faþiR aft faikion sunu sakum| |mukmini þat huariaR ualraubaR uaRin tuaR þaR suaþ tualf sinum uaRin| |numnaR t ualraubu baþaR somon o umisum| |monum ‘ þat sakum onart huaR fur niu altum on urþi fiaru miR hraiþkutum auk tu miR on ub sakaR raiþ| |þiaurikR hin þurmuþi stiliR flutna strontu hraiþmaraR sitiR nu karuR o kuta sinum skialti ub fatlaþR skati marika þat sakum tualfta huar histR si kunaR itu| |uituoki on kunukaR tuaiR tikiR suaþ o likia ‘ þat sakum þritaunta huariR tuaiR tikiR kunukaR satin t siulunti fiakura uintur at fiakurum nabnum burnR fiakurum bruþrum ‘ ualkaR fim ra=þulfs| |suniR hraiþulfaR fim rukulfs| |suniR hoislaR fim haruþs suniR kunmuntaR fim (b)irnaR suniR * nuk m— (m)— alu —(k)(i) ainhuaR -þ… …þ … ftiR fra sagwm| |mogmeni (þ)ad hOaR igOldga OaRi gOldin d gOonaR hOsli sakum| |mukmini uaim si burin| |niþR troki uilin is þat knuo knati| |iatun uilin is þat (n)(i)(t) akum| |mukmini þur sibi uiauari ul niruþR

ÖG 136 $ In memory of Vémóðr stand these runes. And Varinn coloured them, the father, in memory of his dead son. I say the folktale / to the young men, which the two war-booties were, which twelve times were taken as war-booty, both together from various men. I say this second, who nine generations ago lost his life with the Hreidgoths; and died with them for his guilt. Þjóðríkr the bold, chief of sea-warriors, ruled over the shores of the Hreiðsea. Now he sits armed on his Goth(ic horse), his shield strapped, the prince of the Mærings. I say this the twelfth, where the horse of Gunnr sees fodder on the battlefield, where twenty kings lie. This I say as thirteenth, which twenty kings sat on Sjólund for four winters, of four names, born of four brothers: five Valkis, sons of Hráðulfr, five Hreiðulfrs, sons of Rugulfr, five Háisl, sons of Hôrðr, five Gunnmundrs/Kynmundrs, sons of Bjôrn. Now I say the tales in full. Someone … I say the folktale / to the young men, which of the line of Ingold was repaid by a wife’s sacrifice. I say the folktale / to the young men, to whom is born a relative, to a valiant man. It is Vélinn. He could crush a giant. It is Vélinn … I say the folktale / to the young men: Thórr. Sibbi of Vé, nonagenarian, begot (a son).

Norra Sandsjö, Småland, Sweden (Viking Age, ca. 990-1010 AD)

SM 71 × erinuorþr × let × reisa × stein × þena × eftiR × heka × faþur × sin × auk × heru × faþur : hans × auk × karl × hans × faþur … × heru × hans × faþur × auk × þiagn × hans × faþur × auk × eftiR × þe × lagfaþrga × fem ×

SM 71 Erinvarðr had this stone raised in memory of Heggi, his father and Hæra, his (i.e. Heggi’s) father, and Karl, his (i.e. Hæra’s) father and Hæra, his father and Thegn, his father and in memory of these five forefathers.

Kärnbo Ödekyrka, Södermanland, Sweden (Viking Age, 10th century)

Sö 176 §A … …(n) * þina| |aft * mik * sialbR * in aft kaiRulf * bruþur min : uarb iak * hrauR §B hi(n)uslik(R) * hi(a)— * an(a)— * §C [u](l) * af-raiþu ÷ i[n h]uariaR * aiku (l)(o)kmuþrk(u) þriaR * bar(n) (s)(i)ak(s) * bas[t] *

Sö 176 §A … this stone in memory of myself. And in memory of Geirulfr, my brother, I threw up a cairn §B … §C … and each of the ancestresses has six children, the best (…).

Sigtuna, Uppland, Sweden (Late Viking Age, ca. 1050-1100)

U AST1;166 M §A ik * ak * uk * ris d=u * i * ueg onþ=R * tun=glunum sifgeuinum oyr þæ=t an=ge * æuþ| |þæt skin §B × ek * þ * sig þ=rio × nauþR niu uiur nank

U AST1;166 M §A … … … Rise and go away beneath the benevolent stars! Make this (= the curse) crazy (ie. confuse this), (magical) mist! Destroy this (= the curse), (sun)shine! §B I say three giants, nine needs. I conjure (in the capacity of) overseer of the sanctuary.(?)

Uppland, Sweden (Viking Age, 11th century)

U Fv1933;134 $ §A þurs| × |sarriþu × þursa trutin fliu þu nu f=untin is §B af þiR þriaR þraR ulf × af þiR niu nøþiR ulfR × ikiR þik ikiR auk ik uniR ulfr niut lufia

U Fv1933;134 $ §A Spectre of the giants, lord of the giants! Flee now! You are found. §B Have for yourself three pangs, Wolf! Have for yourself nine needs, Wolf! , Wolf. Make good use of the healing(-charm)!

