Как правильно пишется эхолалия

В Википедии есть статья «эхолалия».

Русский[править]

В Викиданных есть лексема эхолалия (L183214).

Морфологические и синтаксические свойства[править]

э·хо—ла—ли́·я

Существительное, неодушевлённое, женский род, 1-е склонение (тип склонения 7a– по классификации А. А. Зализняка); формы мн. ч. предположительны или неупотребимы.

Корень: —.

Произношение[править]

• МФА: [ɛxəɫɐˈlʲiɪ̯ə]

Семантические свойства[править]

Значение[править]

1. психиатр. неконтролируемое автоматическое повторение слов, услышанных в чужой речи ◆ Рэмфорд несколько часов подряд долбил всем, что у Билли эхолалия. И врачам и сёстрам он повторял: у него началась эхолалия. Курт Воннегут, «Бойня номер пять, или Крестовый поход детей» / перевод Р. Райт-Ковалёвой, 1978 г. [НКРЯ]

Синонимы[править]

1. эхофразия

Антонимы[править]

Гиперонимы[править]

Гипонимы[править]

1. глоссолалия, криптолалия

Родственные слова[править]

Этимология[править]

От др.-греч. ἠχώ «эхо» и др.-греч. λαλιά «речь».

Фразеологизмы и устойчивые сочетания[править]

Перевод[править]

Библиография[править]

Для улучшения этой статьи желательно: Добавить описание морфемного состава с помощью {{морфо-ru}} Добавить гиперонимы в секцию «Семантические свойства»

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the speech disorder. For the album by Something for Kate, see Echolalia (album).

Echolalia
Other names	Echologia, echophrasia[1]
Art depicting echolalia
Specialty	Psychiatry

Echolalia is the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person (when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia). In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the echophenomena, closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are «subsets of imitative behavior» whereby sounds or actions are imitated «without explicit awareness».^[1] Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.^[1]

Echolalia occurs in many cases of autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome.^[1][2] It may also occur in several other neurological conditions such as some forms of dementia or stroke-related aphasia.^[1][3]

The word «echolalia» is derived from the Greek ἠχώ (ēchō), meaning «echo» or «to repeat»,^[4] and λαλιά (laliá) meaning «speech» or «talk»^[5] (of onomatopoeic origin, from the verb λαλέω (laléo), meaning «to talk»).

Signs and symptoms[edit]

Echolalia can be categorized as either immediate (occurring immediately after the stimulus) or delayed (some time after the occurrence of a stimulus).^[1][6] Immediate echolalia results from quick recall of information from the short-term memory and «superficial linguistic processing».^[7] A typical pediatric presentation of immediate echolalia might be as follows: a child is asked «Do you want dinner?»; the child echoes back «Do you want dinner?», followed by a pause, and then a response, «Yes. What’s for dinner?»^[8] In delayed echolalia the patient repeats words, phrases, or multiple sentences after a delay that can be anywhere from hours to years later.^[9] Immediate echolalia can be indicative that a developmental disorder exists, but this is not necessarily the case. Sometimes echolalia can be observed when an individual echoes back a statement to indicate they are contemplating a response and fully heard the original statement.

Researchers observed the daily repetitions of an autistic six-year-old in order to examine the differences between triggers for delayed versus immediate echolalia.^[10] Researchers further distinguished immediate echos by the sequential context in which they occur: after corrections, after directives, or in indiscernible sequential positions. Delayed echos are distinguished on the basis of ownership: self-echos, other-echos, and impersonal echos. The results showed that nearly all immediate echos produced by the six-year-old were found in sequential contexts, while the delayed echoes also occurred in the basis of ownership.

