Как пишется скания на английском языке

1
Scania

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Scania

2
Scania Buses and Coaches

авто

«Городские и туристические автобусы Scania» (подразделение фирмы «Scania»)

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Scania Buses and Coaches

3
Scania Driving Academy

авто

курсы по повышению водительского мастерства; консультационный центр по повышению профессионального мастерства водителей грузовиков и автобусов

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Scania Driving Academy

4
Scania XPI

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Scania XPI

5
Ecolution by Scania

авто

экологическая концепция фирмы «Scania»

Программа Ecolution by Scania означает появление новой линейки экологически ориентированных продуктов и услуг. Концепция этой программы включает оптимизацию технических характеристик транспортных средств, производство автомобилей, работающих на возобновляемых видах топлива, поддержку водителей, помощь в эффективном использовании транспортного парка, а также специальные программы технического обслуживания.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Ecolution by Scania

6
commonality

[ˏkɒmə`nælɪtɪ]

1. общность (нужд и т.п.)

Extensive parts commonality facilitates servicing and repairs, and makes trucks with Scania Opticruise familiar to any Scania service technician. — Широкая унификация деталей упрощает проведение технического обслуживания и ремонта и делает грузовые автомобили с системой Scania Opticruise хорошо знакомыми для любого техника по обслуживанию Scania.

3.

дипл.

совпадение или общность (точек зрения)

We don’t have the same commonality of interest …

4.

книжн.

простой люд, простонародье

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > commonality

7
O/D

авто

повышенная передача, ускоряющая передача

Scania Opticruise is available on Scania’s 8-, 12- and 12+2-speed gearboxes, the latter also with overdrive. — Система Scania Opticruise поставляется с 8-, 12- и 12+2-ступенчатыми коробками передач Scania, причем последняя также может быть с ускоряющей передачей.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > O/D

8
overdrive

авто

повышенная передача, ускоряющая передача

Scania Opticruise is available on Scania’s 8-, 12- and 12+2-speed gearboxes, the latter also with overdrive. — Система Scania Opticruise поставляется с 8-, 12- и 12+2-ступенчатыми коробками передач Scania, причем последняя также может быть с ускоряющей передачей.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > overdrive

9
show stopper

1) песня, танец и пр., вызывающие бурные или продолжительные аплодисменты
2) исполнитель, вызывающий восторг публики
3) что-либо удивляющее или очень популярное

Новенький Scania Red Pearl R999 в ходе выставки стал шоу стоппером фирменного стенда «Scania». — The new Scania Red Pearl R999 during the exhibition became a show-stopper of the firm stand «Scania».

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > show stopper

10
show-stopper

1) песня, танец и пр., вызывающие бурные или продолжительные аплодисменты
2) исполнитель, вызывающий восторг публики
3) что-либо удивляющее или очень популярное

Новенький Scania Red Pearl R999 в ходе выставки стал шоу стоппером фирменного стенда «Scania». — The new Scania Red Pearl R999 during the exhibition became a show-stopper of the firm stand «Scania».

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > show-stopper

11
showstopper

1) песня, танец и пр., вызывающие бурные или продолжительные аплодисменты
2) исполнитель, вызывающий восторг публики
3) что-либо удивляющее или очень популярное

Новенький Scania Red Pearl R999 в ходе выставки стал шоу стоппером фирменного стенда «Scania». — The new Scania Red Pearl R999 during the exhibition became a show-stopper of the firm stand «Scania».

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > showstopper

12
close to

близко к

The picture looks very different when you see it close to.

поблизости от

около, почти

Since it was originally unveiled in 1994, close to 150,000 trucks and buses worldwide have been delivered with Scania Opticruise — С момента первого представления в 1994 году во всем мире было произведено около 150.000 грузовиков и автобусов с системой Scania Opticruise

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > close to

13
door storage bin

авто

карман на внутренней поверхности двери для хранения различных вещей

Door storage bins, each with two big bottle holders, optionally with leather armrest and leatherette door panel with embossed Scania Griffin. — Карманы на внутренней поверхности двери для хранения различных вещей с двумя подставками для больших бутылок, а также, по желанию заказчика, кожаный подлокотник и панель двери из искусственной кожи с рельефным изображением эмблемы Scania — головы грифона.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > door storage bin

14
downhill speed

авто

скорость автомобиля на спусках

The Scania Retarder was introduced in 1993, becoming the first auxiliary braking system with automated downhill speed control and with the retarder function integrated in the brake pedal. — Ретардер Scania был впервые представлен в 1993 году, став первой вспомогательной тормозной системой в своем классе с автоматическим управлением скоростью автомобиля на спусках и с функцией ретардера, встроенной в педаль тормоза.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > downhill speed

15
long-haul truck

магистральный грузовик

магистральный тягач

тягач для перевозок на дальние расстояния

This newcomer aims to give Scania a leading position in the world market for construction vehicles, a position Scania currently enjoys for its long-haul trucks.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > long-haul truck

16
extra pressure injection

авто

extra-high pressure injection (

сокр.

XPI)

«впрыск (топлива) под сверхвысоким давлением»

син.

Common Rail

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > extra pressure injection

17
extra-high pressure injection

авто

extra-high pressure injection (

сокр.

XPI)

«впрыск (топлива) под сверхвысоким давлением»

син.

Common Rail

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > extra-high pressure injection

18
heavy construction duties

авто

тяжелая строительная работа

A truck specially designed for heavy construction duties is the latest addition to Scania’s new truck generation.

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > heavy construction duties

19
Lane Guard System

авто

Lane Guard System (LGS)

система безопасного движения по узкой дороге

система слежения за дорожной разметкой

система контроля за разметкой

|| Ответом производителей стала система слежения за дорожной разметкой LGS (Lane Guard System), система предупреждения о нарушении ряда или об уходе с занимаемой полосы. У разных производителей она называется по-своему, но принцип ее работы от этого не меняется. Например, у MAN это LGS, у Mercedes-Benz – Telligent, у Scania – LDW, у DAF Trucks – LDWA, у других производителей – LA (Lane Assist).

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > Lane Guard System

20
LGS

авто

Lane Guard System (LGS)

система безопасного движения по узкой дороге

система слежения за дорожной разметкой

система контроля за разметкой

|| Ответом производителей стала система слежения за дорожной разметкой LGS (Lane Guard System), система предупреждения о нарушении ряда или об уходе с занимаемой полосы. У разных производителей она называется по-своему, но принцип ее работы от этого не меняется. Например, у MAN это LGS, у Mercedes-Benz – Telligent, у Scania – LDW, у DAF Trucks – LDWA, у других производителей – LA (Lane Assist).

Англо-русский универсальный дополнительный практический переводческий словарь И. Мостицкого > LGS

скания

скания (Сконеланд; ; ; ; ) — исторический регион на юге Швеции, состоящий из трёх бывших датских провинций Сконе, Халланда и Блекинге, приблизительно совпадающих с тремя современными ленами: Сконе, Халланд и Блекинге.

скания

(Scania) – марка автомобиля, Швеция.

скания

исторический регион на юге Швеции

И «татра», и сверкающая хромированными дугами на радиаторной решетке «скания» громко сигналили.

Рванувшись к краю дороги, «скания» поднялась по склону футов на пятнадцать и рухнула вниз, завалившись набок.

Сжав руку в кулак, капрал пробил в нем дыру как раз вовремя, чтобы заметить, что «скания» летит прямо в образованную взрывом воронку.

Вглядываясь сквозь покрытое дождевыми каплями стекло, майор Джон Уитерби заметил, как внизу проехали два грузовика «скания».

Многотонный грузовик «скания» мчался, как ей казалось, прямо на нее; металлическая цистерна сверкала под лучами солнца.

Его огромная «скания» неслась по шоссе в сторону Гате.

скания морского дна, с одной стороны, и роста кораллов, с другой.

Скания — исторический регион на юге Швеции , состоящий из трёх бывших датских провинций Сконе , Халланда и Блекинге , приблизительно совпадающих с тремя современными ленами : Сконе , Халланд и Блекинге . До 1658 года входила в состав Дании под названием Восточных провинций. Остров Борнхольм , тогда же отошедший к Швеции, но позднее возвращённый Дании, также иногда включается в состав Скании.

В языковом отношении Скания заметно отличается от остальной Швеции, так как в ней говорят на сканском наречии , более близком к датскому языку , чем к шведскому .

Англо-русский перевод SCANIA

Сконе

American English-Russian dictionary.

     Американский Англо-Русский словарь.
2012

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

Ска́—ни·я

Существительное, неодушевлённое, женский род, 1-е склонение (тип склонения 7a по классификации А. А. Зализняка).

Корень: -Сканиj-; окончание: -я.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [ˈskanʲɪɪ̯ə]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. исторический регион на юге Швеции ◆ СКОНЕ Сконе, или Скания, — самый южный район Швеции, граничащий с соседней Данией. Жители Сконе, так же как датчане, любят хорошо поесть и хорошо выпить. Они словоохотливы и говорят с местным акцентом, который … Jean-Paul Labourdette, «Швеция», 2005 г.

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

Родственные слова[править]

Этимология[править]

Происходит от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Библиография[править]

Для улучшения этой статьи желательно: Добавить синонимы в секцию «Семантические свойства» Добавить гиперонимы в секцию «Семантические свойства» Добавить сведения об этимологии в секцию «Этимология» Добавить хотя бы один перевод в секцию «Перевод»

Scania AB

Scania’s headquarters in Södertälje
Formerly	AB Scania-Vabis
Type	Subsidiary (Aktiebolag)
Industry	Automotive
Predecessors	Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania Vabis
Founded	1911; 112 years ago
Headquarters	Södertälje , Sweden
Number of locations	10
Area served	Worldwide
Key people	Annette Danielski[1] (Chairman) Christian Levin[1] (President and CEO)
Products	Commercial vehicles Diesel engines
Services	Financial services
Revenue	146.15 billion kr[2] (2021)
Operating income	11.29 billion kr[2] (2021)
Net income	7.18 billion kr[2] (2021)
Total assets	257.83 billion kr[2] (2021)
Total equity	68.21 billion kr[2] (2021)
Number of employees	54,000[2] (end 2021)
Parent	Traton
Website	www.scania.com

Scania AB is a major Swedish manufacturer headquartered in Södertälje, focusing on commercial vehicles—specifically heavy lorries, trucks and buses. It also manufactures diesel engines for heavy vehicles as well as marine and general industrial applications.

Scania was formed in 1911 through the merger of Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania. Since 1912, the company has been re-located again to Södertälje after the merger. Today, Scania has production facilities in Sweden, France, the Netherlands, Thailand, China, India, Argentina, Brazil, Poland, Russia and Finland.^[3] In addition, there are assembly plants in ten countries in Africa, Asia and Europe. Scania’s sales and service organisation and finance companies are worldwide. In 2012, the company employed approximately 42,100 people around the world.^[3]

Scania was listed on the NASDAQ OMX Stockholm stock exchange from 1996 to 2014.^[4][5] The company is a subsidiary of Traton, part of the Volkswagen Group.

Scania’s logo shows a griffin, from the coat of arms of the province of Scania (Swedish: Skåne).^[6]

History[edit]

Vabis and Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania[edit]

AB Scania-Vabis was established in 1911 as the result of a merger between Södertälje-based Vabis and Malmö-based Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania. Vagnfabriks Aktiebolaget i Södertelge (Vabis) was established as a railway car manufacturer in 1891, while Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania was established as a bicycle manufacturer in 1900. Both companies had tried their luck at building automobiles, trucks and engines, but with varied success. In 1910, Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania had succeeded in constructing reliable vehicles, while Vabis was at the brink of closing down. An offer from Per Alfred Nordeman, managing director of Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania, to steel manufacturer Surahammars Bruk, owner of Vabis, led to an agreement in November 1910, and in 1911 the merger was a reality.

Development and production of engines and light vehicles were set to Södertälje, while trucks were manufactured in Malmö. The company’s logo was redesigned from Maskinfabriks-aktiebolaget Scania’s original logo with the head of a griffin, the coat of arms of the Swedish region Scania (Skåne), centered on a three-spoke bicycle chainset. Initially the headquarters were located in Malmö, but in 1912 they were moved to Södertälje.^[7][8]

First World War and 1920s[edit]

Because there were many inexpensive, imported cars in Sweden at the time, Scania-Vabis decided to build high-class, luxury cars, for instance the type III limousine from 1920 that had a top hat holder in the roof. Prince Carl of Sweden owned a 1913 Scania-Vabis 3S, a type which was fitted with in-car buttons so the passenger could communicate with the driver. Scania-Vabis also built two-seat sports cars (or «sportautomobil»).^[9]

For the next few years the company’s profits stagnated, with around a third of their orders coming from abroad.^[7] The outbreak of the First World War, however, changed the company, with almost all output being diverted to the Swedish Army. By 1916, Scania-Vabis was making enough profit to invest in redeveloping both of their production facilities.^[7]

Following the war, in 1919, Scania decided to focus completely on building trucks, abandoning other outputs including cars and buses.^[7] However, they were hurt by the swamping of the market with decommissioned military vehicles from the war, and by 1921 the company was bankrupt.^[6]

After some economic difficulties in 1921, new capital came from Stockholms Enskilda Bank owned by the Wallenberg family, and Scania-Vabis became a solid and technically, high standing, company.

Denmark

Towards the end of 1913, the company established a subsidiary in Denmark. The following year the first Danish-built car, a four-seater Phaeton, was built at the company’s Frederiksberg factory in Copenhagen. In 1914, the factory produced Denmark’s first Scania-Vabis truck, and following this developed a V8 engine, one of the first in the world. In 1921, having sold around 175 trucks, and 75 cars, the Danish operation was closed down.^[6]

Norway

In 1917 an agreement was established with the newly formed Norwegian company Norsk Automobilfabrik A/S about production under license of Scania-Vabis cars and lorries. Production began in 1919, but was ended in 1921 after production of only 77 lorries, mostly built from Swedish produced parts.

