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The Adventures of Pinocchio

illustration from 1883 edition by Enrico Mazzanti
Author	Carlo Collodi
Illustrator	Enrico Mazzanti
Country	Italy
Language	Italian
Genre	Fiction, literature, fantasy, children’s book, adventure
Publication date	1883

The Adventures of Pinocchio ( pin-OH-kee-oh; Italian: Le avventure di Pinocchio [le avvenˈtuːre di piˈnɔkkjo]; commonly shortened to Pinocchio) is a children’s fantasy novel by Italian author Carlo Collodi. It is about the mischievous adventures of an animated marionette named Pinocchio and his father, a poor woodcarver named Geppetto.

It was originally published in a serial form as The Story of a Puppet (Italian: La storia di un burattino) in the Giornale per i bambini, one of the earliest Italian weekly magazines for children, starting from 7 July 1881. The story stopped after nearly 4 months and 8 episodes at Chapter 15, but by popular demand from readers, the episodes were resumed on 16 February 1882.^[1] In February 1883, the story was published in a single book. Since then, the spread of Pinocchio on the main markets for children’s books of the time has been continuous and uninterrupted, and it was met with enthusiastic reviews worldwide.^[1]

A universal icon and a metaphor of the human condition, the book is considered a canonical piece of children’s literature and has had great impact on world culture. Philosopher Benedetto Croce considered it one of the greatest works of Italian literature.^[2] Since its first publication, it has inspired hundreds of new editions, stage plays, merchandising, television series and movies, such as Walt Disney’s iconic animated version, and commonplace ideas such as a liar’s long nose.

According to extensive research by the Fondazione Nazionale Carlo Collodi and UNESCO sources in the late 1990s, the book has been translated into as many as 260 languages worldwide,^[3][4] making it one of the world’s most translated books.^[3] Likely one of the best-selling books ever published, the actual total sales since first being published are unknown due to the many reductions and different versions.^[3] The story has been a public domain work in the U.S. since 1940. According to Viero Peroncini: «some sources report 35 million [copies sold], others 80, but it is only a way, even a rather idle one, of quantifying an unquantifiable success».^[5] According to Francelia Butler, it also remains «the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read».^[6]

Plot[edit]

In Tuscany, Italy, a carpenter named Master Antonio has found a block of wood that he plans to carve into a table leg. Frightened when the log cries out, he gives the log to his neighbor Geppetto, a poor man who plans to make a living as a puppeteer. Geppetto carves the block into a boy and names him «Pinocchio». As soon as Pinocchio’s feet are carved, he tries to kick Geppetto. Once the puppet has been finished and Geppetto teaches him to walk, Pinocchio runs out the door and away into the town. He is caught by a Carabiniere, who assumes Pinocchio has been mistreated and imprisons Geppetto.

Left alone, Pinocchio heads back to Geppetto’s house to get something to eat. Once he arrives at home, a talking cricket warns him of the perils of disobedience. In retaliation, Pinocchio throws a hammer at the cricket, accidentally killing it. Pinocchio gets hungry and tries to fry an egg, but a bird emerges from the egg and Pinocchio has to leave for food. He knocks on a neighbor’s door who fears he is pulling a child’s prank and instead dumps water on him. Cold and wet, Pinocchio goes home and lies down on a stove; when he wakes, his feet have burned off. Luckily, Geppetto is released from prison and makes Pinocchio a new pair of feet. In gratitude, he promises to attend school, and Geppetto sells his only coat to buy him a school book.

On his way to school the next morning, Pinocchio encounters the Great Marionette Theatre, and he sells his school book in order to buy a ticket for the show. During the performance, the puppets Harlequin, Pulcinella and Signora Rosaura on stage call out to him, angering the puppet master Mangiafuoco. Upset, he decides to use Pinocchio as firewood to cook his lamb dinner. After Pinocchio pleads for his and Harlequin’s salvation and upon learning of Geppetto’s poverty, Mangiafuoco releases him and gives him five gold pieces.

On his way home, Pinocchio meets a fox and a cat. The Cat pretends to be blind, and the Fox pretends to be lame. A white blackbird tries to warn Pinocchio of their lies, but the Cat eats the bird. The two animals convince Pinocchio that if he plants his coins in the Field of Miracles outside the city of Acchiappacitrulli (Catchfools), they will grow into a tree with gold coins. They stop at an inn, where the Fox and the Cat trick Pinocchio into paying for their meals and flee. They instruct the innkeeper to tell Pinocchio that they left after receiving a message that the Cat’s eldest kitten had fallen ill and that they would meet Pinocchio at the Field of Miracles in the morning.

As Pinocchio sets off for Catchfools, the ghost of the Talking Cricket appears, telling him to go home and give the coins to his father. Pinocchio ignores his warnings again. As he passes through a forest, the Fox and Cat, disguised as bandits, ambush Pinocchio, robbing him. The puppet hides the coins in his mouth and escapes to a white house after biting off the Cat’s paw. Upon knocking on the door, Pinocchio is greeted by a young fairy with turquoise hair who says she is dead and waiting for a hearse. Unfortunately, the bandits catch Pinocchio and hang him in a tree. After a while, the Fox and Cat get tired of waiting for the puppet to suffocate, and they leave.

The Fairy has Pinocchio rescued and calls in three doctors to evaluate him — one says he is alive, the other dead. The third doctor is the Ghost of the Talking Cricket who says that the puppet is fine, but has been disobedient and hurt his father. The Fairy administers medicine to Pinocchio. Recovered, Pinocchio lies to the Fairy when she asks what has happened to the gold coins, and his nose grows. The Fairy explains that Pinocchio’s lies are making his nose grow and calls in a flock of woodpeckers to chisel it down to size. The Fairy sends for Geppetto to come and live with them in the forest cottage.

When Pinocchio heads out to meet his father, he once again encounters the Fox and the Cat. When Pinocchio notices the Cat’s missing paw, the Fox claims that they had to sacrifice it to feed a hungry old wolf. They remind the puppet of the Field of Miracles, and finally, he agrees to go with them and plant his gold. Once there, Pinocchio buries his coins and leaves for the twenty minutes that it will take for his gold tree to grow. The Fox and the Cat dig up the coins and run away.

Once Pinocchio returns, a parrot mocks Pinocchio for falling for the Fox and Cat’s tricks. Pinocchio rushes to the Catchfools courthouse where he reports the theft of the coins to a gorilla judge. Although he is moved by Pinocchio’s plea, the gorilla judge sentences Pinocchio to four months in prison for the crime of foolishness. Fortunately, all criminals are released early by the jailers when the Emperor of Catchfools declares a celebration following his army’s victory over the town’s enemies.

As Pinocchio heads back to the forest, he finds an enormous snake with a smoking tail blocking the way. After some confusion, he asks the serpent to move, but the serpent remains completely still. Concluding that it is dead, Pinocchio begins to step over it, but the serpent suddenly rises up and hisses at the marionette, toppling him over onto his head. Struck by Pinocchio’s fright and comical position, the snake laughs so hard he bursts an artery and dies.

Pinocchio then heads back to the Fairy’s house in the forest, but he sneaks into a farmer’s yard to steal some grapes. He is caught in a weasel trap where he encounters a glowworm. The farmer finds Pinocchio and ties him up in his doghouse. When Pinocchio foils the chicken-stealing weasels, the farmer frees the puppet as a reward. Pinocchio finally returns to the cottage, finds nothing but a gravestone, and believes that the Fairy has died.

A friendly pigeon sees Pinocchio mourning the Fairy’s death and offers to give him a ride to the seashore, where Geppetto is building a boat in which to search for Pinocchio. Pinocchio is washed ashore when he tries to swim to his father. Geppetto is then swallowed by The Terrible Dogfish. Pinocchio accepts a ride from a dolphin to the nearest island called the Island of Busy Bees. Upon arriving on the island, Pinocchio can only get food in return for labor. Pinocchio offers to carry a lady’s jug home in return for food and water. When they get to the lady’s house, Pinocchio recognizes the lady as the Fairy, now miraculously old enough to be his mother. She says she will act as his mother, and Pinocchio will begin going to school. She hints that if Pinocchio does well in school and is good for one year, then he will become a real boy.

Pinocchio studies hard and rises to the top of his class, making the other boys jealous. They trick Pinocchio into playing hookey by saying they saw a large sea monster at the beach, the same one that swallowed Geppetto. However, the boys were lying and a fight breaks out. Pinocchio is accused of injuring another boy, so the puppet escapes. During his escape, Pinocchio saves a drowning Mastiff named Alidoro. In exchange, Alidoro later saves Pinocchio from The Green Fisherman, who was going to eat the marionette. After meeting the Snail that works for the Fairy, Pinocchio is given another chance by the Fairy.

Pinocchio does excellently in school. The Fairy promises that Pinocchio will be a real boy the next day and says he should invite all his friends to a party. He goes to invite everyone, but he is sidetracked when he meets his closest friend from school, a boy nicknamed Candlewick, who is about to go to a place called Toyland where everyone plays all day and never works. Pinocchio goes along with him and they have a wonderful time for the next five months.

One morning in the fifth month, Pinocchio and Candlewick awake with donkeys’ ears. A marmot tells Pinocchio that he has got a donkey fever: boys who do nothing but play and never study always turn into donkeys. Soon, both Pinocchio and Candlewick are fully transformed. Pinocchio is sold to a circus where he is trained to do tricks, until he falls and sprains his leg after seeing the Fairy with Turquoise Hair in one of the box seats. The ringmaster then sells Pinocchio to a man who wants to skin him and make a drum. The man throws the donkey into the sea to drown him. When the man goes to retrieve the corpse, all he finds is a living marionette. Pinocchio explains that the fish ate all the donkey skin off him and he is now a puppet again. Pinocchio dives back into the water and swims out to sea. When the Terrible Dogfish appears, Pinocchio is swallowed by it. Inside the Dogfish, Pinocchio unexpectedly finds Geppetto. Pinocchio and Geppetto escape with the help of a tuna and look for a new place to live.

Pinocchio and Geppetto encounter the Fox and the Cat, now impoverished. The Cat has really become blind, and the Fox has really become lame. The Fox and the Cat plead for food or money, but Pinocchio rebuffs them and tells them that they have earned their misfortune. Geppetto and Pinocchio arrive at a small house, which is home to the Talking Cricket. The Talking Cricket says they can stay and reveals that he got his house from a little goat with turquoise hair. Pinocchio gets a job doing work for a farmer and recognizes the farmer’s dying donkey as his friend Candlewick.

After long months of working for the farmer and supporting the ailing Geppetto, Pinocchio goes to town with the forty pennies he has saved to buy himself a new suit. He discovers that the Fairy is ill and needs money. Pinocchio instantly gives the Snail he met back on the Island of Busy Bees all the money he has. That night, he dreams that he is visited by the Fairy, who kisses him. When he wakes up, he is a real boy. His former puppet body lies lifeless on a chair. The Fairy has also left him a new suit, boots, and a bag which contains 40 gold coins instead of pennies. Geppetto also returns to health.

