Как правильно пишется беларусь на английском

Coordinates: 53°N 27°E / 53°N 27°E

Republic of Belarus Рэспубліка Беларусь (Belarusian) Республика Беларусь (Russian)
Flag Emblem
Anthem:  Дзяржаўны гімн Рэспублікі Беларусь (Belarusian) Dziaržaŭny Himn Respubliki Biełaruś Государственный гимн Республики Беларусь (Russian) Gosudarstvennyy gimn Respubliki Belarus «State Anthem of the Republic of Belarus»
Location of Belarus (green) in Europe (dark grey)  –  [Legend]
Capital and largest city	Minsk 53°55′N 27°33′E / 53.917°N 27.550°E
Official languages	Belarusian Russiana
Recognized minority languages	Polish Ukrainian Yiddish
Ethnic groups (2019)[1]	84.9% Belarusians 7.5% Russians 3.1% Poles 1.7% Ukrainians 2.8% Other
Religion (2020)[2]	91.0% Christianity —83.3% Eastern Orthodoxy —7.7% Other Christian 7.8% No religion 1.2% Other
Demonym(s)	Belarusian
Government	Unitary presidential republic under an authoritarian dictatorship[3][4]
• President	Alexander Lukashenko (disputed)[5][6]
• Prime Minister	Roman Golovchenko[7]
Legislature	National Assembly
• Upper house	Council of the Republic
• Lower house	House of Representatives
Formation
• Duchy of Polotsk	987
• Principality of Turov	10th century
• Grand Duchy of Lithuania	1236
• Belarusian Democratic Republic	9 March 1918
• Independence from Russia	25 March 1918
• Declaration of State Sovereignty	27 July 1990
• Independence from USSR	25 August 1991
• Current constitution	15 March 1994
• Formation of the Union State	8 December 1999
Area
• Total	207,595 km2 (80,153 sq mi) (84th)
• Water (%)	1.4% (2.830 km2 or 1.093 sq mi)b
Population
• 2022 estimate	9,255,524[8] (96th)
• Density	45.8/km2 (118.6/sq mi)
GDP (PPP)	2022 estimate
• Total	$201.97 billion[9] (73rd)
• Per capita	$21,710[9] (71st)
GDP (nominal)	2022 estimate
• Total	$79.7 billion[9] (74th)
• Per capita	$8,570[9] (82nd)
Gini (2019)	25.3[10] low
HDI (2021)	0.808[11] very high · 60th
Currency	Belarusian ruble (BYN)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK[12])
Date format	dd.mm.yyyy
Driving side	right
Calling code	+375
ISO 3166 code	BY
Internet TLD	.by .бел[13]
Website belarus.by
^ Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 Section 1, Article 17 ^ «FAO’s Information System on Water and Agriculture». FAO. Archived from the original on 26 January 2012. Retrieved 16 February 2013.

Belarus,^[a] officially the Republic of Belarus,^[b] is a landlocked country in Eastern Europe. It is bordered by Russia to the east and northeast, Ukraine to the south, Poland to the west, and Lithuania and Latvia to the northwest. Covering an area of 207,600 square kilometres (80,200 sq mi) and with a population of 9.2 million, Belarus is the 13th-largest and the 20th-most populous country in Europe. The country has a hemiboreal climate and is administratively divided into seven regions. Minsk is the capital and largest city.

Until the 20th century, different states at various times controlled the lands of modern-day Belarus, including Kievan Rus’, the Principality of Polotsk, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, and the Russian Empire. In the aftermath of the Russian Revolution in 1917, different states arose competing for legitimacy amid the Civil War, ultimately ending in the rise of the Byelorussian SSR, which became a founding constituent republic of the Soviet Union in 1922. After the Polish-Soviet War, Belarus lost almost half of its territory to Poland. Much of the borders of Belarus took their modern shape in 1939, when some lands of the Second Polish Republic were reintegrated into it after the Soviet invasion of Poland, and were finalized after World War II.^[14][15][16] During World War II, military operations devastated Belarus, which lost about a quarter of its population and half of its economic resources.^[17] The republic was redeveloped in the post-war years. In 1945, the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the United Nations, along with the Soviet Union.

The parliament of the republic proclaimed the sovereignty of Belarus on 27 July 1990, and during the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Belarus declared independence on 25 August 1991.^[18] Following the adoption of a new constitution in 1994, Alexander Lukashenko was elected Belarus’s first president in the country’s first and only free election after independence, serving as president ever since.^[19] Lukashenko heads a highly centralized authoritarian government.^[20][4] Belarus ranks low in international measurements of freedom of the press and civil liberties. It has continued a number of Soviet-era policies, such as state ownership of large sections of the economy. Belarus is the only European country using capital punishment.^[21] In 2000, Belarus and Russia signed a treaty for greater cooperation, forming the Union State.

Belarus is a developing country, ranking 60th on the Human Development Index.^[22] The country has been a member of the United Nations since its founding and has joined the CIS, the CSTO, the EAEU, the OSCE, and the Non-Aligned Movement. It has shown no aspirations of joining the European Union but nevertheless maintains a bilateral relationship with the bloc and also participates in two EU projects, the Baku Initiative and the Eastern Partnership. Belarus suspended its participation in the latter on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country.^[23][24]

Etymology

The name Belarus is closely related with the term Belaya Rus‘, i.e., White Rus’. There are several claims to the origin of the name White Rus’.^[25] An ethno-religious theory suggests that the name used to describe the part of old Ruthenian lands within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania that had been populated mostly by Slavs who had been Christianized early, as opposed to Black Ruthenia, which was predominantly inhabited by pagan Balts.^[26] An alternative explanation for the name comments on the white clothing worn by the local Slavic population.^[25] A third theory suggests that the old Rus’ lands that were not conquered by the Tatars (i.e., Polotsk, Vitebsk and Mogilev) had been referred to as White Rus’.^[25] A fourth theory suggests that the color white was associated with the west, and Belarus was the western part of Rus in the 9th to 13th centuries.^[27]

The name Rus is often conflated with its Latin forms Russia and Ruthenia, thus Belarus is often referred to as White Russia or White Ruthenia. The name first appeared in German and Latin medieval literature; the chronicles of Jan of Czarnków mention the imprisonment of Lithuanian grand duke Jogaila and his mother at «Albae Russiae, Poloczk dicto» in 1381.^[28] The first known use of White Russia to refer to Belarus was in the late-16th century by Englishman Sir Jerome Horsey, who was known for his close contacts with the Russian royal court.^[29] During the 17th century, the Russian tsars used White Rus to describe the lands added from the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[30]

The term Belorussia (Russian: Белору́ссия, the latter part similar but spelled and stressed differently from Росси́я, Russia) first rose in the days of the Russian Empire, and the Russian Tsar was usually styled «the Tsar of All the Russias», as Russia or the Russian Empire was formed by three parts of Russia—the Great, Little, and White.^[31] This asserted that the territories are all Russian and all the peoples are also Russian; in the case of the Belarusians, they were variants of the Russian people.^[32]

After the Bolshevik Revolution in 1917, the term White Russia caused some confusion, as it was also the name of the military force that opposed the red Bolsheviks.^[33] During the period of the Byelorussian SSR, the term Byelorussia was embraced as part of a national consciousness. In western Belarus under Polish control, Byelorussia became commonly used in the regions of Białystok and Grodno during the interwar period.^[34]

The term Byelorussia (its names in other languages such as English being based on the Russian form) was only used officially until 1991. Officially, the full name of the country is Republic of Belarus (Рэспубліка Беларусь, Республика Беларусь, Respublika Belarus listen (help·info)).^[35][36] In Russia, the usage of Belorussia is still very common.^[37]

In Lithuanian, besides Baltarusija (White Russia), Belarus is also called Gudija.^[38][39] The etymology of the word Gudija is not clear. By one hypothesis the word derives from the Old Prussian name Gudwa, which, in turn, is related to the form Żudwa, which is a distorted version of Sudwa, Sudovia. Sudovia, in its turn, is one of the names of the Yotvingians. Another hypothesis connects the word with the Gothic Kingdom that occupied parts of the territory of modern Belarus and Ukraine in the 4th and 5th centuries. The self-naming of Goths was Gutans and Gytos, which are close to Gudija. Yet another hypothesis is based on the idea that Gudija in Lithuanian means «the other» and may have been used historically by Lithuanians to refer to any people who did not speak Lithuanian.^[40]

History

Early history

From 5000 to 2000 BC, the Bandkeramik predominated in what now constitutes Belarus, and the Cimmerians as well as other pastoralists roamed through the area by 1,000 BC. The Zarubintsy culture later became widespread at the beginning of the 1st millennium. In addition, remains from the Dnieper–Donets culture were found in Belarus and parts of Ukraine.^[41] The region was first permanently settled by Baltic tribes in the 3rd century. Around the 5th century, the area was taken over by the Slavs. The takeover was partially due to the lack of military coordination of the Balts, but their gradual assimilation into Slavic culture was peaceful in nature.^[42] Invaders from Asia, among whom were the Huns and Avars, swept through c. 400–600 AD, but were unable to dislodge the Slavic presence.^[43]

Kievan Rus’

In the 9th century the territory of modern Belarus became part of Kievan Rus’, a vast East Slavic state ruled by the Rurikid dynasty. Upon the death of Kievan Rus’ ruler Yaroslav I the Wise in 1054, the state split into independent principalities.^[44] The Battle on the Nemiga River in 1067 was one of the more notable events of the period, the date of which is considered the founding date of Minsk.

Many early Rus’ principalities were virtually razed or severely affected by a major Mongol invasion in the 13th century, but the lands of modern-day Belarus avoided the brunt of the invasion and eventually joined the Grand Duchy of Lithuania.^[45] There are no sources of military seizure, but the annals affirm the alliance and united foreign policy of Polotsk and Lithuania for decades.^[46] Trying to avoid the Tatar Yoke, the Principality of Minsk sought protection from Lithuanian princes further north and in 1242, the Principality of Minsk became a part of the expanding Grand Duchy of Lithuania.

Incorporation into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania resulted in an economic, political and ethno-cultural unification of Belarusian lands.^[47] Of the principalities held by the duchy, nine of them were settled by a population that would eventually become the Belarusians.^[48] During this time, the duchy was involved in several military campaigns, including fighting on the side of Poland against the Teutonic Knights at the Battle of Grunwald in 1410; the joint victory allowed the duchy to control the northwestern borderlands of Eastern Europe.^[49]

The Muscovites, led by Ivan III of Moscow, began military campaigns in 1486 in an attempt to incorporate the former lands of Kievan Rus’, specifically the territories of modern-day Belarus, Russia and Ukraine.^[50]

Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth

On 2 February 1386, the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and the Kingdom of Poland were joined in a personal union through a marriage of their rulers.^[51] This union set in motion the developments that eventually resulted in the formation of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, created in 1569 by the Union of Lublin.^[52][53]

The Lithuanian nobles were forced to seek rapprochement with the Poles because of a potential threat from Muscovy. To strengthen their independence within the format of the union, three editions of the Statutes of Lithuania were issued in the second half of the 16th century. The third Article of the Statutes established that all lands of the duchy will be eternally within the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and never enter as a part of other states. The Statutes allowed the right to own land only to noble families of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Anyone from outside the duchy gaining rights to a property would actually own it only after swearing allegiance to the Grand Duke of Lithuania (a title dually held by the King of Poland). These articles were aimed to defend the rights of the Lithuanian nobility within the duchy against Polish and other nobles of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.^{[citation needed]}

In the years following the union, the process of gradual Polonization of both Lithuanians and Ruthenians gained steady momentum. In culture and social life, both the Polish language and Catholicism became dominant, and in 1696, Polish replaced Ruthenian as the official language, with Ruthenian being banned from administrative use.^[54] However, the Ruthenian peasants continued to speak their native language. Also, the Belarusian Byzantine Catholic Church was formed by the Poles in order to bring Orthodox Christians into the See of Rome. The Belarusian church entered into a full communion with the Latin Church through the Union of Brest in 1595, while keeping its Byzantine liturgy in the Church Slavonic language.