1930s and 1940s[edit]

During the Second World War Scania produced a variety of military vehicles for the Swedish Army, including Stridsvagn m/41 light tanks produced under licence.^[6]

1950s and 1960s[edit]

During the 1950s, the company expanded its operations into new customer segments, becoming agents for the Willys Jeep and the Volkswagen Beetle, the latter being very profitable for Scania-Vabis. It also started to become a genuine competitor to Volvo with their new L71 Regent truck which was introduced in 1954.^[10]

During this period, Scania-Vabis expanded its dealer network and country-wide specialist workshop facilities. By the end of the 1950s, their market-share in Sweden was between 40 and 50%, and was achieving 70% in the heaviest truck sector – helped by the entrepreneurial efforts of their dealers into the haulier market.^[10]

Probably their largest impact was in export markets. Before 1950, exports accounted for only 10 percent of production output, but a decade later, exports were now at 50% of output. Beers in the Netherlands became a very important partner. Beers became official importers for Scania-Vabis in the Netherlands, and established a dealer network, along with training programmes for both mechanics and drivers. Beers also offered free twice-yearly overhauls of their customers vehicles, and offered a mobile service throughout the Netherlands with their custom-equipped service trucks. Due to Beers concerted efforts, Scania-Vabis market share in the country remained at a consistent 20% throughout this period. Scania-Vabis were to adopt the business model of Beers in their own overseas sales operations.^[10]

The 1960s saw Scania-Vabis expanding its production operations into overseas locations. Until now, all Scania-Vabis production had been carried out solely at Södertälje, but the 1960s saw the need to expand production overseas. Brazil was becoming a notable market for heavy trucks, and was also dependent on inter-urban buses, with particular requirement for Brazil’s mountainous roads which became nigh-on impassable at times.^[11] On 2 July 1957, Brazilian subsidiary Scania-Vabis do Brasil S.A. (today known as Scania Latin America Ltda.) was established and started assembling some vehicles themselves in 1958. On 29 May 1959, a new engine plant was inaugurated in the Ipiranga district of São Paulo, and from June 1960, Scania-Vabis do Brasil assembled all vehicles themselves.^[12] Scania-Vabis vehicles had already been assembled in Brazil by a local company called Vemag (Veículos e Máquinas Agrícolas S.A.) for several years.^[13] Scania-Vabis established its first full manufacturing plant outside Södertälje, by building a new facility in São Bernardo do Campo near São Paulo, which was opened on 8 December 1962, and this was to set the standard for Scania-Vabis international operations.^[11][12]

Closer to home, the recently formed European Economic Community (EEC) offered further opportunities. Based on their now strong presence in the Dutch markets, Scania-Vabis constructed a new plant in Zwolle, which was completed in 1964.^[11] This new Dutch facility provided Scania-Vabis with a stepping stone into the other five EEC countries, particularly the German and French markets.^[11]

In 1966, Scania-Vabis acquired ownership of a then valuable supplier – Be-Ge Karosserifabrik, who were based in Oskarshamn. Be-Ge had been making truck cabs since 1946, and had been supplying cabs not only to Scania-Vabis, but also to their Swedish competitors Volvo. It was normal practice for truck manufacturers to outsource production of cabs to independent bodybuilders, so their acquisition by Scania-Vabis seemed a good move.^[11] Be-Ge owner Bror Göthe Persson had also established an additional cab factory at Meppel.^[11]

Scania-Vabis continued their expansion of production facilities through acquisitions. In 1967, they acquired Katrineholm based coachwork company Svenska Karosseri Verkstäderna (SKV), and created a new subsidiary, Scania-Bussar. A year later, all bus production, along with R&D was moved to Katrineholm.^[11] Further production locations were added at Sibbhult and Falun, and Scania’s employee numbers rose, particularly at Södertälje, which was to help double the town’s population.^[11]

Scania-Vabis at some point in their history also manufactured trucks in Botswana, Brazil, South-Korea, Tanzania, the Netherlands, Zimbabwe and the United States.

For some time Daimler-Benz waged a ‘logo war’ with Scania-Vabis, claiming a possible confusion between the Scania-Vabis ‘pedal crank’ design featuring on Scania bicycles around 1900 and the Mercedes ‘three-pointed star’.^{[citation needed]} In 1968, Daimler-Benz won and the Scania-Vabis logo changed to a simple griffin’s head on a white background.

In February 1968, a new range of trucks was launched, and at the same time the company was rebranded as just Scania. In addition to Vabis disappearing from the name and a new logo, all current models received new model designations.^[14][15]

1970s and 1980s[edit]

In 1976, the Argentinian industrial complex was launched. A few months later, on 10 September, the first gearbox outside of Sweden was manufactured and finally in December an L111^[16] truck became the first Scania made in Argentina. Soon the plant specialised in the production of gearboxes, axles and differentials that equipped both the units produced in Tucumán and those built in Brazil.^[17]

Also in Argentina, in 1982 the Series 2 was launched as part of the «Scania Program», consisting of the T-112^[18] and R-112^[19] trucks with two cab versions and different options in engine and load capacity. In 1983, was launched the K112^[20] made in Tucuman (like the rest models) for replace the BR-116.^[21]

In mid-1985 Scania entered the US market for the first time (aside from having sold 12,000 diesel engines installed in Mack trucks from 1962 until 1975), starting modestly with a goal of 200 trucks in all of 1987 (121 trucks were sold during calendar year 1986^[22]). Scania limited their marketing to New England, where conditions resemble those in Europe more closely.^[23]

Many examples of Scania, Vabis and Scania-Vabis commercial and military vehicles can be seen at the Marcus Wallenberg-hallen (the Scania Museum) in Södertälje.

Ownership[edit]

Saab-Scania AB (1969–1995)[edit]

On 1 September 1969, Scania merged with Saab AB, and formed Saab-Scania AB.^[14] When Saab-Scania was split in 1995, the name of the truck and bus division changed simply to Scania AB. One year later, Scania AB was introduced on the stock exchange, which resulted in a minor change of name to Scania AB (publ).

Aborted Volvo takeover[edit]

On 7 August 1999, Volvo announced it had agreed to acquire a majority share in Scania. Volvo was to buy the 49.3% stake in Scania that was owned by Investor AB, Scania’s then main shareholder. The acquisition, for US$7.5 billion (60.7 billion SEK), would have created the world’s second-largest manufacturer of heavy trucks, behind DaimlerChrysler. The cash for the deal was to come from the sale of Volvo’s car division to Ford Motor Company in January 1999.^[24]

The merger failed, after the European Union disapproved, announcing one company would have almost 100% market share in the Nordic markets.^{[citation needed]}

Aborted MAN takeover[edit]

In September 2006, the German truckmaker MAN AG launched a €10.3bn hostile offer to acquire Scania AB. Scania’s CEO Leif Östling was forced to apologise for comparing the bid of MAN to a «Blitzkrieg». MAN AG later dropped its hostile offer, but in January 2008, MAN increased their voting rights in Scania up to 17%.

Volkswagen Group era[edit]

Scania AB is 100% owned by the German automotive company Volkswagen Group, forming part of its heavy commercial vehicle subsidiary, Traton, along with MAN Truck & Bus, Volkswagen Caminhões e Ônibus and Navistar.

Volkswagen gained ownership of Scania by first buying Volvo’s stake in 2000, after the latter’s aborted takeover attempt, increasing it to 36.4% in the first quarter 2007.^[25] It then bought out Investor AB in March 2008, raising its share to 70.94%.^[26] The deal was approved by regulatory bodies in July 2008. Scania then became the ninth marque in the Volkswagen Group.^[27] By 1 January 2015, Volkswagen controlled 100% of the shares in Scania AB.

Price-fixing fines[edit]

In September 2017, Scania was fined 880 million euros (8.45bn Swedish krona) by the EU for taking part in a 14-year price fixing cartel.^[28] The other five members of the cartel – Daimler, DAF, MAN, Iveco and Volvo/Renault – settled with the commission in 2016.^[29]

Products[edit]

Trucks and special vehicles[edit]

Scania develops, manufactures and sells trucks with a gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR) of more than 16 tonnes (Class 8), intended for long-distance haulage, regional, and local distribution of goods, as well as construction haulage.

The 1963 forward-control LB76 forged Scania-Vabis’s reputation outside Sweden, being one of the first exhaustively crash-tested truck cabs.

Current[edit]

All current trucks from Scania are part of the PRT-range, but are marketed as different series based on the general cab height.

• L-series – launched in December 2017. It has an even lower cab than the P-series, and is optimised for distribution and other short-haul duties.
• P-series – launched in August 2004, typical applications are regional and local distribution, construction, and various specialised operations associated with locally based transportation and services. P-series trucks have the new P cabs, which are available in several variations: a single-berth sleeper, a spacious day cab, a short cab and a crew cab

• 

  2021 Scania R450 «Heróis da estrada» («Highway Heros»)- A special edition celebrating 63 years of Scania in the Brazilian market

  G-series – launched in September 2007, the series offer an enlarged range of options for operators engaged in national long haul and virtually all types of construction applications. All models have a G cab, and each is available as a tractor or rigid. The G-series truck comes with five cab variants: three sleepers, a day cab and a short cab. There are different axle configurations, and in most cases a choice of chassis height and suspension

• R-series – launched in March 2004, and won the prestigious International Truck of the Year award in 2005 and again in 2010.^[30] The range offers various trucks optimised for long haulage. All models have a Scania R cab, and each vehicle is available as a tractor or rigid. There are different axle configurations and a choice of chassis height and suspension. The Scania R 730 is the most powerful variant of the R-series. Its 16.4-litre DC16 Turbo Diesel V8 engine produces 730 PS (540 kW; 720 hp) at 1,900 rpm and 3,500 N⋅m (2,600 lb⋅ft) of torque at 1,000–1,350 rpm.
• S-series – launched in August 2016. It is the highest cab Scania has ever built. It features a completely flat floor and a low bed that is extendable up to 100 cm (about 3.28 feet).

Historical[edit]

Buses and coaches[edit]

Scania’s bus and coach range has always been concentrated on chassis, intended for use with anything between tourist coaches to city traffic, but ever since the 1950s, when the company was still known as Scania-Vabis, they have manufactured complete buses for their home markets of Sweden and the rest of Scandinavia, and since the 1990s even for major parts of Europe.

Chassis[edit]

Scania-Vabis was involved in bus production from its earliest days, producing mail buses in the 1920s.

This section needs expansion with: pre WW2 models. You can help by adding to it. (March 2016)

In 1946, the company introduced their B-series of bus chassis, with the engine mounted above the front-axle, giving a short front overhang and the door behind the front-axle. The first generation consisted of the B15/B16, the B20/B21/B22 and the B31, primarily divided by weight class, and then by wheelbase. The latter became upgraded in 1948 and renamed 2B20/2B21/2B22 and 3B31. The T31/T32 trolleybus chassis was also available from 1947. In 1950, the next generation was introduced, with the B41/B42, the B61/B62/B63/B64 and later the B83. From then, Scania-Vabis also offered the BF-series chassis, available as BF61/BF62/BF63, which had the engine more conventionally mounted before the front-axle, leaving room for the door on a longer front overhang. From 1954, the B-series came as B51 and B71, and the BF as BF71 and later BF73. In 1959, the B55, B65 and B75, plus the BF75 were introduced, and were from 1963 available as B56, B66 and B76, plus the BF56 and BF76.

Before the rebranding to Scania in 1968, Scania-Vabis had delivered a very limited number of CR76 chassis-frameworks (less actual bodywork) with transversally rear-mounted engine for external bodying, based on the complete bus with the same name. From 1968 it was also delivered as a standard bus chassis known as BR110.^[31]
The other chassis models were renamed too, so the Scania-Vabis B56/B76 became the Scania B80/B110 and the BF56/BF76 became BF80/BF110. The numbers in the new model designations were based on the engine displacement (8 and 11-litre), a scheme that Scania used for almost 40 years.

In 1971, a new range of longitudinally mounted rear-engined chassis was launched, with the BR85 and its larger brother, the V8-powered 14-litre BR145, targeted at the coach market. In Brazil, the higher powered version was equipped with the standard 11-litre instead of the V8, known as the BR115. Also the BR111 was launched as the replacement for the BR110, being derived from the CR111 complete bus. In 1976, many of the models were renewed, and designations were upped from 80 and 85 to 86, and from 110 to 111, except the BR145 which was later replaced by the BR116 in 1978.

The BR112 was launched in 1978 as a forerunner to the 2-series, replacing the BR111. The rest of the 2-series were launched in 1981 with the F82/F112 replacing the BF86/BF111 and the S82/S112 replacing the B86/B111, and then in 1982 the K82/K112 replacing the BR86/BR116. The BR112 was then updated to the N112 in 1984, and a tri-axle version of the K112 became available, known as the K112T. In 1985, the K82 and F82 were replaced by the 8.5-litre engined K92 and F92. Front-engined versions were in general discontinued on the European markets in the mid-1980s, but production continued in Brazil.

In 1988, the 3-series was introduced, continuing the main models of the 2-series. In 1990, the new L113 became available, with a longitudinally rear-mounted engine which was inclined 60° to the left, to make a lower height than the K113. The 4-series was launched in 1997, continuing all model characteristics from the 3-series, but with all of them being just modular configurations of the basic chassis. The 8.5-litre engine was replaced by a 9-litre, and the 11-litre was replaced by an 11.7-litre. They were joined by a 10.6-litre engine in 2000.

The current Scania’s bus and coach range has been available since 2006, and is marketed as the K-series, N-series and F-series, based on the engine position.^[32]

Current[edit]

• K series – rear-engined (longitudinal mounted) with Euro III – Euro VI compliant engines
• N series – rear-engined (transversal mounted) with Euro III – Euro VI compliant engines
• F series – front-engined with Euro III and Euro V compliant engines

Historical[edit]

Complete buses[edit]

Scania-Vabis’ first complete bus model was the transversally rear-engined commuter bus Metropol (C50), which was built in the workshop in Södertälje on licence from the Mack C50 in 1953–1954 for customer Stockholms Spårvägar. It was followed in 1955 by the slightly shorter city bus version Capitol (C70/C75/C76), which was manufactured until 1964. In 1959, the front-engined CF-series was introduced with the CF65 and CF75 (later CF66 and CF76). The CF-series was built until 1966.

In 1965, the rear-engined CR76 was introduced as a replacement for the Capitol. It was available in two versions; the CR76M with double doors (2-2-0) for city and suburban traffic, and the CR76L with single doors (1-1-0) for longer distances. Because of Sweden’s switch to right-hand traffic in September 1967 and the need for new buses with doors on the right-hand side, the model sold well. With the rebranding from Scania-Vabis to Scania in 1968, the model was renamed CR110 (CR110M and CR110L). In 1967, the coachwork manufacturer Svenska Karosseri Verkstäderna (SKV) in Katrineholm was acquired, and all production of bus chassis soon moved there too.^[15] Together with the rebranding in 1968, Scania re-introduced the front-engined CF range for customers in Sweden as a body-on-chassis product with the newly acquired SKV’s former bodywork model «6000» on standard Scania chassis, but less than 100 were delivered until 1970. The CF110L (BF110 chassis) was the most successful, while a handful of C80L (B80) and C110L (B110) were made.^[33]

In 1971, the CR110 was upgraded and became the CR111. With extended sound-proofing for its time, it was marketed as the «silent bus». The same year, Scania also introduced a new range of longitudally rear-engined coaches known as the CR85 and the CR145. While CR85 had the small 8-litre engine, the CR145 was powered by a 14-litre V8 engine. The coaches were built until 1978, but never sold very well. In 1973, one right-hand drive CR145 prototype was built in Sweden, with the finishing touches done by MCW, but it remained the only one of its kind.^[34] The CR111 was replaced by the all-new CR112 in 1978. With its angular design, the CR112 was called a «shoebox». As with the BR112 chassis being renamed the N112, the CR112 was renamed the CN112 in 1984, and it was also launched in an articulated version. A North American version of the CN112 was built in around 250 units between 1984 and 1988. The CK112 was launched as a simple coach or intercity bus in 1986, sharing most of the styling with the CN112. With the launch of the 3-series in 1988, both the CN112 and CK112 were upgraded to CN113 and CK113. The CK113 was replaced by the L113-based CL113 in 1991 with new rectangular headlights, but production ended in 1992. Less than 100 units of the CK112/CK113/CL113 were ever built.

The MaxCi (CN113CLL), launched in 1992, was Scania’s first ever low-entry bus, with a low floor between the front and centre doors, and kneeling to make entering even easier. The bodywork was based on the CN113, but with a lowered window line in the front half, and a new front including the headlights from the CL113. In 1996, the aluminium body OmniCity was launched as Scania’s first full low-floor bus, and in 1998 the MaxCi was replaced by the OmniLink, which shared styling with the OmniCity. A step-entrance intercity bus returned with the OmniLine in 2000. In 2007, Scania returned to the complete coach market with the Finnish-built OmniExpress, which in 2011 even replaced the OmniLine, which had gone out of production in 2009.