Saleby Church, Västergötland, Sweden (High Middle Ages, Post-Viking Age, ca. 1228, inscription in church bell)

VG 210 M ÷ þa : iak : uar : gør : þa : uar : þushundraþ : tu : hu=ndraþ : tiuhu : uintr : ok : atta : fra : bRrþ : gus :+ a+g+l+a+ ÷ ÷ aue ÷ maria ÷ gracia ÷ plena ÷ ÷ dionisius : siþ ÷ benediktus ÷

VG 210 M When I was completed, then there were thousand two hundred twenty winters and eight from the birth of God. AGLA. Ave «Maria gracia plena. «Dionysius sit benedictus.

one would have probably been raise, but it face was a metal mask and it betrayed nothing of the mind beneath.

“TG-28……it’s in the direction of TG-46 and only 27 light years. If we don’t find a planet there we can send one of the civilian ships that has an ISAH drive to scout it out while we begin work on replacement ISAH pods for the Harvard. We could even start mining operations. Manpower wouldn’t be a problem, slow and inexperienced but we have plenty of it. Equipment is a different story, but we would have the trip there to get started on something-”

“It sounds like you have already decided,” cut in Freeman.

Просматривала на днях фотографии из последнего путешествия и нашла вот такую:

А вот какой год написан на фото, подсчитаейте сами! А кому лень — в конце статьи я ответы напишу, надеясь на вашу честность, что сначала постараетесь посчитать самостоятельно…

Арабские цифры

В верхней строке можно увидеть деванагари — вообще это не название цифр, а разновидность индийского письма нагари, происходящего от древнеиндийского письма брахми. Она применяется в санскрите, хинди, маратхи, синдхи, бихари, бхили, марвари, конкани, бходжпури, непали, неварском языке, а также иногда в кашмири и романи. Характерной особенностью письма деванагари является верхняя (базовая) горизонтальная черта, к которой прикреплены «свисающие» вниз буквы, вот как на рисунке ниже:

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The numbers three and nine are significant numbers in Norse mythology and Germanic paganism. Both numbers (and multiples thereof) appear throughout surviving attestations of Norse mythology, in both mythology and Germanic paganism.^[1]

While the number three appears significant in many cultures, Norse mythology appears to put special emphasis on the number nine. Along with the number 27, both numbers also figure into the lunar Germanic calendar.^[1]

Attestations[edit]

Three[edit]

The number three occurs with great frequency in grouping individuals and artefacts:

• There were three original beings: the primordial cow Audhumla, Ymir the first giant, and Búri the first god and grandfather of Odin.
• For three days Audhumla licked the ice of Ginnungagap until Búri was freed.
• Ymir had three direct offspring: a boy and girl who grew from beneath his arms and a six-headed son who sprang from the coupling of his feet.
• There were three generations of giants before the race as a whole was destroyed by the deluge of Ymir’s blood, after which time his grandson Bergelmir became the progenitor of a new line.
• The heart of the giant Hrungnir was triangular and made of stone.
• There are three named Norns.
• Odin had two brothers, Vili and Vé (or Lodur and Hoenir according to Völuspá), numbering three sons of Borr who created the world and gave life to the first human beings.
• Odin is the ruler of the third generation of gods as the son of Borr and grandson of Búri.
• Yggdrasil the World Tree has three roots. Under the three roots are three sacred wells, one for each, including the Well of Urd in Asgard, the Well of Mimir located «among the frost giants», and Hvergelmir in Niflheim.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
• In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda, King Gylfi is confronted by a triple throne at the home of the gods, one being seated and occupied atop another.
• Loki has three malign progeny by the giantess Angrboda: the wolf Fenrir, Jörmungandr the World Serpent, and Hel.
• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• There are three main events leading up to Ragnarök itself: the birth of Loki’s three monstrous children, the death of Baldr and subsequent punishment of Loki, and the onset of Fimbulwinter.
• The wolf Fenrir was bound by three fetters: Loeding, Drómi, and Gleipnir, of which only the last held him.
• Loki is bound with three bonds made from the entrails of his son through holes in three upright slabs of rock, the first under his shoulders, the second under his loins and the third under the backs of his knees.
• In the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, the monstrous hound Garmr howls three times at the Gnipa-cave (or at least, the description of his howling is repeated three times).
• In Völuspá, the gods burn Gullveig three times and three times she is reborn.
• During the onset of Ragnarök three cockerels will begin to crow, heralding the final conflict: Gullinkambi for the gods, Fjalar for the giants and an unnamed third for the dead.
• Bifröst the rainbow bridge has three colours. It also has two other names, Ásbrú and Bilröst, thus having three names.
• Heimdall has three special powers in his role as guardian of the rainbow bridge. He needs less sleep than a bird, can see at night for a hundred leagues and is able to hear grass growing on the earth.
• Odin has three special possessions: His spear Gungnir, his golden ring Draupnir and his eight-legged horse Sleipnir.
• Thor has three main weapons for use against the giants: his hammer Mjolnir, a magical belt that doubles his strength and a pair of iron gauntlets that allow him to wield the hammer.
• Freyr has three magical items, including the ship Skidbladnir, his boar Gullinbursti and a sword with the ability to fight on its own which he gave to Skirnir in return for his role in the courtship of Gerd.
• Freyja also has three special artefacts, including the priceless necklace Brisingamen, a cloak that allows her to assume the form of a falcon and a chariot drawn by a pair of great cats.
• In the stronghold of the giant Útgarda-Loki, Thor drank three mighty draughts from a horn during a drinking contest but gave up when he was unable to empty the horn of its contents; this was also one of three tasks he did -and failed- during his stay, the other two being to lift a cat (he made it lift a paw, leaving three on ground) and to defeat an old woman; it is later revealed that the horn was connected to the sea (which he leveled down by three fingers), the cat was the World Serpent and the old woman, the Old Age itself. Previous to this, Thor and his companions had met the giant, who was under the assumed name Skrýmir, in the forest outside the castle. When Skrymir had gone to sleep during their journey together, Thor became annoyed by his loud snoring and struck at him three times with his hammer, but in each case the blow was misdirected through magic and illusion.
• The builder of the walls of Asgard offered to build them in three seasons in return for three prizes: the sun and moon and the hand of Freyja in marriage.
• Odin spent three nights with the giantess Gunnlod in order to obtain the mead of poetry. She then allowed him to take three drinks of the mead, one from each of three vessels.
• The group of dwarves known only as the sons of Ivaldi fashioned three wondrous artefacts, including the ship of Freyr, the spear of Odin and the golden hair of Sif. The dwarf brothers Eitri and Brokk also created three items, including the boar of Freyr, the golden ring of Odin and the hammer of Thor.
• There were three statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr in the Temple at Uppsala.
• Three of Odin’s sons remain after Ragarök: Vidar, Baldr and Hǫðr.