Characters[edit]

• Pinocchio – Pinocchio is a marionette who gains wisdom through a series of misadventures that lead him to becoming a real human as reward for his good deeds.
• Geppetto – Geppetto is an elderly, impoverished woodcarver and the creator (and thus father) of Pinocchio. He wears a yellow wig that looks like cornmeal mush (or polendina), and subsequently the children of the neighborhood (as well as some of the adults) call him «Polendina», which greatly annoys him. «Geppetto» is a syncopated form of Giuseppetto, which in turn is a diminutive of the name Giuseppe (Italian for Joseph).
• Romeo/»Lampwick» or «Candlewick» (Lucignolo) – A tall, thin boy (like a wick) who is Pinocchio’s best friend and a troublemaker.
• The Coachman (l’Omino) – The owner of the Land of Toys who takes people there on his stagecoach pulled by twenty-four donkeys that mysteriously wear white shoes on their hooves. When the people who visit there turn into donkeys, he sells them.
• The Fairy with Turquoise Hair (la Fata dai capelli turchini) – The Blue-haired Fairy is the spirit of the forest who rescues Pinocchio and adopts him first as her brother, then as her son.
• The Terrible Dogfish (Il terribile Pesce-cane) – A mile-long, five-story-high fish. Pescecane, while literally meaning «dog fish», generally means «shark» in Italian.
• The Talking Cricket (il Grillo Parlante) – The Talking Cricket is a cricket whom Pinocchio kills after it tries to give him some advice. The Cricket comes back as a ghost to continue advising the puppet.
• Mangiafuoco – Mangiafuoco («Fire-Eater» in English) is the wealthy director of the Great Marionette Theater. He has red eyes and a black beard that reaches to the floor, and his mouth is «as wide as an oven [with] teeth like yellow fangs». Despite his appearances however, Mangiafuoco (which the story says is his given name) is not evil.
• The Green Fisherman (il Pescatore verde) – A green-skinned ogre on the Island of Busy Bees who catches Pinocchio in his fishing net and attempts to eat him.
• The Fox and the Cat (la Volpe e il Gatto) – Greedy anthropomorphic animals pretending to be lame and blind respectively, the pair lead Pinocchio astray, rob him and eventually try to hang him.
• Mastro Antonio ([anˈtɔːnjo] in Italian, ahn-TOH-nyoh in English) – Antonio is an elderly carpenter. He finds the log that eventually becomes Pinocchio, planning to make it into a table leg until it cries out «Please be careful!» The children call Antonio «Mastro Ciliegia (cherry)» because of his red nose.
• Harlequin (Arlecchino), Punch (Pulcinella), and Signora Rosaura – Harlequin, Punch, and Signora Rosaura are marionettes at the theater who embrace Pinocchio as their brother.
• The Innkeeper (l’Oste) – An innkeeper who is in tricked by the Fox and the Cat where he unknowingly leads Pinocchio into an ambush.
• The Falcon (il Falco) – A falcon who helps the Fairy with Turquoise Hair rescue Pinocchio from his hanging.
• Medoro ([meˈdɔːro] in Italian) – A poodle who is the stagecoach driver for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. He is described as being dressed in court livery, a tricorn trimmed with gold lace was set at a rakish angle over a wig of white curls that dropped down to his waist, a jaunty coat of chocolate-colored velvet with diamond buttons and two huge pockets that were always filled with bones (dropped there at dinner by his loving mistress), breeches of crimson velvet, silk stockings, and low silver-buckled slippers completed his costume.
• The Owl (la Civetta) and the Crow (il Corvo) – Two famous doctors who diagnose Pinocchio alongside the Talking Cricket.
• The Parrot (il Pappagallo) – A parrot who tells Pinocchio of the Fox and the Cat’s trickery that they played on him outside of Catchfools and mocks him for being tricked by them.
• The Judge (il Giudice) – A gorilla venerable with age who works as a judge of Catchfools.
• The Serpent (il Serpente) – A large serpent with bright green skin, fiery eyes that glowed and burned, and a pointed tail that smoked and burned.
• The Farmer (il Contadino) – An unnamed farmer whose chickens are plagued by weasel attacks. He previously owned a watch dog named Melampo.
• The Glowworm (la Lucciola) – A glowworm that Pinocchio encounters in the farmer’s grape field.
• The Pigeon (il Colombo) – A pigeon who gives Pinocchio a ride to the seashore.
• The Dolphin (il Delfino) – A dolphin who gives Pinocchio a ride to the Island of Busy Bees. He also tells him about the Island of Busy Bees and the Terrible Dogfish.
• The Snail (la Lumaca) – A snail who works for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. Pinocchio later gives all his money to the Snail by their next encounter.
• Alidoro ([aliˈdɔːro] in Italian, AH-lee-DORR-oh in English, literally «Golden Wings»; il can Mastino) – The old mastiff of a carabineer on the Island of Busy Bees.
• The Marmot (la Marmotta) – A Dormouse who lives in the Land of Toys. She is the one who tells Pinocchio about the donkey fever.
• The Ringmaster (il Direttore) – The unnamed ringmaster of a circus that buys Pinocchio from the Coachman.
• The Master (il Compratore) – A man who wants to make Pinocchio’s hide into a drum after the Ringmaster sold an injured Pinocchio to him.
• The Tuna Fish (il Tonno) – A tuna fish as «large as a two-year-old horse» who has been swallowed by the Terrible Shark.
• Giangio ([ˈdʒandʒo] in Italian, JAHN-joh in English) – The farmer who buys Romeo as a donkey and who Pinocchio briefly works for. He is also called Farmer John in some versions.

History[edit]

The Adventures of Pinocchio is a story about an animated puppet, boys who turn into donkeys, and other fairy tale devices. The setting of the story is the Tuscan area of Italy. It was a unique literary marriage of genres for its time. The story’s Italian language is peppered with Florentine dialect features, such as the protagonist’s Florentine name.

As a young man, Collodi joined the seminary. However, the cause of Italian unification (Risorgimento) usurped his calling, as he took to journalism as a means of supporting the Risorgimento in its struggle with the Austrian Empire.^[7] In the 1850s, Collodi began to have a variety of both fiction and non-fiction books published. Once, he translated some French fairy-tales so well that he was asked whether he would like to write some of his own. In 1848, Collodi started publishing Il Lampione, a newspaper of political satire. With the founding of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, Collodi ceased his journalistic and militaristic activities and began writing children’s books.^[7]

Collodi wrote a number of didactic children’s stories for the recently unified Italy, including Viaggio per l’Italia di Giannettino («Little Johnny’s voyage through Italy»; 1876), a series about an unruly boy who undergoes humiliating experiences while traveling the country, and Minuzzolo (1878).^[8] In 1881, he sent a short episode in the life of a wooden puppet to a friend who edited a newspaper in Rome, wondering whether the editor would be interested in publishing this «bit of foolishness» in his children’s section. The editor did, and the children loved it.^[9]

The Adventures of Pinocchio was originally published in serial form in the Giornale per i bambini, one of the earliest Italian weekly magazines for children, starting from 7 July 1881. In the original, serialized version, Pinocchio dies a gruesome death: hanged for his innumerable faults, at the end of Chapter 15. At the request of his editor, Collodi added chapters 16–36, in which the Fairy with Turquoise Hair rescues Pinocchio and eventually transforms him into a real boy, when he acquires a deeper understanding of himself, making the story more suitable for children. In the second half of the book, the maternal figure of the Blue-haired Fairy is the dominant character, versus the paternal figure of Geppetto in the first part. In February 1883, the story was published in a single book with huge success.^[1]

Children’s literature was a new idea in Collodi’s time, an innovation in the 19th century. Thus in content and style it was new and modern, opening the way to many writers of the following century.

International popularity[edit]

The Adventures of Pinocchio is the world’s third most translated book (240-260 languages), ^[3][4] and was the first work of Italian children’s literature to achieve international fame.^[10] The book has had great impact on world culture, and it was met with enthusiastic reviews worldwide. The title character is a cultural icon and one of the most reimagined characters in children’s literature.^[11] The popularity of the story was bolstered by the powerful philosopher-critic Benedetto Croce, who greatly admired the tale and reputed it as one of the greatest works of Italian literature.^[2]

Carlo Collodi, who died in 1890, was respected during his lifetime as a talented writer and social commentator, and his fame continued to grow when Pinocchio was first translated into English by Mary Alice Murray in 1892, whose translation was added to the widely read Everyman’s Library in 1911. Other well regarded English translations include the 1926 translation by Carol Della Chiesa, and the 1986 bilingual edition by Nicolas J. Perella. The first appearance of the book in the United States was in 1898, with publication of the first US edition in 1901, translated and illustrated by Walter S. Cramp and Charles Copeland.^[1] From that time, the story was one of the most famous children’s books in the United States and an important step for many illustrators.^[1]

Together with those from the United Kingdom, the American editions contributed to the popularity of Pinocchio in countries more culturally distant from Italy, such as Iceland and Asian countries.^[1] In 1905, Otto Julius Bierbaum published a new version of the book in Germany, entitled Zapfelkerns Abenteuer (lit. The Adventures of Pine Nut), and the first French edition was published in 1902. Between 1911 and 1945, translations were made into all European languages and several languages of Asia, Africa and Oceania.^[12][1] In 1936, Soviet writer Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy published a reworked version of Pinocchio titled The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino (originally a character in the commedia dell’arte), which became one of the most popular characters of Russian children’s literature.

The first stage adaptation was launched in 1899, written by Gattesco Gatteschi and Enrico Guidotti and directed by Luigi Rasi.^[1] Also, Pinocchio was adopted as a pioneer of cinema: in 1911, Giulio Antamoro featured him in a 45-minute hand-coloured silent film starring Polidor (an almost complete version of the film was restored in the 1990s).^[1] In 1932, Noburō Ōfuji directed a Japanese movie with an experimental technique using animated puppets,^[1] while in the 1930s in Italy, there was an attempt to produce a full-length animated cartoon film of the same title. The 1940 Walt Disney version was a groundbreaking achievement in the area of effects animation, giving realistic movement to vehicles, machinery and natural elements such as rain, lightning, smoke, shadows and water.

Proverbial figures[edit]

Many concepts and situations expressed in the book have become proverbial, such as:

• The long nose, commonly attributed to those who tell lies. The fairy says that «there are the lies that have short legs, and the lies that have the long nose».
• The land of Toys, to indicate cockaigne that hides another.
• The saying «burst into laughter» (also known as Ridere a crepapelle in Italian, literally «laugh to crack skin») was also created after the release of the book, in reference to the episode of the death of the giant snake.

Similarly, many of the characters have become typical quintessential human models, still cited frequently in everyday language:

• Mangiafuoco: (literally «fire eater») a gruff and irascible man.
• the Fox and the Cat: an unreliable pair.
• Lampwick: a rebellious and wayward boy.
• Pinocchio: a dishonest boy.

Literary analysis[edit]

Before writing Pinocchio, Collodi wrote a number of didactic children’s stories for the recently unified Italy, including a series about an unruly boy who undergoes humiliating experiences while traveling the country, titled Viaggio per l’Italia di Giannettino («Little Johnny’s voyage through Italy»).^[8] Throughout Pinocchio, Collodi chastises Pinocchio for his lack of moral fiber and his persistent rejection of responsibility and desire for fun.

The structure of the story of Pinocchio follows that of the folk-tales of peasants who venture out into the world but are naively unprepared for what they find, and get into ridiculous situations.^[13] At the time of the writing of the book, this was a serious problem, arising partly from the industrialization of Italy, which led to a growing need for reliable labour in the cities; the problem was exacerbated by similar, more or less simultaneous, demands for labour in the industrialization of other countries. One major effect was the emigration of much of the Italian peasantry to cities and to foreign countries, often as far away as South and North America.

Some literary analysts have described Pinocchio as an epic hero. According to Thomas J. Morrissey and Richard Wunderlich in Death and Rebirth in Pinocchio (1983) «such mythological events probably imitate the annual cycle of vegetative birth, death, and renascence, and they often serve as paradigms for the frequent symbolic deaths and rebirths encountered in literature. Two such symbolic renderings are most prominent: re-emergence from a journey to hell and rebirth through metamorphosis. Journeys to the underworld are a common feature of Western literary epics: Gilgamesh, Odysseus, Aeneas, and Dante all benefit from the knowledge and power they put on after such descents. Rebirth through metamorphosis, on the other hand, is a motif generally consigned to fantasy or speculative literature […] These two figurative manifestations of the death-rebirth trope are rarely combined; however, Carlo Collodi’s great fantasy-epic, The Adventures of Pinocchio, is a work in which a hero experiences symbolic death and rebirth through both infernal descent and metamorphosis. Pinocchio is truly a fantasy hero of epic proportions […] Beneath the book’s comic-fantasy texture—but not far beneath—lies a symbolic journey to the underworld, from which Pinocchio emerges whole.»^[14]

The main imperatives demanded of Pinocchio are to work, be good, and study. And in the end Pinocchio’s willingness to provide for his father and devote himself to these things transforms him into a real boy with modern comforts. «as a hero of what is, in the classic sense, a comedy, Pinocchio is protected from ultimate catastrophe, although he suffers quite a few moderate calamities. Collodi never lets the reader forget that disaster is always a possibility; in fact, that is just what Pinocchio’s mentors —Geppetto, the Talking Cricket, and the Fairy— repeatedly tell him. Although they are part of a comedy, Pinocchio’s adventures are not always funny. Indeed, they are sometimes sinister. The book’s fictive world does not exclude injury, pain, or even death—they are stylized but not absent. […] Accommodate them he does, by using the archetypal birth-death-rebirth motif as a means of structuring his hero’s growth to responsible boyhood. Of course, the success of the puppet’s growth is rendered in terms of his metamorphic rebirth as a flesh-and-blood human.»^[14]

Adaptations[edit]

The story has been adapted into many forms on stage and screen, some keeping close to the original Collodi narrative while others treat the story more freely. There are at least fourteen English-language films based on the story, Italian, French, Russian, German, Japanese and other versions for the big screen and for television, and several musical adaptations.