Scania’s current styling was first seen in 2009, with the launch of the Touring coach, manufactured by Higer Bus in China, and in 2011 the Citywide was launched to replace both the OmniCity and the OmniLink. Scania in India launched their very own Metrolink coach in 2013, built at their plant there. The Interlink was then launched in October 2015 to replace the OmniExpress. The latest addition to Scania’s complete bus models is the Fencer range featuring buses to coaches, the F1 single decker bus was launched in May 2021 initially for the UK market and available in diesel and electric drivetrains.^[35][36]

Current[edit]

• Citywide – low-floor and low-entry city bus range
• Fencer – low-floor urban, intercity and coach range
• Interlink – coach and intercity bus range
• Metrolink – coach for India
• Touring – premium coach, manufactured by Higer Bus

Historical[edit]

Buses through collaborations[edit]

In addition to supplying chassis for external bodywork, and their own bodyworks, Scania have also collaborated with some bodywork manufacturers to deliver buses through Scania’s distribution lines, both on a global base and on smaller markets.

In 1969, Scania teamed up with MCW to make the Metro-Scania single-decker for the UK market based on the BR110MH, and since 1971 the BR111MH chassis. In 1973, it was replaced by the Metropolitan double-decker, built on the BR111DH chassis. Production ended in 1978, when the BR111 was replaced by the BR112. East Lancashire Coachbuilders (ELC) launched their low-entry MaxCi in 1993, one year after Scania’s own left-hand drive version. It was followed by the L113-based European in 1995 until 1996. In 2003, ELC was back with both the OmniDekka double-decker and the OmniTown midibus to complement Scania’s own OmniCity.

Since the mid-1990s, Scania started a long-lasting collaboration with Spanish bus builder Irizar to sell their coaches through Scania’s global distribution network. The agreement meant that Scania had exclusive distribution rights for all Irizar coaches in Northern Europe for many years. The most widespread model was the Irizar Century, but later also the Irizar PB was sold as Scania’s premium coach.

In 1985, Scania’s Norwegian distributor and the Finnish bus builder Ajokki announced the Scania Classic,^[37] a coach built exclusively for Norway. It was technically based on Ajokki’s own Royal coach model, but received its own styling details. In 1990, when Ajokki had become Carrus, the second generation was launched based on the Vector/Regal models. The third generation from 1995 was also available in Sweden and Finland in limited numbers, and the fourth and last generation from 2001 was built with the same bodywork as the Volvo 9700. Volvo, who had bought Carrus in 1998, put the foot down against any further Scanias with this bodywork from 2002, and since then Scania instead put the «Classic» sticker on all Irizar Century sold in Norway for several years. The collaboration also led to some Norway-exclusive intercity buses; the Scania Cruiser (Ajokki Victor), Scania Universal (Carrus Fifty) and Scania InterClassic (Carrus Vega), but neither of these had special styling, nor as successful as the Classic.

In 2006, Scania and Higer Bus announced the A80, the first coach in the Higer A Series of coaches built on Scania chassis in China. The coaches are generally available in Asia, but the A30 is also available in Europe as an affordable intercity bus or simple coach. Even the A80 is globally available, but under make-up known as the Scania Touring HD, also referred to as the A80T.

Since 2012, Scania and Belgian bus manufacturer Van Hool offer some of their most luxurious coaches from their TX series on Scania K EB chassis, including the Astronef with theatrical floor, the Astromega double-decker and the Altano.^[38] Since 2014, also the Exqui.City BRT concept is available on Scania N UA chassis with CNG-powered engines.^[39]

Diesel engines[edit]

In addition to bus and truck engines, Scania’s industrial and marine engines are used in generator sets and in earthmoving and agricultural machinery, as well as on board ships and pleasure crafts.

Scania’s involvement with internal combustion engine production dates back to 1897, when engineer Gustav Erickson designed the engine for the company’s first motor car. Over the subsequent years, Scania has grown to be one of the world’s most experienced engine manufacturers, building engines not only for trucks and buses, but also for marine and general industrial applications, which are exported across the globe.^[40]

Year in parentheses is first year of application in road vehicles.

Current[edit]

Historical[edit]

Other products[edit]

• Scania also designs and manufacture clothes especially designed for truckers under the label Scania Truck Gear.^[41]
• Scania is featured in Scania Truck Driving Simulator and Euro Truck Simulator 2, both developed by SCS Software.

Production sites[edit]

The table below shows the locations of the current^[42] and former production facilities of Scania AB. As Scania is now majority owned by Volkswagen AG, making it part of Volkswagen Group, the table also includes Volkswagen Group references.^[43]

Notes: the second column of the table, the ‘factory VIN ID code’, is indicated in the 11th digit of the vehicles’ 17 digit Vehicle Identification Number, and this factory code is only assigned to plants which produce complete vehicles. Component factories which do not produce complete vehicles do not have this factory ID code.

This section needs expansion with: factory VIN ID codes, specific detail of current production, former production, dates, coordinates, any former plants. You can help by adding to it. (October 2009)

factory name	factory VIN ID code(s)	factory WMI code(s)	location (continent, country)	location (town/city, state/region)	current motor vehicle production	former motor vehicle production	automotive products & components	year opened	comments	factory coordinates
Angers [43][44]	9	VLU	Europe, France	Angers, Maine- et-Loire, Pays de la Loire	Scania truck assembly			1992	Scania Production Angers S.A.S. factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB	47°30′4″N 0°30′55″W / 47.50111°N 0.51528°W
Katrineholm		YS4	Europe, Sweden	Katrineholm Municipality, Södermanland County		Scania bus chassis and body assembly			Scania-Bussar AB, acquired by Scania-Vabis in 1967 (former Svenska Karosseri Verkstäderna)	58°59′42.7956″N 16°10′7.914″E / 58.995221000°N 16.16886500°E
Lahti		YK900L	Europe, Finland	Lahti, Päijänne Tavastia	Scania bus body assembly			2007	SOE Busproduction Finland Oy, part of Scania AB since 2014 (former Lahden Autokori)	60°57′0″N 25°36′3″E / 60.95000°N 25.60083°E
Luleå [43][45]			Europe, Sweden	Luleå Municipality, Norrbotten, Norrbotten County			Scania truck frame members, Rear axle housings		Ferruform AB factory, part of Scania AB	65°36′48″N 22°7′45″E / 65.61333°N 22.12917°E
Meppel [43][46]			Europe, Netherlands	Meppel, Drenthe			Scania truck components and paint shop		Scania Production Meppel B.V. factory, part of Scania AB	52°41′25″N 6°10′24″E / 52.69028°N 6.17333°E
Oskarshamn [43][47]			Europe, Sweden	Oskarshamn Municipality, Kalmar County, Småland			Scania truck cab production		Scania AB factory	57°15′24″N 16°25′42″E / 57.25667°N 16.42833°E
São Bernardo do Campo[43][48]	3	9BS	South America, Brazil	São Bernardo do Campo, Greater São Paulo, São Paulo state	Scania trucks Scania bus chassis		Engines, gearboxes, components, axles, truck cabs	1962	Scania Latin America Ltda., part of Scania AB	23°42′49″S 46°33′58″W / 23.71361°S 46.56611°W
Słupsk [43][49]		SZA	Europe, Poland	Słupsk, Pomeranian Voivodeship	Scania bus body assembly			1993	Scania Production Slupsk S.A factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB	54°28′42″N 17°0′46″E / 54.47833°N 17.01278°E
Södertälje [43][50]	1 2	YS2	Europe, Sweden	Södertälje, Södertälje Municipality, Södermanland, Stockholm County	Scania trucks Scania bus chassis		Components, Engines	1891	Scania AB headquarters, R&D and main production plant	59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056°N 17.64056°E
St Petersburg [43][51]		X8U	Europe, Russia	St Petersburg, Northwestern Federal District	Scania bus body assembly Scania trucks since 2010				OOO Scania Peter factory and assembly line, part of Scania AB	59°53′24″N 30°20′24″E / 59.89000°N 30.34000°E
Tucumán [43][52]		8A3	South America, Argentina	San Miguel de Tucumán, Tucumán Province			Rear axle gears Gearboxes Differentials Drive shafts	1976[17]	Scania Argentina S.A. factory, part of Scania AB	26°52′47.5″S 65°7′38″W / 26.879861°S 65.12722°W
Zwolle [43][53]	4 5	XLE	Europe, Netherlands	Zwolle, Overijssel	Scania truck assembly			1964[54]	Scania Nederland B.V. factory, part of Scania AB	52°30′46″N 6°3′48″E / 52.51278°N 6.06333°E

In 2015 Scania opened its first Asian Plant in Bangalore, Karnataka, India. This plant specialises in bus and coach making.

In November 2020 Scania bought truck company Nantong Gaokai based in China’s eastern city of Rugao to start the plan of vehicles production there.^[55]

Former production site[edit]

This section needs expansion with: factory VIN ID codes, specific detail of current production, former production, dates, coordinates, any former plants. You can help by adding to it. (October 2009)

factory name	factory VIN ID code(s)	factory WMI code(s)	location (continent, country)	location (town/city, state/region)	current motor vehicle production	former motor vehicle production	automotive products & components	year opened	comments	factory coordinates
Silkeborg			Europe, Denmark	Silkeborg Municipality, Central Denmark Region		Scania bus body assembly		1912	Scania Busser Silkeborg A/S, acquired by Scania AB in 1995 (former Danish Automobile Building), sold to Norwegian-Brazilian joint-venture Vest-Busscar in 2002 and closed down in 2003

See also[edit]

• Ainax – holding company created after an attempted acquisition of Scania by Volvo
• Marcus Wallenberg-hallen – Swedish vehicle museum, including Scania vehicles
• List of Volkswagen Group diesel engines – includes all current Scania engines

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Official website
• The Scania Museum – Marcus Wallenberg Hall

Coordinates: 59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056°N 17.64056°E

Scania Skåne
Historical province
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 55°48′N 13°37′E / 55.800°N 13.617°ECoordinates: 55°48′N 13°37′E / 55.800°N 13.617°E
Country	Sweden
Land	Götaland
County	Skåne County
Largest city	Malmö
Area [1]
• Total	10,939 km2 (4,224 sq mi)
Population  (31 December 2020[2])
• Total	1,389,336
• Density	130/km2 (330/sq mi)
Ethnicity
• Language	Swedish
• Dialect	Scanian
Culture
• Flower	Oxeye daisy
• Animal	Red deer
• Bird	Red kite
• Fish	Eel
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal codes	20000–29999
Area codes	040–046

Scania, also known by its native name of Skåne^[3] (Swedish: [ˈskôːnɛ] (listen), Danish: [ˈskɔːnə]), is the southernmost of the historical provinces (landskap) of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous with Skåne County, created in 1997. Like the other former provinces of Sweden, Scania still features in colloquial speech and in cultural references, and can therefore not be regarded as an archaic concept. Within Scania there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Skåne Regional Council. Scania’s largest city, Malmö, is the third-largest city in Sweden, as well as the fifth-largest in Scandinavia.

To the north, Scania borders the former provinces of Halland and Småland, to the northeast Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west Öresund. Since 2000, a road and railway bridge, the Öresund Bridge,^[4] bridges the Sound and connects Scania with Denmark. Scania forms part of the transnational Øresund Region.^[5]

From north to south Scania is around 130 km; it covers less than 3% of Sweden’s total area. The population of over 1,320,000^[6] represents 13% of the country’s population. With 121 inhabitants per square kilometre (310/sq mi) Scania is the second-most densely populated province of Sweden.

Historically, Scania formed part of the kingdom of Denmark until the signing of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.^[7] Denmark regained control of the province (1676–1679) during the Scanian War and again briefly in 1711 during the Great Northern War. Scania has been an undisputed part of Sweden since 1720.^[8][9]

Name[edit]

Endonym and exonyms[edit]

The endonym used in Swedish and other North Germanic languages is Skåne (formerly spelled Skaane in Danish and Norwegian). The Latinized form Scania is an exonym in English.^[3] Sometimes the endonym Skåne is used in English text, such as in tourist information,^[10] even sometimes as Skane with the diacritic omitted.^[11][12] Scania (as also Dalarna) is one of the few Swedish provinces for which exonyms are widely used in many languages, such as French Scanie, Dutch and German Schonen, Polish Skania, Spanish Escania, Italian Scania, etc. For the province’s modern administrative counterpart, Skåne län, the endonym Skåne is used in English.^[13]

In the Alfredian translation of Orosius’s and Wulfstan’s travel accounts, the Old English form Sconeg appears.^[14][15] Frankish sources mention a place called Sconaowe; Æthelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about Scani;^[16] and in Beowulf’s fictional account, the names Scedenige and Scedeland appear as names for what is a Danish land.^[14]

Etymology[edit]

The names Scania and Scandinavia are considered to have the same etymology.^{[17][18][19][20]} The southernmost tip of what is today Sweden was called Scania by the Romans and thought to be an island. The actual etymology of the word remains dubious and has long been a matter of debate among scholars. The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjã, which appears in Old Norse as Skáney [ˈskɑːnˌœy].^[21] According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *Skaðan- meaning «danger» or «damage» (English scathing, German Schaden, Swedish skada).^[22] Skanör in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (skan) combined with —ör, which means «sandbanks».

Administration[edit]

Between 1719 and 1996, the province was subdivided in two administrative counties (län), Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County, each under a governor (landshövding) appointed by the central government of Sweden.

When the first local government acts took effect in 1863, each county also got an elected county council (landsting). The counties were further divided into municipalities.

The local government reform of 1952 reduced the number of municipalities, and a second subdivision reform, carried out between 1968 and 1974, established today’s 33 municipalities^[23] (Swedish: kommuner) in Scania. The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to city commissions, and are further divided into parishes (församlingar). The parishes are primarily entities of the Church of Sweden, but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish population registration and other statistical uses.

In 1999, the county council areas were amalgamated, forming Skåne Regional Council (Region Skåne), responsible mainly for public healthcare, public transport and regional planning and culture.

Heraldry[edit]

During the Danish era, the province had no coat of arms. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560.^[24] When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province, as each province was to be represented by its arms at his royal funeral. After an initiative from Baron Gustaf Bonde, the Lord High Treasurer of Sweden, the coat of arms of the City of Malmö was used as a base for the new provincial arms. The Malmö coat of arms had been granted in 1437, during the Kalmar Union, by Eric of Pomerania and contains a Pomeranian griffin’s head. To distinguish it from the city’s coat of arms the tinctures were changed and the official blazon for the provincial arms is, in English: Or, a griffin’s head erased gules, crowned azure and armed azure, when it should be armed.

The province was divided in two administrative counties 1719–1996. Coats of arms were created for these entities, also using the griffin motif. The new Skåne County, operative from 1 January 1997, got a coat of arms that is the same as the province’s, but with reversed tinctures. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of central government authority. In 1999 the two county councils (landsting) were amalgamated forming Region Skåne. It is the only one of its kind using a heraldic coat of arms. It is also the same as the province’s and the county’s, but with a golden griffin’s head on a blue shield.^[25] The 33 municipalities within the county also have coats of arms.

The Scania Griffin has become a well-known symbol for the province and is also used by commercial enterprises. It is, for instance, included in the logotypes of the automotive manufacturer Scania AB and the airline Malmö Aviation.

