Как пишется якутский язык

Yakut
Saxa tıla
саха тыла saxa tıla
Pronunciation	[saχa tɯla]
Native to	Russia
Region	Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Amur Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Evenkiysky District)
Ethnicity	Yakuts
Native speakers	450,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Siberian Turkic Northern Siberian Yakut
Writing system	Cyrillic (formerly Latin and Cyrillic-based)
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Yakutia
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sah
ISO 639-3	sah
Glottolog	yaku1245
ELP	Yakut
Sakha language   Dolgan language
Yakut is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Yakut ^[2], also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла), is a Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.

Classification[edit]

Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor, Tuvan and Dolgan. Like most Turkic languages, Yakut has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb. Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages.^[3]

Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early.^[4] Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low.^[5] Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic, such as the preservation of long vowels.^[6]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan, a close relative of Yakut, considered by some a dialect of Yakut,^[7] is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region. Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans, Evenks, Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census.^[8]

Phonology[edit]

See also: § Orthography

Consonants[edit]

Yakut has the following consonants phonemes,^[9] where the IPA value is provided in slashes ‘//’ and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses.

• /n, t, d/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, d̪], whereas /s, l, ɾ/ are alveolar [s, l, ɾ].
• The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography, where both are written as ⟨й⟩. Thus айыы can be ayïï [ajiː] ‘deed, creation, work’ or aỹïï [aȷ̃iː] ‘sin, transgression.’^[10] The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ has a very restricted distribution, appearing in very few words.^[11]
• /ɾ/ is pronounced as a flap /ɾ/ between vowels, e.g. орон (oron) [oɾon] ‘place’, and as a trill at the end of words, e.g. тур (tur) [tur] ‘stand’.^[12][13]
  • /ɾ/ does not occur at the beginning of words in native Yakut words; borrowed Russian words with onset /ɾ/ are usually rendered with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. Russian рама (rama) > Yakut араама (araama) ‘frame’.

Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages. Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants. Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have the palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Consonant assimilation[edit]

Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation, both progressive and regressive.^[14][15] All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs. For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G, B, T, and L. Examples of each are provided in the following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut ‘y’all’s child’), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut, ‘our child’), -TA (partitive case suffix, tiiste ‘some teeth’), -LARA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro ‘their child’). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and the below section).

There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [t]-final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at ‘horse’ > akkït ‘y’all’s horse’, > appït ‘our horse’.

Debuccalization[edit]

Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox, both meaning «not»).^{[clarification needed]} The historical change of *s > h, known as debuccalization, is a common sound-change across the world’s languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt ‘milk’ < *süt.^[16] Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic, and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in the related Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish, and Manx).

Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme /s/ becomes [h]. For example the /s/ in кыыс (kïïs) ‘girl’ becomes [h] between vowels:^[17]

Vowels[edit]

Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels,^[a] and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme,^[b] as well as the native script bold and romanization in italics:

Vowel harmony[edit]

Like other Turkic languages, a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony. Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин (kelin) ‘back’, all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut’s vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family.^[24] Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in the preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables’ vowels.^[25] There are two main rules of vowel harmony:

1. Frontness/backness harmony:
   1. Front vowels are always followed by front vowels.
   2. Back vowels are always followed by back vowels.
2. Rounding harmony:
   1. Unrounded vowels are always followed by unrounded vowels.
   2. Close rounded vowels always occur after close rounded vowels.
   3. Open unrounded vowels do not assimilate in rounding with close rounded vowels.

The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern:^[26] Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel).

Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m:^[27] as in (a):

The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A^[28] in (b):

Orthography[edit]

After three earlier phases of development, Yakut is currently written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of all the Russian characters with five additional letters for phonemes not present in Russian: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү, as follows:

Long vowels are represented through the doubling of vowels, e.g. үүт (üüt) /yːt/ ‘milk,’ a practice that many scholars follow in Romanizations of the language.^[29][30][31]

The full Yakut alphabet contains letters for consonant phonemes not present in native words (and thus not indicated in the phonology tables above): the letters В /v/, Е /(j)e/, Ё /jo|/, Ж /ʒ/, З /z/, Ф /f/, Ц /t͡s/, Ш /ʃ/, Щ /ɕː/, Ъ, Ю /ju/, Я /ja/ are used exclusively in Russian loanwords. In addition, in native Yakut words, the soft sign ⟨Ь⟩ is used exclusively in the digraphs ⟨дь⟩ and ⟨нь⟩.

