Как правильно пишется чечня

Как правильно пишется слово «чечня»

Нет информации о правописании.

Всего найдено: 5

Скажите, пожалуйста, как следует писать: Республика Чечня или республика Чечня (понятно, что по К РФ Чеченская Республика)?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Как неофициальное название субъекта Российской Федерации — Республика Чечня.

Здравствуйте. Как пишется Вторая чеченская война, что в ней с больших букв?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Все слова пишутся с маленькой буквы: вторая чеченская война, поскольку это неофициальное название вооруженного конфликта.

Здравствуйте.
Видел тут ваш ответ на вопрос о написании «чеченской войны». Ок, значит, со строчной. А если «Первая чеченская война», то «первая» пишется с заглавной или тоже со строчной? Заранее благодарю за ответ.

С уважением, Руслан.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Корректно строчными: первая чеченская война (как обиходное название вооруженного конфликта).

Добррый день!
Подскажите, как правильно писать: «Чеченская Республика» или Чеченская республика»?

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: Чеченская Республика. В официальных названиях государств, а также субъектов Российской Федерации слово республика пишется с большой буквы.

Здравствуйте! Подскажите, можно ли оставить в данном предложении строчные буквы:
фильм не об этой войне, и не об а(А)фганской войне, и не о ч(Ч)еченской.
Или все же лучше сделать в обоих случаях прописные буквы?
Спасибо.

Ответ справочной службы русского языка

Правильно: Афганская война (с прописной), чеченская война (со строчной).

Как правильно пишется слово «чечня»

Нет информации о правописании.

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А Б В Г Д Е Ж З И Й К Л М Н О П Р С Т У Ф Х Ц Ч Ш Щ Э Ю Я

чече́нский, (к Чечня́ и чече́нцы)

Рядом по алфавиту:

че́ховцы , -ев, ед. -вец, -вца, тв. -вцем (от Че́хов, город)
чехо́л , чехла́
чехо́льный
чехо́льчик , -а
чехо́нь , -и
чехослова́ки , -ов
чехослова́цкий , (к Чехослова́кия)
чехослова́цко-сове́тский
чечеви́ца , -ы, тв. -ей
чечевицеобра́зный , кр. ф. -зен, -зна
чечеви́чка , -и, р. мн. -чек
чечеви́чный
чече́нка , -и, р. мн. -нок
чече́но-дагеста́нский
чече́но-ингу́шский
чече́нский , (к Чечня́ и чече́нцы)
чече́нцы , -ев, ед. -нец, -нца, тв. -нцем
чече́нцы-аки́нцы , чече́нцев-аки́нцев, ед. чече́нец-аки́нец, чече́нца-аки́нца
чече́ны , -ов, ед. чече́н, -а (устар. и сниж. к чече́нцы)
че́чет , -а
чечётка , -и, р. мн. -ток
чечёточник , -а
чечёточный
че́шка , -и, р. мн. че́шек (к чехи)
че́шки , че́шек, ед. че́шка, -и (обувь)
че́шский , (к че́хи и Че́хия)
Че́шский Ле́с , (горы)
Че́шско-Мора́вская возвы́шенность
че́шско-росси́йский
че́шско-ру́сский
че́шско-слова́цкий

Правильное написание слова чечня:

чечня

Крутая NFT игра. Играй и зарабатывай!

Количество букв в слове: 5

Слово состоит из букв:
Ч, Е, Ч, Н, Я

Правильный транслит слова: chechnya

Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: xtxyz

Тест на правописание

Синонимы слова Чечня

• Южане
• Ичкерия

Как написать слово «чеченский» правильно? Где поставить ударение, сколько в слове ударных и безударных гласных и согласных букв? Как проверить слово «чеченский»?

чече́нский

Правильное написание — чеченский, ударение падает на букву: е, безударными гласными являются: е, и.

Выделим согласные буквы — чеченский, к согласным относятся: ч, н, с, к, й, звонкие согласные: н, й, глухие согласные: ч, с, к.

Количество букв и слогов:

• букв — 9,
• слогов — 3,
• гласных — 3,
• согласных — 6.

Формы слова: чече́нский (к Чечня́ и чече́нцы).

Почему?

Есть разница?

Какое правило?

Как правильно пишется слово?

Чечены и чеченцы — это одно и тоже или нет?

1 ответ:

2



0

По правилам русского языка национальность одного из северокавказских народов называется «чеченец». Так русские стали называть жителей местности села Большой Чечень (Сечень), постепенно под это наименование подпали несколько народов данной территории. По другой версии слово произошло от тюркского «шешен» — громкий, звучный, кричащий.

Общепринятой нормой языка считается именно «чеченцы», а название «чечены», встречающееся и в литературе и даже в словарях, является разговорным, но относится, безусловно, к тем же чеченцам.

Хотя есть мнения, отстаивающие бОльшую правомерность второго термина.

Тем не менее, языковая норма «чеченец» закреплена.

Читайте также

Слово «Непреходящий» пишется слитно, потому что по правилам русского языка к этому слову можно подобрать синоним без частицы «не». А именно: вечный,бессмертный. Пример предложения: «Каждый человек хочет пребывать в состоянии непреходящей любви».

Слитно или раздельно это слово пишется исходя из смысла контекста. Например, если вы имеете ввиду неходячего больного или ещё неходячего ребёнка, то стоит писать слитно.

А вот если построение предложения выглядит как «не ходячий…, а …(лежачий, например)», то писать нужно раздельно.

Например, «Алексею с каждым днём требовалось всё больше, то массаж, то уколы, то вовсе — подгузники, потому что он уже стал не ходячим, а лежачим.

Прилагательное»Непод­<wbr />ходящий» пишется слитно потому, что к слову мы можем подобрать синоним без частицы «НЕ».Это синоним- малоподходящий.Приме­<wbr />р предложения:»Когда тебе за шестьдесят — это неподходящий возраст, чтобы заводить детей», «Это совершенно неподходящий тебе по размеру костюм».

Слово приоритет обозначает «преимущество, главенство чего-либо». В русской лексике это слово является заимствованным из немецкого языка. А следы происхождения этого слова, если поинтересоваться этим, приведут нас в латинский язык, в котором слово «приор» значит «первый». Вот этим словом можно проверить безударный гласный «о» в слове «приоритет».

Написание буквы «и» в начале слова «приоритет» следует запомнить, как и в этих словарных словах: прилежный, пример, привет (при- не является в них приставкой), примитивный, привилегия, приватный.

В случае затруднения в написании слов с начальным при- заглядываем в орфографический словарь.

Для того чтобы разобраться с правописанием этого слова, надо понять какая перед нами часть речи.

«Оправдан(н)о» может выступать кратким прилагательным (и тогда пишем -нн-), а может быть кратким причастием ( тогда пишем одно -н-).

Примеры.

• «Применение этого средства оправдано (что сделано?) быстрым результатом» — здесь, кроме вопроса, на то, что слово выступает в качестве причастия, указывает наличие зависимых слов. Следовательно, пишем -н-.

«Гражданка была оправдана судом» — тоже причастие.

• «Мы считаем, что эти слухи оправданны».

«Написание с прописной буквы оправданно».

В этих примерах слово выступает прилагательным, зависимых слов нет (это основной признак, который позволяет различить части речи), следовательно, пишем -нн-.

Теперь что касается слитного и раздельного написания приставки не-.

С прилагательным пишем слитно, если в контексте отсутствует противопоставление и подчеркивается больше чувствуется отрицание положительного признака.

«Мы считаем, что эти слухи неоправданны».

В случае с кратким причастием не- пишем только раздельно. «Применение этого средства не оправдано быстрым результатом».

×òî òàêîå «×Å×Íß»? Êàê ïðàâèëüíî ïèøåòñÿ äàííîå ñëîâî. Ïîíÿòèå è òðàêòîâêà.

×Å×Íß

×å÷íÿ

×å÷åíñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà â ñîñòàâå Ðîññèéñêîé Ôåäåðàöèè. Îáðàçîâàíà â 1992 ã. Íàçâàíèå ïî ðóññê. íàèìåíîâàíèþ êîðåííîãî íàñåëåíèÿ ÷å÷åíöû, îáðàçîâàííîìó îò íàçâàíèÿ ñåëåíèÿ Áîëüøîé ×å÷åí. Ñàìîíàçâàíèå íàõ÷î (÷å÷åí, íàõ ‘ëþäè’),  1994 ã. äëÿ ðåñïóáëèêè ïðèíÿòî íîâîå ÷å÷åí, íàçâàíèå — È÷êåðèÿ ïî íàçâàíèþ ãîðíîé ÷àñòè (åå æèòåëåé èçäàâíà çîâóò è÷êåðèíöà-ìè).

×Å×Íß — ×Å×Íß (×å÷åíñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà), â Ðîññèè. Ãðàíèöà ìåæäó ×å÷íåé è Èíãóøåòèåé íå äåìàðêèðîâàíà (1994). Í… Ñîâðåìåííàÿ ýíöèêëîïåäèÿ

×Å×Íß — ×Å×Íß (×å÷åíñêàÿ Ðåñïóáëèêà) — â Ðîññèè. Ãðàíèöà ìåæäó ×å÷íåé è Èíãóøåòèåé íå äåìàðêèðîâàíà (1994). … Áîëüøîé ýíöèêëîïåäè÷åñêèé ñëîâàðü

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

падеж	ед. ч.	мн. ч.
Им.	Чечня́	*Чечни́
Р.	Чечни́	*Чечне́й
Д.	Чечне́	*Чечня́м
В.	Чечню́	*Чечни́
Тв.	Чечнёй Чечнёю	*Чечня́ми
Пр.	Чечне́	*Чечня́х

Чеч—ня́

Существительное, неодушевлённое, женский род, 1-е склонение (тип склонения 2b– по классификации А. А. Зализняка); формы мн. ч. предположительны или неупотребимы. Имя собственное, топоним.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [t͡ɕɪt͡ɕˈnʲa]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. геогр. республика (субъект) в составе Российской Федерации на Северном Кавказе, в долинах рек Терек и Сунжа со столицей в Грозном, граничащая на западе — с Ингушетией, на северо-западе — с Северной Осетией и Ставропольским краем, на северо-востоке и востоке — с Дагестаном, на юге — с Грузией ◆ Вешний полдень сиял над высью Кавказа, и громкие клики мулл звали жителей Чечни к молитве. А. А. Бестужев-Марлинский, «Аммалат-бек», 1831 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Из гор Ичкерии далекой // Уже в Чечню на братний зов // Толпы стекались удальцов. М. Ю. Лермонтов, «Валерик», 1840 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Рукопашные схватки в Чечне были, а значит, нужно людей готовить к этому, и притом тщательно. Владимир Авилов, «Сибирский кулак» // «Боевое искусство планеты», 10 июня 2004 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ С самого начала, когда он [Путин] устроил геноцид в Чечне. По оценке журнала «The Wall Street Journal» тех лет, российская армия убила в Чечне от 100 до 200 тысяч человек. При том, что чеченская нация насчитывает едва один миллион человек. То есть, 10–20 процентов чеченцев уничтожено. Это ли не геноцид? Вадим Зайдман, Горькие плоды умиротворения агрессора // «kasparov.ru», 26 февраля 2022 г. ◆ Во время двух войн в Чечне солдат российской армии не раз называли ответственными за убийства мирных жителей во время зачисток. Самые известные случаи — это Самашки в 1995 году (103 убитых) и Новые Алды в 2000-м (56 убитых). Последствия этих зачисток расследовали правозащитники из «Мемориала» — об этой работе «Медиазоне» рассказал Олег Орлов. Дима Швец, За 22 года до Бучи. Правозащитник Олег Орлов рассказывает, как «Мемориал» расследовал убийства мирных жителей в Чечне // «zona.media», 08 апреля 2022 г.
2. публиц. и разг. о военных действиях России в Чечне [1] ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).
3. публиц. и разг. о режиме власти, сложившемся в Чечне [1] ◆ Дорогой Андрей Лошак! Я младше вас и мне странно вам напоминать. В нашей стране была первая чеченская, вторая чеченская, пятидневная война с Грузией, Донбасс, Сирия. Был Норд-Ост, был Беслан, есть Чечня. Елена Костюченко, Это случилось не месяц назад, Вы не знали, что у нас фашизм? Мир вот говорит, что не знал. Может быть, вы тоже? // «kasparov.ru», 08 апреля 2022 г.

Синонимы[править]

1. Ичкерия, Чеченская Республика
2. Чеченская война
3. ?

Антонимы[править]

1. —
2. —
3. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. республика
2. война
3. власть

Гипонимы[править]

1. —
2. —
3. —

Холонимы[править]

1. Россия, Российская Федерация
2. ?
3. ?

Меронимы[править]

1. Грозный, Аргун, Шали, Урус-Мартан, Гудермес
2. ?
3. ?

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство
существительные: чечен, чеченец, чеченка, чеченизация прилагательные: чеченский; внутричеченский, всечеченский наречия: по-чеченски

Этимология[править]

Происходит от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Список переводов

Азербайджанскийaz: Çeçenistan Английскийen: Chechnya Арабскийar: الشيشان (al-shiishān) м. Арагонскийan: Chechenia Армянскийhy: Չեչնիա (Čečnia) Африкаансaf: Tsjetsjnië Баскскийeu: Txetxenia Белорусскийbe: Чачня ж. Болгарскийbg: Чечения ж., f Боснийскийbs: Čečenija Валлийскийcy: Tsietsnia Венгерскийhu: Csecsenföld Греческийel: Τσετσενία ж. Грузинскийka: ჩეჩნეთი Датскийda: Tjetjenien общ. Ивритhe: צ’צ’ניה Ингушскийinh: Нохчийче, Нохчий Мохк Исландскийis: Téténía ж. Испанскийes: Chechenia ж. Каталанскийca: Txetxènia ж. Китайский (традиц.): 車臣 (Chēchén) Китайский (упрощ.): 车臣 (Chēchén) Корейскийko: 체첸 (Chechen) Литовскийlt: Čečėnija Македонскийmk: Чеченија ж. Немецкийde: Tschetschenien Нидерландскийnl: Tsjetsjenië Персидскийfa: چچنستان Польскийpl: Czeczenia ж. Португальскийpt: Chechénia ж., Chechênia ж. Сербскийsr (кир.): Чеченија Сербскийsr (лат.): Čečenija Словацкийsk: Čečensko ср. Словенскийsl: Čečenija ж. Тайскийth: เชชเนีย Турецкийtr: Çeçenya Украинскийuk: Чечня ж. Фарерскийfo: Kekenia ср. Финскийfi: Tšetšenia Французскийfr: Tchétchénie ж. Хиндиhi: चेचन्या (cecan’yā) Чеченскийce: Нохчийчоь Чешскийcs: Čečensko Шведскийsv: Tjetjenien (sv) Эсперантоиeo: Ĉeĉenio, Ĉeĉenujo Эстонскийet: Tšetšeenia Японскийja: チェチェン (Chechen)

Библиография[править]

Болгарский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

Чечня

Существительное.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. Чечня [1] ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

1. ?

Антонимы[править]

1. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. ?

Гипонимы[править]

1. —

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство

Этимология[править]

Происходит от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Библиография[править]

Правильное написание слова Чечня:

Криптовалюта за ходьбу!

Количество букв в слове: 5

Слово состоит из букв:
Ч, Е, Ч, Н, Я

Правильный транслит слова: Чechnya

Написание с не правильной раскладкой клавиатуры: Чtxyz

Тест на правописание

Чечня

Слово состоит из букв:
Ч,
Е,
Ч,
Н,
Я,

Похожие слова:

чечета
чечетка
чечетку
чечне
чечни
чеша
чешет
чешется
чешка

Рифма к слову Чечня

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Not to be confused with Czechia.

Chechen Republic
Republic
Чеченская Республика / Chechenskaya Respublika
Other transcription(s)
• Chechen	Нохчийн Республика / Noxçiyn Respublika
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Шатлакхан Илли Şatlaqan İlli «Shatlak’s Song»[3]
Coordinates: 43°24′N 45°43′E / 43.400°N 45.717°ECoordinates: 43°24′N 45°43′E / 43.400°N 45.717°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	North Caucasian[1]
Economic region	North Caucasus[2]
Capital	Grozny
Government
• Body	Parliament[4]
• Head[4]	Ramzan Kadyrov[5]
Area [6]
• Total	17,300 km2 (6,700 sq mi)
• Rank	76th
Population  (2021 Census)[7]
• Total	1,510,824
• Rank	31st
• Density	87/km2 (230/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [8])
ISO 3166 code	RU-CE
License plates	95
OKTMO ID	96000000
Official languages	Russian;[9] Chechen[10]

Chechnya (Russian: Чечня́, tr. Chechnyá, IPA: [tɕɪtɕˈnʲa]; Chechen: Нохчийчоь, romanized: Noxçiyçö), officially the Chechen Republic,^[a] is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Checheno-Ingush ASSR split into two parts: the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic. The latter proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which sought independence. Following the First Chechen War of 1994–1996 with Russia, Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, although de jure it remained a part of Russia. Russian federal control was restored in the Second Chechen War of 1999–2009, with Chechen politics being dominated by Akhmad Kadyrov, and later his son Ramzan Kadyrov.^[12]

The republic covers an area of 17,300 square kilometres (6,700 square miles), with a population of over 1.5 million residents as of 2021.^[7]
It is home to the indigenous Chechens, part of the Nakh peoples, and of primarily Muslim faith. Grozny is the capital and largest city.

History[edit]

Origin of Chechnya’s population[edit]

According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Nakh ancestor Kavkas.^[13]

According to George Anchabadze of Ilia State University:

The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was «Kavkas», hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most «Caucasian» people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition.^[14][15]

American linguist Johanna Nichols «has used language to connect the modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent» and her research suggests that «farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians.» Nichols stated: «The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilisation.»^[16]

Prehistory[edit]

Traces of human settlement dating back to 40,000 BC were found near Lake Kezanoi. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence indicate continuous habitation for some 8,000 years.^[17] People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.^[17]

The Caucasian Epipaleolithic and early Caucasian Neolithic era saw the introduction of agriculture, irrigation, and the domestication of animals in the region.^[18] Settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks were discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were settlements made from stone and surrounded by walls; some of them dated back to 8000 BC.^[19] This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (alternatively known as Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (also known as Nazran or Nasare).^[19]

Pre-imperial era[edit]

The German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that the Vainakh people (Chechens and Ingush) were the direct descendants from Alania.^{[20][better source needed]} In 1239, the Alania capital of Maghas and the Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes was destroyed by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan).

According to the missionary Pian de Carpine, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years:^[21]

When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and
they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones.

— Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250

This twelve year old siege is not found in any other report, however the Russian historian A.I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain at which the battle took place:^[22]

The next year, with the onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege.

— Amin Tesaev, The Legend and struggle of the Chechen hero Idig (1238–1250)

In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was frequent warfare between the Chechens, Tamerlan and Tokhtamysh, culminating in the Battle of the Terek River. The Chechen tribes built fortresses, castles, and defensive walls, protecting the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes were occupied by Mongols. However, during the mid-14th century a strong Chechen kingdom called Simsir emerged under Khour Ela, a Chechen king that led the Chechen politics and wars. He was in charge of an army of Chechens against the rogue warlord Mamai and defeated him in the Battle of Tatar-tup in 1362. The kingdom of Simsir met its end during the Timurid invasion of the Caucasus, when Khour Ela allied himself with the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River. Timur sought to punish the highlanders for their allegiance to Tokhtamysh and as a consequence invaded Simsir in 1395.^[23]

The 16th century saw the first Russian involvement in the Caucasus. In 1558, Temryuk of Kabarda sent his emissaries to Moscow requesting help from Ivan the Terrible against the Vainakh tribes. Ivan the Terrible married Temryuk’s daughter Maria Temryukovna. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. Chechnya was a nation in the Northern Caucasus that fought against foreign rule continually since the 15th century. Several Chechen leaders such as the 17th century Mehk-Da Aldaman Gheza led the Chechen politics and fought off encroachments of foreign powers. He defended the borders of Chechnya from invasions of Kabardinians and Avars during the Battle of Khachara in 1667.^[24]
The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment.^[25][26]

Imperial rule[edit]

Peter the Great first sought to increase Russia’s political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia when he launched the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723. Notable in Chechen history, this particular Russo-Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh. Russian forces succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years.^[27]

As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian-ruled Dagestan, Peter’s forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them.^[27] In 1732, after Russia already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by Nader Shah, following the Treaty of Resht, Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen-aul along the Argun River.^[27] The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as «Chechens»-the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place. The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692.^[27]

Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555, in 1783 the eastern Georgians of Kartl-Kakheti led by Erekle II and Russia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran.^[28] In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey, the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains. The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests, allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom, which viewed Nakh tribes as «bandits».^[29] The rebellion was led by Mansur Ushurma, a Chechen Naqshbandi (Sufi) sheikh—with wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a Transcaucasus Islamic state under sharia law. He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the Ottomans, handed over to Russians, and executed in 1794.^[30]

Following the forced ceding of the current territories of Dagestan, most of Azerbaijan, and Georgia by Persia to Russia, following the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 and its resultant Treaty of Gulistan, Russia significantly widened its foothold in the Caucasus at the expense of Persia.^[31] Another successful Caucasus war against Persia several years later, starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the Treaty of Turkmenchay, and a successful war against Ottoman Turkey in 1828 and 1829, enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subduing the natives of the North Caucasus.

The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-Avar commander, Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see Murid War). In 1859, Shamil was captured by Russians at aul Gunib. Shamil left Baysangur of Benoa,^[32] a Chechen with one arm, one eye, and one leg, in charge of command at Gunib. Baysangur broke through the siege and continued to fight Russia for another two years until he was captured and killed by Russians. The Russian tsar hoped that by sparing the life of Shamil, the resistance in the North Caucasus would stop, but it did not. Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands. The Cossacks suffered defeat after defeat and were constantly attacked by mountaineers, who were robbing them of food and weaponry.

The tsarists’ regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire (see Muhajir (Caucasus)). It is estimated that about 80% of Chechens and Ingush left the Caucasus during the deportation. It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys, government mints, and government post-service, mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya. Ingush aul Kek was completely burned when the Ingush refused to hand over Zelimkhan. Zelimkhan was killed at the beginning of the 20th century. The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the Russian Revolution, which saw the Nakh struggle against Anton Denikin and later against the Soviet Union.