Coat of arms[edit]

History[edit]

Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 9th century. It came under Danish king Harald Bluetooth in the middle of the 10th century. It was then a region that included Blekinge and Halland, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula and formed the eastern part of the kingdom of Denmark. This geographical position made it the focal point of the frequent Dano-Swedish wars for hundreds of years.

By the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, all Danish lands east of Øresund were ceded to the Swedish Crown. First placed under a Governor-General, the province was eventually integrated into the kingdom of Sweden. The last Danish attempt to regain its lost provinces failed after the 1710 Battle of Helsingborg.

In 1719, the province was subdivided in two counties and administered in the same way as the rest of Sweden. Scania has since that year been fully integrated in the Swedish nation. In the following summer, July 1720, the last peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark was signed.^[26][27]

On 28 November 2017 it was ruled that the Scanian flag would become the official flag of Scania.^[28][29]

Politics[edit]

During Sweden’s financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania, Västra Götaland and Norrbotten were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result.^[30] In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors.^[30] The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the Social Democratic Party’s local districts in Scania and Västra Götaland already in 1993. When Sweden joined the European Union two years later, the concept «Regions of Europe» came in focus and a more regionalist-friendly approach was adopted in national politics.^[31] These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of the first «trial regions» in Sweden in 1999, established as the country’s first «regional experiment».^[31]

The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the decentralization efforts introduced by the Swedish government.^[32] On the basis of large scale interview investigations about Region Skåne in Scania, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to «[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning».^[33]

Transportation[edit]

Electrified dual track railroad exists from the border with Denmark at the Øresund Bridge to Malmö and onwards to Lund. The latter part is currently being upgraded to four tracks and expected to enter service in 2023.^[34] In Lund, the tracks split into two directions.^[35] The dual tracks going towards Gothenburg end at Helsingborg,^[36] while the other branch continues beyond the provincial border to neighbouring Småland, close to Killeberg.^[37][35] This latter dual track continues to mid-Sweden.^[35] There are also a few single track railroads connecting cities like Trelleborg, Ystad and Kristianstad.^[35] Just as five Scanian stations are served partly (Hässleholm and Osby) or entirely (Ballingslöv, Hästveda and Killeberg) by Småland local trains, the Scanian Pågatåg trains serve Markaryd in Småland.^[38]

There are basically three ticket systems: Skånetrafiken tickets can be purchased for all regional traffic including to Denmark, while the Danish Rejsekort system can only be used at stations served by Øresundståg and equipped with special card readers. Additionally, Swedish national SJ-tickets are available for longer trips to the north.

The E6 motorway is the main artery through the western part of Scania all the way from Trelleborg to the provincial border towards neighbouring Halland. It continues along the Swedish west coast to Gothenburg and most of the way to the Norwegian border. There are also several other motorways, especially around Malmö. Since 2000, the economic focus of the region has changed, with the opening of a road link across the Øresund Bridge to Denmark.^[39]

The car ferry service between Helsingborg and Helsingør
has 70 departures in each direction daily as of 2014.^[40]

There are three minor airports in Sturup, Ängelholm and Kristianstad. The nearby Copenhagen Airport, which is the largest international airport in the Nordic countries, also serves the province.^[41]

Geography and environmental factors[edit]

Unlike some regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is generally not mountainous, though a few examples of uncovered cliffs can be found at Hovs Hallar, at Kullaberg, and on the island Hallands Väderö. With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts (Göinge), the rolling hills in the north-west (the Bjäre and Kulla peninsulas) and the beech-wood-clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania’s terrain consists of plains. Its low profile and open landscape distinguish Scania from most other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool, mixed coniferous forests, boreal taiga and alpine tundra.^[42] The province has several lakes but there are relatively few compared to Småland, the province directly to the north. Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of deciduous forests following the Linderödsåsen ridge and previously marking the border between Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County. The much denser fir forests — typical of the greater part of Sweden — are only found in the north-eastern Göinge parts of Scania along the border with the forest-dominated province of Småland. While the landscape typically has a slightly sloping profile, in some places, such as north of Malmö, the terrain is almost completely flat.

The narrow lakes with a long north to south extent, which are very common further north, are lacking in Scania. The largest lake, Ivösjön in the north-east, has similarities with the lakes further north, but has a different shape. All other lakes tend to be round, oval or of more complex shape and also lack any specific cardinal direction. Ringsjön, in the middle of the province, is the largest of such lakes.^{[citation needed]}
In the winter, some smaller lakes east of Lund often attract young Eurasian sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla).

Where the sea meets higher parts of the sloping landscape, cliffs emerge. Such cliffs are white if the soil has a high content of chalk. Good examples of such coastlines exist at the southern side of Ven, between the towns of Helsingborg and Landskrona, and in parts of the south and south-east coasts. In other Swedish provinces, steep coastlines usually reveal primary rock instead.

The two major plains, Söderslätt in the south-west and Österlen in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land. The yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for Sweden since 25–95% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. Almost all Swedish sugar beet comes from Scania; the plant needs a long vegetation period. The same applies also to corn, pea and rape (grown for its oil), although these plants are less imperative in comparison with sugar beets.^{[43][clarification needed]} The soil is among the most fertile in the world.^{[citation needed]}

The Kullaberg Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several rare species including spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus.^[44]

Geology and geomorphology[edit]

[T]he present landscape is a mosaic of landforms shaped during widely different ages.

The gross relief of Scania reflects more the preglacial development than the erosion and deposits caused by the Quaternary glaciers.^[45] In Swedish the word ås commonly refers to eskers, but major landmarks in Scania, such as Söderåsen, are horsts^[46] formed by tectonic inversion along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone in the late Cretaceous. The Scanian horsts run in a north-west to south-east direction, marking the southwest border of Fennoscandia.^[47] Tectonic activity of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone during the break-up of Pangaea in the Jurassic and Cretaceous epochs led to the formation of hundreds of small volcanoes in central Scania.^[48][49] Remnants of the volcanoes are still visible today.^[48] Parallel with volcanism a hilly peneplain formed in northeastern Scania due to weathering and erosion of basement rocks.^[50][51] The kaolinite formed by this weathering can be observed at Ivö Klack.^[51] In the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous a sea level rise led to the complete drowning of Scania. Subsequently, marine sediments buried old surfaces preserving the rocky shores and hilly terrain of the day.^[51][52]

In the Paleogene period southern Sweden was at a lower position relative to sea level but was likely still above it as it was covered by sediments.^[45][50] Rivers flowing over the South Småland peneplain flowed also across Scania which was at the time covered by thick sediments.^[45] As the relative sea level sank and much of Scania lost its sedimentary cover antecedent rivers begun to incise the Söderåsen horst forming valleys.^[45] During deglaciation these valleys likely evacuated large amounts of melt-water.^[45] The relief of Scania’s south-western landscape was formed by the accumulation of thick Quaternary sediments during the Quaternary glaciations.^[47]

Vegetation and vegetation zones[edit]

The vast majority of Scania belongs to the European hardwood vegetation zone, a considerable part of which is now agricultural rather than the original forest. This zone covers Europe west of Poland and north of the Alps, and includes the British Isles, northern and central France and the countries and regions to the south and southeast of the North Sea up to Denmark. A smaller north-eastern part of Scania is part of the pinewood vegetation zone, in which spruce grows naturally. Within the larger part, pine may grow together with birch on sandy soil. The most common tree is beech. Other common trees are willow, oak, ash, alder and elm (which until the 1970s formed a few forests but now is heavily infected by the elm disease). Also rather southern trees like walnut tree, chestnut and hornbeam can be found. In parks horse chestnut, lime and maple are commonly planted as well. Common fruit trees planted in commercial orchards and private gardens include several varieties of apple, pear, cherry and plum; strawberries are commercially cultivated in many locations across the province. Examples of wild berries grown in domesticated form are blackberry, raspberry, cloudberry (in the north-east), blueberry, wild strawberry and loganberry.

National parks[edit]

Three of the 29 National parks of Sweden^[53] are situated in Scania.

• Dalby Söderskog^[54]
• Stenshuvud^[55]
• Söderåsen^[56]

Extremes[edit]

• Southernmost point: Smygehuk, Trelleborg Municipality, (55° 20′ N) (also the southernmost point of Sweden)^[57]
• Northernmost point: Gränsholmen, Osby Municipality
• Westernmost point: Kulla udd, Höganäs Municipality
• Easternmost point: Nyhult, Bromölla Municipality
• Highest point: Highest peak of Söderåsen, 212 metres
• Lowest spot: Kristianstad, −2.7 metres (also the lowest spot in all of Sweden)
• Largest lake: Ivösjön, 55 km²
• Largest island: Ven, 7.5 km²

Population[edit]

Scania is divided into 33 municipalities with population and land surface as the table below shows. There is a large population difference between the western Scania, that is located by, or close to Øresund sea compared to the middle and eastern parts of the province.

Population of Scania by municipality^[58]

Municipality	Population (April 2013)	Land area (km2)	Population density (/km2)
Municipalities that have a coast on Øresund or border a municipality that does (in yellow on the map)
Bjuv	14,813	115.3	128.5
Burlöv	17,079	18.9	903.7
Eslöv	31,761	419.1	75.8
Helsingborg	132,254	344.0	384.4
Höganäs	24,986	150.8	165.7
Kävlinge	29,513	152.6	193.4
Landskrona	42,751	148.3	288.3
Lomma	22,415	55.6	403.1
Lund	118,542	448.5	264.3
Malmö	328,494	166,3	1975.2
Staffanstorp	22,572	106.8	211.3
Svalöv	13,217	387.3	34.1
Svedala	20,039	218.1	91.9
Trelleborg	42,744	339.9	125.8
Vellinge	33,725	142.6	236.5
Åstorp	14,849	92.2	161.0
Ängelholm	39,836	420.1	95.1
Other municipalities (in white)
Bromölla	12,314	162.5	74.4
Båstad *	14,224	209.8	67.8
Hässleholm	50,171	1268.5	39.6
Hörby	14,882	419.4	35.5
Höör	15,591	290.9	53.6
Klippan	16,741	374.3	44.7
Kristianstad	80,854	1246.3	64.9
Osby	12,704	576.2	22.0
Perstorp	7,089	158.8	44.6
Simrishamn	18,950	391.4	48.4
Sjöbo	18,359	492.2	37.3
Skurup	14,997	193.6	77.5
Tomelilla	12,913	395.9	32.6
Ystad	28,562	350.1	81.6
Örkelljunga	9,640	319.6	30.1
Östra Göinge	13,609	432.0	31.5

^* A small part of Båstad municipality is located within the neighbouring province of Halland, this includes the village Östra Karup and some area around it, around 500 people live in Båstad municipality, but beyond the historical boundaries of the Scanian province.

• The western part of Scania (yellow on the map and close to the Øresund sea) covers 3201.3 km² of land, and had (in April 2013) 925,982 inhabitants, almost 290 inhabitants/km²
• The other municipalities cover 7281.3 km²of land, and had at the same time only 341,009 inhabitants or 47 inhabitants/km²
• The same figures for the entire province are 10482.6 km², 1,266,991 inhabitants and 121 inhabitants/km²

These figures can be compared with around to 21 inhabitants per km² for entire Sweden.

Population around Øresund[edit]

Western Scania has a high population density, not only by Scandinavian standards but also by average European standards, at close to 300 inhabitants per square kilometre. But the Danish Copenhagen region at north-east Zealand, on the other side of Øresund Sea, is even more densely populated. The north-east part of Zealand (or the Danish Region Hovedstaden without the Baltic island of Bornholm) has a population density of 878 inhabitants/km², most of Greater Copenhagen included.

By adding the population of western Scania to the same of Metropolitan area of Copenhagen, then close to 3 million people live around the Øresund sea, within a maximum distance from Øresund of 25 to 30 kilometres, at a land surface of approx. 6100 km² (approx 460 inhabitants/km²). This is in many ways a better measurement of describing the area around Øresund than what the far wider Øresund Region constitutes, as the latter includes also eastern Scania (whose beaches are Baltic Sea ones and is far less populated) as well as all Denmark east of the Great Belt.

Regardless of counting a smaller area with higher population density or a larger one, the Øresund Strait is located in the largest metropolitan area in Scandinavia with Finland.

Cities[edit]

In 1658, the following ten places in Scania were chartered and held town rights: Lund (since approximately 990), Helsingborg (1085), Falsterbo (approximately 1200), Ystad (approximately 1200), Skanör (approximately 1200), Malmö (approximately 1250), Simrishamn (approximately 1300), Landskrona (1413), and Kristianstad (1622). Others had existed earlier, but lost their privileges. Ängelholm got new privileges in 1767, and in 1754, Falsterbo and Skanör were merged. The concept of municipalities was introduced in Sweden in 1863, making each of the towns a city municipality of its own. In the 19th and 20th centuries, four more municipalities were granted city status, Trelleborg (1867), Eslöv (1911), Hässleholm (1914) and Höganäs (1936). The system of city status was abolished in 1971.

Over 90% of Scania’s population live in urban areas.^[60] In 2000, the Øresund Bridge – the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe – linked Malmö and Copenhagen, making Scania’s population part of a 3.6 million total population in the Øresund Region. In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmö to Copenhagen.^[61]

The following localities had more than 10,000 inhabitants^[62] (year 2010).

1. Malmö, 280,415^*
2. Helsingborg, 97,122
3. Lund, 82,800
4. Kristianstad, 35,711
5. Landskrona, 30,499
6. Trelleborg, 28,290
7. Ängelholm, 23,240
8. Hässleholm, 18,500
9. Ystad, 18,350
10. Eslöv, 17,748
11. Staffanstorp, 14,808
12. Höganäs, 14,107
13. Kävlinge & Furulund, 13,200

Population development[edit]

It has been estimated that around 1570, Scania had about 110,000 inhabitants.^[64] But before the plague in the middle of the 14th century the population of all Danish territory east of Øresund (Scania, Island of Bornholm, Blekinge and Halland) may have exceeded 250,000.

The figures here are from two different sources.^[65][66]

Year	Population	Year	Population	Year	Population
1620	126,000	1820	312,000	1930	757,000
1699	142,000	1830	350,000	1940	778,000
1718	152,000	1840	388,000	1950	843,000
1735	180,000	1850	443,000	1960	882,000
1750	197,000	1860	494,000	1970	983,000
1760	202,000	1870	538,000	1980	1,023,000
1772	216,000	1880	580,000	1990	1,068,000
1780	231,000	1890	591,000	2000	1,129,000
1795	250,000	1900	628,000	2010	1,228,000
1800	259,000	1910	685,000	2015	1,303,600
1810	275,000	1920	728,000	2016	1,322,200

• 2015 data.^[6]

Hundreds[edit]

Scania was formerly divided into 23 hundreds.

Climate and seasons[edit]

Scania has the mildest climate in Sweden, but there are some local differences.