Nine[edit]

The number nine is also a significant number:

• The Norse cosmology knows nine worlds that are supported by Yggdrasil.
• The Anglo-Saxon pagan nine-herbs charm, as the name implies, invokes nine herbs, and also contains a rare mention of Woden.
• At the end of Skáldskaparmál is a list of nine heavenly realms provided by Snorri, including, from the nethermost to the highest, Vindblain (also Heidthornir or Hregg-Mimir), Andlang, Vidblain, Vidfedmir, Hrjod, Hlyrnir, Gimir, Vet-Mimir and Skatyrnir which «stands higher than the clouds, beyond all worlds.»
• Every ninth year, people from all over Sweden assembled at the Temple at Uppsala. There was feasting for nine days and sacrifices of both men and male animals according to Adam of Bremen.
• The 600s Stentoften Runestone mentions a sacrifice of nine he-goats and nine stallions, very similar to Adam’s account.
• In Skírnismál, Freyr is obliged to wait nine nights to consummate his union with Gerd.
• In Svipdagsmál, the witch Gróa grants nine charms to her son Svipdag. In the same poem there are nine maidens who sit at the knees of Menglod.
• In Fjölsvinnsmál, Laegjarn’s chest is fastened with nine locks.
• During Ragnarök, Thor kills Jörmungandr but staggers back nine steps before falling dead himself, poisoned by the venom that the Serpent spewed over him and after that, he resurrected himself.
• According to the very late Trollkyrka poem, the fire for the blót was lit with nine kinds of wood.
• Odin’s ring Draupnir releases eight golden drops every ninth night, forming rings of equal worth for a total of nine rings.
• In the guise of Grímnir in the poem Grímnismál, Odin allows himself to be held by King Geirröd for eight days and nights and kills him on the ninth after revealing his true identity.
• There are nine daughters of Ægir.
• There are nine mothers of Heimdall.
• There are nine great lindworms: Jörmungandr, Níðhöggr, Grábakr, Grafvölluðr, Ofnir, Svafnir, Grafvitni and his sons Góinn and Móinn.
• The god Hermod rode Sleipnir for nine nights on his quest to free Baldr from the underworld.
• The giant Baugi had nine thralls who killed each other in their desire to possess Odin’s magical sharpening stone.
• The god Njord and his wife Skadi decided to settle their argument over where to live by agreeing to spend nine nights in Thrymheim and nine nights at Nóatún.
• The giant Thrivaldi has nine heads.
• The clay giant Mokkurkalfi measured nine leagues high and three broad beneath the arms.
• When Odin sacrificed himself to himself, he hung upon the gallows of Yggdrasill for nine days and nights. In return, he secured rúnar ‘runes, secret knowledge’.
• The valknut symbol is three interlocking triangles forming nine points.
• There are nine surviving deities of Ragnarök, including Baldr and Hödr, Magni and Modi, Vidar and Váli, Hoenir, the daughter of Sól and a ninth «powerful, mighty one, he who rules over everything».^[2]

See also[edit]

• Numerology
• Rök Stone

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The numbers three and nine are significant numbers in Norse mythology and Germanic paganism. Both numbers (and multiples thereof) appear throughout surviving attestations of Norse mythology, in both mythology and Germanic paganism.^[1]

While the number three appears significant in many cultures, Norse mythology appears to put special emphasis on the number nine. Along with the number 27, both numbers also figure into the lunar Germanic calendar.^[1]

Attestations[edit]

Three[edit]

The number three occurs with great frequency in grouping individuals and artefacts:

• There were three original beings: the primordial cow Audhumla, Ymir the first giant, and Búri the first god and grandfather of Odin.
• For three days Audhumla licked the ice of Ginnungagap until Búri was freed.
• Ymir had three direct offspring: a boy and girl who grew from beneath his arms and a six-headed son who sprang from the coupling of his feet.
• There were three generations of giants before the race as a whole was destroyed by the deluge of Ymir’s blood, after which time his grandson Bergelmir became the progenitor of a new line.
• The heart of the giant Hrungnir was triangular and made of stone.
• There are three named Norns.
• Odin had two brothers, Vili and Vé (or Lodur and Hoenir according to Völuspá), numbering three sons of Borr who created the world and gave life to the first human beings.
• Odin is the ruler of the third generation of gods as the son of Borr and grandson of Búri.
• Yggdrasil the World Tree has three roots. Under the three roots are three sacred wells, one for each, including the Well of Urd in Asgard, the Well of Mimir located «among the frost giants», and Hvergelmir in Niflheim.
• Odin endured three hardships upon the World Tree in his quest for the runes: he hanged himself, wounded himself with a spear, and suffered from hunger and thirst.
• In the Gylfaginning section of the Prose Edda, King Gylfi is confronted by a triple throne at the home of the gods, one being seated and occupied atop another.
• Loki has three malign progeny by the giantess Angrboda: the wolf Fenrir, Jörmungandr the World Serpent, and Hel.
• Prior to Ragnarök, there will be three hard winters without an intervening summer, the Fimbulwinter.
• There are three main events leading up to Ragnarök itself: the birth of Loki’s three monstrous children, the death of Baldr and subsequent punishment of Loki, and the onset of Fimbulwinter.
• The wolf Fenrir was bound by three fetters: Loeding, Drómi, and Gleipnir, of which only the last held him.
• Loki is bound with three bonds made from the entrails of his son through holes in three upright slabs of rock, the first under his shoulders, the second under his loins and the third under the backs of his knees.
• In the poem Völuspá from the Poetic Edda, the monstrous hound Garmr howls three times at the Gnipa-cave (or at least, the description of his howling is repeated three times).
• In Völuspá, the gods burn Gullveig three times and three times she is reborn.
• During the onset of Ragnarök three cockerels will begin to crow, heralding the final conflict: Gullinkambi for the gods, Fjalar for the giants and an unnamed third for the dead.
• Bifröst the rainbow bridge has three colours. It also has two other names, Ásbrú and Bilröst, thus having three names.
• Heimdall has three special powers in his role as guardian of the rainbow bridge. He needs less sleep than a bird, can see at night for a hundred leagues and is able to hear grass growing on the earth.
• Odin has three special possessions: His spear Gungnir, his golden ring Draupnir and his eight-legged horse Sleipnir.
• Thor has three main weapons for use against the giants: his hammer Mjolnir, a magical belt that doubles his strength and a pair of iron gauntlets that allow him to wield the hammer.
• Freyr has three magical items, including the ship Skidbladnir, his boar Gullinbursti and a sword with the ability to fight on its own which he gave to Skirnir in return for his role in the courtship of Gerd.
• Freyja also has three special artefacts, including the priceless necklace Brisingamen, a cloak that allows her to assume the form of a falcon and a chariot drawn by a pair of great cats.
• In the stronghold of the giant Útgarda-Loki, Thor drank three mighty draughts from a horn during a drinking contest but gave up when he was unable to empty the horn of its contents; this was also one of three tasks he did -and failed- during his stay, the other two being to lift a cat (he made it lift a paw, leaving three on ground) and to defeat an old woman; it is later revealed that the horn was connected to the sea (which he leveled down by three fingers), the cat was the World Serpent and the old woman, the Old Age itself. Previous to this, Thor and his companions had met the giant, who was under the assumed name Skrýmir, in the forest outside the castle. When Skrymir had gone to sleep during their journey together, Thor became annoyed by his loud snoring and struck at him three times with his hammer, but in each case the blow was misdirected through magic and illusion.
• The builder of the walls of Asgard offered to build them in three seasons in return for three prizes: the sun and moon and the hand of Freyja in marriage.
• Odin spent three nights with the giantess Gunnlod in order to obtain the mead of poetry. She then allowed him to take three drinks of the mead, one from each of three vessels.
• The group of dwarves known only as the sons of Ivaldi fashioned three wondrous artefacts, including the ship of Freyr, the spear of Odin and the golden hair of Sif. The dwarf brothers Eitri and Brokk also created three items, including the boar of Freyr, the golden ring of Odin and the hammer of Thor.
• There were three statues of Odin, Thor and Freyr in the Temple at Uppsala.
• Three of Odin’s sons remain after Ragarök: Vidar, Baldr and Hǫðr.