Transliteration[edit]

There are numerous conventions for the Romanization of Yakut. Bibliographic sources and libraries typically use the ALA-LC Romanization tables for non-Slavic languages in Cyrillic script.^[32] Linguists often employ Turkological standards for transliteration,^[33] or a mixture of Turkological standards and the IPA.^[22] In addition, others employ Turkish orthography.^[34] Comparison of some of these systems can be seen in the following:

Grammar[edit]

Syntax[edit]

The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; adjective – noun.

Nouns[edit]

Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -лор (-lor), -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -төр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör), or -нор (-nor), depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender.

There is a handful of irregular plural nouns, e.g. уол (uol) ‘boy; son’ > уолаттар (uolattar), кыыс (kïïs) ‘girl; daughter’ > кыыргыттар (kïïrgïttar).

Yakut has eight grammatical cases: nominative (unmarked), accusative -(n)I, dative -GA, partitive -TA, ablative -(t)tan, instrumental -(I)nAn, comitative -LIIn, and comparative -TAAɣAr.^[39] Examples of these are shown in the following table for a vowel-final stem eye ‘peace’ and a consonant-final stem uot ‘fire’:

A notable detail about Yakut case is the absence of the genitive,^[40] a feature which some argue is due to historical contact with Tungusic languages.^[41] Possessors are unmarked, with the possessive relationship only being realized on the possessive suffix on the possessed noun.^[42] For example, in (a) the first-person pronouns are not marked for genitive case; neither do full nominal possessors receive any marking (b):

Pronouns[edit]

Personal pronouns in Yakut distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.

Although nouns have no gender, the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini, ‘he/she’) to refer to human beings and ол (ol, ‘it’) to refer to all other things.^[43]

Questions[edit]

Question words in Yakut remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) ‘what’, ким (kim) ‘who’, хайдах (xajdax) ‘how’, хас (xas) ‘how much; how many’, ханна (xanna) ‘where’, and ханнык (xannïk) ‘which’.

Vocabulary[edit]

Numerals[edit]

Oral and written literature[edit]

The Yakut have a tradition of oral epic in their language called «Olonkho», traditionally performed by skilled performers. The subject matter is based on Yakut mythology and legends. Versions of many Olonkho poems have been written down and translated since the 19th century, but only a very few older performers of the oral Olonkho tradition are still alive. They have begun a program to teach young people to sing this in their language and revive it, though in a modified form.^[44]

The first printing in Yakut was a part of a book by Nicolaas Witsen published in 1692 in Amsterdam.^[45]

In 2005, Marianne Beerle-Moor, director of the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS, was awarded the Order of Civil Valour by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the translation of the New Testament into Yakut.^[46]

Examples[edit]

Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

See also[edit]

• Yakuts
• Dolgan language
• Semyon Novgorodov – the inventor of the first IPA-based Yakut alphabet

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1998). «Historical Aspects of Yakut (Saxa) Phonology». Turkic Languages. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 1–32.
• Antonov, N. K. (1997). Tenshev, E. R. (ed.). Yazyki mira (seriya knig). Indrik (izdatelstvo). pp. 513–524. ISBN 5-85759-061-2. (in Russian)
• Baker, Mark C; Vinokurova, Nadya (2010). «Two modalities of case assignment: case in Sakha». Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. No. 28. p. 5930642.
• Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477710.
• Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 24.
• Kharitonov, L. N. (1947). Samouchitel’ jakutskogo jazyka. Jakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. (in Russian)
• Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3. (in Turkish)
• Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
• Menz, Astrid; Monastyrev, Vladimir (2022). «Yakut». In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages: Second Edition. Routledge. pp. 444–59. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-0-415-73856-9. S2CID 243795171.
• Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). «Romanization Conventions». In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. lii–lxxxii.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte; Stapert, Eugénie (2020). «Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic Languages». In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–45. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
• Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexicon and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
• Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). «Yakut». In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
• Ubryatova, E.I., ed. (1980). Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
• Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.

External links[edit]

[edit]

• Yakut Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
• Yakut thematic vocabulary lists
• [2]
• «Comparison of Yakut and Mongolian vocabulary». Archived from the original on February 5, 2008.
• Yakut texts with Russian translations in the Internet Archive – heroic poetry, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, etc.
• Sakhalyy suruk – Yakut Unicode fonts and Keyboard Layouts for PC
• Sakhatyla.ru – On-line Yakut–Russian, Russian–Yakut dictionary
• Yakut–English Dictionary Archived April 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Yakut
• Sakha Open World Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine – MP3’s of Sakha Radio

Content in Yakut[edit]