The table shows average temperatures in degrees Celsius at ten Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) weather stations in Scania and three stations further north for comparison issues. Average temperature in this case means the average of the temperature taken throughout both day and night unlike the more usual daily maximum or minimum average. This is done for specific measured periods of thirty years. The last period began at 1 January 1961 and ended at 31 December 1990. The current such period started at 1 January 1991 and will end by 31 December 2020. At that time it will be possible to with a high degree of mathematical certainty to measure possible climate changes, by comparing two separate periods of 30 years with each other.

st.no	Station	Approx Latitude	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Annual
5320	Smygehuk	55	−0.1	−0.3	1.4	4.6	9.4	14.0	15.6	15.7	12.9	9.4	5.2	1.7	7.5
5223	Falsterbo	55	0.3	0.0	1.7	5.1	10.1	14.7	16.4	16.4	13.7	10.0	5.7	2.3	8.0
5337	Malmö 2	55.5	0.1	0.0	2.2	6.4	11.6	15.8	17.1	16.8	13.6	9.8	5.3	1.9	8.4
5433	Simrishamn	55.5	−0.1	−0.3	1.7	4.9	9.5	14.6	16.3	16.1	13.1	9.2	4.9	1.6	7.6
5251	Örja	55.5	0.0	0.0	2.2	6.1	11.5	15.3	16.5	16.7	13.5	9.4	5.2	2.2	8.2
6203	Helsingborg	56	0.6	−0.1	2.0	6.0	11.2	15.3	16.7	16.6	13.6	9.9	5.2	1.8	8.3
5343	Lund	55.5	−0.6	−0.5	2.0	6.0	11.5	15.4	16.8	16.5	13.1	9.1	4.5	1.1	7.9
5353	Hörby	55.5	−1.6	−1.5	1.0	5.4	10.4	14.4	15.5	15.3	11.9	8.0	3.6	0.1	6.9
5455	Kristianstad	55.5	−1.0	−1.0	1.4	5.2	10.3	14.7	16.1	15.7	12.3	8.5	4.0	0.6	7.2
6322	Osby	56	−2.2	−2.1	0.6	5.0	10.5	14.4	15.5	14.9	11.3	7.4	2.8	−0.7	6.5
	For comparison, some northern locations within Sweden
9749	Stockholm Arlanda	60	−4.4	−4.6	-1.0	4.0	10.2	14.9	16.3	15.2	10.8	6.4	1.2	-2.9	5.5
12731	Sundsvall	62.5	−9.0	−7.9	−3.1	2.0	7.8	13.4	15.3	14.0	9.4	4.5	−2.0	−6.7	3.1
16268	Luleå	66	−11.5	−10.7	−6.0	0.1	6.4	13.0	15.5	13.6	8.3	3.0	−4.0	−9.0	1.6

^[67] All three of the northern locations are at low altitude and fairly close to the Baltic Sea.

Compared with locations further north, the Scanian climate differs primary by being far less cold during the winter and in having longer springs and autumns. While the July temperatures doesn’t differ much (see table above).

The highest temperature ever recorded in the province is 36.0 °C (97 °F) (Ängelholm, 30 July 1947) and the lowest ever recorded is −34 °C (−29 °F) (Stehag, 26 January 1942) Temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F) are relatively rare even at night, while summer temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurs once in a while every summer. Precipitation is spread fairly evenly, both across the province and during the year.

Slightly more precipitation falls during July and August than during the other months.

Winter[edit]

A typical winter, with average temperatures around the freezing point during January and February, means that a period of mild weather (often windy or/and rainy) is followed by a colder period (when precipitation falls as snow)—and then the mild weather returns etc., rather than a stable temperature close to zero degrees. During the colder periods, the temperature often is below freezing point also during daytime while during the milder periods temperatures below freezing point are unusual even at night. During the mild periods temperatures slightly below freezing point only occur if the night is both calm and free of clouds. If the same circumstances occur during a cold period, the nights can get very cold though. All together this adds up to a 24 hrs/day «winter average» of around 0 degrees In the north-eastern corner (and at the top of the ridges) the winter is in general notably colder though, and a snow cover may last for weeks.

Spring[edit]

March is locally known as the first month of the spring. The colder periods are fewer and sunny days may even feel pleasant. During April and early May temperature rises rather fast. Though spring (especially in the sense «first heat») arrives later compared to northernmost Germany and Poland. This is particularly notable in the south-eastern corner. This is explained by the open coastline and low temperatures in the Baltic sea. Øresund is both narrow and shallow, and gets warmer faster. The most common Scanian tree, the beech, usually comes into leaf during the last days of April or the first days of May, but is often delayed by 10–14 days in the south-east, due to the Baltic Sea chill factor.

Summer[edit]

Unlike the other seasons, summer is not warmer in Scania compared to many other Swedish provinces. As in winter, the weather usually changes between periods that either are sunny and fairly hot (up to 30 degrees, even higher away from the coastlines), and periods of unstable cloudy and cooler weather. The time between sunset and sunrise during June and earliest July is less than 7 hours, and both the dawn and the dusk are rather long as well. However, there are still a few hours of real night. Further north in Sweden there is no real night, as dusk turns into dawn. (In northernmost Sweden, the sun does not set at all for around two months.)

Autumn[edit]

The autumn in Scania is a slow process, compared with more northern parts of Sweden (but a faster one, when comparing with any part of the British Isles). During the first half of September, temperatures usually are not so much affected, but the sunset is obviously earlier compared with in June. Temperatures drop in steps. Every new period with sunny weather becomes a bit cooler than the last one. By the end of October the defoliation process becomes evident. But not until late November have all the trees lost their leaves. The period when storms and even hurricanes becomes most likely to occur is between November and February. Most hurricanes come from the Atlantic Ocean and don’t involve snow or temperatures below freezing point. Late Scanian autumn is in general benefited from the surrounding waters (the opposite effect early spring).

Culture[edit]

Scania’s long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history have made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colourful patchwork quilt of wheat and rapeseed fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like Provence in southern France and Zeeland in the Netherlands.^[68] Among the many authors who have described the «foreign» continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are August Strindberg and Carl Linnaeus. In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: «In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. […] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him.» In another chapter he states: «The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as Vasa’s history is to the Scanian.»^[69]

In Ystad, singer-songwriter Michael Saxell’s popular Scanian anthem Om himlen och Österlen (Of Heaven and Österlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky.

Scania’s historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile plains, the deciduous forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the emblematic Swedish cultural landscape of forests and small hamlets.^[70]

Architecture[edit]

Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called half-timbering. In the cities, the infill of the façades consisted of bricks,^[71] whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw.^[72] Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of Ystad has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center—over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today.^[73] Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire Øresund Region, and which has also been preserved in Elsinore (Helsingør). Among Ystad’s half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia, Pilgrändshuset from 1480.^[74]

In Göinge, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th-century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Only a small number of the original Göinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by Gustav II Adolf and the second by Charles XI in the 1680s, entire districts were levelled by fire.^[75] In Örkened Parish, in what is now eastern Osby Municipality, the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the Snapphane movement in the late 17th century.^[76] An original, 17th century Göinge farm, Sporrakulla Farm, has been preserved in a forest called Kullaskogen, a nature reserve close to Glimåkra in Östra Göinge. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze.^[77]

A number of Scanian towns flourished during the Viking Age. The city of Lund is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king Sweyn Forkbeard.^[78] Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark’s first and largest mint was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD.^[79] The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known stave church in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990.^[80] In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia.^[81]

Many of the old churches in today’s Scanian landscape stem from the medieval age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the medieval, Romanesque or Renaissance churches of Danish Scania looked like. Many Scanian churches have distinctive crow-stepped gables and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone.

The first version of Lund Cathedral was built in 1050, in sandstone from Höör, on the initiative of Canute the Holy.^[81] The oldest parts of today’s cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the Rhine valley and Italy, and was ready for use in 1123. It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark.^[80] The cathedral was altered in the 16th century by architect Adam van Düren and later by Carl Georg Brunius and Helgo Zetterwall.

Scania also has churches built in the gothic style, such as Saint Petri Church in Malmö, dating from the early 14th century. Similar buildings can be found in all Hansa cities around the Baltic Sea (such as Helsingborg and Rostock). The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in Dalby. It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.

Scania has 240 palaces and country estates—more than any other province in Sweden.^[82] Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodelled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th–15th-century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the landed nobility in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th-century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic Church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king.^[83] For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using Dutch Renaissance style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.^[84]

Language, literature, and art[edit]

Scanian dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian Uvular trill, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken Standard Swedish. They are very similar to the dialect of Danish spoken in Bornholm, Denmark. The prosody of the Scanian dialects has more in common with German, Danish and Dutch (and sometimes also with English, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.^[85]

Famous Scanian authors include Victoria Benedictsson, (1850–1888) from Domme, Trelleborg, who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as Från Skåne of 1884; Ola Hansson^[86] (1860–1925) from Hönsinge, Trelleborg; Vilhelm Ekelund (1880–1949) from Stehag, Eslöv; Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (1895–1972) from Vollsjö, Sjöbo; Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) from Malmö; Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) from Hagstad, Perstorp; Hans Alfredsson (1931–2017) and Jacques Werup (1945–2016), both from Malmö. Birgitta Trotzig (1929–2011) from Gothenburg has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as The Exposed of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel A Tale from the Coast, which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century. Gabriel Jönsson (1892–1984) from Ålabodarna, Landskrona.

A printing-house was established in the city of Malmö in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmö became the center for the Danish reformation.^[87]

Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade.^[88] The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from 1750 for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy.^[89] The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a dowry.^[90]

According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with Roman, Byzantine and Asian art. The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes.^[90] The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the Silk Road brought Coptic, Anatolian, and Chinese designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpreted and integrated into the local culture. Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a «great bird» above, often symbolized simply by its wings.^[90] Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (Swedish: bäckahästar), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils.^[90] The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th- and 5th-century Egyptian fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the Norse river horse of Scanian folklore.^[91]

Dukes[edit]

The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish princes have been created dukes of various provinces, although the titles are purely nominal.

The Dukes of Scania have been:

• Crown Prince Carl (from his birth in 1826 until he became king in 1859)
• Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (from his birth in 1882 until he became king in 1950)
• Prince Oscar 2016-

From his marriage, in 1905, King Gustaf VI Adolf had his summer residence at Sofiero Palace in Helsingborg. He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from Stockholm. He died at Helsingborg Hospital in 1973.

Sports[edit]

Football has always been the most popular arena and team sport within the province, from attendances not least^{[citation needed]}. Clubs are administered by Skånes Fotbollförbund.

Malmö FF has won Allsvenskan 23 times, Helsingborg IF 7 times and was one of the twelve clubs in the league’s very first season, 1924/25. Also Landskrona BoIS was among the twelve original clubs, but has never won. These three clubs are historically the most famous football clubs in Scania. But also IFK Malmö, Stattena IF, Råå IF (the latter two clubs are both from Helsingborg) as well as Trelleborgs FF have participated.

Handball is also a relatively popular team sport, whilst Basketball never really has gained much interest.

Ice hockey was for a long time thought of as a sport of northern Sweden, but has nevertheless became a popular attendance sport too. Malmö Redhawks has even become Swedish Champions twice, but also Rögle BK (from Ängelholm) have participated at the highest level of Swedish ice hockey during quite a lot of seasons.

Rugby is played in Scania by the Skåne Crusaders who play in the Sweden Rugby League.

The overwhelmingly largest sport related events in both Scanian as well as Swedish history, were however the motorcycle Saxtorp TT-races during the 1930s, which most of the years gathered crowds of 150.000 or more.^{[citation needed]}

Tennis is associated with Båstad during the Swedish Open.

Golf is the most popular sport to exercise after a certain age, at least. Scania has a large amount of golf courses, of which Barsebäck Golf & Country Club is the most well-known. Most Golf courses are open also during the winter, but may sometimes close temporarily in cases of snowy periods.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• 2008 Skåne County earthquake
• 460 Scania, an asteroid discovered in 1900
• «Sång till Skåne», a song about the province
• East Denmark
• Skåneland

Citations[edit]

General references[edit]

External links[edit]

Official links[edit]

• Region Skåne – The County council
• Scania’s Public Recreational Areas Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Region Skåne’s public forests and parks
• Skåne – Business Region Skåne’s official website for culture, heritage and tourism
• Länsstyrelsen – County Administration Board
• Skåneleden – Public nature trails through Scania

Organizations[edit]

• Oresund Region – The regional body of the Oresund Region
• Regional Museum – Museum in Kristianstad
• Kommunförbundet Skåne – A cooperation between Scania’s 33 municipalities
• Skånes hembygdsförbund (in Swedish) – Heritage conservation organization
• Terra Scaniae – History project established for Scanian schools, financed with subsidies from Skåne Regional Council.

Scania Skåne
Historical province
Flag Coat of arms
Coordinates: 55°48′N 13°37′E / 55.800°N 13.617°ECoordinates: 55°48′N 13°37′E / 55.800°N 13.617°E
Country	Sweden
Land	Götaland
County	Skåne County
Largest city	Malmö
Area [1]
• Total	10,939 km2 (4,224 sq mi)
Population  (31 December 2020[2])
• Total	1,389,336
• Density	130/km2 (330/sq mi)
Ethnicity
• Language	Swedish
• Dialect	Scanian
Culture
• Flower	Oxeye daisy
• Animal	Red deer
• Bird	Red kite
• Fish	Eel
Time zone	UTC+1 (CET)
• Summer (DST)	UTC+2 (CEST)
Postal codes	20000–29999
Area codes	040–046

Scania, also known by its native name of Skåne^[3] (Swedish: [ˈskôːnɛ] (listen), Danish: [ˈskɔːnə]), is the southernmost of the historical provinces (landskap) of Sweden. Located in the south tip of the geographical region of Götaland, the province is roughly conterminous with Skåne County, created in 1997. Like the other former provinces of Sweden, Scania still features in colloquial speech and in cultural references, and can therefore not be regarded as an archaic concept. Within Scania there are 33 municipalities that are autonomous within the Skåne Regional Council. Scania’s largest city, Malmö, is the third-largest city in Sweden, as well as the fifth-largest in Scandinavia.

To the north, Scania borders the former provinces of Halland and Småland, to the northeast Blekinge, to the east and south the Baltic Sea, and to the west Öresund. Since 2000, a road and railway bridge, the Öresund Bridge,^[4] bridges the Sound and connects Scania with Denmark. Scania forms part of the transnational Øresund Region.^[5]

From north to south Scania is around 130 km; it covers less than 3% of Sweden’s total area. The population of over 1,320,000^[6] represents 13% of the country’s population. With 121 inhabitants per square kilometre (310/sq mi) Scania is the second-most densely populated province of Sweden.

Historically, Scania formed part of the kingdom of Denmark until the signing of the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658.^[7] Denmark regained control of the province (1676–1679) during the Scanian War and again briefly in 1711 during the Great Northern War. Scania has been an undisputed part of Sweden since 1720.^[8][9]

Name[edit]

Endonym and exonyms[edit]

The endonym used in Swedish and other North Germanic languages is Skåne (formerly spelled Skaane in Danish and Norwegian). The Latinized form Scania is an exonym in English.^[3] Sometimes the endonym Skåne is used in English text, such as in tourist information,^[10] even sometimes as Skane with the diacritic omitted.^[11][12] Scania (as also Dalarna) is one of the few Swedish provinces for which exonyms are widely used in many languages, such as French Scanie, Dutch and German Schonen, Polish Skania, Spanish Escania, Italian Scania, etc. For the province’s modern administrative counterpart, Skåne län, the endonym Skåne is used in English.^[13]

In the Alfredian translation of Orosius’s and Wulfstan’s travel accounts, the Old English form Sconeg appears.^[14][15] Frankish sources mention a place called Sconaowe; Æthelweard, an Anglo-Saxon historian, wrote about Scani;^[16] and in Beowulf’s fictional account, the names Scedenige and Scedeland appear as names for what is a Danish land.^[14]

Etymology[edit]

The names Scania and Scandinavia are considered to have the same etymology.^{[17][18][19][20]} The southernmost tip of what is today Sweden was called Scania by the Romans and thought to be an island. The actual etymology of the word remains dubious and has long been a matter of debate among scholars. The name is possibly derived from the Germanic root *Skaðin-awjã, which appears in Old Norse as Skáney [ˈskɑːnˌœy].^[21] According to some scholars, the Germanic stem can be reconstructed as *Skaðan- meaning «danger» or «damage» (English scathing, German Schaden, Swedish skada).^[22] Skanör in Scania, with its long Falsterbo reef, has the same stem (skan) combined with —ör, which means «sandbanks».