The Statutes were initially issued in the Ruthenian language alone and later also in Polish. Around 1840 the Statutes were banned by the Russian tsar following the November Uprising. Ukrainian lands used them until 1860s.^{[citation needed]}

Russian Empire

The union between Poland and Lithuania ended in 1795 with the Third Partition of Poland by Imperial Russia, Prussia, and Austria.^[55] The Belarusian territories acquired by the Russian Empire under the reign of Catherine II^[56] were included into the Belarusian Governorate (Russian: Белорусское генерал-губернаторство) in 1796 and held until their occupation by the German Empire during World War I.^[57]

Under Nicholas I and Alexander III the national cultures were repressed. Policies of Polonization^[58] changed by Russification,^[59] which included the return to Orthodox Christianity of Belarusian Uniates. Belarusian language was banned in schools while in neighboring Samogitia primary school education with Samogitian literacy was allowed.^[60]

In a Russification drive in the 1840s, Nicholas I prohibited use of the Belarusian language in public schools, campaigned against Belarusian publications and tried to pressure those who had converted to Catholicism under the Poles to reconvert to the Orthodox faith. In 1863, economic and cultural pressure exploded in a revolt, led by Konstanty Kalinowski (also known as Kastus). After the failed revolt, the Russian government reintroduced the use of Cyrillic to Belarusian in 1864 and no documents in Belarusian were permitted by the Russian government until 1905.^[61]

During the negotiations of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, Belarus first declared independence under German occupation on 25 March 1918, forming the Belarusian People’s Republic.^[62][63] Immediately afterwards, the Polish–Soviet War ignited, and the territory of Belarus was divided between Poland and Soviet Russia.^[64] The Rada of the Belarusian Democratic Republic exists as a government in exile ever since then; in fact, it is currently the world’s longest serving government in exile.^[65]

Early states and interwar period

The Belarusian People’s Republic was the first attempt to create an independent Belarusian state under the name «Belarus». Despite significant efforts, the state ceased to exist, primarily because the territory was continually dominated by the German Imperial Army and the Imperial Russian Army in World War I, and then the Bolshevik Red Army. It existed from only 1918 to 1919 but created prerequisites for the formation of a Belarusian state. The choice of name was probably based on the fact that core members of the newly formed government were educated in tsarist universities, with corresponding emphasis on the ideology of West-Russianism.^[66]

The Republic of Central Lithuania was a short-lived political entity, which was the last attempt to restore Lithuania in the historical confederacy state (it was also supposed to create Lithuania Upper and Lithuania Lower). The republic was created in 1920 following the staged rebellion of soldiers of the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Division of the Polish Army under Lucjan Żeligowski. Centered on the historical capital of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, Vilna (Lithuanian: Vilnius, Polish: Wilno), for 18 months the entity served as a buffer state between Poland, upon which it depended, and Lithuania, which claimed the area.^[67] After a variety of delays, a disputed election took place on 8 January 1922, and the territory was annexed to Poland. Żeligowski later in his memoir which was published in London in 1943 condemned the annexation of the Republic by Poland, as well as the policy of closing Belarusian schools and general disregard of Marshal Józef Piłsudski’s confederation plans by Polish ally.^[68]

In January 1919 a part of Belarus under Bolshevik Russian control was declared the Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia (SSRB) for just two months, but then merged with the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (LSSR) to form the Socialist Soviet Republic of Lithuania and Belorussia (SSR LiB), which lost control of its territories by August.

The Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (BSSR) was created in July 1920.

The contested lands were divided between Poland and the Soviet Union after the war ended in 1921, and the Byelorussian SSR became a founding member of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics in 1922.^[62][69] In the 1920s and 1930s, Soviet agricultural and economic policies, including collectivization and five-year plans for the national economy, led to famine and political repression.^[70]

The western part of modern Belarus remained part of the Second Polish Republic.^{[71][citation needed][72]} After an early period of liberalization, tensions between increasingly nationalistic Polish government and various increasingly separatist ethnic minorities started to grow, and the Belarusian minority was no exception.^[73][74] The polonization drive was inspired and influenced by the Polish National Democracy, led by Roman Dmowski, who advocated refusing Belarusians and Ukrainians the right for a free national development.^[75] A Belarusian organization, the Belarusian Peasants’ and Workers’ Union, was banned in 1927, and opposition to Polish government was met with state repressions.^[73][74] Nonetheless, compared to the (larger) Ukrainian minority, Belarusians were much less politically aware and active, and thus suffered fewer repressions than the Ukrainians.^[73][74] In 1935, after the death of Piłsudski, a new wave of repressions was released upon the minorities, with many Orthodox churches and Belarusian schools being closed.^[73][74] Use of the Belarusian language was discouraged.^[76] Belarusian leadership was sent to Bereza Kartuska prison.^[77]

World War II

In 1939, Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union invaded and occupied Poland, marking the beginning of World War II. The Soviets invaded and annexed much of eastern Poland, which had been part of the country since the Peace of Riga two decades earlier. Much of the northern section of this area was added to the Byelorussian SSR, and now constitutes West Belarus.^{[14][15][16][78]} The Soviet-controlled Byelorussian People’s Council officially took control of the territories, whose populations consisted of a mixture of Poles, Ukrainians, Belarusians and Jews, on 28 October 1939 in Białystok. Nazi Germany invaded the Soviet Union in 1941. The defense of Brest Fortress was the first major battle of Operation Barbarossa.

The Byelorussian SSR was the hardest-hit Soviet republic in World War II; it remained in Nazi hands until 1944. The German Generalplan Ost called for the extermination, expulsion, or enslavement of most or all Belarusians for the purpose of providing more living space in the East for Germans.^[79] Most of Western Belarus became part of the Reichskommissariat Ostland in 1941, but in 1943 the German authorities allowed local collaborators to set up a client state, the Belarusian Central Council.^[80]

The German occupation in 1941–1944 and war on the Eastern Front devastated Belarus. During that time, 209 out of 290 towns and cities were destroyed, 85% of the republic’s industry, and more than one million buildings. After the war, it was estimated that 2.2 million local inhabitants had died and of those some 810,000 were combatants—some foreign. This figure represented a staggering quarter of the prewar population. In the 1990s some raised the estimate even higher, to 2.7 million.^[81] The Jewish population of Belarus was devastated during the Holocaust and never recovered.^[17][82][83] The population of Belarus did not regain its pre-war level until 1971.^[82]

Post-war

After the war, Belarus was among the 51 founding member states of the United Nations Charter and as such it was allowed an additional vote at the UN, on top of the Soviet Union’s vote. Vigorous postwar reconstruction promptly followed the end of the war and the Byelorussian SSR became a major center of manufacturing in the western USSR, creating jobs and attracting ethnic Russians.^{[citation needed]} The borders of the Byelorussian SSR and Poland were redrawn, in accord with the 1919-proposed Curzon Line.^[57]

Joseph Stalin implemented a policy of Sovietization to isolate the Byelorussian SSR from Western influences.^[82] This policy involved sending Russians from various parts of the Soviet Union and placing them in key positions in the Byelorussian SSR government. After Stalin’s death in 1953, Nikita Khrushchev continued his predecessor’s cultural hegemony program, stating, «The sooner we all start speaking Russian, the faster we shall build communism.»^[82]

Soviet Belarusian communist politician Andrei Gromyko, who served as Soviet foreign minister (1957–1985) and as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988), was responsible for many top decisions on Soviet foreign policy until he was replaced by Eduard Shevardnadze.^[84] In 1986, the Byelorussian SSR was contaminated with most (70%) of the nuclear fallout from the explosion at the Chernobyl power plant located 16 km beyond the border in the neighboring Ukrainian SSR.^[85][86]

By the late 1980s, political liberalization led to a national revival, with the Belarusian Popular Front becoming a major pro-independence force.^[87][88]

Independence

In March 1990, elections for seats in the Supreme Soviet of the Byelorussian SSR took place. Though the opposition candidates, mostly associated with the pro-independence Belarusian Popular Front, took only 10% of the seats,^[89] Belarus declared itself sovereign on 27 July 1990 by issuing the Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Belarusian Soviet Socialist Republic.^[90]

Mass protests erupted in April 1991 and became known as the 1991 Belarusian strikes. With the support of the Communist Party, the country’s name was changed to the Republic of Belarus on 25 August 1991.^[89] Stanislau Shushkevich, the chairman of the Supreme Soviet of Belarus, met with Boris Yeltsin of Russia and Leonid Kravchuk of Ukraine on 8 December 1991 in Białowieża Forest to formally declare the dissolution of the Soviet Union and the formation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.^[89]

Lukashenko era

A national constitution was adopted in March 1994 in which the functions of prime minister were given to the President of Belarus. A two-round election for the presidency on 24 June 1994 and 10 July 1994^[36] catapulted the formerly unknown Alexander Lukashenko into national prominence. He garnered 45% of the vote in the first round and 80%^[89] in the second, defeating Vyacheslav Kebich who received 14% of the vote.

Lukashenko was officially re-elected in 2001, in 2006, in 2010, in 2015 and again in 2020, although none of those elections were considered free or fair nor democratic.^{[91][92][93][94][95][97][98][99][100]}

Amnesty International,^[101] and Human Rights Watch^[102] have criticized Lukashenko’s violations of human rights.

The 2000s saw a number of economic disputes between Belarus and its primary economic partner, Russia. The first one was the 2004 Russia–Belarus energy dispute when Russian energy giant Gazprom ceased the import of gas into Belarus because of price disagreements. The 2007 Russia–Belarus energy dispute centered on accusations by Gazprom that Belarus was siphoning oil off of the Druzhba pipeline that runs through Belarus. Two years later the so-called Milk War, a trade dispute, started when Russia wanted Belarus to recognize the independence of Abkhazia and South Ossetia and through a series of events ended up banning the import of dairy products from Belarus.

In 2011, Belarus suffered a severe economic crisis attributed to Lukashenko’s government’s centralized control of the economy, with inflation reaching 108.7%.^[103] Around the same time the 2011 Minsk Metro bombing occurred in which 15 people were killed and 204 were injured. Two suspects, who were arrested within two days, confessed to being the perpetrators and were executed by shooting in 2012. The official version of events as publicised by the Belarusian government was questioned in the unprecedented wording of the UN Security Council statement condemning «the apparent terrorist attack» intimating the possibility that the Belarusian government itself was behind the bombing.^[104]

Mass protests erupted across the country following the disputed 2020 Belarusian presidential election,^[105] in which Lukashenko sought a sixth term in office.^[106] Neighbouring countries Poland and Lithuania do not recognize Lukashenko as the legitimate president of Belarus and the Lithuanian government has allotted a residence for main opposition candidate Sviatlana Tsikhanouskaya and other members of the Belarusian opposition in Vilnius.^{[107][108][109][110][111]} Neither is Lukashenko recognized as the legitimate president of Belarus by the European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom nor the United States.^{[112][113][114][115]} The European Union, Canada, the United Kingdom and the United States have all imposed sanctions against Belarus because of the rigged election and political oppression during the ongoing protests in the country.^[116][117] Further sanctions were imposed in 2022 following the country’s role in the invasion of Ukraine.^[118][119] These include not only corporate offices and individual officers of government but also private individuals who work in the state-owned enterprise industrial sector.^[120] Norway and Japan have joined the sanctions regime which aims to isolate Belarus from the international supply chain. Most major Belarusian banks are also under restrictions.^[120]

Geography

Belarus lies between latitudes 51° and 57° N, and longitudes 23° and 33° E. Its extension from north to south is 560 km (350 mi), from west to east is 650 km (400 mi).^[121] It is landlocked, relatively flat, and contains large tracts of marshy land.^[122] About 40% of Belarus is covered by forests.^[123][124] The country lies within two ecoregions: Sarmatic mixed forests and Central European mixed forests.^[125]

Many streams and 11,000 lakes are found in Belarus.^[122] Three major rivers run through the country: the Neman, the Pripyat, and the Dnieper. The Neman flows westward towards the Baltic sea and the Pripyat flows eastward to the Dnieper; the Dnieper flows southward towards the Black Sea.^[126]

The highest point is Dzyarzhynskaya Hara (Dzyarzhynsk Hill) at 345 metres (1,132 ft), and the lowest point is on the Neman River at 90 m (295 ft).^[122] The average elevation of Belarus is 160 m (525 ft) above sea level.^[127] The climate features mild to cold winters, with January minimum temperatures ranging from −4 °C (24.8 °F) in southwest (Brest) to −8 °C (17.6 °F) in northeast (Vitebsk), and cool and moist summers with an average temperature of 18 °C (64.4 °F).^[128] Belarus has an average annual rainfall of 550 to 700 mm (21.7 to 27.6 in).^[128] The country is in the transitional zone between continental climates and maritime climates.^[122]

Natural resources include peat deposits, small quantities of oil and natural gas, granite, dolomite (limestone), marl, chalk, sand, gravel, and clay.^[122] About 70% of the radiation from neighboring Ukraine’s 1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster entered Belarusian territory, and about a fifth of Belarusian land (principally farmland and forests in the southeastern regions) was affected by radiation fallout.^[129] The United Nations and other agencies have aimed to reduce the level of radiation in affected areas, especially through the use of caesium binders and rapeseed cultivation, which are meant to decrease soil levels of caesium-137.^[130][131]

Belarus borders five countries: Latvia to the north, Lithuania to the northwest, Poland to the west, Russia to the north and the east, and Ukraine to the south. Treaties in 1995 and 1996 demarcated Belarus’s borders with Latvia and Lithuania, and Belarus ratified a 1997 treaty establishing the Belarus-Ukraine border in 2009.^[132] Belarus and Lithuania ratified final border demarcation documents in February 2007.^[133]

Government and politics

Belarus, by constitution, is a presidential republic with separation of powers, governed by a president and the National Assembly.