On 21 December 1917, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state: «United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus» (also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus) which was recognized by major world powers. The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).^[33][34] Tapa Tchermoeff, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. The second prime minister elected was Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush statesman, who also was the author of the constitution of the republic in 1917, and in 1920 he was re-elected for the third term. In 1921 the Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully absorbed it into the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence restarted, and the government went into exile.^[35]

Soviet rule[edit]

During Soviet rule, Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing from a famine. As a result, many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine.^[36]

Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line (including Heroes of the USSR: Abukhadzhi Idrisov, Khanpasha Nuradilov, Movlid Visaitov), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of Malgobek after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR (later Kazakhstan) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished.^[37][38] American historian Norman Naimark writes:

Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. …Those who could not be moved were shot. …[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.^[39]

The deportation was justified by the materials prepared by NKVD officer Bogdan Kobulov accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces. Many of the materials were later proven to be fabricated.^[40] Even distinguished Red Army officers who fought bravely against Germans (e.g. the commander of 255th Separate Chechen-Ingush regiment Movlid Visaitov, the first to contact American forces at Elbe river) were deported.^[41] There is a theory that the real reason why Chechens and Ingush were deported was the desire of Russia to attack Turkey, an anti-communist country, as Chechens and Ingush could impede such plans.^[29] In 2004, the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of genocide.^[42]

The territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Okrug was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR.

The Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their land after 1956 during de-Stalinisation under Nikita Khrushchev^[37] when the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored but with both the boundaries and ethnic composition of the territory significantly changed. There were many (predominantly Russian) migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union, who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes. The republic lost its Prigorodny District which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian Naursky District and Shelkovskoy District that is considered the homeland for Terek Cossacks.

The Russification policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with Russian language proficiency required in many aspects of life to provide Chechens better opportunities for advancement in the Soviet system.^[29]

On 26 November 1990, the Supreme Council of Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted the «Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic». This declaration was part of the reorganisation of the Soviet Union. This new treaty was to be signed 22 August 1991, which would have transformed 15 republic states into more than 80. The 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt led to the abandonment of this reorganisation.^[43]

With the impending dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, an independence movement, the Chechen National Congress, was formed, led by ex-Soviet Air Force general and new Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev. It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. This movement was opposed by Boris Yeltsin’s Russian Federation, which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union—as the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian States had—but was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede. It also argued that other republics of Russia, such as Tatarstan, would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right. Finally, it argued that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of Russia and hence its secession would hurt the country’s economy and energy access.^{[citation needed]}

In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally.

Chechen Wars[edit]

The First Chechen War took place from 1994 to 1996, when Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya, which had declared independence in November 1991. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in men, weaponry, and air support, the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full-scale battles and insurgency raids. The Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in 1995 shocked the Russian public.

In April 1996 the first democratically elected president of Chechnya, Dzhokhar Dudayev, was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a satellite phone he was using.^[44]

The widespread demoralisation of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen rebel forces led by Aslan Maskhadov prompted Russian President Boris Yeltsin to declare a ceasefire in 1996, and sign a peace treaty a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces.^[45]

After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing the Russian government to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed.^[46] Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya’s prewar population) had been internally displaced and lived in refugee camps or overcrowded villages.^{[47][page needed]} There was an economic downturn. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.^[47]

In lieu of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over US$200 million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state,^[48] although victims were rarely killed.^[49] In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on 25 October 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya’s top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Bargishev’s colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on «Wahhabism», was rife. In 1998, Grozny authorities declared a state of emergency. Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants, such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes.

The War of Dagestan began on 7 August 1999, during which the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB) began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan in favor of the Shura of Dagestan which sought independence from Russia.^[50] In September, a series of apartment bombs that killed around 300 people in several Russian cities, including Moscow, were blamed on the Chechen separatists.^[37] Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya.^[51] In response to the bombings, a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Much better organized and planned than in the first Chechen War, the Russian armed forces took control of most regions. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing 60 Chechen civilians during a mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya on 5 February 2000. After the re-capture of Grozny in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart.^[52]

Post-war reconstruction and insurgency[edit]

Chechen rebels continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terrorist attacks.^{[53][page needed]} In October 2002, 40–50 Chechen rebels seized a Moscow theater and took about 900 civilians hostage.^[37] The crisis ended with 117 hostages and up to 50 rebels dead, mostly due to an unknown aerosol pumped into the building by Russian special forces to incapacitate the people inside.^[54][55][56]

In response to the increasing terrorism, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy. According to the Chechen government, the referendum passed with 95.5% of the votes and almost 80% turnout.^[57] The Economist was skeptical of the results, arguing that «few outside the Kremlin regard the referendum as fair».^[58]

In September 2004, separatist rebels occupied a school in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia, demanding recognition of the independence of Chechnya and a Russian withdrawal. 1,100 people (including 777 children) were taken hostage. The attack lasted three days, resulting in the deaths of over 331 people, including 186 children.^{[37][59][60][61]} After the 2004 school siege, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced sweeping security and political reforms, sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power. He also vowed to take tougher action against domestic terrorism, including preemptive strikes against Chechen separatists.^[37] In 2005 and 2006, separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev were killed.

Since 2007, Chechnya has been governed by Ramzan Kadyrov. Kadyrov’s rule has been characterized by high-level corruption, a poor human rights record, widespread use of torture, and a growing cult of personality.^[62][63] Allegations of anti-gay purges in Chechnya were initially reported on 1 April 2017.

In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army.^[64] The insurgency in the North Caucasus continued even after this date. The Caucasus Emirate had fully adopted the tenets of a Salafist jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni Hanbali obedience to the literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah.^[65]

In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to Chechnya, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest.^[66]

Geography[edit]

Situated in the eastern part of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia, in the north, Stavropol Krai, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, Georgia. Its capital is Grozny. Chechnya is well known for being mountainous, but it is in fact split between the more flat areas north of the Terek, and the highlands south of the Terek.

• Area: 17,300 km² (6680 sq mi)
• Borders:
  • Internal:
    • Dagestan (NE)
    • Ingushetia (W)
    • North Ossetia–Alania (W)
    • Stavropol Krai (NW)
  • Foreign:
    • Georgia (Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti) (S)

Rivers:

• Terek
• Sunzha
• Argun

Climate[edit]

Despite a relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climate conditions. The average temperature in Grozny is 11.2 °C (52.1 °F).^[67]

Cities and towns with over 20,000 people[edit]

• Grozny (capital)
• Shali
• Urus-Martan
• Gudermes
• Argun

Administrative divisions[edit]

The Chechen Republic is divided into 15 districts and 3 cities of republican significance.

Informal divisions[edit]

There are no true districts of Chechnya, but the different dialects of the Chechen language informally define different districts. The main dialects are:
Grozny, also known as the Dzhokhar dialect, is the dialect of people who live in and in some towns around Grozny.
Naskhish, a dialect spoken to the northeast of Chechnya. The most notable difference in this dialect is the addition of the letters «ȯ», «ј» and «є»
Day, pronounced like the word ‘die’ is spoken in a small section of the south, around and in the town of Day.

There are other dialects which are believed to define districts, but because these areas are so isolated, not much research has been done on these areas.

Demographics[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, the population of the republic is 1,510,824,^[7] up from 1,268,989 in the 2010 Census.^[68]
As of the 2021 Census,^[69] Chechens at 1,456,792 make up 96.4% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (18,225, or 1.2%), Kumyks (12,184, or 0.8%) and a host of other small groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The Armenian community, which used to number around 15,000 in Grozny alone, has dwindled to a few families.^[70] The Armenian church of Grozny was demolished in 1930. The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno).
At the end of the Soviet era, ethnic Russians (including Cossacks) comprised about 23% of the population (269,000 in 1989), but now Russians number only about 16,400 people (about 1.2% of the population) and still some emigration is happening.

The languages used in the Republic are Chechen and Russian. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or North-central Caucasian language family, which also includes Ingush and Batsb. Some scholars place it in a wider North Caucasian languages.

Life expectancy[edit]

Despite its difficult past, Chechnya has a high life expectancy, one of the highest in Russia. But the pattern of life expectancy is unusual, and in according to numerous statistics, Chechnya stands out from the overall picture. In 2020 Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. Chechnya has the highest excess of life expectancy in rural areas over cities.^[71][72]

	2019	2021
Average:	75.9 years	73.0 years
Male:	73.6 years	70.5 years
Female:	78.0 years	75.3 years

• 

  Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya

• 

  Life expectancy with calculated differences

• 

  Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country

• 

  Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.

Settlements[edit]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Fedstat (Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости) Archived 2 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
2003	1,117	27,774	7,194	20 580	24.9	6.4	18.4
2004	1,133	28,496	6,347	22,149	25.2	5.6	19.5
2005	1,150	28,652	5,857	22,795	24.9	5.1	19.8
2006	1,167	27,989	5,889	22,100	24.0	5.0	18.9
2007	1,187	32,449	5,630	26,819	27.3	4.7	22.6	3.18
2008	1,210	35,897	5,447	30,450	29.7	4.5	25.2	3.44
2009	1,235	36,523	6,620	29,903	29.6	5.4	24.2	3.41
2010	1,260	37,753	7,042	30,711	30.0	5.6	24.4	3.45
2011	1,289	37,335	6,810	30,525	28.9	5.3	23.6	3.36
2012	1,314	34,385	7,192	27,193	26.2	5.5	20.7	3.08
2013	1,336	32,963	6,581	26,382	24.7	4.9	19.8	2.93
2014	1,358	32,949	6,864	26,085	24.3	5.1	19.2	2.91
2015	1,383	32,057	6,728	25,329	23.2	4.9	18.3	2.80
2016	1,404	29,893	6,630	23,263	21.3	4.7	16.6	2.62
2017	1,425	29,890	6,586	23,304	21.0	4.6	16.4	2.73
2018	1,444	29,883	6,430	23,453	20.6	4.4	16.2	2.60
2019	1,467	28,145	6,357	21,788	19.2	4.3	14.9	2.58
2020	1,488	30,111	9,188	20,923	20.2	6.2	14.0	2.57
2021	1,509	30,345	8,904	21,441	20.1	5.9	14.2	2.60

Ethnic groups[edit]

(in the territory of modern Chechnya)^{[73][unreliable source]}

Ethnic group	1926 Census	1939 Census2	1959 Census2	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chechens	293,298	67.3%	360,889	58.0%	238,331	39.7%	499,962	54.7%	602,223	60.1%	715,306	66.0%	1,031,647	93.5%	1,206,551	95.3%	1,456,792	96.4%
Russians	103,271	23.5%	213,354	34.3%	296,794	49.4%	327,701	35.8%	307,079	30.6%	269,130	24.8%	40,645	3.7%	24,382	1.9%	18,225	1.2%
Kumyks	2,217	0.5%	3,575	0.6%			6,865	0.8%	7,808	0.8%	9,591	0.9%	8,883	0.8%	12,221	1.0%	12,184	0.8%
Avars	830	0.2%	2,906	0.5%			4,196	0.5%	4,793	0.5%	6,035	0.6%	4,133	0.4%	4,864	0.4%	4,079	0.3%
Nogais	162	0.0%	1,302	0.2%			5,503	0.6%	6,079	0.6%	6,885	0.6%	3,572	0.3%	3,444	0.3%	2,819	0.2%
Ingushes	798	0.2%	4,338	0.7%	3,639	0.6%	14,543	1.6%	20,855	2.1%	25,136	2.3%	2,914	0.3%	1,296	0.1%	1,100	0.1%
Ukrainians	11,474	2.6%	8,614	1.4%	11,947	2.0%	11,608	1.3%	11,334	1.1%	11,884	1.1%	829	0.1%	13,716	1.1%	15,625	1.0%
Armenians	5,978	1.4%	8,396	1.3%	12,136	2.0%	13,948	1.5%	14,438	1.4%	14,666	1.4%	424	0.0%
Others	18,840	4.13%	18,646	3.0%	37,550	6.3%	30,057	3.3%	27,621	2.8%	25,800	2.4%	10,639	1.0%
1 2,515 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[74]|2 Note that practically all Chechen and Ingush people were deported to Central Asia or killed in 1944. They were, however, allowed to return to the Northern Caucasus in 1957 by Nikita Khrushchev. See Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush

Religion[edit]

Islam[edit]

Islam is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010.^[75] Most of the population follows either the Shafi’i or the Hanafi schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).^[76] The Shafi’i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced.^[77][78] Many Chechens are also Sufis, of either the Qadiri or Naqshbandi orders.

Following the end of the Soviet Union, there has been an Islamic revival in Chechnya, and in 2011 it was estimated that there were 465 mosques, including the Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny accommodating 10,000 worshippers, as well 31 madrasas, including an Islamic university named Kunta-haji and a Center of Islamic Medicine in Grozny which is the largest such institution in Europe.^[79]

Christianity[edit]

From the 11th to 13th centuries (i.e. before Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. Their success was limited, though a couple of highland teips did convert (conversion was largely by teip). However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion.

The once-strong Russian minority in Chechnya, mostly Terek Cossacks and estimated as numbering approximately 25,000 in 2012, are predominantly Russian Orthodox, although currently only one church exists in Grozny. In August 2011, Archbishop Zosima of Vladikavkaz and Makhachkala performed the first mass baptism ceremony in the history of the Chechen Republic in the Terek River of Naursky District in which 35 citizens of Naursky and Shelkovsky districts were converted to Orthodoxy.^[80] As of 2020, there are eight Orthodox churches in Chechnya, the largest is the temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny.

Politics[edit]

Since 1990, the Chechen Republic has had many legal, military, and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities. Today, Chechnya is a relatively stable federal republic, although there is still some separatist movement activity. Its regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. Some Chechens were controlled by regional teips, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures.

Regional government[edit]

The former separatist religious leader (mufti) Akhmad Kadyrov, looked upon as a traitor by many separatists, was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on 5 October 2003. Incidents of ballot stuffing and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) monitors. On 9 May 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a landmine explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and Sergey Abramov was appointed acting prime minister after the incident. However, since 2005 Ramzan Kadyrov (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia (the Kadyrovites). The militia, which began as his father’s security force, has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organisations such as Human Rights Watch.

Separatist government[edit]

Ichkeria was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010.^[81] Former president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the Georgian Civil War, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993.^[82] Diplomatic relations with Ichkeria were also established by the partially recognised Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban government on 16 January 2000. This recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001.^[83] However, despite Taliban recognition, there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and Ichkeria—Maskhadov rejected their recognition, stating that the Taliban were illegitimate.^[84] Ichkeria also received vocal support from the Baltic countries, a group of Ukrainian nationalists, and Poland; Estonia once voted to recognize, but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU.^[84][85][86]

The president of this government was Aslan Maskhadov, the foreign minister was Ilyas Akhmadov, who was the spokesman for Maskhadov. Aslan Maskhadov had been elected in an internationally monitored election in 1997 for four years, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. In 2001 he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia. Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist-controlled areas of the south at the onset of the Second Chechen War. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Russian forces killed Maskhadov on 8 March 2005, and the assassination of Maskhadov was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader with whom to conduct peace talks. Akhmed Zakayev, deputy prime minister and a foreign minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in England. He and others chose Abdul Khalim Saidullayev, a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television, to replace Maskhadov following his death. On 17 June 2006, it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in the Chechen town of Argun.

The successor of Saidullayev became Doku Umarov. On 31 October 2007, Umarov abolished the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate with himself as its Emir.^[87] This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian parliament voted to recognize the «Chechen republic of Ichkeria as territory temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation».^[88]

Human rights[edit]

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Center reports that after hundreds of thousands of ethnic Russians and Chechens fled their homes following inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today.^[89]

Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military.^[90]

In 2006 Human Rights Watch reported that pro-Russian Chechen forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov, as well as federal police personnel, used torture to get information about separatist forces. «If you are detained in Chechnya, you face a real and immediate risk of torture. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable», said Holly Cartner, Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch.^[91]

In 2009, the US government financed American organization Freedom House included Chechnya in the «Worst of the Worst» list of most repressive societies in the world, together with Burma, North Korea, Tibet, and others.^[92]

On 1 February 2009, The New York Times released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov’s inner circle, 27-year-old Umar Israilov.^[93]

On 1 July 2009, Amnesty International released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the Russian Federation against Chechen citizens. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization.^[94]

On 10 March 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that since Chechenization, the government has pushed for enforced Islamic dress code.^[95] The president Ramzan Kadyrov is quoted as saying «I have the right to criticize my wife. She doesn’t [have the right to criticize me]. With us [in Chechen society], a wife is a housewife. A woman should know her place. A woman should give her love to us [men]… She would be [man’s] property. And the man is the owner. Here, if a woman does not behave properly, her husband, father, and brother are responsible. According to our tradition, if a woman fools around, her family members kill her… That’s how it happens, a brother kills his sister or a husband kills his wife… As a president, I cannot allow for them to kill. So, let women not wear shorts…».^[96] He has also openly defended honor killings on several occasions.^[97]

On 9 July 2017, Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported that a number of people were subject to an extrajudicial execution on the night of 26 January 2017. It published 27 names of the people known to be dead, but stressed that the list is «not all [of those killed]»; the newspaper asserted that 50 people may have been killed in the execution.^[98] Some of the dead were gay, but not all; the deaths appeared to have been triggered by the death of a policeman,^[98] and according to the author of the report, Elena Milashina, were executed for alleged terrorism.^[99]

In December 2021, up to 50 family members of critics of the Kadyrov government were abducted in a wave of mass kidnappings beginning on 22 December.^[100]

LGBT rights[edit]

On 1 September 1997, Criminal Code reportedly being implemented in the Chechen Republic-Ichkeriya, Article 148 punishes «anal sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or a man and a man». For first- and second-time offenders, the punishment is caning. A third conviction leads to the death penalty, which can be carried out in a number of ways including stoning or beheading.^[101]

In 2017, it was reported by Novaya Gazeta and human rights groups that Chechen authorities had set up concentration camps, one of which is in Argun, where gay men are interrogated and subjected to physical violence.^{[102][103][104][105]} On 27 June 2018, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe noted «cases of abduction, arbitrary detention and torture … with the direct involvement of Chechen law enforcement officials and on the orders of top-level Chechen authorities»^[106] and expressed dismay «at the statements of Chechen and Russian public officials denying the existence of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic».^[106] Kadyrov’s spokesman Alvi Karimov told Interfax that gay people «simply do not exist in the republic» and made an approving reference to honor killings by family members «if there were such people in Chechnya».^[107] In a 2021 Council of Europe report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, rapporteur Foura ben Chikha described the «state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017» as «the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades».^[108]

On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another ‘gay purge’ had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained.^{[109][110][111][112]} The Russian LGBT Network believes that around 40 people were detained and two killed.^[113][114]

Economy[edit]

During the war, the Chechen economy fell apart.^[115] In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the Second Chechen War.^[115]

The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000. According to the New York Times, major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced.^[116]

Chechnya’s unemployment was 67% in 2006 and fell to 21.5% in 2014.^[117]

Total revenue of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 was 59.2 billion rubles. Of these, 48.5 billion rubles were grants from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (1994–1996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.^[118]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World. ISBN 0-385-48666-9
• Babchenko, Arkady. One Soldier’s War in Chechnya. Portobello, London ISBN 978-1-84627-039-0
• Baiev, Khassan. The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire. ISBN 0-8027-1404-8
• Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie. The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World. ISBN 1-85065-069-1
• Bird, Chris. To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus. ISBN 0-7195-6506-5
• Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. «Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue» AuthorHouse, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-9302-3.
• Conrad, Roy. Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days…
• Dunlop, John B. Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict ISBN 0-521-63619-1
• Evangelista, Mathew. The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?. ISBN 0-8157-2499-3.
• Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. Chechnya: A Small Victorious War. ISBN 0-330-35075-7
• Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus ISBN 0-8147-3132-5
• Goltz, Thomas. Chechnya Diary : A War Correspondent’s Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya. M E Sharpe (2003). ISBN 0-312-268-74-2
• Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. ISBN 099304445X (facts based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars)
• Khan, Ali. The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play
• Khlebnikov, Paul. Razgovor s varvarom (Interview with a barbarian). ISBN 5-89935-057-1.
• Lieven, Anatol. Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power ISBN 0-300-07881-1
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Ya byl na etoy voyne. (I was in this war) Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online^{[dead link]}.
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Vyacheslav Mironov. I was in that war.
• Oliker, Olga Russia’s Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat. ISBN 0-8330-2998-3. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.)
• Pelton, Robert Young. Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World’s Gone Mad (ISBN 1-58574-416-6)
• Politkovskaya, Anna. A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya ISBN 0-226-67432-0
• Rasizade, Alec. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. = Contemporary Review (Oxford) in three parts: 1) April 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1671, pages 193–197; 2) May 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1672, pages 277–284; 3) June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327–332.
• Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. ISBN 978-1-84408-395-4
• Wood, Tony. Chechnya: The Case For Independence Book review in The Independent, 2007

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of Chechnya (in Russian)
• Chechnya at Curlie
• AlertNet Chechnya and the North Caucasus at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 September 2012)
• «Chechnya’s Hidden War». Frontline / World Dispatches. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. 22 March 2010. (video)
• Islamist Extremism in Chechnya: A Threat to U.S. Homeland?: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 26, 2013
• (in English) Chechnya Guide Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Not to be confused with Czechia.

Chechen Republic
Republic
Чеченская Республика / Chechenskaya Respublika
Other transcription(s)
• Chechen	Нохчийн Республика / Noxçiyn Respublika
Flag Coat of arms
Anthem: Шатлакхан Илли Şatlaqan İlli «Shatlak’s Song»[3]
Coordinates: 43°24′N 45°43′E / 43.400°N 45.717°ECoordinates: 43°24′N 45°43′E / 43.400°N 45.717°E
Country	Russia
Federal district	North Caucasian[1]
Economic region	North Caucasus[2]
Capital	Grozny
Government
• Body	Parliament[4]
• Head[4]	Ramzan Kadyrov[5]
Area [6]
• Total	17,300 km2 (6,700 sq mi)
• Rank	76th
Population  (2021 Census)[7]
• Total	1,510,824
• Rank	31st
• Density	87/km2 (230/sq mi)
Time zone	UTC+3 (MSK [8])
ISO 3166 code	RU-CE
License plates	95
OKTMO ID	96000000
Official languages	Russian;[9] Chechen[10]

Chechnya (Russian: Чечня́, tr. Chechnyá, IPA: [tɕɪtɕˈnʲa]; Chechen: Нохчийчоь, romanized: Noxçiyçö), officially the Chechen Republic,^[a] is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, close to the Caspian Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest.