Administration[edit]

Between 1719 and 1996, the province was subdivided in two administrative counties (län), Kristianstad County and Malmöhus County, each under a governor (landshövding) appointed by the central government of Sweden.

When the first local government acts took effect in 1863, each county also got an elected county council (landsting). The counties were further divided into municipalities.

The local government reform of 1952 reduced the number of municipalities, and a second subdivision reform, carried out between 1968 and 1974, established today’s 33 municipalities^[23] (Swedish: kommuner) in Scania. The municipalities have municipal governments, similar to city commissions, and are further divided into parishes (församlingar). The parishes are primarily entities of the Church of Sweden, but they also serve as a divisioning measure for the Swedish population registration and other statistical uses.

In 1999, the county council areas were amalgamated, forming Skåne Regional Council (Region Skåne), responsible mainly for public healthcare, public transport and regional planning and culture.

Heraldry[edit]

During the Danish era, the province had no coat of arms. In Sweden, however, every province had been represented by heraldic arms since 1560.^[24] When Charles X Gustav of Sweden suddenly died in 1660 a coat of arms had to be created for the newly acquired province, as each province was to be represented by its arms at his royal funeral. After an initiative from Baron Gustaf Bonde, the Lord High Treasurer of Sweden, the coat of arms of the City of Malmö was used as a base for the new provincial arms. The Malmö coat of arms had been granted in 1437, during the Kalmar Union, by Eric of Pomerania and contains a Pomeranian griffin’s head. To distinguish it from the city’s coat of arms the tinctures were changed and the official blazon for the provincial arms is, in English: Or, a griffin’s head erased gules, crowned azure and armed azure, when it should be armed.

The province was divided in two administrative counties 1719–1996. Coats of arms were created for these entities, also using the griffin motif. The new Skåne County, operative from 1 January 1997, got a coat of arms that is the same as the province’s, but with reversed tinctures. When the county arms is shown with a Swedish royal crown, it represents the County Administrative Board, which is the regional presence of central government authority. In 1999 the two county councils (landsting) were amalgamated forming Region Skåne. It is the only one of its kind using a heraldic coat of arms. It is also the same as the province’s and the county’s, but with a golden griffin’s head on a blue shield.^[25] The 33 municipalities within the county also have coats of arms.

The Scania Griffin has become a well-known symbol for the province and is also used by commercial enterprises. It is, for instance, included in the logotypes of the automotive manufacturer Scania AB and the airline Malmö Aviation.

Coat of arms[edit]

History[edit]

Scania was first mentioned in written texts in the 9th century. It came under Danish king Harald Bluetooth in the middle of the 10th century. It was then a region that included Blekinge and Halland, situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula and formed the eastern part of the kingdom of Denmark. This geographical position made it the focal point of the frequent Dano-Swedish wars for hundreds of years.

By the Treaty of Roskilde in 1658, all Danish lands east of Øresund were ceded to the Swedish Crown. First placed under a Governor-General, the province was eventually integrated into the kingdom of Sweden. The last Danish attempt to regain its lost provinces failed after the 1710 Battle of Helsingborg.

In 1719, the province was subdivided in two counties and administered in the same way as the rest of Sweden. Scania has since that year been fully integrated in the Swedish nation. In the following summer, July 1720, the last peace treaty between Sweden and Denmark was signed.^[26][27]

On 28 November 2017 it was ruled that the Scanian flag would become the official flag of Scania.^[28][29]

Politics[edit]

During Sweden’s financial crisis in the early and mid-1990s, Scania, Västra Götaland and Norrbotten were among the hardest hit in the country, with high unemployment rates as a result.^[30] In response to the crisis, the County Governors were given a task by the government in September 1996 to co-ordinate various measures in the counties to increase economic growth and employment by bringing in regional actors.^[30] The first proposal for regional autonomy and a regional parliament had been introduced by the Social Democratic Party’s local districts in Scania and Västra Götaland already in 1993. When Sweden joined the European Union two years later, the concept «Regions of Europe» came in focus and a more regionalist-friendly approach was adopted in national politics.^[31] These factors contributed to the subsequent transformation of Skåne County into one of the first «trial regions» in Sweden in 1999, established as the country’s first «regional experiment».^[31]

The relatively strong regional identity in Scania is often referred to in order to explain the general support in the province for the decentralization efforts introduced by the Swedish government.^[32] On the basis of large scale interview investigations about Region Skåne in Scania, scholars have found that the prevailing trend among the inhabitants of Scania is to «[look] upon their region with more positive eyes and a firm reliance that it would deliver the goods in terms of increased democracy and constructive results out of economic planning».^[33]

Transportation[edit]

Electrified dual track railroad exists from the border with Denmark at the Øresund Bridge to Malmö and onwards to Lund. The latter part is currently being upgraded to four tracks and expected to enter service in 2023.^[34] In Lund, the tracks split into two directions.^[35] The dual tracks going towards Gothenburg end at Helsingborg,^[36] while the other branch continues beyond the provincial border to neighbouring Småland, close to Killeberg.^[37][35] This latter dual track continues to mid-Sweden.^[35] There are also a few single track railroads connecting cities like Trelleborg, Ystad and Kristianstad.^[35] Just as five Scanian stations are served partly (Hässleholm and Osby) or entirely (Ballingslöv, Hästveda and Killeberg) by Småland local trains, the Scanian Pågatåg trains serve Markaryd in Småland.^[38]

There are basically three ticket systems: Skånetrafiken tickets can be purchased for all regional traffic including to Denmark, while the Danish Rejsekort system can only be used at stations served by Øresundståg and equipped with special card readers. Additionally, Swedish national SJ-tickets are available for longer trips to the north.

The E6 motorway is the main artery through the western part of Scania all the way from Trelleborg to the provincial border towards neighbouring Halland. It continues along the Swedish west coast to Gothenburg and most of the way to the Norwegian border. There are also several other motorways, especially around Malmö. Since 2000, the economic focus of the region has changed, with the opening of a road link across the Øresund Bridge to Denmark.^[39]

The car ferry service between Helsingborg and Helsingør
has 70 departures in each direction daily as of 2014.^[40]

There are three minor airports in Sturup, Ängelholm and Kristianstad. The nearby Copenhagen Airport, which is the largest international airport in the Nordic countries, also serves the province.^[41]

Geography and environmental factors[edit]

Unlike some regions of Sweden, the Scanian landscape is generally not mountainous, though a few examples of uncovered cliffs can be found at Hovs Hallar, at Kullaberg, and on the island Hallands Väderö. With the exception of the lake-rich and densely forested northern parts (Göinge), the rolling hills in the north-west (the Bjäre and Kulla peninsulas) and the beech-wood-clad areas extending from the slopes of the horsts, a sizeable portion of Scania’s terrain consists of plains. Its low profile and open landscape distinguish Scania from most other geographical regions of Sweden which consist mainly of waterway-rich, cool, mixed coniferous forests, boreal taiga and alpine tundra.^[42] The province has several lakes but there are relatively few compared to Småland, the province directly to the north. Stretching from the north-western to the south-eastern parts of Scania is a belt of deciduous forests following the Linderödsåsen ridge and previously marking the border between Malmöhus County and Kristianstad County. The much denser fir forests — typical of the greater part of Sweden — are only found in the north-eastern Göinge parts of Scania along the border with the forest-dominated province of Småland. While the landscape typically has a slightly sloping profile, in some places, such as north of Malmö, the terrain is almost completely flat.

The narrow lakes with a long north to south extent, which are very common further north, are lacking in Scania. The largest lake, Ivösjön in the north-east, has similarities with the lakes further north, but has a different shape. All other lakes tend to be round, oval or of more complex shape and also lack any specific cardinal direction. Ringsjön, in the middle of the province, is the largest of such lakes.^{[citation needed]}
In the winter, some smaller lakes east of Lund often attract young Eurasian sea eagles (Haliaeetus albicilla).

Where the sea meets higher parts of the sloping landscape, cliffs emerge. Such cliffs are white if the soil has a high content of chalk. Good examples of such coastlines exist at the southern side of Ven, between the towns of Helsingborg and Landskrona, and in parts of the south and south-east coasts. In other Swedish provinces, steep coastlines usually reveal primary rock instead.

The two major plains, Söderslätt in the south-west and Österlen in the south-east, consist of highly fertile agricultural land. The yield per unit area is higher than in any other region in Sweden. The Scanian plains are an important resource for Sweden since 25–95% of the total production of various types of cereals come from the region. Almost all Swedish sugar beet comes from Scania; the plant needs a long vegetation period. The same applies also to corn, pea and rape (grown for its oil), although these plants are less imperative in comparison with sugar beets.^{[43][clarification needed]} The soil is among the most fertile in the world.^{[citation needed]}

The Kullaberg Nature Preserve in northwest Scania is home to several rare species including spring vetchling, Lathyrus sphaericus.^[44]

Geology and geomorphology[edit]

[T]he present landscape is a mosaic of landforms shaped during widely different ages.

The gross relief of Scania reflects more the preglacial development than the erosion and deposits caused by the Quaternary glaciers.^[45] In Swedish the word ås commonly refers to eskers, but major landmarks in Scania, such as Söderåsen, are horsts^[46] formed by tectonic inversion along the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone in the late Cretaceous. The Scanian horsts run in a north-west to south-east direction, marking the southwest border of Fennoscandia.^[47] Tectonic activity of the Sorgenfrei-Tornquist Zone during the break-up of Pangaea in the Jurassic and Cretaceous epochs led to the formation of hundreds of small volcanoes in central Scania.^[48][49] Remnants of the volcanoes are still visible today.^[48] Parallel with volcanism a hilly peneplain formed in northeastern Scania due to weathering and erosion of basement rocks.^[50][51] The kaolinite formed by this weathering can be observed at Ivö Klack.^[51] In the Campanian age of the Late Cretaceous a sea level rise led to the complete drowning of Scania. Subsequently, marine sediments buried old surfaces preserving the rocky shores and hilly terrain of the day.^[51][52]

In the Paleogene period southern Sweden was at a lower position relative to sea level but was likely still above it as it was covered by sediments.^[45][50] Rivers flowing over the South Småland peneplain flowed also across Scania which was at the time covered by thick sediments.^[45] As the relative sea level sank and much of Scania lost its sedimentary cover antecedent rivers begun to incise the Söderåsen horst forming valleys.^[45] During deglaciation these valleys likely evacuated large amounts of melt-water.^[45] The relief of Scania’s south-western landscape was formed by the accumulation of thick Quaternary sediments during the Quaternary glaciations.^[47]

Vegetation and vegetation zones[edit]

The vast majority of Scania belongs to the European hardwood vegetation zone, a considerable part of which is now agricultural rather than the original forest. This zone covers Europe west of Poland and north of the Alps, and includes the British Isles, northern and central France and the countries and regions to the south and southeast of the North Sea up to Denmark. A smaller north-eastern part of Scania is part of the pinewood vegetation zone, in which spruce grows naturally. Within the larger part, pine may grow together with birch on sandy soil. The most common tree is beech. Other common trees are willow, oak, ash, alder and elm (which until the 1970s formed a few forests but now is heavily infected by the elm disease). Also rather southern trees like walnut tree, chestnut and hornbeam can be found. In parks horse chestnut, lime and maple are commonly planted as well. Common fruit trees planted in commercial orchards and private gardens include several varieties of apple, pear, cherry and plum; strawberries are commercially cultivated in many locations across the province. Examples of wild berries grown in domesticated form are blackberry, raspberry, cloudberry (in the north-east), blueberry, wild strawberry and loganberry.

National parks[edit]

Three of the 29 National parks of Sweden^[53] are situated in Scania.

• Dalby Söderskog^[54]
• Stenshuvud^[55]
• Söderåsen^[56]

Extremes[edit]

• Southernmost point: Smygehuk, Trelleborg Municipality, (55° 20′ N) (also the southernmost point of Sweden)^[57]
• Northernmost point: Gränsholmen, Osby Municipality
• Westernmost point: Kulla udd, Höganäs Municipality
• Easternmost point: Nyhult, Bromölla Municipality
• Highest point: Highest peak of Söderåsen, 212 metres
• Lowest spot: Kristianstad, −2.7 metres (also the lowest spot in all of Sweden)
• Largest lake: Ivösjön, 55 km²
• Largest island: Ven, 7.5 km²

Population[edit]

Scania is divided into 33 municipalities with population and land surface as the table below shows. There is a large population difference between the western Scania, that is located by, or close to Øresund sea compared to the middle and eastern parts of the province.

Population of Scania by municipality^[58]

Municipality	Population (April 2013)	Land area (km2)	Population density (/km2)
Municipalities that have a coast on Øresund or border a municipality that does (in yellow on the map)
Bjuv	14,813	115.3	128.5
Burlöv	17,079	18.9	903.7
Eslöv	31,761	419.1	75.8
Helsingborg	132,254	344.0	384.4
Höganäs	24,986	150.8	165.7
Kävlinge	29,513	152.6	193.4
Landskrona	42,751	148.3	288.3
Lomma	22,415	55.6	403.1
Lund	118,542	448.5	264.3
Malmö	328,494	166,3	1975.2
Staffanstorp	22,572	106.8	211.3
Svalöv	13,217	387.3	34.1
Svedala	20,039	218.1	91.9
Trelleborg	42,744	339.9	125.8
Vellinge	33,725	142.6	236.5
Åstorp	14,849	92.2	161.0
Ängelholm	39,836	420.1	95.1
Other municipalities (in white)
Bromölla	12,314	162.5	74.4
Båstad *	14,224	209.8	67.8
Hässleholm	50,171	1268.5	39.6
Hörby	14,882	419.4	35.5
Höör	15,591	290.9	53.6
Klippan	16,741	374.3	44.7
Kristianstad	80,854	1246.3	64.9
Osby	12,704	576.2	22.0
Perstorp	7,089	158.8	44.6
Simrishamn	18,950	391.4	48.4
Sjöbo	18,359	492.2	37.3
Skurup	14,997	193.6	77.5
Tomelilla	12,913	395.9	32.6
Ystad	28,562	350.1	81.6
Örkelljunga	9,640	319.6	30.1
Östra Göinge	13,609	432.0	31.5

^* A small part of Båstad municipality is located within the neighbouring province of Halland, this includes the village Östra Karup and some area around it, around 500 people live in Båstad municipality, but beyond the historical boundaries of the Scanian province.

• The western part of Scania (yellow on the map and close to the Øresund sea) covers 3201.3 km² of land, and had (in April 2013) 925,982 inhabitants, almost 290 inhabitants/km²
• The other municipalities cover 7281.3 km²of land, and had at the same time only 341,009 inhabitants or 47 inhabitants/km²
• The same figures for the entire province are 10482.6 km², 1,266,991 inhabitants and 121 inhabitants/km²

These figures can be compared with around to 21 inhabitants per km² for entire Sweden.