Under Lukashenko, Belarus has been considered an autocracy where power is ultimately concentrated in the hands of the president, elections are not free and judicial independence is weak.^[134]

The term for each presidency is five years. Under the 1994 constitution, the president could serve for only two terms as president, but a change in the constitution in 2004 eliminated term limits.^[135] Alexander Lukashenko has been the president of Belarus since 1994. In 1996, Lukashenko called for a controversial vote to extend the presidential term from five to seven years, and as a result the election that was supposed to occur in 1999 was pushed back to 2001. The referendum on the extension was denounced as a «fantastic» fake by the chief electoral officer, Viktar Hanchar, who was removed from the office for official matters only during the campaign.^[136] The National Assembly is a bicameral parliament comprising the 110-member House of Representatives (the lower house) and the 64-member Council of the Republic (the upper house).^[137]

The House of Representatives has the power to appoint the prime minister, make constitutional amendments, call for a vote of confidence on the prime minister, and make suggestions on foreign and domestic policy.^[138] The Council of the Republic has the power to select various government officials, conduct an impeachment trial of the president, and accept or reject the bills passed by the House of Representatives. Each chamber has the ability to veto any law passed by local officials if it is contrary to the constitution.^[139]

The government includes a Council of Ministers, headed by the prime minister and five deputy prime ministers.^[140] The members of this council need not be members of the legislature and are appointed by the president. The judiciary comprises the Supreme Court and specialized courts such as the Constitutional Court, which deals with specific issues related to constitutional and business law. The judges of national courts are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Council of the Republic. For criminal cases, the highest court of appeal is the Supreme Court. The Belarusian Constitution forbids the use of special extrajudicial courts.^[139]

In the 2012 parliamentary election, 105 of the 110 members elected to the House of Representatives were not affiliated with any political party. The Communist Party of Belarus won 3 seats, and the Agrarian Party and Republican Party of Labour and Justice, one each.^[141] Most non-partisans represent a wide scope of social organizations such as workers’ collectives, public associations, and civil society organizations, similar to the composition of the Soviet legislature.^[142]

Lukashenko has been frequently described as the «last dictator» in Europe in media.^[143]

Elections

Belarus has often been described as «Europe’s last dictatorship» by some media outlets, politicians and authors due to its authoritarian government.^{[144][145][146][147]} The Council of Europe removed Belarus from its observer status since 1997 as a response for election irregularities in the November 1996 constitutional referendum and parliament by-elections.^[148][149] Re-admission of the country into the council is dependent on the completion of benchmarks set by the council, including the improvement of human rights, rule of law, and democracy.^[150]

Neither the pro-Lukashenko parties, such as the Belarusian Socialist Sporting Party and the Republican Party of Labour and Justice nor the People’s Coalition 5 Plus opposition parties, such as the Belarusian People’s Front and the United Civil Party of Belarus, won any seats in the 2004 elections. The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) ruled that the elections were unfair because opposition candidates were arbitrarily denied registration and the election process was designed to favor the ruling party.^[151]

In the 2006 presidential election, Lukashenko was opposed by Alaksandar Milinkievič, who represented a coalition of opposition parties, and by Alaksandar Kazulin of the Social Democrats. Kazulin was detained and beaten by police during protests surrounding the All Belarusian People’s Assembly. Lukashenko won the election with 80% of the vote; the Russian Federation and the CIS deemed the vote open and fair^[152] while the OSCE and other organizations called the election unfair.^[153]

After the December completion of the 2010 presidential election, Lukashenko was elected to a fourth straight term with nearly 80% of the vote in elections. The runner-up opposition leader Andrei Sannikov received less than 3% of the vote; independent observers criticized the election as fraudulent. When opposition protesters took to the streets in Minsk, many people, including some presidential candidates, were beaten and arrested by the riot police.^[154] Many of the candidates, including Sannikov, were sentenced to prison or house arrest for terms which are mainly and typically over four years.^[155][156] Six months later amid an unprecedented economic crisis, activists utilized social networking to initiate a fresh round of protests characterized by wordless hand-clapping.^[157]

In the 2020 presidential election, Lukashenko won again with official results giving him 80% of the vote, leading to mass protests. The European Union and the United Kingdom did not recognise the result and the EU imposed sanctions.^[158]

Foreign relations

The Byelorussian SSR was one of the two Soviet republics that joined the United Nations along with the Ukrainian SSR as one of the original 51 members in 1945.^[159] Belarus and Russia have been close trading partners and diplomatic allies since the breakup of the Soviet Union. Belarus is dependent on Russia for imports of raw materials and for its export market.^[160]

The union of Russia and Belarus, a supranational confederation, was established in a 1996–99 series of treaties that called for monetary union, equal rights, single citizenship, and a common foreign and defense policy. However, the future of the union has been placed in doubt because of Belarus’s repeated delays of monetary union, the lack of a referendum date for the draft constitution, and a dispute over the petroleum trade.^[160][161] Belarus was a founding member of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS).^[162] Belarus has trade agreements with several European Union member states (despite other member states’ travel ban on Lukashenko and top officials),^[163] including neighboring Latvia, Lithuania, and Poland.^[164] Travel bans imposed by the European Union have been lifted in the past in order to allow Lukashenko to attend diplomatic meetings and also to engage his government and opposition groups in dialogue.^[165]

Bilateral relations with the United States are strained; the United States had not had an ambassador in Minsk since 2007 and Belarus never had an ambassador in Washington since 2008.^[166][167] Diplomatic relations remained tense, and in 2004, the United States passed the Belarus Democracy Act, which authorized funding for anti-government Belarusian NGOs, and prohibited loans to the Belarusian government, except for humanitarian purposes.^[168]
Sino-Belarusian relations have improved,^[169] strengthened by the visit of President Lukashenko to China in October 2005.^[170] Belarus also has strong ties with Syria,^[171] considered a key partner in the Middle East.^[172] In addition to the CIS, Belarus is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union (previously the Eurasian Economic Community), the Collective Security Treaty Organisation,^[164] the international Non-Aligned Movement since 1998,^[173] and the Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE). As an OSCE member state, Belarus’s international commitments are subject to monitoring under the mandate of the U.S. Helsinki Commission.^[174] Belarus is included in the European Union’s Eastern Partnership program, part of the EU’s European Neighbourhood Policy (ENP), which aims to bring the EU and its neighbours closer in economic and geopolitical terms.^[175] However, Belarus suspended its participation in the Eastern Partnership program on 28 June 2021, after the EU imposed more sanctions against the country.^[23][24]

Military

Lieutenant General Viktor Khrenin heads the Ministry of Defence,^[176] and Alexander Lukashenko (as president) serves as Commander-in-Chief.^[139] The armed forces were formed in 1992 using parts of the former Soviet Armed Forces on the new republic’s territory. The transformation of the ex-Soviet forces into the Armed Forces of Belarus, which was completed in 1997, reduced the number of its soldiers by 30,000 and restructured its leadership and military formations.^[177]

Most of Belarus’s service members are conscripts, who serve for 12 months if they have higher education or 18 months if they do not.^[178] Demographic decreases in the Belarusians of conscription age have increased the importance of contract soldiers, who numbered 12,000 in 2001.^[179] In 2005, about 1.4% of Belarus’s gross domestic product was devoted to military expenditure.^[180]

Belarus has not expressed a desire to join NATO but has participated in the Individual Partnership Program since 1997,^[181] and Belarus provided refueling and airspace support for the ISAF mission in Afghanistan.^[182] Belarus first began to cooperate with NATO upon signing documents to participate in their Partnership for Peace Program in 1995.^[183] However, Belarus cannot join NATO because it is a member of the Collective Security Treaty Organisation. Tensions between NATO and Belarus peaked after the March 2006 presidential election in Belarus.^[184]

Human rights and corruption

Belarus’s Democracy Index rating is the lowest in Europe, the country is labelled as «not free» by Freedom House,^[185] as «repressed» in the Index of Economic Freedom, and in the Press Freedom Index published by Reporters Without Borders, Belarus is ranked 153th out of 180 countries for 2022.^[186] The Belarusian government is also criticized for human rights violations and its persecution of non-governmental organisations, independent journalists, national minorities, and opposition politicians.^[101][102] Lukashenko announced a new law in 2014 that will prohibit kolkhoz workers (around 9% of total work force) from leaving their jobs at will—a change of job and living location will require permission from governors. The law was compared with serfdom by Lukashenko himself.^[187][188] Similar regulations were introduced for the forestry industry in 2012.^[189] Belarus is the only European country still using capital punishment having carried out executions in 2011.^[190]

The judicial system in Belarus lacks independence and is subject to political interference.^[191] Corrupt practices such as bribery often took place during tender processes, and whistleblower protection and national ombudsman are lacking in Belarus’s anti-corruption system.^[192]

On 1 September 2020, the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights declared that its experts received reports of 450 documented cases of torture and ill-treatment of people who were arrested during the protests following the presidential election. The experts also received reports of violence against women and children, including sexual abuse and rape with rubber batons.^[193] At least three detainees suffered injuries indicative of sexual violence in Okrestino prison in Minsk or on the way there. The victims were hospitalized with intramuscular bleeding of the rectum, anal fissure and bleeding, and damage to the mucous membrane of the rectum.^[194] In an interview from September 2020 Lukashenko claimed that detainees faked their bruises, saying, «Some of the girls there had their butts painted in blue».^[195]

On 23 May 2021, Belarusian authorities forcibly diverted a Ryanair flight from Athens to Vilnius in order to detain opposition activist and journalist Roman Protasevich along with his girlfriend; in response, the European Union imposed stricter sanctions on Belarus.^[196] In May 2021, Lukashenko threatened that he will flood the European Union with migrants and drugs as a response to the sanctions.^[197] In July 2021, Belarusian authorities launched a hybrid warfare by human trafficking of migrants to the European Union.^[198] Lithuanian authorities and top European officials Ursula von der Leyen, Josep Borrell condemned the usage of migrants as a weapon and suggested that Belarus could be subject to further sanctions.^[199] In August 2021, Belarusian officials, wearing uniforms, riot shields and helmets, were recorded on camera near the Belarus–Lithuania border pushing and urging the migrants to cross the European Union border.^[200] Following the granting of humanitarian visas to an Olympic athlete Krystsina Tsimanouskaya and her husband, Poland also accused Belarus for organizing a hybrid warfare as the number of migrants crossing the Belarus–Poland border sharply increased multiple times when compared to the 2020 statistics.^[201][202] Illegal migrants numbers also exceeded the previous annual numbers in Latvia.^[203] On 2 December 2021, the United States, European Union, United Kingdom and Canada imposed new sanctions on Belarus.^[204]

Administrative divisions

Belarus is divided into six regions called oblasts (Belarusian: вобласць; Russian: область), which are named after the cities that serve as their administrative centers: Brest, Gomel, Grodno, Mogilev, Minsk, and Vitebsk.^[205] Each region has a provincial legislative authority, called a region council (Belarusian: абласны Савет Дэпутатаў; Russian: Областной Совет депутатов), which is elected by its residents, and a provincial executive authority called a region administration (Belarusian: абласны выканаўчы камітэт; Russian: областной исполнительный комитет), whose chairman is appointed by the president.^[206] The Regions are further subdivided into 118 raions, commonly translated as districts (Belarusian: раён; Russian: район).^[205] Each raion has its own legislative authority, or raion council, (Belarusian: раённы Савет Дэпутатаў; Russian: районный Совет депутатов) elected by its residents, and an executive authority or raion administration appointed by oblast executive powers.^[123] The city of Minsk is split into nine districts and enjoys special status as the nation’s capital at the same administration level as the oblasts.^[207] It is run by an executive committee and has been granted a charter of self-rule.^[208]

Local government

Local government in Belarus is administered by administrative-territorial units (Belarusian: адміністрацыйна-тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі; Russian: административно-территориальные единицы), and occurs on two levels: basic and primary. At the basic level are 118 raions councils and 10 cities of oblast subordination councils, which are supervised by the governments of the oblasts.^[209] At the primary level are 14 cities of raion subordination councils, 8 urban-type settlements councils, and 1,151 village councils.^[210][211] The councils are elected by their residents, and have executive committees appointed by their executive committee chairs. The chairs of executive committees for raions and city of oblast subordinations are appointed by the regional executive committees at the level above; the chairs of executive committees for towns of raion subordination, settlements and villages are appointed by their councils, but upon the recommendation of the raion executive committees.^[209] In either case, the councils have the power to approve or reject a nonimee for executive committee chair.