Although echolalia can be an impairment, the symptoms can involve a large selection of underlying meanings and behaviors across and within subjects.^[10] Mitigated echolalia refers to a repetition in which the original stimulus is somewhat altered,^[1] and ambient echolalia refers to the repetition (typically occurring in individuals with dementia) of environmental stimuli such as a television program running in the background.^[1]

Examples of mitigated echolalia are pronoun changes or syntax corrections. The first can be seen in the example of asking the patient «Where are you going?» and with patient responding «Where am I going?» The latter would be seen in the clinician asking «Where are I going?» and the patient repeating «Where am I going?» In mitigated echolalia some language processing is occurring. Mitigated echolalia can be seen in dyspraxia and aphasia of speech.^[11]

A Japanese case report describes a 20-year-old college student who was admitted to the hospital complaining about headaches and meningitis; however, he also exhibited signs of ambient echolalia. The researchers stated that the young patient’s repetition was occurring at approximately the same tempo as his normal speech rate. The patient did not simply repeat words he had heard one after another. The patient reported that his ambient echolalia appeared to be random but appeared when he was distracted. He was also aware of his echolalia, but said he is unable to stop the repetitions.^[12]

Associated disorders[edit]

Echolalia can be an indicator of communication disorders in autism, but is neither unique to, nor synonymous with syndromes.^[6] Echophenomena (particularly echolalia and echopraxia) were defining characteristics in the early descriptions of Tourette syndrome (TS).^[1] Echolalia also occurs in aphasia, schizophrenia, dementia, catatonia, epilepsy,^[1] after cerebral infarction (stroke),^[3] closed head injury,^[13] in blind children, children with language impairments, as well as certain developing neurotypical children.^[6] Other disorders associated with echolalia are Pick’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, as well as pervasive developmental disorder.^[11]

In transcortical sensory aphasia, echolalia is common, with the patient incorporating another person’s words or sentences into his or her own response. While these patients lack language comprehension, they are still able to read.^[14][15]

Anatomical correlates[edit]

Echolalia can be the result of left hemisphere damage. Specifically, damage to the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere has been linked to effortful echolalia. Cases of echolalia have appeared after lesions of the left medial frontal lobe and supplemental motor areas. Unintentional or nonfunctional echolalia shows similarities to imitation behavior seen after disinhibition of the frontal network is most likely related to mirror neurons.^[2] In cases where echolalia is a part of mixed transitory aphasia, the perisylvian language area remains intact, but the surrounding anterior and posterior association cortexes degenerate or experience infarction.

Imitation and learning[edit]

Echolalia is common in young children who are first learning to speak. Echolalia is a form of imitation. Imitation is a useful, normal and necessary component of social learning: imitative learning occurs when the «observer acquires new behaviors through imitation» and mimicry or automatic imitation occurs when a «reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns».^[1] Ganos et al (2012) define echolalia as an «automatic imitative action without explicit awareness».^[1] Children often first babble syllables and eventually words they hear. For example, a baby may often hear the word «bottle» in various sentences. The baby first repeats with only syllables such as «baba» but as their language skills progress the child will eventually be able to say the word «bottle». Echolalia becomes less and less common as a child’s language skills develop. It is not possible to distinguish the imitative learning form of echolalia that occurs as part of normal development from automatic imitation or echolalia characteristic of a disorder until about the age of three, when some ability for self-regulation is developed.^[1] A disorder may be suspected if automatic imitation persists beyond the age of three.^[1]

Function[edit]

Before the 1980s, echolalia was regarded as negative, non-functional behavior.^[6] However, researchers such as Barry Prizant and colleagues have emphasized the communicative function of echolalia.^[6] Among the communicative functions noted are turntaking, requesting, self-regulation and rehearsal to aid comprehension.^[6] Echolalia can be categorized as communicative (in context and with «apparent communicative purpose») vs. semicommunicative (an «unclear communicative meaning»).^[1]

The use of echolalia in task response to facilitate generalization is an area that holds much promise.^[16] Research in this area is certainly needed. Marjorie H. Charlop performed a series of task experiments with autistic children. The results suggest that perhaps in certain tasks (i.e., receptive labeling), echolalia should not be eliminated, but taken advantage of as it may facilitate acquisition and generalization for autistic children.^[16]

Tourette syndrome[edit]

Echolalia and echopraxia are distinguishing tics of Tourette syndrome (TS);^[1] the echolalic repetitions of individuals with TS are mainly echoes from within their own «tic repertoire».^[1] Evidence points to a healthy mirror neuron system (MNS) but «inadequate imitation-control mechanism, which make them vulnerable to interferences».