Population around Øresund[edit]

Western Scania has a high population density, not only by Scandinavian standards but also by average European standards, at close to 300 inhabitants per square kilometre. But the Danish Copenhagen region at north-east Zealand, on the other side of Øresund Sea, is even more densely populated. The north-east part of Zealand (or the Danish Region Hovedstaden without the Baltic island of Bornholm) has a population density of 878 inhabitants/km², most of Greater Copenhagen included.

By adding the population of western Scania to the same of Metropolitan area of Copenhagen, then close to 3 million people live around the Øresund sea, within a maximum distance from Øresund of 25 to 30 kilometres, at a land surface of approx. 6100 km² (approx 460 inhabitants/km²). This is in many ways a better measurement of describing the area around Øresund than what the far wider Øresund Region constitutes, as the latter includes also eastern Scania (whose beaches are Baltic Sea ones and is far less populated) as well as all Denmark east of the Great Belt.

Regardless of counting a smaller area with higher population density or a larger one, the Øresund Strait is located in the largest metropolitan area in Scandinavia with Finland.

Cities[edit]

In 1658, the following ten places in Scania were chartered and held town rights: Lund (since approximately 990), Helsingborg (1085), Falsterbo (approximately 1200), Ystad (approximately 1200), Skanör (approximately 1200), Malmö (approximately 1250), Simrishamn (approximately 1300), Landskrona (1413), and Kristianstad (1622). Others had existed earlier, but lost their privileges. Ängelholm got new privileges in 1767, and in 1754, Falsterbo and Skanör were merged. The concept of municipalities was introduced in Sweden in 1863, making each of the towns a city municipality of its own. In the 19th and 20th centuries, four more municipalities were granted city status, Trelleborg (1867), Eslöv (1911), Hässleholm (1914) and Höganäs (1936). The system of city status was abolished in 1971.

Over 90% of Scania’s population live in urban areas.^[60] In 2000, the Øresund Bridge – the longest combined road and rail bridge in Europe – linked Malmö and Copenhagen, making Scania’s population part of a 3.6 million total population in the Øresund Region. In 2005, the region had 9,200 commuters crossing the bridge daily, the vast majority of them from Malmö to Copenhagen.^[61]

The following localities had more than 10,000 inhabitants^[62] (year 2010).

1. Malmö, 280,415^*
2. Helsingborg, 97,122
3. Lund, 82,800
4. Kristianstad, 35,711
5. Landskrona, 30,499
6. Trelleborg, 28,290
7. Ängelholm, 23,240
8. Hässleholm, 18,500
9. Ystad, 18,350
10. Eslöv, 17,748
11. Staffanstorp, 14,808
12. Höganäs, 14,107
13. Kävlinge & Furulund, 13,200

Population development[edit]

It has been estimated that around 1570, Scania had about 110,000 inhabitants.^[64] But before the plague in the middle of the 14th century the population of all Danish territory east of Øresund (Scania, Island of Bornholm, Blekinge and Halland) may have exceeded 250,000.

The figures here are from two different sources.^[65][66]

Year	Population	Year	Population	Year	Population
1620	126,000	1820	312,000	1930	757,000
1699	142,000	1830	350,000	1940	778,000
1718	152,000	1840	388,000	1950	843,000
1735	180,000	1850	443,000	1960	882,000
1750	197,000	1860	494,000	1970	983,000
1760	202,000	1870	538,000	1980	1,023,000
1772	216,000	1880	580,000	1990	1,068,000
1780	231,000	1890	591,000	2000	1,129,000
1795	250,000	1900	628,000	2010	1,228,000
1800	259,000	1910	685,000	2015	1,303,600
1810	275,000	1920	728,000	2016	1,322,200

• 2015 data.^[6]

Hundreds[edit]

Scania was formerly divided into 23 hundreds.

Climate and seasons[edit]

Scania has the mildest climate in Sweden, but there are some local differences.

The table shows average temperatures in degrees Celsius at ten Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute (SMHI) weather stations in Scania and three stations further north for comparison issues. Average temperature in this case means the average of the temperature taken throughout both day and night unlike the more usual daily maximum or minimum average. This is done for specific measured periods of thirty years. The last period began at 1 January 1961 and ended at 31 December 1990. The current such period started at 1 January 1991 and will end by 31 December 2020. At that time it will be possible to with a high degree of mathematical certainty to measure possible climate changes, by comparing two separate periods of 30 years with each other.

st.no	Station	Approx Latitude	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Annual
5320	Smygehuk	55	−0.1	−0.3	1.4	4.6	9.4	14.0	15.6	15.7	12.9	9.4	5.2	1.7	7.5
5223	Falsterbo	55	0.3	0.0	1.7	5.1	10.1	14.7	16.4	16.4	13.7	10.0	5.7	2.3	8.0
5337	Malmö 2	55.5	0.1	0.0	2.2	6.4	11.6	15.8	17.1	16.8	13.6	9.8	5.3	1.9	8.4
5433	Simrishamn	55.5	−0.1	−0.3	1.7	4.9	9.5	14.6	16.3	16.1	13.1	9.2	4.9	1.6	7.6
5251	Örja	55.5	0.0	0.0	2.2	6.1	11.5	15.3	16.5	16.7	13.5	9.4	5.2	2.2	8.2
6203	Helsingborg	56	0.6	−0.1	2.0	6.0	11.2	15.3	16.7	16.6	13.6	9.9	5.2	1.8	8.3
5343	Lund	55.5	−0.6	−0.5	2.0	6.0	11.5	15.4	16.8	16.5	13.1	9.1	4.5	1.1	7.9
5353	Hörby	55.5	−1.6	−1.5	1.0	5.4	10.4	14.4	15.5	15.3	11.9	8.0	3.6	0.1	6.9
5455	Kristianstad	55.5	−1.0	−1.0	1.4	5.2	10.3	14.7	16.1	15.7	12.3	8.5	4.0	0.6	7.2
6322	Osby	56	−2.2	−2.1	0.6	5.0	10.5	14.4	15.5	14.9	11.3	7.4	2.8	−0.7	6.5
	For comparison, some northern locations within Sweden
9749	Stockholm Arlanda	60	−4.4	−4.6	-1.0	4.0	10.2	14.9	16.3	15.2	10.8	6.4	1.2	-2.9	5.5
12731	Sundsvall	62.5	−9.0	−7.9	−3.1	2.0	7.8	13.4	15.3	14.0	9.4	4.5	−2.0	−6.7	3.1
16268	Luleå	66	−11.5	−10.7	−6.0	0.1	6.4	13.0	15.5	13.6	8.3	3.0	−4.0	−9.0	1.6

^[67] All three of the northern locations are at low altitude and fairly close to the Baltic Sea.

Compared with locations further north, the Scanian climate differs primary by being far less cold during the winter and in having longer springs and autumns. While the July temperatures doesn’t differ much (see table above).

The highest temperature ever recorded in the province is 36.0 °C (97 °F) (Ängelholm, 30 July 1947) and the lowest ever recorded is −34 °C (−29 °F) (Stehag, 26 January 1942) Temperatures below −15 °C (5 °F) are relatively rare even at night, while summer temperatures above 30 °C (86 °F) occurs once in a while every summer. Precipitation is spread fairly evenly, both across the province and during the year.

Slightly more precipitation falls during July and August than during the other months.

Winter[edit]

A typical winter, with average temperatures around the freezing point during January and February, means that a period of mild weather (often windy or/and rainy) is followed by a colder period (when precipitation falls as snow)—and then the mild weather returns etc., rather than a stable temperature close to zero degrees. During the colder periods, the temperature often is below freezing point also during daytime while during the milder periods temperatures below freezing point are unusual even at night. During the mild periods temperatures slightly below freezing point only occur if the night is both calm and free of clouds. If the same circumstances occur during a cold period, the nights can get very cold though. All together this adds up to a 24 hrs/day «winter average» of around 0 degrees In the north-eastern corner (and at the top of the ridges) the winter is in general notably colder though, and a snow cover may last for weeks.

Spring[edit]

March is locally known as the first month of the spring. The colder periods are fewer and sunny days may even feel pleasant. During April and early May temperature rises rather fast. Though spring (especially in the sense «first heat») arrives later compared to northernmost Germany and Poland. This is particularly notable in the south-eastern corner. This is explained by the open coastline and low temperatures in the Baltic sea. Øresund is both narrow and shallow, and gets warmer faster. The most common Scanian tree, the beech, usually comes into leaf during the last days of April or the first days of May, but is often delayed by 10–14 days in the south-east, due to the Baltic Sea chill factor.

Summer[edit]

Unlike the other seasons, summer is not warmer in Scania compared to many other Swedish provinces. As in winter, the weather usually changes between periods that either are sunny and fairly hot (up to 30 degrees, even higher away from the coastlines), and periods of unstable cloudy and cooler weather. The time between sunset and sunrise during June and earliest July is less than 7 hours, and both the dawn and the dusk are rather long as well. However, there are still a few hours of real night. Further north in Sweden there is no real night, as dusk turns into dawn. (In northernmost Sweden, the sun does not set at all for around two months.)

Autumn[edit]

The autumn in Scania is a slow process, compared with more northern parts of Sweden (but a faster one, when comparing with any part of the British Isles). During the first half of September, temperatures usually are not so much affected, but the sunset is obviously earlier compared with in June. Temperatures drop in steps. Every new period with sunny weather becomes a bit cooler than the last one. By the end of October the defoliation process becomes evident. But not until late November have all the trees lost their leaves. The period when storms and even hurricanes becomes most likely to occur is between November and February. Most hurricanes come from the Atlantic Ocean and don’t involve snow or temperatures below freezing point. Late Scanian autumn is in general benefited from the surrounding waters (the opposite effect early spring).

Culture[edit]

Scania’s long-running and sometimes intense trade relations with other communities along the coast of the European continent through history have made the culture of Scania distinct from other geographical regions of Sweden. Its open landscape, often described as a colourful patchwork quilt of wheat and rapeseed fields, and the relatively mild climate at the southern tip of the Scandinavian Peninsula, have inspired many Swedish artists and authors to compare it to European regions like Provence in southern France and Zeeland in the Netherlands.^[68] Among the many authors who have described the «foreign» continental elements of the Scanian landscape, diet and customs are August Strindberg and Carl Linnaeus. In 1893 August Strindberg wrote about Scania: «In beautiful, large wave lines, the fields undulate down toward the lake; a small deciduous forest limits the coastline, which is given the inviting look of the Riviera, where people shall walk in the sun, protected from the north wind. […] The Swede leaves the plains with a certain sense of comfort, because its beauty is foreign to him.» In another chapter he states: «The Swedes have a history that is not the history of the South Scandinavians. It must be just as foreign as Vasa’s history is to the Scanian.»^[69]

In Ystad, singer-songwriter Michael Saxell’s popular Scanian anthem Om himlen och Österlen (Of Heaven and Österlen), the flat, rolling hill landscape is described as appearing to be a little closer to heaven and the big, unending sky.

Scania’s historical connection to Denmark, the vast fertile plains, the deciduous forests and the relatively mild climate make the province culturally and physically distinct from the emblematic Swedish cultural landscape of forests and small hamlets.^[70]

Architecture[edit]

Traditional Scanian architecture is shaped by the limited availability of wood; it incorporates different applications of the building technique called half-timbering. In the cities, the infill of the façades consisted of bricks,^[71] whereas the country-side half-timbered houses had infill made of clay and straw.^[72] Unlike many other Scanian towns, the town of Ystad has managed to preserve a rather large core of its half-timbered architecture in the city center—over 300 half-timbered houses still exist today.^[73] Many of the houses in Ystad were built in the renaissance style that was common in the entire Øresund Region, and which has also been preserved in Elsinore (Helsingør). Among Ystad’s half-timbered houses is the oldest such building in Scandinavia, Pilgrändshuset from 1480.^[74]

In Göinge, located in the northern part of Scania, the architecture was not shaped by a scarcity of wood, and the pre-17th-century farms consisted of graying, recumbent timber buildings around a small grass and cobblestone courtyard. Only a small number of the original Göinge farms remain today. During two campaigns, the first in 1612 by Gustav II Adolf and the second by Charles XI in the 1680s, entire districts were levelled by fire.^[75] In Örkened Parish, in what is now eastern Osby Municipality, the buildings were destroyed to punish the different villages for their protection of members of the Snapphane movement in the late 17th century.^[76] An original, 17th century Göinge farm, Sporrakulla Farm, has been preserved in a forest called Kullaskogen, a nature reserve close to Glimåkra in Östra Göinge. According to the local legend, the farmer saved the farm in the first raid of 1612 by setting a forest fire in front of it, making the Swedish troops believe that the farm had already been plundered and set ablaze.^[77]

A number of Scanian towns flourished during the Viking Age. The city of Lund is believed to have been founded by the Viking-king Sweyn Forkbeard.^[78] Scanian craftsmen and traders were prospering during this era and Denmark’s first and largest mint was established in Lund. The first Scanian coins have been dated to 870 AD.^[79] The archaeological excavations performed in the city indicate that the oldest known stave church in Scania was built by Sweyn Forkbeard in Lund in 990.^[80] In 1103, Lund was made the archbishopric for all of Scandinavia.^[81]

Many of the old churches in today’s Scanian landscape stem from the medieval age, although many church renovations, extensions and destruction of older buildings took place in the 16th and 19th century. From those that have kept features of the authentic style, it is still possible to see how the medieval, Romanesque or Renaissance churches of Danish Scania looked like. Many Scanian churches have distinctive crow-stepped gables and sturdy church porches, usually made of stone.

The first version of Lund Cathedral was built in 1050, in sandstone from Höör, on the initiative of Canute the Holy.^[81] The oldest parts of today’s cathedral are from 1085, but the actual cathedral was constructed during the first part of the 12th century with the help of stone cutters and sculptors from the Rhine valley and Italy, and was ready for use in 1123. It was consecrated in 1145 and for the next 400 years, Lund became the ecclesiastical power center for Scandinavia and one of the most important cities in Denmark.^[80] The cathedral was altered in the 16th century by architect Adam van Düren and later by Carl Georg Brunius and Helgo Zetterwall.

Scania also has churches built in the gothic style, such as Saint Petri Church in Malmö, dating from the early 14th century. Similar buildings can be found in all Hansa cities around the Baltic Sea (such as Helsingborg and Rostock). The parishes in the countryside did not have the means for such extravagant buildings. Possibly the most notable countryside church is the ancient and untouched stone church in Dalby. It is the oldest stone church in Sweden, built around the same time as Lund cathedral. After the Lund Cathedral was built, many of the involved workers travelled around the province and used their acquired skills to make baptism fonts, paintings and decorations, and naturally architectural constructions.