• Sakha Open World – Орто Дойду Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine – A platform to promote the Yakut Language on the web; News, Lyrics, Music, Fonts, Forum, VideoNews (in Yakut, Unicode)
• Baayaga village website – news and stories about and by the people of Baayaga (in Yakut)
• Kyym.ru – site of Yakut newspaper
• НВК Саха (NVK Sakha) Yakut language news channel on YouTube

Yakut
Saxa tıla
саха тыла saxa tıla
Pronunciation	[saχa tɯla]
Native to	Russia
Region	Yakutia, Magadan Oblast, Amur Oblast, Krasnoyarsk Krai (Evenkiysky District)
Ethnicity	Yakuts
Native speakers	450,000 (2010 census)[1]
Language family	Turkic Common Turkic Siberian Turkic Northern Siberian Yakut
Writing system	Cyrillic (formerly Latin and Cyrillic-based)
Official status
Official language in	Russia  Yakutia
Language codes
ISO 639-2	sah
ISO 639-3	sah
Glottolog	yaku1245
ELP	Yakut
Sakha language   Dolgan language
Yakut is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World’s Languages in Danger
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Yakut ^[2], also known as Yakutian, Sakha, Saqa or Saxa (Yakut: саха тыла), is a Turkic language spoken by around 450,000 native speakers, primarily the ethnic Yakuts and one of the official languages of Sakha (Yakutia), a federal republic in the Russian Federation.

The Yakut language differs from all other Turkic languages in the presence of a layer of vocabulary of unclear origin (possibly Paleo-Siberian). There is also a large number of words of Mongolian origin related to ancient borrowings, as well as numerous recent borrowings from Russian. Like other Turkic languages and their ancestor Proto-Turkic, Yakut is an agglutinative language and features vowel harmony.

Classification[edit]

Yakut is a member of the Northeastern Common Turkic family of languages, which also includes Shor, Tuvan and Dolgan. Like most Turkic languages, Yakut has vowel harmony, is agglutinative and has no grammatical gender. Word order is usually subject–object–verb. Yakut has been influenced by Tungusic and Mongolian languages.^[3]

Historically, Yakut left the community of Common Turkic speakers relatively early.^[4] Due to this, it diverges in many ways from other Turkic languages and mutual intelligibility between Yakut and other Turkic languages is low.^[5] Nevertheless, Yakut contains many features which are important for the reconstruction of Proto-Turkic, such as the preservation of long vowels.^[6]

Geographic distribution[edit]

Yakut is spoken mainly in the Sakha Republic. It is also used by ethnic Yakuts in Khabarovsk Region and a small diaspora in other parts of the Russian Federation, Turkey, and other parts of the world. Dolgan, a close relative of Yakut, considered by some a dialect of Yakut,^[7] is spoken by Dolgans in Krasnoyarsk Region. Yakut is widely used as a lingua franca by other ethnic minorities in the Sakha Republic – more Dolgans, Evenks, Evens and Yukagirs speak Yakut than their own languages. About 8% of the people of other ethnicities than Yakut living in Sakha claimed knowledge of the Yakut language during the 2002 census.^[8]

Phonology[edit]

See also: § Orthography

Consonants[edit]

Yakut has the following consonants phonemes,^[9] where the IPA value is provided in slashes ‘//’ and the native script value is provided in bold followed by the romanization in parentheses.

• /n, t, d/ are laminal denti-alveolar [n̪, t̪, d̪], whereas /s, l, ɾ/ are alveolar [s, l, ɾ].
• The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ is not distinguished from /j/ in the orthography, where both are written as ⟨й⟩. Thus айыы can be ayïï [ajiː] ‘deed, creation, work’ or aỹïï [aȷ̃iː] ‘sin, transgression.’^[10] The nasal glide /ȷ̃/ has a very restricted distribution, appearing in very few words.^[11]
• /ɾ/ is pronounced as a flap /ɾ/ between vowels, e.g. орон (oron) [oɾon] ‘place’, and as a trill at the end of words, e.g. тур (tur) [tur] ‘stand’.^[12][13]
  • /ɾ/ does not occur at the beginning of words in native Yakut words; borrowed Russian words with onset /ɾ/ are usually rendered with an epenthetic vowel, e.g. Russian рама (rama) > Yakut араама (araama) ‘frame’.

Yakut is in many ways phonologically unique among the Turkic languages. Yakut and the closely related Dolgan language are the only Turkic languages without hushing sibilants. Additionally, no known Turkic languages other than Yakut and Khorasani Turkic have the palatal nasal /ɲ/.

