Как пишутся названия игральных карт

Колода игральных карт — это набор из 36 или 54 карт, предназначенных для карточных игр.

Описание

Карточные колоды бывают полные и сокращённые. Разделяют пластиковые и атласные (бумажные высокого качества).

Полная колода

Полная колода состоит из 54 карт: тузов, двоек, троек, четвёрок, пятёрок, шестёрок, семёрок, восьмёрок, девяток, десяток, вальтов, дам, королей и двух джокеров.

Полная колода подходит для всех карточных игр.

Сокращённая колода

Сокращённая колода насчитывает 36 карт. Минимальная карта — шестёрка. Джокеров в сокращённой колоде нет.

Сокращённая колода подходит для большинства карточных игр.

Варианты стандартной колоды

Стандартная колода состоит из 54 карт:

• 52 основные карты характеризуются одной из четырёх мастей (двух цветов) и одним из 13 достоинств.
• 2 специальные карты, так называемые джокеры, обычно различающиеся по рисунку.

Колода карт:

• 54 карты (максимальная колода, начинается с тузов до джокера)
• 52 карты (колода, начинается с двоек до туза),
• 48 карт (колода, начинается с троек до туза),
• 44 карты (средняя колода, начинается с четвёрок до туза),
• 40 карт (колода, начинается с пятёрок до туза),
• 36 карт (колода, начинается с шестёрок до туза),
• 32 карты (минимальная колода, начинается с семёрок до туза).

для игры в тысячу используется колода из 24 карт http://www.casinoobzor.ru/html/rules/pravila_igry_tysyacha_1000.php

Другие виды колод

В разных странах используют разные колоды. Самые известные:

• Итало-испанская колода
• Немецкая колода
• Стандартная колода
• Швейцарская колода
• Атласная колода

Масти

Названия мастей (литературным является только первое указанное):

• ♠ — пики (вины, вини)
• ♣ — трефы (крести, кресты, желуди, жыр)
• ♥ — червы (черви, жиры, любовные)
• ♦ — бубны (бубни, буби, звонки).

Карты пиковой и трефовой масти называются чёрными, а червовой и бубновой — красными.

В других языках

Английские названия карт и мастей

• Трефы — clubs
• Бубны — diamonds
• Червы — hearts
• Пики — spades

Достоинства:

• «В» = «J» — Jack
• «Д» = «Q» — Queen
• «К» = «K» — King
• «Т» = «A» — Ace

Карты младше десятки именуются по численному обозначению (two, three, .. ten), а также по прозвищам: двойка — «deuce», тройка — «trey».

Французские названия карт и мастей

• Трефы — trèfles
• Бубны — carreaux
• Червы — cœurs
• Пики — piques

Достоинства:

• «В» = «V» — Valet
• «Д» = «D» — Dame
• «К» = «R» — Roi
• «Т» = «A» — As

Польские названия карт и мастей

• Трефы — trefl, żołądź [трэфль, жо́ўоньдьжь]
• Бубны — karo, dzwonek [ка́ро, дзво́нэк]
• Червы — czerwień, kier [чэ́рвень, кер]
• Пики — pik, wino [пик, ви́но]

Достоинства:

• «В» = «J» — walet, Jopek [ва́лет, йо́пэк]
• «Д» = «Q» — dama [да́ма]
• «К» = «K» — król [круль]
• «Т» = «A» — As [ас]

Значения

Все карты

• Числовые (фоски) (9): двойка (обозначение 2), тройка, четвёрка, пятёрка, шестёрка, семёрка, восьмёрка, девятка, десятка.
• Картинки, бродвейные карты (фигуры или онёры, от англ. honour — честь) (3): валет (обозначение В или J — англ. Jack), дама (обозначение Д или Q — англ. Queen), король (обозначение К или K — англ. King), туз (обозначение Т или A — англ. Ace).

Принятый порядок (старшинство, последовательность) карт: туз (самая младшая карта), двойка, тройка, …, король, джокер. Во многих играх туз является самой старшей картой. В некоторых играх старшинство карт другое. Например, в немецкой колоде и итало-испанской колоде совершенно отсутствуют дамы, их место занимают «старшие валеты» или всадники. В карточной игре «Малые Тароки» присутствует колода являющаяся, по сути, полным набором Малых Арканов Таро, но с европейским обозначением мастей. Чуть ли не ежегодно на рынке появляются все новые колоды карт, в небольших деталях отличающиеся от классических, как по количеству онеров, так и по мастевому обозначению, количество мастей также может быть иным. Форма самих карт тоже может быть самой разнообразной: уже никого не удивят круглые и овальные игральные карты! Форма чаще всего просто приближена к симметричной, от равностороннего треугольника до амебоподобной.

Старшие карты

Старшие карты

№	Илл.	Имя	Описание и значение
1		Джокер	На карте изображён шут — цветной или чёрно-белый. Самая сильная карта в колоде.
2		Туз	На карте изображён один знак масти и две буквы «Т»
3		Король (игральная) карта	Червовый король — изображён в красной мантии, с мечом и символом королевской власти в руке Бубновый король — изображён в тюрбане и арабском одеянии. Держит в руках скипетр с полумесяцем Пиковый король — изображён в красной мантии и китайской короне. Держит в руках скипетр. Крестовый король — изображён в синей мантии и со скипетром в руках.
4		Дама	Каждая из дам изображена в красном платье и шали. В руках у них по цветку, а на голову надета корона.
5		Валет	На каждого из валетов надеты рубашка и шапка. В руках они держат алебарды.

Ссылки

• Всё о картах

In playing cards, a suit is one of the categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each card bears one of several pips (symbols) showing to which suit it belongs; the suit may alternatively or additionally be indicated by the color printed on the card. The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it, except on face cards. Ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game. In a single deck, there is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit. A deck may include special cards that belong to no suit, often called jokers.

While English-speaking countries traditionally use cards with the French suits of Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds, many other countries have their own traditional suits. Much of central Europe uses German suited cards with suits of Acorns, Leaves, Hearts and Bells; Spain and parts of Italy and South America use Spanish suited cards with their suits of Swords, Batons, Cups and Coins; German Switzerland uses Swiss suited cards with Acorns, Shields, yellow Roses and Bells; and many parts of Italy use Italian suited cards which have the same suits but different patterns compared with Spanish suited cards. Asian countries such as China and Japan also have their own traditional suits. Tarot card packs have a set of distinct picture cards alongside the traditional four suits.

History[edit]

Modern Western playing cards are generally divided into two or three general suit-systems. The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit-systems. The younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit-systems. The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are generally considered a separate system.^[1][2]

Origin and development of the Latin suits[edit]

Latin card suits

Italian[a]	Cups (Coppe)	Coins (Denari)	Clubs (Bastoni)	Swords (Spade)
Spanish[b]	Cups (Copas)	Coins (Oros)	Clubs (Bastos)	Swords (Espadas)

The earliest card games were trick-taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games. A card of one suit cannot beat a card from another regardless of its rank. The concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow.

Chinese money-suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit-system. The money-suit system is based on denominations of currency: Coins, Strings of Coins, Myriads of Strings (or of coins), and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together. A string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them.

By then the Islamic world had spread into Central Asia and had contacted China, and had adopted playing cards. The Muslims renamed the suit of myriads as cups; this may have been due to seeing a Chinese character for «myriad» (万) upside-down. The Chinese numeral character for Ten (十) on the Tens of Myriads suit may have inspired the Muslim suit of swords.^[3] Another clue linking these Chinese, Muslim, and European cards are the ranking of certain suits. In many early Chinese games like Madiao, the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones. In the Indo-Persian game of Ganjifa, half the suits were also inverted, including a suit of coins. This was also true for the European games of Tarot and Ombre. The inverting of suits had no purpose in terms of play but was an artifact from the earliest games.

These Turko-Arabic cards, called Kanjifa, used the suits coins, clubs, cups, and swords, but the clubs represented polo sticks; Europeans changed that suit, as polo was an obscure sport to them.