Films[edit]

• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1911), a live-action silent film directed by Giulio Antamoro, and the first movie based on the novel. Part of the film is lost.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1936), a historically notable, unfinished Italian animated feature film.
• Pinocchio (1940), the widely known Disney animated film, considered by many to be one of the greatest animated films ever made.
• Le avventure di Pinocchio [it] (1947), an Italian live action film with Alessandro Tomei as Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio in Outer Space (1965), Pinocchio has adventures in outer space, with an alien turtle as a friend.
• Turlis Abenteuer (1967), an East German version; in 1969 it was dubbed into English and shown in the US as Pinocchio.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972); Un burattino di nome Pinocchio, literally A puppet named Pinocchio), an Italian animated film written and directed by Giuliano Cenci. Carlo Collodi’s grandchildren, Mario and Antonio Lorenzini advised the production.
• Pinocchio: The Series (1972); also known as Saban’s The Adventures of Pinocchio and known as Mock of the Oak Tree (樫の木モック, Kashi no Ki Mokku) in Japan, a 52-episode anime series by Tatsunoko Productions.
• The Adventures of Buratino (1975), a BSSR television film.
• Si Boneka Kayu, Pinokio [id] (1979), an Indonesian movie.
• Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (1987), an animated movie which acts as a sequel of the story.
• Pinocchio (1992), an animated movie by Golden Films.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996), a film by Steve Barron starring Martin Landau as Geppetto and Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Pinocchio.
• The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1999), a direct-to-video film sequel of the 1996 movie. Martin Landau reprises his role of Geppetto, while Gabriel Thomson plays Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio (2002), a live-action Italian film directed by, co-written by and starring Roberto Benigni.
• Pinocchio 3000 (2004), a CGI animated Canadian film.
• Bentornato Pinocchio [it] (2007), an Italian animated film directed by Orlando Corradi, which acts as a sequel to the original story. Pinocchio is voiced by Federico Bebi.
• Pinocchio (2012), an Italian-Belgian-French animated film directed by Enzo D’Alò.
• Pinocchio (2015), a live-action Czech film featuring a computer-animated and female version of the Talking Cricket, given the name, Coco, who used to live in the wood Pinocchio was made out of.
• Pinocchio (2019), a live-action Italian film co-written, directed and co-produced by Matteo Garrone. It stars child actor Federico Ielapi as Pinocchio and Roberto Benigni as Geppetto. Prosthetic makeup was used to turn Ielapi into a puppet. Some actors, including Ielapi, dubbed themselves in the English-language version of the movie.
• Pinocchio: A True Story (2022), an animated Russian film. Gained infamy in the west for an English-dub by Lionsgate featuring the voices of Pauly Shore, Jon Heder, and Tom Kenny.
• Pinocchio (2022), a live-action film based on the 1940 animated Pinocchio.^[15] directed and co-written by Robert Zemeckis.^[16]
• Pinocchio (2022), a stop-motion musical film co-directed by Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson.^[17] It is a darker story set in Fascist Italy.

Television[edit]

• Spike Jones portrayed Pinocchio in a satirical version of the story aired 24 April 1954 as an episode of The Spike Jones Show.
• Pinocchio (1957), a TV musical broadcast live during the Golden Age of Television, directed and choreographed by Hanya Holm, and starring such actors as Mickey Rooney (in the title role), Walter Slezak (as Geppetto), Fran Allison (as the Blue Fairy), and Martyn Green (as the Fox). This version featured songs by Alec Wilder and was shown on NBC. It was part of a then-popular trend of musicalizing fantasy stories for television, following the immense success of the Mary Martin Peter Pan, which made its TV debut in 1955.
• The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1960), a TV series of 5-minute stop-motion animated vignettes by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass. The plots of the vignettes are mainly unrelated to the novel, but the main characters are the same and ideas from the novel are used as backstory.
• The Prince Street Players’ musical version, starring John Joy as Pinocchio and David Lile as Geppetto, was broadcast on CBS Television in 1965.
• Pinocchio (1968), a musical version of the story that aired in the United States on NBC, with pop star Peter Noone playing the puppet. This one bore no resemblance to the 1957 television version.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972), a TV mini-series by Italian director Luigi Comencini, starring Andrea Balestri as Pinocchio, Nino Manfredi as Geppetto and Gina Lollobrigida as the Fairy.
• Pinocchio: The Series (1972), an animated series produced by Tatsunoko Productions. It has a distinctly darker, more sadistic theme, and portrays the main character, Pinocchio (Mokku), as suffering from constant physical and psychological abuse and freak accidents.
• In 1973, Piccolo, a kaiju based on Pinocchio, appeared in episode 46 of Ultraman Taro.
• Pinocchio (1976), still another live-action musical version for television, with Sandy Duncan in a trouser role as the puppet, Danny Kaye as Geppetto, and Flip Wilson as the Fox. It was telecast on CBS, and is available on DVD.
• Piccolino no Bōken (1976 animated series) Nippon Animation
• Pinocchio no Boken (1979 TV program) DAX International
• Pinocchio’s Christmas (1980), a stop-motion animated TV special.
• A 1984 episode of Faerie Tale Theatre starring Paul Reubens as the puppet Pinocchio.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio was adapted in Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child where it takes place on the Barbary Coast.
• Geppetto (2000), a television film broadcast on The Wonderful World of Disney starring Drew Carey in the title role, Seth Adkins as Pinocchio, Brent Spiner as Stromboli, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus as the Blue Fairy.
• Pinocchio (2008), a British-Italian TV film starring Bob Hoskins as Geppetto, Robbie Kay as Pinocchio, Luciana Littizzetto as the Talking Cricket, Violante Placido as the Blue Fairy, Toni Bertorelli as the Fox, Francesco Pannofino as the Cat, Maurizio Donadoni as Mangiafuoco, and Alessandro Gassman as the original author Carlo Collodi.
• Once Upon a Time (2011), ABC television series. Pinocchio and many other characters from the story have major roles in the episodes «That Still Small Voice» and «The Stranger».
• Pinocchio appeared in GEICO’s 2014 bad motivational speaker commercial, and was revived in 2019 and 2020 for its Sequels campaign.
• Pinocchio (2014), South Korean television series starring Park Shin-hye and Lee Jong-suk, airs on SBS starting on November 12, 2014, every Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes. The protagonist Choi In-ha has a chronic symptom called «Pinocchio complex,» which makes her break into violent hiccups when she tells lies.
• The Enchanted Village of Pinocchio (Il villaggio incantati di Pinocchio), an Italian computer-animated television series which premiered in Italy on May 22, 2022, on Rai YoYo.

Other books[edit]

• Mongiardini-Rembadi, Gemma (1894), Il Segreto di Pinocchio, Italy. Published in the United States in 1913 as Pinocchio under the Sea.
• Cherubini, E. (1903), Pinocchio in Africa, Italy.
• Lorenzini, Paolo (1917), The Heart of Pinocchio, Florence, Italy.
• Patri, Angelo (1928), Pinocchio in America, United States.
• Della Chiesa, Carol (1932), Puppet Parade, New York.
• Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich (1936), The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino, Russia, a loose adaptation. Illustrated by Alexander Koshkin, translated from Russian by Kathleen Cook-Horujy, Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1990, 171 pages, SBN 5-05-002843-4. Leonid Vladimirsky later wrote and illustrated a sequel, Buratino in the Emerald City, bringing Buratino to the Magic Land that Alexander Melentyevich Volkov based on the Land of Oz, and which Vladimirski had illustrated.
• Marino, Josef (1940), Hi! Ho! Pinocchio!, United States.
• Coover, Robert (1991), Pinocchio in Venice, novel, continues the story of Pinocchio, the Blue Fairy, and other characters.
• Dine, James ‘Jim’ (2006), Pinocchio, Steidl, illustrations.
• ———— (2007), Pinocchio, PaceWildenstein.
• Winshluss (2008), Pinocchio, Les Requins Marteaux.
• Carter, Scott William (2012), Wooden Bones, novel, described as the untold story of Pinocchio, with a dark twist. Pino, as he’s come to be known after he became a real boy, has discovered that he has the power to bring puppets to life himself.
• Morpurgo, Michael (2013), Pinocchio by Pinocchio Children’s book, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark.
• London, Thomas (2015), Splintered: A Political Fairy Tale sets the characters of the story in modern-day Washington, D.C.
• Bemis, John Claude. Out of Abaton «duology» The Wooden Prince and Lord of Monsters (Disney Hyperion, 2016 and 2017) adapts the story to a science fiction setting.
• Carey, Edward (2021), The Swallowed Man tells the story of Pinnochio’s creation and evolution from the viewpoint of Geppetto

Theater[edit]

• «Pinocchio» (1961-1999), by Carmelo Bene.
• «Pinocchio» (2002), musical by Saverio Marconi and musics by Pooh.
• An opera, The Adventures of Pinocchio, composed by Jonathan Dove to a libretto by Alasdair Middleton, was commissioned by Opera North and premièred at the Grand Theatre in Leeds, England, on 21 December 2007.
• Navok, Lior (2009), opera, sculptural exhibition. Two acts: actors, woodwind quintet and piano.
• Le Avventure di Pinocchio^{[citation needed]} (2009) musical by Mario Restagno.
• Costantini, Vito (2011), The other Pinocchio, musical, the first musical sequel to ‘Adventures of Pinocchio’. The musical is based on The other Pinocchio, Brescia: La Scuola Editrice, 1999, book. The composer is Antonio Furioso. Vito Costantini wrote «The other Pinocchio» after the discovery of a few sheets of an old manuscript attributed to Collodi and dated 21/10/1890. The news of the discovery appeared in the major Italian newspapers.^[18] It is assumed the Tuscan artist wrote a sequel to ‘The Adventures of Pinocchio’ he never published. Starting from handwritten sheets, Costantini has reconstructed the second part of the story. In 2000 ‘The other Pinocchio’ won first prize in national children’s literature Città of Bitritto.
• La vera storia di Pinocchio raccontata da lui medesimo, (2011) by Flavio Albanese, music by Fiorenzo Carpi, produced by Piccolo Teatro.
• L’altro Pinocchio (2011), musical by Vito Costantini based on L’altro Pinocchio (Editrice La Scuola, Brescia 1999).
• Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino da Carlo Collodi by Massimiliano Finazzer Flory (2012)
• Disney’s My Son Pinocchio: Geppetto’s Musical Tale (2016), a stage musical based in the 2000 TV movie Geppetto.
• Pinocchio (2017), musical by Dennis Kelly, with songs from 1940 Disney movie, directed by John Tiffany, premiered on the National Theatre, London.