Settlements without their own local council and executive committee are called territorial units (Belarusian: тэрытарыяльныя адзінкі; Russian: территориальные единицы). These territorial units may also be classified as a city of regional or raion subordination, urban-type settlement or rural settlement, but whose government is administered by the council of another primary or basic unit.^[212] In October 1995, a presidential decree abolished the local governments of cities of raion subordination and urban-type settlements which served as the administrative center of raions, demoting them from administrative-territorial units to territorial units.^[213]

As for 2019, the administrative-territorial and territorial units include 115 cities, 85 urban-type settlements, and 23,075 rural settlements.^[214]

Economy

Belarus is a developing country. However, its 60th place ranking in the United Nations’ Human Development Index places it in the category of states with; «very high» human development. It is one of the most equal countries in the world,^[215] with one of the lowest Gini-coefficient measures of national resource distribution, and it’s ranks 82nd in GDP per capita .Belarus has trade relations with over 180 countries. The main trading partners are Russia, which accounts for about 45% of Belarusian exports and 55% of imports, and the EU countries, which account for 25% of exports and 20% of imports.^[216]

In 2019 the share of manufacturing in GDP was 31%, over two-thirds of this amount falls on manufacturing industries. The number of people employed in the industry is 34.7% of the working population.^[217] The growth rate is much lower than for the economy as a whole—about 2.2% in 2021. At the time of the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, Belarus was one of the world’s most industrially developed states by percentage of GDP as well as the richest CIS member-state.^[218]
In 2015, 39.3% of Belarusians were employed by state-controlled companies, 57.2% were employed by private companies (in which the government has a 21.1% stake) and 3.5% were employed by foreign companies.^[219] The country relies on Russia for various imports, including petroleum.^[220][221] Important agricultural products include potatoes and cattle byproducts, including meat.^[222] In 1994, Belarus’s main exports included heavy machinery (especially tractors), agricultural products, and energy products.^[223]
Economically, Belarus involved itself in the CIS, Eurasian Economic Community, and Union with Russia.^[224]

In the 1990s, however, industrial production plunged due to decreases in imports, investment, and demand for Belarusian products from its trading partners.^[225] GDP only began to rise in 1996;^[226] the country was the fastest-recovering former Soviet republic in the terms of its economy.^[227] In 2006, GDP amounted to US$83.1 billion in purchasing power parity (PPP) dollars (estimate), or about $8,100 per capita.^[222] In 2005, GDP increased by 9.9%; the inflation rate averaged 9.5%.^[222]

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union, under Lukashenko’s leadership, Belarus has maintained government control over key industries and eschewed the large-scale privatizations seen in other former Soviet republics.^[228]

Due to its failure to protect labor rights, including passing laws forbidding unemployment or working outside of state-controlled sectors,^[229] Belarus lost its EU Generalized System of Preferences status on 21 June 2007, which raised tariff rates to their prior most favored nation levels.^[230] Belarus applied to become a member of the World Trade Organization in 1993.^[231]

The labor force consists of more than four million people, among whom women hold slightly more jobs than men.^[219] In 2005, nearly a quarter of the population was employed by industrial factories. Employment is also high in agriculture, manufacturing sales, trading goods, and education. The unemployment rate, according to government statistics, was 1.5% in 2005. There were 679,000 unemployed Belarusians, two-thirds of whom were women. The unemployment rate has been in decline since 2003, and the overall rate of employment is the highest since statistics were first compiled in 1995.^[219]

The currency of Belarus is the Belarusian ruble. The currency was introduced in May 1992 to replace the Soviet ruble and it has undergone redenomination twice since then. The first coins of the Republic of Belarus were issued on 27 December 1996.^[232] The ruble was reintroduced with new values in 2000 and has been in use ever since.^[233] As part of the Union of Russia and Belarus, both states have discussed using a single currency along the same lines as the Euro. This led to a proposal that the Belarusian ruble be discontinued in favor of the Russian ruble (RUB), starting as early as 1 January 2008. The National Bank of Belarus abandoned pegging the Belarusian ruble to the Russian rouble in August 2007.^[234]

On 23 May 2011, the ruble depreciated 56% against the United States dollar. The depreciation was even steeper on the black market and financial collapse seemed imminent as citizens rushed to exchange their rubles for dollars, euros, durable goods, and canned goods.^[235] On 1 June 2011, Belarus requested an economic rescue package from the International Monetary Fund.^[236][237] A new currency, the new Belarusian ruble (ISO 4217 code: BYN)^[238] was introduced in July 2016, replacing the Belarusian ruble in a rate of 1:10,000 (10,000 old ruble = 1 new ruble). From 1 July until 31 December 2016, the old and new currencies were in parallel circulation and series 2000 notes and coins can be exchanged for series 2009 from 1 January 2017 to 31 December 2021.^[238] This redenomination can be considered an effort to fight the high inflation rate.^[239][240]

The banking system of Belarus consists of two levels: Central Bank (National Bank of the Republic of Belarus) and 25 commercial banks.^[241]

Demographics

According to the 2019 census the population was 9.41 million^[242] with ethnic Belarusians constituting 84.9% of Belarus’s total population.^[242] Minority groups include: Russians (7.5%), Poles (3.1%), and Ukrainians (1.7%).^[242]
Belarus has a population density of about 50 people per square kilometre (127 per sq mi); 70% of its total population is concentrated in urban areas.^[243] Minsk, the nation’s capital and largest city, was home to 1,937,900 residents in 2015.^[244] Gomel, with a population of 481,000, is the second-largest city and serves as the capital of the Gomel Region. Other large cities are Mogilev (365,100), Vitebsk (342,400), Grodno (314,800) and Brest (298,300).^[245]

Like many other Eastern European countries, Belarus has a negative population growth rate and a negative natural growth rate. In 2007, Belarus’s population declined by 0.41% and its fertility rate was 1.22,^[246] well below the replacement rate. Its net migration rate is +0.38 per 1,000, indicating that Belarus experiences slightly more immigration than emigration. As of 2015, 69.9% of Belarus’s population is aged 14 to 64; 15.5% is under 14, and 14.6% is 65 or older. Its population is also aging; the median age of 30–34 is estimated to rise to between 60 and 64 in 2050.^[247] There are about 0.87 males per female in Belarus.^[246] The average life expectancy is 72.15 (66.53 years for men and 78.1 years for women).^[246] Over 99% of Belarusians aged 15 and older are literate.^[246]

Religion and languages

According to the census of November 2011, 58.9% of all Belarusians adhered to some kind of religion; out of those, Eastern Orthodoxy made up about 82%: Eastern Orthodox in Belarus are mainly part of the Belarusian Exarchate of the Russian Orthodox Church, though a small Belarusian Autocephalous Orthodox Church also exists.^[248] Roman Catholicism is practiced mostly in the western regions, and there are also different denominations of Protestantism.^[249][250] Minorities also practice Greek Catholicism, Judaism, Islam and neo-paganism. Overall, 48.3% of the population is Orthodox Christian, 41.1% is not religious, 7.1% is Roman Catholic and 3.3% follows other religions.^[248]

Belarus’s Catholic minority is concentrated in the western part of the country, especially around Grodno, consisting in a mixture of Belarusians and the country’s Polish and Lithuanian minorities.^[251] President Lukashenko has stated that Orthodox and Catholic believers are the «two main confessions in our country».^[252]

Belarus was once a major center of European Jews, with 10% of the population being Jewish. But since the mid-20th century, the number of Jews has been reduced by the Holocaust, deportation, and emigration, so that today it is a very small minority of less than one percent.^[253] The Lipka Tatars, numbering over 15,000, are predominantly Muslims. According to Article 16 of the Constitution, Belarus has no official religion. While the freedom of worship is granted in the same article, religious organizations deemed harmful to the government or social order can be prohibited.^[205]

Belarus’s two official languages are Russian and Belarusian;^[254] Russian is the most common language spoken at home, used by 70% of the population, while Belarusian, the official first language, is spoken at home by 23%.^[255] Minorities also speak Polish, Ukrainian and Eastern Yiddish.^[256] Belarusian, although not as widely used as Russian, is the mother tongue of 53.2% of the population, whereas Russian is the mother tongue of only 41.5%.^[255]

Culture

Arts and literature

The Belarusian government sponsors annual cultural festivals such as the Slavianski Bazaar in Vitebsk,^[257] which showcases Belarusian performers, artists, writers, musicians, and actors. Several state holidays, such as Independence Day and Victory Day, draw big crowds and often include displays such as fireworks and military parades, especially in Vitebsk and Minsk.^[258] The government’s Ministry of Culture finances events promoting Belarusian arts and culture both inside and outside the country.

Belarusian literature^[259] began with 11th- to 13th-century religious scripture, such as the 12th-century poetry of Cyril of Turaw.^[260]

By the 16th century, Polotsk resident Francysk Skaryna translated the Bible into Belarusian. It was published in Prague and Vilnius sometime between 1517 and 1525, making it the first book printed in Belarus or anywhere in Eastern Europe.^[261] The modern era of Belarusian literature began in the late 19th century; one prominent writer was Yanka Kupala. Many Belarusian writers of the time, such as Uładzimir Žyłka, Kazimir Svayak, Yakub Kolas, Źmitrok Biadula, and Maksim Haretski, wrote for Nasha Niva, a Belarusian-language paper published that was previously published in Vilnius but now is published in Minsk.^[262]

After Belarus was incorporated into the Soviet Union, the Soviet government took control of the Republic’s cultural affairs. At first, a policy of «Belarusianization» was followed in the newly formed Byelorussian SSR. This policy was reversed in the 1930s, and the majority of prominent Belarusian intellectuals and nationalist advocates were either exiled or killed in Stalinist purges.^[263] The free development of literature occurred only in Polish-held territory until Soviet occupation in 1939. Several poets and authors went into exile after the Nazi occupation of Belarus and would not return until the 1960s.^[261]

The last major revival of Belarusian literature occurred in the 1960s with novels published by Vasil Bykaŭ and Uladzimir Karatkievich. An influential author who devoted his work to awakening the awareness of the catastrophes the country has suffered, was Ales Adamovich. He was named by Svetlana Alexievich, the Belarusian winner of the Nobel Prize in Literature 2015, as «her main teacher, who helped her to find a path of her own».^[264]

Music in Belarus largely comprises a rich tradition of folk and religious music. The country’s folk music traditions can be traced back to the times of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. In the 19th century, Polish composer Stanisław Moniuszko composed operas and chamber music pieces while living in Minsk. During his stay, he worked with Belarusian poet Vintsent Dunin-Martsinkyevich and created the opera Sialanka (Peasant Woman). At the end of the 19th century, major Belarusian cities formed their own opera and ballet companies. The ballet Nightingale by M. Kroshner was composed during the Soviet era and became the first Belarusian ballet showcased at the National Academic Vialiki Ballet Theatre in Minsk.^{[265][better source needed]}

After the Second World War, music focused on the hardships of the Belarusian people or on those who took up arms in defense of the homeland. During this period, Anatoly Bogatyrev, creator of the opera In Polesye Virgin Forest, served as the «tutor» of Belarusian composers.^[266] The National Academic Theatre of Ballet in Minsk was awarded the Benois de la Dance Prize in 1996 as the top ballet company in the world.^[266] Rock music has become increasingly popular in recent years, though the Belarusian government has attempted to limit the amount of foreign music aired on the radio in favor of traditional Belarusian music. Since 2004, Belarus has been sending artists to the Eurovision Song Contest.^[267][268]

Marc Chagall was born in Liozna (near Vitebsk) in 1887. He spent the World War I years in Soviet Belarus, becoming one of the country’s most distinguished artists and a member of the modernist avant-garde and was a founder of the Vitebsk Arts College.^[269][270]

Dress

The traditional Belarusian dress originates from the Kievan Rus’ period. Due to the cool climate, clothes were designed to conserve body heat and were usually made from flax or wool. They were decorated with ornate patterns influenced by the neighboring cultures: Poles, Lithuanians, Latvians, Russians, and other European nations. Each region of Belarus has developed specific design patterns.^[271] One ornamental pattern common in early dresses currently decorates the hoist of the Belarusian national flag, adopted in a disputed referendum in 1995.^[272]

Cuisine

Belarusian cuisine consists mainly of vegetables, meat (particularly pork), and bread. Foods are usually either slowly cooked or stewed. Typically, Belarusians eat a light breakfast and two hearty meals later in the day. Wheat and rye bread are consumed in Belarus, but rye is more plentiful because conditions are too harsh for growing wheat. To show hospitality, a host traditionally presents an offering of bread and salt when greeting a guest or visitor.^[273]

Sport

Belarus has competed in the Olympic Games since the 1994 Winter Olympics as an independent nation. Receiving heavy sponsorship from the government, ice hockey is the nation’s second most popular sport after football. The national football team has never qualified for a major tournament; however, BATE Borisov has played in the Champions League. The national hockey team finished fourth at the 2002 Salt Lake City Olympics following a memorable upset win over Sweden in the quarterfinals and regularly competes in the World Championships, often making the quarterfinals. Numerous Belarusian players are present in the Kontinental Hockey League in Eurasia, particularly for Belarusian club HC Dinamo Minsk, and several have also played in the National Hockey League in North America. The 2014 IIHF World Championship was hosted in Belarus and the 2021 IIHF World Championship was supposed to be co-hosted in Latvia and Belarus but it was cancelled due to widespread protests and security concerns. The 2021 UEC European Track Championships in cycling was also cancelled because Belarus was not considered a safe host.