The Latin suits are coins, clubs, cups, and swords. They are the earliest suit-system in Europe, and were adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s.

There are four types of Latin suits: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,^[c] and an extinct archaic type.^[4][5] The systems can be distinguished by the pips of their long suits: swords and clubs.

• Northern Italian swords are curved outward and the clubs appear to be batons. They intersect one another.
• Southern Italian and Spanish swords are straight, and the clubs appear to be knobbly cudgels. They do not cross each other (The common exception being the three of clubs).
• Portuguese pips are like the Spanish, but they intersect like Northern Italian ones. They sometimes have dragons on the aces.^[6] This system lingers on only in the Tarocco Siciliano and the Unsun Karuta of Japan.
• The archaic system^[d] is like the Northern Italian one, but the swords are curved inward so they touch each other without intersecting.^[7][8]
• Minchiate (a game that used a 97-card deck) used a mixed system of Italian clubs and Portuguese swords.

Despite a long history of trade with China, Japan was not introduced to playing cards until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 1540s. Early locally made cards, Karuta, were very similar to Portuguese decks. Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling, card playing, and general foreign influence, resulted in the Hanafuda card deck that today is used most often for fishing-type games. The role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched, so the hanafuda deck has 12 suits, each representing a month of the year, and each suit has 4 cards, most often two normal, one Ribbon and one Special (though August, November and December each differ uniquely from this convention).

Invention of German and French suits[edit]

Comparison of German, French and Swiss suits^[e]

Swiss-German[f]	Roses[g]	Bells[h]	Acorns[i]	Shields[j]
German	Hearts[k]	Bells[l]	Acorns[m]	Leaves[n]
French	Hearts	Tiles (Diamonds)	Clovers (Clubs)[o]	Pikes (Spades)[p]

During the 15th-century, manufacturers in German speaking lands experimented with various new suit systems to replace the Latin suits. One early deck had five suits, the Latin ones with an extra suit of shields.^[9] The Swiss-Germans developed their own suits of shields, roses, acorns, and bells around 1450.^[10] Instead of roses and shields, the Germans settled with hearts and leaves around 1460. The French derived their suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs ♣), carreaux (tiles or diamonds ♦), cœurs (hearts ♥), and piques (pikes or spades ♠) from the German suits around 1480. French suits correspond closely with German suits with the exception of the tiles with the bells but there is one early French deck that had crescents instead of tiles. The English names for the French suits of clubs and spades may simply have been carried over from the older Latin suits.^[11]

Tarot cards[edit]

Beginning around 1440 in northern Italy, some decks started to include an extra suit of (usually) 21 numbered cards known as trionfi or trumps, to play tarot card games.^[12] Always included in tarot decks is one card, the Fool or Excuse, which may be part of the trump suit depending on the game or region. These cards do not have pips or face cards like the other suits. Most tarot decks used for games come with French suits but Italian suits are still used in Piedmont, Bologna, and pockets of Switzerland. A few Sicilian towns use the Portuguese-suited Tarocco Siciliano, the only deck of its kind left in Europe.

The esoteric use of Tarot packs emerged in France in the late 18th century, since when special packs intended for divination have been produced. These typically have the suits cups, pentacles (based on the suit of coins), wands (based on the suit of batons), and swords. The trump cards and Fool of traditional card playing packs were named the Major Arcana; the remaining cards, often embellished with occult images, were the Minor Arcana. Neither term is recognised by card players.^[13][14]

Suits in games with traditional decks[edit]

Trumps[edit]

In a large and popular category of trick-taking games, one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards, and automatically prevail over them, losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick.^[15] Non-trump suits are called plain suits.^[16]

Special suits[edit]

Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others. A simple example is Spades, which uses spades as a permanent trump suit. A less simple example is Hearts, which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts. With typical rules for Hearts (rules vary slightly) the queen of spades and the two of clubs (sometimes also the jack of diamonds) have special effects, with the result that all four suits have different strategic value. Tarot decks have a dedicated trump suit.

Chosen suits[edit]

Games of the Karnöffel Group have between one and four chosen suits, sometimes called selected suits or, misleadingly, trump suits. The chosen suits are typified by having a disrupted ranking and cards with varying privileges which may range from full to none and which may depend on the order they are played to the trick. For example, chosen Sevens may be unbeatable when led, but otherwise worthless. In Swedish Bräus some cards are even unplayable. In games where the number of chosen suits is less than four, the others are called unchosen suits and usually rank in their natural order.

Ranking of suits[edit]

Whist-style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank, because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump. However, some card games also need to define relative suit rank. An example of this is in auction games such as bridge, where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks, there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order.

There is no standard order for the four suits and so there are differing conventions among games that need a suit hierarchy. Examples of suit order are (from highest to lowest):

• Bridge (for bidding and scoring) and occasionally poker: ♠, ♥, ♦, ♣.
• Preferans: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠. Only used for bidding.
• Préférence: ♥, ♦, ♠, ♣ or , , , . Only used for bidding.
• Five Hundred: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠ (for bidding and scoring)
• Ninety-nine: ♣, ♥, ♠, ♦ (supposedly mnemonic as they have respectively 3, 2, 1, 0 lobes; see article for how this scoring is used)
• Skat: ♣, ♠, ♥, ♦; or , , , (for bidding and to determine which Jack beats which in play)
• Cego: ♣, ♠, ♥, ♦ (for determining highest card in certain situations)
• Big Two: ♠, ♥, ♣, ♦
• Thirteen: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠.

Pairing or ignoring suits[edit]

The pairing of suits is a vestigial remnant of Ganjifa, a game where half the suits were in reverse order, the lower cards beating the higher. In Ganjifa, progressive suits were called «strong» while inverted suits were called «weak». In Latin decks, the traditional division is between the long suits of swords and clubs and the round suits of cups and coins. This pairing can be seen in Ombre and Tarot card games. German and Swiss suits lack pairing but French suits maintained them and this can be seen in the game of Spoil Five.^[17]

In some games, such as blackjack, suits are ignored. In other games, such as Canasta, only the color (red or black) is relevant. In yet others, such as bridge, each of the suit pairings are distinguished.

In contract bridge, there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs: by color, by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations.

• Color is used to denote the red suits (hearts and diamonds) and the black suits (spades and clubs).
• Rank is used to indicate the major (spades and hearts) versus minor (diamonds and clubs) suits.
• Shape is used to denote the pointed (diamonds and spades, which visually have a sharp point uppermost) versus rounded (hearts and clubs) suits. This is used in bridge as a mnemonic.

Four-color suits[edit]

Some decks, while using the French suits, give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other. In bridge, such decks are known as no-revoke decks, and the most common colors are black spades, red hearts, blue diamonds and green clubs, although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow-orange. A pack occasionally used in Germany uses green spades (comparable to leaves), red hearts, yellow diamonds (comparable to bells) and black clubs (comparable to acorns). This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany (who used German suits) and West Germany (who adopted the French suits) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification.^[18]

Other suited decks[edit]

Suited-and-ranked decks[edit]

A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a rank and a suit (usually represented by a color), and for each suit there is exactly one card having each rank, though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well. Examples include Mü und Mehr, Lost Cities, DUO, Sticheln, Rage, Schotten Totten, UNO, Phase 10, Oh-No!, Skip-Bo, Roodles, and Rook.

Other modern decks[edit]

Decks for some games are divided into suits, but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games. An example would be the board game Taj Mahal, in which each card has one of four background colors, the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color. The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player’s choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand.

In the trick-taking card game Flaschenteufel («The Bottle Imp»), all cards are part of a single sequence ranked from 1 to 37 but split into three suits depending on its rank. players must follow the suit led, but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its rank is high enough. For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties. A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low-ranking cards and another, mostly high-ranking cards.

Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications—suit and rank—and each combination is represented by one card, giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards, each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories, giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards. Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit, but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game.