After the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, the Checheno-Ingush ASSR split into two parts: the Republic of Ingushetia and the Chechen Republic. The latter proclaimed the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, which sought independence. Following the First Chechen War of 1994–1996 with Russia, Chechnya gained de facto independence as the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, although de jure it remained a part of Russia. Russian federal control was restored in the Second Chechen War of 1999–2009, with Chechen politics being dominated by Akhmad Kadyrov, and later his son Ramzan Kadyrov.^[12]

The republic covers an area of 17,300 square kilometres (6,700 square miles), with a population of over 1.5 million residents as of 2021.^[7]
It is home to the indigenous Chechens, part of the Nakh peoples, and of primarily Muslim faith. Grozny is the capital and largest city.

History[edit]

Origin of Chechnya’s population[edit]

According to Leonti Mroveli, the 11th-century Georgian chronicler, the word Caucasian is derived from the Nakh ancestor Kavkas.^[13]

According to George Anchabadze of Ilia State University:

The Vainakhs are the ancient natives of the Caucasus. It is noteworthy, that according to the genealogical table drawn up by Leonti Mroveli, the legendary forefather of the Vainakhs was «Kavkas», hence the name Kavkasians, one of the ethnicons met in the ancient Georgian written sources, signifying the ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush. As appears from the above, the Vainakhs, at least by name, are presented as the most «Caucasian» people of all the Caucasians (Caucasus – Kavkas – Kavkasians) in the Georgian historical tradition.^[14][15]

American linguist Johanna Nichols «has used language to connect the modern people of the Caucasus region to the ancient farmers of the Fertile Crescent» and her research suggests that «farmers of the region were proto-Nakh-Daghestanians.» Nichols stated: «The Nakh–Dagestanian languages are the closest thing we have to a direct continuation of the cultural and linguistic community that gave rise to Western civilisation.»^[16]

Prehistory[edit]

Traces of human settlement dating back to 40,000 BC were found near Lake Kezanoi. Cave paintings, artifacts, and other archaeological evidence indicate continuous habitation for some 8,000 years.^[17] People living in these settlements used tools, fire, and clothing made of animal skins.^[17]

The Caucasian Epipaleolithic and early Caucasian Neolithic era saw the introduction of agriculture, irrigation, and the domestication of animals in the region.^[18] Settlements near Ali-Yurt and Magas, discovered in modern times, revealed tools made out of stone: stone axes, polished stones, stone knives, stones with holes drilled in them, clay dishes etc. Settlements made out of clay bricks were discovered in the plains. In the mountains there were settlements made from stone and surrounded by walls; some of them dated back to 8000 BC.^[19] This period also saw the appearance of the wheel (3000 BC), horseback riding, metal works (copper, gold, silver, iron), dishes, armor, daggers, knives and arrow tips in the region. The artifacts were found near Nasare-Cort, Muzhichi, Ja-E-Bortz (alternatively known as Surkha-khi), Abbey-Gove (also known as Nazran or Nasare).^[19]

Pre-imperial era[edit]

The German scientist Peter Simon Pallas believed that the Vainakh people (Chechens and Ingush) were the direct descendants from Alania.^{[20][better source needed]} In 1239, the Alania capital of Maghas and the Alan confederacy of the Northern Caucasian highlanders, nations, and tribes was destroyed by Batu Khan (a Mongol leader and a grandson of Genghis Khan).

According to the missionary Pian de Carpine, a part of the Alans had successfully resisted a Mongol siege on a mountain for 12 years:^[21]

When they (the Mongols) begin to besiege a fortress, they besiege it for many years, as it happens today with one mountain in the land of the Alans. We believe they have been besieging it for twelve years and
they (the Alans) put up courageous resistance and killed many Tatars, including many noble ones.

— Giovanni da Pian del Carpine, report from 1250

This twelve year old siege is not found in any other report, however the Russian historian A.I. Krasnov connected this battle with two Chechen folktales he recorded in 1967 that spoke of an old hunter named Idig who with his companions defended the Dakuoh mountain for 12 years against Tatar-Mongols. He also reported to have found several arrowheads and spears from the 13th century near the very mountain at which the battle took place:^[22]

The next year, with the onset of summer, the enemy hordes came again to destroy the highlanders. But even this year they failed to capture the mountain, on which the brave Chechens settled down. The battle lasted twelve years. The main wealth of the Chechens – livestock – was stolen by the enemies. Tired of the long years of hard struggle, the Chechens, believing the assurances of mercy by the enemy, descended from the mountain, but the Mongol-Tatars treacherously killed the majority, and the rest were taken into slavery. This fate was escaped only by Idig and a few of his companions who did not trust the nomads and remained on the mountain. They managed to escape and leave Mount Dakuoh after 12 years of siege.

— Amin Tesaev, The Legend and struggle of the Chechen hero Idig (1238–1250)

In the 14th and 15th centuries, there was frequent warfare between the Chechens, Tamerlan and Tokhtamysh, culminating in the Battle of the Terek River. The Chechen tribes built fortresses, castles, and defensive walls, protecting the mountains from the invaders. Part of the lowland tribes were occupied by Mongols. However, during the mid-14th century a strong Chechen kingdom called Simsir emerged under Khour Ela, a Chechen king that led the Chechen politics and wars. He was in charge of an army of Chechens against the rogue warlord Mamai and defeated him in the Battle of Tatar-tup in 1362. The kingdom of Simsir met its end during the Timurid invasion of the Caucasus, when Khour Ela allied himself with the Golden Horde Khan Tokhtamysh in the Battle of the Terek River. Timur sought to punish the highlanders for their allegiance to Tokhtamysh and as a consequence invaded Simsir in 1395.^[23]

The 16th century saw the first Russian involvement in the Caucasus. In 1558, Temryuk of Kabarda sent his emissaries to Moscow requesting help from Ivan the Terrible against the Vainakh tribes. Ivan the Terrible married Temryuk’s daughter Maria Temryukovna. An alliance was formed to gain the ground in the central Caucasus for the expanding Tsardom of Russia against stubborn Vainakh defenders. Chechnya was a nation in the Northern Caucasus that fought against foreign rule continually since the 15th century. Several Chechen leaders such as the 17th century Mehk-Da Aldaman Gheza led the Chechen politics and fought off encroachments of foreign powers. He defended the borders of Chechnya from invasions of Kabardinians and Avars during the Battle of Khachara in 1667.^[24]
The Chechens converted over the next few centuries to Sunni Islam, as Islam was associated with resistance to Russian encroachment.^[25][26]

Imperial rule[edit]

Peter the Great first sought to increase Russia’s political influence in the Caucasus and the Caspian Sea at the expense of Safavid Persia when he launched the Russo-Persian War of 1722–1723. Notable in Chechen history, this particular Russo-Persian War marked the first military encounter between Imperial Russia and the Vainakh. Russian forces succeeded in taking much of the Caucasian territories from Iran for several years.^[27]

As the Russians took control of the Caspian corridor and moved into Persian-ruled Dagestan, Peter’s forces ran into mountain tribes. Peter sent a cavalry force to subdue them, but the Chechens routed them.^[27] In 1732, after Russia already ceded back most of the Caucasus to Persia, now led by Nader Shah, following the Treaty of Resht, Russian troops clashed again with Chechens in a village called Chechen-aul along the Argun River.^[27] The Russians were defeated again and withdrew, but this battle is responsible for the apocryphal story about how the Nokchi came to be known as «Chechens»-the people ostensibly named for the place the battle had taken place. The name Chechen was however already used since as early as 1692.^[27]

Under intermittent Persian rule since 1555, in 1783 the eastern Georgians of Kartl-Kakheti led by Erekle II and Russia signed the Treaty of Georgievsk. According to this treaty, Kartl-Kakheti received protection from Russia, and Georgia abjured any dependence on Iran.^[28] In order to increase its influence in the Caucasus and to secure communications with Kartli and other Christian regions of the Transcaucasia which it considered useful in its wars against Persia and Turkey, the Russian Empire began conquering the Northern Caucasus mountains. The Russian Empire used Christianity to justify its conquests, allowing Islam to spread widely because it positioned itself as the religion of liberation from tsardom, which viewed Nakh tribes as «bandits».^[29] The rebellion was led by Mansur Ushurma, a Chechen Naqshbandi (Sufi) sheikh—with wavering military support from other North Caucasian tribes. Mansur hoped to establish a Transcaucasus Islamic state under sharia law. He was unable to fully achieve this because in the course of the war he was betrayed by the Ottomans, handed over to Russians, and executed in 1794.^[30]

Following the forced ceding of the current territories of Dagestan, most of Azerbaijan, and Georgia by Persia to Russia, following the Russo-Persian War of 1804–1813 and its resultant Treaty of Gulistan, Russia significantly widened its foothold in the Caucasus at the expense of Persia.^[31] Another successful Caucasus war against Persia several years later, starting in 1826 and ending in 1828 with the Treaty of Turkmenchay, and a successful war against Ottoman Turkey in 1828 and 1829, enabled Russia to use a much larger portion of its army in subduing the natives of the North Caucasus.

The resistance of the Nakh tribes never ended and was a fertile ground for a new Muslim-Avar commander, Imam Shamil, who fought against the Russians from 1834 to 1859 (see Murid War). In 1859, Shamil was captured by Russians at aul Gunib. Shamil left Baysangur of Benoa,^[32] a Chechen with one arm, one eye, and one leg, in charge of command at Gunib. Baysangur broke through the siege and continued to fight Russia for another two years until he was captured and killed by Russians. The Russian tsar hoped that by sparing the life of Shamil, the resistance in the North Caucasus would stop, but it did not. Russia began to use a colonization tactic by destroying Nakh settlements and building Cossack defense lines in the lowlands. The Cossacks suffered defeat after defeat and were constantly attacked by mountaineers, who were robbing them of food and weaponry.

The tsarists’ regime used a different approach at the end of the 1860s. They offered Chechens and Ingush to leave the Caucasus for the Ottoman Empire (see Muhajir (Caucasus)). It is estimated that about 80% of Chechens and Ingush left the Caucasus during the deportation. It weakened the resistance which went from open warfare to insurgent warfare. One of the notable Chechen resistance fighters at the end of the 19th century was a Chechen abrek Zelimkhan Gushmazukaev and his comrade-in-arms Ingush abrek Sulom-Beck Sagopshinski. Together they built up small units which constantly harassed Russian military convoys, government mints, and government post-service, mainly in Ingushetia and Chechnya. Ingush aul Kek was completely burned when the Ingush refused to hand over Zelimkhan. Zelimkhan was killed at the beginning of the 20th century. The war between Nakh tribes and Russia resurfaced during the times of the Russian Revolution, which saw the Nakh struggle against Anton Denikin and later against the Soviet Union.

On 21 December 1917, Ingushetia, Chechnya, and Dagestan declared independence from Russia and formed a single state: «United Mountain Dwellers of the North Caucasus» (also known as the Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus) which was recognized by major world powers. The capital of the new state was moved to Temir-Khan-Shura (Dagestan).^[33][34] Tapa Tchermoeff, a prominent Chechen statesman, was elected the first prime minister of the state. The second prime minister elected was Vassan-Girey Dzhabagiev, an Ingush statesman, who also was the author of the constitution of the republic in 1917, and in 1920 he was re-elected for the third term. In 1921 the Russians attacked and occupied the country and forcefully absorbed it into the Soviet state. The Caucasian war for independence restarted, and the government went into exile.^[35]

Soviet rule[edit]

During Soviet rule, Chechnya and Ingushetia were combined to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In the 1930s, Chechnya was flooded with many Ukrainians fleeing from a famine. As a result, many of the Ukrainians settled in Chechen-Ingush ASSR permanently and survived the famine.^[36]

Although over 50,000 Chechens and over 12,000 Ingush were fighting against Nazi Germany on the front line (including Heroes of the USSR: Abukhadzhi Idrisov, Khanpasha Nuradilov, Movlid Visaitov), and although Nazi German troops advanced as far as the Ossetian ASSR city of Ordzhonikidze and the Chechen-Ingush ASSR city of Malgobek after capturing half of the Caucasus in less than a month, Chechens and Ingush were falsely accused as Nazi supporters and entire nations were deported during Operation Lentil to the Kazakh SSR (later Kazakhstan) in 1944 near the end of World War II where over 60% of Chechen and Ingush populations perished.^[37][38] American historian Norman Naimark writes:

Troops assembled villagers and townspeople, loaded them onto trucks – many deportees remembered that they were Studebakers, fresh from Lend-Lease deliveries over the Iranian border – and delivered them at previously designated railheads. …Those who could not be moved were shot. …[A] few fighters aside, the entire Chechen and Ingush nations, 496,460 people, were deported from their homeland.^[39]

The deportation was justified by the materials prepared by NKVD officer Bogdan Kobulov accusing Chechens and Ingush in a mass conspiracy preparing rebellion and providing assistance to the German forces. Many of the materials were later proven to be fabricated.^[40] Even distinguished Red Army officers who fought bravely against Germans (e.g. the commander of 255th Separate Chechen-Ingush regiment Movlid Visaitov, the first to contact American forces at Elbe river) were deported.^[41] There is a theory that the real reason why Chechens and Ingush were deported was the desire of Russia to attack Turkey, an anti-communist country, as Chechens and Ingush could impede such plans.^[29] In 2004, the European Parliament recognized the deportation of Chechens and Ingush as an act of genocide.^[42]

The territory of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was divided between Stavropol Krai (where Grozny Okrug was formed), the Dagestan ASSR, the North Ossetian ASSR, and the Georgian SSR.

The Chechens and Ingush were allowed to return to their land after 1956 during de-Stalinisation under Nikita Khrushchev^[37] when the Chechen-Ingush ASSR was restored but with both the boundaries and ethnic composition of the territory significantly changed. There were many (predominantly Russian) migrants from other parts of the Soviet Union, who often settled in the abandoned family homes of Chechens and Ingushes. The republic lost its Prigorodny District which transferred to North Ossetian ASSR but gained predominantly Russian Naursky District and Shelkovskoy District that is considered the homeland for Terek Cossacks.

The Russification policies towards Chechens continued after 1956, with Russian language proficiency required in many aspects of life to provide Chechens better opportunities for advancement in the Soviet system.^[29]

On 26 November 1990, the Supreme Council of Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted the «Declaration of State Sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic». This declaration was part of the reorganisation of the Soviet Union. This new treaty was to be signed 22 August 1991, which would have transformed 15 republic states into more than 80. The 19–21 August 1991 Soviet coup d’état attempt led to the abandonment of this reorganisation.^[43]

With the impending dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991, an independence movement, the Chechen National Congress, was formed, led by ex-Soviet Air Force general and new Chechen President Dzhokhar Dudayev. It campaigned for the recognition of Chechnya as a separate nation. This movement was opposed by Boris Yeltsin’s Russian Federation, which argued that Chechnya had not been an independent entity within the Soviet Union—as the Baltic, Central Asian, and other Caucasian States had—but was part of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic and hence did not have a right under the Soviet constitution to secede. It also argued that other republics of Russia, such as Tatarstan, would consider seceding from the Russian Federation if Chechnya were granted that right. Finally, it argued that Chechnya was a major hub in the oil infrastructure of Russia and hence its secession would hurt the country’s economy and energy access.^{[citation needed]}

In the ensuing decade, the territory was locked in an ongoing struggle between various factions, usually fighting unconventionally.

Chechen Wars[edit]

The First Chechen War took place from 1994 to 1996, when Russian forces attempted to regain control over Chechnya, which had declared independence in November 1991. Despite overwhelming numerical superiority in men, weaponry, and air support, the Russian forces were unable to establish effective permanent control over the mountainous area due to numerous successful full-scale battles and insurgency raids. The Budyonnovsk hospital hostage crisis in 1995 shocked the Russian public.

In April 1996 the first democratically elected president of Chechnya, Dzhokhar Dudayev, was killed by Russian forces using a booby trap bomb and a missile fired from a warplane after he was located by triangulating the position of a satellite phone he was using.^[44]

The widespread demoralisation of the Russian forces in the area and a successful offensive to re-take Grozny by Chechen rebel forces led by Aslan Maskhadov prompted Russian President Boris Yeltsin to declare a ceasefire in 1996, and sign a peace treaty a year later that saw a withdrawal of Russian forces.^[45]

After the war, parliamentary and presidential elections took place in January 1997 in Chechnya and brought to power new President Aslan Maskhadov, chief of staff and prime minister in the Chechen coalition government, for a five-year term. Maskhadov sought to maintain Chechen sovereignty while pressing the Russian government to help rebuild the republic, whose formal economy and infrastructure were virtually destroyed.^[46] Russia continued to send money for the rehabilitation of the republic; it also provided pensions and funds for schools and hospitals. Nearly half a million people (40% of Chechnya’s prewar population) had been internally displaced and lived in refugee camps or overcrowded villages.^{[47][page needed]} There was an economic downturn. Two Russian brigades were permanently stationed in Chechnya.^[47]

In lieu of the devastated economic structure, kidnapping emerged as the principal source of income countrywide, procuring over US$200 million during the three-year independence of the chaotic fledgling state,^[48] although victims were rarely killed.^[49] In 1998, 176 people were kidnapped, 90 of whom were released, according to official accounts. President Maskhadov started a major campaign against hostage-takers, and on 25 October 1998, Shadid Bargishev, Chechnya’s top anti-kidnapping official, was killed in a remote-controlled car bombing. Bargishev’s colleagues then insisted they would not be intimidated by the attack and would go ahead with their offensive. Political violence and religious extremism, blamed on «Wahhabism», was rife. In 1998, Grozny authorities declared a state of emergency. Tensions led to open clashes between the Chechen National Guard and Islamist militants, such as the July 1998 confrontation in Gudermes.

The War of Dagestan began on 7 August 1999, during which the Islamic International Peacekeeping Brigade (IIPB) began an unsuccessful incursion into the neighboring Russian republic of Dagestan in favor of the Shura of Dagestan which sought independence from Russia.^[50] In September, a series of apartment bombs that killed around 300 people in several Russian cities, including Moscow, were blamed on the Chechen separatists.^[37] Some journalists contested the official explanation, instead blaming the Russian Secret Service for blowing up the buildings to initiate a new military campaign against Chechnya.^[51] In response to the bombings, a prolonged air campaign of retaliatory strikes against the Ichkerian regime and a ground offensive that began in October 1999 marked the beginning of the Second Chechen War. Much better organized and planned than in the first Chechen War, the Russian armed forces took control of most regions. The Russian forces used brutal force, killing 60 Chechen civilians during a mop-up operation in Aldy, Chechnya on 5 February 2000. After the re-capture of Grozny in February 2000, the Ichkerian regime fell apart.^[52]

Post-war reconstruction and insurgency[edit]

Chechen rebels continued to fight Russian troops and conduct terrorist attacks.^{[53][page needed]} In October 2002, 40–50 Chechen rebels seized a Moscow theater and took about 900 civilians hostage.^[37] The crisis ended with 117 hostages and up to 50 rebels dead, mostly due to an unknown aerosol pumped into the building by Russian special forces to incapacitate the people inside.^[54][55][56]

In response to the increasing terrorism, Russia tightened its grip on Chechnya and expanded its anti-terrorist operations throughout the region. Russia installed a pro-Russian Chechen regime. In 2003, a referendum was held on a constitution that reintegrated Chechnya within Russia but provided limited autonomy. According to the Chechen government, the referendum passed with 95.5% of the votes and almost 80% turnout.^[57] The Economist was skeptical of the results, arguing that «few outside the Kremlin regard the referendum as fair».^[58]

In September 2004, separatist rebels occupied a school in the town of Beslan, North Ossetia, demanding recognition of the independence of Chechnya and a Russian withdrawal. 1,100 people (including 777 children) were taken hostage. The attack lasted three days, resulting in the deaths of over 331 people, including 186 children.^{[37][59][60][61]} After the 2004 school siege, Russian president Vladimir Putin announced sweeping security and political reforms, sealing borders in the Caucasus region and revealing plans to give the central government more power. He also vowed to take tougher action against domestic terrorism, including preemptive strikes against Chechen separatists.^[37] In 2005 and 2006, separatist leaders Aslan Maskhadov and Shamil Basayev were killed.

Since 2007, Chechnya has been governed by Ramzan Kadyrov. Kadyrov’s rule has been characterized by high-level corruption, a poor human rights record, widespread use of torture, and a growing cult of personality.^[62][63] Allegations of anti-gay purges in Chechnya were initially reported on 1 April 2017.

In April 2009, Russia ended its counter-terrorism operation and pulled out the bulk of its army.^[64] The insurgency in the North Caucasus continued even after this date. The Caucasus Emirate had fully adopted the tenets of a Salafist jihadist group through its strict adherence to the Sunni Hanbali obedience to the literal interpretation of the Quran and the Sunnah.^[65]

In June 2022, the US State Department advised citizens not to travel to Chechnya, due to terrorism, kidnapping, and risk of civil unrest.^[66]

Geography[edit]

Situated in the eastern part of the North Caucasus in Eastern Europe, Chechnya is surrounded on nearly all sides by Russian Federal territory. In the west, it borders North Ossetia and Ingushetia, in the north, Stavropol Krai, in the east, Dagestan, and to the south, Georgia. Its capital is Grozny. Chechnya is well known for being mountainous, but it is in fact split between the more flat areas north of the Terek, and the highlands south of the Terek.

• Area: 17,300 km² (6680 sq mi)
• Borders:
  • Internal:
    • Dagestan (NE)
    • Ingushetia (W)
    • North Ossetia–Alania (W)
    • Stavropol Krai (NW)
  • Foreign:
    • Georgia (Kakheti and Mtskheta-Mtianeti) (S)

Rivers:

• Terek
• Sunzha
• Argun

Climate[edit]

Despite a relatively small territory, Chechnya is characterized by a significant variety of climate conditions. The average temperature in Grozny is 11.2 °C (52.1 °F).^[67]

Cities and towns with over 20,000 people[edit]

• Grozny (capital)
• Shali
• Urus-Martan
• Gudermes
• Argun

Administrative divisions[edit]

The Chechen Republic is divided into 15 districts and 3 cities of republican significance.