Darya Domracheva is a leading biathlete whose honours include three gold medals at the 2014 Winter Olympics.^[274] Tennis player Victoria Azarenka became the first Belarusian to win a Grand Slam singles title at the Australian Open in 2012.^[275] She also won the gold medal in mixed doubles at the 2012 Summer Olympics with Max Mirnyi, who holds ten Grand Slam titles in doubles.

Other notable Belarusian sportspeople include cyclist Vasil Kiryienka, who won the 2015 Road World Time Trial Championship, and middle-distance runner Maryna Arzamasava, who won the gold medal in the 800m at the 2015 World Championships in Athletics.
Andrei Arlovski, who was born in Babruysk, Byelorussian SSR, is a current UFC fighter and the former UFC heavyweight champion of the world.

Belarus is also known for its strong rhythmic gymnasts. Noticeable gymnasts include Inna Zhukova, who earned silver at the 2008 Beijing Olympics, Liubov Charkashyna, who earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics and Melitina Staniouta, Bronze All-Around Medalist of the 2015 World Championships. The Belorussian senior group earned bronze at the 2012 London Olympics.

Telecommunications

• Country code: .by

The state telecom monopoly, Beltelecom, holds the exclusive interconnection with Internet providers outside of Belarus. Beltelecom owns all the backbone channels that linked to the Lattelecom, TEO LT, Tata Communications (former Teleglobe), Synterra, Rostelecom, Transtelekom and MTS ISPs. Beltelecom is the only operator licensed to provide commercial VoIP services in Belarus.^[276]

World Heritage Sites

Belarus has four UNESCO-designated World Heritage Sites: the Mir Castle Complex, the Nesvizh Castle, the Belovezhskaya Pushcha (shared with Poland), and the Struve Geodetic Arc (shared with nine other countries).^[277]

See also

• List of Belarus-related topics
• Outline of Belarus
• Republican Scientific Medical Library

Notes

References

Bibliography

Further reading

External links

• Website of the Republic of Belarus Archived 15 January 2018 at the Wayback Machine by BelTA news agency
• Belarus. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency.
• Belarus at Curlie
• FAO Country Profiles: Belarus