Consonant assimilation[edit]

Consonants at morpheme boundaries undergo extensive assimilation, both progressive and regressive.^[14][15] All suffixes possess numerous allomorphs. For suffixes which begin with a consonant, the surface form of the consonant is conditioned on the stem-final segment. There are four such archiphonemic consonants: G, B, T, and L. Examples of each are provided in the following table for the suffixes -GIt (second-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoɣut ‘y’all’s child’), -BIt (first-person plural possessive suffix, oɣobut, ‘our child’), -TA (partitive case suffix, tiiste ‘some teeth’), -LARA (third-person plural possessive suffix, oɣoloro ‘their child’). Note that the alternation in the vowels is governed by vowel harmony (see the main article and the below section).

There is an additional regular morphophonological pattern for [t]-final stems: they assimilate in place of articulation with an immediately following labial or velar. For example at ‘horse’ > akkït ‘y’all’s horse’, > appït ‘our horse’.

Debuccalization[edit]

Yakut initial s- corresponds to initial h- in Dolgan and played an important operative rule in the development of proto-Yakut, ultimately resulting in initial Ø- < *h- < *s- (example: Dolgan huoq and Yakut suox, both meaning «not»).^{[clarification needed]} The historical change of *s > h, known as debuccalization, is a common sound-change across the world’s languages, being characteristic of such languages as Greek and Indo-Iranian in their development from Proto-Indo-European, as well as such Turkic languages as Bashkir, e.g. höt ‘milk’ < *süt.^[16] Debuccalization of /s/ to /h/ is also found as a diachronic change from Proto-Celtic to Brittonic, and has actually become a synchronic grammaticalised feature called lenition in the related Goidelic languages (Irish, Scottish, and Manx).

Debuccalization is also an active phonological process in modern Yakut. Intervocalically the phoneme /s/ becomes [h]. For example the /s/ in кыыс (kïïs) ‘girl’ becomes [h] between vowels:^[17]

Vowels[edit]

Yakut has twenty phonemic vowels: eight short vowels, eight long vowels,^[a] and four diphthongs. The following table give broad transcriptions for each vowel phoneme,^[b] as well as the native script bold and romanization in italics:

Vowel harmony[edit]

Like other Turkic languages, a characteristic feature of Yakut is progressive vowel harmony. Most root words obey vowel harmony, for example in кэлин (kelin) ‘back’, all the vowels are front and unrounded. Yakut’s vowel harmony in suffixes is the most complex system in the Turkic family.^[24] Vowel harmony is an assimilation process where vowels in one syllable take on certain features of vowels in the preceding syllable. In Yakut, subsequent vowels all take on frontness and all non-low vowels take on lip rounding of preceding syllables’ vowels.^[25] There are two main rules of vowel harmony:

1. Frontness/backness harmony:
   1. Front vowels are always followed by front vowels.
   2. Back vowels are always followed by back vowels.
2. Rounding harmony:
   1. Unrounded vowels are always followed by unrounded vowels.
   2. Close rounded vowels always occur after close rounded vowels.
   3. Open unrounded vowels do not assimilate in rounding with close rounded vowels.

The quality of the diphthongs /ie, ïa, uo, üö/ for the purposes of vowel harmony is determined by the first segment in the diphthong. Taken together, these rules mean that the pattern of subsequent syllables in Yakut is entirely predictable, and all words will follow the following pattern:^[26] Like the consonant assimilation rules above, suffixes display numerous allomorphs determined by the stem they attach to. There are two archiphoneme vowels I (an underlyingly high vowel) and A (an underlyingly low vowel).

Examples of I can be seen in the first-person singular possessive agreement suffix -(I)m:^[27] as in (a):

The underlyingly low vowel phoneme A is represented through the third-person singular agreement suffix -(t)A^[28] in (b):

Orthography[edit]

After three earlier phases of development, Yakut is currently written using the Cyrillic script: the modern Yakut alphabet, established in 1939 by the Soviet Union, consists of all the Russian characters with five additional letters for phonemes not present in Russian: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү, as follows:

Long vowels are represented through the doubling of vowels, e.g. үүт (üüt) /yːt/ ‘milk,’ a practice that many scholars follow in Romanizations of the language.^[29][30][31]

The full Yakut alphabet contains letters for consonant phonemes not present in native words (and thus not indicated in the phonology tables above): the letters В /v/, Е /(j)e/, Ё /jo|/, Ж /ʒ/, З /z/, Ф /f/, Ц /t͡s/, Ш /ʃ/, Щ /ɕː/, Ъ, Ю /ju/, Я /ja/ are used exclusively in Russian loanwords. In addition, in native Yakut words, the soft sign ⟨Ь⟩ is used exclusively in the digraphs ⟨дь⟩ and ⟨нь⟩.