Informal divisions[edit]

There are no true districts of Chechnya, but the different dialects of the Chechen language informally define different districts. The main dialects are:
Grozny, also known as the Dzhokhar dialect, is the dialect of people who live in and in some towns around Grozny.
Naskhish, a dialect spoken to the northeast of Chechnya. The most notable difference in this dialect is the addition of the letters «ȯ», «ј» and «є»
Day, pronounced like the word ‘die’ is spoken in a small section of the south, around and in the town of Day.

There are other dialects which are believed to define districts, but because these areas are so isolated, not much research has been done on these areas.

Demographics[edit]

According to the 2021 Census, the population of the republic is 1,510,824,^[7] up from 1,268,989 in the 2010 Census.^[68]
As of the 2021 Census,^[69] Chechens at 1,456,792 make up 96.4% of the republic’s population. Other groups include Russians (18,225, or 1.2%), Kumyks (12,184, or 0.8%) and a host of other small groups, each accounting for less than 0.5% of the total population. The Armenian community, which used to number around 15,000 in Grozny alone, has dwindled to a few families.^[70] The Armenian church of Grozny was demolished in 1930. The birth rate was 25.41 in 2004. (25.7 in Achkhoi Martan, 19.8 in Groznyy, 17.5 in Kurchaloi, 28.3 in Urus Martan and 11.1 in Vedeno).
At the end of the Soviet era, ethnic Russians (including Cossacks) comprised about 23% of the population (269,000 in 1989), but now Russians number only about 16,400 people (about 1.2% of the population) and still some emigration is happening.

The languages used in the Republic are Chechen and Russian. Chechen belongs to the Vaynakh or North-central Caucasian language family, which also includes Ingush and Batsb. Some scholars place it in a wider North Caucasian languages.

Life expectancy[edit]

Despite its difficult past, Chechnya has a high life expectancy, one of the highest in Russia. But the pattern of life expectancy is unusual, and in according to numerous statistics, Chechnya stands out from the overall picture. In 2020 Chechnya had the deepest fall in life expectancy, but in 2021 it had the biggest rise. Chechnya has the highest excess of life expectancy in rural areas over cities.^[71][72]

	2019	2021
Average:	75.9 years	73.0 years
Male:	73.6 years	70.5 years
Female:	78.0 years	75.3 years

• 

  Life expectancy at birth in Chechnya

• 

  Life expectancy with calculated differences

• 

  Life expectancy in Chechnya in comparison with neighboring regions of the country

• 

  Interactive chart of comparison of male and female life expectancy for 2021. Open the original svg-file in a separate window and hover over a bubble to highlight it.

Settlements[edit]

Vital statistics[edit]

Source: Fedstat (Суммарный коэффициент рождаемости) Archived 2 April 2022 at the Wayback Machine

	Average population (x 1000)	Live births	Deaths	Natural change	Crude birth rate (per 1000)	Crude death rate (per 1000)	Natural change (per 1000)	Total fertility rate
2003	1,117	27,774	7,194	20 580	24.9	6.4	18.4
2004	1,133	28,496	6,347	22,149	25.2	5.6	19.5
2005	1,150	28,652	5,857	22,795	24.9	5.1	19.8
2006	1,167	27,989	5,889	22,100	24.0	5.0	18.9
2007	1,187	32,449	5,630	26,819	27.3	4.7	22.6	3.18
2008	1,210	35,897	5,447	30,450	29.7	4.5	25.2	3.44
2009	1,235	36,523	6,620	29,903	29.6	5.4	24.2	3.41
2010	1,260	37,753	7,042	30,711	30.0	5.6	24.4	3.45
2011	1,289	37,335	6,810	30,525	28.9	5.3	23.6	3.36
2012	1,314	34,385	7,192	27,193	26.2	5.5	20.7	3.08
2013	1,336	32,963	6,581	26,382	24.7	4.9	19.8	2.93
2014	1,358	32,949	6,864	26,085	24.3	5.1	19.2	2.91
2015	1,383	32,057	6,728	25,329	23.2	4.9	18.3	2.80
2016	1,404	29,893	6,630	23,263	21.3	4.7	16.6	2.62
2017	1,425	29,890	6,586	23,304	21.0	4.6	16.4	2.73
2018	1,444	29,883	6,430	23,453	20.6	4.4	16.2	2.60
2019	1,467	28,145	6,357	21,788	19.2	4.3	14.9	2.58
2020	1,488	30,111	9,188	20,923	20.2	6.2	14.0	2.57
2021	1,509	30,345	8,904	21,441	20.1	5.9	14.2	2.60

Ethnic groups[edit]

(in the territory of modern Chechnya)^{[73][unreliable source]}

Ethnic group	1926 Census	1939 Census2	1959 Census2	1970 Census	1979 Census	1989 Census	2002 Census	2010 Census	2021 Census1
Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%	Number	%
Chechens	293,298	67.3%	360,889	58.0%	238,331	39.7%	499,962	54.7%	602,223	60.1%	715,306	66.0%	1,031,647	93.5%	1,206,551	95.3%	1,456,792	96.4%
Russians	103,271	23.5%	213,354	34.3%	296,794	49.4%	327,701	35.8%	307,079	30.6%	269,130	24.8%	40,645	3.7%	24,382	1.9%	18,225	1.2%
Kumyks	2,217	0.5%	3,575	0.6%			6,865	0.8%	7,808	0.8%	9,591	0.9%	8,883	0.8%	12,221	1.0%	12,184	0.8%
Avars	830	0.2%	2,906	0.5%			4,196	0.5%	4,793	0.5%	6,035	0.6%	4,133	0.4%	4,864	0.4%	4,079	0.3%
Nogais	162	0.0%	1,302	0.2%			5,503	0.6%	6,079	0.6%	6,885	0.6%	3,572	0.3%	3,444	0.3%	2,819	0.2%
Ingushes	798	0.2%	4,338	0.7%	3,639	0.6%	14,543	1.6%	20,855	2.1%	25,136	2.3%	2,914	0.3%	1,296	0.1%	1,100	0.1%
Ukrainians	11,474	2.6%	8,614	1.4%	11,947	2.0%	11,608	1.3%	11,334	1.1%	11,884	1.1%	829	0.1%	13,716	1.1%	15,625	1.0%
Armenians	5,978	1.4%	8,396	1.3%	12,136	2.0%	13,948	1.5%	14,438	1.4%	14,666	1.4%	424	0.0%
Others	18,840	4.13%	18,646	3.0%	37,550	6.3%	30,057	3.3%	27,621	2.8%	25,800	2.4%	10,639	1.0%
1 2,515 people were registered from administrative databases, and could not declare an ethnicity. It is estimated that the proportion of ethnicities in this group is the same as that of the declared group.[74]|2 Note that practically all Chechen and Ingush people were deported to Central Asia or killed in 1944. They were, however, allowed to return to the Northern Caucasus in 1957 by Nikita Khrushchev. See Deportation of the Chechens and Ingush

Religion[edit]

Islam[edit]

Islam is the predominant religion in Chechnya, practiced by 95% of those polled in Grozny in 2010.^[75] Most of the population follows either the Shafi’i or the Hanafi schools of fiqh (Islamic jurisprudence).^[76] The Shafi’i school of jurisprudence has a long tradition among the Chechens, and thus it remains the most practiced.^[77][78] Many Chechens are also Sufis, of either the Qadiri or Naqshbandi orders.

Following the end of the Soviet Union, there has been an Islamic revival in Chechnya, and in 2011 it was estimated that there were 465 mosques, including the Akhmad Kadyrov Mosque in Grozny accommodating 10,000 worshippers, as well 31 madrasas, including an Islamic university named Kunta-haji and a Center of Islamic Medicine in Grozny which is the largest such institution in Europe.^[79]

Christianity[edit]

From the 11th to 13th centuries (i.e. before Mongol invasions of Durdzuketia), there was a mission of Georgian Orthodox missionaries to the Nakh peoples. Their success was limited, though a couple of highland teips did convert (conversion was largely by teip). However, during the Mongol invasions, these Christianized teips gradually reverted to paganism, perhaps due to the loss of trans-Caucasian contacts as the Georgians fought the Mongols and briefly fell under their dominion.

The once-strong Russian minority in Chechnya, mostly Terek Cossacks and estimated as numbering approximately 25,000 in 2012, are predominantly Russian Orthodox, although currently only one church exists in Grozny. In August 2011, Archbishop Zosima of Vladikavkaz and Makhachkala performed the first mass baptism ceremony in the history of the Chechen Republic in the Terek River of Naursky District in which 35 citizens of Naursky and Shelkovsky districts were converted to Orthodoxy.^[80] As of 2020, there are eight Orthodox churches in Chechnya, the largest is the temple of the Archangel Michael in Grozny.

Politics[edit]

Since 1990, the Chechen Republic has had many legal, military, and civil conflicts involving separatist movements and pro-Russian authorities. Today, Chechnya is a relatively stable federal republic, although there is still some separatist movement activity. Its regional constitution entered into effect on 2 April 2003, after an all-Chechen referendum was held on 23 March 2003. Some Chechens were controlled by regional teips, or clans, despite the existence of pro- and anti-Russian political structures.

Regional government[edit]

The former separatist religious leader (mufti) Akhmad Kadyrov, looked upon as a traitor by many separatists, was elected president with 83% of the vote in an internationally monitored election on 5 October 2003. Incidents of ballot stuffing and voter intimidation by Russian soldiers and the exclusion of separatist parties from the polls were subsequently reported by Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE) monitors. On 9 May 2004, Kadyrov was assassinated in Grozny football stadium by a landmine explosion that was planted beneath a VIP stage and detonated during a parade, and Sergey Abramov was appointed acting prime minister after the incident. However, since 2005 Ramzan Kadyrov (son of Akhmad Kadyrov) has been the caretaker prime minister, and in 2007 was appointed as the new president. Many allege he is the wealthiest and most powerful man in the republic, with control over a large private militia (the Kadyrovites). The militia, which began as his father’s security force, has been accused of killings and kidnappings by human rights organisations such as Human Rights Watch.

Separatist government[edit]

Ichkeria was a member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organisation between 1991 and 2010.^[81] Former president of Georgia Zviad Gamsakhurdia deposed in a military coup of 1991 and a participant of the Georgian Civil War, recognized the independence of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria in 1993.^[82] Diplomatic relations with Ichkeria were also established by the partially recognised Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan under the Taliban government on 16 January 2000. This recognition ceased with the fall of the Taliban in 2001.^[83] However, despite Taliban recognition, there were no friendly relations between the Taliban and Ichkeria—Maskhadov rejected their recognition, stating that the Taliban were illegitimate.^[84] Ichkeria also received vocal support from the Baltic countries, a group of Ukrainian nationalists, and Poland; Estonia once voted to recognize, but the act never was followed through due to pressure applied by both Russia and the EU.^[84][85][86]

The president of this government was Aslan Maskhadov, the foreign minister was Ilyas Akhmadov, who was the spokesman for Maskhadov. Aslan Maskhadov had been elected in an internationally monitored election in 1997 for four years, which took place after signing a peace agreement with Russia. In 2001 he issued a decree prolonging his office for one additional year; he was unable to participate in the 2003 presidential election since separatist parties were barred by the Russian government, and Maskhadov faced accusations of terrorist offenses in Russia. Maskhadov left Grozny and moved to the separatist-controlled areas of the south at the onset of the Second Chechen War. Maskhadov was unable to influence a number of warlords who retain effective control over Chechen territory, and his power was diminished as a result. Russian forces killed Maskhadov on 8 March 2005, and the assassination of Maskhadov was widely criticized since it left no legitimate Chechen separatist leader with whom to conduct peace talks. Akhmed Zakayev, deputy prime minister and a foreign minister under Maskhadov, was appointed shortly after the 1997 election and is currently living under asylum in England. He and others chose Abdul Khalim Saidullayev, a relatively unknown Islamic judge who was previously the host of an Islamic program on Chechen television, to replace Maskhadov following his death. On 17 June 2006, it was reported that Russian special forces killed Abdul Khalim Saidullayev in a raid in the Chechen town of Argun.

The successor of Saidullayev became Doku Umarov. On 31 October 2007, Umarov abolished the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria and its presidency and in its place proclaimed the Caucasus Emirate with himself as its Emir.^[87] This change of status has been rejected by many Chechen politicians and military leaders who continue to support the existence of the republic.

During the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the Ukrainian parliament voted to recognize the «Chechen republic of Ichkeria as territory temporarily occupied by the Russian Federation».^[88]

Human rights[edit]

The Internal Displacement Monitoring Center reports that after hundreds of thousands of ethnic Russians and Chechens fled their homes following inter-ethnic and separatist conflicts in Chechnya in 1994 and 1999, more than 150,000 people still remain displaced in Russia today.^[89]

Human rights groups criticized the conduct of the 2005 parliamentary elections as unfairly influenced by the central Russian government and military.^[90]

In 2006 Human Rights Watch reported that pro-Russian Chechen forces under the command of Ramzan Kadyrov, as well as federal police personnel, used torture to get information about separatist forces. «If you are detained in Chechnya, you face a real and immediate risk of torture. And there is little chance that your torturer will be held accountable», said Holly Cartner, Director of the Europe and Central Asia division of the Human Rights Watch.^[91]

In 2009, the US government financed American organization Freedom House included Chechnya in the «Worst of the Worst» list of most repressive societies in the world, together with Burma, North Korea, Tibet, and others.^[92]

On 1 February 2009, The New York Times released extensive evidence to support allegations of consistent torture and executions under the Kadyrov government. The accusations were sparked by the assassination in Austria of a former Chechen rebel who had gained access to Kadyrov’s inner circle, 27-year-old Umar Israilov.^[93]

On 1 July 2009, Amnesty International released a detailed report covering the human rights violations committed by the Russian Federation against Chechen citizens. Among the most prominent features was that those abused had no method of redress against assaults, ranging from kidnapping to torture, while those responsible were never held accountable. This led to the conclusion that Chechnya was being ruled without law, being run into further devastating destabilization.^[94]

On 10 March 2011, Human Rights Watch reported that since Chechenization, the government has pushed for enforced Islamic dress code.^[95] The president Ramzan Kadyrov is quoted as saying «I have the right to criticize my wife. She doesn’t [have the right to criticize me]. With us [in Chechen society], a wife is a housewife. A woman should know her place. A woman should give her love to us [men]… She would be [man’s] property. And the man is the owner. Here, if a woman does not behave properly, her husband, father, and brother are responsible. According to our tradition, if a woman fools around, her family members kill her… That’s how it happens, a brother kills his sister or a husband kills his wife… As a president, I cannot allow for them to kill. So, let women not wear shorts…».^[96] He has also openly defended honor killings on several occasions.^[97]

On 9 July 2017, Russian newspaper Novaya Gazeta reported that a number of people were subject to an extrajudicial execution on the night of 26 January 2017. It published 27 names of the people known to be dead, but stressed that the list is «not all [of those killed]»; the newspaper asserted that 50 people may have been killed in the execution.^[98] Some of the dead were gay, but not all; the deaths appeared to have been triggered by the death of a policeman,^[98] and according to the author of the report, Elena Milashina, were executed for alleged terrorism.^[99]

In December 2021, up to 50 family members of critics of the Kadyrov government were abducted in a wave of mass kidnappings beginning on 22 December.^[100]

LGBT rights[edit]

On 1 September 1997, Criminal Code reportedly being implemented in the Chechen Republic-Ichkeriya, Article 148 punishes «anal sexual intercourse between a man and a woman or a man and a man». For first- and second-time offenders, the punishment is caning. A third conviction leads to the death penalty, which can be carried out in a number of ways including stoning or beheading.^[101]

In 2017, it was reported by Novaya Gazeta and human rights groups that Chechen authorities had set up concentration camps, one of which is in Argun, where gay men are interrogated and subjected to physical violence.^{[102][103][104][105]} On 27 June 2018, the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe noted «cases of abduction, arbitrary detention and torture … with the direct involvement of Chechen law enforcement officials and on the orders of top-level Chechen authorities»^[106] and expressed dismay «at the statements of Chechen and Russian public officials denying the existence of LGBTI people in the Chechen Republic».^[106] Kadyrov’s spokesman Alvi Karimov told Interfax that gay people «simply do not exist in the republic» and made an approving reference to honor killings by family members «if there were such people in Chechnya».^[107] In a 2021 Council of Europe report into anti-LGBTI hate crimes, rapporteur Foura ben Chikha described the «state-sponsored attacks carried out against LGBTI people in Chechnya in 2017» as «the single most egregious example of violence against LGBTI people in Europe that has occurred in decades».^[108]

On 11 January 2019, it was reported that another ‘gay purge’ had begun in the country in December 2018, with several gay men and women being detained.^{[109][110][111][112]} The Russian LGBT Network believes that around 40 people were detained and two killed.^[113][114]

Economy[edit]

During the war, the Chechen economy fell apart.^[115] In 1994, the separatists planned to introduce a new currency, but the change did not occur due to the re-taking of Chechnya by Russian troops in the Second Chechen War.^[115]

The economic situation in Chechnya has improved considerably since 2000. According to the New York Times, major efforts to rebuild Grozny have been made, and improvements in the political situation have led some officials to consider setting up a tourism industry, though there are claims that construction workers are being irregularly paid and that poor people have been displaced.^[116]

Chechnya’s unemployment was 67% in 2006 and fell to 21.5% in 2014.^[117]

Total revenue of the budget of Chechnya for 2017 was 59.2 billion rubles. Of these, 48.5 billion rubles were grants from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

In late 1970s, Chechnya produced up to 20 million tons of oil annually, production declined sharply to approximately 3 million tons in the late 1980s, and to below 2 million tons before 1994, first (1994–1996) second Russian invasion of Chechnya (1999) inflicted material damage on the oil-sector infrastructure, oil production decreased to 750,000 tons in 2001 only to increase to 2 million tons in 2006, by 2012 production was 1 million tons.^[118]

References[edit]

Notes[edit]

Sources[edit]

Further reading[edit]

• Anderson, Scott. The Man Who Tried to Save the World. ISBN 0-385-48666-9
• Babchenko, Arkady. One Soldier’s War in Chechnya. Portobello, London ISBN 978-1-84627-039-0
• Baiev, Khassan. The Oath: A Surgeon Under Fire. ISBN 0-8027-1404-8
• Bennigsen-Broxup, Marie. The North Caucasus Barrier: The Russian Advance Towards the Muslim World. ISBN 1-85065-069-1
• Bird, Chris. To Catch a Tartar: Notes from the Caucasus. ISBN 0-7195-6506-5
• Bornstein, Yvonne and Ribowsky, Mark. «Eleven Days of Hell: My True Story of Kidnapping, Terror, Torture And Historic FBI & KGB Rescue» AuthorHouse, 2004. ISBN 1-4184-9302-3.
• Conrad, Roy. Roy Conrad. Grozny. A few days…
• Dunlop, John B. Russia Confronts Chechnya: Roots of a Separatist Conflict ISBN 0-521-63619-1
• Evangelista, Mathew. The Chechen Wars: Will Russia Go the Way of the Soviet Union?. ISBN 0-8157-2499-3.
• Gall, Charlotta & de Waal, Thomas. Chechnya: A Small Victorious War. ISBN 0-330-35075-7
• Gall, Carlotta, and de Waal, Thomas Chechnya: Calamity in the Caucasus ISBN 0-8147-3132-5
• Goltz, Thomas. Chechnya Diary : A War Correspondent’s Story of Surviving the War in Chechnya. M E Sharpe (2003). ISBN 0-312-268-74-2
• Hasanov, Zaur. The Man of the Mountains. ISBN 099304445X (facts based novel on growing influence of the radical Islam during 1st and 2nd Chechnya wars)
• Khan, Ali. The Chechen Terror: The Play within the Play
• Khlebnikov, Paul. Razgovor s varvarom (Interview with a barbarian). ISBN 5-89935-057-1.
• Lieven, Anatol. Chechnya : Tombstone of Russian Power ISBN 0-300-07881-1
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Ya byl na etoy voyne. (I was in this war) Biblion – Russkaya Kniga, 2001. Partial translation available online^{[dead link]}.
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Vyacheslav Mironov. Assault on Grozny Downtown
• Mironov, Vyacheslav. Vyacheslav Mironov. I was in that war.
• Oliker, Olga Russia’s Chechen Wars 1994–2000: Lessons from Urban Combat. ISBN 0-8330-2998-3. (A strategic and tactical analysis of the Chechen Wars.)
• Pelton, Robert Young. Hunter Hammer and Heaven, Journeys to Three World’s Gone Mad (ISBN 1-58574-416-6)
• Politkovskaya, Anna. A Small Corner of Hell: Dispatches from Chechnya ISBN 0-226-67432-0
• Rasizade, Alec. Chechnya: the Achilles heel of Russia. = Contemporary Review (Oxford) in three parts: 1) April 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1671, pages 193–197; 2) May 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1672, pages 277–284; 3) June 2005 issue, volume 286, number 1673, pages 327–332.
• Seirstad, Asne. The Angel of Grozny. ISBN 978-1-84408-395-4
• Wood, Tony. Chechnya: The Case For Independence Book review in The Independent, 2007

External links[edit]

• Official website of the Republic of Chechnya (in Russian)
• Chechnya at Curlie
• AlertNet Chechnya and the North Caucasus at the Wayback Machine (archived 11 September 2012)
• «Chechnya’s Hidden War». Frontline / World Dispatches. USA: Public Broadcasting Service. 22 March 2010. (video)
• Islamist Extremism in Chechnya: A Threat to U.S. Homeland?: Joint Hearing before the Subcommittee on Europe, Eurasia, and Emerging Threats and the Subcommittee on Terrorism, Nonproliferation, and Trade of the Committee on Foreign Affairs, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, First Session, April 26, 2013
• (in English) Chechnya Guide Archived 20 May 2021 at the Wayback Machine

Wikimedia Foundation.
2010.

ЧЕЧЕ́НСКАЯ РЕСПУ́БЛИКА (Чеч­ня), субъ­ект Рос. Фе­де­ра­ции. Рас­по­ло­же­на на юге Ев­роп. час­ти Рос­сии. На юге гра­ни­чит с Гру­зи­ей. Вхо­дит в Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­ский фе­де­раль­ный ок­руг. Пл. 15,6 тыс. км². Нас. 1394,2 тыс. чел. (2016). Сто­ли­ца – Гроз­ный. Адм.-терр. де­ле­ние: 15 рай­онов, 2 городских ок­ру­га; 5 го­ро­дов.