Autism[edit]

It is estimated that up to 75% of people on the autism spectrum have exhibited echolalia. A symptom of some children with ASD is the struggle to produce spontaneous speech. Studies have shown that in some cases echolalia is used as a coping mechanism allowing an autistic person to contribute to a conversation when unable to produce spontaneous speech.^[2] Studies in the 1980s showed that there may be communicative intent with delayed echolalia, «depending on the context in which it occurs»;^[17] this research on autistic children «raised questions related to behavior modification programs that defended the revocation or replacement of immediate echolalia».^[17]

Uta Frith, Prizant and others have interpreted echolalia as evidence of «gestalt» processing in autistic children, including in the acquisition of language.^[6] However, a 1990 study on the acquisition of grammar by Tager-Flusberg and Calkins found that echolalia did not facilitate grammatical development in autistic children.^[6]

See also[edit]

• List of language disorders

References[edit]

External links[edit]

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

This article is about the speech disorder. For the album by Something for Kate, see Echolalia (album).

Echolalia
Other names	Echologia, echophrasia[1]
Art depicting echolalia
Specialty	Psychiatry

Echolalia is the unsolicited repetition of vocalizations made by another person (when repeated by the same person, it is called palilalia). In its profound form it is automatic and effortless. It is one of the echophenomena, closely related to echopraxia, the automatic repetition of movements made by another person; both are «subsets of imitative behavior» whereby sounds or actions are imitated «without explicit awareness».^[1] Echolalia may be an immediate reaction to a stimulus or may be delayed.^[1]

Echolalia occurs in many cases of autism spectrum disorder and Tourette syndrome.^[1][2] It may also occur in several other neurological conditions such as some forms of dementia or stroke-related aphasia.^[1][3]

The word «echolalia» is derived from the Greek ἠχώ (ēchō), meaning «echo» or «to repeat»,^[4] and λαλιά (laliá) meaning «speech» or «talk»^[5] (of onomatopoeic origin, from the verb λαλέω (laléo), meaning «to talk»).

Signs and symptoms[edit]

Echolalia can be categorized as either immediate (occurring immediately after the stimulus) or delayed (some time after the occurrence of a stimulus).^[1][6] Immediate echolalia results from quick recall of information from the short-term memory and «superficial linguistic processing».^[7] A typical pediatric presentation of immediate echolalia might be as follows: a child is asked «Do you want dinner?»; the child echoes back «Do you want dinner?», followed by a pause, and then a response, «Yes. What’s for dinner?»^[8] In delayed echolalia the patient repeats words, phrases, or multiple sentences after a delay that can be anywhere from hours to years later.^[9] Immediate echolalia can be indicative that a developmental disorder exists, but this is not necessarily the case. Sometimes echolalia can be observed when an individual echoes back a statement to indicate they are contemplating a response and fully heard the original statement.

Researchers observed the daily repetitions of an autistic six-year-old in order to examine the differences between triggers for delayed versus immediate echolalia.^[10] Researchers further distinguished immediate echos by the sequential context in which they occur: after corrections, after directives, or in indiscernible sequential positions. Delayed echos are distinguished on the basis of ownership: self-echos, other-echos, and impersonal echos. The results showed that nearly all immediate echos produced by the six-year-old were found in sequential contexts, while the delayed echoes also occurred in the basis of ownership.

Although echolalia can be an impairment, the symptoms can involve a large selection of underlying meanings and behaviors across and within subjects.^[10] Mitigated echolalia refers to a repetition in which the original stimulus is somewhat altered,^[1] and ambient echolalia refers to the repetition (typically occurring in individuals with dementia) of environmental stimuli such as a television program running in the background.^[1]

Examples of mitigated echolalia are pronoun changes or syntax corrections. The first can be seen in the example of asking the patient «Where are you going?» and with patient responding «Where am I going?» The latter would be seen in the clinician asking «Where are I going?» and the patient repeating «Where am I going?» In mitigated echolalia some language processing is occurring. Mitigated echolalia can be seen in dyspraxia and aphasia of speech.^[11]

A Japanese case report describes a 20-year-old college student who was admitted to the hospital complaining about headaches and meningitis; however, he also exhibited signs of ambient echolalia. The researchers stated that the young patient’s repetition was occurring at approximately the same tempo as his normal speech rate. The patient did not simply repeat words he had heard one after another. The patient reported that his ambient echolalia appeared to be random but appeared when he was distracted. He was also aware of his echolalia, but said he is unable to stop the repetitions.^[12]