Uses of playing card suit symbols[edit]

Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing:

• The four suits were famously employed by the United States’ 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments:
  • Clubs (♣) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team.
  • Diamonds (♦) identified the 501st PIR. 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade (ABN), 25th Infantry Division in Alaska; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade.
  • Hearts (♥) identified the 502nd PIR;^[19] currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team.
  • Spades (♠) identified the 506th PIR; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team.

Character encodings[edit]

In computer and other digital media, suit symbols can be represented with character encoding, notably in the ISO and Unicode standards, or with Web standard (SGML’s named entity syntax):

Playing card characters in Unicode

UTF code:	U+2660 (9824dec)	U+2665 (9829dec)	U+2666 (9830dec)	U+2663 (9827dec)
Symbol:	♠	♥	♦	♣
Name:	Black Spade Suit	Red Heart Suit	Red Diamond Suit	Black Club Suit
Entity:	♠	♥	♦	♣
UTF code:	U+2664 (9828dec)	U+2661 (9825dec)	U+2662 (9826dec)	U+2667 (9831dec)
Symbol:	♤	♡	♢	♧
Name:	White Spade Suit	White Heart Suit	White Diamond Suit	White Club Suit
UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point «U+hexadecimal number» syntax, and as subscript the respective decimal number. Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser’s HTML renderization. Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications.

Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard, and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block (2600–26FF) of the Unicode.

Metaphorical uses[edit]

In some card games the card suits have a dominance order, for example: club (lowest) — diamond — heart — spade (highest). That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected, in abundance, very much.^[20]

In European games, the order is often different: diamond or bell (lowest) — heart — spade or leaf — club or acorn (highest). See, for example, the game of Bruus.

Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit (any area of personal strength) and to follow suit (to imitate another’s actions).

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

In playing cards, a suit is one of the categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each card bears one of several pips (symbols) showing to which suit it belongs; the suit may alternatively or additionally be indicated by the color printed on the card. The rank for each card is determined by the number of pips on it, except on face cards. Ranking indicates which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific card game. In a single deck, there is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit. A deck may include special cards that belong to no suit, often called jokers.

While English-speaking countries traditionally use cards with the French suits of Clubs, Spades, Hearts and Diamonds, many other countries have their own traditional suits. Much of central Europe uses German suited cards with suits of Acorns, Leaves, Hearts and Bells; Spain and parts of Italy and South America use Spanish suited cards with their suits of Swords, Batons, Cups and Coins; German Switzerland uses Swiss suited cards with Acorns, Shields, yellow Roses and Bells; and many parts of Italy use Italian suited cards which have the same suits but different patterns compared with Spanish suited cards. Asian countries such as China and Japan also have their own traditional suits. Tarot card packs have a set of distinct picture cards alongside the traditional four suits.

History[edit]

Modern Western playing cards are generally divided into two or three general suit-systems. The older Latin suits are subdivided into the Italian and Spanish suit-systems. The younger Germanic suits are subdivided into the German and Swiss suit-systems. The French suits are a derivative of the German suits but are generally considered a separate system.^[1][2]

Origin and development of the Latin suits[edit]

Latin card suits

Italian[a]	Cups (Coppe)	Coins (Denari)	Clubs (Bastoni)	Swords (Spade)
Spanish[b]	Cups (Copas)	Coins (Oros)	Clubs (Bastos)	Swords (Espadas)

The earliest card games were trick-taking games and the invention of suits increased the level of strategy and depth in these games. A card of one suit cannot beat a card from another regardless of its rank. The concept of suits predate playing cards and can be found in Chinese dice and domino games such as Tien Gow.

Chinese money-suited cards are believed to be the oldest ancestor to the Latin suit-system. The money-suit system is based on denominations of currency: Coins, Strings of Coins, Myriads of Strings (or of coins), and Tens of Myriads. Old Chinese coins had holes in the middle to allow them to be strung together. A string of coins could easily be misinterpreted as a stick to those unfamiliar with them.

By then the Islamic world had spread into Central Asia and had contacted China, and had adopted playing cards. The Muslims renamed the suit of myriads as cups; this may have been due to seeing a Chinese character for «myriad» (万) upside-down. The Chinese numeral character for Ten (十) on the Tens of Myriads suit may have inspired the Muslim suit of swords.^[3] Another clue linking these Chinese, Muslim, and European cards are the ranking of certain suits. In many early Chinese games like Madiao, the suit of coins was in reverse order so that the lower ones beat the higher ones. In the Indo-Persian game of Ganjifa, half the suits were also inverted, including a suit of coins. This was also true for the European games of Tarot and Ombre. The inverting of suits had no purpose in terms of play but was an artifact from the earliest games.

These Turko-Arabic cards, called Kanjifa, used the suits coins, clubs, cups, and swords, but the clubs represented polo sticks; Europeans changed that suit, as polo was an obscure sport to them.

The Latin suits are coins, clubs, cups, and swords. They are the earliest suit-system in Europe, and were adopted from the cards imported from Mamluk Egypt and Moorish Granada in the 1370s.

There are four types of Latin suits: Italian, Spanish, Portuguese,^[c] and an extinct archaic type.^[4][5] The systems can be distinguished by the pips of their long suits: swords and clubs.

• Northern Italian swords are curved outward and the clubs appear to be batons. They intersect one another.
• Southern Italian and Spanish swords are straight, and the clubs appear to be knobbly cudgels. They do not cross each other (The common exception being the three of clubs).
• Portuguese pips are like the Spanish, but they intersect like Northern Italian ones. They sometimes have dragons on the aces.^[6] This system lingers on only in the Tarocco Siciliano and the Unsun Karuta of Japan.
• The archaic system^[d] is like the Northern Italian one, but the swords are curved inward so they touch each other without intersecting.^[7][8]
• Minchiate (a game that used a 97-card deck) used a mixed system of Italian clubs and Portuguese swords.

Despite a long history of trade with China, Japan was not introduced to playing cards until the arrival of the Portuguese in the 1540s. Early locally made cards, Karuta, were very similar to Portuguese decks. Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling, card playing, and general foreign influence, resulted in the Hanafuda card deck that today is used most often for fishing-type games. The role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched, so the hanafuda deck has 12 suits, each representing a month of the year, and each suit has 4 cards, most often two normal, one Ribbon and one Special (though August, November and December each differ uniquely from this convention).

Invention of German and French suits[edit]

Comparison of German, French and Swiss suits^[e]

Swiss-German[f]	Roses[g]	Bells[h]	Acorns[i]	Shields[j]
German	Hearts[k]	Bells[l]	Acorns[m]	Leaves[n]
French	Hearts	Tiles (Diamonds)	Clovers (Clubs)[o]	Pikes (Spades)[p]

During the 15th-century, manufacturers in German speaking lands experimented with various new suit systems to replace the Latin suits. One early deck had five suits, the Latin ones with an extra suit of shields.^[9] The Swiss-Germans developed their own suits of shields, roses, acorns, and bells around 1450.^[10] Instead of roses and shields, the Germans settled with hearts and leaves around 1460. The French derived their suits of trèfles (clovers or clubs ♣), carreaux (tiles or diamonds ♦), cœurs (hearts ♥), and piques (pikes or spades ♠) from the German suits around 1480. French suits correspond closely with German suits with the exception of the tiles with the bells but there is one early French deck that had crescents instead of tiles. The English names for the French suits of clubs and spades may simply have been carried over from the older Latin suits.^[11]

Tarot cards[edit]

Beginning around 1440 in northern Italy, some decks started to include an extra suit of (usually) 21 numbered cards known as trionfi or trumps, to play tarot card games.^[12] Always included in tarot decks is one card, the Fool or Excuse, which may be part of the trump suit depending on the game or region. These cards do not have pips or face cards like the other suits. Most tarot decks used for games come with French suits but Italian suits are still used in Piedmont, Bologna, and pockets of Switzerland. A few Sicilian towns use the Portuguese-suited Tarocco Siciliano, the only deck of its kind left in Europe.