Cultural influence[edit]

• Totò plays Pinocchio in Toto in Color (1952)
• The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio, 1971 was advertised with the memorable line, «It’s not his nose that grows!»
• Weldon, John (1977), Spinnolio, a parody by National Film Board of Canada.^[19]
• The 1990 movie Edward Scissorhands contains elements both of Beauty and Beast, Frankenstein and Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio’s Revenge, 1996, a horror movie where Pinocchio supposedly goes on a murderous rampage.
• Android Kikaider was influenced by Pinocchio story.
• Astro Boy (鉄腕アトム, Tetsuwan Atomu) (1952), a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka, recasts loosely the Pinocchio theme.^[20]
• Marvel Fairy Tales, a comic book series by C. B. Cebulski, features a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio with the robotic superhero called The Vision in the role of Pinocchio.
• The story was adapted in an episode of Simsala Grimm.
• Spielberg, Steven (2001), A.I. Artificial Intelligence, film, based on a Stanley Kubrick project that was cut short by Kubrick’s death, recasts the Pinocchio theme; in it an android with emotions longs to become a real boy by finding the Blue Fairy, who he hopes will turn him into one.^[21]
• Shrek, 2001, Pinocchio is a recurrent supporting character.
• Shrek the Musical, Broadway, December 14, 2008.
• A Tree of Palme, a 2002 anime film, is an interpretation of the Pinocchio tale.
• Teacher’s Pet, 2004 contains elements and references of the 1940 adaptation and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
• Happily N’Ever After 2: Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple, 2009 Pinocchio appears as a secondary character.
• In The Simpsons episode «Itchy and Scratchy Land», there is a parody of Pinocchio called Pinnitchio where Pinnitchio (Itchy) stabs Geppetto (Scratchy) in the eye after he fibs to not to tell lies.
• In the Rooster Teeth webtoon RWBY, the characters Penny Polendina and Roman Torchwick are based on Pinocchio and Lampwick respectively.
• He was used as the mascot for the 2013 UCI Road World Championships.

Monuments and art works dedicated to Pinocchio[edit]

• The name of a district of the city of Ancona is «Pinocchio», long before the birth of the famous puppet. Vittorio Morelli built the Monument to Pinocchio.^[22]
• Fontana a Pinocchio, 1956, fountain in Milan, with bronze statues of Pinocchio, the Cat, and the Fox.
• In Pescia, Italy, the park «Parco di Pinocchio» was built in 1956.
• Near the Lake Varese was built a metal statue depicting Pinocchio.^[23]
• 12927 Pinocchio, a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 30, 1999 by M. Tombelli and L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese, was named after Pinocchio.
• In the paintings series La morte di Pinocchio, Walther Jervolino, an Italian painter and engraver, shows Pinocchio being executed with arrows or decapitated, thus presenting an alternative story ending.
• In the central square of Viù, Turin, there is a wooden statue of Pinocchio which is 6.53 meters tall and weighs about 4000 kilograms.^[24]
• In Collodi, the birthplace of the writer of Pinocchio, in February 2009 was installed a statue of the puppet 15 feet tall.
• At the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, in the Italian Pavilion, was exposed to more than two meters tall an aluminum sculpture called Pinocchio Art of Giuseppe Bartolozzi and Clara Thesis.
• The National Foundation Carlo Collodi together with Editions Redberry Art London has presented at the Milan Humanitarian Society the artist’s book The Adventures of Pinocchio with the works of Antonio Nocera. The exhibition was part of a Tuscany region food and fable project connected to the Milan Expo 2015.

See also[edit]

• Pinocchio paradox
• Great Books
• List of best-selling books

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• , Brock, Geoffrey, transl.; Umberto Eco, introd., «Pinocchio», New York Review Books, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian and English), Nicolas J. Perella, transl., 1986, ISBN 0-520-07782-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link), ISBN 0-520-24686-1.
• The Story of a Puppet or The Adventures of Pinocchio , Mary Alice Murray, transl., Wikisource, 1892{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio , Carol Della Chiesa, transl., Wikisource{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• Pinocchio: the Tale of a Puppet, Alice Carsey, illustr., Project Gutenberg, 1916{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio, Carol Della Chiesa, transl.; Attilio Mussino, illustr., Illuminated books, 1926, archived from the original on 2006-05-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian), Italy: Liber Liber, archived from the original on 2006-05-09.
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in English and Italian), Italy: Libero

External links[edit]

• The full text of The Adventures of Pinocchio at Wikisource
•  Italian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Le avventure di Pinocchio
• Media related to Le avventure di Pinocchio at Wikimedia Commons
• Pinocchio (in Italian), Carlo Collodi National Foundation
• Comencini, Luigi, Pinocchio (in Italian), Andrea Balestri
• Verger, Mario (15 November 2010), Un burattino di nome Pinocchio [The Adventures of Pinocchio] (in Italian), Carlo Rambaldi, introd., Rapporto confidenziale
• The Adventures of Pinocchio at Standard Ebooks
• The Adventures of Pinocchio public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Collodi, C (1904). The Adventures of Pinocchio. The Athenaum Press. ISBN 9781590172896 – via Internet Archive.

The Adventures of Pinocchio

illustration from 1883 edition by Enrico Mazzanti
Author	Carlo Collodi
Illustrator	Enrico Mazzanti
Country	Italy
Language	Italian
Genre	Fiction, literature, fantasy, children’s book, adventure
Publication date	1883

The Adventures of Pinocchio ( pin-OH-kee-oh; Italian: Le avventure di Pinocchio [le avvenˈtuːre di piˈnɔkkjo]; commonly shortened to Pinocchio) is a children’s fantasy novel by Italian author Carlo Collodi. It is about the mischievous adventures of an animated marionette named Pinocchio and his father, a poor woodcarver named Geppetto.

It was originally published in a serial form as The Story of a Puppet (Italian: La storia di un burattino) in the Giornale per i bambini, one of the earliest Italian weekly magazines for children, starting from 7 July 1881. The story stopped after nearly 4 months and 8 episodes at Chapter 15, but by popular demand from readers, the episodes were resumed on 16 February 1882.^[1] In February 1883, the story was published in a single book. Since then, the spread of Pinocchio on the main markets for children’s books of the time has been continuous and uninterrupted, and it was met with enthusiastic reviews worldwide.^[1]

A universal icon and a metaphor of the human condition, the book is considered a canonical piece of children’s literature and has had great impact on world culture. Philosopher Benedetto Croce considered it one of the greatest works of Italian literature.^[2] Since its first publication, it has inspired hundreds of new editions, stage plays, merchandising, television series and movies, such as Walt Disney’s iconic animated version, and commonplace ideas such as a liar’s long nose.

According to extensive research by the Fondazione Nazionale Carlo Collodi and UNESCO sources in the late 1990s, the book has been translated into as many as 260 languages worldwide,^[3][4] making it one of the world’s most translated books.^[3] Likely one of the best-selling books ever published, the actual total sales since first being published are unknown due to the many reductions and different versions.^[3] The story has been a public domain work in the U.S. since 1940. According to Viero Peroncini: «some sources report 35 million [copies sold], others 80, but it is only a way, even a rather idle one, of quantifying an unquantifiable success».^[5] According to Francelia Butler, it also remains «the most translated Italian book and, after the Bible, the most widely read».^[6]

Plot[edit]

In Tuscany, Italy, a carpenter named Master Antonio has found a block of wood that he plans to carve into a table leg. Frightened when the log cries out, he gives the log to his neighbor Geppetto, a poor man who plans to make a living as a puppeteer. Geppetto carves the block into a boy and names him «Pinocchio». As soon as Pinocchio’s feet are carved, he tries to kick Geppetto. Once the puppet has been finished and Geppetto teaches him to walk, Pinocchio runs out the door and away into the town. He is caught by a Carabiniere, who assumes Pinocchio has been mistreated and imprisons Geppetto.

Left alone, Pinocchio heads back to Geppetto’s house to get something to eat. Once he arrives at home, a talking cricket warns him of the perils of disobedience. In retaliation, Pinocchio throws a hammer at the cricket, accidentally killing it. Pinocchio gets hungry and tries to fry an egg, but a bird emerges from the egg and Pinocchio has to leave for food. He knocks on a neighbor’s door who fears he is pulling a child’s prank and instead dumps water on him. Cold and wet, Pinocchio goes home and lies down on a stove; when he wakes, his feet have burned off. Luckily, Geppetto is released from prison and makes Pinocchio a new pair of feet. In gratitude, he promises to attend school, and Geppetto sells his only coat to buy him a school book.

On his way to school the next morning, Pinocchio encounters the Great Marionette Theatre, and he sells his school book in order to buy a ticket for the show. During the performance, the puppets Harlequin, Pulcinella and Signora Rosaura on stage call out to him, angering the puppet master Mangiafuoco. Upset, he decides to use Pinocchio as firewood to cook his lamb dinner. After Pinocchio pleads for his and Harlequin’s salvation and upon learning of Geppetto’s poverty, Mangiafuoco releases him and gives him five gold pieces.

On his way home, Pinocchio meets a fox and a cat. The Cat pretends to be blind, and the Fox pretends to be lame. A white blackbird tries to warn Pinocchio of their lies, but the Cat eats the bird. The two animals convince Pinocchio that if he plants his coins in the Field of Miracles outside the city of Acchiappacitrulli (Catchfools), they will grow into a tree with gold coins. They stop at an inn, where the Fox and the Cat trick Pinocchio into paying for their meals and flee. They instruct the innkeeper to tell Pinocchio that they left after receiving a message that the Cat’s eldest kitten had fallen ill and that they would meet Pinocchio at the Field of Miracles in the morning.

As Pinocchio sets off for Catchfools, the ghost of the Talking Cricket appears, telling him to go home and give the coins to his father. Pinocchio ignores his warnings again. As he passes through a forest, the Fox and Cat, disguised as bandits, ambush Pinocchio, robbing him. The puppet hides the coins in his mouth and escapes to a white house after biting off the Cat’s paw. Upon knocking on the door, Pinocchio is greeted by a young fairy with turquoise hair who says she is dead and waiting for a hearse. Unfortunately, the bandits catch Pinocchio and hang him in a tree. After a while, the Fox and Cat get tired of waiting for the puppet to suffocate, and they leave.

The Fairy has Pinocchio rescued and calls in three doctors to evaluate him — one says he is alive, the other dead. The third doctor is the Ghost of the Talking Cricket who says that the puppet is fine, but has been disobedient and hurt his father. The Fairy administers medicine to Pinocchio. Recovered, Pinocchio lies to the Fairy when she asks what has happened to the gold coins, and his nose grows. The Fairy explains that Pinocchio’s lies are making his nose grow and calls in a flock of woodpeckers to chisel it down to size. The Fairy sends for Geppetto to come and live with them in the forest cottage.

When Pinocchio heads out to meet his father, he once again encounters the Fox and the Cat. When Pinocchio notices the Cat’s missing paw, the Fox claims that they had to sacrifice it to feed a hungry old wolf. They remind the puppet of the Field of Miracles, and finally, he agrees to go with them and plant his gold. Once there, Pinocchio buries his coins and leaves for the twenty minutes that it will take for his gold tree to grow. The Fox and the Cat dig up the coins and run away.

Once Pinocchio returns, a parrot mocks Pinocchio for falling for the Fox and Cat’s tricks. Pinocchio rushes to the Catchfools courthouse where he reports the theft of the coins to a gorilla judge. Although he is moved by Pinocchio’s plea, the gorilla judge sentences Pinocchio to four months in prison for the crime of foolishness. Fortunately, all criminals are released early by the jailers when the Emperor of Catchfools declares a celebration following his army’s victory over the town’s enemies.

As Pinocchio heads back to the forest, he finds an enormous snake with a smoking tail blocking the way. After some confusion, he asks the serpent to move, but the serpent remains completely still. Concluding that it is dead, Pinocchio begins to step over it, but the serpent suddenly rises up and hisses at the marionette, toppling him over onto his head. Struck by Pinocchio’s fright and comical position, the snake laughs so hard he bursts an artery and dies.

Pinocchio then heads back to the Fairy’s house in the forest, but he sneaks into a farmer’s yard to steal some grapes. He is caught in a weasel trap where he encounters a glowworm. The farmer finds Pinocchio and ties him up in his doghouse. When Pinocchio foils the chicken-stealing weasels, the farmer frees the puppet as a reward. Pinocchio finally returns to the cottage, finds nothing but a gravestone, and believes that the Fairy has died.