Transliteration[edit]

There are numerous conventions for the Romanization of Yakut. Bibliographic sources and libraries typically use the ALA-LC Romanization tables for non-Slavic languages in Cyrillic script.^[32] Linguists often employ Turkological standards for transliteration,^[33] or a mixture of Turkological standards and the IPA.^[22] In addition, others employ Turkish orthography.^[34] Comparison of some of these systems can be seen in the following:

Grammar[edit]

Syntax[edit]

The typical word order can be summarized as subject – adverb – object – verb; possessor – possessed; adjective – noun.

Nouns[edit]

Nouns have plural and singular forms. The plural is formed with the suffix /-LAr/, which may surface as -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -лор (-lor), -тар (-tar), -тэр (-ter), -төр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör), or -нор (-nor), depending on the preceding consonants and vowels. The plural is used only when referring to a number of things collectively, not when specifying an amount. Nouns have no gender.

There is a handful of irregular plural nouns, e.g. уол (uol) ‘boy; son’ > уолаттар (uolattar), кыыс (kïïs) ‘girl; daughter’ > кыыргыттар (kïïrgïttar).

Yakut has eight grammatical cases: nominative (unmarked), accusative -(n)I, dative -GA, partitive -TA, ablative -(t)tan, instrumental -(I)nAn, comitative -LIIn, and comparative -TAAɣAr.^[39] Examples of these are shown in the following table for a vowel-final stem eye ‘peace’ and a consonant-final stem uot ‘fire’:

A notable detail about Yakut case is the absence of the genitive,^[40] a feature which some argue is due to historical contact with Tungusic languages.^[41] Possessors are unmarked, with the possessive relationship only being realized on the possessive suffix on the possessed noun.^[42] For example, in (a) the first-person pronouns are not marked for genitive case; neither do full nominal possessors receive any marking (b):

Pronouns[edit]

Personal pronouns in Yakut distinguish between first, second, and third persons and singular and plural number.

Although nouns have no gender, the pronoun system distinguishes between human and non-human in the third person, using кини (kini, ‘he/she’) to refer to human beings and ол (ol, ‘it’) to refer to all other things.^[43]

Questions[edit]

Question words in Yakut remain in-situ; they do not move to the front of the sentence. Sample question words include: туох (tuox) ‘what’, ким (kim) ‘who’, хайдах (xajdax) ‘how’, хас (xas) ‘how much; how many’, ханна (xanna) ‘where’, and ханнык (xannïk) ‘which’.

Vocabulary[edit]

Numerals[edit]

Oral and written literature[edit]

The Yakut have a tradition of oral epic in their language called «Olonkho», traditionally performed by skilled performers. The subject matter is based on Yakut mythology and legends. Versions of many Olonkho poems have been written down and translated since the 19th century, but only a very few older performers of the oral Olonkho tradition are still alive. They have begun a program to teach young people to sing this in their language and revive it, though in a modified form.^[44]

The first printing in Yakut was a part of a book by Nicolaas Witsen published in 1692 in Amsterdam.^[45]

In 2005, Marianne Beerle-Moor, director of the Institute for Bible Translation, Russia/CIS, was awarded the Order of Civil Valour by the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) for the translation of the New Testament into Yakut.^[46]

Examples[edit]

Article 1 of Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

See also[edit]

• Yakuts
• Dolgan language
• Semyon Novgorodov – the inventor of the first IPA-based Yakut alphabet