Органы государственной власти

Сис­те­ма ор­га­нов гос. вла­сти рес­пуб­ли­ки оп­ре­де­ля­ет­ся Кон­сти­ту­ци­ей РФ и Кон­ститу­ци­ей Че­чен­ской Рес­пуб­ли­ки (2003). Гос. власть осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ют гла­ва рес­пуб­ли­ки, пар­ла­мент, пра­ви­тель­ст­во, а так­же иные ор­га­ны вла­сти, об­ра­зуе­мые в со­ответ­ст­вии с рес­пуб­ли­кан­ской Кон­сти­ту­ци­ей. Пар­ла­мент Че­чен­ской Рес­пуб­ли­ки яв­ля­ет­ся по­сто­ян­но дей­ст­вую­щим выс­шим и един­ст­вен­ным за­ко­но­да­тель­ным (пред­ста­ви­тель­ным) ор­га­ном гос. вла­сти. Он со­сто­ит из 41 де­пу­та­та, из­би­рае­мо­го сро­ком на 5 лет гра­ж­да­на­ми РФ, про­жи­ваю­щи­ми в Ч. Р., на ос­но­ве пря­мо­го из­би­рат. пра­ва при тай­ном го­ло­со­ва­нии. Де­пу­та­ты мо­гут ра­бо­тать на проф. по­сто­ян­ной ос­но­ве или без от­ры­ва от осн. проф. дея­тель­но­сти. Чис­ло де­пу­та­тов, ра­бо­таю­щих на проф. по­сто­ян­ной ос­но­ве, ус­та­нав­ли­ва­ет­ся рес­пуб­ли­кан­ским за­ко­ном. Гла­ва Че­чен­ской Рес­пуб­ли­ки – выс­шее долж­но­ст­ное ли­цо – воз­глав­ля­ет ис­пол­нит. власть и впра­ве воз­гла­вить выс­ший ис­пол­нит. ор­ган гос. вла­сти – рес­пуб­ли­кан­ское пра­ви­тель­ст­во, оп­ре­де­ля­ет струк­ту­ру ис­пол­нит. ор­га­нов гос. вла­сти, фор­ми­ру­ет пра­ви­тель­ст­во, ко­то­рое в сво­ей дея­тель­но­сти ему под­от­чёт­но. Струк­ту­ра, со­став, пол­но­мо­чия, по­ря­док об­ра­зо­ва­ния рес­пуб­ли­кан­ско­го пра­ви­тель­ст­ва оп­ре­де­ля­ют­ся рес­пуб­ли­кан­ским за­ко­но­да­тель­ст­вом. Гла­ва рес­пуб­ли­ки из­би­ра­ет­ся гра­ж­да­на­ми РФ, про­жи­ваю­щи­ми на тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. и об­ла­даю­щи­ми ак­тив­ным из­би­рат. пра­вом, на ос­но­ве все­об­ще­го рав­но­го и пря­мо­го из­би­рат. пра­ва при тай­ном го­ло­со­ва­нии сро­ком на 5 лет. Кан­ди­да­ты на эту долж­ность вы­дви­га­ют­ся по­ли­тич. пар­тия­ми или в по­ряд­ке са­мо­вы­дви­же­ния. Из­би­рат. ква­ли­фи­ка­ции и ог­ра­ни­че­ния для кан­ди­да­тов ус­та­нов­ле­ны фе­де­раль­ным за­ко­ном (2012).

Природа

Рельеф

Б. ч. тер­ри­то­рии за­ня­та рав­ни­на­ми Пред­кав­ка­зья: на се­ве­ре на­хо­дит­ся Тер­ско-Кум­ская низ­мен­ность, юж­нее – Че­чен­ская пред­гор­ная вол­ни­стая рав­ни­на выс. 100–350 м, пе­ре­се­кае­мая мно­го­числ. до­ли­на­ми при­то­ков р. Сун­жа. На за­па­де рас­по­ло­же­на Тер­ско-Сун­жен­ская воз­вы­шен­ность с не­вы­со­ки­ми Тер­ским (до 515 м) и Сун­жен­ским (до 537 м) хреб­та­ми, раз­де­лён­ны­ми Ал­хан­чурт­ской до­ли­ной. Юж. гор­ная часть за­ня­та хреб­та­ми сев. скло­на Боль­шо­го Кав­ка­за – Па­ст­бищ­ным и Ска­ли­стым, раз­де­лён­ны­ми меж­гор­ны­ми кот­ло­ви­на­ми, Бо­ко­вым (выс. до 4492 м, го­ра Те­бу­лос­мта – выс­шая точ­ка Ч. Р.). На рав­ни­нах ак­тив­ны де­фля­ция, за­со­ле­ние, про­сад­ки грун­та; в го­рах – сход ла­вин (3820 ла­вин­ных оча­гов) и се­лей (154 се­ле­вых рус­ла), об­валь­но-осып­ные, ополз­не­вые и эро­зи­он­ные про­цес­сы. В Ска­ли­стом и Па­ст­бищ­ном хреб­тах раз­вит карст.

Геологическое строение и полезные ископаемые

Тер­ри­то­рия Ч. Р. рас­по­ло­же­на в пре­де­лах склад­ча­то-по­кров­ной сис­те­мы Боль­шо­го Кав­ка­за Аль­пий­ско-Ги­ма­лай­ско­го под­виж­но­го поя­са. Осе­вая зо­на склад­ча­той сис­те­мы (ан­тикли­но­рий Бо­ко­во­го хреб­та) сло­же­на ин­тен­сив­но дис­ло­ци­ро­ван­ной чер­но­слан­це­вой фор­ма­ци­ей ниж­ней и сред­ней юры. Тек­то­нич. зо­на сев. скло­на Боль­шо­го Кав­ка­за (Ска­ли­стый и Па­ст­бищ­ный хреб­ты) об­ра­зо­ва­на шель­фо­вы­ми тер­ри­ген­ны­ми и кар­бо­нат­ны­ми от­ло­же­ния­ми верх­ней юры – эо­це­на (гли­ны, пес­ча­ни­ки, мер­ге­ли, из­вест­ня­ки, до­ло­ми­ты), смя­ты­ми в по­ло­гие бра­хи­морф­ные склад­ки. Сев. часть рес­пуб­ли­ки (Че­чен­ская рав­ни­на, Тер­ский и Сун­жен­ский хреб­ты, раз­де­лён­ные Ал­хан­чурт­ской до­ли­ной, Тер­ско-Кум­ская низ­мен­ность) ло­ка­ли­зо­ва­на в пре­де­лах Тер­ско-Кас­пий­ско­го крае­во­го про­ги­ба (за­пол­нен оли­го­цен-нео­ге­но­вой мо­лас­сой), строе­ние ко­то­ро­го ос­лож­не­но Тер­ским и Сун­жен­ским ва­ла­ми. Гор­ные рай­оны Чеч­ни – об­ласть ин­тен­сив­ной сейс­мич­но­сти; наи­бо­лее силь­ное зем­ле­тря­се­ние про­изош­ло в 1976 (маг­ни­ту­да 6,2; ин­тен­сив­ность 8–9 бал­лов).

Ос­но­ву ми­не­раль­но-сырь­е­во­го ком­плек­са со­став­ля­ют ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ния уг­ле­во­до­род­но­го сы­рья. Вы­яв­ле­но неск. де­сят­ков неф­тя­ных ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ний (наи­бо­лее круп­ное – Ок­тябрь­ское), неск. неф­те­га­зо­вых и неф­те­га­зо­кон­ден­сат­ных. Так­же име­ют­ся ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ния це­мент­но­го сы­рья (из­вест­ня­ков – круп­ное Чер­но­гор­ское ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ние, глин – круп­ное Ду­ба­юр­тов­ское), пес­ча­но-гра­вий­но­го ма­те­риа­ла (Хан­каль­ско-Бел­га­то­ев­ское), др. при­род­ных стро­ит. ма­те­риа­лов, под­зем­ных пре­сных, ми­не­раль­ных (Сер­но­вод­ское) и тер­маль­ных вод.

Климат

На тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. кли­мат кон­ти­нен­таль­ный. Ср. темп-ры ян­ва­ря от –3 °C на Тер­ско-Кум­ской низ­мен­но­сти до –12 °C в го­рах, ию­ля со­от­вет­ст­вен­но 25,0 °C и 21,5 °C. Зи­мой час­ты от­те­пе­ли (до 65 дней). Осад­ков от 300 до 1200 мм в год. На Тер­ско-Кум­ской низ­мен­но­сти обыч­ны су­хо­веи (до 90 дней в го­ду); без­мо­роз­ный пе­ри­од до 200 дней. В вы­со­ко­го­рье есть лед­ни­ки, пло­щадь ко­то­рых со­кра­ща­ет­ся (наи­бо­лее круп­ные – Ка­чу, Ко­ми­то).

Внутренние воды

Поч­ти все 3198 рек от­но­сят­ся к бас­сей­ну р. Те­рек, наи­бо­лее круп­ные из них – Те­рек (в пре­де­лах Чеч­ни 218 км), Сун­жа, Ар­гун, имею­щие лед­ни­ко­вое пи­та­ние с по­ло­водь­ем в лет­ний пе­ри­од. Для боль­шин­ст­ва рек ти­пич­но ве­сен­нее по­ло­во­дье и лет­ние до­ж­де­вые па­вод­ки. Мно­го озёр раз­но­го ге­не­зи­са, наи­бо­лее круп­ные – за­пруд­ное Ке­зе­ной-Ам (пл. ок. 2 км²), тек­то­ни­че­ское Га­лан­чож­ское. Соз­да­ны во­до­хра­ни­ли­ща для ре­гу­ли­ро­ва­ния сто­ка во­ды при па­вод­ках. Во­ды рек ис­поль­зу­ют­ся для оро­ше­ния и об­вод­не­ния; по­стро­ен Тер­ско-Кум­ский ма­ги­ст­раль­ный ка­нал.

Почвы, растительный и животный мир

На Тер­ско-Кум­ской низ­мен­но­сти раз­ви­ты по­лу­пус­ты­ни с по­лын­ной, по­лын­но-со­лян­ко­вой и тип­ча­ко­во-ко­выль­ной су­хо­степ­ной рас­ти­тель­но­стью на свет­ло-каш­та­но­вых и каш­та­но­вых поч­вах, мес­та­ми со­лон­ча­ках, на пес­ча­ных поч­вах встре­ча­ют­ся за­рос­ли кус­тар­ни­ков (лох, боя­рыш­ник и др.). На Че­чен­ской рав­ни­не су­ще­ст­во­вав­шие ра­нее раз­но­трав­но-зла­ко­вые сте­пи на чер­но­зё­мах, ле­со­сте­пи с лу­го­вы­ми сте­пя­ми на вы­ще­ло­чен­ных чер­но­зё­мах и пре­об­ла­дав­шие в 19 в. ду­бо­вые ле­са на се­рых лес­ных поч­вах поч­ти пол­но­стью рас­па­ха­ны. Вто­рич­ные ле­со­сте­пи пред­став­ле­ны сте­пя­ми по ме­ж­ду­речь­ям и ле­са­ми по до­ли­нам рек. Для Тер­ско-Сун­жен­ской воз­вы­шен­но­сти ти­пич­ны вто­рич­ные раз­но­трав­но-зла­ко­вые сте­пи на кар­бо­нат­ных чер­но­зё­мах, сме­нив­шие ко­рен­ные ду­бо­вые ле­са. В до­ли­нах круп­ных рек – лу­га, бо­ло­та, пой­мен­ные ле­са на ал­лю­ви­аль­ных и лу­го­во-бо­лот­ных поч­вах. В го­рах до выс. 1800–2200 м про­из­ра­ста­ют ши­ро­ко­лист­вен­ные гра­бо­во-ду­бо­вые, гра­бо­во-бу­ко­вые и бу­ко­вые ле­са на гор­ных бу­ро­зё­мах и дер­но­во-кар­бо­нат­ных поч­вах, в вы­со­ко­го­рье до 2400–2600 м – суб­аль­пий­ские лу­га на гор­но-лу­го­вых поч­вах, вы­ше – аль­пий­ские лу­га, гля­ци­аль­но-ни­валь­ные ланд­шаф­ты. В меж­гор­ных кот­ло­ви­нах рас­про­стра­не­на степ­ная, арид­но-ред­ко­лес­ная и кус­тар­ни­ко­вая рас­ти­тель­ность, мес­та­ми со­сно­вые ле­са. Ле­си­стость со­став­ля­ет 21,45% (2014).

В сте­пи и ле­со­сте­пи мно­го гры­зу­нов, пре­смы­каю­щих­ся; из птиц – дро­фа, ди­кие ут­ки, гу­си, по до­ли­нам рек – кав­каз­ский фа­зан, встре­ча­ет­ся ка­мы­шо­вый кот. В го­рах оби­та­ют ка­мен­ная и лес­ная ку­ни­цы, бу­рый мед­ведь, ка­бан, ко­су­ля, лес­ной кот, волк, сер­на, бар­сук. На аль­пий­ских лу­гах – тур, чер­но­го­ло­вый гриф, улар, кав­каз­ский те­те­рев, ка­мен­ная ку­ро­пат­ка (кек­лик). Фло­ра на­счи­ты­ва­ет бо­лее 2200 ви­дов. В Крас­ную кни­гу Ч. Р. (2007) вне­се­ны 158 ред­ких ви­дов рас­те­ний и 189 ви­дов жи­вот­ных, из них 137 ви­дов – в Крас­ной кни­ге РФ (тур, пе­ред­неа­зи­ат­ский ле­о­пард, ско­па, орёл- бо­ро­дач, тисс ягод­ный и др.).

Состояние и охрана окружающей среды

Прак­ти­че­ски не­из­ме­нён­ные тер­ри­то­рии за­ни­ма­ют 10% пл. Ч. Р., силь­но из­ме­нён­ные – 25%, пол­но­стью пре­об­ра­зо­ван­ные – 15% (пре­им. в рав­нин­ной час­ти). Де­гра­ди­ро­ва­ны и под­вер­же­ны эро­зии 120 тыс. га зе­мель, в т. ч. 25 тыс. га паш­ни. Со­дер­жа­ние гу­му­са в поч­вах па­шен еже­год­но убы­ва­ет на 0,7 т/га. Часть зе­мель, в т. ч. ох­ра­няе­мые при­род­ные тер­ри­то­рии, силь­но по­стра­да­ли в ре­зуль­та­те во­ен. дей­ст­вий. От­ме­ча­ют­ся па­ст­бищ­ная диг­рес­сия, раз­ви­тие ов­раж­ной се­ти, сни­же­ние верх­ней гра­ни­цы ле­са (на 100–300 м), об­ра­зо­ва­ние по­сле­лес­ных лу­гов в ре­зуль­та­те вы­ру­бок и пе­ре­вы­па­са. С нач. 21 в. про­ис­хо­дит по­сте­пен­ное об­ле­се­ние час­ти на­ру­шен­ных зе­мель. Об­щий объ­ём вы­бро­сов за­гряз­няю­щих ве­ществ в ат­мо­сфе­ру со­став­ля­ет 123,3 тыс. т, в т. ч. от ста­цио­нар­ных ис­точ­ни­ков 31,3 тыс. т, от ав­то­мо­биль­но­го транс­пор­та 92 тыс. т (2014). За­бор во­ды из при­род­ных вод­ных ис­точ­ни­ков 315,9 млн. м³, сброс сточ­ных вод в по­верх­но­ст­ные вод­ные объ­екты 15,2 млн. м³ (все во­ды – очи­щен­ные) (2014). Еже­год­но об­ра­зу­ет­ся бо­лее 280 тыс. т твёр­дых от­хо­дов. От­ме­ча­ет­ся ло­каль­ное силь­ное за­гряз­не­ние почв и вод неф­те­про­дук­та­ми.

Ох­ра­няе­мые при­род­ные тер­ри­то­рии за­ни­ма­ют 20,4% пло­ща­ди (2014); сре­ди них – 1 фе­де­раль­ный за­каз­ник (Со­вет­ский), 8 ре­гио­наль­ных за­каз­ни­ков (Бра­гун­ский, Степ­ной и др.), 42 па­мят­ни­ка при­ро­ды (Джал­кин­ская со­сно­вая ро­ща, оз. Бе­зе­ной-Ам, уро­чи­ще Степ­ная жем­чу­жи­на и др.).

Население

Че­чен­цы со­став­ля­ют 95,3% нас. (2010, пе­ре­пись). Про­жи­ва­ют так­же рус­ские (1,9%; в осн. на се­ве­ре: в На­ур­ском р-не – 8%, Шел­ков­ском – 5,4%; по пе­ре­пи­си 1989, рус­ские со­став­ля­ли 24,8% нас. Че­че­но-Ин­гуш­ской Рес­пуб­ли­ки), ку­мы­ки (1%; в Гу­дер­мес­ском р-не – 5,2%, Шел­ков­ском – 3,1%), авар­цы (0,4%), но­гай­цы (0,3%; в Шел­ков­ском р-не – 6,1%), та­ба­са­ра­ны (0,1%), ин­гу­ши (0,1%), лез­ги­ны (0,1%) и др.

В 1990-е гг. чис­лен­ность на­се­ле­ния со­кра­ща­лась (бо­лее чем на 170 тыс. чел. в 1990–2000), с нач. 2000-х гг. она не­ук­лон­но воз­рас­та­ет (поч­ти на 400 тыс. чел. в 2000–16). Ч. Р. – один из рос. ли­де­ров по ес­теств. при­рос­ту на­се­ле­ния (18,2 на 1000 жит. при сред­нем по РФ 0,3 на 1000 жит., 2015): ро­ж­дае­мость 23,1 на 1000 жит. (2-е ме­сто), смерт­ность 4,9 на 1000 жит. (2-е ме­сто); мла­ден­че­ская смерт­ность вы­со­кая (12,0 на 1000 жи­во­ро­ж­дён­ных). Ха­рак­те­рен ми­грац. от­ток (пик при­шёл­ся на 1990-е гг.; 8 чел. на 10 тыс. жит., 2015), в нач. 2000-х гг. на­блю­дал­ся ми­грац. при­рост (макс. по­ка­за­тель 638 на 10 тыс. жит., 2001). До­ля жен­щин ок. 51%. Воз­раст­ная струк­ту­ра зна­чи­тель­но от­ли­ча­ет­ся от сред­ней по РФ: до­ля лиц мо­ло­же тру­до­спо­соб­но­го воз­рас­та (до 16 лет) – 34,5% (в РФ 18,0%), стар­ше тру­до­спо­соб­но­го воз­рас­та – 9,6% (в РФ – 24,6%). Ср. ожи­дае­мая про­дол­жи­тель­ность жиз­ни 73,5 го­да (8-е ме­сто в РФ; муж­чи­ны – 70,4, 4-е ме­сто; жен­щины – 76,4 го­да). Ср. плот­ность нас. 89,4 чел./км² (2016). До­ля гор. нас. 34,8%. Круп­ные го­ро­да (тыс. чел.): Гроз­ный (287,4), Урус-Мар­тан (57,4), Гу­дер­мес (52,4), Ша­ли (52,2).

Религия

Боль­шин­ст­во ве­рую­щих – му­суль­ма­не. За­ре­ги­ст­ри­ро­ва­но (на сент. 2016) 125 му­сульм. ре­лиг. ор­га­ни­за­ций, в т. ч. цен­тра­ли­зо­ван­ная орг-ция Ду­хов­ное управ­ле­ние му­суль­ман Ч. Р.; дей­ст­ву­ют 18 мед­ре­се (17 муж­ских и 1 жен­ское) и 2 выс­ших ду­хов­но-об­ра­зо­ват. уч­ре­ж­де­ния (Рос. ис­лам­ский ун-т им. Кун­та-Хад­жи, Кур­ча­ло­ев­ский ин-т им. Ах­мат-Хад­жи Ка­ды­ро­ва). За­ре­ги­ст­ри­ро­ва­ны так­же 7 пра­во­слав­ных ре­лиг. ор­га­ни­за­ций, при­над­ле­жа­щих к Ма­хач­ка­лин­ской епар­хии РПЦ (об­ра­зо­ва­на в 2012 в пре­де­лах Рес­пуб­ли­ки Да­ге­стан, Рес­пуб­ли­ки Ин­гу­ше­тия и Ч. Р.), и 1 ста­ро­об­ряд­че­ская.

Исторический очерк

Древ­ней­шие ар­хео­ло­гич. па­мят­ни­ки из­вест­ны на юго-вос­то­ке ре­гио­на (Ве­де­но, Ца-Ве­де­но, Ба­лан­су) и в го­рах близ оз. Ке­зе­ной-Ам (Ма­ка­жой, Хой и др.), от­но­сят­ся к верх­не­му па­лео­ли­ту, ме­зо­ли­ту, не­оли­ту. Энео­лит пред­став­лен по­се­ле­ния­ми (Кур­ча­лой), кур­га­на­ми на рав­ни­не. В ран­нем и сред­нем брон­зо­вом ве­ке рав­нин­но-пред­горная часть бы­ла зо­ной кон­так­тов ку­ро-аракс­ской куль­ту­ры и май­коп­ской куль­ту­ры, ко­то­рые сме­ни­ла се­ве­ро­кав­каз­ская куль­ту­ра. Па­мят­ни­ки в сте­пях к се­ве­ру от р. Те­рек от­но­сят­ся к общ­но­стям ям­ной куль­ту­ры, за­тем ка­та­комб­ной куль­ту­ры; их влия­ние до­хо­ди­ло до пред­го­рий. В го­рах рас­про­стра­не­ны ка­мен­ные скле­пы, гроб­ни­цы, ящи­ки, грун­то­вые мо­ги­лы; их со­от­но­сят с но­си­те­ля­ми на­хских язы­ков. Позд­ний брон­зо­вый век пред­став­лен кая­кент­ско-ха­ра­чо­ев­ской куль­ту­рой и ко­бан­ской куль­ту­рой, ко­то­рая в ран­нем же­лез­ном ве­ке кон­так­ти­ро­ва­ла с поя­вив­ши­ми­ся в сте­пи скиф­ской ар­хео­ло­ги­че­ской куль­ту­рой, сав­ро­мат­ской ар­хео­ло­ги­че­ской куль­ту­рой. Их сме­ня­ли сар­мат­ские ар­хео­ло­ги­че­ские куль­ту­ры (ран­няя, за­тем сред­няя); на вос­то­ке пред­гор­но-гор­ной зо­ны пре­об­ла­да­ло ме­ст­ное на­се­ле­ние, со­хра­няв­шее­ся и в Сред­не­ве­ко­вье.

