Как пишется слово трансгендеры - Правописание и грамматика

наташа федоренко

В этом месяце девушкой Playboy впервые стала
французская модель-трансгендер Инес Рау. «Это правильное решение. Мы живём в то время, когда представление о гендерных нормах меняется», — заявил Купер Хефнер, сын и наследник покойного основателя журнала. Но решение руководства журнала понравилось не всем. Например, резко против в твиттере высказалась Дженна Джеймсон, ныне фотомодель и бизнесвумен, а в прошлом негласная «королева порно». Джеймсон считает себя феминисткой, но думает, что гендер определяют хромосомы X и Y. В этой же серии твитов Джеймсон подчеркнула, что не считает себя трансфобкой и вообще поддерживает всех представителей ЛГБТ.

Джеймсон не единственная публичная фигура, которая считает, что трансгендеры не имеют права полноценно позиционировать себя как женщины. Самая активная дискуссия на эту тему поднялась, разумеется, после того, как сделала каминг-аут и корректирующие операции Кейтлин Дженнер. Журнал Glamour тогда признал её «женщиной года», а режиссёр и актриса Роуз Макгоуэн в ответ сказала , что Дженнер «не понимает, что значит быть женщиной». Мейнстримные медиа обвинили Макгоуэн в трансфобии, но в феминистском сообществе активно обсуждалась не просто награда, но и то, может ли Дженнер, большую часть жизни прожившая в мужском теле и обладающая «финансовыми и гендерными привилегиями», называть себя женщиной в принципе.

Трансгендеры — одна из самых угнетённых групп населения, и с этим невозможно поспорить. Их ненавидят консервативные политики, религиозные ортодоксы и просто люди, чьи взгляды далеки от либеральных. Трансгендеров дискриминируют на рабочих местах, запрещают служить в армии и не дают заниматься профессиональным спортом. Но, помимо этих очевидных вещей, трансгендеров ненавидят некоторые феминистки и даже представители ЛГБТ-сообщества. В лучшем случае их исключают из повестки, рекомендуют самостоятельно решать свои проблемы. В худшем — считают потенциальными насильниками или предателями.

«Транссексуальная империя»

Трансфобия возникла в период второй волны феминизма. «Транссексуалы насилуют женские тела, превращая их лишь в артефакт. Они присваивают наши тела себе», — написала американка Дженис Реймонд в известной книге «Транссексуальная империя». По её мнению, трансгендеры хотят жить в соответствии со старомодными представлениями о мужчинах и женщинах, вместо того чтобы отказаться от гендера в принципе, и желают присвоить себе сакральную способность женщин к деторождению. Она же написала отчёт в один из государственных медицинских исследовательских центров, опротестовав права трансгендеров на специфическую медицинскую помощь. Министерство здравоохранения США впоследствии использовало её аргументы, чтобы отклонить инициативы, расширяющие права трансгендеров. «Доктора и гормоны могут производить феминнных существ, но они не могут производить женщин», — писала в своей книге «Гинекология/Экология» активистка и соратница Реймонд Мэри Дейли.

Реймонд была не первой трансфобкой в истории, однако именно её книга сформировала целое течение — так называемый гендерно критический феминизм, или транс-эксклюзивный радикальный феминизм, сокращённо TERF. Его сторонницы считают, что трансженщины представляют угрозу сообществу по разным причинам. По мнению писательницы Эммы Аллен, радикальные феминистки думают, что гендерная дискриминация может исчезнуть только благодаря полному отказу от женской и мужской идентичности, а трансгендеры по понятным причинам разрушают этот миф.

Другую угрозу для женщин трансгендеры представляют по вполне прозаичной причине — речь идёт о допуске их в женские пространства. Нынешняя система разделения туалетов, тюрем и раздевалок до сих пор составляет проблему для трансгендеров — лишь немногие страны адаптировали эти пространства для всех людей. В свою очередь, транс-эксклюзивные феминистки опасаются за свою безопасность после таких реформ. «Мужчины насилуют женщин в туалетах постоянно. Подобные законы позволят кому угодно зайти в женской пространство», — считает активистка Кэти Бреннан. Кстати, ровно по этой причине TERF больше всего не любят трансженщин-лесбиянок. По мнению Реймонд, именно они могут занять доминирующие позиции в женском движении или вступить в отношения с цисгендерными женщинами-лесбиянками, введя их в заблуждение.

← Кейтлин Дженнер

В прошлом Брюс Дженнер — звезда телешоу «Keeping up with Kardashians», национальная героиня США и олимпийская чемпионка по лёгкой атлетике. В 2015 году сделала каминг-аут как трансженщина, была названа «Женщиной года» по версии журнала Glamour и считается самой известной трансгендером в мире.

Некоторые транс-эксклюзивные феминистки считают, что мотивация трансгендеров вполне ясна и опасна. Например, гендерная исследовательница Шейла Джеффрис в своей книге «Gender Hurts: A Feminist Analysis of the Politics of Transgenderism» опирается на крайне спорную теорию, согласно которой трансмужчины просто хотят повысить свой статус в сексистской системе иерархий. Трансженщины, в свою очередь, изначально являются гетеросексуальными или бисексуальными мужчинами, которые испытывают возбуждение, представляя себя в женском теле и, соответственно, хотят обладать ими в полной мере.

Впрочем, если позиция Джеффрис давно не выдерживает критики, то вопрос о том, может ли трансгендер называть себя «женщиной», не пережив специфический опыт, обсуждается до сих пор. Речь идёт и о том, что человек, не обладавший вагиной от рождения, не может прочувствовать менструацию, беременность, клиторальные оргазмы, выкидыши, аборты, предменструальный синдром и многое другое. Эта вульгарная апелляция к биологии не сходится с представлением о том, что гендер — социальный конструкт, что существенно для феминистской картины мира. Однако есть и другой опыт, считает гендерная исследовательница Элинор Бёркетт: «Трансженщины никогда не страдали из-за того, что на деловых переговорах мужчины говорили не с ними, а с их грудью. Никогда не сталкивались с тем, что их коллегам-мужчинам платят в разы больше». То есть трансгендеры не могут заявлять о своей принадлежности к женщинам, так как не сталкивались с сексуальными домогательствами, сексизмом, слатшеймингом и всем пакетом проблем, включающим гендерную дискриминацию.

Феминистки второй волны активно боролись за исключение трансгендеров из женских пространств и по идеологическим, и, казалось бы, практическим причинам. На сегодня лишь 33 % трансгендеров перенесли хирургическое вмешательство, и их противницы банально ссылались на возможное насилие со стороны «биологических мужчин». Их не принимали в лесбийские организации и не пускали на феминистские мероприятия. Самой яркой иллюстрацией можно считать, пожалуй, музыкальный женский фестиваль, который проходит каждый август в Мичигане. С момента его основания, с 1976 года, туда принимают только «настоящих женщин». Это правило несколько раз пытались опротестовать, но основательница фестиваля Лиза Вогель стоит на своём уже многие годы. На одну из петиций в 2013 году она ответила вполне радикально: «Фестиваль, который проходит всего одну прекрасную неделю, создан для женщин, которые были рождены такими, которые считаются женщинами, которые росли как женщины, и которые считают себя женщинами. Я верю, что женщины, которые родились таковыми, проживают особенный опыт, и он основывает их уникальную гендерную идентичность».

← Лаверн Кокс

Звезда сериала «Оранжевый — хит сезона»,
в котором она в каком-то смысле сыграла саму себя — трансженщину. Кокс стала первым трансгендером, попавшим на обложку Time
и номинированным на премию «Эмми».
Кокс активно защищает права трансгендеров, женщин и гомосексуалов в медиа, а также планирует снять собственный фильм про
транс-сообщество.

Трансфобию абсурдным образом поддерживают и мужчины. Например, лидер Deep Green Resistance Деррек Йенсен в 2012 году объявил свою экоорганизацию транс-эксклюзивной: «Почему быть трансженщиной нормально, в то время как объявить себя чернокожим — нет?» Соосновательница организации Лир Кейт объясняет это решение тем, что транс-сообщество якобы очень мизогинно. «Трансженщины не понимают, что обладают особой мужской силой. Они не признают, что так или иначе имеют отношение к насилию в отношении женщин. На мой взгляд, трансгендерность стала возможна из-за порнографии и разрушения границ о приемлемом».

Абсурдным образом трансфобия активисток даёт возможность консерваторам пользоваться «феминистской» риторикой, преследуя абсолютно патриархальные цели. Так, например, традиционалистская организация Ruth Institute строит свою аргументацию против трансгендеров на работах Шейлы Джеффрис. «Я не ожидала, что когда-нибудь соглашусь с радикальной феминисткой-лесбиянкой. Однако я тоже думаю, что Брюс Дженнер никогда не был маленькой девочкой. Не важно, какие у него фантазии. Я была такой девочкой. Ею же была и Джеффрис. Но Дженнер — нет», — рассказывает Дженнифер Робак Морзе.

Не женщины, а трансженщины

В отличие от традиций 70–80-х годов, феминизм третьей волны стремится включить в свои ряды как можно больше исключённых групп, в том числе трансгендеров. Принцип интерсекционализма помогает движению расширить количество сторонников и успевать за общественными изменениями. Казалось бы, сейчас консенсус уже достигнут, однако трансфобные высказывания то и дело всплывают в публичном пространстве, а гендерные исследовательницы старой школы продолжают говорить о «настоящих женщинах».

Так, например, в 2015 году австралийская профессор Джермейн Грир во время выступления в университете Кардиффа заявила, что избавиться от пениса и надеть платье недостаточно, чтобы стать женщиной: «Если я попрошу доктора увеличить мне уши и нанести пятна на тело, смогу ли я стать чёртовым кокер-спаниелем?» Грир очень известна в мире гендерных исследований, а её книга «Женский евнух» считается классической работой о женской сексуальности. Но трансфобные высказывания сильно подпортили ей репутацию, а местные студенты подписали петицию с требованием запретить ей выступать в стенах университета. По той же причине отстранили от выступления в Кембридже феминистку и защитницу прав ЛГБТ Линду Беллос: местные активистки побоялись возможных трансфобных высказываний. «Мягкая политика в отношении трансгендеров может позволить мужчинам диктовать лесбиянкам, а особенно феминисткам-лесбиянкам, что говорить и как думать», — считает Беллос.

Время от времени права трансгендеров ставят под сомнения и современные феминистки. Так, например, известная нигерийская писательница и феминистка Чимаманда Нгози Адичи в интервью «Channel 4 news» сказала, что мужчины, которые долгое время пользовались своими привилегиями, а потом решили сменить гендер, не могут называться женщинами в полном смысле этого слова. «Трансженщины — это трансженщины», — считает Адичи. Позже в фейсбуке она объяснила свою позицию: называть трансженщин равными женщинам от рождения – «хорошая инициатива, но меня не устраивает такая стратегия. Разнообразие не должно означать строгого разделения на «мужчин и женщин».

Сегодня люди, имеющие странную внешность, все чаще и чаще становятся предметом всеобщих обсуждений. Кто такой трансгендер простым языком? Это человек, который обладает необычными психологическими установками и биологическими особенностями. Трансгендер — это человек, который, будучи рожденным как представитель одного пола, ощущает себя личностью противоположного.