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• Anderson, Gregory D. S. (1998). «Historical Aspects of Yakut (Saxa) Phonology». Turkic Languages. Vol. 2, no. 2. pp. 1–32.
• Antonov, N. K. (1997). Tenshev, E. R. (ed.). Yazyki mira (seriya knig). Indrik (izdatelstvo). pp. 513–524. ISBN 5-85759-061-2. (in Russian)
• Baker, Mark C; Vinokurova, Nadya (2010). «Two modalities of case assignment: case in Sakha». Natural Language and Linguistic Theory. No. 28. p. 5930642.
• Forsyth, James (1994). A History of the Peoples of Siberia: Russia’s North Asian Colony 1581-1990. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521477710.
• Johanson, Lars (2021). Turkic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 20, 24.
• Kharitonov, L. N. (1947). Samouchitel’ jakutskogo jazyka. Jakutskoe knizhnoe izdatel’stvo. (in Russian)
• Kirişçioğlu, M. Fatih (1999). Saha (Yakut) Türkçesi Grameri. Ankara: Türk Dil Kurumu. ISBN 975-16-0587-3. (in Turkish)
• Krueger, John R. (1962). Yakut Manual. Bloomington: Indiana U Press.
• Menz, Astrid; Monastyrev, Vladimir (2022). «Yakut». In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages: Second Edition. Routledge. pp. 444–59. doi:10.4324/9781003243809. ISBN 978-0-415-73856-9. S2CID 243795171.
• Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (2020). «Romanization Conventions». In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. lii–lxxxii.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte (2007). Contact in the prehistory of the Sakha (Yakuts): Linguistic and genetic perspectives (Thesis). Universiteit Leiden.
• Pakendorf, Brigitte; Stapert, Eugénie (2020). «Sakha and Dolgan, the North Siberian Turkic Languages». In Robbeets, Martine; Savalyev, Alexander (eds.). The Oxford Guide to the Transeurasian Languages. Oxford University Press. pp. 430–45. doi:10.1093/oso/9780198804628.003.0027. ISBN 978-0-19-880462-8.
• Petrova, Nyurguyana (2011). Lexicon and Clause-Linkage Properties of the Converbal Constructions in Sakha (Yakut) (Thesis). University of Buffalo.
• Stachowski, Marek; Menz, Astrid (1998). «Yakut». In Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Á. (eds.). The Turkic Languages. Routledge.
• Ubryatova, E.I., ed. (1980). Grammatika sovremennogo jakutskogo literaturnogo jazyka. Moscow: Nauka.
• Vinokurova, Nadezhda (2005). Lexical Categories and Argument Structure: A study with reference to Sakha (Thesis). Universiteit Utrecht.

External links[edit]

[edit]

• Yakut Vocabulary List (from the World Loanword Database)
• Yakut thematic vocabulary lists
• [2]
• «Comparison of Yakut and Mongolian vocabulary». Archived from the original on February 5, 2008.
• Yakut texts with Russian translations in the Internet Archive – heroic poetry, fairy tales, legends, proverbs, etc.
• Sakhalyy suruk – Yakut Unicode fonts and Keyboard Layouts for PC
• Sakhatyla.ru – On-line Yakut–Russian, Russian–Yakut dictionary
• Yakut–English Dictionary Archived April 2, 2022, at the Wayback Machine
• BGN/PCGN romanization tool for Yakut
• Sakha Open World Archived 2006-06-19 at the Wayback Machine – MP3’s of Sakha Radio

Content in Yakut[edit]

• Sakha Open World – Орто Дойду Archived 2017-09-22 at the Wayback Machine – A platform to promote the Yakut Language on the web; News, Lyrics, Music, Fonts, Forum, VideoNews (in Yakut, Unicode)
• Baayaga village website – news and stories about and by the people of Baayaga (in Yakut)
• Kyym.ru – site of Yakut newspaper
• НВК Саха (NVK Sakha) Yakut language news channel on YouTube

Фраза «якутский язык»

Фраза состоит из двух слов и 12 букв без пробелов.

Комментарии

1

Тюркский язык, на котором говорят в Якутии, Россия

Якутский
Саха тыла
саха тыла, saxa tıla
Произношение
Уроженец	России
Регион	Якутия
Этнос	Якуты (перепись 2010 г.)
Носители языка	450,000 ( Перепись 2010 г.)
Языковая семья	Тюркский Общетюркский Сибирский Северный Якутский
Система письма	Кириллица
Официальный статус
Официальный язык в	Россия Якутия
Коды языков
ISO 639-2	sah
ISO 639-3	sah
Glottolog	yaku1245
язык саха Долганский язык
Эта статья содержит фонетические символы IPA. Без надлежащей вместо них вы можете увидеть вопросительные знаки, квадраты или другие символы символов Unicode. Вводное руководство по символам IPA см. .

Якут, также известный как Якутский, Саха, Сака или Сакса — это тюркский язык, на котором говорят около 450 000 носителей языка в Саха (Якутия), федеративной республике в Российской Федерации, от Якутов.

Якутский язык отличается от всех других тюркских языков наличием пласта лексики неясного происхождения (возможно, палеоазиатского). Также имеется большое количество слов монгольского происхождения, связанных с древними заимствованиями, а также многочисленные недавние заимствования из русского. Как и большинство тюркских языков и их предков прототюркский, якутский является агглютинативным языком и использует гармонию гласных.

