Как пишется слово моменто море

This article is about the philosophical reminder of death’s inevitability. For other uses, see Memento mori (disambiguation).

Memento mori (Latin for ‘remember that you [have to] die’^[2]) is an artistic or symbolic trope acting as a reminder of the inevitability of death.^[2] The concept has its roots in the philosophers of classical antiquity and Christianity, and appeared in funerary art and architecture from the medieval period onwards.

The most common motif is a skull, often accompanied by one or more bones. Often this alone is enough to evoke the trope, but other motifs such as a coffin, hourglass and wilting flowers signify the impermanence of human life. Often these function within a work whose main subject is something else, such as a portrait, but the vanitas is an artistic genre where the theme of death is the main subject. The Danse Macabre and Death personified with a scythe as the Grim Reaper are even more direct evocations of the trope.

Pronunciation and translation[edit]

In English, the phrase is pronounced , mə-MEN-toh MOR-ee.

Memento is the 2nd person singular active imperative of meminī, ‘to remember, to bear in mind’, usually serving as a warning: «remember!» Morī is the present infinitive of the deponent verb morior ‘to die’.^[3]

In other words, «remember death» or «remember that you die».^[4]

History of the concept[edit]

In classical antiquity[edit]

The philosopher Democritus trained himself by going into solitude and frequenting tombs.^[5] Plato’s Phaedo, where the death of Socrates is recounted, introduces the idea that the proper practice of philosophy is «about nothing else but dying and being dead».^[6]

The Stoics of classical antiquity were particularly prominent in their use of this discipline, and Seneca’s letters are full of injunctions to meditate on death.^[7] The Stoic Epictetus told his students that when kissing their child, brother, or friend, they should remind themselves that they are mortal, curbing their pleasure, as do «those who stand behind men in their triumphs and remind them that they are mortal».^[8] The Stoic Marcus Aurelius invited the reader (himself) to «consider how ephemeral and mean all mortal things are» in his Meditations.^[9][10]

In some accounts of the Roman triumph, a companion or public slave would stand behind or near the triumphant general during the procession and remind him from time to time of his own mortality or prompt him to «look behind».^[11] A version of this warning is often rendered into English as «Remember, Caesar, thou art mortal», for example in Fahrenheit 451.

In Judaism[edit]

Several passages in the Old Testament urge a remembrance of death. In Psalm 90, Moses prays that God would teach his people «to number our days that we may get a heart of wisdom» (Ps. 90:12). In Ecclesiastes, the Preacher insists that «It is better to go to the house of mourning than to go to the house of feasting, for this is the end of all mankind, and the living will lay it to heart» (Eccl. 7:2). In Isaiah, the lifespan of human beings is compared to the short lifespan of grass: «The grass withers, the flower fades when the breath of the LORD blows on it; surely the people are grass» (Is. 40:7).

In early Christianity[edit]

The expression memento mori developed with the growth of Christianity, which emphasized Heaven, Hell, and salvation of the soul in the afterlife.^[12]
The 2nd-century Christian writer Tertullian claimed that during his triumphal procession, a victorious general would have someone (in later versions, a slave) standing behind him, holding a crown over his head and whispering «Respice post te. Hominem te memento» («Look after you [to the time after your death] and remember you’re [only] a man.»). Though in modern times this has become a standard trope, in fact no other ancient authors confirm this, and it may have been Christian moralizing rather than an accurate historical report.^[13]

In Europe from the medieval era to the Victorian era[edit]

Philosophy[edit]

The thought was then utilized in Christianity, whose strong emphasis on divine judgment, heaven, hell, and the salvation of the soul brought death to the forefront of consciousness.^[14] In the Christian context, the memento mori acquires a moralizing purpose quite opposed to the nunc est bibendum (now is the time to drink) theme of classical antiquity. To the Christian, the prospect of death serves to emphasize the emptiness and fleetingness of earthly pleasures, luxuries, and achievements, and thus also as an invitation to focus one’s thoughts on the prospect of the afterlife. A Biblical injunction often associated with the memento mori in this context is In omnibus operibus tuis memorare novissima tua, et in aeternum non peccabis (the Vulgate’s Latin rendering of Ecclesiasticus 7:40, «in all thy works be mindful of thy last end and thou wilt never sin.») This finds ritual expression in the rites of Ash Wednesday, when ashes are placed upon the worshipers’ heads with the words, «Remember Man that you are dust and unto dust, you shall return.»

Memento mori has been an important part of ascetic disciplines as a means of perfecting the character by cultivating detachment and other virtues, and by turning the attention towards the immortality of the soul and the afterlife.^[15]

Architecture[edit]

The most obvious places to look for memento mori meditations are in funeral art and architecture. Perhaps the most striking to contemporary minds is the transi or cadaver tomb, a tomb that depicts the decayed corpse of the deceased. This became a fashion in the tombs of the wealthy in the fifteenth century, and surviving examples still offer a stark reminder of the vanity of earthly riches. Later, Puritan tomb stones in the colonial United States frequently depicted winged skulls, skeletons, or angels snuffing out candles. These are among the numerous themes associated with skull imagery.

Another example of memento mori is provided by the chapels of bones, such as the Capela dos Ossos in Évora or the Capuchin Crypt in Rome. These are chapels where the walls are totally or partially covered by human remains, mostly bones. The entrance to the Capela dos Ossos has the following sentence: «We bones, lying here bare, await yours.»

Visual art[edit]

Timepieces have been used to illustrate that the time of the living on Earth grows shorter with each passing minute. Public clocks would be decorated with mottos such as ultima forsan («perhaps the last» [hour]) or vulnerant omnes, ultima necat («they all wound, and the last kills»). Clocks have carried the motto tempus fugit, «time flees». Old striking clocks often sported automata who would appear and strike the hour; some of the celebrated automaton clocks from Augsburg, Germany, had Death striking the hour. Private people carried smaller reminders of their own mortality. Mary, Queen of Scots owned a large watch carved in the form of a silver skull, embellished with the lines of Horace, «Pale death knocks with the same tempo upon the huts of the poor and the towers of Kings.»