Дар или наказание

Данная патологическая особенность не имеет никакого отношения к гомосексуализму или лесбиянству и чаще всего проявляется у людей мужского пола. Трансгендеры-мужчины не принимают данные им природой органы и относятся к ним с неприязнью, переживая собственную трагедию. Зачастую не принятые обществом и не в силах что-либо изменить, трансгендеры накладывают на себя руки. Довольно тяжело находиться в теле мужчины и одновременно ощущать себя женщиной, не имея возможности остановить процесс.

К тому же трансгендеры часто рождаются с наличием двух половых признаков. То есть, к примеру, у мужчины есть и мужской половой орган и женский. Но первый развит хорошо, а второй имеет недоразвитое строение. Связанный с этим дискомфорт вызывает разногласия психологического фона.

Детское развитие трансгендеров

С самого раннего возраста дети-трансгендеры проявляют свои признаки. Чаще всего отклонение замечается у мальчиков, имеющих все девичьи задатки. Девочки менее подвержены критике, и часто их поведение, свойственное мальчикам, списывают на баловство. Это различие дает преимущество женскому полу. Девочки менее подвергаются критике и легче переносят признание факта транссексуальности.

Когда ребенок еще не совсем понимает свою принадлежность и любые проявления не несут вреда, все идет своим чередом до полового созревания. Этот момент считается кульминацией в жизни трансгендера. Стресс вызывает борьба между душой и телом. С этого момента дети-трансгендеры начинают чувствовать неполноценность, влекущую ряд психологических травм.

Восприятие социума

Не понимая ребенка и относя его проявления к гомосексуализму, родители в панике начинают искать методы избавления своего чада от пагубной наклонности. Даже если у ребенка наличествует гермафродитизм. От этого ребенок получает психологическую травму. К непризнанию дома добавляются насмешки со стороны посторонних. Им сложно объяснить, кто такой трансгендер простым языком. Часто такие люди подвергаются массовым избиениям, насилию и осуждению. Такое поведение со стороны родных и социума оборачивается катастрофой.

Полное понимание и осознание к трансгендерам приходит к двадцати годам. Некоторым удается найти способы общественного признания и уважения к себе как к уникальной личности.

Общественное мнение

Буквально совсем недавно трансгендеры, как и любые другие категории людей, имеющих необычные наклонности, воспринимались социумом как отклонение от нормы. Сейчас же все больше мнений о том, что все имеет право на жизнь. Одна группа людей склонна к сопереживанию подобного типа людям, вторая поддерживает решение к преобразованию в то начало, которое больше по душе трансгендеру. Но, конечно, остаются и те, которые считают, что такие люди просто распущены или имеют психологические отклонения. Несмотря на это, те знаменитые трансгендеры, которые перенесли переход от одного пола к другому, ведут успешный образ жизни. Многие заняли места на поприще модельного бизнеса. Некоторые имеют успехи в области спорта, кинематографа, политики. При этом успех, пришедший к этим людям, довольно высок.

Певцы и модели, сменившие пол

Актер, сыгравший трансвестита Джоржетту в киноленте «Последний поворот на Бруклин», вскоре после выхода фильма сменил пол и взял имя Алексис. В прошлом его звали Робертом Аркеттом.

Ярон Коэн, известный как Дана Интернэшнл, сменил пол в 1993 году и получил общее признание публики после победы в 1998 году на «Евровидении».

Филиппинка и манекенщица Джина Росеро смогла признаться в трансгендерности только в 2014 году. То, что она была до 17 лет мальчиком, Джина пыталась долгое время скрывать. Также модель Леа Ти, вышагивающая по подиуму в туфлях на высоком каблуке, родилась Леонардом с душой женщины.

Кэролайн Коси сменила мужской пол в возрасте семнадцати лет. Коси имела редкое заболевание — суть которого в аномалии развития половых хромосом. Кэролайн — одна из первых, кто позировал для журнала «Плейбой».

Люди, представляющие спорт

Немецкие спортсмены-трансгендеры, такие как Балиан Бушбаум и в прошлом были людьми противоположного пола. Балиан в возрасте двадцати семи лет решил оставить спорт из-за полученной травмы. В этом же году он начнет подготовку гормональной терапией к Вскоре перед широкой публикой предстанет Ивонна Балиан. Перемена пола немецкой спортсменки Хайди Кригер имеет скандальное прошлое. Чтобы иметь возможность получить мировое признание в области неженского спорта, девушка принимает анаболики и мужские гормоны, причем это происходит под контролем тренера. Хайди получает то, к чему стремилась, в 1986 году: она становится чемпионкой по толканию ядра. Памятным для девушки станет 1997 год, именно в этот период Хайди сменит пол и станет Андреасом.

Олимпийский атлет носил под мужской одеждой лифчик и колготки, пока окончательно не решил сменить пол. Тем не менее это не мешало ему до операции заключать три раза брак и иметь детей.

Исследования науки

К каким выводам приходят ученые, изучая явление трансгендерности? Данный вопрос тревожит научных светил уже более десятка лет. Однако к единому мнению прийти не удается. Кто такой трансгендер простым языком? Одни выдвигают теорию о наличии изменений в строении мозговых участков человека. Нарушение нормального развития провоцирует искажение видения себя как человека, рожденного с определенными признаками пола. Некоторые относят появление трансгендерности к определенным изменениям в общем физиологическом строении тела. Единственное, в чем были единогласны представители медицинских институтов, это в оказании помощи таким людям, которая подразумевает коррекцию пола.

Хирургические изменения

Для того чтобы иметь возможность жить полноценной жизнью, можно пройти ряд хирургических вмешательств, посредством которых получить желаемое. Однако, преследуя цель, ни один из трансгендеров, давший согласие на проведение операций, не задумывается всерьез об имеющих место последствиях.

Первая проблема — это приживаемость пересаженных органов: вероятность отторжения очень велика. К данной проблеме добавляются гормональные препараты. И то и другое не только имеет высокую цену, но и может нанести непоправимый вред всему организму. Иммунная система быстро ослабевает, что приводит к более страшным заболеваниям.

Еще одним немаловажным фактором является общее развитие телосложения, особенности голоса. Сменившие пол известные трансгендеры не имеют возможности выносить и родить ребенка. Однако те, у кого есть возможность пройти ряд операций, идут на риск.

Известные люди-трансгендеры

Общеизвестная имела дочь, которая с ранних лет испытывала непонятное влечение к женскому полу. Повзрослев, девушка приняла решение о смене пола, о чем поставила в известность родителей. Сейчас бывшая Честити превратилась в Чеза. Свою историю, уже будучи мужчиной, Чез поведал в киноленте, вышедшей в свет в 2011 году. В ней пытаются объяснить, кто такой трансгендер простым языком (фото людей, решивших сменить пол, приводится в данной статье).

Афроамериканка, прошедшая операцию по смене пола. В одиннадцатилетнем возрасте Родерик Кокс понял, что испытывает влечение к мужскому полу. Проявления другой принадлежности чуть не лишили ребенка жизни. Однако спустя время мальчик сумел сделать операцию по смене пола и стал Лаверной. Девушка сумела завоевать всемирную славу благодаря многосерийной ленте «Оранжевый — хит сезона». После этого лицо Лаверны украсило обложку журнала «Time».

Мы попытались в статье объяснить, кто такой трансгендер простым языком. Несмотря на множество негативных факторов, люди-трансгендеры пытаются найти свое место в социуме, и многим это удается. Сегодняшнее время диктует свои условия. Не стоит унижать личность из-за ее необычных проявлений и особенностей, а наоборот, нужно стараться понять сущность уникального начала.

Большинству людей даже в голову не приходит изменить свой пол. Но есть и те, кто не доволен тем, что дала им матушка-природа. Если раньше такие люди тщательно скрывались, сегодня они все чаще показывают окружающим свое настоящее «Я». Называются они трансгендеры и что обозначает это понятие, мы расскажем ниже.

Кто такие трансгендеры простым языком?

Если вы мужчина (женщина) и думаете о себе как о мужчине (женщине), это называется половая идентичность. Каждый человек имеет гендерную идентичность — врожденное ощущение и восприятие себя как человека мужского или женского пола.

Давайте разберем, что обозначает это слово и как оно переводится. «Gender» — это «род», а «trans» — выход за привычные границы, рамки. Ими могут быть как мужчины, так и женщины.

Гендерная идентичность большинства людей соответствует их анатомии (строению тела). Но у трансгендеров все наоборот, и они ощущают, что должны иметь другое тело, а не то, которое им дала природа.

Когда приходит осознание того, что человек является трансгендером? У всех это происходит в разном возрасте, кто-то пришел к такому выводу еще в детстве или будучи подростком. Другие же под влиянием социальных норм поняли это лишь в зрелом возрасте.

Нужно ли таким людям делать операции по смене пола?

Решение принимает только этот человек, он может решиться на хирургическую операцию по смене пола или же не изменять половые органы, а лишь сменить имидж. В большинстве случаев трансгендеры принимают гормональные препараты, которые помогают подавить проявление половых признаков.

Чаще всего такие личности останавливают выбор именно на смене имиджа — они одеваются, как представители противоположного пола делают соответствующую прическу и меняют стиль поведения. Некоторые решаются на смену имени, например — Лера вместо Андрей и т.д.

В повседневной жизни трансгендеры сталкиваются с множеством проблем — как найти себе подходящего партнера, как правильно заполнять документы, в какой туалет пойти (женский или мужской).

Как они выглядят?

Часто их трудно распознать, так как они умело скрывают свой пол под одеждой и макияжем. Но тем не менее, если присмотреться, отличия все же есть — голос, походка, наличие или отсутствие волос на теле или лице. А те люди, у которых есть возможность пользоваться услугами хирургов, максимально приближены по внешности к представителям противоположного пола.

Относятся ли они к геям?

Нет, на самом деле никакой связи нет. Трансгендеры имеют проблемы с гендерной идентичностью, и они не довольны своим телом. А вот люди с нетрадиционной ориентацией комфортно чувствуют себя в своем теле и их отличие заключается в том, что им нравятся представители того же самого пола.

Что заставляет людей быть трансгендерами?

Это сложно объяснить и на данный момент у врачей нет четкого ответа на вопрос. Человек не сам делает такой выбор, он рождается таким и таким его сделала природа. В любом случае, даже люди с такими отклонениями хотят чувствовать себя счастливыми и желанными. Увы, но общество с трудом принимает их и часто они подвергаются физическому насилию и оскорблениям.

Кто такие трансгендеры: фото

Ниже мы представим фото представителей этого направления. Как видите, в большинстве своем они ничем не отличаются от обычных людей.

Люди, которые идентифицируют себя как трансгендеры заслуживают равенства и принятия в обществе. Их права должны защищаться на государственном уровне и такое явление может быть. Например, в Австралии уже приняли закон о защите этой категории меньшинств.

Не так давно о «существе» под названием
«трансгендер
» было абсолютно ничего не известно. Мы были наслышаны о трансвеститах, которые якобы родом из Таиланда. Никто и не подозревал, что есть люди, которые ощущают себя не в своем теле, но не спешат делать , не становятся трансвеститами и не кричат на весь мир, что они не такие, как все. В 21 веке ситуация в корне изменилась — трансгендеры перестали стесняться своего положения и в открытую говорят о своей идентичности, чем навели путаницу в умах остальных. Сегодня мы решили рассказать вам о самых известных трансгендерах, и заодно и объяснить кто есть кто.