Со 2 в. зна­чит. часть ре­гио­на вхо­ди­ла в зо­ну куль­ту­ры кав­каз­ских ала­нов; во 2–4/5 вв. поя­ви­лись цен­тры гор. уров­ня (Ал­хан-Ка­ла и др.). Ска­зы­ва­лось влия­ние, свя­зан­ное с кон­тро­лем над зна­чит. час­тя­ми Сев. Кав­ка­за гун­нов, Тюрк­ско­го ка­га­на­та, Ха­зар­ско­го ка­га­на­та; с 10 в. – Ала­нии, цен­тры ко­то­рой бы­ли рас­по­ло­же­ны за­пад­нее. К сер. 13 в. на ре­ги­он рас­про­стра­ни­лась власть Зо­ло­той Ор­ды, её на­се­ле­ние со­сед­ст­во­ва­ло и ино­гда сме­ши­ва­лось с ме­ст­ным; в го­рах строи­ли жи­лые, по­лу­бое­вые, бое­вые баш­ни, под­зем­ные, по­лу­под­зем­ные, на­зем­ные скле­пы. В кон. 14 в. на тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. су­ще­ст­во­ва­ло гос-во Сим­сир, за­хва­чен­ное Ти­му­ром в 1396.

Вос­ста­нов­ле­ние рав­нин­ных и пред­гор­ных по­се­ле­ний на тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. про­изош­ло уже к сер. 15 в., в это же вре­мя на­чи­на­ет­ся пе­ре­се­ле­ние гор­цев на рав­ни­ну. С 15 в. на за­па­де ре­гио­на по­яв­ляют­ся ка­бар­дин­ские кур­га­ны, на рав­ни­не – грун­то­вые мо­гиль­ни­ки гор­цев. Воз­рас­та­ет роль ис­ла­ма [над­гроб­ные па­мят­ни­ки му­сульм. за­хо­ро­не­ний в разл. час­тях совр. Ч. Р., в т. ч. чеч. шей­хов (Тер­мол, Бе­ти и Бер­са)], ко­то­рый по­сте­пен­но стал гос­под­ствую­щей ре­ли­ги­ей на всей тер­ри­то­рии Чеч­ни.

В 16–18 вв. вай­на­хи за­ня­ли центр. и юж. часть совр. Ч. Р. вплоть до сред­не­го те­че­ния р. Те­рек на се­ве­ре. Со 2-й пол. 16 в. на тер­ри­то­рии ре­гио­на до­ку­мен­таль­но фик­си­ру­ет­ся су­ще­ст­во­ва­ние отд. объ­е­ди­не­ний, оп­ре­де­ляе­мых в до­ку­мен­тах 16–17 вв. как «зем­ли­цы» (позд­нее «об­ще­ст­ва»), где власть, как пра­ви­ло вы­бор­ная, при­над­ле­жа­ла на­чаль­ным лю­дям. На­ря­ду с ни­ми, су­ще­ст­во­ва­ли вла­де­ния (име­но­ва­лись так­же улу­са­ми, юр­та­ми и др.), ко­то­ры­ми управ­ля­ла на­следств. знать, – Окоц­кое, Ге­хин­ское, Че­чен­ское, Кач­ка­лы­ков­ское, Ка­ра­бу­лак­ское, Гер­мен­чи­ков­ское, Бра­гун­ское, Ал­дин­ское и др. Часть по­гра­нич­ных чеч. об­ществ и ау­лов на про­тя­же­нии 16–18 вв. вхо­ди­ла в со­став Тар­ков­ско­го шам­халь­ст­ва, Авар­ско­го хан­ст­ва, Эн­де­рей­ско­го вла­де­ния и Ма­лой Ка­бар­ды. В 1567 на гра­ни­це рас­се­ле­ния вай­на­хов бы­ла воз­ве­де­на рус. кре­пость Тер­ки (Тер­ки-1; су­ще­ст­во­ва­ла до 1571; за­тем с 1578 как Тер­ки-2; в 1590–1605, по мне­нию Е. Н. Ку­ше­вой, имен­но на их мес­те су­ще­ст­во­вал Сун­жен­ский ост­рог), что со­про­во­ж­да­лось ус­та­нов­ле­ни­ем по­ли­тич. свя­зей Рус. гос-ва с Окоц­ким вла­де­нием. В 1588 в Мо­ск­ву при­бы­ло пер­вое чеч. по­соль­ст­во во гла­ве с Ба­та­ем – пле­мян­ни­ком Ших-мур­зы Окоц­ко­го. С кон. 16 в. в ре­гио­не рас­се­ля­лись гре­бен­ские ка­за­ки, к 1712 на ле­вом бе­ре­гу Те­ре­ка сло­жи­лась ли­ния их по­се­ле­ний в 5 круп­ных ста­ни­цах (круп­ней­шая из них – Черв­лён­ная).

С сер. 17 в. объ­е­ди­няю­щим цен­тром че­чен­цев ста­ли ау­лы, рас­по­ло­жен­ные в ни­зовь­ях р. Ар­гун и в сред­нем те­че­нии р. Сун­жа. К 18 в. сре­ди «воль­ных» об­ществ круп­ней­шим бы­ло Мич­киз­ское (Нахч-мохк; 36 ау­лов), а сре­ди вла­де­ний – Че­чен­ское (до 10 се­ле­ний). Се­ле­ния управ­ля­лись стар­ши­на­ми при «со­уча­стии» ка­дия. На про­тя­же­нии 18 в. по­ли­тич. сим­па­тии че­чен­цев раз­де­ля­лись ме­ж­ду Ос­ман­ской им­пе­ри­ей и Крым­ским хан­ст­вом, с од­ной сто­ро­ны, и Рос­си­ей – с дру­гой. В 18 в. не­од­но­крат­но про­ис­хо­ди­ли вы­сту­п­ле­ния че­чен­цев (1707–08, 1722, 1732, 1757–58, 1760, 1774, 1783; 1785–87 – наи­бо­лее зна­чи­тель­ное во гла­ве с шей­хом Ман­су­ром), в от­вет на ко­то­рые про­тив них осу­ще­ст­в­ля­лись во­ен. экс­пе­ди­ции рос. войск.

По­сле при­сое­ди­не­ния к Рос. им­пе­рии Карт­ли-Ка­хе­тин­ско­го цар­ст­ва (1801) б. ч. тер­ри­то­рии совр. Ч. Р. фак­ти­че­ски ока­за­лась не­под­кон­троль­ным рос. пра­ви­тель­ст­ву анк­ла­вом. Пе­ре­ход к ак­тив­ным дей­ст­ви­ям по его при­сое­ди­не­нию свя­зан с дея­тель­но­стью А. П. Ер­мо­ло­ва (1816–1827). Он ини­ции­ро­вал по­строй­ку ря­да рос. ук­ре­п­ле­ний, в т. ч. Пре­град­ный Стан на Сун­же (1817), Гроз­ная (1818), на­чал при­ме­нять так­ти­ку фрон­таль­но­го про­дви­же­ния и проч­но­го за­кре­п­ле­ния рос. войск на за­ни­мае­мых тер­ри­то­ри­ях. С име­нем Ер­мо­ло­ва тра­ди­ци­он­но свя­зы­ва­ет­ся на­ча­ло Кав­каз­ской вой­ны 1817–64. В 1830-х гг. – 1859 юж. часть тер­ри­то­рии совр. Ч. Р. вхо­ди­ла в Има­мат. С 1860 тер­ри­то­рия совр. Ч. Р. вхо­ди­ла в Тер­скую об­ласть (с 1905 со­ставля­ла там Ве­ден­ский и Гроз­нен­ский ок­ру­га, а так­же Сун­жен­ский от­дел). В хо­де рус.-тур. вой­ны 1877–78 и 1-й ми­ро­вой вой­ны че­чен­цы при­ни­ма­ли уча­стие в во­ен. дей­ст­ви­ях в со­ста­ве рос. ар­мии, в то же вре­мя в 1877–78 в Чеч­не про­шло круп­ное вос­ста­ние во гла­ве с А. Х. Ал­да­но­вым. Со 2-й пол. 1890-х гг. Гроз­ный стал од­ним из цен­тров неф­те­до­бы­чи в Рос. им­пе­рии. В 1911 рос. вла­сти вы­сла­ли из Тер­ской обл. св. 30 наи­бо­лее вли­ят. ре­лиг. дея­те­лей, в т. ч. шей­хов Б. Г. Х. Ми­тае­ва, А. А. Шап­ту­кае­ва, Су­га­ип-мул­лу.

В но­яб. 1917, по­сле Окт. ре­во­лю­ции 1917, Ве­ден­ский и Гроз­нен­ский ок­ру­га во­шли в Гор­скую рес­пуб­ли­ку (см. в ст. Гор­ские пра­ви­тель­ст­ва), воз­глав­ляв­шую­ся А. М. (Та­па) Чер­мое­вым, а Сун­жен­ский от­дел – в Тер­ский край. В окт./но­яб. 1917 и дек. 1917 / янв. 1918 пред­при­ни­ма­лись по­пыт­ки ус­та­нов­ле­ния сов. вла­сти, ко­то­рые име­ли час­тич­ный ус­пех в рав­нин­ной час­ти и г. Гроз­ный. 1(14).12.1917 пра­ви­тель­ст­во Гор­ской рес­пуб­ли­ки и Вой­ско­вое пра­ви­тель­ст­во Тер­ско­го края сфор­ми­ро­ва­ли коа­лиц. Тер­ско-Да­ге­стан­ское пра­ви­тель­ст­во. На тер­ри­то­рии гор­ных рай­онов совр. Ч. Р. клю­че­вую по­ли­тич. роль в 1917–20 иг­ра­ли Н. Го­цин­ский и Узун-Хад­жи. Часть тер­ри­то­рии совр. Ч. Р. вхо­ди­ла в про­воз­гла­шён­ную на 2-м съез­де на­ро­дов Те­ре­ка 3.3.1918 Тер­скую сов. рес­пуб­ли­ку (ТСР) в со­ста­ве РСФСР, ко­то­рая 7.7.1918 во­шла в Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­скую со­вет­скую рес­пуб­ли­ку. К кон. мар­та 1920 тер­ри­то­рия совр. Ч. Р. в це­лом пе­ре­шла под кон­троль РККА.

17.11.1920 провозглашено создание Гор­ской АССР (за­кре­п­ле­но дек­ре­том ВЦИК от 20.1.1921), в со­ста­ве ко­то­рой об­ра­зо­ван Че­чен­ский ок­руг. По­ста­нов­ле­ни­ем Пре­зи­диу­ма ВЦИК от 30.11.1922 Че­чен­ский ок­руг был вы­де­лен из Гор­ской АССР и пре­об­ра­зо­ван в Че­чен­скую АО с цен­тром в г. Гроз­ный (не вхо­дил в АО). Пер­во­на­чаль­но де­ли­лась на 7 ок­ру­гов (Ве­ден­ский, Гу­дер­мес­ский, Над­те­реч­ный, Но­во­че­чен­ский, Урус-Мар­та­нов­ский, Ша­лин­ский, Ша­то­ев­ский) и 2 рай­она (На­жай-Юр­тов­ский и Пе­тро­пав­лов­ский). В 1924–34 в со­ста­ве Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­ского края. По­ста­нов­ле­ни­ем Пре­зи­диу­ма ВЦИК от 4.2.1929 в Чеч. АО во­шла б. ч. тер­ри­то­рии уп­разд­нён­но­го Сун­жен­ско­го ок­ру­га. По­ста­нов­ле­ни­ем Пре­зи­диу­ма ВЦИК от 15.1.1934 Чеч. АО объ­е­ди­не­на с Ин­гуш. АО в Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АО, ко­то­рая в 1934–36 вхо­ди­ла в со­став Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­ско­го края (см. в ст. Став­ро­поль­ский край). В со­от­вет­ст­вии с Кон­сти­ту­ци­ей СССР (при­ня­та 5.12.1936) Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АО пре­об­ра­зо­ва­на в Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР. Ста­тус го­ро­да по­лу­чи­ли Гу­дер­мес (1941), Ар­гун (1967), Урус-Мар­тан и Ша­ли (оба 1990).

По­сле на­ча­ла Вел. Отеч. вой­ны, в окт. 1941, в гор­ных рай­онах вспых­ну­ли ан­ти­со­вет­ские вос­ста­ния под рук. Х. Ис­раи­ло­ва (Тер­лое­ва) и М. Ше­ри­по­ва, объ­еди­нив­шие­ся в нач. 1942. Это, а так­же по­соб­ни­че­ст­во не­зна­чит. час­ти ме­ст­но­го на­се­ле­ния герм. аген­там во вре­мя Бит­вы за Кав­каз 1942–43 при­ве­ло к ре­ше­нию о то­таль­ной де­пор­та­ции че­чен­цев и ин­гу­шей. Со­глас­но по­ста­нов­ле­нию ГКО СССР № 5073сс от 31.1.1944, они под­ле­жа­ли вы­сыл­ке в Ср. Азию (осу­ще­ст­в­ле­на с 23.2. по 2.3.1944 под лич­ным ру­ко­во­дством Л. П. Бе­рии). Ука­зом Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС СССР от 7.3.1944 Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР уп­разд­ня­лась, на б. ч. её тер­ри­то­рии был об­ра­зо­ван Гроз­нен­ский ок­руг Став­ро­поль­ско­го края; часть тер­ри­то­рии совр. Ч. Р. ото­шла Даг. АССР (4 рай­она пол­но­стью и 3 час­тич­но), а Итум-Ка­лин­ский р-н – Груз. ССР. Ука­зом Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС РСФСР от 22.3.1944 Гроз­нен­ский ок­руг пре­об­ра­зо­ван в Гроз­нен­скую об­ласть.

Реа­би­ли­та­ция че­чен­цев на­ча­лась с ука­за Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС СССР от 16.7.1956 «О сня­тии ог­ра­ни­че­ний по спец­по­се­ле­нию с че­чен­цев, ин­гу­шей, ка­ра­ча­ев­цев и чле­нов их се­мей, вы­се­лен­ных в пе­ри­од Ве­ли­кой Оте­че­ст­вен­ной вой­ны» (при этом ст. 2 за­пре­ща­ла че­чен­цам и ин­гу­шам воз­вра­щать­ся на преж­нее ме­сто­житель­ст­во), про­дол­жи­лась при­ня­ти­ем по­ста­нов­ле­ния Пре­зи­диу­ма ЦК КПСС от 24.11.1956 «О вос­ста­нов­ле­нии на­цио­наль­ных ав­то­но­мий Кал­мыц­ко­го, Ка­ра­ча­ев­ско­го, Бал­кар­ско­го, Че­чен­ско­го и Ин­гуш­ско­го на­ро­дов» и за­вер­ши­лась ука­за­ми Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС РСФСР и Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС СССР от 9.1.1957, ко­то­ры­ми «в це­лях соз­да­ния не­об­хо­ди­мых усло­вий для на­цио­наль­но­го раз­ви­тия че­чен­ско­го и ин­гуш­ско­го на­ро­дов» вос­ста­нав­ли­ва­лась Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР в со­ста­ве РСФСР (её гра­ни­цы пре­тер­пе­ли не­ко­то­рые из­ме­не­ния по срав­не­нию с 1944), уп­разд­ня­лась Гроз­нен­ская обл., при­зна­вал­ся ут­ра­тив­шим си­лу указ Пре­зи­диу­ма ВС СССР от 7.3.1944 и ст. 2 ука­за от 16.7.1956. Воз­вра­ще­ние че­чен­цев вы­зва­ло вол­не­ния сре­ди на­се­ле­ния Гроз­но­го: 25–26.8.1958 бы­ли за­хва­че­ны об­ществ. зда­ния и вы­дви­ну­то тре­бо­ва­ние за­пре­тить че­чен­цам воз­вра­щать­ся на ро­ди­ну.

ВС Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР 27.11.1990 при­нял дек­ла­ра­цию о гос. су­ве­ре­ни­те­те Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. Рес­пуб­ли­ки. 8.6.1991 сес­сия Об­ще­на­цио­наль­но­го кон­грес­са чеч. на­ро­да (ОКЧН; пред. ис­пол­ко­ма – Д. М. Ду­да­ев) при­ня­ла ре­ше­ние о низ­ло­же­нии ВС Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. Рес­пуб­ли­ки и про­воз­гла­ше­нии Ч. Р. 6.9.1991 во­оруж. сто­рон­ни­ки ОКЧН объ­я­ви­ли об от­став­ке ВС, за­няв зда­ние, где за­се­да­ли его де­пу­та­ты. 27.10.1991 ис­пол­ком ОКЧН про­вёл вы­бо­ры пре­зи­ден­та и пар­ла­мен­та Ч. Р. Пре­зи­ден­том был из­бран Ду­да­ев, ко­то­рый взял курс на пол­ное от­де­ле­ние рес­пуб­ли­ки от РСФСР и под­пи­сал 1.11.1991 указ «О го­су­дар­ст­вен­ном су­ве­ре­ни­те­те Че­чен­ской Рес­пуб­ли­ки». За­ко­ном РФ от 4.6.1992 бы­ла об­ра­зо­ва­на са­мо­стоя­тель­ная Ин­гуш. Рес­пуб­ли­ка, во­прос о Чеч. Рес­пуб­ли­ке был от­ло­жен до уре­гу­ли­ро­ва­ния кри­зис­ной си­туа­ции. Про­ти­во­стоя­ние с фе­де­раль­ны­ми вла­стя­ми (в т. ч. воо­ру­жён­ное), ос­лож­нён­ное на­ли­чи­ем на тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. во­ору­же­ния, ос­тав­лен­но­го при вы­во­де отд. фор­ми­ро­ва­ний Зав­кав­каз­ско­го и Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­ско­го во­ен. ок­ру­гов Сов. Ар­мии, при­ве­ло к про­ве­де­нию рос. вой­ска­ми опе­ра­ций по вос­ста­нов­ле­нию кон­сти­ту­ци­он­но­го по­ряд­ка в Чеч­не 1994–96, за­вер­шив­ших­ся под­пи­са­ни­ем 31.8.1996 Ха­са­вюр­тов­ских со­гла­ше­ний, со­глас­но ко­то­рым рос. вла­сти фак­ти­че­ски при­зна­ли кон­троль се­па­ра­ти­стов над Ч. Р. Эти со­бы­тия по­слу­жи­ли при­чи­ной мас­со­во­го от­то­ка рус. на­се­ле­ния из Ч. Р. (толь­ко в 1995 – 60 тыс. чел.). На все­об­щих вы­бо­рах в Ч. Р., про­ве­дён­ных 27.1.1997 под кон­тро­лем ОБСЕ, СЕ и Ев­ро­пар­ла­мен­та, пре­зи­ден­том был из­бран А. А. Мас­ха­дов. 12.5.1997 он под­пи­сал с пре­зи­ден­том РФ Б. Н. Ель­ци­ным в Мо­ск­ве До­го­вор о ми­ре и прин­ци­пах взаи­мо­от­но­ше­ний ме­ж­ду РФ и Ч. Р. По­сле втор­же­ния в авг. 1999 че­чен­ских и за­ру­беж­ных ис­ла­ми­стов в Да­ге­стан вла­сти РФ про­ве­ли контр­тер­ро­ри­сти­че­ские опе­ра­ции на Се­вер­ном Кав­ка­зе 1999–2000, ко­то­рые спо­соб­ст­во­ва­ли фак­тич. воз­вра­ще­нию Ч. Р. в ста­тус субъ­ек­та РФ. Важ­ную роль в этом сыг­ра­ли про­тив­ни­ки вах­ха­би­тов в са­мой рес­пуб­ли­ке.

Ука­зом Пре­зи­ден­та РФ от 12.6.2000 гла­вой ад­ми­ни­ст­ра­ции Ч. Р. был на­зна­чен А. А. Ка­ды­ров (5.10.2003 из­бран пре­зи­ден­том Ч. Р.), за­тем долж­ность пре­зи­ден­та (2.9.2010 за­ме­не­на долж­но­стью гла­вы Ч. Р.) за­ни­ма­ли А. Д. Ал­ха­нов (2004–07) и Р. А. Ка­ды­ров (с 2007). С 2000 Ч. Р. в со­ста­ве Юж. фе­де­раль­но­го ок­ру­га, с 2010 – Се­ве­ро-Кавк. фе­де­раль­но­го ок­ру­га. 23.3.2003 на рес­пуб­ли­кан­ском ре­фе­рен­ду­ме при­ня­та Кон­сти­ту­ция. 18.4.2009 на тер­ри­то­рии рес­пуб­ли­ки от­ме­нён ре­жим контр­тер­ро­ри­стич. опе­ра­ции. В 2000–10-х гг. при под­держ­ке фе­де­раль­ных вла­стей про­ве­де­ны зна­чит. ме­ро­прия­тия по вос­ста­нов­ле­нию жи­ло­го фон­да, хо­зяй­ст­ва и эко­но­ми­ки.

Хозяйство

Ч. Р. вхо­дит в Се­ве­ро-Кав­каз­ский эко­но­мич. р-н. Объ­ём пром. про­дук­ции в 1,4 раза пре­вы­ша­ет объ­ём с.-х. про­дук­ции (2015). Во 2-й пол. 1990-х – нач. 2000-х гг. хо­зяйств. ком­плекс рес­пуб­ли­ки прак­ти­че­ски пол­но­стью раз­ру­шен; с нач. 2000-х гг. ак­тив­но вос­ста­нав­ли­ва­ет­ся. Тем­пы рос­та ВРП в нач. 2010-х гг. ок. 7%. Объ­ём фи­нан­со­вых вло­же­ний, по­сту­пив­ших в эко­но­ми­ку Ч. Р., – 372 млн. руб. (2015).