In the late 16th and through the 17th century, memento mori jewelry was popular. Items included mourning rings,^[16] pendants, lockets, and brooches.^[17] These pieces depicted tiny motifs of skulls, bones, and coffins, in addition to messages and names of the departed, picked out in precious metals and enamel.^[17][18]

During the same period there emerged the artistic genre known as vanitas, Latin for «emptiness» or «vanity». Especially popular in Holland and then spreading to other European nations, vanitas paintings typically represented assemblages of numerous symbolic objects such as human skulls, guttering candles, wilting flowers, soap bubbles, butterflies, and hourglasses. In combination, vanitas assemblies conveyed the impermanence of human endeavours and of the decay that is inevitable with the passage of time. See also the themes associated with the image of the skull.

Literature[edit]

Memento mori is also an important literary theme. Well-known literary meditations on death in English prose include Sir Thomas Browne’s Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and Jeremy Taylor’s Holy Living and Holy Dying. These works were part of a Jacobean cult of melancholia that marked the end of the Elizabethan era. In the late eighteenth century, literary elegies were a common genre; Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard and Edward Young’s Night Thoughts are typical members of the genre.

In the European devotional literature of the Renaissance, the Ars Moriendi, memento mori had moral value by reminding individuals of their mortality.^[19]

Music[edit]

Apart from the genre of requiem and funeral music, there is also a rich tradition of memento mori in the Early Music of Europe. Especially those facing the ever-present death during the recurring bubonic plague pandemics from the 1340s onward tried to toughen themselves by anticipating the inevitable in chants, from the simple Geisslerlieder of the Flagellant movement to the more refined cloistral or courtly songs. The lyrics often looked at life as a necessary and god-given vale of tears with death as a ransom, and they reminded people to lead sinless lives to stand a chance at Judgment Day. The following two Latin stanzas (with their English translations) are typical of memento mori in medieval music; they are from the virelai ad mortem festinamus of the Llibre Vermell de Montserrat from 1399:

Danse macabre[edit]

The danse macabre is another well-known example of the memento mori theme, with its dancing depiction of the Grim Reaper carrying off rich and poor alike. This and similar depictions of Death decorated many European churches.

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Memento mori ring, with enameled skull and «Die to Live» message (between 1500 and 1650, British Museum, London, England)

• 

• 

  Memento mori in the form of a small coffin, 1700s, wax figure on silk in a wooden coffin (Museum Schnütgen, Cologne, Germany)

The salutation of the Hermits of St. Paul of France[edit]

Memento mori was the salutation used by the Hermits of St. Paul of France (1620–1633), also known as the Brothers of Death.^[20] It is sometimes claimed that the Trappists use this salutation, but this is not true.^[21]

In Puritan America[edit]

Colonial American art saw a large number of memento mori images due to Puritan influence. The Puritan community in 17th-century North America looked down upon art because they believed that it drew the faithful away from God and, if away from God, then it could only lead to the devil. However, portraits were considered historical records and, as such, they were allowed. Thomas Smith, a 17th-century Puritan, fought in many naval battles and also painted. In his self-portrait, we see these pursuits represented alongside a typical Puritan memento mori with a skull, suggesting his awareness of imminent death.

The poem underneath the skull emphasizes Thomas Smith’s acceptance of death and of turning away from the world of the living:

Why why should I the World be minding, Therein a World of Evils Finding. Then Farwell World: Farwell thy jarres, thy Joies thy Toies thy Wiles thy Warrs. Truth Sounds Retreat: I am not sorye. The Eternall Drawes to him my heart, By Faith (which can thy Force Subvert) To Crowne me (after Grace) with Glory.

Mexico’s Day of the Dead[edit]

Much memento mori art is associated with the Mexican festival Day of the Dead, including skull-shaped candies and bread loaves adorned with bread «bones».

This theme was also famously expressed in the works of the Mexican engraver José Guadalupe Posada, in which people from various walks of life are depicted as skeletons.

Another manifestation of memento mori is found in the Mexican «Calavera», a literary composition in verse form normally written in honour of a person who is still alive, but written as if that person were dead. These compositions have a comedic tone and are often offered from one friend to another during Day of the Dead.^[22]

Contemporary culture[edit]

Roman Krznaric suggests Memento Mori is an important topic to bring back into our thoughts and belief system; «Philosophers have come up with lots of what I call ‘death tasters’ – thought experiments for seizing the day.»

These thought experiments are powerful to get us re-oriented back to death into current awareness and living with spontaneity. Albert Camus stated «Come to terms with death, thereafter anything is possible.» Jean-Paul Sartre expressed that life is given to us early, and is shortened at the end, all the while taken away at every step of the way, emphasizing that the end is only the beginning every day.^[23]

Similar concepts in other religions and cultures[edit]

In Buddhism[edit]

The Buddhist practice maraṇasati meditates on death. The word is a Pāli compound of maraṇa ‘death’ (an Indo-European cognate of Latin mori) and sati ‘awareness’, so very close to memento mori. It is first used in early Buddhist texts, the suttapiṭaka of the Pāli Canon, with parallels in the āgamas of the «Northern» Schools.