Трансгендеры и транссексуалы

— это два разных определения, обозначающих одно и тоже психическое состояние человека. Такие люди страдают психическим расстройством своей половой идентификации. Им кажется, что они рождены не в своем теле и всеми силами пытаются изменить свою гендерную идентичность, чаще прибегая к операции. Трансвеститов

же характеризуют поведенческие особенности, которые выливаются в ношении одежды, характерной для противоположного пола, поведением и манерами.

КОНЧИТА ВУРСТ (трансвестит)

Эта бородатая женщина стала , вызвав широкий диссонанс общественности. Одни восхищались смелым образом, другие отказались понимать такие вот шуточки организаторов конкура и даже создали группу «Нет Кончите Вурст на Евровидении!». — альтер-эго Тома Нойвирта, который таким вот странным способом хотел привлечь внимание общественности к проблеме инаковости, ксенофобии, дискриминации и толерантности. Сам Томас говорит, что он и Кончита — два абсолютно разных человека, живущих собственными жизнями. Когда он предстает в образе Кончиты — он работает на публику, а когда он живет в обличье Томаса — он невероятно ленивый молодой человек. С помощью Кончиты парень может разделять личную и творческую жизнь, не боясь, что в мужском обличье его узнают на улице.

КЕЙТЛИН ДЖЕННЕР (трансгендер)

АНДРЕА ПЕЖИЧ (трансгендер)

ЯН ХАРВИ (транссексуал)

Этот популярный комик родился в женском теле и с именем Джанет. Будучи ребенком, Ян понял, что внутри его живет мужчина и не стал препятствовать своему внутреннему «Я». Но сменить пол Ян решил только в 32 года, до этого лишь наряжаясь в женские платья. После кардинальных перемен парень не постеснялся рассказать всему миру о своем поступке и неоднократно шутил над собой в своих же выступлениях. Ян является членом ЛГБТ-сообществ и старается привить людям толерантность к трансгендерам.

АЛЕКСИС АРКЕТТ (транссексуал)

Этот трансгендер принадлежит к известной актерской династии Аркеттов. Настоящее имя актрисы, Роберт, но популярность он получил именно в женском обличие. Роли Алексис чаще второстепенные, зато очень яркие и запоминающиеся, критики же вообще восхищаются актерским талантом этой интересной и непредсказуемой актрисы. В 38 лет Роберт сменил пол и стал называться Алексис. В его кинокопилке можно увидеть такие знаменитые картины, как «Криминальное чтиво», «Невеста Чаки», «Трое», «Певец на свадьбе», «Дети кукурузы 5: Поля страха», «Это все она», «Высший пилотаж», «Поездка», «Короли Догтауна», «Смешанные» и другие. В настоящее время, Алексис реализует себя как мультипликатор, создавая нестандартные мультфильмы.

ЛАВЕРНА КОКС (трансгендер)

Звезда сериала «Оранжевый — хит сезона» родилась в мужском теле и звалась Родериком. Но с детства Родерик ощущал себя девочкой, поэтому в школу являлся в платьицах и при макияже, раздражая учителей и провоцируя одноклассников. Устав чувствовать себя «белой вороной» и «грушей для битья» одиннадцатилетний Родерик пытался свести счеты с жизнью, но эта попытка самоубийства не увенчалась успехом. С горем пополам бедный парень закончил школу, покинул родную Алабаму и обустроился в Нью-Йорке. Спустя годы, Родерик решился на операцию по смене пола, стал женщиной, но не раскрывает подробности кардинального преображения в интервью. Интересно, что Лаверна стала первой актрисой-транссексуалкой, работу которой высоко оценили критики и номинировали на премию «Эмми». В настоящее время, девушка не стыдится своего тела, охотно позирует обнаженной для популярных журналов, красуется на красной ковровой дорожке в шикарных нарядах от именитых кутюрье и несет принципы толерантности в массы.

Слово «трансгендер» образовалось от английского «gender», в свою очередь, произошедшего от латинского «genus», что означает — «род». К нему «присоединили» слово «транс», в данном случае, имеющее психологический «уклон» — (лат. transire — переходить границы чего-либо) и характеризующее состояние измененного сознания. Как видим, определение слова трансгендеры фактически обозначает людей с другими представлениями о своей половой принадлежности.

Трансгендер – что это означает?

Споров о возможности изменения гендерной принадлежности человека предостаточно, но, справедливости ради, стоит заметить, что такие люди существовали во все времена, но отношение к ним было различным. В мифах и легендах древних цивилизаций можно найти большое число подтверждений «превращения» мужчины в женщину или – наоборот, причем об этом писали, как о вполне обычном явлении. В более поздние времена люди пытались разобраться: кто это такие, трасгендеры. Не меньше интересовал ответ на этот вопрос и самих «виновников», которые с детства ощущали психологический дискомфорт от такой неопределенности. Как правило, законы общества не приветствовали появление подобных «непохожих» людей, и они тщательно скрывали свои страдания и размышления о том, кто же они на самом деле, и что с этим делать.

Как «это» происходит?

Нередко неопределенность в определении пола таких людей порождает вопрос, почему становятся трансгендерами, и он требует пояснений, так как трансгендерами не столько становятся, сколько рождаются. А если и становятся, то вовсе не ради забавы.

Сегодня ни для кого не секрет, что отсутствие удовлетворенности в связи с принадлежностью к тому или другому полу, у многих возникает уже в детские или юношеские годы. Ярким примером тому является «кавалерист-девица» Надежда Дурова, ставшая прообразом главной героини фильма «Гусарская баллада». В своих воспоминаниях она писала, что испытывала отвращение к своему полу, а в обычной жизни постоянно ходила в мужском платье и требовала, чтобы ее называли не Надеждой, а Александром. То есть все, что случается с такими людьми, происходит, скорее, на уровне подсознания. Это – не веселые переодевания и дурачества. Смена пола – серьезное решение, которое, чаще всего, продиктовано «волей плоти», а не желанием «пропиариться» и кого-то удивить.

Какие они, трангендеры?

Те, кто хотят узнать, как выглядят трансгендеры и ожидают увидеть каких-то чудовищ, будут разочарованы: за редким исключением, смотрятся они достаточно привлекательно. Широко известна история милой восьмилетней дочери «звездных» родителей Шайло Джоли-Питт, которая уже, по сути, является трансгендером,. Она чувствует себя более комфортно мальчиком и хочет, чтобы ее называли Джоном.

Не менее эффектно в роли женщины выглядит и афроамериканка Лаверна Кокс, бывшая, в свое время, мальчиком Родериком.

Среди самых известных трансгендеров — Dana International, расставшаяся с полученным от рождения обликом мальчика Ярона Коэна; модель, актриса и поп-звезда из Южной Кореи по имени Харису, которая не захотела быть мальчиком Ли-Кюнг-Ипом. А дочь известной певицы Шер более комфортно чувствует себя в теле мужчины. Стоит, кстати, заметить, что именно мужчины чаще меняют свой пол; женщин, ставших трансгендерами, значительно меньше. И если те, кто поменял свой пол, не преследуют специально сообщить всем об изменениях, которые с ними произошли, на улице в толпе они не будут отличаться от обычных прохожих.

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

падеж	ед. ч.	мн. ч.
Им.	трансге́ндер	трансге́ндеры
Р.	трансге́ндера	трансге́ндеров
Д.	трансге́ндеру	трансге́ндерам
В.	трансге́ндера	трансге́ндеров
Тв.	трансге́ндером	трансге́ндерами
Пр.	трансге́ндере	трансге́ндерах

транс—ге́н—дер

Существительное, одушевлённое, мужской род, 2-е склонение (тип склонения 1a по классификации А. А. Зализняка).

Приставка: транс-; корень: -гендер-.

Произношение[править]

МФА: ед. ч. [trɐnzˈɡʲendɛr], мн. ч. [trɐnzˈɡʲenʲdʲɪrɨ]

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сексол. человек, чья гендерная идентичность не совпадает с биологическим полом ◆ Когда встревоженная мать сказала ей: «Я готова смириться с тем, что Иона гей, но не хочу, чтобы он был трансгендером», психотерапевт засмеялась и сказала… И. С. Кон, «Мальчик — отец мужчины», 2009 г.

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Шагалова Е. Н. Словарь новейших иностранных слов. — М. : АСТ-Пресс Книга, 2017. — ISBN 978-5-462-01845-9.

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A transgender person (often abbreviated to trans person) is someone whose gender identity or gender expression does not correspond with their sex assigned at birth.^[1]^[2] Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria, which they seek to alleviate through transitioning,^[3] often adopting a different name and set of pronouns in the process. Additionally, they may undergo sex reassignment therapies such as hormone therapy and sex reassignment surgery to more closely align their primary and secondary sex characteristics with their gender identity. Not all transgender people desire these treatments, however, and others may be unable to access them for financial or medical reasons.^[3]^[4] Those who do desire to medically transition to another sex may identify as transsexual.^[5]^[6]

Transgender is an umbrella term. In addition to trans men and trans women, it may also include people who are non-binary or genderqueer.^[7]^[8]^[9] Other definitions of transgender also include people who belong to a third gender, or else conceptualize transgender people as a third gender,^[10]^[11] and the term may be defined very broadly to include cross-dressers.^[12]

Gender identity is distinct from sexual orientation,^[13] and transgender people may be of any sexual orientation. The opposite of transgender is cisgender, which describes people whose gender identity matches their assigned sex.^[14]

Statistics on the number of transgender people vary widely,^[15] in part due to differing definitions of transgender.^[16] Some countries, such as Canada, collect census data on transgender people.^[17] Transgender identity is generally found in less than 1% of the worldwide population, with figures ranging from <0.1% to 0.6%.^[18]^[19]^[20]

Many transgender people face discrimination in the workplace,^[21] in accessing public accommodations,^[22] and in healthcare.^[23] In many places, they are not legally protected from discrimination.^[24]

Terminology

Before the mid-20th century various terms were used within and beyond Western medical and psychological sciences to identify persons and identities labeled transsexual, and later transgender from mid-century onward.^[8]^[27] Imported from the German and ultimately modelled after German Transsexualismus (coined in 1923),^[28] the English term transsexual has enjoyed international acceptability, though transgender (1965, by J. Oliven^[29]) has been increasingly preferred over transsexual.^[30] The word transgender acquired its modern umbrella term meaning in the 1990s.^[31]^[32]

Transgender

Psychiatrist John F. Oliven of Columbia University coined the term transgender in his 1965 reference work Sexual Hygiene and Pathology,^[33] writing that the term which had previously been used, transsexualism, «is misleading; actually, ‘transgenderism’ is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism.»^[34]^[35] The term transgender was then popularized with varying definitions by various transgender, transsexual, and transvestite people, including Virginia Prince,^[5] who used it in the December 1969 issue of Transvestia, a national magazine for cross-dressers she founded.^[36] By the mid-1970s both trans-gender and trans people were in use as umbrella terms,^{[note 1]} while transgenderist and transgenderal were used to refer to people who wanted to live cross-gender without sex reassignment surgery (SRS).^[37] By 1976, transgenderist was abbreviated as TG in educational materials.^[38]