The esoteric use of Tarot packs emerged in France in the late 18th century, since when special packs intended for divination have been produced. These typically have the suits cups, pentacles (based on the suit of coins), wands (based on the suit of batons), and swords. The trump cards and Fool of traditional card playing packs were named the Major Arcana; the remaining cards, often embellished with occult images, were the Minor Arcana. Neither term is recognised by card players.^[13][14]

Suits in games with traditional decks[edit]

Trumps[edit]

In a large and popular category of trick-taking games, one suit may be designated in each deal to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards, and automatically prevail over them, losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick.^[15] Non-trump suits are called plain suits.^[16]

Special suits[edit]

Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others. A simple example is Spades, which uses spades as a permanent trump suit. A less simple example is Hearts, which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts. With typical rules for Hearts (rules vary slightly) the queen of spades and the two of clubs (sometimes also the jack of diamonds) have special effects, with the result that all four suits have different strategic value. Tarot decks have a dedicated trump suit.

Chosen suits[edit]

Games of the Karnöffel Group have between one and four chosen suits, sometimes called selected suits or, misleadingly, trump suits. The chosen suits are typified by having a disrupted ranking and cards with varying privileges which may range from full to none and which may depend on the order they are played to the trick. For example, chosen Sevens may be unbeatable when led, but otherwise worthless. In Swedish Bräus some cards are even unplayable. In games where the number of chosen suits is less than four, the others are called unchosen suits and usually rank in their natural order.

Ranking of suits[edit]

Whist-style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank, because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump. However, some card games also need to define relative suit rank. An example of this is in auction games such as bridge, where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks, there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order.

There is no standard order for the four suits and so there are differing conventions among games that need a suit hierarchy. Examples of suit order are (from highest to lowest):

• Bridge (for bidding and scoring) and occasionally poker: ♠, ♥, ♦, ♣.
• Preferans: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠. Only used for bidding.
• Préférence: ♥, ♦, ♠, ♣ or , , , . Only used for bidding.
• Five Hundred: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠ (for bidding and scoring)
• Ninety-nine: ♣, ♥, ♠, ♦ (supposedly mnemonic as they have respectively 3, 2, 1, 0 lobes; see article for how this scoring is used)
• Skat: ♣, ♠, ♥, ♦; or , , , (for bidding and to determine which Jack beats which in play)
• Cego: ♣, ♠, ♥, ♦ (for determining highest card in certain situations)
• Big Two: ♠, ♥, ♣, ♦
• Thirteen: ♥, ♦, ♣, ♠.

Pairing or ignoring suits[edit]

The pairing of suits is a vestigial remnant of Ganjifa, a game where half the suits were in reverse order, the lower cards beating the higher. In Ganjifa, progressive suits were called «strong» while inverted suits were called «weak». In Latin decks, the traditional division is between the long suits of swords and clubs and the round suits of cups and coins. This pairing can be seen in Ombre and Tarot card games. German and Swiss suits lack pairing but French suits maintained them and this can be seen in the game of Spoil Five.^[17]

In some games, such as blackjack, suits are ignored. In other games, such as Canasta, only the color (red or black) is relevant. In yet others, such as bridge, each of the suit pairings are distinguished.

In contract bridge, there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs: by color, by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations.

• Color is used to denote the red suits (hearts and diamonds) and the black suits (spades and clubs).
• Rank is used to indicate the major (spades and hearts) versus minor (diamonds and clubs) suits.
• Shape is used to denote the pointed (diamonds and spades, which visually have a sharp point uppermost) versus rounded (hearts and clubs) suits. This is used in bridge as a mnemonic.

Four-color suits[edit]

Some decks, while using the French suits, give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other. In bridge, such decks are known as no-revoke decks, and the most common colors are black spades, red hearts, blue diamonds and green clubs, although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow-orange. A pack occasionally used in Germany uses green spades (comparable to leaves), red hearts, yellow diamonds (comparable to bells) and black clubs (comparable to acorns). This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany (who used German suits) and West Germany (who adopted the French suits) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification.^[18]

Other suited decks[edit]

Suited-and-ranked decks[edit]

A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a rank and a suit (usually represented by a color), and for each suit there is exactly one card having each rank, though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well. Examples include Mü und Mehr, Lost Cities, DUO, Sticheln, Rage, Schotten Totten, UNO, Phase 10, Oh-No!, Skip-Bo, Roodles, and Rook.

Other modern decks[edit]

Decks for some games are divided into suits, but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games. An example would be the board game Taj Mahal, in which each card has one of four background colors, the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color. The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player’s choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand.

In the trick-taking card game Flaschenteufel («The Bottle Imp»), all cards are part of a single sequence ranked from 1 to 37 but split into three suits depending on its rank. players must follow the suit led, but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its rank is high enough. For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties. A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low-ranking cards and another, mostly high-ranking cards.

Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications—suit and rank—and each combination is represented by one card, giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards, each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories, giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards. Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit, but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game.

Uses of playing card suit symbols[edit]

Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing:

• The four suits were famously employed by the United States’ 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments:
  • Clubs (♣) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team.
  • Diamonds (♦) identified the 501st PIR. 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade (ABN), 25th Infantry Division in Alaska; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade.
  • Hearts (♥) identified the 502nd PIR;^[19] currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team.
  • Spades (♠) identified the 506th PIR; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team.

Character encodings[edit]

In computer and other digital media, suit symbols can be represented with character encoding, notably in the ISO and Unicode standards, or with Web standard (SGML’s named entity syntax):

Playing card characters in Unicode

UTF code:	U+2660 (9824dec)	U+2665 (9829dec)	U+2666 (9830dec)	U+2663 (9827dec)
Symbol:	♠	♥	♦	♣
Name:	Black Spade Suit	Red Heart Suit	Red Diamond Suit	Black Club Suit
Entity:	♠	♥	♦	♣
UTF code:	U+2664 (9828dec)	U+2661 (9825dec)	U+2662 (9826dec)	U+2667 (9831dec)
Symbol:	♤	♡	♢	♧
Name:	White Spade Suit	White Heart Suit	White Diamond Suit	White Club Suit
UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point «U+hexadecimal number» syntax, and as subscript the respective decimal number. Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser’s HTML renderization. Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications.

Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard, and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block (2600–26FF) of the Unicode.

Metaphorical uses[edit]

In some card games the card suits have a dominance order, for example: club (lowest) — diamond — heart — spade (highest). That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected, in abundance, very much.^[20]

In European games, the order is often different: diamond or bell (lowest) — heart — spade or leaf — club or acorn (highest). See, for example, the game of Bruus.

Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit (any area of personal strength) and to follow suit (to imitate another’s actions).

See also[edit]

Notes[edit]

References[edit]

Игра́льные ка́рты — прямоугольные листы из картона или тонкого пластика, используемые для карточных игр. Полный набор игральных карт для игры называется колода карт. Карты также используются для фокусов и гадания.

На одной стороне карты (открытой), называемой лицом, обозначено её значение, закрытая сторона (рубашка) оформлена одинаково для всех карт колоды.

Для большинства современных игр используется стандартная (французская) колода, либо её урезанный вариант. Для многих игр используются специальные колоды. Среди таких игр выделяют коллекционные карточные игры.

История

Первые игральные карты появились в Восточной Азии. В Корее и Китае карты упоминанились уже во 12-м веке. В Индии играли с круглыми картами, в Китае с продолговатыми полосками.

О том, как карты попали в Европу, нет точных данных. Возможен «импорт» через арабские страны или самостоятельное развитие через наблюдение арабских игроков.

Первые упоминания игральных карт или молитвенника чёрта, как они иногда назывались, связаны с требованиями об их полном запрете. Существует запись в хронике города Берн от 1367 года.