A friendly pigeon sees Pinocchio mourning the Fairy’s death and offers to give him a ride to the seashore, where Geppetto is building a boat in which to search for Pinocchio. Pinocchio is washed ashore when he tries to swim to his father. Geppetto is then swallowed by The Terrible Dogfish. Pinocchio accepts a ride from a dolphin to the nearest island called the Island of Busy Bees. Upon arriving on the island, Pinocchio can only get food in return for labor. Pinocchio offers to carry a lady’s jug home in return for food and water. When they get to the lady’s house, Pinocchio recognizes the lady as the Fairy, now miraculously old enough to be his mother. She says she will act as his mother, and Pinocchio will begin going to school. She hints that if Pinocchio does well in school and is good for one year, then he will become a real boy.

Pinocchio studies hard and rises to the top of his class, making the other boys jealous. They trick Pinocchio into playing hookey by saying they saw a large sea monster at the beach, the same one that swallowed Geppetto. However, the boys were lying and a fight breaks out. Pinocchio is accused of injuring another boy, so the puppet escapes. During his escape, Pinocchio saves a drowning Mastiff named Alidoro. In exchange, Alidoro later saves Pinocchio from The Green Fisherman, who was going to eat the marionette. After meeting the Snail that works for the Fairy, Pinocchio is given another chance by the Fairy.

Pinocchio does excellently in school. The Fairy promises that Pinocchio will be a real boy the next day and says he should invite all his friends to a party. He goes to invite everyone, but he is sidetracked when he meets his closest friend from school, a boy nicknamed Candlewick, who is about to go to a place called Toyland where everyone plays all day and never works. Pinocchio goes along with him and they have a wonderful time for the next five months.

One morning in the fifth month, Pinocchio and Candlewick awake with donkeys’ ears. A marmot tells Pinocchio that he has got a donkey fever: boys who do nothing but play and never study always turn into donkeys. Soon, both Pinocchio and Candlewick are fully transformed. Pinocchio is sold to a circus where he is trained to do tricks, until he falls and sprains his leg after seeing the Fairy with Turquoise Hair in one of the box seats. The ringmaster then sells Pinocchio to a man who wants to skin him and make a drum. The man throws the donkey into the sea to drown him. When the man goes to retrieve the corpse, all he finds is a living marionette. Pinocchio explains that the fish ate all the donkey skin off him and he is now a puppet again. Pinocchio dives back into the water and swims out to sea. When the Terrible Dogfish appears, Pinocchio is swallowed by it. Inside the Dogfish, Pinocchio unexpectedly finds Geppetto. Pinocchio and Geppetto escape with the help of a tuna and look for a new place to live.

Pinocchio and Geppetto encounter the Fox and the Cat, now impoverished. The Cat has really become blind, and the Fox has really become lame. The Fox and the Cat plead for food or money, but Pinocchio rebuffs them and tells them that they have earned their misfortune. Geppetto and Pinocchio arrive at a small house, which is home to the Talking Cricket. The Talking Cricket says they can stay and reveals that he got his house from a little goat with turquoise hair. Pinocchio gets a job doing work for a farmer and recognizes the farmer’s dying donkey as his friend Candlewick.

After long months of working for the farmer and supporting the ailing Geppetto, Pinocchio goes to town with the forty pennies he has saved to buy himself a new suit. He discovers that the Fairy is ill and needs money. Pinocchio instantly gives the Snail he met back on the Island of Busy Bees all the money he has. That night, he dreams that he is visited by the Fairy, who kisses him. When he wakes up, he is a real boy. His former puppet body lies lifeless on a chair. The Fairy has also left him a new suit, boots, and a bag which contains 40 gold coins instead of pennies. Geppetto also returns to health.

Characters[edit]

• Pinocchio – Pinocchio is a marionette who gains wisdom through a series of misadventures that lead him to becoming a real human as reward for his good deeds.
• Geppetto – Geppetto is an elderly, impoverished woodcarver and the creator (and thus father) of Pinocchio. He wears a yellow wig that looks like cornmeal mush (or polendina), and subsequently the children of the neighborhood (as well as some of the adults) call him «Polendina», which greatly annoys him. «Geppetto» is a syncopated form of Giuseppetto, which in turn is a diminutive of the name Giuseppe (Italian for Joseph).
• Romeo/»Lampwick» or «Candlewick» (Lucignolo) – A tall, thin boy (like a wick) who is Pinocchio’s best friend and a troublemaker.
• The Coachman (l’Omino) – The owner of the Land of Toys who takes people there on his stagecoach pulled by twenty-four donkeys that mysteriously wear white shoes on their hooves. When the people who visit there turn into donkeys, he sells them.
• The Fairy with Turquoise Hair (la Fata dai capelli turchini) – The Blue-haired Fairy is the spirit of the forest who rescues Pinocchio and adopts him first as her brother, then as her son.
• The Terrible Dogfish (Il terribile Pesce-cane) – A mile-long, five-story-high fish. Pescecane, while literally meaning «dog fish», generally means «shark» in Italian.
• The Talking Cricket (il Grillo Parlante) – The Talking Cricket is a cricket whom Pinocchio kills after it tries to give him some advice. The Cricket comes back as a ghost to continue advising the puppet.
• Mangiafuoco – Mangiafuoco («Fire-Eater» in English) is the wealthy director of the Great Marionette Theater. He has red eyes and a black beard that reaches to the floor, and his mouth is «as wide as an oven [with] teeth like yellow fangs». Despite his appearances however, Mangiafuoco (which the story says is his given name) is not evil.
• The Green Fisherman (il Pescatore verde) – A green-skinned ogre on the Island of Busy Bees who catches Pinocchio in his fishing net and attempts to eat him.
• The Fox and the Cat (la Volpe e il Gatto) – Greedy anthropomorphic animals pretending to be lame and blind respectively, the pair lead Pinocchio astray, rob him and eventually try to hang him.
• Mastro Antonio ([anˈtɔːnjo] in Italian, ahn-TOH-nyoh in English) – Antonio is an elderly carpenter. He finds the log that eventually becomes Pinocchio, planning to make it into a table leg until it cries out «Please be careful!» The children call Antonio «Mastro Ciliegia (cherry)» because of his red nose.
• Harlequin (Arlecchino), Punch (Pulcinella), and Signora Rosaura – Harlequin, Punch, and Signora Rosaura are marionettes at the theater who embrace Pinocchio as their brother.
• The Innkeeper (l’Oste) – An innkeeper who is in tricked by the Fox and the Cat where he unknowingly leads Pinocchio into an ambush.
• The Falcon (il Falco) – A falcon who helps the Fairy with Turquoise Hair rescue Pinocchio from his hanging.
• Medoro ([meˈdɔːro] in Italian) – A poodle who is the stagecoach driver for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. He is described as being dressed in court livery, a tricorn trimmed with gold lace was set at a rakish angle over a wig of white curls that dropped down to his waist, a jaunty coat of chocolate-colored velvet with diamond buttons and two huge pockets that were always filled with bones (dropped there at dinner by his loving mistress), breeches of crimson velvet, silk stockings, and low silver-buckled slippers completed his costume.
• The Owl (la Civetta) and the Crow (il Corvo) – Two famous doctors who diagnose Pinocchio alongside the Talking Cricket.
• The Parrot (il Pappagallo) – A parrot who tells Pinocchio of the Fox and the Cat’s trickery that they played on him outside of Catchfools and mocks him for being tricked by them.
• The Judge (il Giudice) – A gorilla venerable with age who works as a judge of Catchfools.
• The Serpent (il Serpente) – A large serpent with bright green skin, fiery eyes that glowed and burned, and a pointed tail that smoked and burned.
• The Farmer (il Contadino) – An unnamed farmer whose chickens are plagued by weasel attacks. He previously owned a watch dog named Melampo.
• The Glowworm (la Lucciola) – A glowworm that Pinocchio encounters in the farmer’s grape field.
• The Pigeon (il Colombo) – A pigeon who gives Pinocchio a ride to the seashore.
• The Dolphin (il Delfino) – A dolphin who gives Pinocchio a ride to the Island of Busy Bees. He also tells him about the Island of Busy Bees and the Terrible Dogfish.
• The Snail (la Lumaca) – A snail who works for the Fairy with Turquoise Hair. Pinocchio later gives all his money to the Snail by their next encounter.
• Alidoro ([aliˈdɔːro] in Italian, AH-lee-DORR-oh in English, literally «Golden Wings»; il can Mastino) – The old mastiff of a carabineer on the Island of Busy Bees.
• The Marmot (la Marmotta) – A Dormouse who lives in the Land of Toys. She is the one who tells Pinocchio about the donkey fever.
• The Ringmaster (il Direttore) – The unnamed ringmaster of a circus that buys Pinocchio from the Coachman.
• The Master (il Compratore) – A man who wants to make Pinocchio’s hide into a drum after the Ringmaster sold an injured Pinocchio to him.
• The Tuna Fish (il Tonno) – A tuna fish as «large as a two-year-old horse» who has been swallowed by the Terrible Shark.
• Giangio ([ˈdʒandʒo] in Italian, JAHN-joh in English) – The farmer who buys Romeo as a donkey and who Pinocchio briefly works for. He is also called Farmer John in some versions.

History[edit]

The Adventures of Pinocchio is a story about an animated puppet, boys who turn into donkeys, and other fairy tale devices. The setting of the story is the Tuscan area of Italy. It was a unique literary marriage of genres for its time. The story’s Italian language is peppered with Florentine dialect features, such as the protagonist’s Florentine name.

As a young man, Collodi joined the seminary. However, the cause of Italian unification (Risorgimento) usurped his calling, as he took to journalism as a means of supporting the Risorgimento in its struggle with the Austrian Empire.^[7] In the 1850s, Collodi began to have a variety of both fiction and non-fiction books published. Once, he translated some French fairy-tales so well that he was asked whether he would like to write some of his own. In 1848, Collodi started publishing Il Lampione, a newspaper of political satire. With the founding of the Kingdom of Italy in 1861, Collodi ceased his journalistic and militaristic activities and began writing children’s books.^[7]

Collodi wrote a number of didactic children’s stories for the recently unified Italy, including Viaggio per l’Italia di Giannettino («Little Johnny’s voyage through Italy»; 1876), a series about an unruly boy who undergoes humiliating experiences while traveling the country, and Minuzzolo (1878).^[8] In 1881, he sent a short episode in the life of a wooden puppet to a friend who edited a newspaper in Rome, wondering whether the editor would be interested in publishing this «bit of foolishness» in his children’s section. The editor did, and the children loved it.^[9]

The Adventures of Pinocchio was originally published in serial form in the Giornale per i bambini, one of the earliest Italian weekly magazines for children, starting from 7 July 1881. In the original, serialized version, Pinocchio dies a gruesome death: hanged for his innumerable faults, at the end of Chapter 15. At the request of his editor, Collodi added chapters 16–36, in which the Fairy with Turquoise Hair rescues Pinocchio and eventually transforms him into a real boy, when he acquires a deeper understanding of himself, making the story more suitable for children. In the second half of the book, the maternal figure of the Blue-haired Fairy is the dominant character, versus the paternal figure of Geppetto in the first part. In February 1883, the story was published in a single book with huge success.^[1]

Children’s literature was a new idea in Collodi’s time, an innovation in the 19th century. Thus in content and style it was new and modern, opening the way to many writers of the following century.