Струк­ту­ра ВРП по ви­дам эко­но­мич. дея­тель­но­сти (%, 2014): гос. управ­ле­ние и обес­пе­че­ние во­ен. безо­пас­но­сти, обя­за­тель­ное со­ци­аль­ное обес­пе­че­ние 19,0, оп­то­вая и роз­нич­ная тор­гов­ля, разл. бы­то­вые ус­лу­ги 17,1, строи­тель­ст­во 15,4, об­ра­зо­ва­ние 11,6, здра­во­охра­не­ние и со­ци­аль­ные ус­лу­ги 7,9, сель­ское и лес­ное хо­зяй­ст­во 7,2, транс­порт и связь 5,6, опе­ра­ции с не­дви­жи­мым иму­ще­ст­вом 4,4, гос­ти­ни­цы и рес­то­ра­ны 3,5, об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щие про­из-ва 2,7, про­из-во и рас­пре­де­ле­ние элек­тро­энер­гии, га­за и во­ды 1,9, до­бы­ча по­лез­ных ис­ко­пае­мых 1,7, др. ви­ды дея­тель­но­сти 2,0. Со­от­но­ше­ние пред­при­ятий по фор­мам соб­ст­вен­но­сти (по чис­лу ор­га­ни­за­ций, %, 2015): ча­ст­ная 65,7, му­ни­ци­паль­ная 16,4, гос. 11,8, об­ществ. и ре­лиг. ор­га­ни­за­ций (объ­е­ди­не­ний) 5,0, пр. фор­мы соб­ст­вен­но­сти 1,1.

Эко­но­ми­че­ски ак­тив­ное нас. 618,0 тыс. чел. (2015), из них в эко­но­ми­ке за­ня­то ок. 63%. Струк­ту­ра за­ня­то­сти на­се­ле­ния по ви­дам эко­но­мич. дея­тель­но­сти (%): сель­ское и лес­ное хо­зяй­ст­во, ры­бо­лов­ст­во, ры­бо­вод­ст­во 23,4, об­ра­зо­ва­ние 17,1, строи­тель­ст­во 11,7, оп­то­вая и роз­нич­ная тор­гов­ля, разл. бы­то­вые ус­лу­ги 9,2, здра­во­охра­не­ние и со­ци­аль­ные ус­лу­ги 8,0, об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щие про­из-ва 6,5, транс­порт и связь 4,4, пр. ком­му­наль­ные, со­ци­аль­ные и пер­со­наль­ные ус­лу­ги 3,6, опе­ра­ции с не­дви­жи­мым иму­ще­ст­вом 2,0, про­из-во и рас­пре­де­ле­ние элек­тро­энер­гии, га­за и во­ды 1,8, до­бы­ча по­лез­ных ис­ко­пае­мых 0,8, гостиницы и рестораны 0,8, др. ви­ды дея­тель­но­сти 10,7. Уро­вень без­ра­бо­ти­цы 17,1%. Де­неж­ные до­хо­ды на ду­шу на­се­ле­ния 22,9 тыс. руб. в ме­сяц (75,2% от сред­не­го по РФ), 15,9% нас. име­ют до­хо­ды ни­же про­жи­точ­но­го ми­ни­му­ма.

Промышленность

Объ­ём пром. про­дук­ции 25,1 млрд. руб. (2015); из них 54,0% при­хо­дит­ся на про­из-во и рас­пре­де­ле­ние элек­тро­энер­гии, га­за и во­ды, 26,5% – на об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щие про­из-ва, 19,5% – до­бы­чу по­лез­ных ис­ко­пае­мых. От­рас­ле­вая струк­ту­ра об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щих про­из­водств (%): про­из-во строй­ма­те­риа­лов 29,0, пи­ще­вку­со­вая пром-сть 23,4, ма­ши­но­строе­ние 20,6, хи­мич. пром-сть 8,9, де­ре­во­об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щая и цел­лю­лоз­но-бу­маж­ная пром-сть 3,7, ме­тал­лур­гия и ме­тал­ло­об­ра­бот­ка 1,5, лёг­кая пром-сть 0,9, др. от­рас­ли 12,0.

До­бы­ва­ют нефть (ок. 400 тыс. т, 2015), по­пут­ный неф­тя­ной и при­род­ный газ (0,14 млрд. м³). Осн. ме­сто­ро­ж­де­ния: Ок­тябрь­ское, Бра­гун­ское (Бра­гу­ны), Се­ве­ро-Бра­гун­ское (Сев. Бра­гу­ны), Гой-Корт­ское (Гой-Корт), Ми­не­раль­ное (все – неф­тя­ные), Ста­ро­гроз­нен­ское (неф­те­га­зо­вое). До­бы­чу и транс­пор­ти­ров­ку уг­ле­во­до­род­но­го сы­рья осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет ком­па­ния «Гроз­неф­те­газ» (в струк­ту­ре ком­па­нии «Рос­нефть»). Пла­ни­ру­ет­ся строи­тель­ст­во Гроз­нен­ско­го НПЗ.

Ч. Р. – энер­го­де­фи­цит­ный ре­ги­он. В рам­ках соз­да­ния кас­ка­да ГЭС на р. Ар­гун вве­де­на в экс­плуа­та­цию Ко­ка­дой­ская ма­лая ГЭС (мощ­ность 1,3 МВт). Стро­ит­ся (2017) Гроз­нен­ская ТЭС (ус­та­нов­лен­ная мощ­ность ок. 400 МВт).

Осн. ма­ши­но­стро­ит. пред­при­ятия: «Энер­гия Плюс» (элек­трон­ные при­бо­ры учё­та элек­тро­энер­гии, га­за и др.), за­вод «Орг­тех­ни­ка» (по­ми­мо ре­мон­та неф­те­про­мы­сло­во­го обо­ру­до­ва­ния про­из­во­дит за­пас­ные час­ти и ком­плек­тую­щие, обо­ру­до­ва­ние для ГЭС, сва­роч­ные элек­тро­ды, мо­биль­ные ва­гон-до­ма) (оба – в Гроз­ном), пред­при­ятие «Че­че­нав­то» (Ар­гун; со­труд­ни­че­ст­во с ком­па­ни­ей «Ав­то­ВАЗ», сбор­ка не­сколь­ких мо­де­лей ав­то­мо­би­лей Lada). Дей­ст­ву­ют так­же за­во­ды: «Элек­тро­пульт-Гроз­ный» (низ­ко- и сред­не­вольт­ное элек­тро­тех­нич. обо­ру­до­ва­ние, ав­то­ма­ти­зир. сис­те­мы управ­ле­ния для пред­при­ятий неф­те­га­зо­до­бы­ваю­щей пром-сти, ме­тал­лур­гии, транс­пор­та, энер­ге­ти­ки и др.), «Спец­ав­то­ма­ти­ка» (кон­троль­но-из­ме­рит. при­бо­ры и др.), элек­тро­ме­ха­ни­че­ский (лиф­ты, элек­тро­щи­то­вая про­дук­ция), «Транс­маш» (трак­тор­ные при­це­пы, ото­пит. обо­ру­до­ва­ние, мо­дуль­ные зда­ния и др.), элек­тро­ре­монт­ный (ре­монт элек­тро­дви­га­те­лей) (все – в Гроз­ном), «Пи­ще­маш» (Ар­гун; ме­тал­лич. цис­тер­ны, ре­зер­вуа­ры и ём­ко­сти), «Мед­ин­ст­ру­мент» (Гу­дер­мес).

Про­из-во пла­ст­мас­со­вых из­де­лий для упа­ков­ки то­ва­ров (опыт­но-экс­пе­рим. за­вод «Ав­то­мат­ст­ром»), ре­зи­но­тех­нич. из­де­лий (цех за­во­да «Орг­тех­ни­ка») и др. про­дук­ции (в осн. в Гроз­ном).

Об­ра­бот­кой дре­ве­си­ны и про­из-вом из­де­лий из де­ре­ва (в т. ч. клеё­но­го бру­са, окон­ных и двер­ных бло­ков) за­ни­ма­ют­ся ле­со­про­мыш­лен­ное пред­при­ятие «Фа­гус» и де­ре­во­об­ра­ба­ты­ваю­щий ком­би­нат (оба – в с. Ал­хан-Ка­ла Гроз­нен­ско­го р-на). Кар­то­наж­ная фаб­ри­ка «Друж­ба» (Гроз­ный).

Сре­ди пред­при­ятий по про­из-ву строй­ма­те­риа­лов – за­во­ды кир­пич­ный, жел.-бе­тон. из­де­лий и кон­ст­рук­ций (все – в Гроз­ном), ком­би­нат строй­ма­те­риа­лов и строй­ин­ду­ст­рии (Ар­гун), кир­пич­ный за­вод (с. Но­жай-Юрт), «Че­чен­це­мент» (пос. Чи­ри-Юрт Ша­лин­ско­го р-на).

Вы­пуск швей­ных из­де­лий (дет­ской оде­ж­ды, по­стель­но­го бе­лья, спец­оде­ж­ды – пред­при­ятие «Бер­кат», Гроз­ный) и др.

Пред­при­ятия пи­ще­вку­со­вой пром-сти (в Гроз­ном, Ар­гу­не, Гу­дер­ме­се и др. на­се­лён­ных пунк­тах) про­из­во­дят му­ку, кру­пы, са­хар, мяс­ную и мо­лоч­ную про­дук­цию и др. Роз­лив ми­нер. вод (с. Сер­но­водское Сун­жен­ско­го р-на).

Круп­ные пром. цен­тры: Гроз­ный, Ар­гун, Гу­дер­мес.

Внеш­не­тор­го­вый обо­рот 16,7 млн. долл. США (2015), в т. ч. экс­порт 1,8 млн. долл. (в осн. про­дук­ция ма­ши­но­строе­ния и ме­тал­ло­об­ра­бот­ки, про­до­вольств. то­ва­ры и с.-х. сы­рьё). Им­порт гл. обр. про­дук­ции ма­ши­но­строе­ния и ме­тал­ло­об­ра­бот­ки.

Сельское хозяйство

Стои­мость с.-х. про­дук­ции 17,7 млрд. руб. (2015). С.-х. уго­дья со­став­ля­ют св. 60% тер­рито­рии Ч. Р. (из них паш­ня ок. ¹/₃). 53,4% по­сев­ных пло­ща­дей за­ни­ма­ют зер­но­вые и зер­но­бо­бо­вые, 30,0% – кор­мо­вые, 11,5% – тех­нич. куль­ту­ры, 5,1% – кар­то­фель и ово­щи (табл. 1). Ви­но­гра­дар­ст­во. Раз­ви­ты тон­ко­рун­ное ов­це­вод­ст­во, пти­це­вод­ст­во, ско­то­вод­ст­во (таб­ли­цы 2, 3). Зна­чит. до­ля се­мян под­сол­неч­ни­ка (68,8%, 2015) и зер­на (65,0%) про­из­во­дит­ся в с.-х. ор­га­ни­за­ци­ях; 32,3% зер­на и 31,0% се­мян под­сол­неч­ни­ка – в кре­стьян­ских (фер­мер­ских) хо­зяй­ст­вах; 95,5% мо­ло­ка, 89,8% ско­та и пти­цы на убой, 82,2% кар­то­фе­ля, 80,9% ово­щей – в хо­зяй­ст­вах на­се­ле­ния.

Таблица 1. Основные виды продукции растениеводства, тыс. т

Таблица 2. Поголовье скота, тыс. голов

Таблица 3. Основные виды продукции животноводства

Ве­ду­щие с.-х. пред­при­ятия: Ста­ро­юртов­ская, Урус-Мар­та­нов­ская, Ач­хой-Мар­та­нов­ская пти­це­фаб­ри­ки, На­ур­ская ин­ку­ба­тор­но-пти­це­вод­че­ская стан­ция, аг­ро­ком­би­нат «На­ур­ский» (оба – в На­ур­ском р-не), гос­хоз «Те­п­лич­ный» (Гроз­нен­ский р-н), на­уч.-про­из­водств. фир­ма «Са­ды Чеч­ни» (Кур­ча­ло­ев­ский р-н), ряд гос­хо­зов Ач­хой-Мар­та­нов­ско­го, Гу­дер­мес­ско­го, Кур­ча­ло­ев­ско­го, Ша­лин­ско­го, Шел­ков­ско­го рай­онов. Рес­пуб­ли­кан­ское спе­циа­ли­зир. ры­бо­вод­че­ское пред­при­ятие (Гроз­ный; вклю­ча­ет 5 рыб­хо­зов).

Сфера услуг

По­ми­мо роз­нич­ной тор­гов­ли (обо­рот 146,7 млрд. руб., 2015), об­ществ. пи­та­ния (12,2 млрд. руб.), фи­нан­со­вых ус­луг (фи­лиа­лы круп­ней­ших рос. ком­мерч. бан­ков гл. обр. в круп­ных на­се­лён­ных пунк­тах) важ­ное зна­че­ние име­ет раз­ви­тие ту­риз­ма (куль­тур­но-по­зна­ва­тель­но­го, оз­до­ро­ви­тель­но­го, эко­ло­ги­че­ско­го) – на тер­ри­то­рии рес­пуб­ли­ки на­хо­дит­ся ряд куль­тур­но-ис­то­рич., при­род­ных па­мят­ни­ков.

Транспорт

Дли­на же­лез­ных до­рог 304 км (2015). По тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. про­хо­дят ли­нии: Моз­док (Сев. Осе­тия – Ала­ния) – Гу­дер­мес – Гроз­ный, Черв­лён­ная-Уз­ло­вая – Киз­ляр (Да­ге­стан), Черв­лён­ная-Уз­ло­вая – Ха­са­вюрт (Да­ге­стан). Дли­на ав­то­до­рог с твёр­дым по­кры­ти­ем 8,4 тыс. км, в т. ч. уча­сток феде­раль­ной ав­то­трас­сы «Кав­каз», ав­то­до­ро­га Став­ро­поль – Моз­док (Сев. Осе­тия – Ала­ния) – Черв­лён­ная (от­ветв­ле­ние до г. Гроз­ный) – Гре­бен­ская – Киз­ляр (Да­ге­стан). Дей­ст­ву­ют неск. неф­те- и га­зо­про­во­дов. Ме­ж­ду­нар. аэ­ро­порт в Гроз­ном.

Здравоохранение

В Ч. Р. на 10 тыс. жит. при­хо­дит­ся вра­чей 25,6, лиц ср. мед. пер­со­на­ла 73,2, боль­нич­ных ко­ек 74 (2013). В струк­ту­ре об­щей за­бо­ле­вае­мо­сти на­се­ле­ния пре­об­ла­да­ют бо­лез­ни ор­га­нов ды­ха­ния (22,4%), сер­деч­но-со­су­ди­стой сис­те­мы (14,2%), кро­ви и кро­ве­твор­ных ор­га­нов (7,3%), гла­за и его при­да­точ­но­го ап­па­ра­та (6,9%). За­бо­ле­вае­мость ту­бер­ку­лё­зом со­став­ля­ет 36,8 слу­чая на 100 тыс. жит. Осн. при­чи­ны смер­ти: сер­деч­но-со­су­ди­стые за­бо­ле­ва­ния (52%), зло­ка­честв. но­во­об­ра­зо­ва­ния (38,4%), по­след­ст­вия воз­дей­ст­вия внеш­них фак­то­ров (5,3%). Ку­рорт­ные ре­сур­сы со­став­ля­ют суль­фид­ные ис­точ­ни­ки и гря­зи Сер­но­вод­ска-Кав­каз­ско­го.

Образование. Учреждения науки и культуры

Пра­во­вое ре­гу­ли­ро­ва­ние от­но­ше­ний в сфе­ре об­ра­зо­ва­ния осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет­ся в со­от­вет­ст­вии с Кон­сти­ту­ци­ей Рос. Фе­де­ра­ции, Фе­де­раль­ным за­ко­ном «Об об­ра­зо­ва­нии в Рос. Фе­де­ра­ции» (2012, ре­дак­ция 2016), фе­де­раль­ны­ми за­ко­на­ми и ины­ми нор­ма­тив­ны­ми пра­во­вы­ми ак­та­ми РФ, со­дер­жа­щи­ми нор­мы, ре­гу­ли­рую­щие от­но­ше­ния в сфе­ре об­ра­зо­ва­ния. Управ­ле­ние сред­ни­ми учеб­ны­ми за­ве­де­ния­ми осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ет Мин-во об­ра­зо­ва­ния и нау­ки Чеч. Рес­пуб­ли­ки, ву­за­ми – Мин-во об­ра­зо­ва­ния и нау­ки РФ. Осн. рег­ла­мен­ти­рую­щий до­ку­мент в об­лас­ти об­ра­зо­ва­ния – За­кон об об­разо­ва­нии (2014). В рес­пуб­ли­ке дей­ству­ют (2015, дан­ные Че­чен­ста­та) 293 до­шко­ль­ных уч­ре­ж­де­ния (60,9 тыс. вос­пи­тан­ни­ков), 476 об­ще­об­ра­зо­ват. учеб­ных за­ве­де­ний (249,5 тыс. уч-ся), 25 уч­ре­ж­де­ний сред­не­го проф. об­ра­зо­ва­ния (19,4 тыс. уч-ся), 5 ву­зов (вклю­чая фи­лиа­лы, все­го св. 35 тыс. сту­ден­тов), 273 биб­лио­те­ки, 13 му­зей­ных объ­е­ди­не­ний (в т. ч. 6 го­су­дар­ст­вен­ных). Гл. на­уч. уч­ре­ж­де­ния, ву­зы, биб­лио­те­ки и му­зеи на­хо­дят­ся в Гроз­ном (в т. ч. АН Чеч. Рес­пуб­ли­ки, Гроз­нен­ский неф­тя­ной тех­нич. ун-т им. ака­де­ми­ка М. Д. Мил­ли­он­щи­ко­ва, Нац. б-ка Чеч. Рес­пуб­ли­ки).

Средства массовой информации

Информагентство – «Чечня сегодня» (с 2008).

Ве­ду­щие рес­пуб­ли­кан­ские пе­рио­дические из­да­ния (в Гроз­ном): га­зе­ты «Вес­ти рес­пуб­ли­ки» (с 2001; 5 раз в неделю, на русском языке, 2,2 тыс. экземпляров в день), «Дай­мохк» («Оте­че­ст­во»; с 1923; еженедельно, на чеченском языке, 2,5 тыс. экземпляров). Вы­хо­дит боль­шое ко­ли­че­ст­во го­род­ских (городская га­зе­та Гроз­но­го «Сто­ли­ца плюс» и др.) и рай­он­ных («Зов зем­ли», «Тер­ская прав­да», «Иман») пе­рио­дических из­да­ний на русском и чеченском язы­ках.

Ра­дио­ве­ща­ние с 1928, те­ле­ви­де­ние с 1959. Транс­ля­цию те­ле- и ра­дио­пе­ре­дач осу­ще­ст­в­ля­ют ГТРК «Вай­нах», ЧГТРК «Гроз­ный» (с 2003) и др.

Интернет-СМИ республики: «Чечен-Инфо», «Кавказский узел», «Кавказ Online» и др.

Литература

Лит-ра раз­ви­ва­ет­ся на чеч. яз. с нач. 20 в. в тес­ном кон­так­те с лит-рой на ин­гуш. яз. (см. в ст. Ин­гу­ше­тия). На её фор­ми­ро­ва­ние зна­чит. влия­ние ока­за­ли ме­ст­ный фольк­лор и рус. лит. тра­ди­ция. Ос­но­во­по­лож­ник чеч. лит-ры – С. С. Ба­ду­ев; про­све­ти­тель­ный ха­рак­тер от­ли­ча­ет твор­че­ст­во пи­са­те­лей 1930-х гг. – Ш. К. Айс­ха­но­ва, А. И. На­жае­ва, М. С. Саль­мур­зае­ва, Х. Д. Ошае­ва и др. В нач. 1940-х гг. ве­ду­щей в по­эзии и дра­ма­тур­гии ста­ла ан­ти­фа­ши­ст­ская те­ма­ти­ка, пред­став­лен­ная в твор­че­ст­ве Н. Д. Му­зае­ва, М. А. Су­лае­ва, А. Ш. Ма­ма­кае­ва.

Воз­ро­ж­де­ние лит. тра­ди­ции по­сле де­пор­та­ции че­чен­цев в 1944 свя­за­но с из­да­ни­ем кол­лек­тив­ных по­этич. сб-ков «Друж­ба» (1957) и «По­эзия Че­че­но-Ин­гу­ше­тии» (1959). Круп­ней­шие по­эты 1960–90-х гг.: Б. Саи­дов, М. А. Су­ла­ев (по­этич. сб. «Че­ловеч­ность», 1984), З. А. Му­та­ли­бов, Р. С. Ах­ма­то­ва, А. Д. Би­сул­та­нов (по­этич. сб. «Тень мол­нии», 1991). Зна­чит. ре­зо­нанс в кон. 20 в. вы­зва­ла про­за и дра­ма­тур­гия С. А. Ар­са­но­ва, Ш. Х. Окуе­ва, А. А. Ай­да­ми­ро­ва (ро­ман «Подъ­ём», 1986), М. С. Исае­вой, М. М. Му­сае­ва, М. А. Ма­ма­кае­ва, Н. Д. Му­зае­ва, М. М. Ах­ма­до­ва, С. Яшур­кае­ва, С.-Х. М. Ну­нуе­ва. Сре­ди наи­бо­лее яр­ких пи­са­те­лей нач. 21 в. – С.-Х. А. Ка­ца­ев, Ш. М. Цу­ру­ев (по­этич. сб. «Ме­ло­дия слад­кой пе­ча­ли», 2011), М. Э. Бек­сул­та­нов.