By 1984, the concept of a «transgender community» had developed, in which transgender was used as an umbrella term.^[39] In 1985, Richard Elkins established the «Trans-Gender Archive» at the University of Ulster.^[36] By 1992, the International Conference on Transgender Law and Employment Policy defined transgender as an expansive umbrella term including «transsexuals, transgenderists, cross dressers», and anyone transitioning.^[40] Leslie Feinberg’s pamphlet, «Transgender Liberation: A Movement Whose Time has Come», circulated in 1992, identified transgender as a term to unify all forms of gender nonconformity; in this way transgender has become synonymous with queer.^[41] In 1994, gender theorist Susan Stryker defined transgender as encompassing «all identities or practices that cross over, cut across, move between, or otherwise queer socially constructed sex/gender boundaries», including, but not limited to, «transsexuality, heterosexual transvestism, gay drag, butch lesbianism, and such non-European identities as the Native American berdache or the Indian Hijra».^[42]

Between the mid-1990s and the early 2000s, the primary terms used under the transgender umbrella were «female to male» (FtM) for men who transitioned from female to male, and «male to female» (MtF) for women who transitioned from male to female. These terms have now been superseded by «trans man» and «trans woman», respectively.^[43] This shift in preference from terms highlighting biological sex («transsexual», «FtM») to terms highlighting gender identity and expression («transgender», «trans man») reflects a broader shift in the understanding of transgender people’s sense of self and the increasing recognition of those who decline medical reassignment as part of the transgender community.^[43]

Transfeminine is a term for any person, binary or non-binary, who was assigned male at birth and has a predominantly feminine gender identity or presentation; transmasculine is the equivalent term for someone who was assigned female at birth and has a predominantly masculine gender identity or presentation.^[44]

Transgendered is a common term in older literature; many within the transgender community now deprecate it on the basis that transgender is an adjective, not a verb.^[45] Organizations such as GLAAD and The Guardian also state that transgender should never be used as a noun (e.g., «Max is transgender» or «Max is a transgender man«, not «Max is a transgender«).^[8]^[46] However, transgender is also used as a noun equivalent to the broader topic of transgender identity and experience.^[47]

Although the term «transgenderism» was once considered acceptable, it has come to be viewed as offensive, according to GLAAD.^[48] In 2020 the International Journal of Transgenderism changed its name to the International Journal of Transgender Health «to reflect a change toward more appropriate and acceptable use of language in our field.»^[49]

Health-practitioner manuals, professional journalistic style guides, and LGBT advocacy groups advise the adoption by others of the name and pronouns identified by the person in question, including present references to the transgender person’s past.^[50]^[51]

In contrast, people whose sense of personal identity corresponds to the sex and gender assigned to them at birth – that is, those who are neither transgender nor non-binary or genderqueer – are called cisgender.^[52]

Transsexual

Inspired by Magnus Hirschfeld’s 1923 term seelischer Transsexualismus, the term transsexual was introduced to English in 1949 by David Oliver Cauldwell^{[note 2]} and popularized by Harry Benjamin in 1966, around the same time transgender was coined and began to be popularized.^[5] Since the 1990s, transsexual has generally been used to refer to the subset of transgender people^[5]^[53]^[54] who desire to transition permanently to the gender with which they identify and who seek medical assistance (for example, sex reassignment surgery) with this.

Distinctions between the terms transgender and transsexual are commonly based on distinctions between gender and sex.^[55]^[56] Transsexuality may be said to deal more with physical aspects of one’s sex, while transgender considerations deal more with one’s psychological gender disposition or predisposition, as well as the related social expectations that may accompany a given gender role.^[57] Many transgender people reject the term transsexual.^[6]^[58]^[8] Christine Jorgensen publicly rejected transsexual in 1979 and instead identified herself in newsprint as trans-gender, saying, «gender doesn’t have to do with bed partners, it has to do with identity.»^[59]^[60] Some have objected to the term transsexual on the basis that it describes a condition related to gender identity rather than sexuality.^[61]^{[better source needed]}^{[note 3]}^{[failed verification]} Some transsexual people object to being included in the transgender umbrella.^[62]^[63]^[64]

In his 2007 book Imagining Transgender: An Ethnography of a Category, anthropologist David Valentine asserts that transgender was coined and used by activists to include many people who do not necessarily identify with the term and states that people who do not identify with the term transgender should not be included in the transgender spectrum.^[62] Leslie Feinberg likewise asserts that transgender is not a self-identifier (for some people) but a category imposed by observers to understand other people.^[63] According to the Transgender Health Program (THP) at Fenway Health in Boston, there are no universally-accepted definitions, and confusion is common because terms that were popular at the turn of the 21st century may now be deemed offensive. The THP recommends that clinicians ask clients what terminology they prefer, and avoid the term transsexual unless they are sure that a client is comfortable with it.^[61]^{[undue weight? – discuss]}

Harry Benjamin invented a classification system for transsexuals and transvestites, called the Sex Orientation Scale (SOS), in which he assigned transsexuals and transvestites to one of six categories based on their reasons for cross-dressing and the relative urgency of their need (if any) for sex reassignment surgery.^[65] Contemporary views on gender identity and classification differ markedly from Harry Benjamin’s original opinions.^[66] Sexual orientation is no longer regarded as a criterion for diagnosis, or for distinction between transsexuality, transvestism and other forms of gender-variant behavior and expression. Benjamin’s scale was designed for use with heterosexual trans women, and trans men’s identities do not align with its categories.^[67]

Non-binary identity

Some non-binary (or genderqueer) people identify as transgender. These identities are not specifically male or female. They can be agender, androgynous, bigender, pangender, or genderfluid,^[68] and exist outside of cisnormativity.^[69]^[70] Bigender and androgynous are overlapping categories; bigender individuals may identify as moving between male and female roles (genderfluid) or as being both masculine and feminine simultaneously (androgynous), and androgynes may similarly identify as beyond gender or genderless (agender), between genders (intergender), moving across genders (genderfluid), or simultaneously exhibiting multiple genders (pangender).^[71] Non-binary gender identities are independent of sexual orientation.^[72]^[73]

Related identities and practices

Transvestism and cross-dressing

A transvestite is a person who cross-dresses, or dresses in clothes typically associated with the gender opposite the one they were assigned at birth.^[74]^[75] The term transvestite is used as a synonym for the term cross-dresser,^[76]^[77] although cross-dresser is generally considered the preferred term.^[77]^[78] The term cross-dresser is not exactly defined in the relevant literature. Michael A. Gilbert, professor at the Department of Philosophy, York University, Toronto, offers this definition: «[A cross-dresser] is a person who has an apparent gender identification with one sex, and who has and certainly has been birth-designated as belonging to [that] sex, but who wears the clothing of the opposite sex because it is that of the opposite sex.»^[79] This definition excludes people «who wear opposite sex clothing for other reasons», such as «those female impersonators who look upon dressing as solely connected to their livelihood, actors undertaking roles, individual males and females enjoying a masquerade, and so on. These individuals are cross dressing but are not cross dressers.»^[80] Cross-dressers may not identify with, want to be, or adopt the behaviors or practices of the opposite gender and generally do not want to change their bodies medically or surgically. The majority of cross-dressers identify as heterosexual.^[81]

The term transvestite and the associated outdated term transvestism are conceptually different from the term transvestic fetishism, as transvestic fetishist refers to those who intermittently use clothing of the opposite gender for fetishistic purposes.^[82]^[83] In medical terms, transvestic fetishism is differentiated from cross-dressing by use of the separate codes 302.3 in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM)^[83] and F65.1 in the ICD.^[82]^{[needs update]}

Drag

Drag is clothing and makeup worn on special occasions for performing or entertaining, unlike those who are transgender or who cross-dress for other reasons.^[84] Drag performance includes overall presentation and behavior in addition to clothing and makeup. Drag can be theatrical, comedic, or grotesque. Drag queens have been considered caricatures of women by second-wave feminism. Drag artists have a long tradition in LGBT culture.

Generally the term drag queen covers men doing female drag, drag king covers women doing male drag, and faux queen covers women doing female drag.^[85]^[86] Nevertheless, there are drag artists of all genders and sexualities who perform for various reasons. Drag performers are not inherently transgender. Some drag performers, transvestites, and people in the gay community have embraced the pornographically-derived term tranny for drag queens or people who engage in transvestism or cross-dressing; however, this term is widely considered an offensive slur if applied to transgender people.

History

Transgender people are known to have existed since ancient times. A wide range of societies had traditional third gender roles, or otherwise accepted trans people in some form.^[87] However, a precise history is difficult because the modern concept of being transgender, and gender in general, did not develop until the mid-1900s. Historical understandings are thus inherently filtered through modern principles, and were largely viewed through a medical lens until the late 1900s.^[88]

Ancient Greek Hippocrates (interpreting the writing of Herodotus) discusses transgender individuals briefly. He describes the «disease of the Scythians» (regarding the Enaree), which he attributes to impotency due to riding on a horse without stirrups. Hippocrates’s reference was well discussed by medical writings of the 1500s–1700s. Pierre Petit writing in 1596 viewed the «Scythian disease» as natural variation, but by the 1700s writers viewed it as a «melancholy», or «hysterical» psychiatric disease. By the early 1800s, being transgender separate from Hippocrates’ idea of it was claimed to be widely known, but remained poorly documented. Both trans women and trans men were cited in European insane asylums of the early 1800s. One of the earliest recorded transgender individuals in America was Thomas(ine) Hall, a seventeenth century colonial servant.^[89] The most complete account of the time came from the life of the Chevalier d’Éon (1728–1810), a French diplomat. As cross-dressing became more widespread in the late 1800s, discussion of transgender people increased greatly and writers attempted to explain the origins of being transgender. Much study came out of Germany, and was exported to other Western audiences. Cross-dressing was seen in a pragmatic light until the late 1800s; it had previously served a satirical or disguising purpose. But in the latter half of the 1800’s, cross-dressing and being transgender became viewed as an increasing societal danger.^[88]

William A. Hammond wrote an 1882 account of transgender Pueblo shamans (mujerados), comparing them to the Scythian disease. Other writers of the late 1700s and 1800s (including Hammond’s associates in the American Neurological Association) had noted the widespread nature of transgender cultural practices among native peoples. Explanations varied, but authors generally did not ascribe native transgender practices to psychiatric causes, instead condemning the practices in a religious and moral sense. Native groups provided much study on the subject, and perhaps the majority of all study until after WWII.^[88]

Critical studies first began to emerge in the late 1800s in Germany, with the works of Magnus Hirschfeld. Hirschfeld coined the term «transvestite» in 1910 as the scope of transgender study grew. His work would lead to the 1919 founding of the Institut für Sexualwissenschaft in Berlin. Though Hirscheld’s legacy is disputed, he revolutionized the field of study. The Institut was destroyed when the Nazis seized power in 1933, and its research was infamously burned in the May 1933 Nazi book burnings.^[90] Transgender issues went largely out of the public eye until after World War II. Even when they re-emerged, they reflected a forensic psychology approach, unlike the more sexological that had been employed in the lost German research.^[88]^[91]