International popularity[edit]

The Adventures of Pinocchio is the world’s third most translated book (240-260 languages), ^[3][4] and was the first work of Italian children’s literature to achieve international fame.^[10] The book has had great impact on world culture, and it was met with enthusiastic reviews worldwide. The title character is a cultural icon and one of the most reimagined characters in children’s literature.^[11] The popularity of the story was bolstered by the powerful philosopher-critic Benedetto Croce, who greatly admired the tale and reputed it as one of the greatest works of Italian literature.^[2]

Carlo Collodi, who died in 1890, was respected during his lifetime as a talented writer and social commentator, and his fame continued to grow when Pinocchio was first translated into English by Mary Alice Murray in 1892, whose translation was added to the widely read Everyman’s Library in 1911. Other well regarded English translations include the 1926 translation by Carol Della Chiesa, and the 1986 bilingual edition by Nicolas J. Perella. The first appearance of the book in the United States was in 1898, with publication of the first US edition in 1901, translated and illustrated by Walter S. Cramp and Charles Copeland.^[1] From that time, the story was one of the most famous children’s books in the United States and an important step for many illustrators.^[1]

Together with those from the United Kingdom, the American editions contributed to the popularity of Pinocchio in countries more culturally distant from Italy, such as Iceland and Asian countries.^[1] In 1905, Otto Julius Bierbaum published a new version of the book in Germany, entitled Zapfelkerns Abenteuer (lit. The Adventures of Pine Nut), and the first French edition was published in 1902. Between 1911 and 1945, translations were made into all European languages and several languages of Asia, Africa and Oceania.^[12][1] In 1936, Soviet writer Aleksey Nikolayevich Tolstoy published a reworked version of Pinocchio titled The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino (originally a character in the commedia dell’arte), which became one of the most popular characters of Russian children’s literature.

The first stage adaptation was launched in 1899, written by Gattesco Gatteschi and Enrico Guidotti and directed by Luigi Rasi.^[1] Also, Pinocchio was adopted as a pioneer of cinema: in 1911, Giulio Antamoro featured him in a 45-minute hand-coloured silent film starring Polidor (an almost complete version of the film was restored in the 1990s).^[1] In 1932, Noburō Ōfuji directed a Japanese movie with an experimental technique using animated puppets,^[1] while in the 1930s in Italy, there was an attempt to produce a full-length animated cartoon film of the same title. The 1940 Walt Disney version was a groundbreaking achievement in the area of effects animation, giving realistic movement to vehicles, machinery and natural elements such as rain, lightning, smoke, shadows and water.

Proverbial figures[edit]

Many concepts and situations expressed in the book have become proverbial, such as:

• The long nose, commonly attributed to those who tell lies. The fairy says that «there are the lies that have short legs, and the lies that have the long nose».
• The land of Toys, to indicate cockaigne that hides another.
• The saying «burst into laughter» (also known as Ridere a crepapelle in Italian, literally «laugh to crack skin») was also created after the release of the book, in reference to the episode of the death of the giant snake.

Similarly, many of the characters have become typical quintessential human models, still cited frequently in everyday language:

• Mangiafuoco: (literally «fire eater») a gruff and irascible man.
• the Fox and the Cat: an unreliable pair.
• Lampwick: a rebellious and wayward boy.
• Pinocchio: a dishonest boy.

Literary analysis[edit]

Before writing Pinocchio, Collodi wrote a number of didactic children’s stories for the recently unified Italy, including a series about an unruly boy who undergoes humiliating experiences while traveling the country, titled Viaggio per l’Italia di Giannettino («Little Johnny’s voyage through Italy»).^[8] Throughout Pinocchio, Collodi chastises Pinocchio for his lack of moral fiber and his persistent rejection of responsibility and desire for fun.

The structure of the story of Pinocchio follows that of the folk-tales of peasants who venture out into the world but are naively unprepared for what they find, and get into ridiculous situations.^[13] At the time of the writing of the book, this was a serious problem, arising partly from the industrialization of Italy, which led to a growing need for reliable labour in the cities; the problem was exacerbated by similar, more or less simultaneous, demands for labour in the industrialization of other countries. One major effect was the emigration of much of the Italian peasantry to cities and to foreign countries, often as far away as South and North America.

Some literary analysts have described Pinocchio as an epic hero. According to Thomas J. Morrissey and Richard Wunderlich in Death and Rebirth in Pinocchio (1983) «such mythological events probably imitate the annual cycle of vegetative birth, death, and renascence, and they often serve as paradigms for the frequent symbolic deaths and rebirths encountered in literature. Two such symbolic renderings are most prominent: re-emergence from a journey to hell and rebirth through metamorphosis. Journeys to the underworld are a common feature of Western literary epics: Gilgamesh, Odysseus, Aeneas, and Dante all benefit from the knowledge and power they put on after such descents. Rebirth through metamorphosis, on the other hand, is a motif generally consigned to fantasy or speculative literature […] These two figurative manifestations of the death-rebirth trope are rarely combined; however, Carlo Collodi’s great fantasy-epic, The Adventures of Pinocchio, is a work in which a hero experiences symbolic death and rebirth through both infernal descent and metamorphosis. Pinocchio is truly a fantasy hero of epic proportions […] Beneath the book’s comic-fantasy texture—but not far beneath—lies a symbolic journey to the underworld, from which Pinocchio emerges whole.»^[14]

The main imperatives demanded of Pinocchio are to work, be good, and study. And in the end Pinocchio’s willingness to provide for his father and devote himself to these things transforms him into a real boy with modern comforts. «as a hero of what is, in the classic sense, a comedy, Pinocchio is protected from ultimate catastrophe, although he suffers quite a few moderate calamities. Collodi never lets the reader forget that disaster is always a possibility; in fact, that is just what Pinocchio’s mentors —Geppetto, the Talking Cricket, and the Fairy— repeatedly tell him. Although they are part of a comedy, Pinocchio’s adventures are not always funny. Indeed, they are sometimes sinister. The book’s fictive world does not exclude injury, pain, or even death—they are stylized but not absent. […] Accommodate them he does, by using the archetypal birth-death-rebirth motif as a means of structuring his hero’s growth to responsible boyhood. Of course, the success of the puppet’s growth is rendered in terms of his metamorphic rebirth as a flesh-and-blood human.»^[14]

Adaptations[edit]

The story has been adapted into many forms on stage and screen, some keeping close to the original Collodi narrative while others treat the story more freely. There are at least fourteen English-language films based on the story, Italian, French, Russian, German, Japanese and other versions for the big screen and for television, and several musical adaptations.

Films[edit]

• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1911), a live-action silent film directed by Giulio Antamoro, and the first movie based on the novel. Part of the film is lost.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1936), a historically notable, unfinished Italian animated feature film.
• Pinocchio (1940), the widely known Disney animated film, considered by many to be one of the greatest animated films ever made.
• Le avventure di Pinocchio [it] (1947), an Italian live action film with Alessandro Tomei as Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio in Outer Space (1965), Pinocchio has adventures in outer space, with an alien turtle as a friend.
• Turlis Abenteuer (1967), an East German version; in 1969 it was dubbed into English and shown in the US as Pinocchio.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972); Un burattino di nome Pinocchio, literally A puppet named Pinocchio), an Italian animated film written and directed by Giuliano Cenci. Carlo Collodi’s grandchildren, Mario and Antonio Lorenzini advised the production.
• Pinocchio: The Series (1972); also known as Saban’s The Adventures of Pinocchio and known as Mock of the Oak Tree (樫の木モック, Kashi no Ki Mokku) in Japan, a 52-episode anime series by Tatsunoko Productions.
• The Adventures of Buratino (1975), a BSSR television film.
• Si Boneka Kayu, Pinokio [id] (1979), an Indonesian movie.
• Pinocchio and the Emperor of the Night (1987), an animated movie which acts as a sequel of the story.
• Pinocchio (1992), an animated movie by Golden Films.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1996), a film by Steve Barron starring Martin Landau as Geppetto and Jonathan Taylor Thomas as Pinocchio.
• The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1999), a direct-to-video film sequel of the 1996 movie. Martin Landau reprises his role of Geppetto, while Gabriel Thomson plays Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio (2002), a live-action Italian film directed by, co-written by and starring Roberto Benigni.
• Pinocchio 3000 (2004), a CGI animated Canadian film.
• Bentornato Pinocchio [it] (2007), an Italian animated film directed by Orlando Corradi, which acts as a sequel to the original story. Pinocchio is voiced by Federico Bebi.
• Pinocchio (2012), an Italian-Belgian-French animated film directed by Enzo D’Alò.
• Pinocchio (2015), a live-action Czech film featuring a computer-animated and female version of the Talking Cricket, given the name, Coco, who used to live in the wood Pinocchio was made out of.
• Pinocchio (2019), a live-action Italian film co-written, directed and co-produced by Matteo Garrone. It stars child actor Federico Ielapi as Pinocchio and Roberto Benigni as Geppetto. Prosthetic makeup was used to turn Ielapi into a puppet. Some actors, including Ielapi, dubbed themselves in the English-language version of the movie.
• Pinocchio: A True Story (2022), an animated Russian film. Gained infamy in the west for an English-dub by Lionsgate featuring the voices of Pauly Shore, Jon Heder, and Tom Kenny.
• Pinocchio (2022), a live-action film based on the 1940 animated Pinocchio.^[15] directed and co-written by Robert Zemeckis.^[16]
• Pinocchio (2022), a stop-motion musical film co-directed by Guillermo del Toro and Mark Gustafson.^[17] It is a darker story set in Fascist Italy.

Television[edit]

• Spike Jones portrayed Pinocchio in a satirical version of the story aired 24 April 1954 as an episode of The Spike Jones Show.
• Pinocchio (1957), a TV musical broadcast live during the Golden Age of Television, directed and choreographed by Hanya Holm, and starring such actors as Mickey Rooney (in the title role), Walter Slezak (as Geppetto), Fran Allison (as the Blue Fairy), and Martyn Green (as the Fox). This version featured songs by Alec Wilder and was shown on NBC. It was part of a then-popular trend of musicalizing fantasy stories for television, following the immense success of the Mary Martin Peter Pan, which made its TV debut in 1955.
• The New Adventures of Pinocchio (1960), a TV series of 5-minute stop-motion animated vignettes by Arthur Rankin, Jr. and Jules Bass. The plots of the vignettes are mainly unrelated to the novel, but the main characters are the same and ideas from the novel are used as backstory.
• The Prince Street Players’ musical version, starring John Joy as Pinocchio and David Lile as Geppetto, was broadcast on CBS Television in 1965.
• Pinocchio (1968), a musical version of the story that aired in the United States on NBC, with pop star Peter Noone playing the puppet. This one bore no resemblance to the 1957 television version.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (1972), a TV mini-series by Italian director Luigi Comencini, starring Andrea Balestri as Pinocchio, Nino Manfredi as Geppetto and Gina Lollobrigida as the Fairy.
• Pinocchio: The Series (1972), an animated series produced by Tatsunoko Productions. It has a distinctly darker, more sadistic theme, and portrays the main character, Pinocchio (Mokku), as suffering from constant physical and psychological abuse and freak accidents.
• In 1973, Piccolo, a kaiju based on Pinocchio, appeared in episode 46 of Ultraman Taro.
• Pinocchio (1976), still another live-action musical version for television, with Sandy Duncan in a trouser role as the puppet, Danny Kaye as Geppetto, and Flip Wilson as the Fox. It was telecast on CBS, and is available on DVD.
• Piccolino no Bōken (1976 animated series) Nippon Animation
• Pinocchio no Boken (1979 TV program) DAX International
• Pinocchio’s Christmas (1980), a stop-motion animated TV special.
• A 1984 episode of Faerie Tale Theatre starring Paul Reubens as the puppet Pinocchio.
• The Adventures of Pinocchio was adapted in Happily Ever After: Fairy Tales for Every Child where it takes place on the Barbary Coast.
• Geppetto (2000), a television film broadcast on The Wonderful World of Disney starring Drew Carey in the title role, Seth Adkins as Pinocchio, Brent Spiner as Stromboli, and Julia Louis-Dreyfus as the Blue Fairy.
• Pinocchio (2008), a British-Italian TV film starring Bob Hoskins as Geppetto, Robbie Kay as Pinocchio, Luciana Littizzetto as the Talking Cricket, Violante Placido as the Blue Fairy, Toni Bertorelli as the Fox, Francesco Pannofino as the Cat, Maurizio Donadoni as Mangiafuoco, and Alessandro Gassman as the original author Carlo Collodi.
• Once Upon a Time (2011), ABC television series. Pinocchio and many other characters from the story have major roles in the episodes «That Still Small Voice» and «The Stranger».
• Pinocchio appeared in GEICO’s 2014 bad motivational speaker commercial, and was revived in 2019 and 2020 for its Sequels campaign.
• Pinocchio (2014), South Korean television series starring Park Shin-hye and Lee Jong-suk, airs on SBS starting on November 12, 2014, every Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:55 for 16 episodes. The protagonist Choi In-ha has a chronic symptom called «Pinocchio complex,» which makes her break into violent hiccups when she tells lies.
• The Enchanted Village of Pinocchio (Il villaggio incantati di Pinocchio), an Italian computer-animated television series which premiered in Italy on May 22, 2022, on Rai YoYo.