Содержание

• 1 Классификация
• 2 Географическое распространение
• 3 Фонология
  • 3.1 Согласные
  • 3.2 Гласные
• 4 Орфография
• 5 Грамматика
  • 5.1 Синтаксис
  • 5.2 Существительные
    • 5.2.1 Примечания
  • 5.3 Местоимения
  • 5.4 Вопросы
• 6 Словарь
  • 6.1 Числа
• 7 Литература
• 8 Устные традиции
• 9 Примеры
• 10 См. Также
• 11 Ссылки
• 12 Внешние ссылки
  • 12.1 Язык -связанный
  • 12.2 Содержание якутского

Классификация

Якутский является членом Северо-восточной общетюркской семьи языков, в которую входят шорский, Тувинец и долган помимо якута. Как и большинство тюркских языков, якутский имеет гармонию гласных, является агглютинативным и не имеет грамматического рода. Порядок слов обычно субъект – объект – глагол. На якутский язык оказали влияние тунгусский и монгольский языки.

Географическое распространение

На якутском языке в основном говорят в Республике Саха. Он также используется этническими якутами в Хабаровском крае и небольшой диаспорой в других частях Российской Федерации, Турции и других частях света. Долган, близкий родственник якута, который некоторые считают диалектом, говорят долганы в Красноярском крае. Якут широко используется как lingua franca другими этническими меньшинствами в Республике Саха — подробнее Долганы, эвенки, эвены и юкагиры говорят на якутском, а не на родном языке. Около 8% представителей других национальностей, кроме якутов, проживающих в Саха, заявили о знании якутского языка во время переписи 2002 года.

Фонология

Характерной чертой якутского языка является гармония гласных. Например, если первая гласная якутского слова является гласной переднего ряда, то вторая и другие гласные этого же слова обычно являются той же гласной или другой гласной переднего ряда: кэлин (kelin) «back»: э (e) открыт незакругленный перед, и (i) закрыт перед незакругленным.

Согласные

*На диалектах в северных районах Якутии буква с/s / произносится как / h / в начале слова, а буква дь/ɟ / произносится как / ʎ /, если он стоит после л/l / внутри слова. Эта особенность, вероятно, существует в результате влияния юкагирских языков и / или тунгусских языков.

язык саха (кроме долганского) — единственный тюркский язык без шипящих сибилянтов. Кроме того, саха и тюркский хорасани являются единственными известными тюркскими языками со звонким небно-носовым / ɲ /.

Гласные

Орфография

Якутский язык написан кириллицей : современный Якутский алфавит, установленный в 1939 году Советским Союзом, состоит из обычных русских букв, но с пятью дополнительными буквами: Ҕҕ, Ҥҥ, Өө, Һһ, Үү.

В языке очень фонематическая орфография, за исключением некоторых диалектов. Хотя й может произноситься как / j / или / ȷ̃ / в зависимости от слова, в настоящее время это различие не так актуально.

Якутский алфавит (Saxalıı suruk-biçik):

Грамматика

Синтаксис

Типичный порядок слов можно резюмировать как субъект — наречие — объект — глагол ; владелец — владелец ; существительное — прилагательное.

Существительные

Существительные имеют формы множественного и единственного числа. Множественное число образовано суффиксом / -LAr /, который может выступать как -лар (-lar), -лэр (-ler), -лөр (-lör), -lor (-lor), -тар (-tar)., -тэр (-ter), -тр (-tör), -тор (-tor), -дар (-dar), -дэр (-der), -дөр (-dör), -дор (-dor), -нар (-nar), -нэр (-ner), -нөр (-nör) или -нор (-nor), в зависимости от предшествующих согласных и гласных. Множественное число используется только для обозначения нескольких вещей в совокупности, а не при указании суммы. Существительные не имеют рода.

Примечания

*Существительные также могут быть прилагательными, которые также имеют формы множественного числа. Так, например, улахан большой, а улаханнар большой или, правильно, они большие.

Есть исключения: уол (мальчик) — уол аттар (мальчики) и кыыс (девочка) — кыр гыттар (девочки).

Местоимения

Личные местоимения в якутском языке различают первое, второе и третье лица, а также единственное и множественное число.

Хотя существительные не имеют рода, система местоимений различает человеческое и нечеловеческое в третьем лице, используя кини (kini, ‘он / она ‘) для обозначения людей и ол (ол,’ оно ‘) для обозначения всего остального.

Вопросы

Вопросительные слова на якутском языке остаются в -ситу; они не перемещают в начало предложения. Примерные вопросительные слова включают: туох (tuox) «что», ким (kim) «кто», хайдах (xaydax) «как», хас (xas) «сколько», ханна (xanna) «где» и ханнык (xannık) «который».