In Japanese Zen and samurai culture[edit]

In Japan, the influence of Zen Buddhist contemplation of death on indigenous culture can be gauged by the following quotation from the classic treatise on samurai ethics, Hagakure:^[24]

The Way of the Samurai is, morning after morning, the practice of death, considering whether it will be here or be there, imagining the most sightly way of dying, and putting one’s mind firmly in death. Although this may be a most difficult thing, if one will do it, it can be done. There is nothing that one should suppose cannot be done.^[25]

In the annual appreciation of cherry blossom and fall colors, hanami and momijigari, it was philosophized that things are most splendid at the moment before their fall, and to aim to live and die in a similar fashion.^{[citation needed]}

In Tibetan Buddhism[edit]

In Tibetan Buddhism, there is a mind training practice known as Lojong. The initial stages of the classic Lojong begin with ‘The Four Thoughts that Turn the Mind’, or, more literally, ‘Four Contemplations to Cause a Revolution in the Mind’.^{[citation needed]} The second of these four is the contemplation on impermanence and death. In particular, one contemplates that;

• All compounded things are impermanent.
• The human body is a compounded thing.
• Therefore, death of the body is certain.
• The time of death is uncertain and beyond our control.

There are a number of classic verse formulations of these contemplations meant for daily reflection to overcome our strong habitual tendency to live as though we will certainly not die today.

Lalitavistara Sutra[edit]

The following is from the Lalitavistara Sūtra, a major work in the classical Sanskrit canon:

The Udānavarga[edit]

A very well known verse in the Pali, Sanskrit and Tibetan canons states [this is from the Sanskrit version, the Udānavarga:

Shantideva, Bodhicaryavatara[edit]

Shantideva, in the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra ‘Bodhisattva’s Way of Life’ reflects at length:

In more modern Tibetan Buddhist works[edit]

In a practice text written by the 19th century Tibetan master Dudjom Lingpa for serious meditators, he formulates the second contemplation in this way:^[28][29]

On this occasion when you have such a bounty of opportunities in terms of your body, environment, friends, spiritual mentors, time, and practical instructions, without procrastinating until tomorrow and the next day, arouse a sense of urgency, as if a spark landed on your body or a grain of sand fell in your eye. If you have not swiftly applied yourself to practice, examine the births and deaths of other beings and reflect again and again on the unpredictability of your lifespan and the time of your death, and on the uncertainty of your own situation. Meditate on this until you have definitively integrated it with your mind… The appearances of this life, including your surroundings and friends, are like last night’s dream, and this life passes more swiftly than a flash of lightning in the sky. There is no end to this meaningless work. What a joke to prepare to live forever! Wherever you are born in the heights or depths of saṃsāra, the great noose of suffering will hold you tight. Acquiring freedom for yourself is as rare as a star in the daytime, so how is it possible to practice and achieve liberation? The root of all mind training and practical instructions is planted by knowing the nature of existence. There is no other way. I, an old vagabond, have shaken my beggar’s satchel, and this is what came out.

The contemporary Tibetan master, Yangthang Rinpoche, in his short text ‘Summary of the View, Meditation, and Conduct’:^[30]

The Tibetan Canon also includes copious materials on the meditative preparation for the death process and intermediate period bardo between death and rebirth. Amongst them are the famous «Tibetan Book of the Dead», in Tibetan Bardo Thodol, the «Natural Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo».

In Islam[edit]

The «remembrance of death» (Arabic: تذكرة الموت, Tadhkirat al-Mawt; deriving from تذكرة, tadhkirah, Arabic for memorandum or admonition), has been a major topic of Islamic spirituality since the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Medina. It is grounded in the Qur’an, where there are recurring injunctions to pay heed to the fate of previous generations.^[31] The hadith literature, which preserves the teachings of Muhammad, records advice for believers to «remember often death, the destroyer of pleasures.»^[32] Some Sufis have been called «ahl al-qubur,» the «people of the graves,» because of their practice of frequenting graveyards to ponder on mortality and the vanity of life, based on the teaching of Muhammad to visit graves.^[33] Al-Ghazali devotes to this topic the last book of his «The Revival of the Religious Sciences».^[34]

Iceland[edit]

The Hávamál («Sayings of the High One»), a 13th-century Icelandic compilation poetically attributed to the god Odin, includes two sections – the Gestaþáttr and the Loddfáfnismál – offering many gnomic proverbs expressing the memento mori philosophy, most famously Gestaþáttr number 77:

See also[edit]

• Gerascophobia (fear of aging)
• Gerontophobia (fear of elderly people)
• Carpe diem
• Et in Arcadia ego
• Mono no aware
• Mortality salience
• Sic transit gloria mundi
• Tempus fugit
• Terror management theory
• Ubi sunt
• Vanitas
• YOLO (aphorism)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Memento mori at Wikimedia Commons

This article is about the philosophical reminder of death’s inevitability. For other uses, see Memento mori (disambiguation).

Memento mori (Latin for ‘remember that you [have to] die’^[2]) is an artistic or symbolic trope acting as a reminder of the inevitability of death.^[2] The concept has its roots in the philosophers of classical antiquity and Christianity, and appeared in funerary art and architecture from the medieval period onwards.

The most common motif is a skull, often accompanied by one or more bones. Often this alone is enough to evoke the trope, but other motifs such as a coffin, hourglass and wilting flowers signify the impermanence of human life. Often these function within a work whose main subject is something else, such as a portrait, but the vanitas is an artistic genre where the theme of death is the main subject. The Danse Macabre and Death personified with a scythe as the Grim Reaper are even more direct evocations of the trope.

Pronunciation and translation[edit]

In English, the phrase is pronounced , mə-MEN-toh MOR-ee.