Nine[edit]

The number nine is also a significant number:

• The Norse cosmology knows nine worlds that are supported by Yggdrasil.
• The Anglo-Saxon pagan nine-herbs charm, as the name implies, invokes nine herbs, and also contains a rare mention of Woden.
• At the end of Skáldskaparmál is a list of nine heavenly realms provided by Snorri, including, from the nethermost to the highest, Vindblain (also Heidthornir or Hregg-Mimir), Andlang, Vidblain, Vidfedmir, Hrjod, Hlyrnir, Gimir, Vet-Mimir and Skatyrnir which «stands higher than the clouds, beyond all worlds.»
• Every ninth year, people from all over Sweden assembled at the Temple at Uppsala. There was feasting for nine days and sacrifices of both men and male animals according to Adam of Bremen.
• The 600s Stentoften Runestone mentions a sacrifice of nine he-goats and nine stallions, very similar to Adam’s account.
• In Skírnismál, Freyr is obliged to wait nine nights to consummate his union with Gerd.
• In Svipdagsmál, the witch Gróa grants nine charms to her son Svipdag. In the same poem there are nine maidens who sit at the knees of Menglod.
• In Fjölsvinnsmál, Laegjarn’s chest is fastened with nine locks.
• During Ragnarök, Thor kills Jörmungandr but staggers back nine steps before falling dead himself, poisoned by the venom that the Serpent spewed over him and after that, he resurrected himself.
• According to the very late Trollkyrka poem, the fire for the blót was lit with nine kinds of wood.
• Odin’s ring Draupnir releases eight golden drops every ninth night, forming rings of equal worth for a total of nine rings.
• In the guise of Grímnir in the poem Grímnismál, Odin allows himself to be held by King Geirröd for eight days and nights and kills him on the ninth after revealing his true identity.
• There are nine daughters of Ægir.
• There are nine mothers of Heimdall.
• There are nine great lindworms: Jörmungandr, Níðhöggr, Grábakr, Grafvölluðr, Ofnir, Svafnir, Grafvitni and his sons Góinn and Móinn.
• The god Hermod rode Sleipnir for nine nights on his quest to free Baldr from the underworld.
• The giant Baugi had nine thralls who killed each other in their desire to possess Odin’s magical sharpening stone.
• The god Njord and his wife Skadi decided to settle their argument over where to live by agreeing to spend nine nights in Thrymheim and nine nights at Nóatún.
• The giant Thrivaldi has nine heads.
• The clay giant Mokkurkalfi measured nine leagues high and three broad beneath the arms.
• When Odin sacrificed himself to himself, he hung upon the gallows of Yggdrasill for nine days and nights. In return, he secured rúnar ‘runes, secret knowledge’.
• The valknut symbol is three interlocking triangles forming nine points.
• There are nine surviving deities of Ragnarök, including Baldr and Hödr, Magni and Modi, Vidar and Váli, Hoenir, the daughter of Sól and a ninth «powerful, mighty one, he who rules over everything».^[2]

See also[edit]

• Numerology
• Rök Stone

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Числа в скандинавской мифологии — Numbers in Norse mythology

Число три и девять значимые числа в Норвежская мифология и язычество. Оба числа (и их умножение) появляются во всех сохранившихся свидетельствах норвежского язычества как в мифологии, так и в культовой практике.^[1]

Хотя число три имеет важное значение во многих культурах, в скандинавской мифологии, похоже, особое внимание уделяется числу девять. Наряду с числом 27 оба числа также фигурируют в лунный Германский календарь.^[1]

Аттестации

Три

Число три очень часто встречается при группировании людей и артефактов:

• Было три изначальных существа: изначальная корова Audhumla, Имир первый гигант, и Búri первый бог и дедушка Один.
• Три дня Аудумла облизывала лед Гиннунгагап пока Бури не освободили.
• У Имира было трое прямых потомков: мальчик и девочка, выросшие из-под его рук, и шестиглавый сын, выросший из-за сцепления его ног.
• Было три поколения гигантов, прежде чем раса в целом была уничтожена потоп из Кровь Имира, после этого его внук Бергельмир стал прародителем новой линейки.
• Сердце гиганта Hrungnir был треугольный и сделан из камня.
• Есть три названных Норны.
• У Одина было два брата, Вили и Ве (или Лодур и Hoenir согласно с Völuspá), насчитывающая трех сыновей Borr кто создал мир и дал жизнь первым людям.
• Один — правитель третьего поколения богов, сын Борра и внук Бури.
• Иггдрасиль то Мировое Древо имеет три корня. Под тремя корнями есть три священных колодца, по одному на каждый, в том числе колодец Урд в Асгард, то Колодец Мимира расположен «среди морозных великанов», и Hvergelmir в Нифльхейм.
• Один перенес три невзгоды на Мировом Древе в своих поисках руны: он повесился, ранил себя копьем, страдал от голода и жажды.
• в Gylfaginning раздел Прозаическая Эдда, Король Гильфи противостоит тройному трону в доме богов, один из которых сидит и занимает друг друга.
• Локи имеет трех злокачественных потомков от великанши Ангрбода: волк Фенрир, Jörmungandr Мировой Змей и Хель.
• До Рагнарек, без лета будут три суровые зимы, Fimbulwinter.
• Есть три основных события, ведущих к самому Рагнарёку: рождение трех чудовищных детей Локи, смерть Baldr и последующее наказание Локи, и наступление Фимбулвинтера.
• Волк Фенрир был скован тремя цепями: Лодинг, Дроми и Глейпнир, из которых только последний держал его.
• Локи связан тремя путями, сделанными из внутренностей его сына через отверстия в трех вертикальных каменных плитах: первая — под его плечами, вторая — под его чреслами, а третья — под его коленями.
• В стихотворении Völuspá от Поэтическая Эдда чудовищная гончая Гармр воет трижды на Гнипа-пещера (или хотя бы трижды повторяется описание его воя).
• В Völuspá, боги горят Gullveig трижды и трижды она перерождается.
• Во время наступления Рагнарёка три петушки начнет кукарекать, предвещая последний конфликт: Гуллинкамби для богов, Фьялар за гигантов и безымянный третий за мертвых.
• Бифрёст Радужный мост имеет три цвета. У него также есть два других имени, Ásbrú и Bilröst, то есть три имени.
• Heimdall Обладает тремя особыми способностями в роли хранителя радужного моста. Ему нужно меньше сна, чем птице, ночью он видит на сто миль и может слышать траву, растущую на земле.
• У Одина есть три особых имущества: его копье. Гунгнир, его золотое кольцо Драупнир и его восьминогий конь Слейпнир.
• Тор имеет три основных оружия против гигантов: его молот Мьёльнир, волшебный пояс, удваивающий его силу, и пара железных рукавицы которые позволяют ему владеть молотком.
• Фрейр имеет три магических предмета, включая корабль Скидбладнир, его кабан Гуллинбурсти и меч, способный сражаться самостоятельно, который он дал Скирнир в обмен на его роль в ухаживании за Герд.
• Фрейя также есть три особых артефакта, в том числе бесценное ожерелье Брисингамен, плащ, который позволяет ей принимать форму сокола и колесницы, запряженной парой больших кошек.
• В цитадели великана Атгарда-Локи, Тор выпил три крепких глотка из рог во время соревнования по выпивке, но сдался, когда не смог опорожнить рог от его содержимого; это также была одна из трех задач, которые он выполнил — и не смог — во время своего пребывания, две другие — поднять кошку (он заставил ее поднять лапу, оставив три на земле) и победить старуху; Позже выяснилось, что рог был связан с морем (которое он нивелировал тремя пальцами), кошка была Мировым Змеем, а старуха — самой Старостью. Перед этим Тор и его товарищи встретили гиганта, который был под вымышленным именем Скримир, в лесу за замком. Когда Скримир заснул во время их совместного путешествия, Тор рассердился на его громкий храп и трижды ударил его молотком, но в каждом случае удар был направлен неверно с помощью магии и иллюзий.
• Строитель стен Асгарда предложил построить их за три сезона в обмен на три приза: солнце и луну и руку Фрейи в браке.
• Один провел с великаншей три ночи Gunnlod чтобы получить мед поэзии. Затем она позволила ему сделать три глотка меда, по одному из трех сосудов.
• Группа гномов, известная только как сыновья Ивальди вылепил три чудесных артефакта, включая корабль Фрейра, копье Одина и золотые волосы Sif. Братья гномы Эйтри и Brokk также создал три предмета, включая кабана Фрейра, золотое кольцо Одина и молот Тора.
• В нем стояли три статуи Одина, Тора и Фрейра. Храм в Упсале.
• Трое из сыновей Одина остаются после Рагарока: Видар, Бальдр и Хур.

Девять

Число девять также является значимым числом:

• В Скандинавская космология знает девять миров, поддерживаемых Иггдрасилем.
• В конце Skáldskaparmál список девяти небесных царств, предоставленный Snorri, в том числе, от самого нижнего до самого высокого, Виндблейн (также Хайдторнир или Хрегг-Мимир), Андланг, Vidblain, Видфедмир, Хриджод, Хлырнир, Гимир, Вет-Мимир и Скатырнир, который «стоит выше облаков, за пределами всех миров».
• Каждый девятый год люди со всего Швеция собрались в Храме в Упсале. Пир в течение девяти дней и жертвоприношения мужчин и животных мужского пола, согласно Адам Бременский.
• В Skírnismál, Фрейр вынужден ждать девять ночей, чтобы завершить свой союз с Гердом.
• В Svipdagsmál, ведьма Gróa дает девять чар своему сыну Свипдаг. В том же стихотворении девять девушек сидят на коленях у Менглод.
• В Fjölsvinnsmál, Сундук Лаэгьярна застегивается на девять замков.
• Во время Рагнарёка Тор убивает Ёрмунганда, но отступает на девять шагов, прежде чем сам упасть замертво, отравленный ядом, который Змея извергнул его, и после этого он воскрес.
• Согласно очень позднему Поэма троллькирка, огонь для blót был освещен девятью породами дерева.
• Кольцо Одина Драупнир выпускает восемь золотых капель каждую девятую ночь, образуя кольца равной ценности, всего девять колец.
• Под видом Гримнир в стихотворении Grímnismál, Один позволяет королю держать себя Гейррёд в течение восьми дней и ночей и убивает его девятого после раскрытия его истинной личности.
• Есть девять дочери Эгира.
• Есть девять матери Хеймдалля.
• Есть девять великих черви: Jörmungandr, Níðhöggr, Грабакр, Графвёллюдр, Офнир, Свафнир, Графвитни и его сыновья Гуинн и Моинн.
• Бог Hermod ехал на Слейпнире девять ночей в своем стремлении освободить Baldr от преисподняя.
• Гигант Baugi было девять рабов, которые убивали друг друга в своем желании овладеть магической силой Одина. точильный камень.
• Бог Ньорд и его жена Скади решили уладить свой спор о том, где жить, согласившись провести девять ночей в Thrymheim и девять ночей в Nóatún.
• Гигант Тривалди имеет девять голов.
• Глиняный гигант Моккуркалфи имел девять лиг в высоту и три в ширину под руками.
• Когда Один принес себя в жертву, он повис на виселица Иггдрасилля в течение девяти дней и ночей. Взамен он получил рунар «руны, тайное знание».
• В валкнуть символ — три взаимосвязанных треугольника, образующих девять точек.
• Есть девять выживших божеств Рагнарёка, включая Бальдра и Hödr, Магни и Моди, Видар и Вали, Хенир, дочь Соль и девятый «сильный, могущественный, всемогущий».^[2]