Other books[edit]

• Mongiardini-Rembadi, Gemma (1894), Il Segreto di Pinocchio, Italy. Published in the United States in 1913 as Pinocchio under the Sea.
• Cherubini, E. (1903), Pinocchio in Africa, Italy.
• Lorenzini, Paolo (1917), The Heart of Pinocchio, Florence, Italy.
• Patri, Angelo (1928), Pinocchio in America, United States.
• Della Chiesa, Carol (1932), Puppet Parade, New York.
• Tolstoy, Aleksey Nikolayevich (1936), The Golden Key, or the Adventures of Buratino, Russia, a loose adaptation. Illustrated by Alexander Koshkin, translated from Russian by Kathleen Cook-Horujy, Raduga Publishers, Moscow, 1990, 171 pages, SBN 5-05-002843-4. Leonid Vladimirsky later wrote and illustrated a sequel, Buratino in the Emerald City, bringing Buratino to the Magic Land that Alexander Melentyevich Volkov based on the Land of Oz, and which Vladimirski had illustrated.
• Marino, Josef (1940), Hi! Ho! Pinocchio!, United States.
• Coover, Robert (1991), Pinocchio in Venice, novel, continues the story of Pinocchio, the Blue Fairy, and other characters.
• Dine, James ‘Jim’ (2006), Pinocchio, Steidl, illustrations.
• ———— (2007), Pinocchio, PaceWildenstein.
• Winshluss (2008), Pinocchio, Les Requins Marteaux.
• Carter, Scott William (2012), Wooden Bones, novel, described as the untold story of Pinocchio, with a dark twist. Pino, as he’s come to be known after he became a real boy, has discovered that he has the power to bring puppets to life himself.
• Morpurgo, Michael (2013), Pinocchio by Pinocchio Children’s book, illustrated by Emma Chichester Clark.
• London, Thomas (2015), Splintered: A Political Fairy Tale sets the characters of the story in modern-day Washington, D.C.
• Bemis, John Claude. Out of Abaton «duology» The Wooden Prince and Lord of Monsters (Disney Hyperion, 2016 and 2017) adapts the story to a science fiction setting.
• Carey, Edward (2021), The Swallowed Man tells the story of Pinnochio’s creation and evolution from the viewpoint of Geppetto

Theater[edit]

• «Pinocchio» (1961-1999), by Carmelo Bene.
• «Pinocchio» (2002), musical by Saverio Marconi and musics by Pooh.
• An opera, The Adventures of Pinocchio, composed by Jonathan Dove to a libretto by Alasdair Middleton, was commissioned by Opera North and premièred at the Grand Theatre in Leeds, England, on 21 December 2007.
• Navok, Lior (2009), opera, sculptural exhibition. Two acts: actors, woodwind quintet and piano.
• Le Avventure di Pinocchio^{[citation needed]} (2009) musical by Mario Restagno.
• Costantini, Vito (2011), The other Pinocchio, musical, the first musical sequel to ‘Adventures of Pinocchio’. The musical is based on The other Pinocchio, Brescia: La Scuola Editrice, 1999, book. The composer is Antonio Furioso. Vito Costantini wrote «The other Pinocchio» after the discovery of a few sheets of an old manuscript attributed to Collodi and dated 21/10/1890. The news of the discovery appeared in the major Italian newspapers.^[18] It is assumed the Tuscan artist wrote a sequel to ‘The Adventures of Pinocchio’ he never published. Starting from handwritten sheets, Costantini has reconstructed the second part of the story. In 2000 ‘The other Pinocchio’ won first prize in national children’s literature Città of Bitritto.
• La vera storia di Pinocchio raccontata da lui medesimo, (2011) by Flavio Albanese, music by Fiorenzo Carpi, produced by Piccolo Teatro.
• L’altro Pinocchio (2011), musical by Vito Costantini based on L’altro Pinocchio (Editrice La Scuola, Brescia 1999).
• Pinocchio. Storia di un burattino da Carlo Collodi by Massimiliano Finazzer Flory (2012)
• Disney’s My Son Pinocchio: Geppetto’s Musical Tale (2016), a stage musical based in the 2000 TV movie Geppetto.
• Pinocchio (2017), musical by Dennis Kelly, with songs from 1940 Disney movie, directed by John Tiffany, premiered on the National Theatre, London.

Cultural influence[edit]

• Totò plays Pinocchio in Toto in Color (1952)
• The Erotic Adventures of Pinocchio, 1971 was advertised with the memorable line, «It’s not his nose that grows!»
• Weldon, John (1977), Spinnolio, a parody by National Film Board of Canada.^[19]
• The 1990 movie Edward Scissorhands contains elements both of Beauty and Beast, Frankenstein and Pinocchio.
• Pinocchio’s Revenge, 1996, a horror movie where Pinocchio supposedly goes on a murderous rampage.
• Android Kikaider was influenced by Pinocchio story.
• Astro Boy (鉄腕アトム, Tetsuwan Atomu) (1952), a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Osamu Tezuka, recasts loosely the Pinocchio theme.^[20]
• Marvel Fairy Tales, a comic book series by C. B. Cebulski, features a retelling of The Adventures of Pinocchio with the robotic superhero called The Vision in the role of Pinocchio.
• The story was adapted in an episode of Simsala Grimm.
• Spielberg, Steven (2001), A.I. Artificial Intelligence, film, based on a Stanley Kubrick project that was cut short by Kubrick’s death, recasts the Pinocchio theme; in it an android with emotions longs to become a real boy by finding the Blue Fairy, who he hopes will turn him into one.^[21]
• Shrek, 2001, Pinocchio is a recurrent supporting character.
• Shrek the Musical, Broadway, December 14, 2008.
• A Tree of Palme, a 2002 anime film, is an interpretation of the Pinocchio tale.
• Teacher’s Pet, 2004 contains elements and references of the 1940 adaptation and A.I. Artificial Intelligence.
• Happily N’Ever After 2: Snow White Another Bite @ the Apple, 2009 Pinocchio appears as a secondary character.
• In The Simpsons episode «Itchy and Scratchy Land», there is a parody of Pinocchio called Pinnitchio where Pinnitchio (Itchy) stabs Geppetto (Scratchy) in the eye after he fibs to not to tell lies.
• In the Rooster Teeth webtoon RWBY, the characters Penny Polendina and Roman Torchwick are based on Pinocchio and Lampwick respectively.
• He was used as the mascot for the 2013 UCI Road World Championships.

Monuments and art works dedicated to Pinocchio[edit]

• The name of a district of the city of Ancona is «Pinocchio», long before the birth of the famous puppet. Vittorio Morelli built the Monument to Pinocchio.^[22]
• Fontana a Pinocchio, 1956, fountain in Milan, with bronze statues of Pinocchio, the Cat, and the Fox.
• In Pescia, Italy, the park «Parco di Pinocchio» was built in 1956.
• Near the Lake Varese was built a metal statue depicting Pinocchio.^[23]
• 12927 Pinocchio, a main-belt asteroid discovered on September 30, 1999 by M. Tombelli and L. Tesi at San Marcello Pistoiese, was named after Pinocchio.
• In the paintings series La morte di Pinocchio, Walther Jervolino, an Italian painter and engraver, shows Pinocchio being executed with arrows or decapitated, thus presenting an alternative story ending.
• In the central square of Viù, Turin, there is a wooden statue of Pinocchio which is 6.53 meters tall and weighs about 4000 kilograms.^[24]
• In Collodi, the birthplace of the writer of Pinocchio, in February 2009 was installed a statue of the puppet 15 feet tall.
• At the Expo 2010 in Shanghai, in the Italian Pavilion, was exposed to more than two meters tall an aluminum sculpture called Pinocchio Art of Giuseppe Bartolozzi and Clara Thesis.
• The National Foundation Carlo Collodi together with Editions Redberry Art London has presented at the Milan Humanitarian Society the artist’s book The Adventures of Pinocchio with the works of Antonio Nocera. The exhibition was part of a Tuscany region food and fable project connected to the Milan Expo 2015.

See also[edit]

• Pinocchio paradox
• Great Books
• List of best-selling books

References[edit]

Bibliography[edit]

• , Brock, Geoffrey, transl.; Umberto Eco, introd., «Pinocchio», New York Review Books, 2008{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian and English), Nicolas J. Perella, transl., 1986, ISBN 0-520-07782-2{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link), ISBN 0-520-24686-1.
• The Story of a Puppet or The Adventures of Pinocchio , Mary Alice Murray, transl., Wikisource, 1892{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio , Carol Della Chiesa, transl., Wikisource{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• Pinocchio: the Tale of a Puppet, Alice Carsey, illustr., Project Gutenberg, 1916{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• The Adventures of Pinocchio, Carol Della Chiesa, transl.; Attilio Mussino, illustr., Illuminated books, 1926, archived from the original on 2006-05-02{{citation}}: CS1 maint: others (link).
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in Italian), Italy: Liber Liber, archived from the original on 2006-05-09.
• Collodi, The Adventures of Pinocchio (in English and Italian), Italy: Libero

External links[edit]

• The full text of The Adventures of Pinocchio at Wikisource
•  Italian Wikisource has original text related to this article: Le avventure di Pinocchio
• Media related to Le avventure di Pinocchio at Wikimedia Commons
• Pinocchio (in Italian), Carlo Collodi National Foundation
• Comencini, Luigi, Pinocchio (in Italian), Andrea Balestri
• Verger, Mario (15 November 2010), Un burattino di nome Pinocchio [The Adventures of Pinocchio] (in Italian), Carlo Rambaldi, introd., Rapporto confidenziale
• The Adventures of Pinocchio at Standard Ebooks
• The Adventures of Pinocchio public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• Collodi, C (1904). The Adventures of Pinocchio. The Athenaum Press. ISBN 9781590172896 – via Internet Archive.

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Смотреть что такое «ПИНОККИО» в других словарях:

Пиноккио — У этого термина существуют и другие значения, см. Пиноккио (значения). Пиноккио Первая иллюстрация 1883 года Официальное название … Википедия

Пиноккио 3000 — Pinocchio 3000 Тип мультфильма … Википедия

Пиноккио (Disney) — Пиноккио Pinocchio … Википедия

Пиноккио (фильм — Пиноккио (фильм, 2002) Возможно вы имели ввиду Пиноккио (фильм 2008) Пиноккио Pinocchio Жанр комедия, сказка Режиссёр Роберто Бениньи Продю … Википедия

Пиноккио (значения) — Пиноккио, итал. Pinocchio: Пиноккио герой сказки К. Коллоди Приключения Пиноккио. История деревянной куклы Пиноккио (мультфильм) Фильмы Пиноккио (фильм, 2002) совместный франко германо итальянский фильм Роберто Бениньи по книге Карло… … Википедия

Пиноккио 964 — 964 Pinocchio Жанр фантастика Режиссёр Сёдзин Фукуи В главных ролях Хадзи Судзуки Онн тян Кёко Хара Кодзи К … Википедия

Пиноккио (1940) — Пиноккио Pinocchio Тип мультфильма Режиссёр Уолт Дисней Автор сценария Роли озвучивали … Википедия

Пиноккио и царь тьмы (мультфильм) — «Пиноккио и царь тьмы» (англ. «Pinocchio And The Emperor Of The Night») мультфильм. Экранизация произведения, автор которого Карло Коллоди. Производство: США, 1987 год. Продолжительность 91 мин. Сюжет … Википедия

Пиноккио и царь тьмы — «Пиноккио и царь тьмы» (англ. «Pinocchio And The Emperor Of The Night») мультфильм. Экранизация произведения, автор которого Карло Коллоди. Производство: США, 1987 год. Продолжительность 91 мин. Сюжет … Википедия

Пиноккио (2002) — Пиннокио Pinocchio Жанр комедия Режиссёр Роберто Бениньи В главных ролях Джеймс Белуши (голос) … Википедия

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Пиноккио

Пиноккио (итал. Pinocchio ) — персонаж сказки Карло Коллоди (1826—1890) «Приключения Пиноккио. История деревянной куклы» (Le Avventure Di Pinocchio: Storia Di Un Burattino).