Четвертые […] периодические доклады представили Беларусь, Болгария и Эквадор. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Fourth periodic […] reports were submitted by Belarus, Bulgaria and Ecuador. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
В ответ на полученные от ИИТО приглашения министры образования […] из 13 государств – членов ЮНЕСКО […] (Азербайджан, Армения, Беларусь, Казахстан, Кыргызстан, […] Литва, Республика Молдова, Российская […] Федерация, Таджикистан, Узбекистан, Украина, Чешская Республика и Эстония) определили 36 участников, среди которых были заместители министров, руководители управлений министерств образования и другие работники образования, отвечающие за национальную политику в сфере использования ИКТ. unesdoc.unesco.org unesdoc.unesco.org	In reply to the IITE announcement and invitation, the ministers of education from 13 UNESCO Member States […] (Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Czech […] Republic, Estonia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lithuania, […] Republic of Moldova, Russian Federation, […] Tajikistan, Ukraine and Uzbekistan) nominated 36 participants, among them deputy ministers, heads of departments of the ministries of education and other educational personnel responsible for national policies on ICT application. unesdoc.unesco.org unesdoc.unesco.org
Делегация сослалась на данные как Организации экономического сотрудничества и развития, согласно которым белорусские женщины имеют высокий уровень гражданских свобод, так и Межпарламентского союза, по которым Беларусь находится на 19 месте в мире по степени представленности женщин в парламенте. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	The delegation referred to the data of both the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, according to which Belarusian women enjoyed a high level of civil liberties, and the Inter-Parliamentary Union, according to which Belarus ranked 19th in the world in terms of the level of representation of women in Parliament. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Совместный Технический Секретариат будет ответственным за исполнение Плана по Информированию и Коммуникации […] для Программы Трансграничного […] Сотрудничества Польша—Беларусь—Украина 2007-2013, а также […] за предоставление результатов исполнения […] Плана в виде ежегодного отчёта. cpe.gov.pl cpe.gov.pl	The Joint Technical Secretariat will be responsible for implementing the Information and Communication Plan […] for the CrossBorder Cooperation […] Programme Poland-Belarus-Ukraine 2007-2013, and also for […] presenting the progress of the execution […] of the Plan in a form of an annual report. cpe.gov.pl cpe.gov.pl
В соответствии с пунктом 21 Заключительного документа девятой ежегодной Конференции […] Высоких Договаривающихся Сторон […] дополненного Протокола II, Беларусь распространила 14 декабря […] 2007 года среди Высоких Договаривающихся […] Сторон через секретариат циркуляр, которым она уведомила, что она полностью принимает положение, изложенное в пункте 3 b) Технического приложения к дополненному Протоколу II, после истечения девятилетнего срока, которым она располагала для соблюдения этого положения. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	In accordance with paragraph 21 of the final document of the Ninth Annual Conference of the High Contracting […] Parties to Amended Protocol II […] (CCW/AP.II/CONF.9/2), on 14 December 2007 Belarus had circulated […] a memorandum through the secretariat […] to the High Contracting Parties, informing them of its full acceptance of the provision contained in paragraph 3 (b) of the technical annex of amended Protocol II, following the expiration of the nine-year period allowed for achieving compliance with that provision. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Сейчас имеется четыре (4) государства-участника, для которых сохраняет значимость […] обязательство уничтожить накопленные […] противопехотные мины: Беларусь, Греция, Турция и Украина, […] и с 1 марта 2008 года трое из этих […] государств-участников находятся в состоянии несоблюдения в отношении своего обязательства по уничтожению запасов. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	There are now four (4) States Parties for which the obligation to […] destroy stockpiled anti-personnel […] mines remains relevant – Belarus, Greece, Turkey and Ukraine […] – with three of these States […] Parties having been non-compliant with respect to their stockpile destruction obligation since 1 March 2008. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
С 1996 года ЕЭК провело обзоры стран Центральной, ЮгоВосточной и Восточной Европы, также Центральной Азии в дополнение к нескольким странам с переходной экономикой, обзор которых был проведен в сотрудничестве с ОЭСР (Болгария, Беларусь, Польша и Российская Федерация). daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Since 1996, Central, South-East and Eastern European as well as Central Asian countries have been reviewed by ECE, in addition to a few countries in transition that were reviewed in cooperation with OECD (Bulgaria, Belarus, Poland and the Russian Federation). daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Беларусь далее сослалась на доклад оценочной миссии ЮНМАС в Беларусь в июле-августе 2000 года, который гласит, что «существенные запасы противопехотных мин у Беларуси, и в частности мин типа PFM−1/1S, являются предметом первостепенной озабоченности и потребуют международного содействия, чтобы справиться с ними» и что […] «если только не будут […] предприняты действия в краткосрочной перспективе, то есть риск того, что мины типа PFM-1/1S будут самопроизвольно воспламеняться при хранении, что что обернется нежелательным взрывным происшествием». daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Belarus further referred to a report of July-August 2000 UNMAS assessment mission to Belarus which stated that “Belarus’ substantial stockpiles of antipersonnel mines, particularly of the PFM-1/1S type, is of primary concern and will require international assistance to deal with” and that “unless action is taken in […] the short-term, there […] is a risk that PFM-1/1S type mines will spontaneously combust during storage, resulting in an undesirable explosive event. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Несомненно, Комитету следовало бы […] рекомендовать Республике Беларусь внести поправки в соответствующее […] законодательство (статья […] 8 Закона о массовых мероприятиях), чтобы привести его в соответствие со своими обязательствами по Международному пакту о гражданских и политических правах. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Undoubtedly, the Committee should have indicated […] that the Republic of Belarus should amend the domestic […] legislation in question (article […] 8 of the Law on Mass Events), so as to bring it into line with its obligations under the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Состоялся ряд специальных мероприятий ПИДВ по вопросам сохранения информации, ее доступности и информационной грамотности: (а) Ежегодная международная конференция АДИТ для музейных работников (8-10 июня 2010 г., […] Краснодар, Российская Федерация, и 11-14 […] мая 2011 г., Минск, Беларусь); и (b) ежегодная Международная […] Крымская конференция […] (июнь 2010 г. и июнь 2011 г., Судак, Украина), собравшая около 1 500 участников из 40 стран. unesdoc.unesco.org unesdoc.unesco.org	A number of IFAP special events on information preservation, information accessibility and information literacy took place: a) The annual ADIT International Conference for museum workers (Krasnodar, Russia, 8-10 June 2010 and Minsk, […] Belarus, 11-14 May 2011); and b) The […] Annual International Crimea Conference (Sudak, Ukraine, […] June 2010 and June 2011), which […] brought together around 1,500 participants from 40 countries. unesdoc.unesco.org unesdoc.unesco.org
Цель работы — характеристика современного состояния населения в районе размещения белорусской АЭС, оценка […] радиологического воздействия белорусской […] АЭС на население Республики Беларусь (режим нормальной эксплуатации […] и запроектные аварии), оценка […] риска воздействия на здоровье населения загрязнений атмосферного воздуха от ТЭС на различных видах топлива. minenergo.gov.by minenergo.gov.by	The work is aimed at description of the contemporary state of the population in the area of the Belarusian NPP location, assessment of the radiological impact of the Belarusian NPP on […] the population of the […] Republic of Belarus (the normal operation mode and out-of-design accidents), […] assessment of the risk […] of impact of atmospheric air pollution by the NPP using various fuels on health of the population. minenergo.gov.by minenergo.gov.by
В таких странах, как Беларусь и Украина, ряд синтетических […] агонистов каннабиноидных рецепторов были включены в список веществ, […] подпадающих под контроль в соответствии с национальным законодательством, а в Ирландии национальный контроль был введен в отношении групп схожих по структуре синтетических агонистов каннабиноидных рецепторов. incb.org incb.org	In countries […] such as Belarus and Ukraine, a number of synthetic […] cannabinoid receptor agonists have been added to the list […] of substances controlled under national legislation, whereas Ireland has placed groups of structurally related synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists under national control. incb.org incb.org
Статья 136 Уголовного кодекса Республики Беларусь «Преступные нарушения норм международного гуманитарного права во время вооруженных конфликтов», содержащая перечень деяний, совершение которых влечет уголовную ответственность, дополнена пунктом 51, устанавливающим уголовную ответственность за вербовку лиц, не достигших 18-летнего возраста, в вооруженные группы, отличные от вооруженных сил государства, или использование их в военных действиях в составе этих вооруженных групп (Закон № 223-З Республи ки Беларусь от 10 мая 2007 года). daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Article 136 of the Criminal Code, on criminal violations of international humanitarian law in time of armed conflict, which contains a list of acts whose commission entails criminal responsibility, was amended by paragraph 51 of the Act, which makes it a criminal offence to recruit persons under 18 years of age into armed groups other than the national armed forces or to involve them in hostilities as part of such armed groups (Act No. 223-Z of 10 May 2007). daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Беларусь обязана уважать и обеспечивать […] всем находящимся на ее территории и под ее юрисдикцией лицам права, признаваемые […] в Пакте, а также принять необходимые меры в соответствии со своими конституционными процедурами и положениями этого Пакта для принятия таких законодательных или других мер, которые могут оказаться необходимыми для осуществления прав, признаваемых в Пакте. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Belarus is under an obligation […] to respect and to ensure to all individuals within its territory and subject to its jurisdiction […] the rights recognized in the Covenant, and also to take the necessary steps, in accordance with its constitutional processes and with the provisions of the Covenant, to adopt such legislative or other measures as may be necessary to give effect to the rights recognized in the Covenant. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Г-н УГОРЫЧ (Беларусь) говорит, что Беларусь готовится присоединиться к Протоколу V, прилагаемому к Конвенции. В соответствии […] с пунктом 5 решения […] об учреждении механизма соблюдения, применимого к Конвенции, которое было принято третьей обзорной Конференцией, она предоставила информацию об осуществлении Конвенции. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Mr. Uhorych (Belarus) said that Belarus was preparing to accede to the Convention’s Protocol V. Belarus had submitted information […] on the implementation […] of the Convention, in line with paragraph 5 of the decision on establishment of a compliance mechanism applicable to the Convention, taken at the Third Review Conference. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
На 2-м заседании Рабочей […] группы полного состава 18 февраля 2009 года представитель Беларуси как соавтор предложения напомнил, что на сессии Специального комитета в 2005 году Беларусь и Российская Федерация представили пересмотренный рабочий […] документ18 , в […] котором рекомендовалось, в частности, запросить у Международного Суда консультативное заключение о том, каковы правовые последствия применения силы государствами без предварительной санкции Совета Безопасности, кроме случаев осуществления права на самооборону. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	At the 2nd meeting of the Working Group of the […] Whole, on 18 February 2009, the representative of Belarus, as co-sponsor of the proposal, referred to the revised working paper submitted by Belarus and the Russian Federation at the 2005 session of the Special […] Committee,18 in which […] it had been recommended, inter alia, that an advisory opinion be requested from the International Court of Justice as to the legal consequences of the resort to the use of force by States without prior authorization by the Security Council, except in the exercise of the right to self-defence. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Он будет подобен логотипу Программы Соседства Польша—Беларусь—Украина 2004-2006, на основе которого будет разработано подобное графическое изображение. cpe.gov.pl cpe.gov.pl	It will relate to the logo of Neighbourhood Programme Poland-BelarusUkraine 2004-2006, on the basis of which a uniform graphic image will be worked out. cpe.gov.pl cpe.gov.pl
Приветствуя изданный Президентом Республики Беларусь Указ № 383-Z от 15 июля 2002 года «О выполнении Республикой Беларусь международных обязательств, вытекающих из […] документа Организации по безопасности […] и сотрудничеству в Европе о легком и стрелковом оружии», Комитет сожалеет о том, что экспорт легкого и стрелкового оружия в страны, где получена информация о том, что дети могут быть вовлечены в вооруженный конфликт, не запрещен законом. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	While welcoming Presidential Order No. 383-Z of 15 July 2002 on meeting the international obligations arising from the Organization for Security and Co-operation […] in Europe document on small arms and […] light weapons, the Committee regrets that the export of small and light arms to countries where information has been received that children may be involved in armed conflict is not prohibited by law. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Г-н Стрижельский (Беларусь) заявляет, что Беларусь выступает за то, чтобы рассмотрение […] положения в каждой конкретной стране проходило […] в рамках механизма универсального периодического обзора, созданного Советом по правам человека, и считает, что у Третьего комитета нет ни времени, ни необходимых средств для глубокого и подробного изучения положения в области прав человека в государствах-членах. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	(Belarus) said that his country supported the consideration of country-specific situations […] in the context of the universal periodic […] review mechanism established by the Human Rights Council and believed that the Committee had neither the time nor the resources necessary to carry out an in-depth and detailed technical analysis of human rights situations in Member States. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Радиоактивное загрязнение затронуло много европейских стран; […] наиболее пострадавшими оказались три бывшие республики […] СССР, в настоящее время Беларусь, Российская Федерация […] и Украина. chernobyl.info chernobyl.info	A number of European countries were subjected to radioactive […] contamination; among the most affected were three former republics of the […] USSR, now Belarus, the Russian Federation and Ukraine. chernobyl.info chernobyl.info
В ближайшие годы количество осадка сточных вод, образующегося в регионе Балтийского моря, увеличится, что в основном […] связано с применением в таких странах, […] как Польша, Латвия, Беларусь и Россия, усовершенствованных […] методов очистки сточных вод (Табл. 2-1). purebalticsea.eu purebalticsea.eu	In the coming years, the amount of sewage sludge generated in the Baltic Sea […] region is estimated to increase, […] mainly because enhanced waste water treatment methods […] are taken in use in countries like […] Poland, Latvia, Belarus and Russia (Table 2-1). purebalticsea.eu purebalticsea.eu
На своем 1081-м пленарном заседании 23 сентября 2011 года Совет утвердил […] следующий членский состав Рабочей группы […] на 2012 год: Албания, Беларусь, Вьетнам, Исламская […] Республика Иран, Кения, Китай, Мексика, […] Непал, Нигер, Перу, Российская Федерация, Чили и Эфиопия. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	At its 1081st plenary meeting, on 23 September 2011, the Board approved the […] membership of the Working Party for 2012 […] as follows: Albania, Belarus, Chile, China, Ethiopia, […] Islamic Republic of Iran, Kenya, […] Mexico, Nepal, Niger, Peru, Russian Federation and Viet Nam. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
В 2001-2005 годах в Республике Беларусь была реализована президентская программа «Дети Беларуси« (утверждена Указом № 281 Президента Республики Беларусь от 24 мая 2001 года), направленная на повышение эффективности государственной системы поддержки детей, […] прежде всего находящихся в особо сложных […] обстоятельствах, реализацию единых приоритетов и ориентиров государственной социальной политики в интересах детей в деятельности органов власти всех уровней. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Between 2001 and 2005, a presidential programme entitled “Children of Belarus” (approved by Presidential Decree No. 281 of 24 May 2001) was implemented to strengthen the effectiveness of the State system supporting children, primarily those in particularly […] difficult circumstances, and to achieve […] the common priorities and guidelines of State social policy for children that are applied in government activities at all levels. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
В общем обмене мнениями […] участвовали следующие государства: […] Австралия, Аргентина, Беларусь, Бразилия, Бурунди, Гвинея-Бисау, […] Индия, Китай, Лаосская […] Народно-Демократическая Республика, Пакистан, Польша, Российская Федерация, Соединенные Штаты Америки, Украина, Хорватия, Швейцария и Эфиопия. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	The following States participated in the […] general exchange of views: […] Australia, Argentina, Belarus, Brazil, Burundi, China, Croatia, […] Ethiopia, Guinea-Bissau, India, […] Lao People’s Democratic Republic, Pakistan, Poland, Russian Federation, Switzerland, Ukraine and the United States of America. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Индия обратила […] внимание на тот факт, что Беларусь добилась цели искоренения […] нищеты и уверенно следует курсом на достижение […] сформулированных в Декларации тысячелетия целей развития, связанных с сокращением детской смертности, охраной материнского здоровья, борьбой с ВИЧ/СПИДом и достижением устойчивого развития. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	India referred to the fact that Belarus had achieved its goal […] of eradicating poverty and was on track to achieve the Millennium […] Development Goals of reducing child mortality, protecting maternal health, combating HIV/AIDS and attaining sustainable development. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
Средний официальный курс белорусского рубля к российскому рублю, доллару США, евро – […] рассчитывается как […] средняя геометрическая величина официальных курсов белорусского рубля к российскому рублю, доллару США, евро, устанавливаемых Национальным банком Республики Беларусь и действовавших в течение каждого календарного месяца за исключением выходных дней и дней, являющихся государственными праздниками Республики Беларусь. nbrb.by nbrb.by	The official average exchange rate of the Belarusian rubel to the Russian […] ruble, the US dollar, […] and the euro is calculated as a geometric mean of the official rates of the Belarusian rubel to the Russian ruble, the US dollar, and the euro which were set by the National Bank of the Republic of Belarus and were in effect during each calendar month, except rest days and state holidays in the Republic of Belarus. nbrb.by nbrb.by
Беларусь рассматривает возможность установления целевого показателя по сокращению выбросов на 5-10% в период после 2012 года при условии ратификации поправки к приложению В к Киотскому протоколу, которая будет предусматривать для Беларуси ОКЦОСВ на первый период действия обязательств. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org	Belarus is considering an emission reduction target of 5–10 per cent in the post-2012 period, subject to ratification of the amendment to Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol, which contains QELROs for Belarus for the first commitment period. daccess-ods.un.org daccess-ods.un.org
На основании проведенного анализа […] результатов 5 сводных анкет экспресс — […] оценки по странам ЕврАзЭС (Беларусь, Таджикистан, Казахстан, […] Кыргызстан) и Армении можно четко […] выделить существующие в настоящее время трудности в развитии сотрудничества внутри сообщества (см. анализ вопрос 4), которые достаточно плотно кореллируют с выявленными потребностями стран (вопросы 3,5,7,8). ictt.by ictt.by	Based on the analysis of results […] of 5 summaries of express-analyses […] in EurAsEC countries (Belarus, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, […] Kyrgyzstan) and in Armenia, the […] present difficulties in the development of cooperation within the community can be clearly identified (see the analysis of question 4), which are tightly correlated with identified needs of countries (questions 3,5,7 and 8). ictt.by ictt.by
В настоящее время Беларусь совместно с Российской Федерацией в рамках Национальной космической программы осуществляет научно-техническую программу «Разработка базовых элементов технологий создания и применения орбитальных и наземных средств многофункциональной космической системы» (“Космос-НТ”), 2008-2011 годы (государственный заказчик с белорусской стороны – Национальная академия наук Беларуси). oosa.unvienna.org oosa.unvienna.org	The scientific and technical programme carried out jointly by Belarus and the Russian Federation called “Development of fundamentals and technologies for the creation and application of orbital and ground-based tools for a multifunctional space system” (Cosmos-NT) is currently under way (2008-2011) within the framework of the National Space Programme (State customer, on the Belarusian side, is the National Academy of Sciences). oosa.unvienna.org oosa.unvienna.org
В январе 2006 г. МВФ и Всемирный […] банк в рамках работы по программе оценки финансового сектора Республики Беларусь (миссия 2004 года) представили уточненные технические записки, содержащие оценку стабильности финансового сектора Республики Беларусь по программе FSAP, в рамках которой, в частности, оценивались соответствие белорусского […] банковского […] надзора Основополагающим принципам эффективного банковского надзора, прозрачность денежнокредитной политики и банковского надзора, стресс-тестирование банков. nbrb.by nbrb.by	In January 2006, the IMF and the World Bank […] presented, as part of the financial sector assessment program of the Republic of Belarus (the 2004 mission), updated technical notes containing an assessment of stability of the Belarusian financial sector under the FSAP in the context of which, in particular, compliance of Belarusian banking supervision […] with the Core […] Principles for Effective Banking Supervision, transparency of monetary policy and banking supervision, and stress testing of the banks were assessed. nbrb.by nbrb.by

Перевод «белоруссия» на английский

Ваш текст переведен частично.
Вы можете переводить не более 999 символов за один раз.

Войдите или зарегистрируйтесь бесплатно на PROMT.One и переводите еще больше!

<>

Белоруссия

ж.р.
существительное

Склонение

Belarus

Белоруссия скатывается к восточной агрессивности

In Belarus, a slide toward Eastern aggression

Контексты

Белоруссия скатывается к восточной агрессивности
In Belarus, a slide toward Eastern aggression

3. В геополитическом плане мы вновь собираем вокруг России «стальной альянс» из таких мощных союзников, как Белоруссия, Армения, Приднестровье, Южная Осетия, Абхазия, а также из недавно сформировавшихся луганского и донецкого государств на украинском Донбассе.
3. Geopolitically, we are reassembling a “ring of steel” of alliances around Russia with powerful allies like Belorussia, Armenia, Transnistria, South Ossetia, Abkhazia, and the newly formed emerging nations of Luhansk and Donetsk in the Donbas of Ukraine.

Белоруссия ждет кредита от России
Belarus Delays Additional Steps on Ruble, Seeks Russia Loan

Даже Белоруссия пришла в волнение.
Even Belarus is starting to be restless.

Белоруссия — новая заноза в боку Путина
Belarus Is the Latest Thorn in Putin’s Side

Бесплатный переводчик онлайн с русского на английский

Вам нужно переводить на английский сообщения в чатах, письма бизнес-партнерам и в службы поддержки онлайн-магазинов или домашнее задание? PROMT.One мгновенно переведет с русского на английский и еще на 20+ языков.