Scania has 240 palaces and country estates—more than any other province in Sweden.^[82] Many of them received their current shape during the 16th century, when new or remodelled castles started to appear in greater numbers, often erected by the reuse of stones and material from the original 11th–15th-century castles and abbeys found at the estates. Between 1840 and 1900, the landed nobility in Scania built and rebuilt many of the castles again, often by modernizing previous buildings at the same location in a style that became typical for Scania. The style is a mixture of different architectural influences of the era, but frequently refers back to the style of the 16th-century castles of the Reformation era, a time when the large estates of the Catholic Church were made Crown property and the abbeys bartered or sold to members of the aristocracy by the Danish king.^[83] For many of the 19th century remodels, Danish architects were called in. According to some scholars, the driving force behind the use of historical Scanian architecture, as interpreted by 19th century Danish architects using Dutch Renaissance style, was a wish to refer back to an earlier era when the aristocracy had special privileges and political power in relation to the Danish king.^[84]

Language, literature, and art[edit]

Scanian dialects have various local native idioms and speech patterns, and realizes diphthongs and South Scandinavian Uvular trill, as opposed to the supradental /r/-sound characteristic of spoken Standard Swedish. They are very similar to the dialect of Danish spoken in Bornholm, Denmark. The prosody of the Scanian dialects has more in common with German, Danish and Dutch (and sometimes also with English, although to a lesser extent) than with the prosody of central Swedish dialects.^[85]

Famous Scanian authors include Victoria Benedictsson, (1850–1888) from Domme, Trelleborg, who wrote about the inequality of women in the 19th century society, but who also authored regional stories about Scania, such as Från Skåne of 1884; Ola Hansson^[86] (1860–1925) from Hönsinge, Trelleborg; Vilhelm Ekelund (1880–1949) from Stehag, Eslöv; Fritiof Nilsson Piraten (1895–1972) from Vollsjö, Sjöbo; Hjalmar Gullberg (1898–1961) from Malmö; Artur Lundkvist (1906–1991) from Hagstad, Perstorp; Hans Alfredsson (1931–2017) and Jacques Werup (1945–2016), both from Malmö. Birgitta Trotzig (1929–2011) from Gothenburg has written several historic novels set in Scania, such as The Exposed of 1957, which describes life in 17th century Scania with a primitive country priest as its main character and the 1961 novel A Tale from the Coast, which recounts a legend about human suffering and is set in Scania in the 15th century. Gabriel Jönsson (1892–1984) from Ålabodarna, Landskrona.

A printing-house was established in the city of Malmö in 1528. It became instrumental in the propagation of new ideas and during the 16th century, Malmö became the center for the Danish reformation.^[87]

Scanian culture, as expressed through the medium of textile art, has received international attention during the last decade.^[88] The art form, often referred to as Scanian Marriage Weavings, flourished from 1750 for a period of 100 years, after which it slowly vanished. Consisting of small textile panels mainly created for wedding ceremonies, the art is strongly symbolic, often expressing ideas about fertility, longevity and a sense of hope and joy.^[89] The Scanian artists were female weavers working at home, who had learned to weave at a young age, often in order to have a marriage chest filled with beautiful tapestries as a dowry.^[90]

According to international collectors and art scholars, the Scanian patterns are of special interest for the striking similarities with Roman, Byzantine and Asian art. The designs are studied by art historians tracing how portable decorative goods served as transmitters of art concepts from culture to culture, influencing designs and patterns along the entire length of the ancient trade routes.^[90] The Scanian textiles show how goods traded along the Silk Road brought Coptic, Anatolian, and Chinese designs and symbols into the folk art of far away regions like Scania, where they were reinterpreted and integrated into the local culture. Some of the most ancient designs in Scanian textile art are pairs of birds facing a tree with a «great bird» above, often symbolized simply by its wings.^[90] Regionally derived iconography include mythological Scanian river horses in red (Swedish: bäckahästar), with horns on their foreheads and misty clouds from their nostrils.^[90] The horse motif has been traced to patterns on 4th- and 5th-century Egyptian fabrics, but in Scanian art it is transformed to illustrate the Norse river horse of Scanian folklore.^[91]

Dukes[edit]

The title of duke was reintroduced in Sweden in 1772 and since this time, Swedish princes have been created dukes of various provinces, although the titles are purely nominal.

The Dukes of Scania have been:

• Crown Prince Carl (from his birth in 1826 until he became king in 1859)
• Crown Prince Gustaf Adolf (from his birth in 1882 until he became king in 1950)
• Prince Oscar 2016-

From his marriage, in 1905, King Gustaf VI Adolf had his summer residence at Sofiero Palace in Helsingborg. He and his family spent their summers there, and the cabinet meetings held there during the summer months forced the ministers to arrive by night train from Stockholm. He died at Helsingborg Hospital in 1973.

Sports[edit]

Football has always been the most popular arena and team sport within the province, from attendances not least^{[citation needed]}. Clubs are administered by Skånes Fotbollförbund.

Malmö FF has won Allsvenskan 23 times, Helsingborg IF 7 times and was one of the twelve clubs in the league’s very first season, 1924/25. Also Landskrona BoIS was among the twelve original clubs, but has never won. These three clubs are historically the most famous football clubs in Scania. But also IFK Malmö, Stattena IF, Råå IF (the latter two clubs are both from Helsingborg) as well as Trelleborgs FF have participated.

Handball is also a relatively popular team sport, whilst Basketball never really has gained much interest.

Ice hockey was for a long time thought of as a sport of northern Sweden, but has nevertheless became a popular attendance sport too. Malmö Redhawks has even become Swedish Champions twice, but also Rögle BK (from Ängelholm) have participated at the highest level of Swedish ice hockey during quite a lot of seasons.

Rugby is played in Scania by the Skåne Crusaders who play in the Sweden Rugby League.

The overwhelmingly largest sport related events in both Scanian as well as Swedish history, were however the motorcycle Saxtorp TT-races during the 1930s, which most of the years gathered crowds of 150.000 or more.^{[citation needed]}

Tennis is associated with Båstad during the Swedish Open.

Golf is the most popular sport to exercise after a certain age, at least. Scania has a large amount of golf courses, of which Barsebäck Golf & Country Club is the most well-known. Most Golf courses are open also during the winter, but may sometimes close temporarily in cases of snowy periods.^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

• 2008 Skåne County earthquake
• 460 Scania, an asteroid discovered in 1900
• «Sång till Skåne», a song about the province
• East Denmark
• Skåneland

Citations[edit]

General references[edit]

External links[edit]

Official links[edit]

• Region Skåne – The County council
• Scania’s Public Recreational Areas Archived 28 September 2007 at the Wayback Machine – Region Skåne’s public forests and parks
• Skåne – Business Region Skåne’s official website for culture, heritage and tourism
• Länsstyrelsen – County Administration Board
• Skåneleden – Public nature trails through Scania

Organizations[edit]

• Oresund Region – The regional body of the Oresund Region
• Regional Museum – Museum in Kristianstad
• Kommunförbundet Skåne – A cooperation between Scania’s 33 municipalities
• Skånes hembygdsförbund (in Swedish) – Heritage conservation organization
• Terra Scaniae – History project established for Scanian schools, financed with subsidies from Skåne Regional Council.

Морфемный разбор слова:

Однокоренные слова к слову:

scania

1 Scania

См. также в других словарях:

SCANIA — AB Unternehmensform Aktiengesellschaft Gründung 1900 Unternehmenssitz … Deutsch Wikipedia

Scania — AB Rechtsform Aktiengesellschaft Gründung 1900 Sitz Södertäl … Deutsch Wikipedia

Scania AB — Unternehmensform Aktiengesellschaft Gründung 1900 Unternehmenssitz … Deutsch Wikipedia

Scania — Saltar a navegación, búsqueda Scania AB es un fabricante europeo de camiones pesados, autobuses y motores a diésel, establecido en Södertälje, Suecia. Se convirtió en la novena marca propiedad del Grupo Volkswagen, después de que Volkswagen… … Wikipedia Español

Scania AB — Scania Aktiebolag (publ) Tipo Subsidiaria Fundación 1891 Sede Södertälje … Wikipedia Español

Scania — AB Тип … Википедия

Scania AB — Расположение Сёдертелье (Швеция) Отрасль … Википедия

SCANIA — regio olim Daniae, dein Sueciae, ab A. C. 1319. quô Magnus Rex, in turbis Danicis illâ potitus est, exin rursus, a tempore Olai Regis A. C. 1375. Daniae, nunc iterum Sueciae, ab A. C. 1658. pace Roschildensi ad mare Balticum, e fronte Seelandiae … Hofmann J. Lexicon universale

Scania — This article is about the southernmost of the 25 traditional non administrative provinces of Sweden. For other uses, see Scania (disambiguation) and Skåne (disambiguation). Scania … Wikipedia

Scania — 59°10′14″N 17°38′26″E / 59.17056, 17.64056 … Wikipédia en Français

Scania — noun A region of Sweden occupying the southernmost tip of the Scandinavian peninsula … Wiktionary

Источник

Как пишется скания на английском языке

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Источник

Расшифровка типовых обозначений грузовиков Scania

Фирма «Автопромскан» г. Киров, Кировской области, поставляет оригинальные запчасти и их аналоги ведущих европейских производителей для грузовиков Scania. Осуществляем поставку более 100 типоразмеров цепей противоскольжения для спецтехники, легковых автомобилей, грузовиков и секторов противоскольжения. Доставку в регионы осуществляем транспортными компаниями и почтово-багажными вагонами РЖД.

Рассмотрим расшифровку системы обозначения грузовиков Скания на примере седельного тягача Scania P340LA4x2HNA New Griffin:

L Вид транспортной задачи

А Специализация шасси

4×2 Колёсная формула

H Категория условий эксплуатации

Обычно применяется сокращенное обозначение P340 – где указывается тип кабины и код мощности двигателя грузовика Scania.

Тип кабины

Кабины грузовиков Scania обозначаются латинскими буквами T, P, G и R.

Серия грузовиков Scania Т – капотного исполнения. Грузовики из серии P – бескапотные с низкой кабиной. Грузовые автомобили Скания серии G и R выпускаются с высокой бескапотной кабиной.

Код мощности

Код мощности – округленное значение максимальной мощности двигателя грузовика указанное в л.с.

Вид транспортной задачи

Грузовики Scania предназначены для выполнения различных транспортных задач:

Латинская буква L в обозначении означает, что данный грузовик предназначен для перевозок грузов на значительные дальние расстояния с продолжительностью более одной рабочей смены. Для данных шасси характерны большие годовые пробеги.

Грузовики с обозначением D предназначены для перевозок грузов на короткие расстояния или несколько перевозок за рабочую смену. Для данных шасси характерны небольшие годовые пробеги.

Буква C в обозначении автомобиля Scania означает, что данный грузовик предназначен для перевозки различных строительных грузов, и для данного шасси характерны небольшие годовые пробеги.

Специализация шасси

Седельные тягачи Scania, c шасси предназначенным для буксировки полуприцепа обозначаются буквой A. Грузовики с одиночным шасси обозначаются буквой В, и предназначаются для установки различного кузовного оборудования.

Колёсная формула грузовика Scania

Колёсная формула грузового автомобиля – обозначение общего числа колёс грузовика на которые приходится нагрузка и число его ведущих колёс двумя числами. Где первая цифра общее число колёс, а вторая цифра число ведущих колёс (двускатные колеса считаются за одно). Передний мост автомобиля всегда является управляемым. Конструктивно шасси грузовых автомобилей могут быть оснащены управляемым дополнительным мостом перед передним ведущим мостом и с управляемым дополнительным мостом позади последнего ведущего моста.

Колёсная формула 4×2 означает, что грузовик 2-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом.

Колёсная формула 4×4 означает, что автомобиль 2-осный с двумя ведущими мостами.

Колёсная формула 6×2 означает, что Скания 3-осный с ведущим задним мостом и одним дополнительным мостом позади ведущего моста.

Колёсная формула 6×4 означает, что автомобиль Scania 3-осный с двумя ведущими задними мостами.

Колёсная формула 6×6 означает, что грузовик Scania 3-осный с тремя ведущими мостами.

Колёсная формула 8×2 означает, что грузовой автомобиль 4-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами, одним ведущим задним мостом и одним дополнительным мостом.

Колёсная формула 8×4 означает, что грузовой автомобиль Scania 4-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами и двумя ведущими задними мостами.

Колёсная формула 6×2/4 означает, что автомобиль Scania 3-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом и одним управляемым дополнительным мостом перед ведущим мостом.

Колёсная формула 8×2/4 означает, что грузовик 4-осный с одним передним мостом, одним задним ведущим мостом, одним дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами перед ведущим мостом и дополнительным мостом позади него.

Колёсная формула 6×2*4 означает, что автомобиль 3-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади ведущего моста.

Колёсная формула 8×2*6 означает, что грузовик Scania 4-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами, одним ведущим задним мостом и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади ведущего моста.

Колёсная формула 8×4*4 означает, что автомобиль Скания 4-осный с одним передним мостом, двумя ведущими задними мостами и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади заднего ведущего моста.

Колёсная формула 6×2/2 означает, что грузовой автомобиль 3-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом и неуправляемым дополнительным мостом перед ведущим мостом.

Колёсная формула 6×4/4 означает, что автомобиль 3-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом и ведущим передним мостом и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами перед ведущим задним мостом.

Колёсная формула 6×4*4 означает, что автомобиль 3-осный с одним ведущим задним мостом и ведущим передним мостом и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади ведущего заднего моста.

Колёсная формула 8×4/4 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный с двумя ведущими задними мостами и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами перед ведущими мостами.

Колёсная формула 8×4*6 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами, у которого первый передний мост и первый задний мост являются ведущими, а дополнительный управляемый мост расположен позади ведущего заднего моста.

Колёсная формула 8×6 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный автомобиль с двумя управляемыми передними мостами, одним ведущим передним мостом и обоими ведущими задними мостами.

Колёсная формула 8×6/4 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный с двумя ведущими задними мостами и ведущим передним мостом и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами, расположенным перед ведущими задними мостами.

Колёсная формула 8×8 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами и четырьмя ведущими мостами.

Колёсная формула 10×4*6 означает, что автомобиль 5-осный с двумя управляемыми передними мостами, двумя ведущими задними мостами и дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади ведущих мостов.

Колёсная формула 8×2*4 означает, что автомобиль 4-осный автомобиль с одним передним мостом, одним задним ведущим мостом, одним дополнительным мостом с управляемыми колесами позади ведущего моста и одним дополнительным мостом между ведущим мостом и мостом с управляемыми колесами.

Категория условий эксплуатации

Шасси грузовиков Scania подразделяются на различные классы по типам условий эксплуатации.

Категория М означает, что шасси предназначено для эксплуатации в условиях средней сложности, т.е. по дорогам с твердым (асфальтобетонным) покрытием в хорошем состоянии.

Категория Н означает, что грузовик Scania предназначен для эксплуатации в тяжелых условиях, для перевозки грузов по дорогам с плохим покрытием или по грунтовым дорогам в хорошем состоянии.

Категории Е соответствуют грузовики для сверхтяжелых условий эксплуатации. Шасси которых предназначены для эксплуатации на бездорожье, по грунтовым дорогам и по дорогам с облегченным типом покрытия (булыжным, гравийным, щебеночным) в плохом или изношенном состоянии.

Высота шасси грузовика Scania

Обозначает относительную высоту шасси, а именно расстояние от верхней полки рамы до оси заднего ведущего моста и до оси переднего моста.

Е Сверхнизкая высота шасси

L Низкая высота шасси

N Нормальная высота шасси

S Полу высокая высота шасси

Н Высокая высота шасси

Подвеска грузового автомобиля Scania

А Передняя рессорная подвеска и задняя пневматическая подвеска

В Передняя и задняя пневматическая подвеска

С Передняя пневматическая подвеска и задняя рессорная подвеска

Z Рессорная подвеска спереди и сзади

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