Associated disorders[edit]

Echolalia can be an indicator of communication disorders in autism, but is neither unique to, nor synonymous with syndromes.^[6] Echophenomena (particularly echolalia and echopraxia) were defining characteristics in the early descriptions of Tourette syndrome (TS).^[1] Echolalia also occurs in aphasia, schizophrenia, dementia, catatonia, epilepsy,^[1] after cerebral infarction (stroke),^[3] closed head injury,^[13] in blind children, children with language impairments, as well as certain developing neurotypical children.^[6] Other disorders associated with echolalia are Pick’s disease, frontotemporal dementia, corticobasal degeneration, progressive supranuclear palsy, as well as pervasive developmental disorder.^[11]

In transcortical sensory aphasia, echolalia is common, with the patient incorporating another person’s words or sentences into his or her own response. While these patients lack language comprehension, they are still able to read.^[14][15]

Anatomical correlates[edit]

Echolalia can be the result of left hemisphere damage. Specifically, damage to the frontal lobe of the left hemisphere has been linked to effortful echolalia. Cases of echolalia have appeared after lesions of the left medial frontal lobe and supplemental motor areas. Unintentional or nonfunctional echolalia shows similarities to imitation behavior seen after disinhibition of the frontal network is most likely related to mirror neurons.^[2] In cases where echolalia is a part of mixed transitory aphasia, the perisylvian language area remains intact, but the surrounding anterior and posterior association cortexes degenerate or experience infarction.

Imitation and learning[edit]

Echolalia is common in young children who are first learning to speak. Echolalia is a form of imitation. Imitation is a useful, normal and necessary component of social learning: imitative learning occurs when the «observer acquires new behaviors through imitation» and mimicry or automatic imitation occurs when a «reenacted behavior is based on previously acquired motor (or vocal) patterns».^[1] Ganos et al (2012) define echolalia as an «automatic imitative action without explicit awareness».^[1] Children often first babble syllables and eventually words they hear. For example, a baby may often hear the word «bottle» in various sentences. The baby first repeats with only syllables such as «baba» but as their language skills progress the child will eventually be able to say the word «bottle». Echolalia becomes less and less common as a child’s language skills develop. It is not possible to distinguish the imitative learning form of echolalia that occurs as part of normal development from automatic imitation or echolalia characteristic of a disorder until about the age of three, when some ability for self-regulation is developed.^[1] A disorder may be suspected if automatic imitation persists beyond the age of three.^[1]

Function[edit]

Before the 1980s, echolalia was regarded as negative, non-functional behavior.^[6] However, researchers such as Barry Prizant and colleagues have emphasized the communicative function of echolalia.^[6] Among the communicative functions noted are turntaking, requesting, self-regulation and rehearsal to aid comprehension.^[6] Echolalia can be categorized as communicative (in context and with «apparent communicative purpose») vs. semicommunicative (an «unclear communicative meaning»).^[1]

The use of echolalia in task response to facilitate generalization is an area that holds much promise.^[16] Research in this area is certainly needed. Marjorie H. Charlop performed a series of task experiments with autistic children. The results suggest that perhaps in certain tasks (i.e., receptive labeling), echolalia should not be eliminated, but taken advantage of as it may facilitate acquisition and generalization for autistic children.^[16]

Tourette syndrome[edit]

Echolalia and echopraxia are distinguishing tics of Tourette syndrome (TS);^[1] the echolalic repetitions of individuals with TS are mainly echoes from within their own «tic repertoire».^[1] Evidence points to a healthy mirror neuron system (MNS) but «inadequate imitation-control mechanism, which make them vulnerable to interferences».

Autism[edit]

It is estimated that up to 75% of people on the autism spectrum have exhibited echolalia. A symptom of some children with ASD is the struggle to produce spontaneous speech. Studies have shown that in some cases echolalia is used as a coping mechanism allowing an autistic person to contribute to a conversation when unable to produce spontaneous speech.^[2] Studies in the 1980s showed that there may be communicative intent with delayed echolalia, «depending on the context in which it occurs»;^[17] this research on autistic children «raised questions related to behavior modification programs that defended the revocation or replacement of immediate echolalia».^[17]

Uta Frith, Prizant and others have interpreted echolalia as evidence of «gestalt» processing in autistic children, including in the acquisition of language.^[6] However, a 1990 study on the acquisition of grammar by Tager-Flusberg and Calkins found that echolalia did not facilitate grammatical development in autistic children.^[6]

See also[edit]

• List of language disorders

References[edit]

External links[edit]

Эхолалия

Полезное

Эхолалия – речевое нарушение, при котором непроизвольно (автоматически) повторяются чужие слова или фразы.