Memento is the 2nd person singular active imperative of meminī, ‘to remember, to bear in mind’, usually serving as a warning: «remember!» Morī is the present infinitive of the deponent verb morior ‘to die’.^[3]

In other words, «remember death» or «remember that you die».^[4]

History of the concept[edit]

In classical antiquity[edit]

The philosopher Democritus trained himself by going into solitude and frequenting tombs.^[5] Plato’s Phaedo, where the death of Socrates is recounted, introduces the idea that the proper practice of philosophy is «about nothing else but dying and being dead».^[6]

The Stoics of classical antiquity were particularly prominent in their use of this discipline, and Seneca’s letters are full of injunctions to meditate on death.^[7] The Stoic Epictetus told his students that when kissing their child, brother, or friend, they should remind themselves that they are mortal, curbing their pleasure, as do «those who stand behind men in their triumphs and remind them that they are mortal».^[8] The Stoic Marcus Aurelius invited the reader (himself) to «consider how ephemeral and mean all mortal things are» in his Meditations.^[9][10]

In some accounts of the Roman triumph, a companion or public slave would stand behind or near the triumphant general during the procession and remind him from time to time of his own mortality or prompt him to «look behind».^[11] A version of this warning is often rendered into English as «Remember, Caesar, thou art mortal», for example in Fahrenheit 451.

In Judaism[edit]

Several passages in the Old Testament urge a remembrance of death. In Psalm 90, Moses prays that God would teach his people «to number our days that we may get a heart of wisdom» (Ps. 90:12). In Ecclesiastes, the Preacher insists that «It is better to go to the house of mourning than to go to the house of feasting, for this is the end of all mankind, and the living will lay it to heart» (Eccl. 7:2). In Isaiah, the lifespan of human beings is compared to the short lifespan of grass: «The grass withers, the flower fades when the breath of the LORD blows on it; surely the people are grass» (Is. 40:7).

In early Christianity[edit]

The expression memento mori developed with the growth of Christianity, which emphasized Heaven, Hell, and salvation of the soul in the afterlife.^[12]
The 2nd-century Christian writer Tertullian claimed that during his triumphal procession, a victorious general would have someone (in later versions, a slave) standing behind him, holding a crown over his head and whispering «Respice post te. Hominem te memento» («Look after you [to the time after your death] and remember you’re [only] a man.»). Though in modern times this has become a standard trope, in fact no other ancient authors confirm this, and it may have been Christian moralizing rather than an accurate historical report.^[13]

In Europe from the medieval era to the Victorian era[edit]

Philosophy[edit]

The thought was then utilized in Christianity, whose strong emphasis on divine judgment, heaven, hell, and the salvation of the soul brought death to the forefront of consciousness.^[14] In the Christian context, the memento mori acquires a moralizing purpose quite opposed to the nunc est bibendum (now is the time to drink) theme of classical antiquity. To the Christian, the prospect of death serves to emphasize the emptiness and fleetingness of earthly pleasures, luxuries, and achievements, and thus also as an invitation to focus one’s thoughts on the prospect of the afterlife. A Biblical injunction often associated with the memento mori in this context is In omnibus operibus tuis memorare novissima tua, et in aeternum non peccabis (the Vulgate’s Latin rendering of Ecclesiasticus 7:40, «in all thy works be mindful of thy last end and thou wilt never sin.») This finds ritual expression in the rites of Ash Wednesday, when ashes are placed upon the worshipers’ heads with the words, «Remember Man that you are dust and unto dust, you shall return.»

Memento mori has been an important part of ascetic disciplines as a means of perfecting the character by cultivating detachment and other virtues, and by turning the attention towards the immortality of the soul and the afterlife.^[15]

Architecture[edit]

The most obvious places to look for memento mori meditations are in funeral art and architecture. Perhaps the most striking to contemporary minds is the transi or cadaver tomb, a tomb that depicts the decayed corpse of the deceased. This became a fashion in the tombs of the wealthy in the fifteenth century, and surviving examples still offer a stark reminder of the vanity of earthly riches. Later, Puritan tomb stones in the colonial United States frequently depicted winged skulls, skeletons, or angels snuffing out candles. These are among the numerous themes associated with skull imagery.

Another example of memento mori is provided by the chapels of bones, such as the Capela dos Ossos in Évora or the Capuchin Crypt in Rome. These are chapels where the walls are totally or partially covered by human remains, mostly bones. The entrance to the Capela dos Ossos has the following sentence: «We bones, lying here bare, await yours.»

Visual art[edit]

Timepieces have been used to illustrate that the time of the living on Earth grows shorter with each passing minute. Public clocks would be decorated with mottos such as ultima forsan («perhaps the last» [hour]) or vulnerant omnes, ultima necat («they all wound, and the last kills»). Clocks have carried the motto tempus fugit, «time flees». Old striking clocks often sported automata who would appear and strike the hour; some of the celebrated automaton clocks from Augsburg, Germany, had Death striking the hour. Private people carried smaller reminders of their own mortality. Mary, Queen of Scots owned a large watch carved in the form of a silver skull, embellished with the lines of Horace, «Pale death knocks with the same tempo upon the huts of the poor and the towers of Kings.»

In the late 16th and through the 17th century, memento mori jewelry was popular. Items included mourning rings,^[16] pendants, lockets, and brooches.^[17] These pieces depicted tiny motifs of skulls, bones, and coffins, in addition to messages and names of the departed, picked out in precious metals and enamel.^[17][18]

During the same period there emerged the artistic genre known as vanitas, Latin for «emptiness» or «vanity». Especially popular in Holland and then spreading to other European nations, vanitas paintings typically represented assemblages of numerous symbolic objects such as human skulls, guttering candles, wilting flowers, soap bubbles, butterflies, and hourglasses. In combination, vanitas assemblies conveyed the impermanence of human endeavours and of the decay that is inevitable with the passage of time. See also the themes associated with the image of the skull.

Literature[edit]

Memento mori is also an important literary theme. Well-known literary meditations on death in English prose include Sir Thomas Browne’s Hydriotaphia, Urn Burial and Jeremy Taylor’s Holy Living and Holy Dying. These works were part of a Jacobean cult of melancholia that marked the end of the Elizabethan era. In the late eighteenth century, literary elegies were a common genre; Thomas Gray’s Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard and Edward Young’s Night Thoughts are typical members of the genre.