В 1370 году появилось слово naipes (игральные карты) в испанской книжке со стихами. С 1377 учащаются упоминания карт (чаще всего в связи с запретами). Самый обширный рассказ появился в том году из пера монаха в городе Фрайбург^[1]

Колоды

В разных странах используют разные колоды. Самые известные:

• Итало-испанская колода
• Немецкая колода
• Французская колода
• Швейцарская колода

Стандартная французская колода состоит из 54 карт:

• 52 основные карты характеризуются одной из четырёх мастей (двух цветов) и одним из 13 значений.
• 2 специальные карты, так называемые джокеры, обычно различающиеся по рисунку.

Во многих играх используются урезанные варианты стандартной колоды:

• 52 карты (без джокеров),
• 36 карт («русская» колода, значения начинаются с шестёрок),
• 32 карты (преферансная колода, значения начинаются с семёрок)
• и др.

Cтандартная колода из 54 карт

Масти

Названия мастей (литературным является только первое указанное):

• ♠ — пи́ки (ви́ны, ви́ни)
• ♣ — тре́фы (кре́сти, кре́сты, жлу́ди)
• ♥ — че́рвы (че́рви, жи́ры)
• ♦ — бу́бны (бу́бни, бу́би, зво́нки).

Значения

• Числовые (цифры, фоски)(9): двойка (обозначение 2), тройка, четвёрка, пятёрка, шестёрка, семёрка, восьмёрка, девятка, десятка.
• Картинки (двор, от англ. Court — двор)(3): валет (обозначение В или J — англ. Jack), дама (обозначение Д или Q — англ. Queen), король (обозначение К или K — англ. King).
• Туз (обозначение Т или A — англ. Ace).

Карты имеют старшинство согласно принятому во всем мире порядку: Туз (самая младшая карта), двойка, тройка, …, дама, король. В России принят другой порядок: двойка (самая младшая), тройка, …, король, туз. В некоторых играх старшинство может отличаться.

Коды символов мастей при наборе текстов

Unicode

Используются символы от U+2660 до U+2667:

♠ ♡ ♢ ♣ ♤ ♥ ♦ ♧

HTML

Используются цифровые коды и мнемоники ♠ (♠), ♣ (♣), ♥ (♥) и ♦ (♦):

♠ ♣ ♥ ♦

Колоды карт в разных странах

Во многих странах (Германия, страны Восточной Европы, Италия, Испания, Япония, Швейцария) используются неполные колоды карт с другими символами мастей и картинок.

Например, немецкая колода — вариант 32-карточной колоды для традиционных немецких карточных игр (например, скат), в которой используются нестандартные символы мастей.

См. также

• Алеаторность
• Игральная кость
• Карточные игры
• Коллекционная карточная игра
• Карты Таро
• Наука умеет много гитик — описание карточного фокуса

Ссылки

• Игральные карты от компании USPCC. История.
• Tarot and Playing Cards Museum (англ.)
• Православное предупреждение о вреде карт(внизу стр)
• Томский политический расклад

Примечания

1. ↑ trionfi.com (engl.)

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Википедия Игральные карты адрес Викисловарь — адрес Викицитатник — адрес Викиучебник — адрес Викитека — адрес Викиновости — адрес Викиверситет — адрес Викигид — адрес

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Как правильно называются карточные масти

Вы, может быть, не играете в Покемон гоу — верю; не смотрели ни одной серии «Игр престолов» — запросто; но мало вероятно, что вы ни разу не держали в руках игральные карты. Они распространены настолько, что известны всем с детства и есть почти в каждой квартире (если у вас нет, маякните в комментах, интересно посчитать).

Играя в карты, как мы только не называли масти. Например, и пики, и пика, и пиковые, и пикушки, и пик, и буби, и бубны, и бубён…

Так вот, если в карты-то играли все, то правильно их называли единицы.

Как правильно называются карточные масти.

Таблица 1. Склонения названий мастей (единственное число)Нормативная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	пика	трефа	бубна	черва
Родительный	пики	трефы	бубны	червы
Дательный	пике	трефе	бубне	черве
Винительный	пику	трефу	бубну	черву
Творительный	пикой	трефой	бубной	червой
Предложный	пике	трефе	бубне	черве

Разговорная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	вина	крест	буба	—
Родительный	вини	крести	буби	—
Дательный	вине	кресте	бубе	—
Винительный	вину	кресту	бубу	—
Творительный	виной	крестой	бубой	—
Предложный	вине	кресте	бубе	—

Таблица 2. Склонения названий мастей (множественное число)

Нормативная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	пики	трефы	бубны	червы черви
Родительный	пик	треф	бубен	черв червей
Дательный	пикам	трефам	бубнам	червям червы
Винительный	пики	трефы	бубны	черви червами
Творительный	пиками	трефами	бубнами	червам червями
Предложный	пиках	трефах	бубнах	червах червях

Разговорная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	вини	крести	буби	—
Родительный	вин	крести	бубей	—
Дательный	винам	крестям	бубям	—
Винительный	вини	крести	буби	—
Творительный	винами	крестями	бубями	—
Предложный	винах	крестях	бубях	—

Таблица 3. Склонения прилагательных, образованных от названий мастей (единственное число)

Нормативная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	пиковый	трефовый	бубновый	червовый червонный
Родительный	пикового	трефового	бубнового	червового червонного
Дательный	пиковому	трефовому	бубновому	червовому червонному
Винительный	пикового	трефового	бубнового	червового червонного
Творительный	пиковым	трефовым	бубновым	червовым червонным
Предложный	пиковом	трефовом	бубновом	червовом червонном

Таблица 4. Склонения прилагательных, образованных от названий мастей (множественное число)

Нормативная лексика

Падеж	Масть ♠	Масть ♣	Масть ♦	Масть ♥
Именительный	пиковые	трефовые	бубновые	червовые червонные
Родительный	пиковых	трефовых	бубновых	червовых червонных
Дательный	пиковым	трефовым	бубновым	червовым червонным
Винительный	пиковые	трефовые	бубновые	червовые червонные
Творительный	пиковыми	трефовыми	бубновыми	червовыми червонными
Предложный	пиковых	трефовых	бубновых	червовых червонных

И сразу предостерегу читателя от волнений по поводу правильного произношения. Главное, чтобы вас понимали оппоненты. И чтобы вы умели играть в карты. И не очко обычно губит.

Об этимологии мастей мы поговори отдельно.

For the general article on the standard international deck (the French deck), see Standard 52-card deck

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File:French suits.svg

In playing cards, a suit is one of several categories into which the cards of a deck are divided. Most often, each card bears one of several symbols showing to which suit it belongs; the suit may alternatively or in addition be indicated by the color printed on the card. Most card decks also have a rank for each card and may include special cards in the deck that belong to no suit, often called jokers.

Traditional Western playing cards[]

File:Set of playing cards 52.JPG

File:Carte bergamasche.jpg

Regional variations[]

Many different types of deck have been used in Europe since the introduction of playing cards around the 14th century, and several types of deck are still used in various regions for various games. Almost all of them have in common that there are exactly four suits, and numbers or other symbols indicate which cards within a suit are better, higher or more valuable than others, whereas there is no order between the suits unless defined in the rules of a specific game. There is exactly one card of any given rank in any given suit.^[1]

The four standard international symbols were first used on the French deck, made in Rouen and Lyon in the 15th century, around the time that playing cards were first mass-produced by woodcuts.