Sexual orientation

Gender, gender identity, and being transgender are distinct concepts from sexual orientation.^[92] Sexual orientation is an individual’s enduring pattern of attraction to others (being straight, lesbian, gay, bisexual, asexual, etc.), whereas gender identity is a person’s innate knowledge of their own gender (being a man, woman, non-binary, etc.).^[48] Transgender people can have any orientation, and generally use labels corresponding to their gender, rather than assigned sex at birth. For example, trans women who are exclusively attracted to other women commonly identify as lesbians, and trans men exclusively attracted to women would identify as straight.^[48] Many trans people describe their sexual orientation as queer, in addition to or instead of, other terms.^[93]^[94]^[95]

For much of the 20th century, transgender identity was conflated with homosexuality and transvestism.^[96]^[97] In earlier academic literature, sexologists used the labels homosexual and heterosexual transsexual to categorize transgender individuals’ sexual orientation based on their birth sex.^[98] Critics consider these terms «heterosexist»,^[99] «archaic»,^[100] and demeaning.^[101] Newer literature often uses terms such as attracted to men (androphilic), attracted to women (gynephilic), attracted to both (bisexual), or attracted to neither (asexual) to describe a person’s sexual orientation without reference to their gender identity.^[102] Therapists are coming to understand the necessity of using terms with respect to their clients’ gender identities and preferences.^[103]

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey reported that of the 27,715 transgender and non-binary respondents, 21% said queer best described their sexual orientation, 18% said pansexual, 16% said gay, lesbian, or same-gender-loving, 15% said straight, 14% said bisexual, and 10% said asexual.^[94] A 2019 Canadian survey of 2,873 trans and non-binary people found that 51% described their sexual orientation as queer, 13% as asexual, 28% as bisexual, 13% as gay, 15% as lesbian, 31% as pansexual, 8% as straight or heterosexual, 4% as two-spirit, and 9% as unsure or questioning.^[95]

This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (July 2022)

Despite the distinction between sexual orientation and gender, throughout history the gay, lesbian, and bisexual (LGBT) subculture was often the only place where gender-variant people were socially accepted in the gender role they felt they belonged to; especially during the time when legal or medical transitioning was almost impossible. This acceptance has had a complex history. Like the wider world, the gay community in Western societies did not generally distinguish between sex and gender identity until the 1970s, and often perceived gender-variant people more as homosexuals who behaved in a gender-variant way than as gender-variant people in their own right. In addition, the role of the transgender community in the history of LGBT rights is often overlooked.^[104]

Healthcare

Mental healthcare

Most mental health professionals recommend therapy for internal conflicts about gender identity or discomfort in an assigned gender role, especially if one desires to transition.^[105] People who experience discord between their gender and the expectations of others or whose gender identity conflicts with their body may benefit by talking through their feelings in depth; however, research on gender identity with regard to psychology, and scientific understanding of the phenomenon and its related issues, is relatively new.^[106]^{[needs update?]} The term gender incongruence is listed in the ICD by the WHO. In the American (DSM), the term gender dysphoria is listed under code F64.0 for adolescents and adults, and F64.2 for children^[107]

France removed gender identity disorder as a diagnosis by decree in 2010,^[108]^[109] but according to French trans rights organizations, beyond the impact of the announcement itself, nothing changed.^[110] In 2017, the Danish parliament abolished the F64 Gender identity disorders. The DSM-5 refers to the topic as gender dysphoria (GD) while reinforcing the idea that being transgender is not considered a mental illness.^[111]

Transgender people may meet the criteria for a diagnosis of gender dysphoria «only if [being transgender] causes distress or disability.»^[112] This distress may manifest as depression or inability to work and form healthy relationships with others. This diagnosis is often misinterpreted as implying that all transgender people suffer from GD, which has confused transgender people and those who seek to either criticize or affirm them. Transgender people who are comfortable with their gender and whose gender is not directly causing inner frustration or impairing their functioning do not suffer from GD. Moreover, GD is not necessarily permanent and is often resolved through therapy or transitioning. Feeling oppressed by the negative attitudes and behaviors of such others as legal entities does not indicate GD. GD does not imply an opinion of immorality; the psychological establishment holds that people with any kind of mental or emotional problem should not receive stigma. The solution for GD is whatever will alleviate suffering and restore functionality; this solution often, but not always, consists of undergoing a gender transition.^[106]

Clinical training lacks relevant information needed in order to adequately help transgender clients, which results in a large number of practitioners who are not prepared to sufficiently work with this population of individuals.^[113] Many mental healthcare providers know little about transgender issues. Those who seek help from these professionals often educate the professional without receiving help.^[106] This solution usually is good for transsexual people but is not the solution for other transgender people, particularly non-binary people who lack an exclusively male or female identity. Instead, therapists can support their clients in whatever steps they choose to take to transition or can support their decision not to transition while also addressing their clients’ sense of congruence between gender identity and appearance.^[114]

Acknowledgment of the lack of clinical training has increased; however, research on the specific problems faced by the transgender community in mental health has focused on diagnosis and clinicians’ experiences instead of transgender clients’ experiences.^[115] Therapy was not always sought by transgender people due to mental health needs. Prior to the seventh version of the Standards of Care (SOC), an individual had to be diagnosed with gender identity disorder in order to proceed with hormone treatments or sexual reassignment surgery. The new version decreased the focus on diagnosis and instead emphasized the importance of flexibility in order to meet the diverse health care needs of transsexual, transgender, and all gender-nonconforming people.^[116]

The reasons for seeking mental health services vary according to the individual. A transgender person seeking treatment does not necessarily mean their gender identity is problematic. The emotional strain of dealing with stigma and experiencing transphobia pushes many transgender people to seek treatment to improve their quality of life, as one trans woman reflected: «Transgendered individuals are going to come to a therapist and most of their issues have nothing to do, specifically, with being transgendered. It has to do because they’ve had to hide, they’ve had to lie, and they’ve felt all of this guilt and shame, unfortunately usually for years!»^[115] Many transgender people also seek mental health treatment for depression and anxiety caused by the stigma attached to being transgender, and some transgender people have stressed the importance of acknowledging their gender identity with a therapist in order to discuss other quality-of-life issues.^[115] Others regret having undergone the procedure and wish to detransition.^[117]

Problems still remain surrounding misinformation about transgender issues that hurt transgender people’s mental health experiences. One trans man who was enrolled as a student in a psychology graduate program highlighted the main concerns with modern clinical training: «Most people probably are familiar with the term transgender, but maybe that’s it. I don’t think I’ve had any formal training just going through [clinical] programs … I don’t think most [therapists] know. Most therapists – Master’s degree, PhD level – they’ve had … one diversity class on GLBT issues. One class out of the huge diversity training. One class. And it was probably mostly about gay lifestyle.»^[115] Many health insurance policies do not cover treatment associated with gender transition, and numerous people are under- or uninsured, which raises concerns about the insufficient training most therapists receive prior to working with transgender clients, potentially increasing financial strain on clients without providing the treatment they need.^[115] Many clinicians who work with transgender clients only receive mediocre training on gender identity, but introductory training on interacting with transgender people has recently been made available to health care professionals to help remove barriers and increase the level of service for the transgender population.^[118] In February 2010, France became the first country in the world to remove transgender identity from the list of mental diseases.^[119]^[120]

A 2014 study carried out by the Williams Institute (a UCLA think tank) found that 41% of transgender people had attempted suicide, with the rate being higher among people who experienced discrimination in access to housing or healthcare, harassment, physical or sexual assault, or rejection by family.^[121] A 2019 follow-up study found that transgender people who wanted and received gender-affirming medical care had substantially lower rates of suicidal thoughts and attempts.^[122]

Autism is more common in people who are gender dysphoric. It is not known whether there is a biological basis. This may be due to the fact that people on the autism spectrum are less concerned with societal disapproval, and feel less fear or inhibition about coming out as trans than others.^[123]

Physical healthcare

Medical and surgical procedures exist for transsexual and some transgender people, though most categories of transgender people as described above are not known for seeking the following treatments. Hormone replacement therapy for trans men induces beard growth and masculinizes skin, hair, voice, and fat distribution. Hormone replacement therapy for trans women feminizes fat distribution and breasts. Laser hair removal or electrolysis removes excess hair for trans women. Surgical procedures for trans women feminize the voice, skin, face, Adam’s apple, breasts, waist, buttocks, and genitals. Surgical procedures for trans men masculinize the chest and genitals and remove the womb, ovaries, and fallopian tubes. The acronyms «Gender-affirming surgery (GAS)» and «sex reassignment surgery» (SRS) refer to genital surgery. The term «sex reassignment therapy» (SRT) is used as an umbrella term for physical procedures required for transition. Use of the term «sex change» has been criticized for its emphasis on surgery, and the term «transition» is preferred.^[8]^[124] Availability of these procedures depends on degree of gender dysphoria, presence or absence of gender identity disorder,^[125] and standards of care in the relevant jurisdiction.

Trans men who have not had a hysterectomy and who take testosterone are at increased risk for endometrial cancer because androstenedione, which is made from testosterone in the body, can be converted into estrogen, and external estrogen is a risk factor for endometrial cancer.^[126]

Detransition

Detransition refers to the cessation or reversal of a sex reassignment surgery or gender transition. Formal studies of detransition have been few in number,^[127] of disputed quality,^[128] and politically controversial.^[129] Estimates of the rate at which detransitioning occurs vary from less than 1% to as high as 13%.^[130] Those who undergo sex reassignment surgery have very low rates of detransition or regret.^[131]^[132]^[133]^[134]

The 2015 U.S. Transgender Survey collected responses from 27,715 individuals who identified as «transgender, trans, genderqueer, [or] non-binary».^[94] 13.1% of respondents who had pursued gender affirmation said they had ever detransitioned,^{[clarification needed]} even temporarily. Detransition was associated with assigned male sex at birth, nonbinary gender identity, and bisexual orientation, among other cohorts.^[133] Only 5% of detransitioners reporting doing so because gender transition was «not for them»; 82% cited external reason(s), including pressure from others, the difficulties of transition, and discrimination.^[135]^[136]

Law

This section needs to be updated. The reason given is: Gender identity disorder was replaced by the diagnosis of gender dysphoria in the DSM-5. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (March 2023)

Camille Cabral, a French transgender activist at a demonstration for transgender people in Paris, October 1, 2005

Legal procedures exist in some jurisdictions which allow individuals to change their legal gender or name to reflect their gender identity. Requirements for these procedures vary from an explicit formal diagnosis of transsexualism, to a diagnosis of gender identity disorder, to a letter from a physician that attests the individual’s gender transition or having established a different gender role.^[137] In 1994, the DSM IV entry was changed from «Transsexual» to «Gender Identity Disorder». In many places, transgender people are not legally protected from discrimination in the workplace or in public accommodations.^[24] A report released in February 2011 found that 90% of transgender people faced discrimination at work and were unemployed at double the rate of the general population,^[22] and over half had been harassed or turned away when attempting to access public services.^[22] Members of the transgender community also encounter high levels of discrimination in health care.^[138]

Europe

36 countries in Europe require a mental health diagnosis for legal gender recognition and 20 countries require sterilisation.^[139] In April 2017, the European Court of Human Rights ruled that requiring sterilisation for legal gender recognition violates human rights.^[140]

Denmark

Since 2014 it has been possible for adults without the requirement of a psychiatric evaluation, medical or surgical treatment, divorce or castration, to after a six-month ‘reflection period’ have their social security number changed and legally change gender.^[141]^[142]