Архитектура и изобразительное искусство

Наи­бо­лее древ­ние па­мят­ни­ки иск-ва на тер­ри­то­рии Ч. Р. – ор­на­мен­ти­ро­ван­ная ке­ра­ми­ка с не­оли­та, со­су­ды и из­де­лия из цвет­ных ме­тал­лов май­коп­ской куль­ту­ры, ку­ро-аракс­ской куль­ту­ры, се­ве­ро­кав­каз­ской куль­ту­ры, ям­ной куль­ту­ры, ка­та­комб­ной куль­ту­ры. В гор­ных райо­нах при строи­тель­ст­ве жи­лых, по­гре­баль­ных, куль­то­вых, обо­ро­нит. со­ору­же­ний ис­поль­зо­вал­ся гл. обр. ка­мень. Ме­тал­лич. пла­сти­ка, ук­ра­ше­ния и др. из­де­лия ко­бан­ской куль­ту­ры на позд­них эта­пах ис­пы­ты­ва­ли влия­ние куль­тур ски­фов, сав­ро­ма­тов, сар­ма­тов, в т. ч. ве­щи в зве­ри­ном сти­ле (кры­ла­тые оле­ни на кос­тя­ных греб­нях из кур­га­нов у с. Гой­ты). Со 2 в. ре­ги­он был в зо­не раз­ви­тия куль­ту­ры кав­каз­ских ала­нов (слож­ная фор­ти­фи­ка­ция, раз­ви­тое ке­ра­мич. и др. про­из­вод­ст­во – ком­плекс Ал­хан-Ка­ла и др.), с 5 в. ис­пы­ты­вав­ших влия­ние дер­жа­вы гун­нов, Тюрк­ско­го ка­га­на­та, Ха­зар­ско­го ка­га­на­та. В 11–14 вв. под влия­ни­ем груз., алан­ских и ме­ст­ных тра­ди­ций воз­во­ди­лись хри­сти­ан­ские хра­мы пре­им. про­стых гео­мет­рич. форм. В сер. 13–14 вв. на иск-во ре­гио­на влия­ла куль­ту­ра Зо­ло­той Ор­ды, с 14–15 вв. (и бо­лее ак­тив­но с 17 в.) строи­лись мав­зо­леи, ме­че­ти (в ау­лах Эт­ка­ли, Хой).

В гор­ных рай­онах до 19 в. строи­лись жи­лые (2–3-ярус­ные с пло­ской кров­лей), по­лу­бое­вые и бое­вые (4–5-ярус­ные с пи­ра­ми­даль­но-сту­пен­ча­той кры­шей, бой­ни­ца­ми, ма­ши­ку­ля­ми; вы­со­той до 30 м; в уро­чи­щах Май­ста, Мал­хи­ста, в ау­ле Хай­бах, на тер­ри­то­рии Ар­гун­ско­го му­зея-за­по­вед­ни­ка; с 15 в.) баш­ни, кре­по­сти (руи­ны в ау­ле Мо­ца­рой), ино­гда об­ра­зую­щие ве­ли­честв. ком­плек­сы (Ке­зе­ной-Ам, Ал­дам-Ге­зи, в ау­лах Хой, Ша­рой, близ ху­то­ра Дё­ре и др.; 15–18 вв.). Мн. па­мят­ни­ки по­кры­ты пет­рог­ли­фа­ми 12–18 вв. Ря­дом с гор­ны­ми се­ле­ния­ми раз­ме­ща­ют­ся над­зем­ные (с 2-скат­ны­ми пи­ра­ми­даль­ны­ми сту­пен­ча­ты­ми и ко­ну­со­об­раз­ны­ми глад­ки­ми кры­ша­ми; т. н. Го­род мёрт­вых Цой-Пе­де у с. Мал­хи­ста), по­лу­под­зем­ные и под­зем­ные скле­пы, а так­же на­мо­гиль­ные па­мят­ни­ки (в ау­ле Хар­ха­рой). Се­ле­ния име­ли свя­ти­ли­ща, по фор­ме иден­тич­ные 2-скат­ным над­зем­ным скле­пам.

С 16 в. ве­лось рус. строи­тель­ст­во на ле­вом бе­ре­гу Те­ре­ка (кре­пость Тер­ки). С 1712 воз­во­ди­лись по­се­ле­ния Гре­бен­ско­го ка­зачь­е­го вой­ска, в 1760–70-е гг. – кре­по­сти Азо­во-Моз­док­ской ук­ре­п­лён­ной ли­нии (На­ур­ская, Ищер­ская и др.), в 1817–21 – ук­ре­п­ле­ния Сун­жен­ской ли­нии (в т. ч. кре­пость Гроз­ная, 1818). Строи­лись де­рев. хра­мы (ц. Ро­ж­де­ст­ва Хри­сто­ва в ста­ни­це На­ур­ской, 1804, раз­ру­ше­на в 1930-е гг.). Сре­ди по­стро­ек так­же: за­вод по пе­ре­ра­бот­ке шёл­ка-сыр­ца в ста­ни­це Шел­ко­во­за­вод­ской (1718, не сохр.), усадь­ба Ка­лу­сто­вых – Ха­ста­то­вых в с. Па­ра­боч (кон. 18 – нач. 19 вв.; с 2006 Му­зей М. Ю. Лер­мон­то­ва), кре­по­сти – Воз­дви­жен­ская близ с. Ста­рые Ата­ги (1844–45, раз­ру­ше­на в 1920-е гг.), в с. Ве­де­но (сер. 19 в.).

В кон. 19 – нач. 20 вв. от­страи­вал­ся Гроз­ный (по ген­пла­ну 1871); воз­ве­де­ны ц. Ар­хан­ге­ла Ми­хаи­ла (1890, за­ме­не­на но­вой в 2005–06), си­на­го­га в мав­ри­тан­ском сти­ле (1901, не сохр.), Ни­коль­ский ка­за­чий со­бор в рус­ско-ви­зан­тий­ском сти­ле (нач. 20 в., раз­ру­шен в 1930-е гг.), зда­ния в сти­ле мо­дерн (Азо­во-Дон­ской банк, 1914, не сохр.; т. н. Бар­ский дом, 1923), зда­ние Гроз­нен­ско­го неф­тя­но­го НИИ с эле­мен­та­ми нео­го­ти­ки. Так­же воз­ве­де­ны ме­че­ти в сё­лах Ге­хи (1911), Ша­ли (не сохр.), Но­вые Ата­ги (1904–1913).

В сов. вре­мя от­строе­ны го­ро­да (Гроз­ный, Гу­дер­мес, Ар­гун). В 1930–50-е гг. рас­про­стра­нён сов. не­оклас­си­цизм (Дом куль­ту­ры в с. Ста­рые Ата­ги, 1954; ЦУМ в Гроз­ном, 1956). Сре­ди по­стро­ек 1960–1970-х гг. – те­ат­раль­но-кон­церт­ный зал в Гроз­ном (1977, вос­ста­нов­лен в 2002–2008).

Го­ро­да и сё­ла Ч. Р. силь­но по­стра­да­ли в 1990-е гг., раз­ру­ше­ны мн. пра­во­слав­ные хра­мы и ме­че­ти. В 2000–10-е гг. от­стро­ен Гроз­ный, где воз­ве­де­ны Му­зей А. А. Ка­ды­ро­ва (2004–10), ста­ди­он «Ах­мат-Аре­на» (2006–11), ком­плекс вы­сот­ных зда­ний «Гроз­ный-Си­ти» (с 2007), Рус. дра­ма­тич. те­атр (2010–12), зда­ние Нац. му­зея (2010–12), Дом приё­мов (2010–14), Нац. б-ка (2012–13). Так­же по­строе­ны Эт­но­гра­фич. му­зей Дон­ди-Юрт в Урус-Мар­та­не (1991–2000), зам­ко­вый ком­плекс Пха­коч в с. Итум-Ка­ле (2011; на ос­но­ве ком­плек­са 11–15 вв.), ц. Ро­ж­де­ст­ва Хри­сто­ва в ста­ни­це На­ур­ской (2011–16); бо­лее 200 но­вых ме­че­тей – «Серд­це Чеч­ни» в Гроз­ном (2006–2008), в сё­лах Ав­ту­ры, Ца-Ве­де­но, Ша­ли, Ге­хи, Ал­хан-Юрт, Ач­хой-Мар­тан; зия­ра­ты.

За­чи­на­те­лем проф. изо­бра­зит. иск-ва во 2-й четв. 19 в. стал мас­тер стан­ко­вой жи­во­пи­си, порт­ре­тист П. З. За­ха­ров. В 1912 гор­ные рай­оны, а в 1928 ста­ни­цу Ста­ро­глад­ков­скую изу­чал Е. Е. Лан­се­ре. В 1930–40-х гг. ра­бо­та­ли жи­во­пис­цы А. Ф. Сло­бо­дин, С. М. Су­хо­ру­ков, Е. Н. Гай­ду­ко­ва, Ф. Н. Сач­ко, Н. Г. Ла­ты­шев, Г. Д. Ав­сад­жа­нов. В 1950–60-х гг. – В. К. Мор­до­вин, А. Г. Гри­горь­янц, О. М. Ми­шин, Ш. А. Ша­мур­за­ев, В. В. Ливн, Д. Г. Ид­ри­сов, X. Ю. Да­да­ев, А. А. Асу­ха­нов, гра­фи­ки X. А. Ах­ме­дов, О. Р. Чу­ба­ров, скульп­то­ры В. Д. Ма­лю­ков, И. Д. Бе­ки­чев, И. Ду­та­ев и др. Раз­ви­ты резь­ба по кам­ню, де­ре­ву, кос­ти, ро­гу, ху­дож. об­ра­бот­ка ме­тал­ла, из­го­тов­ле­ние юве­лир­ных из­де­лий, ков­ро­де­лие, вы­дел­ка ко­жи, вы­шив­ка зо­ло­ты­ми и се­реб­ря­ны­ми ни­тя­ми.

Музыка

Ос­но­ва муз. куль­ту­ры – тра­диц. му­зы­ка че­чен­цев, рус­ских, ку­мы­ков и др. на­ро­дов. По­сле­до­ва­тель­ное со­би­ра­ние чеч. нар. му­зы­ки на­ча­то в 1920-е гг., из­да­ны сб-ки А. А. Да­ви­ден­ко (1926), Т. Бей­бу­ла­то­ва (1926), Г. Х. Ме­пур­нова (1936), Н. С. Реч­мен­ско­го (1962) и др. По­ле­вые за­пи­си 1960-х гг. из­да­ны в со­б­ра­нии «Че­че­но-ин­гуш­ский му­зы­каль­ный фольк­лор» (в 2 т., 1963–65).

В 1930-е гг. в Гроз­ном был от­крыт ряд уч­ре­ж­де­ний: Муз. уч-ще (1936), Дом нар. твор­че­ст­ва (1938), Гос. фи­лар­мо­ния и сим­фо­нич. ор­кестр в её со­ста­ве (1939, пер­вый худ. рук. – М. Д. Брес­лер; ор­кестр ра­бо­тал с пе­ре­ры­ва­ми). Ос­но­во­по­лож­ник нац. ком­по­зи­тор­ской шко­лы – Г. Х. Ме­пур­нов (1900–57). Зна­чит. вклад в раз­ви­тие проф. му­зы­ки Ч. Р. вне­сли ком­по­зи­то­ры Н. С. Реч­мен­ский, А. М. Ха­леб­ский (так­же худ. рук. Гос. ан­самб­ля пес­ни и тан­ца Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР), Л. М. Шар­го­род­ский и др. На­чи­ная с 1960–70-х гг. ра­бо­та­ли нац. ком­по­зи­то­ры А. М. Шах­бу­ла­тов (1937–92), У. А. Бек­сул­та­нов (1937–2014), З. М. Чер­гиз­би­ев (р. 1937; ос­но­ва­тель ря­да кол­лек­ти­вов), С. У. Ди­ма­ев [1939–2005; худ. рук. и гл. ди­ри­жёр Ор­ке­ст­ра нар. ин­ст­ру­мен­тов Гос­ко­ми­тета Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. АССР по те­ле­ви­де­нию и ра­дио­ве­ща­нию (1980–83), зам. мин. куль­ту­ры Че­че­но-Ин­гуш. Рес­пуб­ли­ки (1986–91)] и др. В 1989 соз­дан СК. Сре­ди тра­диц. му­зы­кан­тов – гар­мо­нист Умар Ди­ма­ев (1908–1972), в аран­жи­ров­ке его сы­на С. У. Ди­мае­ва из­даны «Сто ме­ло­дий из рук Ума­ра Ди­мае­ва» (2001). Сре­ди ис­пол­ни­те­лей: гар­мо­нист Р. С. Пас­ка­ев (р. 1947), пев­цы М. А. Ай­да­ми­ро­ва (1924–92), В. Ш. Да­га­ев (1940–2016), Л. Х. Му­сае­ва (р. 1948), И. Г. Ус­ма­нов (р. 1953), Т. В. Да­да­ше­ва (р. 1955).

Центр муз. куль­ту­ры – Гроз­ный. Функ­цио­ни­ру­ет Центр (быв. Дом) нар. твор­че­ст­ва (с 2000 Центр эт­но­куль­тур­но­го раз­ви­тия, с 2003 совр. назв.; худ. рук. – пе­вец и ком­по­зи­тор Р. Д. Дау­дов). В 2011 вос­соз­дан как са­мо­сто­ят. кол­лек­тив Гос. сим­фо­нич. ор­кестр (худ. рук. А. Д. Ха­ли­лов, гл. ди­ри­жёр В. В. Хлеб­ни­ков). В со­ста­ве Гос. фи­лар­мо­нии (с 2011 им. А. Шах­бу­ла­то­ва) ра­бо­та­ют: муж­ская хо­ро­вая ка­пел­ла «Ил­ли» (1979), Ор­кестр нар. ин­ст­ру­мен­тов (2006) и др. В 2012 к фи­лар­мо­нии при­сое­ди­не­ны Гос. те­ат­раль­но-кон­церт­ный зал и Гос. ан­самбль нар. пес­ни «Нур-Жов­хар» («Свет жем­чу­жи­ны», ос­но­ван в 1990 как жен­ская во­каль­ная груп­па «Жов­хар», совр. назв. с 2000). Гос. те­атр эс­т­рад­ной пес­ни «За­ма» («Вре­мя»; ос­но­ван в 1982 как пер­вая нац. проф. рок-груп­па; совр. ста­тус и назв. с 1995; худ. рук. со дня ос­но­ва­ния – А. У. Ди­ма­ев).

Еже­год­ный меж­ре­гио­наль­ный фес­ти­валь-кон­курс нар. твор­че­ст­ва «Нох­чийн пон­дар» («Че­чен­ская гар­монь») им. У. Ди­мае­ва. Еже­год­ный рес­пуб­ли­кан­ский фес­ти­валь пат­рио­тич. пес­ни «Дай­мех­кан тур­пал­хо» («Сын оте­че­ст­ва»).

Театр

В нач. 20 в. в ра­бо­те рус. лю­би­тель­ских круж­ков в Гроз­ном при­ни­мал уча­стие Е. Б. Вах­тан­гов. Пер­вый по­сто­ян­ный те­ат­раль­ный кру­жок в Чеч­не по­явил­ся в 1928. В про­цес­се про­фес­сио­на­ли­за­ции чеч. сце­нич. иск-ва в 1931 в Гроз­ном ос­но­ван те­атр-сту­дия, в 1933 пре­об­ра­зо­ван­ный в Чеч. дра­ма­тич. те­атр (ны­не им. Х. Ну­ра­ди­ло­ва). В 1937 в Гроз­ном от­крыл­ся те­атр ку­кол (с 2006 ТЮЗ), в 1938 – рус. те­атр (ны­не Гос. рус­ский дра­ма­тич. те­атр им. М. Ю. Лер­мон­то­ва). Зна­чит. вклад в те­ат­раль­ное иск-во Ч. Р. вне­сли ре­жис­сё­ры и ак­тё­ры: М. Али­ли, М. Аю­бов, Р. Бан­ку­ро­ва, Г. Ба­ту­ка­ев, Н. Га­за­ла­по­ва, Р. Ге­чае­ва, О. Г. Глу­щен­ко, В. Даа­ев, Я. Де­ла­ев, М. Ду­да­ев, В. В. Мер­курь­ев, Р. Мех­тие­ва, А. Мур­та­за­лие­ва, М. Со­лца­ев, А. Ту­га­нов, Р. Ума­ев, Р. Ха­ки­шев, А. Хам­за­тов, А. Ха­си­ев, Р. Шах­ги­ре­ев, М. Ян­да­ров и мн. др. В рес­пуб­ли­ке так­же рабо­та­ют: Гос. ан­самбль тан­ца «Вай­нах» (1939), Рес­пуб­ли­кан­ский дет­ский ан­самбль пес­ни и тан­ца «Баш­лам» им. Х. Алие­ва (1969), Гос. фольк­лор­ный ан­самбль пес­ни и тан­ца «Нох­чо» (1992), Гос. дет­ский ан­самбль пес­ни и тан­ца «Дай­мохк» им. М. А. Эсам­бае­ва (1999).

Русский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

падеж	ед. ч.	мн. ч.
Им.	Чечня́	*Чечни́
Р.	Чечни́	*Чечне́й
Д.	Чечне́	*Чечня́м
В.	Чечню́	*Чечни́
Тв.	Чечнёй Чечнёю	*Чечня́ми
Пр.	Чечне́	*Чечня́х

Чеч—ня́

Существительное, неодушевлённое, женский род, 1-е склонение (тип склонения 2b– по классификации А. А. Зализняка); формы мн. ч. предположительны или неупотребимы. Имя собственное, топоним.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [t͡ɕɪt͡ɕˈnʲa]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. геогр. республика (субъект) в составе Российской Федерации на Северном Кавказе, в долинах рек Терек и Сунжа со столицей в Грозном, граничащая на западе — с Ингушетией, на северо-западе — с Северной Осетией и Ставропольским краем, на северо-востоке и востоке — с Дагестаном, на юге — с Грузией ◆ Вешний полдень сиял над высью Кавказа, и громкие клики мулл звали жителей Чечни к молитве. А. А. Бестужев-Марлинский, «Аммалат-бек», 1831 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Из гор Ичкерии далекой // Уже в Чечню на братний зов // Толпы стекались удальцов. М. Ю. Лермонтов, «Валерик», 1840 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ Рукопашные схватки в Чечне были, а значит, нужно людей готовить к этому, и притом тщательно. Владимир Авилов, «Сибирский кулак» // «Боевое искусство планеты», 10 июня 2004 г. [НКРЯ] ◆ С самого начала, когда он [Путин] устроил геноцид в Чечне. По оценке журнала «The Wall Street Journal» тех лет, российская армия убила в Чечне от 100 до 200 тысяч человек. При том, что чеченская нация насчитывает едва один миллион человек. То есть, 10–20 процентов чеченцев уничтожено. Это ли не геноцид? Вадим Зайдман, Горькие плоды умиротворения агрессора // «kasparov.ru», 26 февраля 2022 г. ◆ Во время двух войн в Чечне солдат российской армии не раз называли ответственными за убийства мирных жителей во время зачисток. Самые известные случаи — это Самашки в 1995 году (103 убитых) и Новые Алды в 2000-м (56 убитых). Последствия этих зачисток расследовали правозащитники из «Мемориала» — об этой работе «Медиазоне» рассказал Олег Орлов. Дима Швец, За 22 года до Бучи. Правозащитник Олег Орлов рассказывает, как «Мемориал» расследовал убийства мирных жителей в Чечне // «zona.media», 08 апреля 2022 г.
2. публиц. и разг. о военных действиях России в Чечне [1] ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).
3. публиц. и разг. о режиме власти, сложившемся в Чечне [1] ◆ Дорогой Андрей Лошак! Я младше вас и мне странно вам напоминать. В нашей стране была первая чеченская, вторая чеченская, пятидневная война с Грузией, Донбасс, Сирия. Был Норд-Ост, был Беслан, есть Чечня. Елена Костюченко, Это случилось не месяц назад, Вы не знали, что у нас фашизм? Мир вот говорит, что не знал. Может быть, вы тоже? // «kasparov.ru», 08 апреля 2022 г.

Синонимы[править]

1. Ичкерия, Чеченская Республика
2. Чеченская война
3. ?

Антонимы[править]

1. —
2. —
3. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. республика
2. война
3. власть

Гипонимы[править]

1. —
2. —
3. —

Холонимы[править]

1. Россия, Российская Федерация
2. ?
3. ?

Меронимы[править]

1. Грозный, Аргун, Шали, Урус-Мартан, Гудермес
2. ?
3. ?

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство
существительные: чечен, чеченец, чеченка, чеченизация прилагательные: чеченский; внутричеченский, всечеченский наречия: по-чеченски

Этимология[править]

Происходит от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Список переводов

Азербайджанскийaz: Çeçenistan Английскийen: Chechnya Арабскийar: الشيشان (al-shiishān) м. Арагонскийan: Chechenia Армянскийhy: Չեչնիա (Čečnia) Африкаансaf: Tsjetsjnië Баскскийeu: Txetxenia Белорусскийbe: Чачня ж. Болгарскийbg: Чечения ж., f Боснийскийbs: Čečenija Валлийскийcy: Tsietsnia Венгерскийhu: Csecsenföld Греческийel: Τσετσενία ж. Грузинскийka: ჩეჩნეთი Датскийda: Tjetjenien общ. Ивритhe: צ’צ’ניה Ингушскийinh: Нохчийче, Нохчий Мохк Исландскийis: Téténía ж. Испанскийes: Chechenia ж. Каталанскийca: Txetxènia ж. Китайский (традиц.): 車臣 (Chēchén) Китайский (упрощ.): 车臣 (Chēchén) Корейскийko: 체첸 (Chechen) Литовскийlt: Čečėnija Македонскийmk: Чеченија ж. Немецкийde: Tschetschenien Нидерландскийnl: Tsjetsjenië Персидскийfa: چچنستان Польскийpl: Czeczenia ж. Португальскийpt: Chechénia ж., Chechênia ж. Сербскийsr (кир.): Чеченија Сербскийsr (лат.): Čečenija Словацкийsk: Čečensko ср. Словенскийsl: Čečenija ж. Тайскийth: เชชเนีย Турецкийtr: Çeçenya Украинскийuk: Чечня ж. Фарерскийfo: Kekenia ср. Финскийfi: Tšetšenia Французскийfr: Tchétchénie ж. Хиндиhi: चेचन्या (cecan’yā) Чеченскийce: Нохчийчоь Чешскийcs: Čečensko Шведскийsv: Tjetjenien (sv) Эсперантоиeo: Ĉeĉenio, Ĉeĉenujo Эстонскийet: Tšetšeenia Японскийja: チェチェン (Chechen)

Библиография[править]

Болгарский[править]

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

Чечня

Существительное.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. Чечня [1] ◆ Отсутствует пример употребления (см. рекомендации).

Синонимы[править]

1. ?

Антонимы[править]

1. —

Гиперонимы[править]

1. ?

Гипонимы[править]

1. —

Родственные слова[править]

Ближайшее родство

Этимология[править]

Происходит от ??

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Библиография[править]