The differences between European decks are mostly in the number of cards in each suit; for example:

• 13 in the commonly known French deck,^[2]
• 14 in the French Tarot game,^[3]
• 12 in Spain,^[4]
• 10 in Italy and in some games in Spain,^[5]
• 9 in Switzerland for the Jass,^[6]
• 8 in some games in Germany and Austria, e.g. Skat,^[7]
• 8 for Belote in France,^[3]
• 5 in Hungarian Illustrated Tarock,^[8]

and in the inclusion or exclusion of an extra series of (usually) 21 numbered cards known as tarocks or trumps, sometimes considered as a fifth suit, but more properly regarded as a group of special suitless cards, to form what is known as a Tarot deck.^[1]

Correspondence table[]

Traditional Western Playing Cards
Culture	Suit
French suits [9][10] [note 1] [note 2] [note 3] [note 4]	Hearts French: Cœurs (hearts) File:SuitHearts.svg	Diamonds French: Carreaux (tiles) File:SuitDiamonds.svg	Clubs French: Trèfles (clovers) File:SuitClubs.svg	Spades French: Piques (pikes) File:SuitSpades.svg
German suits[note 5]	Hearts German: Herz (heart), Rot (red) Hungarian: Piros (red) File:Bay herz.svg	Bells German: Schellen (bells) Hungarian: Tök (pumpkin) File:Bay schellen.svg	Acorns German: Eichel (acorn), Ecker (beechnut) Hungarian: Makk (acorn) File:Bay eichel.svg	Leaves German: Laub (leaves), Grün (green), Gras (grass), Blatt (leaf) Hungarian: Zöld (green) File:Bay gras.svg
Swiss-German suits[note 6][11][12][13]	Roses Swiss-German: Rosen File:RosendeutschschweizerBlatt.svg	Bells Swiss-German: Schellen File:SchellendeutschschweizerBlatt.svg	Acorns Swiss-German: Eichel File:EichelndeutschschweizerBlatt.svg	Shields Swiss-German: Schilten File:SchiltendeutschschweizerBlatt.svg
Italo—Spanish or Latin suits [14][15][16]:207 [17]:15,155,224 [note 7] [note 8] (Symbols shown: Piacentine, Napoletane, Spagnole, and Bergamasche sets.)[note 9]	Cups Italian: Coppe Spanish: CopasFile:Suit Coppe.svg    File:Seme coppe carte napoletane.svg    File:Seme coppe carte spagnole.svg    File:Seme coppe carte bergamasche.svg	Coins Italian: Denari Spanish: OrosFile:Suit Denari.svg   File:Seme denari carte napoletane.svg   File:Seme denari carte spagnole.svg   File:Seme denari carte bergamasche.svg	Clubs Italian: Bastoni Spanish: BastosFile:Suit Bastoni.svg    File:Seme bastoni carte napoletane.svg    File:Seme bastoni carte spagnole.svg    File:Seme bastoni carte bergamasche.svg	Swords Italian: Spade Spanish: EspadasFile:Suit Spade.svg    File:Seme spade carte napoletane.svg    File:Seme spade carte spagnole.svg    File:Seme spade carte bergamasche.svg
Italian-suited Tarot (Playing tarot decks use Italian suits or French suits. The cards shown here are the Minor Arcana aces from the Italian-suited Rider-Waite Tarot, an esoteric tarot deck.)	Cups File:Cups01.jpg	Pentacles, Coins, Rings or Discs File:Pents01.jpg	Wands, Clubs, Batons or Staves File:Wands01.jpg	Swords File:Swords01.jpg
Feudal Class (French suits)[note 10][9][17]:18	Clergy	Merchants	Peasants	Nobility
Feudal Class (German suits)[note 11][9]	Clergy	Nobility	Peasants	Burghers (middle class)
Feudal Class (Italian suits)[note 12][9][16]:50[18]	Clergy	Merchants	Peasants	Nobility
Symbolism in cartomancy (French suits)[19]	love, joy, happiness	money, risk, excitement	work, effort, achievements	problems, disappointments, sickness
Symbolism in cartomancy (German suits)[20][21][22]	love, friendship, happiness	money, lottery winnings, carefree life	trouble, loss, sickness	hope, pleasant events and activities
Element (Tarot)[note 13][17]:62[23][24][25][26][27][28]	Water	Earth	Fire	Air
Number (French suits)[note 14][29]	2 (two lobes)	4 (four points)	3 (three lobes)	1 (one point)
Unicode black French suit symbols (with HTML names)	Template:Unicode U+2665 (♥)	Template:Unicode U+2666 (♦)	Template:Unicode U+2663 (♣)	Template:Unicode U+2660 (♠)
Unicode white French suit symbols	Template:Unicode U+2661	Template:Unicode U+2662	Template:Unicode U+2667	Template:Unicode U+2664

Suits in games with traditional decks[]

Trumps[]

Main article: Trump

In a large and popular category of trick-taking games, traditionally called whist-style games although the best-known example may now be bridge, one suit may be designated in each hand of play to be trump and all cards of the trump suit rank above all non-trump cards, and automatically prevail over them, losing only to a higher trump if one is played to the same trick.

Special suits[]

Some games treat one or more suits as being special or different from the others. A simple example is Spades, which uses spades as a permanent trump suit. A less simple example is Hearts, which is a kind of point trick game in which the object is to avoid taking tricks containing hearts. With typical rules for Hearts (rules vary slightly) the queen of spades and the two of clubs (sometimes also the jack of diamonds) have special effects, with the result that all four suits have different strategic value.

Ranking of suits[]

Whist-style rules generally preclude the necessity of determining which of two cards of different suits has higher rank, because a card played on a card of a different suit either automatically wins or automatically loses depending on whether the new card is a trump. However, some card games also need to define relative suit rank. An example of this is in auction games such as bridge, where if one player wishes to bid to make some number of heart tricks and another to make the same number of diamond tricks, there must be a mechanism to determine which takes precedence in the bidding order.

As there is no truly standard way to order the four suits, each game that needs to do so has its own convention; however, the ubiquity of bridge has gone some way to make its ordering a de facto standard. Typical orderings of suits include (from highest to lowest):

• Bridge (for bidding and scoring) and occasionally poker: spades, hearts, diamonds, clubs; ‘notrump’ ranks above all the suits
• Preferans: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades. Only used for bidding, and No Trump is considered higher than hearts.
• Five Hundred: hearts, diamonds, clubs, spades (for bidding and scoring)
• Ninety-nine: clubs, hearts, spades, diamonds (supposedly mnemonic as they have respectively 3, 2, 1, 0 lobes; see article for how this scoring is used)
• Skat: clubs, spades, hearts, diamonds (for bidding and to determine which Jack beats which in play)
• Big Two: spades, hearts, clubs, diamonds
• Teen patti: In the case where two players have flushes with cards of the same value, the winning hand is based on suit color as ranked by clubs, hearts, spades, diamonds.

Pairing or ignoring suits[]

In some games, such as blackjack, suits are ignored. In other games, such as Canasta, only the color (red or black) is relevant. In yet others, such as bridge, each of the suit pairings are distinguished.

Fundamentally, there are three ways to divide four suits into pairs: by color, by rank and by shape resulting in six possible suit combinations.

• Color is used to denote the red suits (hearts and diamonds) and the black suits (spades and clubs).
• Rank is used to indicate the major (spades and hearts) versus minor (diamonds and clubs) suits.
• Shape is used to denote the pointed (diamonds and spades, which visually have a sharp point uppermost) versus rounded (hearts and clubs) suits.

In the event of widespread introduction of four-color decks, it has been suggested that the red/black distinction could be replaced by pointed bottoms (hearts and diamonds visually have a sharp point downwards, whereas spades and clubs have a blunt stem).

Four-color suits[]

File:4coloraces1.jpg

See also: Four-color deck

Some decks, while using the French suits, give each suit a different color to make the suits more distinct from each other. In bridge, such decks are known as no-revoke decks, and the most common colors are black spades, red hearts, blue diamonds and green clubs, although in the past the diamond suit usually appeared in a golden yellow-orange. A related set occasionally used in Germany uses green spades (compare to leaves), red hearts, yellow diamonds (compare to bells) and black clubs (compare to acorns). This is a compromise deck devised to allow players from East Germany (who used German suits) and West Germany (who adopted the French suits) to be comfortable with the same deck when playing tournament Skat after the German reunification.^[30]

Traditional Eastern suits and decks[]

Eastern cultures, particularly Japan, were introduced to playing cards with the arrival of Portuguese explorer Francisco Xavier in 1549 AD. With him and his sailors came a 48-card deck (12 ranks, four suits) that was popular for gambling games at the time. This 48-card deck was adopted by the Japanese for the same purpose. Increasing restrictions by the Tokugawa shogunate on gambling, card playing, and general foreign influence, resulted in the Hanafuda card deck that today is used most often for a matching-type game of the same name. The role of rank and suit in organizing cards became switched, so the hanafuda deck has 12 suits, each representing a month of the year, and each suit has 4 cards, most often two normal, one Ribbon and one Special (though August, November and December each differ uniquely from this convention).