Germany

In November 2017, the Federal Constitutional Court ruled that the civil status law must allow a third gender option.^[143] Thus officially recognising «third sex» meaning that birth certificates will not have blank gender entries for intersex people. The ruling came after an intersex person, who is neither a man nor woman according to chromosomal analysis, brought a legal challenge after attempting to change their registered sex to «inter» or divers.^[144]

Canada

Jurisdiction over legal classification of sex in Canada is assigned to the provinces and territories. This includes legal change of gender classification. On June 19, 2017, Bill C-16, having passed the legislative process in the House of Commons of Canada and the Senate of Canada, became law upon receiving Royal Assent, which put it into immediate force.^[145]^[146]^[147] The law updated the Canadian Human Rights Act and the Criminal Code to include «gender identity and gender expression» as protected grounds from discrimination, hate publications and advocating transgender genocide. The bill also added «gender identity and expression» to the list of aggravating factors in sentencing, where the accused commits a criminal offence against an individual because of those personal characteristics. Similar transgender laws also exist in all the provinces and territories.^[148]

United States

In the United States, transgender people are protected from employment discrimination by Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Exceptions apply to certain types of employers, for example, employers with fewer than 15 employees and religious organizations.^[149] In 2020, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that Title VII prohibits discrimination against transgender people in the case R.G. & G.R. Harris Funeral Homes Inc. v. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission.^[150]

Nicole Maines, a trans girl, took a case to Maine’s supreme court in June 2013. She argued that being denied access to her high school’s women’s restroom was a violation of Maine’s Human Rights Act; one state judge has disagreed with her,^[151] but Maines won her lawsuit against the Orono school district in January 2014 before the Maine Supreme Judicial Court.^[152] On May 14, 2016, the United States Department of Education and Department of Justice issued guidance directing public schools to allow transgender students to use bathrooms that match their gender identities.^[153]

On June 30, 2016, the United States Department of Defense removed the ban that prohibited transgender people from openly serving in the US military.^[154] On July 27, 2017, President Donald Trump tweeted that transgender Americans would not be allowed to serve «in any capacity» in the United States Armed Forces.^[155] Later that day, Joint Chiefs of Staff Chairman Joseph Dunford announced, «there will be no modifications to the current policy until the president’s direction has been received by the Secretary of Defense and the secretary has issued implementation guidance.»^[156] Joe Biden later reversed Trump’s policy when he became president in 2021.^[157]^[158]

India

In April 2014, the Supreme Court of India declared transgender to be a ‘third gender’ in Indian law.^[159]^[160]^[161] The transgender community in India (made up of Hijras and others) has a long history in India and in Hindu mythology.^[162]^[163] Justice KS Radhakrishnan noted in his decision that, «Seldom, our society realizes or cares to realize the trauma, agony and pain which the members of Transgender community undergo, nor appreciates the innate feelings of the members of the Transgender community, especially of those whose mind and body disown their biological sex», adding:

Non-recognition of the identity of Hijras/transgender persons denies them equal protection of law, thereby leaving them extremely vulnerable to harassment, violence and sexual assault in public spaces, at home and in jail, also by the police. Sexual assault, including molestation, rape, forced anal and oral sex, gang rape and stripping is being committed with impunity and there are reliable statistics and materials to support such activities. Further, non-recognition of identity of Hijras/transgender persons results in them facing extreme discrimination in all spheres of society, especially in the field of employment, education, healthcare etc.^[164]

Hijras face structural discrimination including not being able to obtain driving licenses, and being prohibited from accessing various social benefits. It is also common for them to be banished from communities.^[165]

Religion

The Catholic Church has been involved in the outreach to LGBT community for several years and continues doing so through Franciscan urban outreach centers, for example, the Open Hearts outreach in Hartford, Connecticut.^[166] The Vatican, however, holds that transgender people cannot become godparents and compares transitioning to self-harm.^[167]

The Church of England passed a motion at the 2017 General Synod, which would ensure Anglican churches accepted transgender people, even suggesting on their website that transgender people could be gifted a Bible with their new name inscribed to support them.^[168]

Feminism

Feminist views on transgender women have changed over time, but have generally become more positive. Second-wave feminism saw numerous clashes opposed to transgender women, since they were not seen as «true» women, and as invading women-only spaces.^[169]^[170] Though second-wave feminism argued for the sex and gender distinction, some feminists believed there was a conflict between transgender identity and the feminist cause; e.g., they believed that male-to-female transition abandoned or devalued female identity and that transgender people embraced traditional gender roles and stereotypes.^[171] By the emergence of third-wave feminism (around 1990), opinions had shifted to being more inclusive of both trans and gay identities.^[172]^[173] Fourth-wave feminism (starting around 2012) has been widely trans-inclusive, but trans-exclusive groups and ideas remain as a minority, though one that is especially prominent in the UK.^[174]^[172]^[175] Feminists who do not accept that trans women are women have been labeled «trans-exclusionary radical feminists» (TERFs) or gender-critical feminists by opponents.^[176]^[177]

Discrimination

Employment discrimination

Transgender individuals experience significant rates of employment discrimination. Approximately 90% of trans people have encountered some form of harassment or mistreatment in their workplace. Moreover, 47% have experienced some form of adverse employment outcome due to being transgender; of this figure, 44% were passed over for a job, 23% were denied a promotion, and 26% were terminated on the grounds that they were transgender.^[178]

Support

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Studies in several cultures have found that cisgender women are more likely to be accepting of trans people than cisgender men.^[179]^[180]^[181]^[182]

Scientific studies of transsexuality

A 1996 study of Swedes estimated a ratio of 1.4:1 trans women to trans men for those requesting sex reassignment surgery and a ratio of 1:1 for those who proceeded.^[183]^{[non-primary source needed]} A study in 2020 noted that, since 1990, of those seeking sex hormone therapy for gender dysphoria there has been a steady increase in the percentage of trans men, such that they now equal the number of trans women seeking this treatment.^[184]

Studies conducted on twins suggest that there are likely genetic causes of gender incongruence, although the precise genes involved are not known or fully understood.^[185]^[186] One study published in the International Journal of Transgender Health found that in 20% of identical twin pairs, if one twin was trans, the other was as well, compared to only 2.6% of non-identical twins where this was the case; researchers attribute this to their shared genetics.^[186]

Sexologist Ray Blanchard created a taxonomy of male-to-female transsexualism that proposes two distinct etiologies for androphilic and gynephilic individuals; this taxonomy has become controversial, supported by J. Michael Bailey, Anne Lawrence, James Cantor and others, but opposed by Charles Allen Moser, Julia Serano, and the World Professional Association for Transgender Health.

An observational study revealed that transgender people receiving hormone therapy from the Amsterdam University Medical Centre in the Netherlands had higher mortality rates than the general population, and that this did not decrease during the duration of the study (1972 to 2018). Other studies have also found increased mortality in transgender people.^[187]

Population figures and prevalence

Little is known about the prevalence of transgender people in the general population and reported prevalence estimates are greatly affected by variable
definitions of transgender.^[188] According to a recent systematic review, an estimated 9.2 out of every 100,000 people have received or requested gender affirmation surgery or transgender hormone therapy; 6.8 out of every 100,000 people have received a transgender-specific diagnoses; and 355 out of every 100,000 people self-identify as transgender.^[188] These findings underscore the value of using consistent terminology related to studying the experience of transgender, as studies that explore surgical or hormonal gender affirmation therapy may or may not be connected with others that follow a diagnosis of «transsexualism», «gender identity disorder», or «gender dysphoria», none of which may relate with those that assess self-reported identity.^[188] Common terminology across studies does not yet exist, so population numbers may be inconsistent, depending on how they are being counted.

Asia

In Thailand and Laos,^[189] the term kathoey is used to refer to male-to-female transgender people^[190] and effeminate gay men.^[191] Transgender people have also been documented in Iran,^[192] Japan,^[193] Nepal,^[194] Indonesia,^[195] Vietnam,^[196] South Korea,^[197] Jordan,^[198] Singapore,^[199] and the greater Chinese region, including Hong Kong,^[200]^[201] Taiwan,^[202] and the People’s Republic of China.^[203]^[204]

The cultures of the Indian subcontinent include a third gender, referred to as hijra in Hindi. In India, the Supreme Court on April 15, 2014, recognized a third gender that is neither male nor female, stating «Recognition of transgenders as a third gender is not a social or medical issue but a human rights issue.»^[205] In 1998, Shabnam Mausi became the first transgender person to be elected in India, in the central Indian state of Madhya Pradesh.^[206]

Europe

European Union

According to Amnesty International, 1.5 million transgender people live in the European Union, making up 0.3% of the population.^[207]

UK

A 2011 survey conducted by the Equality and Human Rights Commission in the UK found that of 10,026 respondents, 1.4% would be classified into a gender minority group. The survey also showed that 1% had gone through any part of a gender reassignment process (including thoughts or actions).^[208]

North America

Canada

The 2021 Canadian census released by Statistics Canada found that 59,460 Canadians (0.19% of the population) identified as transgender.^[209]

According to the Survey of Safety in Public and Private Spaces by Statistics Canada in 2018, 0.24% of the Canadian population identified as transgender men, women or non-binary individuals.^[210]

United States

The Social Security Administration has tracked the sex of citizens since 1936.^[211] Using this information, along with the Census data, Benjamin Cerf Harris tracked the prevalence of citizens changing to names associated with the opposite sex or changing sex marker. Harris found that such changes had occurred as early as 1936. He estimated that 89,667 individuals included in the 2010 Census had changed to an opposite-gendered name, 21,833 of whom had also changed sex marker.^[211] Prevalence in the States varied, from 1.4 to 10.6 per 100,000.^[211] While most people legally changed both name and sex, about a quarter of people changed name, and then five years later changed sex.^[211] An earlier estimate in 1968, by Ira B. Pauly, estimated that about 2,500 transsexual people were living in the United States, with four times as many trans women as trans men.^[212]

One effort to quantify the population in 2011 gave a «rough estimate» that 0.3% of adults in the US are transgender.^[213]^[214] More recent studies released in 2016 estimate the proportion of Americans who identify as transgender at 0.5 to 0.6%. This would put the total number of transgender Americans at approximately 1.4 million adults (as of 2016).^[215]^[216]^[217]^[218]

A survey by the Pew Research Center in 2017 found that American society is divided on «whether it’s possible for someone to be a gender different from the sex they were assigned at birth.»^[219] It states, «Overall, roughly half of Americans (54%) say that whether someone is a man or a woman is determined by the sex they were assigned at birth, while 44% say someone can be a man or a woman even if that is different from the sex they were assigned at birth.»^[219]

Native American and First Nations

In what is now the United States and Canada, some Native American and First Nations cultures traditionally recognize the existence of more than two genders,^[220] such as the Zuni male-bodied lhamana,^[221] the Lakota male-bodied winkte,^[222] and the Mohave male-bodied alyhaa and female-bodied hwamee.^[223] These traditional people, along with those from other North American Indigenous cultures, are sometimes part of the contemporary, pan-Indian Two-Spirit community.^[222] Historically, in most cultures who have alternate gender roles, if the spouse of a third gender person is not otherwise gender variant, they have not generally been regarded as other-gendered themselves, simply for being in a same-sex relationship.^[223] In Mexico, the Zapotec culture includes a third gender in the form of the Muxe.^[224] Mahu is a traditional third gender in Hawai’i and Tahiti. Mahu are valued as teachers, caretakers of culture, and healers, such as Kapaemahu. Diné (Navajo) have Nádleehi.^[87]