Заметки

1. ^ ^{а б} Симек (2007: 232-233).
2. ^ Это последнее существо из Völuspá, который «придет свыше», встречается только в Hauksbók рукопись. Некоторые ученые, в том числе Джон Линдоу (Норвежская мифология, 2001), считают это более поздней христианской интерполяцией и ссылкой на Страшный суд.

использованная литература

• Симек, Рудольф (2007) перевод Анжелы Холл. Словарь северной мифологии. Д.С. Брюэр ISBN  0-85991-513-1
• Линдоу, Джон (2001) Справочник по скандинавской мифологии, Санта-Барбара, Калифорния, Oxford University Press. ISBN  0-19-515382-0.

Смотрите также

• Нумерология
• Рёк Стоун
• Норвежская мифология

Цифры три и девять являются значимыми числами в скандинавской мифологии и язычестве . Оба числа (и их кратные) встречаются во всех сохранившихся свидетельствах скандинавского язычества как в мифологии, так и в культовой практике.

Хотя число три имеет важное значение во многих культурах, в скандинавской мифологии, похоже, особое внимание уделяется числу девять. Наряду с числом 27 оба числа также фигурируют в лунном германском календаре .

Аттестации

Три

Число три очень часто встречается при группировании людей и артефактов:

• Было три изначальных существа: изначальная корова Аудумла , Имир, первый великан, и Бури, первый бог и дедушка Одина .
• Три дня Аудхумла облизывал лед Гиннунгагапа, пока Бури не был освобожден.
• У Имира было трое прямых потомков: мальчик и девочка, выросшие из-под его рук, и шестиглавый сын, выросший из-под его ног.
• Существовало три поколения гигантов перед гонкой в целом было разрушено наводнением в крови Имира , после чего его внук Bergelmir стал родоначальником новой линии.
• Сердце великана Хрунгнира было треугольным и каменным.
• Есть трое по имени Норны .
• У Одина было два брата, Вили и Ве (или Лодур и Хёнир, согласно Völuspá ), насчитывавших трех сыновей Борра, которые создали мир и дали жизнь первым людям.
• Один — правитель третьего поколения богов, сын Борра и внук Бури.
• Иггдрасиль в мире дерево имеет три корня. Под тремя корнями находятся три священных колодца, по одному на каждый, в том числе Колодец Урд в Асгарде , Колодец Мимира, расположенный «среди ледяных великанов», и Хвергельмир в Нифльхейме .
• В поисках рун Один перенес три испытания на Мировом Древе : он повесился, поранился копьем и страдал от голода и жажды.
• В разделе « Гильфагиннинг » « Прозаической Эдды» королю Гильфи противостоит тройной трон в доме богов, один из которых восседает на другом.
• У Локи три порочных потомства от великанши Ангрбоды : волк Фенрир , Ёрмунганд, Мировой Змей, и Хель .
• До Рагнарёка будут три суровые зимы без промежуточного лета, Фимбулвинтер .
• Есть три основных события, ведущих к самому Рагнарёку: рождение трех чудовищных детей Локи, смерть Бальдра и последующее наказание Локи, а также наступление Фимбулвинтера.
• Волк Фенрир был скован тремя цепями: Лодинг, Дроми и Глейпнир , из которых только последний держал его.
• Локи связан тремя узами, сделанными из внутренностей его сына через отверстия в трех вертикальных каменных плитах: первая — под его плечами, вторая — под его чреслами, а третья — под его коленями.
• В стихотворении « Völuspá» из « Поэтической Эдды» чудовищный пес Гармр трижды воет в пещере Гнипа (или, по крайней мере, описание его воя повторяется трижды).
• В Völuspá , боги горит Гюлльвейг три раза и три раза она возрождается.
• Во время наступления Рагнарёка три петуха начнут кричать , предвещая финальную битву : Гуллинкамби для богов, Фьялар для гигантов и безымянный третий для мертвых.
• Радужный мост Бифрёст имеет три цвета. У него также есть два других имени, Ásbrú и Bilröst, таким образом, имея три имени.
• Хеймдалль обладает тремя особыми способностями в роли хранителя радужного моста. Ему нужно меньше сна, чем птице, ночью он видит на сотню лиг и может слышать траву, растущую на земле.
• У Одина есть три особых имущества: его копье Гунгнир , его золотое кольцо Драупнир и его восьминогий конь Слейпнир .
• У Тора есть три основных оружия для использования против гигантов: его молот Мьёльнир , волшебный пояс, удваивающий его силу, и пара железных перчаток, которые позволяют ему владеть молотом.
• У Фрейра есть три магических предмета, в том числе корабль Скидбладнир , его кабан Гуллинбурсти и меч со способностью сражаться самостоятельно, который он дал Скирниру в обмен на его роль в ухаживании за Гердом .
• У Фрейи также есть три особых артефакта, в том числе бесценное ожерелье Брисингамен , плащ, позволяющий ей принимать форму сокола, и колесницу, запряженную парой больших кошек.
• В цитадели великана Атгарда-Локи Тор выпил три мощных глотка из рога во время запоя, но сдался, когда не смог опорожнить рог от его содержимого; это также была одна из трех задач, которые он выполнил — и потерпел неудачу — во время своего пребывания, две другие заключались в том, чтобы поднять кошку (он заставил ее поднять лапу, оставив три на земле) и победить старуху; Позже выяснилось, что рог был связан с морем (которое он нивелировал тремя пальцами), кошка была Мировым Змеем, а старуха — самой Старостью. До этого Тор и его товарищи встретили гиганта под вымышленным именем Скримир в лесу за пределами замка. Когда Скримир заснул во время их совместного путешествия, Тор рассердился на его громкий храп и трижды ударил его молотком, но в каждом случае удар был направлен неверно с помощью магии и иллюзий.
• Строитель стен Асгарда предложил построить их за три сезона в обмен на три приза: солнце и луну и руку Фрейи в браке.
• Один провел три ночи с великаншей Гуннлод , чтобы получить мед поэзии . Затем она позволила ему выпить три глотка меда, по одному из трех сосудов.
• Группа гномов, известная только как сыновья Ивальди, создала три чудесных артефакта, включая корабль Фрейра, копье Одина и золотые волосы Сифа . Карликовые братья Eitri и Brokk также создали три предмета, в том числе кабанов Фрейры, золотое кольца Одина и молота Тора.
• В Храме Уппсалы стояли три статуи Одина, Тора и Фрейра .
• Трое из сыновей Одина остаются после Рагарока: Видар, Бальдр и Хур.