In China and Southeast Asia, the game of Mahjong developed as the result of a similar introduction to playing cards and was combined with the Hindu-Chinese development of dominoes resulting in tiles instead of cards. These tiles are organized into the following groups: three major suits of nine unique values (Coins, Strings and Characters, derived from the ancient Chinese monetary system), plus four Honors (cardinal directions), four Flowers, four Seasons, and three Dragons (Red, Green and White). The full set has four copies of each value of each major suit, four of each Dragon and Honor tile value, and one of each Flower and Season tile, for 144 total tiles. They are used to play a game very similar to Rummy; players draw and discard in an attempt to form their entire hand into one or more groups of tiles. They are also used to play a solitaire game that is very popular in the United States in its electronic form. The Mahjong tileset is also available in the form of playing cards, making it more portable, but this is a relatively recent development.

In both Japan and continental Asia, the 52-card French-suited deck is also popular as are some of the games played with them.

[]

Numerous variations of the 52-card French deck have existed over the years. Most notably, the tarot deck has a separate trump series in addition to the four suits; however this fifth suit is a series of cards of a different number and style than the suited cards. Various people have independently suggested expanding the French deck to five, six or even more suits where the additional suits have the same number and style of cards as the French suits, and have proposed rules for expanded versions of popular games such as rummy, hearts, bridge, and poker that could be played with such a deck.

If commercially-made decks are not readily available, a deck with up to eight suits can be made from two identical decks by altering the suit symbols throughout one of them with a non-fading marker. R. Wayne Schmittberger in New Rules for Classic Games originated the idea of drawing an arrow through each heart to create valentines and a cross through each diamond to create kites. Clubs would have their stem rounded to create cloverleaves and spades would have horns and tail added to become devils.

Five-suit decks[]

Historical decks[]

In the mid to late 1930s there was an increase in the popularity of Bridge. Thought up one summer night by Austrian gamester Walther Marseille, Ph.D., rules were first devised for a fifth suit based on a green or invulnerable suit. In 1937, a book for rules using the fifth suit was written in Vienna, Austria, and patented for this set of rules. This fifth suit was produced by a number of companies. In 1935, De La Rue of Great Britain created a Bridge deck called De La Rue’s Five Suit Contract Bridge Playing Cards. This deck contained cards using grey-blue colored crowns called Royals as a fifth suit. According to the rules published by Parker Brothers, credit is given to Ammiel F. Decker for the rules in 1933. The fifth suit of Greens was called Blätter, or leaves. In 1937 and 1938, Waddington’s of London created a fifth suit of more detailed crowns also called Royals, which respectively featured light blue and dark green crowns. In the same year there were three American decks that included a green Eagle as a fifth suit in similar Bridge decks of playing cards. The deck published by United States Playing Card Company used the Eagle in a medium green and the pips in the corners were inside green circles. The second deck was by Russell Playing Cards (owned by the United States Playing Card Company) used the same Eagle but in a darker shade and the pips in the corners were devoid of the circle. The third deck was by Arrco in 1938 and used an Eagle as well. At least five other bridge books were subsequently published to support playing Bridge with rules for this fifth suit, including one by Arrco in 1938. It is more than likely the book that Arrco published was for their own deck. Parker Brothers created a fifth-suit Bridge deck in 1938 called Castle Bridge, in which the fifth suit of Castles looked like a Rook chess piece and was colored green. After 1938, the popularity of this fifth suit fell off and the decks were no longer produced for Bridge. The title of a science-fiction novel by James Blish, Jack of Eagles, refers to the main character being different.

A number of the following out-of-print decks may be found, especially through on-line auctions. Previously, Five Star Playing Cards poker sized, was manufactured by Five Star Games, which had a gold colored fifth suit of five pointed stars. The court cards are almost identical to the diamond suit in a Gemaco Five-Star deck. Five-suit decks using the Star suit are still in print in differing designs through vendors such as Stardeck^[31] and Newton’s Novelties.^[32] Cadaco manufactured a game Tripoley Wild with a fifth suit, (and other Wild Cards,) which contain pips of all four standard suits (hearts, diamonds, spades, and clubs) on one card. That poker sized deck is not sold separately, but as part of boxed game. Five suited decks include Cinco-Loco Poker Playing Cards, produced by the USA Playing Card Company (not the United States Playing Card Company,) which introduces a new suit design. The Cinco-Loco fifth suit uses a complicated pattern, with color designs in a repeating circular series of pentagrams with four traditional suits in a four color pattern, inner circles get increasingly smaller, the fifth symbol in the circle of pentagrams is a yellow pentagram. There are then a total of ten symbols in each of the outer and repeated in inner circles. The other suits use a four-color design.

Commercial decks[]

A commercially available five-suit poker (65-card) deck is Stardeck,^[33][34] introduced in 1938, which introduces stars as a fifth suit. In the Stardeck cards, the fifth suit is colored a mixture of black and red. This fifth suit can be counted as either a Red or a Black suit dependent upon the game being played. There are also 2 special cards (or Jokers) 1 each of red and black and shown with that colour star in the corner, but no numeral or letter.

Estate Playing Cards designed in 2006, is a contemporary five-suit (62-card) deck which adds a fifth suit (estate) called Waves. Estate cards signifies the five estates identified as Waves (green), Hearts (red), Diamonds (orange), Clubs (blue) and Spades (black). The three Royals are replaced with two Family — Man and Woman. Jokers are replaced with Imperials (Pope and President). Most games can be played, however they become more involved. 5 Card Poker traditionally has over 2 million possible hands with Royal Flush as the lowest probability. Estate Poker has 5,461,512 possible hands with Family Flush as the lowest probability and new hands such as Five of a Kind.

5° Dimension,^[35][36] is an 80-card deck introduced in 2007. The five suits are Hearts (red), Spades (black), Clubs (green), Diamonds (yellow) and Stars (blue). Each suit has 16 cards: 1 to 10, King, Queen, Jack, Princess, Ace (distinct from 1) and a Joker.

Five Crowns^[37][38] is yet another five-suited deck similar to that of 5° Dimension, The suits are Hearts (red), Spades (black), Clubs (green), Diamonds (blue) and Stars (yellow) with no-revoke suits. The deck contains 3 Jokers but does not contain aces or twos, making the card count per deck 58.

Another five suited deck is Don’t Quote Me, with single quotations as the fifth suit. The cards are pentagonal.

Five-suited decks find some use in cartomancy. In these contexts, the fifth suit is used for its association with the classical element Aether, also called Void or Sky.

Six-suit decks[]

Historical decks[]

In America in 1895, Hiram Jones created a deck called International Playing Cards and it had two additional suits, a red suit with crosses and a black suit of bullets. (The bullets of that period were round, hence the pip was a circle.) Other attempts over the years experimented with either suit substitutions or additional suits added to decks of playing cards. Most of these did not last long, but some such as Civil War era card decks enjoyed limited success and are reprinted today.

Out of print is the Sextet Bridge Deck (copyright Ralph E. Peterson 1964, 1966),^[39] produced for Secobra Cards by the United States Playing Card Company. Two blue suits are added to the standard four: Rackets being a pair of crossed tennis rackets, and Wheels from a ship’s steering wheel design.

Another out of print six-suited (78-card) deck of poker sized playing cards is the Empire Deck,^[40] introduced in 1990. It has three red suits and three black suits, introducing crowns in red and anchors in black as in the dice game Crown and Anchor.

Commercial decks[]

Eight-suit decks[]

Commercial decks[]

8 Suits Playing Cards,^[41] conceived in the late 1970s and manufactured through BrienmarK Products Inc., adds red Moons, black Stars, red four-leaved Clovers and black Tears. This deck was originally created to allow more players in a game of euchre.