Latin America

In Latin American cultures, a travesti is an individual who has been assigned male at birth and who has a feminine, transfeminine, or «femme» gender identity. Travestis generally undergo hormonal treatment, use female gender expression including new names and pronouns from the masculine ones they were given when assigned a sex, and might use breast implants, but they are not offered or do not desire sex-reassignment surgery. Travesti might be regarded as a gender in itself (a «third gender»), a mix between man and woman («intergender/androgynes»), or the presence of both masculine and feminine identities in a single person («bigender»). They are framed as something entirely separate from transgender women, who possess the same gender identity of people assigned female at birth.^[225]

Other transgender identities are becoming more widely known, as a result of contact with other cultures of the Western world.^[226] These newer identities, sometimes known under the umbrella use of the term «genderqueer»,^[226] along with the older travesti term, are known as non-binary and go along with binary transgender identities (those traditionally diagnosed under the now obsolete label of «transsexualism») under the single umbrella of transgender, but are distinguished from cross-dressers and drag queens and kings, that are held as nonconforming gender expressions rather than transgender gender identities when a distinction is made.^[227]

Deviating from the societal standards for sexual behavior, sexual orientation/identity, gender identity, and gender expression have a single umbrella term that is known as sexodiverso or sexodiversa in both Spanish and Portuguese, with its most approximate translation to English being «queer».^{[citation needed]}

Ancient cultures

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Among the ancient Middle Eastern Akkadian people, a salzikrum was a person who appeared biologically female but had distinct male traits. Salzikrum is a compound word meaning male daughter. According to the Code of Hammurabi, salzikrūm had inheritance rights like that of priestesses; they inherited from their fathers, unlike regular daughters. A salzikrum’s father could also stipulate that she inherit a certain amount.^[228] In ancient Rome, the Gallae were castrated^[229] followers of the Phrygian goddess Cybele and can be regarded as transgender in today’s terms.^[230]^[231]

In early Medina, gender-variant^[232] male-to-female Islamic people were acknowledged^[233] in the form of the Mukhannathun. Also, in Fa’asamoa traditions, the Samoan culture allows a specific role for male to female transgender individuals as Fa’afafine.

Coming out

Transgender people vary greatly in choosing when, whether, and how to disclose their transgender status to family, close friends, and others. The prevalence of discrimination^[234] and violence (transgender people are 28% more likely to be victims of violence)^[235] against transgender persons can make coming out a risky decision. Fear of retaliatory behavior, such as being removed from the parental home while underage, is a cause for transgender people to not come out to their families until they have reached adulthood.^[236] Parental confusion and lack of acceptance of a transgender child may result in parents treating a newly revealed gender identity as a «phase» or making efforts to change their children back to «normal» by utilizing mental health services to alter the child’s gender identity.^[237]^[238]

The internet can play a significant role in the coming out process for transgender people. Some come out in an online identity first, providing an opportunity to go through experiences virtually and safely before risking social sanctions in the real world.^[239]

Media representation

As more transgender people are represented and included within the realm of mass culture, the stigma that is associated with being transgender can influence the decisions, ideas, and thoughts based upon it. Media representation, culture industry, and social marginalization all hint at popular culture standards and the applicability and significance to mass culture as well. These terms play an important role in the formation of notions for those who have little recognition or knowledge of transgender people. Media depictions represent only a minuscule spectrum of the transgender group,^[240] which essentially conveys that those that are shown are the only interpretations and ideas society has of them.

However, in 2014, the United States reached a «transgender tipping point», according to Time.^[241]^[242] At this time, the media visibility of transgender people reached a level higher than seen before. Since then, the number of transgender portrayals across TV platforms has stayed elevated.^[243] Research has found that viewing multiple transgender TV characters and stories improves viewers’ attitudes toward transgender people and related policies.^[244]

Events

International Transgender Day of Visibility

International Transgender Day of Visibility is an annual holiday occurring on March 31^[245]^[246] dedicated to celebrating transgender people and raising awareness of discrimination faced by transgender people worldwide. The holiday was founded by Michigan-based transgender activist^[247] Rachel Crandall in 2009.^[248]

Transgender Awareness Week

Transgender Awareness Week is a one-week celebration leading up to Transgender Day of Remembrance. The purpose of Transgender Awareness Week is to educate about transgender and gender non-conforming people and the issues associated with their transition or identity.^[249]

Transgender Day of Remembrance

Transgender Day of Remembrance (TDOR) is held every year on November 20 in honor of Rita Hester, who was killed on November 28, 1998, in an anti-transgender hate crime. TDOR serves a number of purposes:

it memorializes all of those who have been victims of hate crimes and prejudice,
it raises awareness about hate crimes towards the transgender community,
and it honors the dead and their relatives^[250]

Trans March

Trans March «Existrans» 2017

Annual marches, protests or gatherings take place around the world for transgender issues, often taking place during the time of local Pride parades for LGBT people. These events are frequently organised by trans communities to build community, address human rights struggles, and create visibility.^[251]^[252]^[253]^[254]

Pride symbols

A common symbol for the transgender community is the Transgender Pride Flag, which was designed by the American transgender woman Monica Helms in 1999, and was first shown at a pride parade in Phoenix, Arizona, in 2000. The flag consists of five horizontal stripes: light blue, pink, white, pink, and light blue. Helms describes the meaning of the flag as follows:

The light blue is the traditional color for baby boys, pink is for girls, and the white in the middle is for «those who are transitioning, those who feel they have a neutral gender or no gender», and those who are intersex. The pattern is such that «no matter which way you fly it, it will always be correct. This symbolizes us trying to find correctness in our own lives.»^[255]

Other transgender symbols include the butterfly (symbolizing transformation or metamorphosis),^[256] and a pink/light blue yin and yang symbol.^[257] Several gender symbols have been used to represent transgender people, including ⚥ and ⚧.^[258]^[259]

Notes

^
* In April 1970, TV Guide published an article which referenced a post-operative transsexual movie character as being «transgendered.»(«Sunday Highlights». TV Guide. April 26, 1970. Archived from the original on 4 June 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012. [R]aquel Welch (left), moviedom’s sex queen soon to be seen as the heroine/hero of Gore Vidal’s transgendered «Myra Breckinridge»…)
- In the 1974 edition of Clinical Sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions, transgender was used as an umbrella term and the Conference Report from the 1974 «National TV.TS Conference» held in Leeds, West Yorkshire, UK used «trans-gender» and «trans.people» as umbrella terms.(Oliven, John F. (1974). Clinical sexuality: A Manual for the Physician and the Professions (3rd ed.). Lippincott. «Transgender deviance» p 110, «Transgender research» p 484, «transgender deviates» p 485, Transvestites not welcome at «Transgender Center» p 487. ISBN 9780397503292. OCLC 563898062. Archived from the original on 2015-12-05.), (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon (Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.)
- However A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry (1974) references «transgender surgery» noting, «The transvestite rarely seeks transgender surgery, since the core of his perversion is an attempt to realize the fantasy of a phallic woman.»(Novello, Joseph R. (1974). A Practical Handbook of Psychiatry. Springfield, Illinois: C. C. Thomas. p. 176. ISBN 9780398028688. OCLC 643581864. Archived from the original on 2015-09-19.))
^ Magnus Hirschfeld coined the German term Transsexualismus in 1923, which Cauldwell translated into English.
^ The recurring concern that transsexual implies sexuality stems from the tendency of many informal speakers to ignore the sex and gender distinction and use gender for any male/female difference and sex for sexual activity. (Liberman, Mark. «Single-X Education». Language Log. Archived from the original on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 28 June 2012.)