In the European devotional literature of the Renaissance, the Ars Moriendi, memento mori had moral value by reminding individuals of their mortality.^[19]

Music[edit]

Apart from the genre of requiem and funeral music, there is also a rich tradition of memento mori in the Early Music of Europe. Especially those facing the ever-present death during the recurring bubonic plague pandemics from the 1340s onward tried to toughen themselves by anticipating the inevitable in chants, from the simple Geisslerlieder of the Flagellant movement to the more refined cloistral or courtly songs. The lyrics often looked at life as a necessary and god-given vale of tears with death as a ransom, and they reminded people to lead sinless lives to stand a chance at Judgment Day. The following two Latin stanzas (with their English translations) are typical of memento mori in medieval music; they are from the virelai ad mortem festinamus of the Llibre Vermell de Montserrat from 1399:

Danse macabre[edit]

The danse macabre is another well-known example of the memento mori theme, with its dancing depiction of the Grim Reaper carrying off rich and poor alike. This and similar depictions of Death decorated many European churches.

Gallery[edit]

• 

  Memento mori ring, with enameled skull and «Die to Live» message (between 1500 and 1650, British Museum, London, England)

• 

• 

  Memento mori in the form of a small coffin, 1700s, wax figure on silk in a wooden coffin (Museum Schnütgen, Cologne, Germany)

The salutation of the Hermits of St. Paul of France[edit]

Memento mori was the salutation used by the Hermits of St. Paul of France (1620–1633), also known as the Brothers of Death.^[20] It is sometimes claimed that the Trappists use this salutation, but this is not true.^[21]

In Puritan America[edit]

Colonial American art saw a large number of memento mori images due to Puritan influence. The Puritan community in 17th-century North America looked down upon art because they believed that it drew the faithful away from God and, if away from God, then it could only lead to the devil. However, portraits were considered historical records and, as such, they were allowed. Thomas Smith, a 17th-century Puritan, fought in many naval battles and also painted. In his self-portrait, we see these pursuits represented alongside a typical Puritan memento mori with a skull, suggesting his awareness of imminent death.

The poem underneath the skull emphasizes Thomas Smith’s acceptance of death and of turning away from the world of the living:

Why why should I the World be minding, Therein a World of Evils Finding. Then Farwell World: Farwell thy jarres, thy Joies thy Toies thy Wiles thy Warrs. Truth Sounds Retreat: I am not sorye. The Eternall Drawes to him my heart, By Faith (which can thy Force Subvert) To Crowne me (after Grace) with Glory.

Mexico’s Day of the Dead[edit]

Much memento mori art is associated with the Mexican festival Day of the Dead, including skull-shaped candies and bread loaves adorned with bread «bones».

This theme was also famously expressed in the works of the Mexican engraver José Guadalupe Posada, in which people from various walks of life are depicted as skeletons.

Another manifestation of memento mori is found in the Mexican «Calavera», a literary composition in verse form normally written in honour of a person who is still alive, but written as if that person were dead. These compositions have a comedic tone and are often offered from one friend to another during Day of the Dead.^[22]

Contemporary culture[edit]

Roman Krznaric suggests Memento Mori is an important topic to bring back into our thoughts and belief system; «Philosophers have come up with lots of what I call ‘death tasters’ – thought experiments for seizing the day.»

These thought experiments are powerful to get us re-oriented back to death into current awareness and living with spontaneity. Albert Camus stated «Come to terms with death, thereafter anything is possible.» Jean-Paul Sartre expressed that life is given to us early, and is shortened at the end, all the while taken away at every step of the way, emphasizing that the end is only the beginning every day.^[23]

Similar concepts in other religions and cultures[edit]

In Buddhism[edit]

The Buddhist practice maraṇasati meditates on death. The word is a Pāli compound of maraṇa ‘death’ (an Indo-European cognate of Latin mori) and sati ‘awareness’, so very close to memento mori. It is first used in early Buddhist texts, the suttapiṭaka of the Pāli Canon, with parallels in the āgamas of the «Northern» Schools.

In Japanese Zen and samurai culture[edit]

In Japan, the influence of Zen Buddhist contemplation of death on indigenous culture can be gauged by the following quotation from the classic treatise on samurai ethics, Hagakure:^[24]

The Way of the Samurai is, morning after morning, the practice of death, considering whether it will be here or be there, imagining the most sightly way of dying, and putting one’s mind firmly in death. Although this may be a most difficult thing, if one will do it, it can be done. There is nothing that one should suppose cannot be done.^[25]

In the annual appreciation of cherry blossom and fall colors, hanami and momijigari, it was philosophized that things are most splendid at the moment before their fall, and to aim to live and die in a similar fashion.^{[citation needed]}

In Tibetan Buddhism[edit]

In Tibetan Buddhism, there is a mind training practice known as Lojong. The initial stages of the classic Lojong begin with ‘The Four Thoughts that Turn the Mind’, or, more literally, ‘Four Contemplations to Cause a Revolution in the Mind’.^{[citation needed]} The second of these four is the contemplation on impermanence and death. In particular, one contemplates that;

• All compounded things are impermanent.
• The human body is a compounded thing.
• Therefore, death of the body is certain.
• The time of death is uncertain and beyond our control.

There are a number of classic verse formulations of these contemplations meant for daily reflection to overcome our strong habitual tendency to live as though we will certainly not die today.