Среди самых известных иллюстраторов Пиноккио были Роберто Инноченти и Либико Марайа (рисунки последнего болгарского издания книги 1970 года). Его другие популярные метаморфозы можно увидеть в мультфильме Уолта Диснея, а также в фильме Роберто Бениньи. Особенностью этого персонажа являлось то, что у него увеличивалась длина носа всякий раз, когда он лгал. На тосканском диалекте «Пиноккио» означает «кедровый орешек».

Первый перевод на русский язык Камилла Данини был издан в 1906 году в журнале «Задушевное слово» (№ 1, стр. 14-16). Полный перевод был осуществлён Эммануилом Казакевичем (впервые опубликован в 1959 году).

Содержание

Экранизации

Год	Русское название	Оригинальное название	Роль
1940	мф	Пиноккио	Pinocchio	Студия Диснея
1972	ф	Приключения Пиноккио	Le avventure di Pinocchio	Андреа Балестри
1991	ф	Пиноккио 964	964 Pinocchio	Русское имя персонажа не указано
1996	ф	Приключения Пиноккио	The Adventures of Pinocchio	Русское имя персонажа не указано
2002	ф	Пиноккио	Pinocchio	Роберто Бениньи
2004	мф	Пиноккио 3000	Pinocchio 3000	Русское имя персонажа не указано
2008	ф	Волшебная история Пиноккио	Pinocchio	Робби Кай
2011	ф	Однажды в сказке	Once Upon a Time	Джейкоб Дэвис (в 10 лет) / Эйон Бэйли (в 35 лет)

Подражания

Примечания

Ссылки

«Приключения Пиноккио» Карло Коллоди
Фильмы	Пиноккио (1940) • Искусственный разум (2001) • Пиноккио (2002) • Пиноккио 3000 (2004)
Телевидение	Mokku of the Oak Tree (мультсериал, 1972) • Волшебная история Пиноккио (2008)
Связанное	Пиноккио • «Золотой ключик, или Приключения Буратино» (роман)

Полезное

Смотреть что такое «Пиноккио» в других словарях:

ПИНОККИО — (итал. Pinocchio) герой сказки К.Лоренцини (псевдоним Коллоди) «Приключения Пиноккио» (1880). Есть у этой книги и второе название «История деревянного человечка». И действительно, ее героем является деревянная озорная марионетка, ставшая… … Литературные герои

Пиноккио 3000 — Pinocchio 3000 Тип мультфильма … Википедия

Пиноккио (Disney) — Пиноккио Pinocchio … Википедия

Пиноккио (фильм — Пиноккио (фильм, 2002) Возможно вы имели ввиду Пиноккио (фильм 2008) Пиноккио Pinocchio Жанр комедия, сказка Режиссёр Роберто Бениньи Продю … Википедия

Пиноккио (значения) — Пиноккио, итал. Pinocchio: Пиноккио герой сказки К. Коллоди Приключения Пиноккио. История деревянной куклы Пиноккио (мультфильм) Фильмы Пиноккио (фильм, 2002) совместный франко германо итальянский фильм Роберто Бениньи по книге Карло… … Википедия

Пиноккио 964 — 964 Pinocchio Жанр фантастика Режиссёр Сёдзин Фукуи В главных ролях Хадзи Судзуки Онн тян Кёко Хара Кодзи К … Википедия

Пиноккио (1940) — Пиноккио Pinocchio Тип мультфильма Режиссёр Уолт Дисней Автор сценария Роли озвучивали … Википедия

Пиноккио и царь тьмы (мультфильм) — «Пиноккио и царь тьмы» (англ. «Pinocchio And The Emperor Of The Night») мультфильм. Экранизация произведения, автор которого Карло Коллоди. Производство: США, 1987 год. Продолжительность 91 мин. Сюжет … Википедия

Пиноккио и царь тьмы — «Пиноккио и царь тьмы» (англ. «Pinocchio And The Emperor Of The Night») мультфильм. Экранизация произведения, автор которого Карло Коллоди. Производство: США, 1987 год. Продолжительность 91 мин. Сюжет … Википедия

Пиноккио (2002) — Пиннокио Pinocchio Жанр комедия Режиссёр Роберто Бениньи В главных ролях Джеймс Белуши (голос) … Википедия

Источник

Значение слова «Пиноккио»

Пиноккио

Делаем Карту слов лучше вместе

Привет! Меня зовут Лампобот, я компьютерная программа, которая помогает делать Карту слов. Я отлично умею считать, но пока плохо понимаю, как устроен ваш мир. Помоги мне разобраться!

Спасибо! Я обязательно научусь отличать широко распространённые слова от узкоспециальных.

Насколько понятно значение слова ссыльнопоселенец (существительное):

Предложения со словом «пиноккио&raquo

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Дополнительно

Предложения со словом «пиноккио&raquo

Их системы вооружений давно пришли в негодность, испускающие трубки тяжёлых установок (за которые «LDL-55» получили устойчивое сленговое название «Пиноккио») были сломаны.

Пиноккио, Чиполлино, Незнайка, Микки-Маус, Алиса – детские игры взрослых людей.

ПИНОККИО. Нет, я не перчаточная кукла. Это очевидно. Я – марионетка.

Карта слов и выражений русского языка

Онлайн-тезаурус с возможностью поиска ассоциаций, синонимов, контекстных связей и примеров предложений к словам и выражениям русского языка.

Справочная информация по склонению имён существительных и прилагательных, спряжению глаголов, а также морфемному строению слов.

Сайт оснащён мощной системой поиска с поддержкой русской морфологии.

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В чем разница: Буратино или Пиноккио?

Рассказываем, чем две знаменитые сказки отличаются друг от друга

Многие взрослые привыкли считать «Золотой ключик» чем-то вроде «советской версии» сказки о Пиноккио, и потому, познакомив своих детей с одной из увлекательных историй, часто забывают о второй. Между тем повесть Алексея Толстого совсем не похожа на вдохновившее его произведение Карло Коллоди. Среди множества отличий русской книги от итальянской заметно выделяются 5 важных моментов, о которых и пойдет речь в нашей статье.

Сюжет и основная идея

Начнем с того, что в самом предисловии к «Золотому ключику» автор немного лукавит. Выдавая свое творение за пересказ «Приключений Пиноккио», он уверяет читателей, будто помнит историю о деревянном человечке с детства. Но это неправда: первое русскоязычное издание книги Коллоди появилось только через четверть века после публикации оригинала — в 1906 году. И Алексею Толстому в это время было уже за двадцать. Идея рассказать старую сказку «по-своему», по всей видимости, появилась у писателя в 1920-е, когда он вместе с переводчицей Ниной Петровской работал над новым изданием «Приключений Пиноккио».

В самом деле, Буратино достаточно далеко ушел от своего итальянского «дедушки». Совпадения в сюжете с «оригиналом» заканчиваются, когда коварные кот и лиса отбирают деньги у доверчивого и хулиганистого мальчишки. Дальше каждая история идет по своему пути, да и представления о «хорошей сказке» у авторов из XIX и XX веков оказываются разными. Коллоди рассказывает о бедах и ужасах, обрушившихся на голову непослушного Пиноккио, то и дело повторяя, что его необходимо перевоспитать. А Толстой безо всякого морализаторства описывает приключения милого и озорного Буратино, которому предстоит сразиться со злом и найти друзей.

Деревянная кукла

Авторы сказок преследуют разные цели, потому и их персонажи совершенно не похожи друг на друга. По замыслу Коллоди, Пиноккио должен заслужить право быть настоящим человеком. По этой причине его характер меняется по ходу повествования: из жестокого и своенравного деревянного человечка он превращается в живого мальчика, способного сочувствовать, любить и жертвовать собой ради других.

Толстой же не стремится перевоспитывать своего героя, поэтому Буратино так и остается куклой, а его «испытания» оказываются вовсе не такими страшными, как у Пиноккио. К тому же его нос не растет от бесконечного вранья, мальчика не превращают в осла и он ни разу не сталкивается лицом к лицу со смертью и тяжелым трудом. Смелый, открытый и наивный персонаж, не испытывая особых страданий, побеждает всех своих врагов и получает в награду собственный театр, разве что становясь немного умнее и добрее к финалу повести.

Папа Карло и Джепетто

Закономерным образом отличаются и отцы деревянных мальчиков. Старик Джепетто у Коллоди хоть и выглядит немного странно и смешно, но все-таки постоянно переживает за своего «сына», ищет его и старается ему помочь. Правда, в воспитании он действует упреками, назиданиями и наказаниями, а также надеется на чудо и Фею.

Шарманщик Карло у Толстого придерживается в жизни совсем других принципов. Он дает «сыну» свободу и поощряет его добрые и честные поступки. Карло хочет, чтобы ребенок-кукла вырос самостоятельным, и верит, что «сын» справится со всеми трудностями сам или при помощи друзей.

Девочка с голубыми волосами

Мальвина у Толстого напоминает обычную девочку, хотя и является одной из кукол Карабаса-Барабаса. Все ее попытки казаться взрослой и играть в «воспитательницу» на деле смешны и пародийны. Более того, в какой-то момент гордая хозяйка пуделя Артемона сама перевоспитывается под влиянием находчивого и простого Буратино.

У Коллоди же девочка с голубыми волосами — это не кукла и не человек, а самая настоящая фея. Жутковатый персонаж предстает перед читателями поочередно в трех ипостасях: девочки, желающей стать сестрой Пиноккио, привлекательной девушки и взрослой женщины, которая символически становится матерью героя. Но даже в образе девочки-феи нет никакой детскости: по сути это волшебный персонаж-помощник, сопровождающий Пиноккио в самых сложных ситуациях. И в конце концов, именно любовь к Фее помогает кукле стать человеком, в то время как в мире Буратино никакой любви нет — ее заменяют пародийные вздохи Пьеро в адрес Мальвины.

Враги и друзья

Еще одно важное наблюдение заключается в том, что у Пиноккио в книге Коллоди нет друзей и врагов. Чтобы измениться, он должен преодолеть все невзгоды в одиночку. Даже после драки с котом и лисой персонаж не начинает видеть в них «вселенское зло», а Фея из-за своей «потусторонности» никак не может считаться его другом. Сильный антагонист, победа над которым сулит марионеткам право выбирать свою судьбу, появляется только в русской сказке.

Кукольник Манджафоко у Толстого превращается в жестокого Карабаса-Барабаса, а зеленоватый рыбак-водяной становится его «правой рукой» — Дуремаром. Есть у Буратино и настоящие друзья, среди которых можно найти персонажей, отсутствующих в исходной сказке. Так, в книге Коллоди нет мудрой черепахи Тортилы и печального Пьеро. Первая помогла советскому писателю исключить из истории библейский эпизод с проглотившей героя огромной рыбой, а второй — понадобился для того, чтобы рассмешить не только детей, но и взрослых: присмотревшись, вы легко узнаете в Пьеро дружеский шарж на поэтов-символистов.

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Правильное написание слова пиноккио:

Количество букв в слове: 8

Слово состоит из букв:
П, И, Н, О, К, К, И, О

Правильный транслит слова: pinokkio

Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: gbyjrrbj

Неправильное написание слова с ошибкой: пинокио

Тест на правописание

Что Такое Пиноккио- Значение Слова Пиноккио