Это заболевание представляет собой неврологическое расстройство речи (устной), характеризующееся бесконтрольным повторением услышанных от других фраз и слов.

Виды эхолалии

Немедленная форма эхолалии

Разберем, что представляет собой немедленная форма заболевания. Она выполняет такие функции в формировании речи:

1. Поддержание разговора. Ребенок уже понимает, что речь строится на обмене репликами, но бедный словарный запас не позволяет ему понять смысл всего сказанного и сформулировать адекватный ответ. Поэтому он, в попытке поддержать разговор, просто воспроизводит слова, которые он слышал от взрослого.

2. Согласие. Есть версия, что дети повторением слов другого человека выражают свое согласие. Они уже научились говорить «нет», но еще не знакомы со словом «да». Ребенок повторяет его, сопровождая кивком головы. Например, мама спрашивает: «Маша хочет кушать?» и дочь отвечает: «Маша хочет кушать». Родители могут сами провоцировать болезнь, не понимая, до какого возраста эхолалия – относительная норма. Недопустимо обращаться к шести − семилетнему ребенку в третьем лице!

3. Попытка понять речь взрослых. Механизм схож с усвоением иностранного языка. Повторяя, человек вслушивается в слово, пробует его «на вкус».

Отсроченная форма эхолалии

При отсроченной эхолалии чаще всего основным диагнозом является аутизм. Этот вид выполняет следующие функции:

1. Стимминг (аутостимуляция). Повторение отвлекает от ощущения стресса, позволяет справиться с напряжением, дает возможность получить сильные положительные эмоции.

2. Выражение настроения. Повторяются слова, услышанные ранее, связанные с отрицательными или положительными эмоциями, но вне связи с текущей ситуацией. Например, отец похвалил сына и сказал: «Куплю тебе мороженое», в результате фраза закрепилась положительной реакцией. Когда в школе учитель похвалит мальчика за выученный урок, ребенок может выдать совсем не к месту фразу: «Куплю тебе мороженое» чужому взрослому человеку.

3. Подведение итогов. С помощью повторения одного слова обрабатывается и систематизируется поступившая за день информация.

Если у детей наблюдаются одно или несколько проявлений, можно говорить о том, что нужно бить тревогу. Чтобы не допустить прогрессирования болезни, уже при появлении первых признаков нужно обратиться к специалистам и разобраться в причинах развития эхолалии.

Причины заболевания:

• повреждение определенной части головного мозга (лобной доли);

• неврологические и психические патологии;

• умственная отсталость;

• проявление аутизма и шизофрении;

• синдром Ретта (тяжелое генетическое заболевание) / Туретта;

• имбецильность (олигофрения);

• опухоль головного мозга;

• дислексия;

• дисфазия.

Определение основного заболевания (равно как и причины патологии) – основополагающий момент, так как при лечении эхолалия проходит.

С целью диагностики эхолалии сначала обращаются к психологу или психоневрологу (дополнительно — к логопеду и дефектологу). После беседы с ребенком и тестирования его состояния врачи ответят на все вопросы, волнующие родителей, и точно определят, норма это или отклонение.

При подозрении на эхолалию назначают обследование:

1. Анализ крови и мочи;

2. Анализ ДНК;

3. Ультразвуковое исследование (выявляет степень повреждения мозга);

4. Электроэнцефалограмму;

5. Магнитно-резонансную томографию (выявляет нарушение развития головного мозга);

6. Проверку слуха (для исключения тугоухости).

Эхолалия устраняется с помощью психокоррекционных занятий. Параллельно с ними осуществляется лечение основного заболевания, ставшего причиной симптома. Коррекционная работа может проводиться психологом, дефектологом, логопедом. Грамотная работа специалистов поможет скорректировать состояние эхолалии.