Lalitavistara Sutra[edit]

The following is from the Lalitavistara Sūtra, a major work in the classical Sanskrit canon:

The Udānavarga[edit]

A very well known verse in the Pali, Sanskrit and Tibetan canons states [this is from the Sanskrit version, the Udānavarga:

Shantideva, Bodhicaryavatara[edit]

Shantideva, in the Bodhisattvacaryāvatāra ‘Bodhisattva’s Way of Life’ reflects at length:

In more modern Tibetan Buddhist works[edit]

In a practice text written by the 19th century Tibetan master Dudjom Lingpa for serious meditators, he formulates the second contemplation in this way:^[28][29]

On this occasion when you have such a bounty of opportunities in terms of your body, environment, friends, spiritual mentors, time, and practical instructions, without procrastinating until tomorrow and the next day, arouse a sense of urgency, as if a spark landed on your body or a grain of sand fell in your eye. If you have not swiftly applied yourself to practice, examine the births and deaths of other beings and reflect again and again on the unpredictability of your lifespan and the time of your death, and on the uncertainty of your own situation. Meditate on this until you have definitively integrated it with your mind… The appearances of this life, including your surroundings and friends, are like last night’s dream, and this life passes more swiftly than a flash of lightning in the sky. There is no end to this meaningless work. What a joke to prepare to live forever! Wherever you are born in the heights or depths of saṃsāra, the great noose of suffering will hold you tight. Acquiring freedom for yourself is as rare as a star in the daytime, so how is it possible to practice and achieve liberation? The root of all mind training and practical instructions is planted by knowing the nature of existence. There is no other way. I, an old vagabond, have shaken my beggar’s satchel, and this is what came out.

The contemporary Tibetan master, Yangthang Rinpoche, in his short text ‘Summary of the View, Meditation, and Conduct’:^[30]

The Tibetan Canon also includes copious materials on the meditative preparation for the death process and intermediate period bardo between death and rebirth. Amongst them are the famous «Tibetan Book of the Dead», in Tibetan Bardo Thodol, the «Natural Liberation through Hearing in the Bardo».

In Islam[edit]

The «remembrance of death» (Arabic: تذكرة الموت, Tadhkirat al-Mawt; deriving from تذكرة, tadhkirah, Arabic for memorandum or admonition), has been a major topic of Islamic spirituality since the time of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in Medina. It is grounded in the Qur’an, where there are recurring injunctions to pay heed to the fate of previous generations.^[31] The hadith literature, which preserves the teachings of Muhammad, records advice for believers to «remember often death, the destroyer of pleasures.»^[32] Some Sufis have been called «ahl al-qubur,» the «people of the graves,» because of their practice of frequenting graveyards to ponder on mortality and the vanity of life, based on the teaching of Muhammad to visit graves.^[33] Al-Ghazali devotes to this topic the last book of his «The Revival of the Religious Sciences».^[34]

Iceland[edit]

The Hávamál («Sayings of the High One»), a 13th-century Icelandic compilation poetically attributed to the god Odin, includes two sections – the Gestaþáttr and the Loddfáfnismál – offering many gnomic proverbs expressing the memento mori philosophy, most famously Gestaþáttr number 77:

See also[edit]

• Gerascophobia (fear of aging)
• Gerontophobia (fear of elderly people)
• Carpe diem
• Et in Arcadia ego
• Mono no aware
• Mortality salience
• Sic transit gloria mundi
• Tempus fugit
• Terror management theory
• Ubi sunt
• Vanitas
• YOLO (aphorism)

References[edit]

External links[edit]

• Media related to Memento mori at Wikimedia Commons

Помни о смерти.

□ В парафразах см. Memento patriam , Memento servitudinem , Memento vivere

Время — тиран, от прошедшего оставляет тень, а будущему едва-едва приподнимает завесу. Пройдут столетия, и новый год навеет кому-нибудь те же мысли, те же мечты. Где я буду тогда? Будем ли мы так же вместе, Nathalie? Новый год есть периодическое memento mori.

Несколько дней — она ходила кротко печальная, изображая всем своим видом отречение от благ земных. Все в ней говорило: memento mori. С.

Когда мы забываемся и начинаем мнить себя бессмертными, сколь освежительно действует на нас сие простое выражение: memento mori!

После так быстро последовавших одна за другой смертей сына и мужа она [ графиня ] чувствовала себя нечаянно забытым на этом свете существом, не имеющим никакой цели и смысла. Она ела, пила, спала, бодрствовала, но она не жила…Это состояние старушки понималось всеми домашними, хотя никто никогда не говорил об этом и всеми употреблялись всевозможные усилия для удовлетворения этих ее потребностей. Только в редком взгляде и грустной полуулыбке, обращенной друг к другу между Николаем, Пьером, Наташей и графиней Марьей, бывало выражаемо это взаимное понимание ее положения. Но взгляды эти, кроме того, говорили еще другое; они говорили о том, что она сделала уже свое дело в жизни, о том, что она не вся в том, что теперь видно в ней, о том, что и все мы будем такие же и что радостно покоряться ей, сдерживать себя для этого когда-то дорогого, когда-то такого же полного, как и мы, жизни, а теперь жалкого существа. Memento mori, — говорили эти взгляды.

Я буду ежедневно являться к вам бледный, расстроенный. Я наведу на вас тоску. Откажете от дому — стану бродить под окнами, встречаться с вами в театре, на улице, всюду, как привидение, как memento mori.

Франц, больной с похмелья, лениво таскал свои больные ноги по палубе, яростно тряся колокольчиком. Memento mori — сказал командир, когда мы сошлись на этот призыв в кают-компанию к обеденному столу…

Чайковский прославляет жизнь всегда через какой-то грустный флер. Музыка Чайковского есть в высшей степени изящный мир человеческих чувств с постоянным memento mori.