Точный переводчик

С помощью PROMT.One   наслаждайтесь точным переводом с русского на английский,  а также смотрите английскую транскрипцию, произношение и варианты переводов слов с примерами употребления в предложениях.  Бесплатный онлайн-переводчик PROMT.One  — достойная альтернатива Google Translate и другим сервисам, предоставляющим перевод с английского на русский и с русского на английский. Переводите в браузере на персональных компьютерах, ноутбуках, на мобильных устройствах или установите мобильное приложение Переводчик PROMT.One для iOS и Android.

Нужно больше языков?

PROMT.One бесплатно переводит онлайн с русского на азербайджанский, арабский, греческий, иврит, испанский, итальянский, казахский, китайский, корейский, немецкий, португальский, татарский, турецкий, туркменский, узбекский, украинский, финский, французский, эстонский и японский.

Абхазия Республика Абхазия Abkhazia AB ABH 895 Азия Закавказье Австралия Australia AU AUS 036 Океания Австралия и Новая Зеландия Австрия Австрийская Республика Austria AT AUT 040 Европа Западная Европа Азербайджан Республика Азербайджан Azerbaijan AZ AZE 031 Азия Западная Азия Албания Республика Албания Albania AL ALB 008 Европа Южная Европа Алжир Алжирская Народная Демократическая Республика Algeria DZ DZA 012 Африка Северная Африка Американское Самоа American Samoa AS ASM 016 Океания Полинезия Ангилья Anguilla AI AIA 660 Америка Карибский бассейн Ангола Республика Ангола Angola AO AGO 024 Африка Центральная Африка Андорра Княжество Андорра Andorra AD AND 020 Европа Южная Европа Антарктида Antarctica AQ ATA 010 Антарктика Антигуа и Барбуда Antigua and Barbuda AG ATG 028 Америка Карибский бассейн Аргентина Аргентинская Республика Argentina AR ARG 032 Америка Южная Америка Армения Республика Армения Armenia AM ARM 051 Азия Западная Азия Аруба Aruba AW ABW 533 Америка Карибский бассейн Афганистан Переходное Исламское Государство Афганистан Afghanistan AF AFG 004 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Багамы Содружество Багамы Bahamas BS BHS 044 Америка Карибский бассейн Бангладеш Народная Республика Бангладеш Bangladesh BD BGD 050 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Барбадос Barbados BB BRB 052 Америка Карибский бассейн Бахрейн Королевство Бахрейн Bahrain BH BHR 048 Азия Западная Азия Беларусь Республика Беларусь Belarus BY BLR 112 Европа Восточная Европа Белиз Belize BZ BLZ 084 Америка Карибский бассейн Бельгия Королевство Бельгии Belgium BE BEL 056 Европа Западная Европа Бенин Республика Бенин Benin BJ BEN 204 Африка Западная Африка Бермуды Bermuda BM BMU 060 Америка Северная Америка Болгария Республика Болгария Bulgaria BG BGR 100 Европа Восточная Европа Боливия, Многонациональное Государство Многонациональное Государство Боливия Bolivia, plurinational state of BO BOL 068 Америка Южная Америка Бонайре, Саба и Синт-Эстатиус Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba BQ BES 535 Америка Карибский бассейн Босния и Герцеговина Bosnia and Herzegovina BA BIH 070 Европа Южная Европа Ботсвана Республика Ботсвана Botswana BW BWA 072 Африка Южная часть Африки Бразилия Федеративная Республика Бразилия Brazil BR BRA 076 Америка Южная Америка Британская территория в Индийском океане British Indian Ocean Territory IO IOT 086 Океания Индийский океан Бруней-Даруссалам Brunei Darussalam BN BRN 096 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Буркина-Фасо Burkina Faso BF BFA 854 Африка Западная Африка Бурунди Республика Бурунди Burundi BI BDI 108 Африка Восточная Африка Бутан Королевство Бутан Bhutan BT BTN 064 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Вануату Республика Вануату Vanuatu VU VUT 548 Океания Меланезия Венгрия Венгерская Республика Hungary HU HUN 348 Европа Восточная Европа Венесуэла Боливарианская Республика Боливарийская Республика Венесуэла Venezuela VE VEN 862 Америка Южная Америка Виргинские острова, Британские Британские Виргинские острова Virgin Islands, British VG VGB 092 Америка Карибский бассейн Виргинские острова, США Виргинские острова Соединенных Штатов Virgin Islands, U.S. VI VIR 850 Америка Карибский бассейн Вьетнам Социалистическая Республика Вьетнам Vietnam VN VNM 704 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Габон Габонская Республика Gabon GA GAB 266 Африка Центральная Африка Гаити Республика Гаити Haiti HT HTI 332 Америка Карибский бассейн Гайана Республика Гайана Guyana GY GUY 328 Америка Южная Америка Гамбия Республика Гамбия Gambia GM GMB 270 Африка Западная Африка Гана Республика Гана Ghana GH GHA 288 Африка Западная Африка Гваделупа Guadeloupe GP GLP 312 Америка Карибский бассейн Гватемала Республика Гватемала Guatemala GT GTM 320 Америка Центральная Америка Гвинея Гвинейская Республика Guinea GN GIN 324 Африка Западная Африка Гвинея-Бисау Республика Гвинея-Бисау Guinea-Bissau GW GNB 624 Африка Западная Африка Германия Федеративная Республика Германия Germany DE DEU 276 Европа Западная Европа Гернси Guernsey GG GGY 831 Европа Северная Европа Гибралтар Gibraltar GI GIB 292 Европа Южная Европа Гондурас Республика Гондурас Honduras HN HND 340 Америка Центральная Америка Гонконг Специальный административный регион Китая Гонконг Hong Kong HK HKG 344 Азия Восточная Азия Гренада Grenada GD GRD 308 Америка Карибский бассейн Гренландия Greenland GL GRL 304 Америка Северная Америка Греция Греческая Республика Greece GR GRC 300 Европа Южная Европа Грузия Georgia GE GEO 268 Азия Западная Азия Гуам Guam GU GUM 316 Океания Микронезия Дания Королевство Дания Denmark DK DNK 208 Европа Северная Европа Джерси Jersey JE JEY 832 Европа Северная Европа Джибути Республика Джибути Djibouti DJ DJI 262 Африка Восточная Африка Доминика Содружество Доминики Dominica DM DMA 212 Америка Карибский бассейн Доминиканская Республика Dominican Republic DO DOM 214 Америка Карибский бассейн Египет Арабская Республика Египет Egypt EG EGY 818 Африка Северная Африка Замбия Республика Замбия Zambia ZM ZMB 894 Африка Восточная Африка Западная Сахара Western Sahara EH ESH 732 Африка Северная Африка Зимбабве Республика Зимбабве Zimbabwe ZW ZWE 716 Африка Восточная Африка Израиль Государство Израиль Israel IL ISR 376 Азия Западная Азия Индия Республика Индия India IN IND 356 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Индонезия Республика Индонезия Indonesia ID IDN 360 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Иордания Иорданское Хашимитское Королевство Jordan JO JOR 400 Азия Западная Азия Ирак Республика Ирак Iraq IQ IRQ 368 Азия Западная Азия Иран, Исламская Республика Исламская Республика Иран Iran, Islamic Republic of IR IRN 364 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Ирландия Ireland IE IRL 372 Европа Северная Европа Исландия Республика Исландия Iceland IS ISL 352 Европа Северная Европа Испания Королевство Испания Spain ES ESP 724 Европа Южная Европа Италия Итальянская Республика Italy IT ITA 380 Европа Южная Европа Йемен Йеменская Республика Yemen YE YEM 887 Азия Западная Азия Кабо-Верде Республика Кабо-Верде Cape Verde CV CPV 132 Африка Западная Африка Казахстан Республика Казахстан Kazakhstan KZ KAZ 398 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Камбоджа Королевство Камбоджа Cambodia KH KHM 116 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Камерун Республика Камерун Cameroon CM CMR 120 Африка Центральная Африка Канада Canada CA CAN 124 Америка Северная Америка Катар Государство Катар Qatar QA QAT 634 Азия Западная Азия Кения Республика Кения Kenya KE KEN 404 Африка Восточная Африка Кипр Республика Кипр Cyprus CY CYP 196 Азия Западная Азия Киргизия Киргизская Республика Kyrgyzstan KG KGZ 417 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Кирибати Республика Кирибати Kiribati KI KIR 296 Океания Микронезия Китай Китайская Народная Республика China CN CHN 156 Азия Восточная Азия Кокосовые (Килинг) острова Cocos (Keeling) Islands CC CCK 166 Океания Индийский океан Колумбия Республика Колумбия Colombia CO COL 170 Америка Южная Америка Коморы Союз Коморы Comoros KM COM 174 Африка Восточная Африка Конго Республика Конго Congo CG COG 178 Африка Центральная Африка Конго, Демократическая Республика Демократическая Республика Конго Congo, Democratic Republic of the CD COD 180 Африка Центральная Африка Корея, Народно-Демократическая Республика Корейская Народно-Демократическая Республика Korea, Democratic People’s republic of KP PRK 408 Азия Восточная Азия Корея, Республика Республика Корея Korea, Republic of KR KOR 410 Азия Восточная Азия Коста-Рика Республика Коста-Рика Costa Rica CR CRI 188 Америка Центральная Америка Кот д’Ивуар Республика Кот д’Ивуар Cote d’Ivoire CI CIV 384 Африка Западная Африка Куба Республика Куба Cuba CU CUB 192 Америка Карибский бассейн Кувейт Государство Кувейт Kuwait KW KWT 414 Азия Западная Азия Кюрасао Curaçao CW CUW 531 Америка Карибский бассейн Лаос Лаосская Народно-Демократическая Республика Lao People’s Democratic Republic LA LAO 418 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Латвия Латвийская Республика Latvia LV LVA 428 Европа Северная Европа Лесото Королевство Лесото Lesotho LS LSO 426 Африка Южная часть Африки Ливан Ливанская Республика Lebanon LB LBN 422 Азия Западная Азия Ливийская Арабская Джамахирия Социалистическая Народная Ливийская Арабская Джамахирия Libyan Arab Jamahiriya LY LBY 434 Африка Северная Африка Либерия Республика Либерия Liberia LR LBR 430 Африка Западная Африка Лихтенштейн Княжество Лихтенштейн Liechtenstein LI LIE 438 Европа Западная Европа Литва Литовская Республика Lithuania LT LTU 440 Европа Северная Европа Люксембург Великое Герцогство Люксембург Luxembourg LU LUX 442 Европа Западная Европа Маврикий Республика Маврикий Mauritius MU MUS 480 Африка Восточная Африка Мавритания Исламская Республика Мавритания Mauritania MR MRT 478 Африка Западная Африка Мадагаскар Республика Мадагаскар Madagascar MG MDG 450 Африка Восточная Африка Майотта Mayotte YT MYT 175 Африка Южная часть Африки Макао Специальный административный регион Китая Макао Macao MO MAC 446 Азия Восточная Азия Малави Республика Малави Malawi MW MWI 454 Африка Восточная Африка Малайзия Malaysia MY MYS 458 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Мали Республика Мали Mali ML MLI 466 Африка Западная Африка Малые Тихоокеанские отдаленные острова Соединенных Штатов United States Minor Outlying Islands UM UMI 581 Океания Индийский океан Мальдивы Мальдивская Республика Maldives MV MDV 462 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Мальта Республика Мальта Malta MT MLT 470 Европа Южная Европа Марокко Королевство Марокко Morocco MA MAR 504 Африка Северная Африка Мартиника Martinique MQ MTQ 474 Америка Карибский бассейн Маршалловы острова Республика Маршалловы острова Marshall Islands MH MHL 584 Океания Микронезия Мексика Мексиканские Соединенные Штаты Mexico MX MEX 484 Америка Центральная Америка Микронезия, Федеративные Штаты Федеративные штаты Микронезии Micronesia, Federated States of FM FSM 583 Океания Микронезия Мозамбик Республика Мозамбик Mozambique MZ MOZ 508 Африка Восточная Африка Молдова, Республика Республика Молдова Moldova MD MDA 498 Европа Восточная Европа Монако Княжество Монако Monaco MC MCO 492 Европа Западная Европа Монголия Mongolia MN MNG 496 Азия Восточная Азия Монтсеррат Montserrat MS MSR 500 Америка Карибский бассейн Мьянма Союз Мьянма Burma MM MMR 104 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Намибия Республика Намибия Namibia NA NAM 516 Африка Южная часть Африки Науру Республика Науру Nauru NR NRU 520 Океания Микронезия Непал Королевство Непал Nepal NP NPL 524 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Нигер Республика Нигер Niger NE NER 562 Африка Западная Африка Нигерия Федеративная Республика Нигерия Nigeria NG NGA 566 Африка Западная Африка Нидерланды Королевство Нидерландов Netherlands NL NLD 528 Европа Западная Европа Никарагуа Республика Никарагуа Nicaragua NI NIC 558 Америка Центральная Америка Ниуэ Республика Ниуэ Niue NU NIU 570 Океания Полинезия Новая Зеландия New Zealand NZ NZL 554 Океания Австралия и Новая Зеландия Новая Каледония New Caledonia NC NCL 540 Океания Меланезия Норвегия Королевство Норвегия Norway NO NOR 578 Европа Северная Европа Объединенные Арабские Эмираты United Arab Emirates AE ARE 784 Азия Западная Азия Оман Султанат Оман Oman OM OMN 512 Азия Западная Азия Остров Буве Bouvet Island BV BVT 074 Южный океан Остров Мэн Isle of Man IM IMN 833 Европа Северная Европа Остров Норфолк Norfolk Island NF NFK 574 Океания Австралия и Новая Зеландия Остров Рождества Christmas Island CX CXR 162 Азия Индийский океан Остров Херд и острова Макдональд Heard Island and McDonald Islands HM HMD 334 Индийский океан Острова Кайман Cayman Islands KY CYM 136 Америка Карибский бассейн Острова Кука Cook Islands CK COK 184 Океания Полинезия Острова Теркс и Кайкос Turks and Caicos Islands TC TCA 796 Америка Карибский бассейн Пакистан Исламская Республика Пакистан Pakistan PK PAK 586 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Палау Республика Палау Palau PW PLW 585 Океания Микронезия Палестинская территория, оккупированная Оккупированная Палестинская территория Palestinian Territory, Occupied PS PSE 275 Азия Западная Азия Панама Республика Панама Panama PA PAN 591 Америка Центральная Америка Папский Престол (Государство — город Ватикан) Holy See (Vatican City State) VA VAT 336 Европа Южная Европа Папуа-Новая Гвинея Papua New Guinea PG PNG 598 Океания Меланезия Парагвай Республика Парагвай Paraguay PY PRY 600 Америка Южная Америка Перу Республика Перу Peru PE PER 604 Америка Южная Америка Питкерн Pitcairn PN PCN 612 Океания Полинезия Польша Республика Польша Poland PL POL 616 Европа Восточная Европа Португалия Португальская Республика Portugal PT PRT 620 Европа Южная Европа Пуэрто-Рико Puerto Rico PR PRI 630 Америка Карибский бассейн Республика Македония Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic Of MK MKD 807 Европа Южная Европа Реюньон Reunion RE REU 638 Африка Восточная Африка Россия Российская Федерация Russian Federation RU RUS 643 Европа Восточная Европа Руанда Руандийская Республика Rwanda RW RWA 646 Африка Восточная Африка Румыния Romania RO ROU 642 Европа Восточная Европа Самоа Независимое Государство Самоа Samoa WS WSM 882 Океания Полинезия Сан-Марино Республика Сан-Марино San Marino SM SMR 674 Европа Южная Европа Сан-Томе и Принсипи Демократическая Республика Сан-Томе и Принсипи Sao Tome and Principe ST STP 678 Африка Центральная Африка Саудовская Аравия Королевство Саудовская Аравия Saudi Arabia SA SAU 682 Азия Западная Азия Святая Елена, Остров вознесения, Тристан-да-Кунья Saint Helena, Ascension And Tristan Da Cunha SH SHN 654 Африка Западная Африка Северные Марианские острова Содружество Северных Марианских островов Northern Mariana Islands MP MNP 580 Океания Микронезия Сен-Бартельми Saint Barthélemy BL BLM 652 Америка Карибский бассейн Сен-Мартен Saint Martin (French Part) MF MAF 663 Америка Карибский бассейн Сенегал Республика Сенегал Senegal SN SEN 686 Африка Западная Африка Сент-Винсент и Гренадины Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC VCT 670 Америка Карибский бассейн Сент-Китс и Невис Saint Kitts and Nevis KN KNA 659 Америка Карибский бассейн Сент-Люсия Saint Lucia LC LCA 662 Америка Карибский бассейн Сент-Пьер и Микелон Saint Pierre and Miquelon PM SPM 666 Америка Северная Америка Сербия Республика Сербия Serbia RS SRB 688 Европа Южная Европа Сейшелы Республика Сейшелы Seychelles SC SYC 690 Африка Восточная Африка Сингапур Республика Сингапур Singapore SG SGP 702 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Синт-Мартен Sint Maarten SX SXM 534 Америка Карибский бассейн Сирийская Арабская Республика Syrian Arab Republic SY SYR 760 Азия Западная Азия Словакия Словацкая Республика Slovakia SK SVK 703 Европа Восточная Европа Словения Республика Словения Slovenia SI SVN 705 Европа Южная Европа Соединенное Королевство Соединенное Королевство Великобритании и Северной Ирландии United Kingdom GB GBR 826 Европа Северная Европа Соединенные Штаты Соединенные Штаты Америки United States US USA 840 Америка Северная Америка Соломоновы острова Solomon Islands SB SLB 090 Океания Меланезия Сомали Сомалийская Республика Somalia SO SOM 706 Африка Восточная Африка Судан Республика Судан Sudan SD SDN 729 Африка Северная Африка Суринам Республика Суринам Suriname SR SUR 740 Америка Южная Америка Сьерра-Леоне Республика Сьерра-Леоне Sierra Leone SL SLE 694 Африка Западная Африка Таджикистан Республика Таджикистан Tajikistan TJ TJK 762 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Таиланд Королевство Таиланд Thailand TH THA 764 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Тайвань (Китай) Taiwan, Province of China TW TWN 158 Азия Восточная Азия Танзания, Объединенная Республика Объединенная Республика Танзания Tanzania, United Republic Of TZ TZA 834 Африка Восточная Африка Тимор-Лесте Демократическая Республика Тимор-Лесте Timor-Leste TL TLS 626 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Того Тоголезская Республика Togo TG TGO 768 Африка Западная Африка Токелау Tokelau TK TKL 772 Океания Полинезия Тонга Королевство Тонга Tonga TO TON 776 Океания Полинезия Тринидад и Тобаго Республика Тринидад и Тобаго Trinidad and Tobago TT TTO 780 Америка Карибский бассейн Тувалу Tuvalu TV TUV 798 Океания Полинезия Тунис Тунисская Республика Tunisia TN TUN 788 Африка Северная Африка Туркмения Туркменистан Turkmenistan TM TKM 795 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Турция Турецкая Республика Turkey TR TUR 792 Азия Западная Азия Уганда Республика Уганда Uganda UG UGA 800 Африка Восточная Африка Узбекистан Республика Узбекистан Uzbekistan UZ UZB 860 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Украина Ukraine UA UKR 804 Европа Восточная Европа Уоллис и Футуна Wallis and Futuna WF WLF 876 Океания Полинезия Уругвай Восточная Республика Уругвай Uruguay UY URY 858 Америка Южная Америка Фарерские острова Faroe Islands FO FRO 234 Европа Северная Европа Фиджи Республика островов Фиджи Fiji FJ FJI 242 Океания Меланезия Филиппины Республика Филиппины Philippines PH PHL 608 Азия Юго-Восточная Азия Финляндия Финляндская Республика Finland FI FIN 246 Европа Северная Европа Фолклендские острова (Мальвинские) Falkland Islands (Malvinas) FK FLK 238 Америка Южная Америка Франция Французская Республика France FR FRA 250 Европа Западная Европа Французская Гвиана French Guiana GF GUF 254 Америка Южная Америка Французская Полинезия French Polynesia PF PYF 258 Океания Полинезия Французские Южные территории French Southern Territories TF ATF 260 Индийский океан Хорватия Республика Хорватия Croatia HR HRV 191 Европа Южная Европа Центрально-Африканская Республика Central African Republic CF CAF 140 Африка Центральная Африка Чад Республика Чад Chad TD TCD 148 Африка Центральная Африка Черногория Республика Черногория Montenegro ME MNE 499 Европа Южная Европа Чешская Республика Czech Republic CZ CZE 203 Европа Восточная Европа Чили Республика Чили Chile CL CHL 152 Америка Южная Америка Швейцария Швейцарская Конфедерация Switzerland CH CHE 756 Европа Западная Европа Швеция Королевство Швеция Sweden SE SWE 752 Европа Северная Европа Шпицберген и Ян Майен Svalbard and Jan Mayen SJ SJM 744 Европа Северная Европа Шри-Ланка Демократическая Социалистическая Республика Шри-Ланка Sri Lanka LK LKA 144 Азия Южная часть Центральной Азии Эквадор Республика Эквадор Ecuador EC ECU 218 Америка Южная Америка Экваториальная Гвинея Республика Экваториальная Гвинея Equatorial Guinea GQ GNQ 226 Африка Центральная Африка Эландские острова Åland Islands AX ALA 248 Европа Северная Европа Эль-Сальвадор Республика Эль-Сальвадор El Salvador SV SLV 222 Америка Центральная Америка Эритрея Eritrea ER ERI 232 Африка Восточная Африка Эсватини Королевство Эсватини Eswatini SZ SWZ 748 Африка Южная часть Африки Эстония Эстонская Республика Estonia EE EST 233 Европа Северная Европа Эфиопия Федеративная Демократическая Республика Эфиопия Ethiopia ET ETH 231 Африка Восточная Африка Южная Африка Южно-Африканская Республика South Africa ZA ZAF 710 Африка Южная часть Африки Южная Джорджия и Южные Сандвичевы острова South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands GS SGS 239 Южный океан Южная Осетия Республика Южная Осетия South Ossetia OS OST 896 Азия Закавказье Южный Судан South Sudan SS SSD 728 Африка Северная Африка Ямайка Jamaica JM JAM 388 Америка Карибский бассейн Япония Japan JP JPN 392 Азия Восточная Азия