The Fat Pack^[42] adds red Roses, black Axes, black Tridents and red Doves to the standard deck.

Toss™ Double Deluxe Decks^[43] consists of the traditional French suits plus gold Crosses and Oracles, blue Castles and Shields, five Jokers (one for each color plus a Boss Joker) and two Null cards.

Other modern suited decks[]

Suit-and-value decks[]

A large number of games are based around a deck in which each card has a value and a suit (usually represented by a color), and for each suit there is exactly one card having each value, though in many cases the deck has various special cards as well. Examples include Mü und Mehr, Lost Cities, DUO, Sticheln, Rage, Schotten Totten, UNO, Phase 10, Oh-No!, Skip-Bo, and Rook.

Other suited decks[]

Decks for some games are divided into suits, but otherwise bear little relation to traditional games. An example would be the game Taj Mahal, in which each card has one of four background colors, the rule being that all the cards played by a single player in a single round must be the same color. The selection of cards in the deck of each color is approximately the same and the player’s choice of which color to use is guided by the contents of their particular hand.

Roodles, a game published in 1912 by A.J. Patterson of Kalamazoo and later by Flinch Card Co., uses a deck with 14 cards in each of four suits (all black) – Wishbones, Horseshoes, 4-Leaf Clovers, and Swastikas – plus a joker labeled «Roodles». Roodles was described on its box cover as simple, instructive, scientific and entertaining.

In the trick-taking card game Flaschenteufel («The Bottle Imp«) players must follow the suit led, but if they are void in that suit they may play a card of another suit and this can still win the trick if its value is high enough. For this reason every card in the deck has a different number to prevent ties. A further strategic element is introduced since one suit contains mostly low cards and another, mostly high cards.

A special mention should be made of the card game Set. Whereas cards in a traditional deck have two classifications—suit and rank—and each combination is represented by one card, giving for example 4 suits × 13 ranks = 52 cards, each card in a Set deck has four classifications each into one of three categories, giving a total of 3 × 3 × 3 × 3 = 81 cards. Any one of these four classifications could be considered a suit, but this is not really enlightening in terms of the structure of the game.

Another special mention should be made of the 9-suit decks sold by TSR for use with the Dragonlance: Fifth Age roleplaying game. These decks, sold both separately and included in the game, also can be used for several card game uses. The deck has Shields, Arrows, Helms, Swords, Crescent Moons, Orbs, Hearts, and Crowns, each suit numbered 1-9, plus a suit of dragons numbered 1-10, providing an 82 card deck. The system was released in 1996.

Bicycle Playing Cards produce a set of 55 cards that technically has 11 suits. They are actually a set of Double Nine Dominoes,^[44] where each card belongs to 2 suits. As in dominoes, each half of the domino represents one suit, in this case the suits range from 0 (blank) up to 9, and the eleventh suit is reserved for the doubles.

Fictional decks[]

Several people have invented decks which are not meant to be seriously played. The Double Fanucci deck from Zork takes the most imaginative licence with the suits: it has no fewer than fifteen, with the names Mazes, Books, Rain, Bugs, Fromps, Inkblots, Scythes, Plungers, Faces, Time, Lamps, Hives, Ears, Zurfs, and Tops.

The Cripple Mr. Onion deck uses eight fictional suits, but may be simulated by combining the standard French suits with the traditional Latin suited ones or by using a modern 8-suited deck.

The Discordian deck is a parody of the Tarot deck, its five suits corresponding to the five Discordian elements.

The card game of sabacc from the Star Wars universe has the suits of staves, flasks, sabers, and coins (similar to Latin suits), with cards ranked one through fifteen, plus two each of eight other cards which have no suit.

The deck used in Firefly has suits of Plum, Peach, Orange, Apple, Apricot, and Banana.

In World of Warcraft, there are cards that randomly drop from humanoid enemies. If a player collected the entire suit, he/she could trade it for a trinket that would grant special abilities. Initially, this was limited to the ace through eight of the suits of Elementals, Beasts, Warlords, and Portals. A later content patch added the suits of Lunacy, Storms, Furies, and Blessings. The Inscription skill allowed the crafting of cards of the suits of Mages, Swords, Rogues, and Demons.

Uses of playing card suit symbols[]

Card suit symbols occur in places outside card playing:

• The four suits were famously employed by the 101st Airborne Division during World War II to distinguish its four constituent regiments:
  • Clubs (♣) identified the 327th Glider Infantry Regiment; currently worn by the 1st Brigade Combat Team.
  • Diamonds (♦) identified the 501st PIR. 1st Battalion, 501st Infantry Regiment is now part of the 4th Brigade (ABN), 25th Infantry Division in Alaska; the Diamond is currently used by the 101st Combat Aviation Brigade.
  • Hearts (♥) identified the 502nd PIR;^[45] currently worn by the 2nd Brigade Combat Team.
  • Spades (♠) identified the 506th PIR; currently worn by the 4th Brigade Combat Team.
• British Navy Fleet Air Arm search and rescue units (helicopters, etc.) sport an ace of clubs symbol.
• The United States Navy‘s Strike Fighter Squadron 41 (VFA-41) is nicknamed The Black Aces and their emblem is an Ace of Spades with the number 41. For fighter pilots, «ace» carries the meaning of flying ace.
• The Bartle Test uses the four suits in order to distinguish different player personalities that arise typically in a video game:
  • Clubs (Killers) (♣) enjoy competition and take pleasure in causing physical destruction in the virtual environment.
  • Diamonds (Achievers) (♦) enjoy gaining points, levels, or any physical measure of their in-game achievement.
  • Hearts (Socializers) (♥) enjoy playing games for the social aspect or by interacting with other players.
  • Spades (Explorers) (♠) enjoy digging around, discovering new areas, or learning about easter eggs or glitches in the game.

Character encodings[]

In computer and another digital media, suit symbols are represented with character encoding, notably in the ISO and Unicode standards, and as Web standard (SGML‘s named entity «&name;» syntax):

UTF code:	U+2660 (9824dec)	U+2665 (9829dec)	U+2666 (9830dec)	U+2663 (9827dec)
Symbol:	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode
Name:	Black Spade Suit	Black Heart Suit	Black Diamond Suit	Black Club Suit
Entity:	♠	♥	♦	♣
UTF code:	U+2664 (9828dec)	U+2661 (9825dec)	U+2662 (9826dec)	U+2667 (9831dec)
Symbol:	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode	Template:Unicode
Name:	White Spade Suit	White Heart Suit	White Diamond Suit	White Club Suit
UTF codes are expressed by the Unicode code point «U+hexadecimal number» syntax, and as subscript the respective decimal number. Symbols are expressed here as they are in the web browser‘s HTML renderization. Name is the formal name adopted in the standard specifications.

Unicode is the most frequently used encoding standard, and suits are in the Miscellaneous Symbols Block (2600–26FF) of the Unicode.

Metaphorical uses[]

File:Aa inspades roadworks 00.jpg

In some card games the card suits have a dominance order: club (lowest) — diamond — heart — spade (highest). That led to in spades being used to mean more than expected, in abundance, very much.^[46]

Other expressions drawn from bridge and similar games include strong suit (used to refer to any area of personal strength) and following suit (in the sense of going along with the crowd).

See also[]

• Ace of spades
• Chinese origin of playing cards
• Hearts (card game)
• Playing cards
• Spades (card game)

Notes[]

References[]

External links[]

Template:Commons

• Names of ranks of court cards and suits in various languages
• The Games Journal article on card decks
• Stardeck (with rules for 5-suited Poker and Spades)
• Empire Deck (with rules for 5- and 6-suited Rummy and Hearts)
• Super-Bridge A reprinted article by Time Magazine from 1938, describing origins of five-suited bridge decks
• the Discordian Tarot
• Five Crowns, a 5-suits deck
• 5°Dimension, a deck with 5 suits of 16 cards each (archive copy, see also video presentation)

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