□ Агрессоров можно привести в чувство только одним способом: надо, чтобы у них не осталось сомнений в том, что если они решатся развязать новую войну, то повсюду — и на фронте, и в тылу — против них поднимется грозная сила, которая не даст им уйти от справедливого возмездия. Эта сила должна постоянно напоминать врагам мира; мементо мори! — Помни о смерти! Если начнешь войну, — будешь повешен, как были повешены гитлеровские вожаки в Нюрнберге! Преступления против человечества не остаются без наказания.

memento mori

1 Memento mori

2 Memento mori

3 Помни о смерти

См. также в других словарях:

Memento Mori — (film) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Memento mori (homonymie). Memento Mori Titre original Yeogo goedam II (여고괴담 두번째 이야기 :메멘토 모리) Réalisation Kim Tae yong Min Kyu dong Acteurs principaux Lee You … Wikipédia en Français

memento mori — [memɛ̃tomɔʀi] n. m. invar. ÉTYM. 1903; expression latine signifiant « souviens toi que tu es mortel ». ❖ ♦ Objet de piété, tête de mort (en ivoire, rongée par des serpents ou des vers), qui aide à se pénétrer de l idée de néant. || Des memento… … Encyclopédie Universelle

Memento mori — Me*men to mo ri [L.] Lit., remember to die, i.e., that you must die; a warning to be prepared for death; an object, as a death s head or a personal ornament, usually emblematic, used as a reminder of death. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Memento mori — С латинского: (мэмэнто мори) Помни о смерти. Выражение стало известно как формула приветствия, которым обменивались при встрече друг с другом монахи ордена траппистов, основанного в 1148 г. Его члены принимали на себя обет молчания, чтобы целиком … Словарь крылатых слов и выражений

memento mori — лат. (мэмэнто мори) помни о смерти. Толковый словарь иностранных слов Л. П. Крысина. М: Русский язык, 1998 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

Memento mori — (lat.), Denk an den Tod! … Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon

Meménto mori — (lat., »Gedenke des Todes«), Wahlspruch einiger Mönchsorden, z. B. der Kamaldulenser … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

Memento mori — Memento mori, lat. = gedenke, daß du sterben mußt … Herders Conversations-Lexikon

memento mori — reminder of death, 1590s, Latin, lit. remember that you must die … Etymology dictionary

memento mori — ► NOUN (pl. same) ▪ an object kept as a reminder that death is inevitable. ORIGIN Latin, remember (that you have) to die … English terms dictionary

memento mori — [mə men′tō mōr′ē, mə men′tō mōr′ī] [L, remember that you must die] any reminder of death … English World dictionary

Источник

Memento mori

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Memento mori» в других словарях:

Memento Mori — (film) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Memento mori (homonymie). Memento Mori Titre original Yeogo goedam II (여고괴담 두번째 이야기 :메멘토 모리) Réalisation Kim Tae yong Min Kyu dong Acteurs principaux Lee You … Wikipédia en Français

memento mori — [memɛ̃tomɔʀi] n. m. invar. ÉTYM. 1903; expression latine signifiant « souviens toi que tu es mortel ». ❖ ♦ Objet de piété, tête de mort (en ivoire, rongée par des serpents ou des vers), qui aide à se pénétrer de l idée de néant. || Des memento… … Encyclopédie Universelle

Memento mori — Me*men to mo ri [L.] Lit., remember to die, i.e., that you must die; a warning to be prepared for death; an object, as a death s head or a personal ornament, usually emblematic, used as a reminder of death. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Memento mori — С латинского: (мэмэнто мори) Помни о смерти. Выражение стало известно как формула приветствия, которым обменивались при встрече друг с другом монахи ордена траппистов, основанного в 1148 г. Его члены принимали на себя обет молчания, чтобы целиком … Словарь крылатых слов и выражений

memento mori — лат. (мэмэнто мори) помни о смерти. Толковый словарь иностранных слов Л. П. Крысина. М: Русский язык, 1998 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

Memento mori — (lat.), Denk an den Tod! … Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon

Meménto mori — (lat., »Gedenke des Todes«), Wahlspruch einiger Mönchsorden, z. B. der Kamaldulenser … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

Memento mori — Memento mori, lat. = gedenke, daß du sterben mußt … Herders Conversations-Lexikon

memento mori — reminder of death, 1590s, Latin, lit. remember that you must die … Etymology dictionary

memento mori — ► NOUN (pl. same) ▪ an object kept as a reminder that death is inevitable. ORIGIN Latin, remember (that you have) to die … English terms dictionary

memento mori — [mə men′tō mōr′ē, mə men′tō mōr′ī] [L, remember that you must die] any reminder of death … English World dictionary

Источник

memento mori

1 memento mori

2 Memento mori

3 memento mori

4 memento mori

5 memento mori

6 memento mori

7 memento vivere

См. также в других словарях:

Memento Mori — (film) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Memento mori (homonymie). Memento Mori Titre original Yeogo goedam II (여고괴담 두번째 이야기 :메멘토 모리) Réalisation Kim Tae yong Min Kyu dong Acteurs principaux Lee You … Wikipédia en Français

memento mori — [memɛ̃tomɔʀi] n. m. invar. ÉTYM. 1903; expression latine signifiant « souviens toi que tu es mortel ». ❖ ♦ Objet de piété, tête de mort (en ivoire, rongée par des serpents ou des vers), qui aide à se pénétrer de l idée de néant. || Des memento… … Encyclopédie Universelle

Memento mori — Me*men to mo ri [L.] Lit., remember to die, i.e., that you must die; a warning to be prepared for death; an object, as a death s head or a personal ornament, usually emblematic, used as a reminder of death. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Memento mori — С латинского: (мэмэнто мори) Помни о смерти. Выражение стало известно как формула приветствия, которым обменивались при встрече друг с другом монахи ордена траппистов, основанного в 1148 г. Его члены принимали на себя обет молчания, чтобы целиком … Словарь крылатых слов и выражений

memento mori — лат. (мэмэнто мори) помни о смерти. Толковый словарь иностранных слов Л. П. Крысина. М: Русский язык, 1998 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