(Беларусь)

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать грубую лексику.

На основании Вашего запроса эти примеры могут содержать разговорную лексику.

Перевод «беларусь» на английский

nf

Предложения

Какие документы нужны для въезда в беларусь

What documents are needed for entry to Belarus

Лучшие детские садики в минск (беларусь).

The best sandy beaches in Minsk (Belarus)

кто победил на выборах беларусь

Previous Who Will Win Pakistan’s Elections

Интернет магазины одежды в беларусь.

shop online clothes in pakistan |

Можно ли выехать через беларусь если штрафы 9

Is it possible to go through the belarus if fines.

если вы решили отправить столбом Кита (особенно Украины, беларусь), пожалуйста, терпеливо ждать, это несколько медленно, по крайней мере, займет около 30 дней.

If you choose to ship by China Post (especially Ukraine, Belarus), please wait patiently, it is somewhat slow, at least will take about 30 days.

когда лучше проходить границу польша беларусь

Where better to cross the border of Belarus — Poland.

русский хочет переехать жить в беларусь

As the Russian businessman has moved to live in Belarus

При правомерном использовании: беларусь.

Incorporated legally: Belarus.

Результаты поиска для «беларусь«

Несомненно, Беларусь хотела бы выглядеть независимым игроком.

There is no doubt that Belarus would like to appear as an independent actor.

Беларусь готова оперативно выделить землю для строительства указанного терминала.

For its part, Belarus is ready to allocate land for the construction of this terminal.

За последние годы Беларусь получила статус одного ведущих экспортеров продовольствия.

Over the recent years, Belarus has received the status of one of the leading exporters of food products.

Особое значение при развитии двусторонних отношений Беларусь придает реализации инвестиционных проектов.

As far as the development of bilateral relations is concerned, Belarus attaches special significance to the implementation of investment projects.

Беларусь противник создания новых административных процедур.

Belarus to raise a barrier to the creation of new administrative procedures.

Беларусь продемонстрировала твердую приверженность целям ядерного разоружения…

Nonetheless, Belarus demonstrated its resolve and firm commitment to the objectives of nuclear disarmament.

Республика Беларусь разделяет универсальный подход к соблюдению прав всех социальных групп.

The Republic of Belarus agrees that a consensual approach should be taken in respecting the rights of all social groups.

Параллельно Беларусь пытается найти замену российской нефти для переработки.

Simultaneously, Belarus has tried to look for a replacement for Russian oil to fill its refineries.

Республика Беларусь готова предоставить все необходимые материалы.

The Republic of Belarus is prepared to provide all necessary materials for that purpose.

Ничего не найдено для этого значения.

Предложения, которые содержат беларусь

Результатов: 22197. Точных совпадений: 22197. Затраченное время: 142 мс

Documents

Корпоративные решения

Спряжение

Синонимы

Корректор

Справка и о нас

Индекс слова: 1-300, 301-600, 601-900

Индекс выражения: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200

Индекс фразы: 1-400, 401-800, 801-1200