References

^ Altilio, Terry; Otis-Green, Shirley (2011). Oxford Textbook of Palliative Social Work. Oxford University Press. p. 380. ISBN 978-0199838271. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. ‘Transgender’ is an umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from the sex that they were assigned at birth (Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation [GLAAD], 2007).
^ Berg-Weger, Marla (2016). Social Work and Social Welfare: An Invitation. Routledge. p. 229. ISBN 978-1317592020. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Transgender: An umbrella term that describes people whose gender identity or gender expression differs from expectations associated with the sex assigned to them at birth.
^ ^a ^b Maizes, Victoria; Low Dog, Tieraona (19 November 2015). Integrative Women’s Health. Oxford University Press. p. 745. ISBN 978-0190214807. Many transgender people experience gender dysphoria – distress that results from the discordance of biological sex and experienced gender. Treatment for gender dysphoria, considered to be highly effective, includes physical, medical, and/or surgical treatments […] some [transgender people] may not choose to transition at all.
^ «Understanding Transgender People FAQ». National Center for Transgender Equality. 1 May 2009. Archived from the original on 22 April 2016. Retrieved 20 April 2016.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Bevan, Dana J. (17 November 2014). The Psychobiology of Transsexualism and Transgenderism. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-Clio/Greenwood Publishing. p. 42. ISBN 9781440831270. OCLC 1021404840. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. The term transsexual was introduced by Cauldwell (1949) and popularized by Harry Benjamin (1966) […]. The term transgender was coined by John Oliven (1965) and popularized by various transgender people who pioneered the concept and practice of transgenderism. It is sometimes said that Virginia Prince (1976) popularized the term, but history shows that many transgender people advocated the use of this term much more than Prince.
^ ^a ^b Polly, Ryan; Nicole, Julie (March 2011). «Understanding transsexual patients: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice». Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961. Archived from the original on 2022-03-11. Retrieved 2022-05-14. The use of terminology by transsexual individuals to self-identify varies. As aforementioned, many transsexual individuals prefer the term transgender, or simply trans, as it is more inclusive and carries fewer stigmas. There are some transsexual individuals, however, who reject the term transgender; these individuals view transsexualism as a treatable congenital condition. Following medical and/or surgical transition, they live within the binary as either a man or a woman and may not disclose their transition history.
^ Forsyth, Craig J.; Copes, Heith (2014). Encyclopedia of Social Deviance. SAGE Publications. p. 740. ISBN 978-1483364698. Archived from the original on December 1, 2016. Retrieved April 12, 2016. Transgender is an umbrella term for people whose gender identities, gender expressions, and/or behaviors are different from those culturally associated with the sex that they were assigned at birth.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e «GLAAD Media Reference Guide – Transgender». Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation (GLAAD). 9 September 2011. Archived from the original on 13 May 2019. Retrieved 25 November 2020. An umbrella term for people whose gender identity and/or gender expression differs from what is typically associated with the sex they were assigned at birth […] Transgender should be used as an adjective, not as a noun. Do not say, ‘Tony is a transgender,’ or ‘The parade included many transgenders.’ […] The adjective transgender should never have an extraneous ‘-ed’ tacked onto the end. An ‘-ed’ suffix adds unnecessary length to the word and can cause tense confusion and grammatical errors. It also brings transgender into alignment with lesbian, gay, bisexual, and queer. You would not say that Elton John is ‘gayed’ or Ellen DeGeneres is ‘lesbianed,’ therefore you would not say Chaz Bono is ‘transgendered.’
^ Bilodeau, Brent (21 October 2008). «Beyond the Gender Binary: A Case Study of Two Transgender Students at a Midwestern Research University». Journal of Gay & Lesbian Issues in Education. Routledge. 3 (1): 29–44. doi:10.1300/J367v03n01_05. S2CID 144070536. Archived from the original on 8 March 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Yet Jordan and Nick represent a segment of transgender communities that have largely been overlooked in transgender and student development research – individuals who express a non-binary construction of gender.
^ Stryker, Susan; Whittle, Stephen; Aizura, Aren Z. (18 October 2013). The Transgender Studies Reader. New York: Routledge; Hoboken: Taylor & Francis. p. 666. ISBN 978-1135398842. OCLC 1120816658. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. The authors note that, increasingly, in social science literature, the term ‘third gender’ is being replaced by or conflated with the newer term ‘transgender.’
^ Chrisler, Joan C.; McCreary, Donald R. (12 March 2010). Handbook of Gender Research in Psychology, Volume 1. New York; London: Springer Publishing. p. 486. ISBN 9781441914651. OCLC 647897357. Archived from the original on 15 May 2022. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Transgender is a broad term characterized by a challenge of traditional gender roles and gender identity […] For example, some cultures classify transgender individuals as a third gender, thereby treating this phenomenon as normative.
^ Reisner, S. L.; Conron, K.; Scout, N.; Mimiaga, M. J.; Haneuse, S.; Austin, S. B. (13 March 2014). «Comparing In-Person and Online Survey Respondents in the U.S. National Transgender Discrimination Survey: Implications for Transgender Health Research». LGBT Health. 1 (2): 98–106. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2013.0018. PMID 26789619. Archived from the original on 23 October 2021. Retrieved 14 May 2022. Transgender was defined broadly to cover those who transition from one gender to another as well as those who may not choose to socially, medically, or legally fully transition, including cross-dressers, people who consider themselves to be genderqueer, androgynous, and…
^ «Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Transgender Health: Transgender Persons». CDC. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. September 29, 2020. Archived from the original on 18 February 2021. Retrieved 21 November 2020.
^ Blank, Paula (2014-09-24). «Will the Word «Cisgender» Ever Go Mainstream?». The Atlantic. Archived from the original on 2018-05-13. Retrieved 2021-08-14.
^ Factsheet: Trans People in the UK (PDF) (Report). gov.uk. 3 July 2018. ISBN 9781786556738. Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ «Transgender». Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 2022-06-14.
^ Easton, Rob (27 April 2022). «‘Historic’ census data sheds light on number of trans and non-binary people for the first time». CBC.ca. Archived from the original on 27 April 2022. Retrieved 29 May 2022.
^ «Why transgender people are being sterilised in some European countries». The Economist. Archived from the original on 2018-03-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
^ «What Percentage of the Population is Transgender 2022». worldpopulationreview.com. Archived from the original on 2022-05-22. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
^ «Counting Trans Populations | Division of Prevention Science». prevention.ucsf.edu. Archived from the original on 2022-05-13. Retrieved 2022-05-22.
^ Lombardi, Emilia L.; Anne Wilchins, Riki; Priesing, Dana; Malouf, Diana (October 2008). «Gender Violence: Transgender Experiences with Violence and Discrimination». Journal of Homosexuality. 42 (1): 89–101. doi:10.1300/J082v42n01_05. PMID 11991568. S2CID 34886642.
^ ^a ^b ^c «Groundbreaking Report Reflects Persistent Discrimination Against Transgender Community». Gay and Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. February 4, 2011. Archived from the original on August 3, 2011. Retrieved December 14, 2021.
^ Bradford, Judith; Reisner, Sari L.; Honnold, Julie A.; Xavier, Jessica (2013). «Experiences of Transgender-Related Discrimination and Implications for Health: Results From the Virginia Transgender Health Initiative Study». American Journal of Public Health. 103 (10): 1820–1829. doi:10.2105/AJPH.2012.300796. PMC 3780721. PMID 23153142.
^ ^a ^b Whittle, Stephen (2002). Respect and equality : transsexual and transgender rights. London Portland, OR: Cavendish Pub. ISBN 978-1-85941-743-0. OCLC 810082841.
^ DiGuglielmo, Joey (11 May 2016). «Querry: Bianca Rey». Washington Blade. Archived from the original on 7 October 2020. Retrieved 28 November 2020.
^ Griggs, Brandon (1 June 2015). «America’s transgender moment». CNN. Archived from the original on 9 March 2022. Retrieved 28 November 2020. Hayden Mora, deputy chief of staff at the Human Rights Campaign and a transgender man….
^ Polly, Nicole J (2011). «Understanding the transsexual patient: culturally sensitive care in emergency nursing practice». Advanced Emergency Nursing Journal. 33 (1): 55–64. doi:10.1097/TME.0b013e3182080ef4. PMID 21317698. S2CID 2481961.
^ Hirschfeld, Magnus; «Die intersexuelle Konstitution» in Jahrbuch für sexuelle Zwischenstufen 1923.
^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott. OCLC 264364221. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
^ «Answers to your questions about transgender people». www.apa.org. American Psychological Association. 2014. Archived from the original on 15 September 2022. Retrieved 21 September 2022. According to the APA Style guide, the term «transsexual» is largely outdated…
^ Mills, Robert (2015). Seeing Sodomy in the Middle Ages. The University of Chicago Press. ISBN 9780226169262. Indeed, it is arguably only since the 1990s, with the coining of the umbrella term «transgender,» that gender variance has come to be understood, in certain activist and institutional settings, as being ontologically different from homosexuality.
^ Transgender rights. Phyllis Randolph Frye, Paisley Currah, Richard M. Juang, Shannon Minter. Minneapolis. 2006. ISBN 0-8166-4311-3. OCLC 68221085. From signifying a subject position between cross-dresser and transsexual, the meaning of transgender expanded radically in the early 1990s to include them, along with other cross-gender practices and identities.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
^ Oliven, John F. (1965). Sexual hygiene and pathology: a manual for the physician and the professions. Lippincott. Archived from the original on 2020-10-02. Retrieved 2020-08-22.
^ Oliven, John F. (1965). «Sexual Hygiene and Pathology». The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 250 (2): 235. doi:10.1097/00000441-196508000-00054.: «Where the compulsive urge reaches beyond female vestments, and becomes an urge for gender («sex») change, transvestism becomes «transsexualism.» The term is misleading; actually, «transgenderism» is what is meant, because sexuality is not a major factor in primary transvestism. Psychologically, the transsexual often differs from the simple cross-dresser; he is conscious at all times of a strong desire to be a woman, and the urge can be truly consuming.», p. 514
^ Rawson, K. J.; Williams, Cristan (2014). «Transgender: The Rhetorical Landscape of a term». Present Tense: A Journal of Rhetoric in Society. 3 (2). Archived from the original on 2017-05-15. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
^ ^a ^b Elkins, Richard; King, Dave (2006). The Transgender Phenomenon. Sage. pp. 13–14. ISBN 978-0-7619-7163-4. Archived from the original on 2015-09-26.
^ Ekins, Richard; King, Dave (1999). «Towards a Sociology of Transgendered Bodies». The Sociological Review. 47 (3): 580–602. doi:10.1111/1467-954X.00185. S2CID 144738527. Virginia Prince pioneered the term ‘transgenderist’ and ‘transgenderal’ (Prince, 1976: 145) to refer to people who lived full-time in the gender opposite their biological sex, but did not seek sex/gender re-assignment surgery. Richard Ekins established the Trans-Gender Archive, at the University of Ulster, in 1986 (Ekins, 1988). The term was chosen to provide an umbrella concept which avoided such medical categories as transsexual and transvestite; which included the widest possible range of transgender phenomena; and which took the sociological view that aspects of sex, sexuality and gender (not just gender), including the binary divide, all have socially constructed components. Not long afterwards, the ‘transgender community’ came to be used as an umbrella term to include transsexuals, transvestites, transgenderists, drag queens, and so on, as well as (in some uses) to include their partners and friends and professional service providers.
^ The Radio Times (1979: 2 June)
^ Peo, TV-TS Tapestry Board of Advisors, Roger E (1984). «The ‘Origins’ and ‘Cures’ for Transgender Behavior». The TV-TS Tapestry. No. 2. Archived from the original on 7 April 2012. Retrieved 28 May 2012.
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^ various (2006) «trans·ves·tite… (plural trans·ves·tites), noun. Definition: somebody who dresses like opposite sex:» in Definition of the word «transvestite» Archived 2007-11-09 at the Wayback Machine from the Encarta World English Dictionary (North American Edition) Archived April 10, 2011, at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
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^ Green, E., Peterson, E.N. (2006) «…The preferred term is ‘cross-dresser’, but the term ‘transvestite’ is still used in a positive sense in England…» in LGBTTSQI Terminology Archived 2013-09-05 at the Wayback Machine from Trans-Academics.org Archived 2007-04-24 at the Wayback Machine. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
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^ ^a ^b APA task force (1994) «…The paraphiliac focus of Transvestic Fetishism involves cross-dressing. Usually the male with Transvestic Fetishism keeps a collection of female clothes that he intermittently uses to cross-dress. While cross dressed, he usually masturbates…» in DSM-IV: Sections 302.3 Archived 2007-02-11 at the Wayback Machine published by the American Psychiatric Association. Retrieved 2007-08-13.
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^
- «There is a paucity of literature.» Danker et al. 2018
- «We urgently need systematic data on this point in order to inform best practice clinical care.» Zucker 2019
^ «The research on outcomes post-transition is mixed at best.» Marchiano 2017
^ «[R]esearch in this field is extremely controversial.» Danker et al. 2018
^ «Detransitioning after surgical interventions … is exceedingly rare….Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options.» Clark-Flory 2015
^
Detransition estimates:
- «Detransitioning after surgical interventions … is exceedingly rare. Research has often put the percentage of regret between 1 and 2% … Detransitioning is actually far more common in the stages before surgery, when people are still exploring their options. ‘There are people who take hormones and then decide to go off hormones,’ says Randi Ettner, a therapist who has served on the board of the World Professional Association for Transgender Health. ‘That is not uncommon.‘» Clark-Flory 2015
- «There were 15 (5 [female-to-male] and 10 [male-to-female]) regret applications corresponding to a 2.2% regret rate for both sexes. There was a significant decline of regrets over the time period.» (Dhejne et al. define «regret» as «application for reversal of the legal gender status among those who were sex reassigned» which «gives the person the right to treatment to reverse the body as much as possible.»), «the median time lag until applying for a reversal was 8 years.» Dhejne et al. 2014
^ Hall, R.; Mitchell, L.; Sachdeva, J. (1 October 2021). «Access to care and frequency of detransition among a cohort discharged by a UK national adult gender identity clinic: retrospective case-note review». BJPsych Open. 7 (6): e184. doi:10.1192/bjo.2021.1022. ISSN 2056-4724. PMC 8503911. PMID 34593070. Rates of detransitioning are unknown, with estimates ranging from less than 1% to 8%.
^ ^a ^b Turban, Jack L.; Loo, Stephanie S.; Almazan, Anthony N.; Keuroghlian, Alex S. (2021-06-01). «Factors Leading to «Detransition» Among Transgender and Gender Diverse People in the United States: A Mixed-Methods Analysis». LGBT Health. 8 (4): 273–280. doi:10.1089/lgbt.2020.0437. ISSN 2325-8292. PMC 8213007. PMID 33794108.
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