Словарь

öğrenci, талебе

чисел

В этой таблице якутские числа записаны в латинской транскрипции (см. Система письма).

Литература

Первое издание на якутском языке было частью книги Николаса Витсена, изданной в 1692 году в Амстердаме.

В 2005 году Марианна Бирл-Моор, директор Института перевода Библии, Россия / СНГ, награжден Орденом Гражданской Доблести Российской Федерации. республике Саха (Якутия) за перевод Нового Завета на якутский.

Устные традиции

У якутов есть традиция устного эпоса на своем языке под названием «Олонхо «, традиционно исполняемые искусными исполнителями. Лишь очень немногие более старые исполнители этой традиции олонхо живы. Они начали программу, чтобы научить молодых людей петь эту песню на своем языке и возродить ее, хотя и в измененной форме.

Примеры

Статья 1 Всеобщей декларации прав человека:

См. также

• Якуты
• Долганский язык
• Семен Новгородов — изобретатель первого якутского алфавита на основе IPA

Литература

Внешние ссылки

язык

• Список якутской лексики (из Всемирной базы данных заимствованных слов)
• Якутские тематические списки лексики
• [3]
• Сравнение якутской и монгольской лексики
• Якутские тексты с русскими переводами в Интернет Архив — героические стихи, сказки, легенды, пословицы и др.
• Сахалий сурук — Якутские шрифты Unicode и раскладки клавиатуры для ПК
• Сахатыла.ру — Он-лайн Якутско-русский, русско-якутский словарь
• Якутско-английский словарь
• Sakha Open World — mp3-файлы Sakha Radio

Якутский контент

• Sakha Open World — Орто Дойду — Платформа продвижение якутского языка в сети; Новости, Тексты, Музыка, Шрифты, Форум, ВидеоНовости (на якутском языке, Unicode )
• Сайт села Баяга — новости и рассказы о народе Бааяга (на якутском языке)
• Kyym.ru — сайт якутской газеты

язык

В Википедии есть статья «якутский язык».

Русский[править]

Тип и синтаксические свойства сочетания[править]

якутский я·зы́к

Устойчивое сочетание (термин). Используется в качестве именной группы.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [ɪ̯ɪˈkut͡skʲɪɪ̯ ɪ̯ɪˈzɨk]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. язык якутов, один из тюркских языков, официальный язык Якутии ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

Антонимы[править]

1. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. язык

Гипонимы[править]

Перевод[править]

Статья нуждается в доработке. Это незаконченная статья. Вы можете помочь проекту, исправив и дополнив её. В частности, следует уточнить сведения о: семантике (См. Общепринятые правила).

язык, язык якутов, живущих в Якутской АССР, в смежных районах Красноярского, Хабаровского краев, Амурской, Иркутской, Магаданской, Читинской области РСФСР, а также долган (Таймырский автономный округ), много эвенов и эвенков. Общее число говорящих на Я. я. около 300 тыс. человек. Относится к тюркским языкам , однако длительное взаимодействие с эвенкийским, монгольским и другими языками обусловило большое своеобразие фонетики, лексики и отчасти грамматики Я. я. Будучи языком агглютинативным, он имеет и элементы аналитизма. Для фонетики характерно наличие первичных долгих гласных и дифтонгов (‘ыа’, ‘уо’, ‘иэ’, ‘уq’). Помимо общетюркских падежей (винительный, дательный, исходный), имеются падежи, возникшие на якутской почве (частный, творительный, сравнительный, совместный, он же оформитель однородных членов -лыын). В основе спрягаемых форм лежат древние причастия (-ар~ -ыыр, -бат~ -оыт, -тах, -батах, -ыа, -аай). Письменность с 1922: сначала алфавит С. А. Новгородова на основе международной фонетической транскрипции, уточнённый в 1924; с 1929 латинизированный алфавит; с 1939 алфавит на основе русской графики.Лит.: Харитонов Л. Н., Современный якутский язык, ч. 1 — Фонетика и морфология, Якутск, 1947; Убрятова Е. И., Исследования по синтаксису якутского языка, т. 1-2 (кн. 1-
2), М. — Л. — Новосиб., 1950-76; Дьячковский Н. Д., Звуковой строй якутского языка, ч. 1-2, Якутск, 1971-77; Пекарский Э. К., Словарь якутского языка, 2 изд., т, 1-3, в. 1-13, [М.], 1958; Bohtlingk O., Uber die Sprache der Jakuten, Bd 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1848-

51. Е. И. Убрятова.