Девять

Число девять также является значимым числом:

• В скандинавской космологии известно девять миров, поддерживаемых Иггдрасилем.
• В конце Скалдскапармала находится список из девяти небесных царств, предоставленных Снорри , в том числе, от самого нижнего до самого высокого, Виндблейн (также Хидтсорнир или Хрегг-Мимир), Андланг , Видблейн , Видфедмир, Хрджод, Хлырнир, Гимир, Вет-Мимир. и Скатырнир, который «стоит выше облаков, над всеми мирами».
• Каждый девятый год люди со всей Швеции собирались в Храме в Упсале. Согласно Адаму Бременскому, в течение девяти дней пировали и приносили в жертву как мужчин, так и животных мужского пола .
• В Скирнисмале Фрейр вынужден ждать девять ночей, чтобы завершить свой союз с Гердом.
• В Свипдагсмале ведьма Гроа дарует девять чар своему сыну Свипдагу . В том же стихотворении есть девять девушек, которые сидят на коленях Менглод .
• В Fjölsvinnsmál грудь Лаэгьярна закрывается девятью замками.
• Во время Рагнарёка Тор убивает Ёрмунганда, но отступает на девять шагов, прежде чем сам упасть замертво, отравленный ядом, извергнутым на него Змеем, и после этого он воскрес.
• Согласно очень позднему стихотворению «Троллькирка» , огонь для блота зажигали девятью видами дерева.
• Кольцо Одина Драупнир выпускает восемь золотых капель каждую девятую ночь, образуя кольца равной ценности, всего девять колец.
• В облике Гримнира в поэме « Гримнисмал» Один позволяет королю Гейррёду держать себя в течение восьми дней и ночей и убивает его девятого числа после того, как раскрыл свою истинную личность.
• У Эгира девять дочерей .
• У Хеймдалля девять матерей .
• Есть девять великих линдвормов : Йормунганд , Нидхёггр , Грабакр, Графвёллудр, Офнир, Свафнир, Графвитни и его сыновья Гуинн и Муинн.
• Бог Хермод ехал на Слейпнире девять ночей в своем стремлении освободить Бальдра из подземного мира .
• У великана Бауги было девять рабов, которые убивали друг друга в своем желании завладеть магическим точильным камнем Одина .
• Бог Ньорд и его жена Скади решили уладить спор о том, где жить, согласившись провести девять ночей в Тримхейме и девять ночей в Ноатуне .
• У гиганта Тривалди девять голов.
• Глиняный гигант Моккуркалфи имел девять лиг в высоту и три в ширину под руками.
• Когда Один принес себя в жертву, он висел на виселице Иггдрасиля девять дней и ночей. Взамен он получил рунар «руны, тайное знание».
• Символ валькнута — это три переплетенных треугольника, образующих девять точек.
• Есть девять выживших божеств Рагнарёка, в том числе Бальдр и Хёдр , Магни и Моди , Видар и Вали , Хёнир, дочь Сола и девятое «могущественное, могущественное, тот, кто правит всем».

Заметки

Рекомендации

Смотрите также

• Нумерология
• Рёк Стоун
• Скандинавская мифология