Memento mori — (lat.), Denk an den Tod! … Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon

Meménto mori — (lat., »Gedenke des Todes«), Wahlspruch einiger Mönchsorden, z. B. der Kamaldulenser … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

Memento mori — Memento mori, lat. = gedenke, daß du sterben mußt … Herders Conversations-Lexikon

memento mori — reminder of death, 1590s, Latin, lit. remember that you must die … Etymology dictionary

memento mori — ► NOUN (pl. same) ▪ an object kept as a reminder that death is inevitable. ORIGIN Latin, remember (that you have) to die … English terms dictionary

memento mori — [mə men′tō mōr′ē, mə men′tō mōr′ī] [L, remember that you must die] any reminder of death … English World dictionary

Источник

Memento mori

1 memento

2 memento

3 ricordati che devi morire

4 memento

5 memento

6 gli mori la lingua in bocca

7 la parola le mori sulle labbra

8 viva Sant’Alò che prima morì e poi s’ammalò

9 colpa

10 labbro

11 lingua

12 MAS

13 mementomo

14 ricordo

15 напомнить

16 colpa

17 labbro

18 lingua

не ножа бойся, а языка; язык поит и кормит и спину порет

19 mementomo

20 colpa

стрелочник виноват la colpa morì fanciulla prov — вина умирает девственницей (т. е. никто не хочет брать её на себя)

См. также в других словарях:

Memento Mori — (film) Pour les articles homonymes, voir Memento mori (homonymie). Memento Mori Titre original Yeogo goedam II (여고괴담 두번째 이야기 :메멘토 모리) Réalisation Kim Tae yong Min Kyu dong Acteurs principaux Lee You … Wikipédia en Français

memento mori — [memɛ̃tomɔʀi] n. m. invar. ÉTYM. 1903; expression latine signifiant « souviens toi que tu es mortel ». ❖ ♦ Objet de piété, tête de mort (en ivoire, rongée par des serpents ou des vers), qui aide à se pénétrer de l idée de néant. || Des memento… … Encyclopédie Universelle

Memento mori — Me*men to mo ri [L.] Lit., remember to die, i.e., that you must die; a warning to be prepared for death; an object, as a death s head or a personal ornament, usually emblematic, used as a reminder of death. [Webster 1913 Suppl.] … The Collaborative International Dictionary of English

Memento mori — С латинского: (мэмэнто мори) Помни о смерти. Выражение стало известно как формула приветствия, которым обменивались при встрече друг с другом монахи ордена траппистов, основанного в 1148 г. Его члены принимали на себя обет молчания, чтобы целиком … Словарь крылатых слов и выражений

memento mori — лат. (мэмэнто мори) помни о смерти. Толковый словарь иностранных слов Л. П. Крысина. М: Русский язык, 1998 … Словарь иностранных слов русского языка

Memento mori — (lat.), Denk an den Tod! … Pierer’s Universal-Lexikon

Meménto mori — (lat., »Gedenke des Todes«), Wahlspruch einiger Mönchsorden, z. B. der Kamaldulenser … Meyers Großes Konversations-Lexikon

Memento mori — Memento mori, lat. = gedenke, daß du sterben mußt … Herders Conversations-Lexikon

memento mori — reminder of death, 1590s, Latin, lit. remember that you must die … Etymology dictionary

memento mori — ► NOUN (pl. same) ▪ an object kept as a reminder that death is inevitable. ORIGIN Latin, remember (that you have) to die … English terms dictionary

memento mori — [mə men′tō mōr′ē, mə men′tō mōr′ī] [L, remember that you must die] any reminder of death … English World dictionary

Источник

Что значит мементо мори

Мементо мори (Memento mori) можно дословно перевести как наставление никогда не забывать о смерти. Это латинское выражение быстро стало крылатой фразой, которая нередко встречается даже в настоящее время.

Историческая справка

Принято считать, что корни этого выражения растут еще из Древнего Рима. Именно тогда, во время победных шествий после разгрома врагов, за спиной командира армии ставили одного из рабов, который должен был регулярно напоминать гордому военачальнику о том, что он лишь человек. И несмотря на величие и завоеванные сокровища, он смертен, как и все остальные.

Позже выражение «Мементо мори» перебралось из зловещих предупреждений в одну из форм приветствия. Этими словами встречали друг друга монахи ордена отшельников. Они называли себя паулинами, в честь святого Павла – первого христианского монаха-отшельника.

Отражение в искусстве

Возможно, в тот непростой временной период людям необходимо было направить негативную энергию на что-то безобидное, например, мрачную, но при этом изысканную атрибутику смерти.

Почти два века спустя в моду вошли своеобразные траурные украшения, которые было принято использовать в знак траура по покойному родственнику или близкому другу.

В США крылатая фраза «Мементо мори» получила свою долю популярности благодаря пуританским влияниям. Пуритане, особенно в расцвет интереса к смерти в Европе, считали, что искусство – гиблое дело, и оно не приближает к Богу, а отдаляет от него. Они всячески избегали любого вмешательства в свою жизнь со стороны искусства, однако в их общине были разрешены портреты, считавшиеся историческими записями.

Известно, что один из известных протестантов Томас Смит не только отличился участием во многих морских сражениях, но также увлекался живописью. На своих картинах он нередко оставлял знаковые символы «Мементо мори», в частности, на автопортрете автора можно увидеть один из типичных символов смерти – череп.

Часто «Мементо мори» напрямую связывают с Днем мертвых в Мексике, ведь во время этого празднества можно увидеть различную атрибутику смерти. В том числе сладкие закуски, например, конфеты в форме черепов, или хлебцы, принявшие форму костей.

Источник